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1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to drilling equipment for use in a subsea wellhead, and in particular to a wear bushing which locates on a casing hanger for protecting the casing hanger during drilling operations.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In one type of offshore drilling, the drilling crew will locate a subsea wellhead housing on the sea floor. A riser will extend to a floating drilling vessel at the surface of the water. The drilling crew will lower drill pipe through the riser and wellhead housing to drill the well to a first selected depth.
Then, the drilling crew will lower a string of casing into the well with a casing hanger located at the top of the string. The casing hanger will land in the wellhead housing. The drilling crew pumps cement down the drill pipe, which flows back up the annulus surrounding the casing, cementing the casing string in the well. The drilling crew will than lower the drill pipe with a drill bit on the end for drilling the well to a next selected depth, at a lesser diameter than the upper portion of the well.
Once that depth has been reached, the drilling crew will lower a second and smaller diameter casing string into the first casing string. The drilling crew will land this second casing hanger above the first casing hanger and cement the second casing string in the well.
While the drilling crew drills through casing, there is a possibility that the drill pipe will damage the bore of the casing hanger. It is important to keep the bore of the casing hanger protected for receiving the seals of other equipment, such as a casing hanger or a tubing hanger.
In the prior art, after the casing hanger and casing string are cemented in the well, the drilling crew will lower a wear bushing on drill pipe into the bore of the casing hanger. Once secured in place, the drilling crew retrieves the running tool, then lowers the drill pipe with the drill bit on the lower end for drilling. The wear bushing protects the bore of the casing hanger.
While this is workable, running the wear bushing in a second trip after the casing hanger has been cemented requires additional time. The time could be extensive if the drilling is occurring in deep seas. |
The New Hampshire Attorney General's office has identified the victim who was fatally shot Sunday afternoon in a hardware store parking lot in Goffstown.
Eighteen-year-old Ian Jewell of Manchester was found suffering from a gunshot wound by police around 4:20 p.m. at the Ace Hardware Store's parking lot on Depot Street.
Jewell was taken to a local hospital, where he later died, according to officials.
An autopsy conducted Monday determined that the cause of death was a single gunshot wound to the chest and the manner of death is homicide, but investigators haven't released many details about the crime.
Investigators say 18-year-old Ian Jewell, a senior at Memorial High School in Manchester, New Hampshire, was shot and killed Sunday in Goffstown. The teen was found in a hardware store parking lot on Depot Road and later died at the hospital.
School officials confirm Jewell was a student at Manchester Memorial High School, where the Union Leader reports he was an honor student and a member of the school's track and field team.
"He was really positive, he tried to keep everybody positive. If someone was feeling down or getting bullied, he would step up and speak up for them," said classmate Matthew Gagne.
Students at the high school say Jewell was a popular teen who took time for all of his classmates. He loved tye-dye, was fascinated by the universe, and wanted to know more about the world.
Many people are now asking why did this happen and why him.
"There's a lot of shock and sadness," said student Alyssa Soucy.
Grief counselors were present at the high school Monday, where the flag is at half staff for Jewell, and additional staffers from other schools in the district have been sent to help, according to the school district.
2 Pedestrians Seriously Injured in Westwood, Mass.
Following the shooting, local police had said they were searching for a suspect near the hardware store and customers at nearby stores were told to stay inside.
The lock down was lifted after investigators said they found everyone who was involved.
The limited information being released is only adding to the curiosity of what happened.
"We were supposed to do our presentations today, but my teacher held off for a day to show respect," said student Dathan Paradis.
Despite the frigid temperatures, hundreds of students gathered from 6:30 to 8 p.m. at a candlelight vigil at the high school Monday night to pay tribute to one of their own.
Jewell was remembered as a smart student who often helped friends with math problems over the phone, even while working his after-school job at Market Basket.
"He always had his head up high. He did his job better than half of the people there, and I don't know, just something about him really touched me," said co-worker Zach Goodridge.
Jewell's classmates plan to wear tye-dye on Tuesday as a sign of solidarity.
"We're all wearing tye-dye in honor of him because it was his favorite thing to wear."
As for the crime, investigators have not said what the motive may have been and they have not said if an arrest is pending. |
/*
* **************************************************************
* Copyright (c) 2017-2022, <NAME> <<EMAIL>>
* All rights reserved.
*
* This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found
* in the LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
* **************************************************************
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include "utils/list.h"
#include "utils/hashtable.h"
#include "utils/format.h"
#include "common/config.h"
#include "common/session.h"
#include "common/qapla_policy.h"
#include "common/tuple.h"
#include "common/db.h"
#include "policyapi/dlog_pred.h"
#include "policyapi/sql_pred.h"
#include "dlog_pi/dlog_pi_env.h"
#include "dlog_pi/dlog_pi.h"
#include "sql_pi/sql_pol_eval.h"
#include "sql_pi/sql_rewrite.h"
#include "query_info_int.h"
#include "metadata.h"
#include "pol_cluster.h"
#include "pol_vector.h"
#include "pol_eval_utils.h"
#include "pol_eval_col.h"
#include "pol_eval.h"
#include <antlr3.h>
#include <glib.h>
int
query_get_pid_for_each_col(query_info_int_t *qi, list_t *table_list,
qapla_policy_t **qp_list, int *n_qp)
{
if (!qi || !table_list || !qp_list)
return POL_EVAL_ERROR;
parser_context_t *pc = &qi->pc;
context_t *firstC = get_first_context(pc);
if (!firstC)
return POL_EVAL_ERROR;
list_t *t_list = &firstC->symbol_list[SYM_TAB];
list_t *col_list = &firstC->symbol_list[SYM_COL];
list_t *t_it = table_list;
list_t *c_it;
symbol_t *tsym, *csym, *new_tsym, *new_csym;
col_sym_t *ccs, *new_ccs, *match_ccs;
char *tname, *cname;
uint64_t tid, cid;
int i, ret;
uint64_t tab_arr[10];
int n_tab, max_tab = 10;
memset(tab_arr, 0, sizeof(uint64_t) * max_tab);
ret = get_distinct_table_array(tab_arr, &n_tab, max_tab, t_list);
for (i = 0; i < n_tab; i++) {
tid = tab_arr[i];
if ((int) tid < 0)
continue; // for temporary tables
tname = get_schema_table_name(&qi->schema, (int) tid);
new_tsym = (symbol_t *) malloc(sizeof(symbol_t));
init_symbol(new_tsym);
set_sym_str_field(new_tsym, db_tname, tname);
set_sym_field(new_tsym, db_tid, tid);
list_insert(table_list, &new_tsym->symbol_listp);
}
metadata_t *qm = &qi->qm;
int n_cluster = metadata_get_num_clusters(qm);
PVEC *c_pvec = (PVEC *) malloc(sizeof(PVEC) * n_cluster);
uint8_t *c_used = (uint8_t *) malloc(sizeof(uint8_t) * n_cluster);
uint8_t *c_type = (uint8_t *) malloc(sizeof(uint8_t) * n_cluster);
cluster_t **cluster = (cluster_t **) malloc(sizeof(cluster_t *) * n_cluster);
memset(c_pvec, 0, sizeof(PVEC) * n_cluster);
memset(c_used, 0, sizeof(uint8_t) * n_cluster);
memset(c_type, 0, sizeof(uint8_t) * n_cluster);
memset(cluster, 0, sizeof(cluster_t *) * n_cluster);
cluster_t *tmp_c;
PVEC g_tmp_pv = 0, log_tmp_pv = 0, final_pv = -1;
int match_ret, fail;
int cluster_id, cluster_op;
int16_t pid = -1;
qapla_policy_t *qp = NULL;
int n_distinct_pol = 0;
list_for_each_entry(csym, col_list, symbol_listp) {
c_it = &csym->col_sym_list;
list_for_each_entry(ccs, c_it, col_sym_listp) {
// add col to table list, and set policy pointer (one symbol per col)
tid = sym_field(ccs, db_tid);
cid = sym_field(ccs, db_cid);
if ((int) tid < 0 || (int) cid < 0 || (int) tid == DUAL_TID ||
(int) cid == SPECIAL_CID) // temporary tables
continue;
tsym = get_table_sym(table_list, tid);
match_ret = exists_col_sym_in_list(ccs, &tsym->col_sym_list, 0, &match_ccs);
g_tmp_pv = 0;
ret = metadata_lookup_cluster_pvec(qm, ccs, &tmp_c, &g_tmp_pv);
if (ret < 0) {
assert(0);
} else {
cluster_id = cluster_get_id(tmp_c);
cluster_op = cluster_get_op_type(tmp_c);
c_type[cluster_id] = cluster_op;
if (cluster_op == OP_OR) {
pid = get_pid_from_pvec(g_tmp_pv);
if (pid < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "too many policies on independent column %s(%d):0x%lx\n",
sym_field(ccs, db_cname), sym_field(ccs, db_cid), g_tmp_pv);
assert(0);
} else {
qp = (qapla_policy_t *) get_pol_for_pid(qm, pid);
if (!qp_list[pid])
n_distinct_pol++;
qp_list[pid] = qp;
if (match_ret == 0) {
if (match_ccs->ptr == (void *) qp)
continue;
else // multiple policies on same col in independent cluster
assert(0);
}
new_ccs = dup_col_sym(ccs);
list_insert(&tsym->col_sym_list, &new_ccs->col_sym_listp);
new_ccs->ptr = (void *) qp;
}
} else {
// link policies
if (!c_used[cluster_id]) {
cluster[cluster_id] = tmp_c;
c_pvec[cluster_id] = -1;
c_used[cluster_id] = 1;
}
c_pvec[cluster_id] &= g_tmp_pv;
if (c_pvec[cluster_id] == 0)
error_print_col_link(qi->log_info.f, ccs);
if (match_ret == 0) {
if (match_ccs->ptr == (void *) tmp_c)
continue;
else // column exists in multiple clusters
assert(0);
}
new_ccs = dup_col_sym(ccs);
list_insert(&tsym->col_sym_list, &new_ccs->col_sym_listp);
new_ccs->ptr = (void *) tmp_c;
}
}
}
}
int16_t *least_pid = (int16_t *) malloc(sizeof(int16_t) * n_cluster);
PVEC tmp_pv = 0;
for (i = 0; i < n_cluster; i++) {
if (!cluster[i] || c_type[i] == OP_OR)
continue;
if (c_pvec[i] == 0)
fprintf(qi->log_info.f, "ERROR!! link policy is false, cluster: %d\n", i);
least_pid[i] = get_least_restrictive_pid(cluster[i], c_pvec[i]);
// 0xffffffffffffffff
if (least_pid[i] < 0)
continue;
#if DEBUG
printf("%d. least pid: %d\n", i, least_pid[i]);
#endif
tmp_pv |= ((PVEC) 1 << least_pid[i]);
c_pvec[i] = tmp_pv;
}
int16_t tmp_pid;
list_for_each_entry(tsym, t_it, symbol_listp) {
c_it = &tsym->col_sym_list;
list_for_each_entry(ccs, c_it, col_sym_listp) {
for (i = 0; i < n_cluster; i++) {
if ((c_type[i] == OP_AND) && ((cluster_t *) ccs->ptr == cluster[i]))
break;
}
// from independent cluster
if (i >= n_cluster)
continue;
tmp_pid = least_pid[i];
qp = (qapla_policy_t *) get_pol_for_pid(qm, tmp_pid);
if (!qp_list[tmp_pid])
n_distinct_pol++;
qp_list[tmp_pid] = qp;
ccs->ptr = (void *) qp;
}
}
if (c_type)
free(c_type);
if (c_used)
free(c_used);
if (cluster)
free(cluster);
if (c_pvec)
free(c_pvec);
if (least_pid)
free(least_pid);
*n_qp = n_distinct_pol;
return POL_EVAL_SUCCESS;
}
static int
mysql_get_sql_for_col(char *out, char *cname, char *pol, int pol_len)
{
char *col_rewrite_ptr = out;
memcpy(col_rewrite_ptr, "(if (", 5);
col_rewrite_ptr += 5;
memcpy(col_rewrite_ptr, pol, pol_len-1);
col_rewrite_ptr += pol_len-1;
memcpy(col_rewrite_ptr, ", ", 2);
col_rewrite_ptr += 2;
memcpy(col_rewrite_ptr, cname, strlen(cname));
col_rewrite_ptr += strlen(cname);
memcpy(col_rewrite_ptr, ", NULL)) ", 9);
col_rewrite_ptr += 9;
memcpy(col_rewrite_ptr, cname, strlen(cname));
col_rewrite_ptr += strlen(cname);
return 0;
}
static int
general_get_sql_for_col(char *out, char *cname, char *pol, int pol_len)
{
char *col_rewrite_ptr = out;
char *case_str = (char *) "(case when (";
char *then_str = (char *) ") then ";
char *end_str = (char *) " else NULL end) as ";
memcpy(col_rewrite_ptr, case_str, strlen(case_str));
col_rewrite_ptr += strlen(case_str);
memcpy(col_rewrite_ptr, pol, pol_len-1);
col_rewrite_ptr += pol_len-1;
memcpy(col_rewrite_ptr, then_str, strlen(then_str));
col_rewrite_ptr += strlen(then_str);
memcpy(col_rewrite_ptr, cname, strlen(cname));
col_rewrite_ptr += strlen(cname);
memcpy(col_rewrite_ptr, end_str, strlen(end_str));
col_rewrite_ptr += strlen(end_str);
memcpy(col_rewrite_ptr, cname, strlen(cname));
col_rewrite_ptr += strlen(cname);
return 0;
}
static int
get_sql_for_table(char **curr_q, int *curr_qlen, char *tname, list_t *cs_list)
{
if (!curr_q || !curr_qlen || !cs_list)
return -1;
char *select_str = (char *) "select ";
char *from_str = (char *) "from ";
char *comma_str = (char *) ",\n";
int select_str_len = strlen(select_str);
int from_str_len = strlen(from_str);
int comma_str_len = strlen(comma_str);
int tname_str_len = strlen(tname);
int n_col = 0, it = 0;
int tab_sql_len = 0;
list_t *c_it = cs_list;
col_sym_t *cs;
char *cname;
list_for_each_entry(cs, c_it, col_sym_listp) {
//tab_sql_len += strlen((char *) cs->ptr);
tab_sql_len += cs->ptr_size;
n_col++;
}
tab_sql_len += select_str_len + from_str_len + tname_str_len +
((n_col-1) * comma_str_len) + 1; // +1 for space after the last project col expr
char *sql = (char *) malloc(tab_sql_len+1);
memset(sql, 0, tab_sql_len+1);
char *ptr = sql;
memcpy(ptr, select_str, select_str_len);
ptr += select_str_len;
c_it = cs_list;
list_for_each_entry(cs, c_it, col_sym_listp) {
//memcpy(ptr, (char *) cs->ptr, strlen((char *) cs->ptr));
//ptr += strlen((char *) cs->ptr);
memcpy(ptr, (char *) cs->ptr, cs->ptr_size);
ptr += cs->ptr_size;
it++;
if (it == n_col)
break;
memcpy(ptr, comma_str, comma_str_len);
ptr += comma_str_len;
}
memcpy(ptr, " ", 1);
ptr += 1;
memcpy(ptr, from_str, from_str_len);
ptr += from_str_len;
memcpy(ptr, tname, tname_str_len);
ptr += tname_str_len;
*curr_q = sql;
*curr_qlen = tab_sql_len+1;
return 0;
}
int
mysql_query_get_sql_for_table(query_info_int_t *qi, list_t *table_list,
char **col_sql, int *col_sql_len, char ***tab_sql_str,
int **tab_sql_str_len, int *n_tab_sql)
{
if (!col_sql || !col_sql_len)
return POL_EVAL_ERROR;
list_t *t_it, *c_it;
symbol_t *tsym;
col_sym_t *ccs;
char *tname, *cname;
char *col_rewrite_buf, *col_rewrite_ptr;
int col_rewrite_buf_len = 0;
int16_t pid;
// "(if (<pol>, <cname>, NULL)) <cname>"
const char *rewrite_template = "(if (, , NULL)) ";
int rewrite_template_len = strlen(rewrite_template);
qapla_policy_t *tmp_qp;
int n_tab = 0;
t_it = table_list;
list_for_each_entry(tsym, t_it, symbol_listp)
n_tab++;
char **tab_sql = (char **) malloc(sizeof(char *) * n_tab);
int *tab_sql_len = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int) * n_tab);
memset(tab_sql, 0, sizeof(char *) * n_tab);
memset(tab_sql_len, 0, sizeof(int) * n_tab);
int tab_idx = 0;
t_it = table_list;
list_for_each_entry(tsym, t_it, symbol_listp) {
tname = sym_field(tsym, db_tname);
c_it = &tsym->col_sym_list;
list_for_each_entry(ccs, c_it, col_sym_listp) {
tmp_qp = (qapla_policy_t *) ccs->ptr;
pid = qapla_get_policy_id(tmp_qp);
cname = sym_field(ccs, db_cname);
col_rewrite_buf_len = rewrite_template_len + (col_sql_len[pid]-1) +
(2*strlen(cname));
col_rewrite_buf = (char *) malloc(col_rewrite_buf_len+1);
memset(col_rewrite_buf, 0, col_rewrite_buf_len+1);
mysql_get_sql_for_col(col_rewrite_buf, cname, col_sql[pid], col_sql_len[pid]);
ccs->ptr = (void *) col_rewrite_buf;
ccs->ptr_size = col_rewrite_buf_len;
}
get_sql_for_table(&tab_sql[tab_idx], &tab_sql_len[tab_idx], tname,
&tsym->col_sym_list);
tab_idx++;
}
*tab_sql_str = tab_sql;
*tab_sql_str_len = tab_sql_len;
*n_tab_sql = n_tab;
// == cleanup ==
t_it = table_list;
list_for_each_entry(tsym, t_it, symbol_listp) {
c_it = &tsym->col_sym_list;
list_for_each_entry(ccs, c_it, col_sym_listp) {
if (ccs->ptr) {
memset(ccs->ptr, 0, ccs->ptr_size);
free(ccs->ptr);
ccs->ptr_size = 0;
}
}
}
return POL_EVAL_SUCCESS;
}
inline int
general_query_get_sql_for_table(query_info_int_t *qi, list_t *table_list,
char **col_sql, int *col_sql_len, char ***tab_sql_str,
int **tab_sql_str_len, int *n_tab_sql)
{
if (!col_sql || !col_sql_len)
return POL_EVAL_ERROR;
list_t *t_it, *c_it;
symbol_t *tsym;
col_sym_t *ccs;
char *tname, *cname;
char *col_rewrite_buf, *col_rewrite_ptr;
int col_rewrite_buf_len = 0;
int16_t pid;
// "(case when (<pol>) then <cname> else NULL end) as <cname>"
const char *rewrite_template = "(case when () then else NULL end) as ";
int rewrite_template_len = strlen(rewrite_template);
qapla_policy_t *tmp_qp;
int n_tab = 0;
t_it = table_list;
list_for_each_entry(tsym, t_it, symbol_listp)
n_tab++;
char **tab_sql = (char **) malloc(sizeof(char *) * n_tab);
int *tab_sql_len = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int) * n_tab);
memset(tab_sql, 0, sizeof(char *) * n_tab);
memset(tab_sql_len, 0, sizeof(int) * n_tab);
int tab_idx = 0;
t_it = table_list;
list_for_each_entry(tsym, t_it, symbol_listp) {
tname = sym_field(tsym, db_tname);
c_it = &tsym->col_sym_list;
list_for_each_entry(ccs, c_it, col_sym_listp) {
tmp_qp = (qapla_policy_t *) ccs->ptr;
pid = qapla_get_policy_id(tmp_qp);
cname = sym_field(ccs, db_cname);
col_rewrite_buf_len = rewrite_template_len + (col_sql_len[pid]-1) +
(2*strlen(cname));
col_rewrite_buf = (char *) malloc(col_rewrite_buf_len+1);
memset(col_rewrite_buf, 0, col_rewrite_buf_len+1);
general_get_sql_for_col(col_rewrite_buf, cname, col_sql[pid], col_sql_len[pid]);
ccs->ptr = (void *) col_rewrite_buf;
ccs->ptr_size = col_rewrite_buf_len;
}
get_sql_for_table(&tab_sql[tab_idx], &tab_sql_len[tab_idx], tname,
&tsym->col_sym_list);
tab_idx++;
}
*tab_sql_str = tab_sql;
*tab_sql_str_len = tab_sql_len;
*n_tab_sql = n_tab;
// == cleanup ==
t_it = table_list;
list_for_each_entry(tsym, t_it, symbol_listp) {
c_it = &tsym->col_sym_list;
list_for_each_entry(ccs, c_it, col_sym_listp) {
if (ccs->ptr) {
memset(ccs->ptr, 0, ccs->ptr_size);
free(ccs->ptr);
ccs->ptr_size = 0;
}
}
}
return POL_EVAL_SUCCESS;
}
int
query_get_sql_for_table(query_info_int_t *qi, list_t *table_list, char **col_sql,
int *col_sql_len, char ***tab_sql_str, int **tab_sql_str_len, int *n_tab_sql)
{
// case-when rewrite can be used in all databases
return general_query_get_sql_for_table(qi, table_list, col_sql, col_sql_len,
tab_sql_str, tab_sql_str_len, n_tab_sql);
}
static int8_t
match_tid_index(qpos_t *pos, list_t *table_list)
{
int idx = 0;
list_t *t_it = table_list;
symbol_t *tsym;
int q_tid, t_tid;
list_for_each_entry(tsym, t_it, symbol_listp) {
q_tid = sym_ptr_field(pos, db_tid);
t_tid = sym_field(tsym, db_tid);
if (q_tid == t_tid)
return idx;
idx++;
}
return -1;
}
|
/**
* Read object serialized using optimized marshaller.
*
* @return Result.
*/
public static Object doReadOptimized(BinaryInputStream in, BinaryContext ctx, @Nullable ClassLoader clsLdr) {
int len = in.readInt();
ByteArrayInputStream input = new ByteArrayInputStream(in.array(), in.position(), len);
try {
return ctx.optimizedMarsh().unmarshal(input, clsLdr);
}
catch (IgniteCheckedException e) {
throw new BinaryObjectException("Failed to unmarshal object with optimized marshaller", e);
}
finally {
in.position(in.position() + len);
}
} |
<filename>xianglegou/Classes/Function/User/ViewModel/Mine/GC_BusinessCenterViewModel.h
//
// GC_BusinessCenterViewModel.h
// xianglegou
//
// Created by mini3 on 2017/7/7.
// Copyright © 2017年 xianglegou. All rights reserved.
//
// 营业中心 ViewModel
//
#import "Hen_BaseViewModel.h"
#import "GC_BusinessModel.h"
#import "GC_BusinessRequestDataModel.h"
@interface GC_BusinessCenterViewModel : Hen_BaseViewModel
///营业中心交易额 参数
@property (nonatomic, strong) GC_ConsumeAmountRequestDataModel *consumeAmountParam;
///营业中心交易额 数据
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableArray<GC_MResConsumeAmountDataModel *> *consumeAmountDatas;
///营业中心交易额 方法
- (void)getConsumeAmountDatasWithResultBlock:(RequestResultBlock)resultBlock;
///营业中心商家数 参数
@property (nonatomic, strong) GC_SellerCountRequestDataModel *sellerCountParam;
///营业中心商家数 数据
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableArray<GC_MResBusinessCountDataModel *> *sellerCountDatas;
///营业中心商家数 方法
- (void)getSellerCountDatasWithResultBlock:(RequestResultBlock)resultBlock;
///营业中心消费者数 参数
@property (nonatomic, strong) GC_EndUserCountRequestDataModel *endUserCountParam;
///营业中心消费者数 数据
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableArray<GC_MResBusinessCountDataModel *> *endUserCountDatas;
///营业中心消费者数 方法
- (void)getEndUserCountDatasWithResultBlock:(RequestResultBlock)resultBlock;
///营业中心业务员数 参数
@property (nonatomic, strong) GC_SalesmanCountRequestDataModel *salesmanCountParam;
///营业中心业务员数 数据
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableArray<GC_MResBusinessCountDataModel *> *salesmanCountDatas;
///营业中心业务员数 方法
- (void)getSalesmanCountDatasWithResultBlock:(RequestResultBlock)resultBlock;
@end
|
<reponame>rudylee/expo
/* boost random/detail/enable_warnings.hpp header file
*
* Copyright <NAME> 2009
* Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
* accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
* http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
*
* See http://www.boost.org for most recent version including documentation.
*
* $Id$
*
*/
// No #include guard. This header is intended to be included multiple times.
#ifdef BOOST_MSVC
#pragma warning(pop)
#endif
#if defined(BOOST_GCC) && BOOST_GCC >= 40600
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
|
<gh_stars>0
import random
class Selex:
def __init__(self, amount, size, size_target):
self.cylcle = 0
self.amount = amount
self.all_affinity = [0]
self.all_amount = [amount]
self.all_averageSize = [size]
self.size = size
self.size_target = size_target
self.target = ''
self.target = Tools().RandomBase(self.size_target)
def Generator(self):
self.molecules = []
for i in range( self.amount ) :
self.molecules.append(Tools().RandomBase(self.size))
#DUPLICATING MOLECULE WITH MUTATION/ERROR (POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION)
def PolymeraseChainReaction(self, alpha):
self.alpha = alpha
new_molecules = []
for molecule in self.molecules:
new_molecule = ""
for j in range(len(molecule)):
mutation_percentage = random.randint( 1,100 )
if ( mutation_percentage >= alpha):
new_molecule+= molecule[j]
else:
new_base = Tools().RandomBase(1)
while( new_base == molecule[j] ):
new_base = Tools().RandomBase(1)
new_molecule+= new_base
new_molecules.append( new_molecule )
self.molecules = self.molecules + new_molecules
#LIMITING THE AMOUNT OF MOLECULES
def ConstantPopulation(self, max_pop):
amount_current = len(self.molecules)
while ( amount_current > max_pop ):
i = random.randint( 0, ( amount_current ) -1 )
del( self.molecules[i] )
amount_current = len(self.molecules)
#Filtrando moléculas com base na eficiencia de filtro
def Filter(self, beta):
self.beta = beta
molecule_affinity = []
for molecule in self.molecules:
efficiency_percentage = random.randint( 1,100 )
if ( molecule.count(self.target) > 0 or efficiency_percentage > self.beta ):
molecule_affinity.append(molecule)
self.molecules = molecule_affinity
self.all_affinity.append(Tools().Affinity(self.target, self.molecules))
self.all_amount.append(len(self.molecules))
self.all_averageSize.append(Tools().AverageSize(self.molecules))
class Tools:
def RandomBase(self, amount):
amount = int(amount)
bases = [ "A", "T", "C", "G" ]
self.sequence = ''
for i in range(amount):
self.sequence+= random.choice(bases)
return self.sequence
#COUNTER AFFINITY FOR CYCLO
def Affinity(self, target, molecules):
affinity = 0
for molecule in molecules:
if ( molecule.count(target) ):
affinity += 1
affinity = affinity / len(molecules)
return affinity
#AVERAGE SIZE
def AverageSize(self,molecules):
size_molecule = 0
average = 0
for molecule in molecules:
size_molecule += len(molecule)
average = size_molecule / len(molecules)
return average
# instance = Selex( 2, 10, 5)
# instance.Generator()
#Com Taxa de mutação (%):
# instance.PolymeraseChainReaction(100)
#Limite de moléculas:
# instance.ConstantPopulation(500)
# instance.Filter(100)
# print('TEST')
# print(instance.all_aff)
'''
NOTAS:
MUTAÇÃO:
Três opções a serem seguidas:
- Se a molécula não sofrer mutação, não muda nada na molécula. Se ela sofrer mutação, aplicar o mesmo % em cada nucleotideo da molécula.
- Se a molécula não sofrer mutação, não muda nada na molécula. Se ela sofrer mutação, aplicar um % diferente em cada nucleotideo da molécula.
- Aplicar percentual de mutação em cada nucleotideo da molécula.(APLICADO)
FUNÇÃO PCR:
- O percentual de mutação NÃO aceita que um nucleotideo mudado tenha chance de mudar para ele mesmo. Exemplo: T mudar para T.
FILTRO:
Opções:
- O filtro é aplicado somente para as moléculas não afins.Moléculas não afins tem % Beta de SAIR do ciclo(APLICADO)
- As moleculas afim pode ter mais chances de ficar.
''' |
/**
* Thread safe wrapper for TupleTagBasedEncoderBytes
*
* @author jokrey
*/
public class SynchronizingTupleTagBasedEncoderBytes<TTBE extends TupleTagBasedEncoderBytes> extends SynchronizingTupleTagBasedEncoder<TTBE, byte[]> implements SynchronizedTupleTagBasedEncoderBytes<TTBE> {
/** @see SynchronizingTagBasedEncoder#SynchronizingTagBasedEncoder(TagBasedEncoder) */
public SynchronizingTupleTagBasedEncoderBytes(TTBE delegation) {
super(delegation);
}
@Override public SynchronizingTagBasedEncoderBytes getSubEncoder(String super_tag) {
return new SynchronizingTagBasedEncoderBytes(delegation.getSubEncoder(super_tag));
}
/** {@see LITagBytesEncoder#addEntry(String, InputStream, long)} */
@Override public boolean addEntry(String super_tag, String tag, InputStream content, long content_length) {
w.lock();
try {
return delegation.addEntry(super_tag, tag, content, content_length);
} finally {
w.unlock();
}
}
/** {@see LITagBytesEncoder#addEntry_nocheck(String, InputStream, long)} */
@Override public SynchronizingTupleTagBasedEncoderBytes<TTBE> addEntry_nocheck(String super_tag, String tag, InputStream content, long content_length) {
w.lock();
try {
delegation.addEntry_nocheck(super_tag, tag, content, content_length);
return this;
} finally {
w.unlock();
}
}
/** NOT THREAD SAFE
* {@see LITagBytesEncoder#getEntry_asLIStream(String)} */
@Override public Pair<Long, InputStream> getEntry_asLIStream(String super_tag, String tag) {
return delegation.getEntry_asLIStream(super_tag, tag);
}
@Override public Iterable<TaggedStream> getEntryIterator_stream(String super_tag) {
return delegation.getEntryIterator_stream(super_tag);
}
//most other methods already properly overridden in SynchronizingTagBasedEncoder
} |
<filename>example/src/routes/index.tsx
import React from 'react'
import { Route } from 'react-router-dom'
import { ConnectedRouter } from 'connected-react-router'
import loadable from '@loadable/component'
import Loading from 'components/Common/Loading'
const Dashboard = loadable(() => import(/* webpackPrefetch: true */ 'containers/Dashboard'), {
fallback: <Loading />
})
export default (history: any) => (
<ConnectedRouter history={history}>
<Route component={Dashboard} exact path='/' />
</ConnectedRouter>
)
|
/**
* A112147 McKay-Thompson series of class 12A for the Monster group.
* @author Sean A. Irvine
*/
public class A112147 extends A007256 {
@Override
public Z next() {
return super.next().abs();
}
} |
import glob
import torch
import logging
from torchtext.data.utils import get_tokenizer
import random
from torchtext.experimental.datasets import LanguageModelingDataset
###################################################################
# Set up dataset for book corpus
###################################################################
def BookCorpus(vocab, tokenizer=get_tokenizer("basic_english"),
data_select=('train', 'valid', 'test'), removed_tokens=[],
min_sentence_len=None):
if isinstance(data_select, str):
data_select = [data_select]
if not set(data_select).issubset(set(('train', 'test', 'valid'))):
raise TypeError('data_select is not supported!')
extracted_files = glob.glob('/datasets01/bookcorpus/021819/*/*.txt')
random.seed(1000)
random.shuffle(extracted_files)
num_files = len(extracted_files)
_path = {'train': extracted_files[:(num_files // 20 * 17)],
'test': extracted_files[(num_files // 20 * 17):(num_files // 20 * 18)],
'valid': extracted_files[(num_files // 20 * 18):]}
data = {}
for item in _path.keys():
data[item] = []
logging.info('Creating {} data'.format(item))
tokens = []
for txt_file in _path[item]:
with open(txt_file, 'r', encoding="utf8", errors='ignore') as f:
for line in f.readlines():
_tokens = tokenizer(line.strip())
if min_sentence_len:
if len(_tokens) >= min_sentence_len:
tokens.append([vocab.stoi[token] for token in _tokens])
else:
tokens += [vocab.stoi[token] for token in _tokens]
data[item] = tokens
for key in data_select:
if data[key] == []:
raise TypeError('Dataset {} is empty!'.format(key))
if min_sentence_len:
return tuple(LanguageModelingDataset(data[d], vocab, lambda x: x, False)
for d in data_select)
else:
return tuple(LanguageModelingDataset(torch.tensor(data[d]).long(), vocab, lambda x: x, False)
for d in data_select)
|
// Copyright 2020 <NAME>.
#include "Characters/Abilities/GSAbilitySystemComponent.h"
#include "AbilitySystemGlobals.h"
#include "Animation/AnimInstance.h"
#include "Runtime/Engine/Classes/GameFramework/PawnMovementComponent.h"
#include "Runtime/Engine/Classes/GameFramework/PlayerState.h"
#include "Characters/Abilities/GSGameplayAbility.h"
#include "Characters/Heroes/GSHeroCharacter.h"
#include "Runtime/Engine/Classes/GameFramework/CharacterMovementComponent.h"
#include "GameplayCueManager.h"
#include "Runtime/Engine/Classes/Kismet/KismetMathLibrary.h"
#include "Runtime/Engine/Classes/GameFramework/Character.h"
#include "Runtime/Engine/Classes/GameFramework/CharacterMovementComponent.h"
#include "GameplayAbilities/Public/AbilitySystemBlueprintLibrary.h"
#include "GSBlueprintFunctionLibrary.h"
#include "Component/InputHandlerComponent.h"
#include "Net/UnrealNetwork.h"
#include "Weapons/GSWeapon.h"
static TAutoConsoleVariable<float> CVarReplayMontageErrorThreshold(
TEXT("GS.replay.MontageErrorThreshold"),
0.5f,
TEXT("Tolerance level for when montage playback position correction occurs in replays")
);
UGSAbilitySystemComponent::UGSAbilitySystemComponent()
{
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::GetLifetimeReplicatedProps(TArray<FLifetimeProperty>& OutLifetimeProps) const
{
Super::GetLifetimeReplicatedProps(OutLifetimeProps);
DOREPLIFETIME(UGSAbilitySystemComponent, RepAnimMontageInfoForMeshes);
}
bool UGSAbilitySystemComponent::GetShouldTick() const
{
for (FGameplayAbilityRepAnimMontageForMesh RepMontageInfo : RepAnimMontageInfoForMeshes)
{
const bool bHasReplicatedMontageInfoToUpdate = (IsOwnerActorAuthoritative() && RepMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.IsStopped == false);
if (bHasReplicatedMontageInfoToUpdate)
{
return true;
}
}
return Super::GetShouldTick();
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::TickComponent(float DeltaTime, ELevelTick TickType, FActorComponentTickFunction* ThisTickFunction)
{
if (IsOwnerActorAuthoritative())
{
for (FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& MontageInfo : LocalAnimMontageInfoForMeshes)
{
AnimMontage_UpdateReplicatedDataForMesh(MontageInfo.Mesh);
}
}
Super::TickComponent(DeltaTime, TickType, ThisTickFunction);
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::InitAbilityActorInfo(AActor* InOwnerActor, AActor* InAvatarActor)
{
Super::InitAbilityActorInfo(InOwnerActor, InAvatarActor);
LocalAnimMontageInfoForMeshes = TArray<FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh>();
RepAnimMontageInfoForMeshes = TArray<FGameplayAbilityRepAnimMontageForMesh>();
if (bPendingMontageRep)
{
OnRep_ReplicatedAnimMontageForMesh();
}
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::NotifyAbilityEnded(FGameplayAbilitySpecHandle Handle, UGameplayAbility* Ability, bool bWasCancelled)
{
Super::NotifyAbilityEnded(Handle, Ability, bWasCancelled);
// If AnimatingAbility ended, clear the pointer
ClearAnimatingAbilityForAllMeshes(Ability);
}
UGSAbilitySystemComponent* UGSAbilitySystemComponent::GetAbilitySystemComponentFromActor(const AActor* Actor, bool LookForComponent)
{
return Cast<UGSAbilitySystemComponent>(UAbilitySystemGlobals::GetAbilitySystemComponentFromActor(Actor, LookForComponent));
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::AbilityLocalInputPressed(int32 InputID)
{
// Consume the input if this InputID is overloaded with GenericConfirm/Cancel and the GenericConfim/Cancel callback is bound
if (IsGenericConfirmInputBound(InputID))
{
LocalInputConfirm();
return;
}
if (IsGenericCancelInputBound(InputID))
{
LocalInputCancel();
return;
}
TArray<EAdditionalHelperInput> PressedInput;
EMovementMode MovementMode = EMovementMode::MOVE_None;
// ---------------------------------------------------------
APlayerState* State = Cast< APlayerState>(GetOwner());
if (State)
{
AGSHeroCharacter* HeroChar =Cast<AGSHeroCharacter>(State->GetPawn());
if (HeroChar)
{
PressedInput = HeroChar->GetInputHandlerComp()->GetPressedInput();
}
UCharacterMovementComponent* CharMovementComp = Cast<UCharacterMovementComponent>(HeroChar->GetMovementComponent());
if (CharMovementComp)
{
MovementMode = CharMovementComp->MovementMode;
}
}
TArray< FGameplayAbilitySpec>MatchingSpecs;
ABILITYLIST_SCOPE_LOCK();
for (FGameplayAbilitySpec& Spec : ActivatableAbilities.Items)
{
bool bHasPerfectMatch = true;
if (Spec.InputID == InputID)
{
if (Spec.Ability)
{
Spec.InputPressed = true;
if (Spec.IsActive())
{
if (Spec.Ability->bReplicateInputDirectly && IsOwnerActorAuthoritative() == false)
{
ServerSetInputPressed(Spec.Handle);
}
AbilitySpecInputPressed(Spec);
// Invoke the InputPressed event. This is not replicated here. If someone is listening, they may replicate the InputPressed event to the server.
InvokeReplicatedEvent(EAbilityGenericReplicatedEvent::InputPressed, Spec.Handle, Spec.ActivationInfo.GetActivationPredictionKey());
}
else
{
UGSGameplayAbility* GA = Cast<UGSGameplayAbility>(Spec.Ability);
bool bFullFillMovement = true;
if (GA->bRequireSpecificMovement)
{
if (MovementMode != GA->RequiredMovementMode)
{
continue;
}
}
if (GA && GA->bActivateOnInput&&bFullFillMovement)
{
if (GA->AdditionalInput.Num() > 0)
{
for (auto InputRequired : GA->AdditionalInput)
{
if (PressedInput.Find(InputRequired)<0)
{
bHasPerfectMatch = false;
}
}
}
else
{
bHasPerfectMatch = false;
MatchingSpecs.Add(Spec);
}
if (bHasPerfectMatch)
{
bool bActivate=TryActivateAbility(Spec.Handle);
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT("UGSAbilitySystemComponent::AbilityLocalInputPressed, found perfect:%s,bActivate:%i"),*Spec.Ability->GetName(), bActivate);
return;
}
// Ability is not active, so try to activate it
}
}
}
}
}
if (MatchingSpecs.Num()>0)
{
for (int i = 0; i < MatchingSpecs.Num(); i++)
{
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT("UGSAbilitySystemComponent::AbilityLocalInputPressed, cant found perfect activate:%s"),*MatchingSpecs[i].Ability->GetName());
bool bSuccess=TryActivateAbility(MatchingSpecs[i].Handle);
if (bSuccess)
{
AbilityActivatedDelegate.Broadcast(MatchingSpecs[i].Handle);
}
}
}
}
int32 UGSAbilitySystemComponent::K2_GetTagCount(FGameplayTag TagToCheck) const
{
return GetTagCount(TagToCheck);
}
FGameplayAbilitySpecHandle UGSAbilitySystemComponent::FindAbilitySpecHandleForClass(TSubclassOf<UGameplayAbility> AbilityClass, UObject* OptionalSourceObject)
{
ABILITYLIST_SCOPE_LOCK();
for (FGameplayAbilitySpec& Spec : ActivatableAbilities.Items)
{
TSubclassOf<UGameplayAbility> SpecAbilityClass = Spec.Ability->GetClass();
if (SpecAbilityClass == AbilityClass)
{
if (!OptionalSourceObject || (OptionalSourceObject && Spec.SourceObject == OptionalSourceObject))
{
return Spec.Handle;
}
}
}
return FGameplayAbilitySpecHandle();
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::K2_AddLooseGameplayTag(const FGameplayTag& GameplayTag, int32 Count)
{
AddLooseGameplayTag(GameplayTag, Count);
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::K2_AddLooseGameplayTags(const FGameplayTagContainer& GameplayTags, int32 Count)
{
AddLooseGameplayTags(GameplayTags, Count);
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::K2_RemoveLooseGameplayTag(const FGameplayTag& GameplayTag, int32 Count)
{
RemoveLooseGameplayTag(GameplayTag, Count);
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::K2_RemoveLooseGameplayTags(const FGameplayTagContainer& GameplayTags, int32 Count)
{
RemoveLooseGameplayTags(GameplayTags, Count);
}
bool UGSAbilitySystemComponent::BatchRPCTryActivateAbility(FGameplayAbilitySpecHandle InAbilityHandle, bool EndAbilityImmediately)
{
bool AbilityActivated = false;
if (InAbilityHandle.IsValid())
{
FScopedServerAbilityRPCBatcher GSAbilityRPCBatcher(this, InAbilityHandle);
AbilityActivated = TryActivateAbility(InAbilityHandle, true);
if (EndAbilityImmediately)
{
FGameplayAbilitySpec* AbilitySpec = FindAbilitySpecFromHandle(InAbilityHandle);
if (AbilitySpec)
{
UGSGameplayAbility* GSAbility = Cast<UGSGameplayAbility>(AbilitySpec->GetPrimaryInstance());
GSAbility->ExternalEndAbility();
}
}
return AbilityActivated;
}
return AbilityActivated;
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::ExecuteGameplayCueLocal(const FGameplayTag GameplayCueTag, const FGameplayCueParameters& GameplayCueParameters)
{
UAbilitySystemGlobals::Get().GetGameplayCueManager()->HandleGameplayCue(GetOwner(), GameplayCueTag, EGameplayCueEvent::Type::Executed, GameplayCueParameters);
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::AddGameplayCueLocal(const FGameplayTag GameplayCueTag, const FGameplayCueParameters& GameplayCueParameters)
{
UAbilitySystemGlobals::Get().GetGameplayCueManager()->HandleGameplayCue(GetOwner(), GameplayCueTag, EGameplayCueEvent::Type::OnActive, GameplayCueParameters);
UAbilitySystemGlobals::Get().GetGameplayCueManager()->HandleGameplayCue(GetOwner(), GameplayCueTag, EGameplayCueEvent::Type::WhileActive, GameplayCueParameters);
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::RemoveGameplayCueLocal(const FGameplayTag GameplayCueTag, const FGameplayCueParameters& GameplayCueParameters)
{
UAbilitySystemGlobals::Get().GetGameplayCueManager()->HandleGameplayCue(GetOwner(), GameplayCueTag, EGameplayCueEvent::Type::Removed, GameplayCueParameters);
}
FString UGSAbilitySystemComponent::GetCurrentPredictionKeyStatus()
{
return ScopedPredictionKey.ToString() + " is valid for more prediction: " + (ScopedPredictionKey.IsValidForMorePrediction() ? TEXT("true") : TEXT("false"));
}
FActiveGameplayEffectHandle UGSAbilitySystemComponent::BP_ApplyGameplayEffectToSelfWithPrediction(TSubclassOf<UGameplayEffect> GameplayEffectClass, float Level, FGameplayEffectContextHandle EffectContext)
{
if (GameplayEffectClass)
{
if (!EffectContext.IsValid())
{
EffectContext = MakeEffectContext();
}
UGameplayEffect* GameplayEffect = GameplayEffectClass->GetDefaultObject<UGameplayEffect>();
if (CanPredict())
{
return ApplyGameplayEffectToSelf(GameplayEffect, Level, EffectContext, ScopedPredictionKey);
}
return ApplyGameplayEffectToSelf(GameplayEffect, Level, EffectContext);
}
return FActiveGameplayEffectHandle();
}
FActiveGameplayEffectHandle UGSAbilitySystemComponent::BP_ApplyGameplayEffectToTargetWithPrediction(TSubclassOf<UGameplayEffect> GameplayEffectClass, UAbilitySystemComponent* Target, float Level, FGameplayEffectContextHandle Context)
{
if (Target == nullptr)
{
ABILITY_LOG(Log, TEXT("UAbilitySystemComponent::BP_ApplyGameplayEffectToTargetWithPrediction called with null Target. %s. Context: %s"), *GetFullName(), *Context.ToString());
return FActiveGameplayEffectHandle();
}
if (GameplayEffectClass == nullptr)
{
ABILITY_LOG(Error, TEXT("UAbilitySystemComponent::BP_ApplyGameplayEffectToTargetWithPrediction called with null GameplayEffectClass. %s. Context: %s"), *GetFullName(), *Context.ToString());
return FActiveGameplayEffectHandle();
}
UGameplayEffect* GameplayEffect = GameplayEffectClass->GetDefaultObject<UGameplayEffect>();
if (CanPredict())
{
return ApplyGameplayEffectToTarget(GameplayEffect, Target, Level, Context, ScopedPredictionKey);
}
return ApplyGameplayEffectToTarget(GameplayEffect, Target, Level, Context);
}
float UGSAbilitySystemComponent::PlayMontageForMesh(UGameplayAbility* InAnimatingAbility, USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, FGameplayAbilityActivationInfo ActivationInfo, UAnimMontage* NewAnimMontage, float InPlayRate, FName StartSectionName, bool bReplicateMontage)
{
UGSGameplayAbility* InAbility = Cast<UGSGameplayAbility>(InAnimatingAbility);
float Duration = -1.f;
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
if (AnimInstance && NewAnimMontage)
{
Duration = AnimInstance->Montage_Play(NewAnimMontage, InPlayRate);
if (Duration > 0.f)
{
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(InMesh);
if (AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimatingAbility && AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimatingAbility != InAnimatingAbility)
{
// The ability that was previously animating will have already gotten the 'interrupted' callback.
// It may be a good idea to make this a global policy and 'cancel' the ability.
//
// For now, we expect it to end itself when this happens.
}
if (NewAnimMontage->HasRootMotion() && AnimInstance->GetOwningActor())
{
UE_LOG(LogRootMotion, Log, TEXT("UAbilitySystemComponent::PlayMontage %s, Role: %s")
, *GetNameSafe(NewAnimMontage)
, *UEnum::GetValueAsString(TEXT("Engine.ENetRole"), AnimInstance->GetOwningActor()->GetLocalRole())
);
}
AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage = NewAnimMontage;
AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimatingAbility = InAnimatingAbility;
AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.PlayBit = !AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.PlayBit;
if (InAbility)
{
InAbility->SetCurrentMontageForMesh(InMesh, NewAnimMontage);
}
// Start at a given Section.
if (StartSectionName != NAME_None)
{
AnimInstance->Montage_JumpToSection(StartSectionName, NewAnimMontage);
}
// Replicate to non owners
if (IsOwnerActorAuthoritative())
{
if (bReplicateMontage)
{
// Those are static parameters, they are only set when the montage is played. They are not changed after that.
FGameplayAbilityRepAnimMontageForMesh& AbilityRepMontageInfo = GetGameplayAbilityRepAnimMontageForMesh(InMesh);
AbilityRepMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.AnimMontage = NewAnimMontage;
AbilityRepMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.ForcePlayBit = !bool(AbilityRepMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.ForcePlayBit);
// Update parameters that change during Montage life time.
AnimMontage_UpdateReplicatedDataForMesh(InMesh);
// Force net update on our avatar actor
if (AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor != nullptr)
{
AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor->ForceNetUpdate();
}
}
}
else
{
// If this prediction key is rejected, we need to end the preview
FPredictionKey PredictionKey = GetPredictionKeyForNewAction();
if (PredictionKey.IsValidKey())
{
PredictionKey.NewRejectedDelegate().BindUObject(this, &UGSAbilitySystemComponent::OnPredictiveMontageRejectedForMesh, InMesh, NewAnimMontage);
}
}
}
}
return Duration;
}
float UGSAbilitySystemComponent::PlayMontageSimulatedForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, UAnimMontage* NewAnimMontage, float InPlayRate, FName StartSectionName)
{
float Duration = -1.f;
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
if (AnimInstance && NewAnimMontage)
{
Duration = AnimInstance->Montage_Play(NewAnimMontage, InPlayRate);
if (Duration > 0.f)
{
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(InMesh);
AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage = NewAnimMontage;
}
}
return Duration;
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::CurrentMontageStopForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, float OverrideBlendOutTime)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(InMesh);
UAnimMontage* MontageToStop = AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage;
bool bShouldStopMontage = AnimInstance && MontageToStop && !AnimInstance->Montage_GetIsStopped(MontageToStop);
if (bShouldStopMontage)
{
const float BlendOutTime = (OverrideBlendOutTime >= 0.0f ? OverrideBlendOutTime : MontageToStop->BlendOut.GetBlendTime());
AnimInstance->Montage_Stop(BlendOutTime, MontageToStop);
if (IsOwnerActorAuthoritative())
{
AnimMontage_UpdateReplicatedDataForMesh(InMesh);
}
}
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::StopAllCurrentMontages(float OverrideBlendOutTime)
{
for (FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh : LocalAnimMontageInfoForMeshes)
{
CurrentMontageStopForMesh(GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh.Mesh, OverrideBlendOutTime);
}
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::StopMontageIfCurrentForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, const UAnimMontage& Montage, float OverrideBlendOutTime)
{
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(InMesh);
if (&Montage == AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage)
{
CurrentMontageStopForMesh(InMesh, OverrideBlendOutTime);
}
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::ClearAnimatingAbilityForAllMeshes(UGameplayAbility* Ability)
{
UGSGameplayAbility* GSAbility = Cast<UGSGameplayAbility>(Ability);
for (FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh : LocalAnimMontageInfoForMeshes)
{
if (GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh.LocalMontageInfo.AnimatingAbility == Ability)
{
GSAbility->SetCurrentMontageForMesh(GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh.Mesh, nullptr);
GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh.LocalMontageInfo.AnimatingAbility = nullptr;
}
}
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::CurrentMontageJumpToSectionForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, FName SectionName)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(InMesh);
if ((SectionName != NAME_None) && AnimInstance && AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage)
{
AnimInstance->Montage_JumpToSection(SectionName, AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage);
if (IsOwnerActorAuthoritative())
{
AnimMontage_UpdateReplicatedDataForMesh(InMesh);
}
else
{
ServerCurrentMontageJumpToSectionNameForMesh(InMesh, AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage, SectionName);
}
}
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::CurrentMontageSetNextSectionNameForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, FName FromSectionName, FName ToSectionName)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(InMesh);
if (AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage && AnimInstance)
{
// Set Next Section Name.
AnimInstance->Montage_SetNextSection(FromSectionName, ToSectionName, AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage);
// Update replicated version for Simulated Proxies if we are on the server.
if (IsOwnerActorAuthoritative())
{
AnimMontage_UpdateReplicatedDataForMesh(InMesh);
}
else
{
float CurrentPosition = AnimInstance->Montage_GetPosition(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage);
ServerCurrentMontageSetNextSectionNameForMesh(InMesh, AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage, CurrentPosition, FromSectionName, ToSectionName);
}
}
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::CurrentMontageSetPlayRateForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, float InPlayRate)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(InMesh);
if (AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage && AnimInstance)
{
// Set Play Rate
AnimInstance->Montage_SetPlayRate(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage, InPlayRate);
// Update replicated version for Simulated Proxies if we are on the server.
if (IsOwnerActorAuthoritative())
{
AnimMontage_UpdateReplicatedDataForMesh(InMesh);
}
else
{
ServerCurrentMontageSetPlayRateForMesh(InMesh, AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage, InPlayRate);
}
}
}
bool UGSAbilitySystemComponent::IsAnimatingAbilityForAnyMesh(UGameplayAbility* InAbility) const
{
for (FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh : LocalAnimMontageInfoForMeshes)
{
if (GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh.LocalMontageInfo.AnimatingAbility == InAbility)
{
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
UGameplayAbility* UGSAbilitySystemComponent::GetAnimatingAbilityFromAnyMesh()
{
// Only one ability can be animating for all meshes
for (FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh : LocalAnimMontageInfoForMeshes)
{
if (GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh.LocalMontageInfo.AnimatingAbility)
{
return GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh.LocalMontageInfo.AnimatingAbility;
}
}
return nullptr;
}
TArray<UAnimMontage*> UGSAbilitySystemComponent::GetCurrentMontages() const
{
TArray<UAnimMontage*> Montages;
for (FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh : LocalAnimMontageInfoForMeshes)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh.Mesh)
&& GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh.Mesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh.Mesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
if (GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage && AnimInstance
&& AnimInstance->Montage_IsActive(GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage))
{
Montages.Add(GameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage);
}
}
return Montages;
}
UAnimMontage* UGSAbilitySystemComponent::GetCurrentMontageForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(InMesh);
if (AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage && AnimInstance
&& AnimInstance->Montage_IsActive(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage))
{
return AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage;
}
return nullptr;
}
int32 UGSAbilitySystemComponent::GetCurrentMontageSectionIDForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
UAnimMontage* CurrentAnimMontage = GetCurrentMontageForMesh(InMesh);
if (CurrentAnimMontage && AnimInstance)
{
float MontagePosition = AnimInstance->Montage_GetPosition(CurrentAnimMontage);
return CurrentAnimMontage->GetSectionIndexFromPosition(MontagePosition);
}
return INDEX_NONE;
}
FName UGSAbilitySystemComponent::GetCurrentMontageSectionNameForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
UAnimMontage* CurrentAnimMontage = GetCurrentMontageForMesh(InMesh);
if (CurrentAnimMontage && AnimInstance)
{
float MontagePosition = AnimInstance->Montage_GetPosition(CurrentAnimMontage);
int32 CurrentSectionID = CurrentAnimMontage->GetSectionIndexFromPosition(MontagePosition);
return CurrentAnimMontage->GetSectionName(CurrentSectionID);
}
return NAME_None;
}
float UGSAbilitySystemComponent::GetCurrentMontageSectionLengthForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
UAnimMontage* CurrentAnimMontage = GetCurrentMontageForMesh(InMesh);
if (CurrentAnimMontage && AnimInstance)
{
int32 CurrentSectionID = GetCurrentMontageSectionIDForMesh(InMesh);
if (CurrentSectionID != INDEX_NONE)
{
TArray<FCompositeSection>& CompositeSections = CurrentAnimMontage->CompositeSections;
// If we have another section after us, then take delta between both start times.
if (CurrentSectionID < (CompositeSections.Num() - 1))
{
return (CompositeSections[CurrentSectionID + 1].GetTime() - CompositeSections[CurrentSectionID].GetTime());
}
// Otherwise we are the last section, so take delta with Montage total time.
else
{
return (CurrentAnimMontage->SequenceLength - CompositeSections[CurrentSectionID].GetTime());
}
}
// if we have no sections, just return total length of Montage.
return CurrentAnimMontage->SequenceLength;
}
return 0.f;
}
float UGSAbilitySystemComponent::GetCurrentMontageSectionTimeLeftForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
UAnimMontage* CurrentAnimMontage = GetCurrentMontageForMesh(InMesh);
if (CurrentAnimMontage && AnimInstance && AnimInstance->Montage_IsActive(CurrentAnimMontage))
{
const float CurrentPosition = AnimInstance->Montage_GetPosition(CurrentAnimMontage);
return CurrentAnimMontage->GetSectionTimeLeftFromPos(CurrentPosition);
}
return -1.f;
}
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& UGSAbilitySystemComponent::GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh)
{
for (FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& MontageInfo : LocalAnimMontageInfoForMeshes)
{
if (MontageInfo.Mesh == InMesh)
{
return MontageInfo;
}
}
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh MontageInfo = FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh(InMesh);
LocalAnimMontageInfoForMeshes.Add(MontageInfo);
return LocalAnimMontageInfoForMeshes.Last();
}
FGameplayAbilityRepAnimMontageForMesh& UGSAbilitySystemComponent::GetGameplayAbilityRepAnimMontageForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh)
{
for (FGameplayAbilityRepAnimMontageForMesh& RepMontageInfo : RepAnimMontageInfoForMeshes)
{
if (RepMontageInfo.Mesh == InMesh)
{
return RepMontageInfo;
}
}
FGameplayAbilityRepAnimMontageForMesh RepMontageInfo = FGameplayAbilityRepAnimMontageForMesh(InMesh);
RepAnimMontageInfoForMeshes.Add(RepMontageInfo);
return RepAnimMontageInfoForMeshes.Last();
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::OnPredictiveMontageRejectedForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, UAnimMontage* PredictiveMontage)
{
static const float MONTAGE_PREDICTION_REJECT_FADETIME = 0.25f;
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
if (AnimInstance && PredictiveMontage)
{
// If this montage is still playing: kill it
if (AnimInstance->Montage_IsPlaying(PredictiveMontage))
{
AnimInstance->Montage_Stop(MONTAGE_PREDICTION_REJECT_FADETIME, PredictiveMontage);
}
}
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::AnimMontage_UpdateReplicatedDataForMesh(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh)
{
check(IsOwnerActorAuthoritative());
AnimMontage_UpdateReplicatedDataForMesh(GetGameplayAbilityRepAnimMontageForMesh(InMesh));
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::AnimMontage_UpdateReplicatedDataForMesh(FGameplayAbilityRepAnimMontageForMesh& OutRepAnimMontageInfo)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(OutRepAnimMontageInfo.Mesh) && OutRepAnimMontageInfo.Mesh->GetOwner()
== AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? OutRepAnimMontageInfo.Mesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(OutRepAnimMontageInfo.Mesh);
if (AnimInstance && AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage)
{
OutRepAnimMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.AnimMontage = AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage;
// Compressed Flags
bool bIsStopped = AnimInstance->Montage_GetIsStopped(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage);
if (!bIsStopped)
{
OutRepAnimMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.PlayRate = AnimInstance->Montage_GetPlayRate(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage);
OutRepAnimMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.Position = AnimInstance->Montage_GetPosition(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage);
OutRepAnimMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.BlendTime = AnimInstance->Montage_GetBlendTime(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage);
}
if (OutRepAnimMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.IsStopped != bIsStopped)
{
// Set this prior to calling UpdateShouldTick, so we start ticking if we are playing a Montage
OutRepAnimMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.IsStopped = bIsStopped;
// When we start or stop an animation, update the clients right away for the Avatar Actor
if (AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor != nullptr)
{
AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor->ForceNetUpdate();
}
// When this changes, we should update whether or not we should be ticking
UpdateShouldTick();
}
// Replicate NextSectionID to keep it in sync.
// We actually replicate NextSectionID+1 on a BYTE to put INDEX_NONE in there.
int32 CurrentSectionID = AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage->GetSectionIndexFromPosition(OutRepAnimMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.Position);
if (CurrentSectionID != INDEX_NONE)
{
int32 NextSectionID = AnimInstance->Montage_GetNextSectionID(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage, CurrentSectionID);
if (NextSectionID >= (256 - 1))
{
ABILITY_LOG(Error, TEXT("AnimMontage_UpdateReplicatedData. NextSectionID = %d. RepAnimMontageInfo.Position: %.2f, CurrentSectionID: %d. LocalAnimMontageInfo.AnimMontage %s"),
NextSectionID, OutRepAnimMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.Position, CurrentSectionID, *GetNameSafe(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage));
ensure(NextSectionID < (256 - 1));
}
OutRepAnimMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.NextSectionID = uint8(NextSectionID + 1);
}
else
{
OutRepAnimMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.NextSectionID = 0;
}
}
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::AnimMontage_UpdateForcedPlayFlagsForMesh(FGameplayAbilityRepAnimMontageForMesh& OutRepAnimMontageInfo)
{
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(OutRepAnimMontageInfo.Mesh);
OutRepAnimMontageInfo.RepMontageInfo.ForcePlayBit = AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.PlayBit;
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::OnRep_ReplicatedAnimMontageForMesh()
{
for (FGameplayAbilityRepAnimMontageForMesh& NewRepMontageInfoForMesh : RepAnimMontageInfoForMeshes)
{
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.Mesh);
UWorld* World = GetWorld();
if (NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.bSkipPlayRate)
{
NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.PlayRate = 1.f;
}
const bool bIsPlayingReplay = World && World->IsPlayingReplay();
const float MONTAGE_REP_POS_ERR_THRESH = bIsPlayingReplay ? CVarReplayMontageErrorThreshold.GetValueOnGameThread() : 0.1f;
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.Mesh) && NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.Mesh->GetOwner()
== AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.Mesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
if (AnimInstance == nullptr || !IsReadyForReplicatedMontageForMesh())
{
// We can't handle this yet
bPendingMontageRep = true;
return;
}
bPendingMontageRep = false;
if (!AbilityActorInfo->IsLocallyControlled())
{
static const auto CVar = IConsoleManager::Get().FindTConsoleVariableDataInt(TEXT("net.Montage.Debug"));
bool DebugMontage = (CVar && CVar->GetValueOnGameThread() == 1);
if (DebugMontage)
{
ABILITY_LOG(Warning, TEXT("\n\nOnRep_ReplicatedAnimMontage, %s"), *GetNameSafe(this));
ABILITY_LOG(Warning, TEXT("\tAnimMontage: %s\n\tPlayRate: %f\n\tPosition: %f\n\tBlendTime: %f\n\tNextSectionID: %d\n\tIsStopped: %d\n\tForcePlayBit: %d"),
*GetNameSafe(NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.AnimMontage),
NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.PlayRate,
NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.Position,
NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.BlendTime,
NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.NextSectionID,
NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.IsStopped,
NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.ForcePlayBit);
ABILITY_LOG(Warning, TEXT("\tLocalAnimMontageInfo.AnimMontage: %s\n\tPosition: %f"),
*GetNameSafe(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage), AnimInstance->Montage_GetPosition(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage));
}
if (NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.AnimMontage)
{
// New Montage to play
const bool ReplicatedPlayBit = bool(NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.ForcePlayBit);
if ((AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage != NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.AnimMontage) || (AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.PlayBit != ReplicatedPlayBit))
{
AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.PlayBit = ReplicatedPlayBit;
PlayMontageSimulatedForMesh(NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.Mesh, NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.AnimMontage, NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.PlayRate);
}
if (AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage == nullptr)
{
ABILITY_LOG(Warning, TEXT("OnRep_ReplicatedAnimMontage: PlayMontageSimulated failed. Name: %s, AnimMontage: %s"), *GetNameSafe(this), *GetNameSafe(NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.AnimMontage));
return;
}
// Play Rate has changed
if (AnimInstance->Montage_GetPlayRate(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage) != NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.PlayRate)
{
AnimInstance->Montage_SetPlayRate(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage, NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.PlayRate);
}
// Compressed Flags
const bool bIsStopped = AnimInstance->Montage_GetIsStopped(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage);
const bool bReplicatedIsStopped = bool(NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.IsStopped);
// Process stopping first, so we don't change sections and cause blending to pop.
if (bReplicatedIsStopped)
{
if (!bIsStopped)
{
CurrentMontageStopForMesh(NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.Mesh, NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.BlendTime);
}
}
else if (!NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.SkipPositionCorrection)
{
const int32 RepSectionID = AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage->GetSectionIndexFromPosition(NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.Position);
const int32 RepNextSectionID = int32(NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.NextSectionID) - 1;
// And NextSectionID for the replicated SectionID.
if (RepSectionID != INDEX_NONE)
{
const int32 NextSectionID = AnimInstance->Montage_GetNextSectionID(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage, RepSectionID);
// If NextSectionID is different than the replicated one, then set it.
if (NextSectionID != RepNextSectionID)
{
AnimInstance->Montage_SetNextSection(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage->GetSectionName(RepSectionID), AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage->GetSectionName(RepNextSectionID), AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage);
}
// Make sure we haven't received that update too late and the client hasn't already jumped to another section.
const int32 CurrentSectionID = AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage->GetSectionIndexFromPosition(AnimInstance->Montage_GetPosition(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage));
if ((CurrentSectionID != RepSectionID) && (CurrentSectionID != RepNextSectionID))
{
// Client is in a wrong section, teleport him into the begining of the right section
const float SectionStartTime = AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage->GetAnimCompositeSection(RepSectionID).GetTime();
AnimInstance->Montage_SetPosition(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage, SectionStartTime);
}
}
// Update Position. If error is too great, jump to replicated position.
const float CurrentPosition = AnimInstance->Montage_GetPosition(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage);
const int32 CurrentSectionID = AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage->GetSectionIndexFromPosition(CurrentPosition);
const float DeltaPosition = NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.Position - CurrentPosition;
// Only check threshold if we are located in the same section. Different sections require a bit more work as we could be jumping around the timeline.
// And therefore DeltaPosition is not as trivial to determine.
if ((CurrentSectionID == RepSectionID) && (FMath::Abs(DeltaPosition) > MONTAGE_REP_POS_ERR_THRESH) && (NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.IsStopped == 0))
{
// fast forward to server position and trigger notifies
if (FAnimMontageInstance* MontageInstance = AnimInstance->GetActiveInstanceForMontage(NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.AnimMontage))
{
// Skip triggering notifies if we're going backwards in time, we've already triggered them.
const float DeltaTime = !FMath::IsNearlyZero(NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.PlayRate) ? (DeltaPosition / NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.PlayRate) : 0.f;
if (DeltaTime >= 0.f)
{
MontageInstance->UpdateWeight(DeltaTime);
MontageInstance->HandleEvents(CurrentPosition, NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.Position, nullptr);
AnimInstance->TriggerAnimNotifies(DeltaTime);
}
}
AnimInstance->Montage_SetPosition(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage, NewRepMontageInfoForMesh.RepMontageInfo.Position);
}
}
}
}
}
}
bool UGSAbilitySystemComponent::IsReadyForReplicatedMontageForMesh()
{
/** Children may want to override this for additional checks (e.g, "has skin been applied") */
return true;
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::ServerCurrentMontageSetNextSectionNameForMesh_Implementation(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, UAnimMontage* ClientAnimMontage, float ClientPosition, FName SectionName, FName NextSectionName)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(InMesh);
if (AnimInstance)
{
UAnimMontage* CurrentAnimMontage = AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage;
if (ClientAnimMontage == CurrentAnimMontage)
{
// Set NextSectionName
AnimInstance->Montage_SetNextSection(SectionName, NextSectionName, CurrentAnimMontage);
// Correct position if we are in an invalid section
float CurrentPosition = AnimInstance->Montage_GetPosition(CurrentAnimMontage);
int32 CurrentSectionID = CurrentAnimMontage->GetSectionIndexFromPosition(CurrentPosition);
FName CurrentSectionName = CurrentAnimMontage->GetSectionName(CurrentSectionID);
int32 ClientSectionID = CurrentAnimMontage->GetSectionIndexFromPosition(ClientPosition);
FName ClientCurrentSectionName = CurrentAnimMontage->GetSectionName(ClientSectionID);
if ((CurrentSectionName != ClientCurrentSectionName) || (CurrentSectionName != SectionName))
{
// We are in an invalid section, jump to client's position.
AnimInstance->Montage_SetPosition(CurrentAnimMontage, ClientPosition);
}
// Update replicated version for Simulated Proxies if we are on the server.
if (IsOwnerActorAuthoritative())
{
AnimMontage_UpdateReplicatedDataForMesh(InMesh);
}
}
}
}
bool UGSAbilitySystemComponent::ServerCurrentMontageSetNextSectionNameForMesh_Validate(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, UAnimMontage* ClientAnimMontage, float ClientPosition, FName SectionName, FName NextSectionName)
{
return true;
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::ServerCurrentMontageJumpToSectionNameForMesh_Implementation(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, UAnimMontage* ClientAnimMontage, FName SectionName)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(InMesh);
if (AnimInstance)
{
UAnimMontage* CurrentAnimMontage = AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage;
if (ClientAnimMontage == CurrentAnimMontage)
{
// Set NextSectionName
AnimInstance->Montage_JumpToSection(SectionName, CurrentAnimMontage);
// Update replicated version for Simulated Proxies if we are on the server.
if (IsOwnerActorAuthoritative())
{
AnimMontage_UpdateReplicatedDataForMesh(InMesh);
}
}
}
}
bool UGSAbilitySystemComponent::ServerCurrentMontageJumpToSectionNameForMesh_Validate(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, UAnimMontage* ClientAnimMontage, FName SectionName)
{
return true;
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::ServerCurrentMontageSetPlayRateForMesh_Implementation(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, UAnimMontage* ClientAnimMontage, float InPlayRate)
{
UAnimInstance* AnimInstance = IsValid(InMesh) && InMesh->GetOwner() == AbilityActorInfo->AvatarActor ? InMesh->GetAnimInstance() : nullptr;
FGameplayAbilityLocalAnimMontageForMesh& AnimMontageInfo = GetLocalAnimMontageInfoForMesh(InMesh);
if (AnimInstance)
{
UAnimMontage* CurrentAnimMontage = AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage;
if (ClientAnimMontage == CurrentAnimMontage)
{
// Set PlayRate
AnimInstance->Montage_SetPlayRate(AnimMontageInfo.LocalMontageInfo.AnimMontage, InPlayRate);
// Update replicated version for Simulated Proxies if we are on the server.
if (IsOwnerActorAuthoritative())
{
AnimMontage_UpdateReplicatedDataForMesh(InMesh);
}
}
}
}
bool UGSAbilitySystemComponent::ServerCurrentMontageSetPlayRateForMesh_Validate(USkeletalMeshComponent* InMesh, UAnimMontage* ClientAnimMontage, float InPlayRate)
{
return true;
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::Damage(UGSGameplayAbility* DamageAbility, FGameplayAbilityTargetDataHandle TargetData, FComboChainData ChainData)
{
TArray<AActor*>Collection=UAbilitySystemBlueprintLibrary::GetActorsFromTargetData(TargetData, 0);
for (int i = 0;i < Collection.Num(); i++)
{
FRotator Rot = UKismetMathLibrary::FindLookAtRotation(Collection[i]->GetActorLocation(), GetAvatarActor()->GetActorLocation());
auto Comp=UAbilitySystemBlueprintLibrary::GetAbilitySystemComponent(Collection[i]);
if (Comp)
{
bool bIsBlocking = Comp->HasMatchingGameplayTag(FGameplayTag::RequestGameplayTag("Status.Block"));
bool bIsParrying= Comp->HasMatchingGameplayTag(FGameplayTag::RequestGameplayTag("Status.Parry"));
if (bIsParrying&&ChainData.bParriable&&FMath::Abs(Rot.Yaw)<45)
{
// apply parry effect
}
}
}
//bool bIsBlocking=
}
void UGSAbilitySystemComponent::SetAbilityLevel(TSubclassOf<UGameplayAbility> AbilityClass, int32 Level)
{
FGameplayAbilitySpecHandle SpecHandle = FindAbilitySpecHandleForClass(AbilityClass);
UGSGameplayAbility* GSAbility=UGSBlueprintFunctionLibrary::GetPrimaryAbilityInstanceFromHandle(this,SpecHandle);
FGameplayAbilitySpec* Spec = FindAbilitySpecFromHandle(SpecHandle);
if (Spec)
{
int32 OldLevel = Spec->Level;
Spec->Level = Level;
if (GSAbility)
{
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT("UGSAbilitySystemComponent::SetAbilityLevel:%s, level:%i"), *AbilityClass.Get()->GetName(), Level);
GSAbility->OnLevelChange(Spec->Level,OldLevel);
}
}
} |
INFORMATION ASYMMETRY: EVIDENCE FROM IRAN LISTED COMPANIES Inherent in the International and indigenous accounting standards is managerial discretion in the application of accounting methods, preparation of financial reports and disclosures. Extent literature indicates that almost all companies are engaged in some type of earnings management (Healy, 1985; Perry & Williams, 1994; Defond & Jiambalvo, 1994; Jordon, Clark, & Pate, 2008). A crucial question posed for accounting research is to identify the environmental conditions under which managerial discretion (i.e. accounting choices) are exercised. Using empirical analysis this paper investigates one of the fundamental conditions of earnings management, information asymmetry between managers and investors. When information asymmetry is high, stakeholders including investors do not have sufficient resources, incentives, or access to relevant information to monitor managers actions, which gives rise to earnings management. Empirical results show that the level of information asymmetry index which is the combination of five important Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) relevant proxies (volume of trade, stock price variation, P/E ratio, number of trading days and firm age) has a positive statistically significant effect on the extent of earnings management practiced by companies listed on the TSE. |
<gh_stars>1-10
#
# Copyright (c) 2009-2015 <NAME> <<EMAIL>>
#
# See the file LICENSE.txt for your full rights.
#
"""Classes for implementing the weewx tag 'code' codes."""
import weeutil.weeutil
from weeutil.weeutil import to_int
import weewx.units
from weewx.units import ValueTuple
#===============================================================================
# Class TimeBinder
#===============================================================================
class TimeBinder(object):
"""Binds to a specific time. Can be queried for time attributes, such as month.
When a time period is given as an attribute to it, such as obj.month,
the next item in the chain is returned, in this case an instance of
TimespanBinder, which binds things to a timespan.
"""
def __init__(self, db_lookup, report_time,
formatter=weewx.units.Formatter(), converter=weewx.units.Converter(), **option_dict):
"""Initialize an instance of DatabaseBinder.
db_lookup: A function with call signature db_lookup(data_binding), which
returns a database manager and where data_binding is an optional binding
name. If not given, then a default binding will be used.
report_time: The time for which the report should be run.
formatter: An instance of weewx.units.Formatter() holding the formatting
information to be used. [Optional. If not given, the default
Formatter will be used.]
converter: An instance of weewx.units.Converter() holding the target unit
information to be used. [Optional. If not given, the default
Converter will be used.]
option_dict: Other options which can be used to customize calculations.
[Optional.]
"""
self.db_lookup = db_lookup
self.report_time = report_time
self.formatter = formatter
self.converter = converter
self.option_dict = option_dict
# What follows is the list of time period attributes:
def trend(self, time_delta=None, time_grace=None, data_binding=None):
"""Returns a TrendObj that is bound to the trend parameters."""
if time_delta is None:
time_delta = to_int(self.option_dict['trend'].get('time_delta', 10800))
if time_grace is None:
time_grace = to_int(self.option_dict['trend'].get('time_grace', 300))
return TrendObj(time_delta, time_grace, self.db_lookup, data_binding, self.report_time,
self.formatter, self.converter, **self.option_dict)
def hour(self, data_binding=None, hours_ago=0):
return TimespanBinder(weeutil.weeutil.archiveHoursAgoSpan(self.report_time, hours_ago=hours_ago),
self.db_lookup, data_binding=data_binding,
context='day', formatter=self.formatter, converter=self.converter,
**self.option_dict)
def day(self, data_binding=None, days_ago=0):
return TimespanBinder(weeutil.weeutil.archiveDaySpan(self.report_time, days_ago=days_ago),
self.db_lookup, data_binding=data_binding,
context='day', formatter=self.formatter, converter=self.converter,
**self.option_dict)
def yesterday(self, data_binding=None):
return self.day(data_binding, days_ago=1)
def week(self, data_binding=None, weeks_ago=0):
week_start = to_int(self.option_dict.get('week_start', 6))
return TimespanBinder(weeutil.weeutil.archiveWeekSpan(self.report_time, week_start, weeks_ago=weeks_ago),
self.db_lookup, data_binding=data_binding,
context='week', formatter=self.formatter, converter=self.converter,
**self.option_dict)
def month(self, data_binding=None, months_ago=0):
return TimespanBinder(weeutil.weeutil.archiveMonthSpan(self.report_time, months_ago=months_ago),
self.db_lookup, data_binding=data_binding,
context='month', formatter=self.formatter, converter=self.converter,
**self.option_dict)
def year(self, data_binding=None, years_ago=0):
return TimespanBinder(weeutil.weeutil.archiveYearSpan(self.report_time, years_ago=years_ago),
self.db_lookup, data_binding=data_binding,
context='year', formatter=self.formatter, converter=self.converter,
**self.option_dict)
def rainyear(self, data_binding=None):
rain_year_start = to_int(self.option_dict.get('rain_year_start', 1))
return TimespanBinder(weeutil.weeutil.archiveRainYearSpan(self.report_time, rain_year_start),
self.db_lookup, data_binding=data_binding,
context='rainyear', formatter=self.formatter, converter=self.converter,
**self.option_dict)
def span(self, data_binding=None, time_delta=0, hour_delta=0, day_delta=0, week_delta=0, month_delta=0, year_delta=0):
return TimespanBinder(weeutil.weeutil.archiveSpanSpan(self.report_time, time_delta=time_delta,
hour_delta=hour_delta, day_delta=day_delta, week_delta=week_delta, month_delta=month_delta, year_delta=year_delta),
self.db_lookup, data_binding=data_binding,
context='day', formatter=self.formatter, converter=self.converter,
**self.option_dict)
# For backwards compatiblity
hours_ago = hour
days_ago = day
#===============================================================================
# Class TimespanBinder
#===============================================================================
class TimespanBinder(object):
"""Holds a binding between a database and a timespan.
This class is the next class in the chain of helper classes.
When an observation type is given as an attribute to it (such as 'obj.outTemp'),
the next item in the chain is returned, in this case an instance of
ObservationBinder, which binds the database, the time period, and
the statistical type all together.
It also includes a few "special attributes" that allow iteration over certain
time periods. Example:
# Iterate by month:
for monthStats in yearStats.months:
# Print maximum temperature for each month in the year:
print monthStats.outTemp.max
"""
def __init__(self, timespan, db_lookup, data_binding=None, context='current',
formatter=weewx.units.Formatter(),
converter=weewx.units.Converter(), **option_dict):
"""Initialize an instance of TimespanBinder.
timespan: An instance of weeutil.Timespan with the time span
over which the statistics are to be calculated.
db_lookup: A function with call signature db_lookup(data_binding), which
returns a database manager and where data_binding is an optional binding
name. If not given, then a default binding will be used.
data_binding: If non-None, then use this data binding.
context: A tag name for the timespan. This is something like 'current', 'day',
'week', etc. This is used to figure out how to do aggregations, and for
picking an appropriate label.
formatter: An instance of weewx.units.Formatter() holding the formatting
information to be used. [Optional. If not given, the default
Formatter will be used.]
converter: An instance of weewx.units.Converter() holding the target unit
information to be used. [Optional. If not given, the default
Converter will be used.]
option_dict: Other options which can be used to customize calculations.
[Optional.]
"""
self.timespan = timespan
self.db_lookup = db_lookup
self.data_binding= data_binding
self.context = context
self.formatter = formatter
self.converter = converter
self.option_dict = option_dict
# Iterate over all records in the time period:
def records(self, data_binding=None):
manager = self.db_lookup(data_binding)
for record in manager.genBatchRecords(self.timespan.start, self.timespan.stop):
yield CurrentObj(self.db_lookup, None, record['dateTime'], self.formatter,
self.converter, record=record)
# Iterate over custom span
def spans(self, data_binding=None, context='day', interval=10800):
for span in weeutil.weeutil.intervalgen(self.timespan.start, self.timespan.stop, interval):
yield TimespanBinder(span, self.db_lookup, data_binding,
context, self.formatter, self.converter, **self.option_dict)
# Iterate over hours in the time period:
def hours(self, data_binding=None):
return TimespanBinder._seqGenerator(weeutil.weeutil.genHourSpans, self.timespan,
self.db_lookup, data_binding,
'hour', self.formatter, self.converter, **self.option_dict)
# Iterate over days in the time period:
def days(self, data_binding=None):
return TimespanBinder._seqGenerator(weeutil.weeutil.genDaySpans, self.timespan,
self.db_lookup, data_binding,
'day', self.formatter, self.converter, **self.option_dict)
# Iterate over months in the time period:
def months(self, data_binding=None):
return TimespanBinder._seqGenerator(weeutil.weeutil.genMonthSpans, self.timespan,
self.db_lookup, data_binding,
'month', self.formatter, self.converter, **self.option_dict)
# Iterate over years in the time period:
def years(self, data_binding=None):
return TimespanBinder._seqGenerator(weeutil.weeutil.genYearSpans, self.timespan,
self.db_lookup, data_binding,
'year', self.formatter, self.converter, **self.option_dict)
# Static method used to implement the iteration:
@staticmethod
def _seqGenerator(genSpanFunc, timespan, *args, **option_dict):
"""Generator function that returns TimespanBinder for the appropriate timespans"""
for span in genSpanFunc(timespan.start, timespan.stop):
yield TimespanBinder(span, *args, **option_dict)
# Return the start time of the time period as a ValueHelper
@property
def start(self):
val = weewx.units.ValueTuple(self.timespan.start, 'unix_epoch', 'group_time')
return weewx.units.ValueHelper(val, self.context, self.formatter, self.converter)
# Return the ending time:
@property
def end(self):
val = weewx.units.ValueTuple(self.timespan.stop, 'unix_epoch', 'group_time')
return weewx.units.ValueHelper(val, self.context, self.formatter, self.converter)
# Alias for the start time:
dateTime = start
def __getattr__(self, obs_type):
"""Return a helper object that binds the database, a time period,
and the given observation type.
obs_type: An observation type, such as 'outTemp', or 'heatDeg'
returns: An instance of class ObservationBinder."""
# This is to get around bugs in the Python version of Cheetah's namemapper:
if obs_type in ['__call__', 'has_key']:
raise AttributeError
# Return an ObservationBinder: if an attribute is
# requested from it, an aggregation value will be returned.
return ObservationBinder(obs_type, self.timespan, self.db_lookup, self.data_binding, self.context,
self.formatter, self.converter, **self.option_dict)
#===============================================================================
# Class ObservationBinder
#===============================================================================
class ObservationBinder(object):
"""This is the final class in the chain of helper classes. It binds the
database, a time period, and an observation type all together.
When an aggregation type (eg, 'max') is given as an attribute to it, it runs the
query against the database, assembles the result, and returns it as a ValueHelper.
"""
def __init__(self, obs_type, timespan, db_lookup, data_binding, context,
formatter=weewx.units.Formatter(), converter=weewx.units.Converter(), **option_dict):
""" Initialize an instance of ObservationBinder
obs_type: A string with the stats type (e.g., 'outTemp') for which the query is
to be done.
timespan: An instance of TimeSpan holding the time period over which the query is
to be run
db_lookup: A function with call signature db_lookup(data_binding), which
returns a database manager and where data_binding is an optional binding
name. If not given, then a default binding will be used.
data_binding: If non-None, then use this data binding.
context: A tag name for the timespan. This is something like 'current', 'day',
'week', etc. This is used to find an appropriate label, if necessary.
formatter: An instance of weewx.units.Formatter() holding the formatting
information to be used. [Optional. If not given, the default
Formatter will be used.]
converter: An instance of weewx.units.Converter() holding the target unit
information to be used. [Optional. If not given, the default
Converter will be used.]
option_dict: Other options which can be used to customize calculations.
[Optional.]
"""
self.obs_type = obs_type
self.timespan = timespan
self.db_lookup = db_lookup
self.data_binding = data_binding
self.context = context
self.formatter = formatter
self.converter = converter
self.option_dict = option_dict
def max_ge(self, val):
return self._do_query('max_ge', val=val)
def max_le(self, val):
return self._do_query('max_le', val=val)
def min_le(self, val):
return self._do_query('min_le', val=val)
def sum_ge(self, val):
return self._do_query('sum_ge', val=val)
def __getattr__(self, aggregate_type):
"""Return statistical summary using a given aggregate type.
aggregate_type: The type of aggregation over which the summary is to be done.
This is normally something like 'sum', 'min', 'mintime', 'count', etc.
However, there are two special aggregation types that can be used to
determine the existence of data:
'exists': Return True if the observation type exists in the database.
'has_data': Return True if the type exists and there is a non-zero
number of entries over the aggregation period.
returns: A ValueHelper containing the aggregation data."""
# This is to get around bugs in the Python version of Cheetah's namemapper:
if aggregate_type in ['__call__', 'has_key']:
raise AttributeError
return self._do_query(aggregate_type)
@property
def exists(self):
return self.db_lookup(self.data_binding).exists(self.obs_type)
@property
def has_data(self):
return self.db_lookup(self.data_binding).has_data(self.obs_type, self.timespan)
def _do_query(self, aggregate_type, val=None):
"""Run a query against the databases, using the given aggregation type."""
db_manager = self.db_lookup(self.data_binding)
result = db_manager.getAggregate(self.timespan, self.obs_type, aggregate_type,
val=val, **self.option_dict)
return weewx.units.ValueHelper(result, self.context, self.formatter, self.converter)
#===============================================================================
# Class RecordBinder
#===============================================================================
class RecordBinder(object):
def __init__(self, db_lookup, report_time,
formatter=weewx.units.Formatter(), converter=weewx.units.Converter(), record=None):
self.db_lookup = db_lookup
self.report_time = report_time
self.formatter = formatter
self.converter = converter
self.record = record
def current(self, timestamp=None, max_delta=None, data_binding=None):
"""Return a CurrentObj"""
if timestamp is None:
timestamp = self.report_time
return CurrentObj(self.db_lookup, data_binding, current_time=timestamp, max_delta=max_delta,
formatter=self.formatter, converter=self.converter, record=self.record)
def latest(self, data_binding=None):
"""Return a CurrentObj, using the last available timestamp."""
manager = self.db_lookup(data_binding)
timestamp = manager.lastGoodStamp()
return self.current(timestamp, data_binding=data_binding)
#===============================================================================
# Class CurrentObj
#===============================================================================
class CurrentObj(object):
"""Helper class for the "Current" record. Does the database hit lazily.
This class allows tags such as:
$current.barometer
"""
def __init__(self, db_lookup, data_binding, current_time,
formatter, converter, max_delta=None, record=None):
self.db_lookup = db_lookup
self.data_binding = data_binding
self.current_time = current_time
self.formatter = formatter
self.converter = converter
self.max_delta = max_delta
self.record = record
def __getattr__(self, obs_type):
"""Return the given observation type."""
# This is to get around bugs in the Python version of Cheetah's namemapper:
if obs_type in ['__call__', 'has_key']:
raise AttributeError
# If we are not specifying a data binding, and we have a current record with the right
# timestamp at hand, we don't have to hit the database.
if not self.data_binding and self.record and obs_type in self.record and self.record['dateTime'] == self.current_time:
vt = weewx.units.as_value_tuple(self.record, obs_type)
else:
# No. We have to retrieve the record from the database
try:
# Get the appropriate database manager ...
db_manager = self.db_lookup(self.data_binding)
except weewx.UnknownBinding:
vt = weewx.units.UnknownType(self.data_binding)
else:
# ... get the current record from it ...
record = db_manager.getRecord(self.current_time, max_delta=self.max_delta)
# ... form a ValueTuple ...
vt = weewx.units.as_value_tuple(record, obs_type)
# ... and then finally, return a ValueHelper
return weewx.units.ValueHelper(vt, 'current',
self.formatter,
self.converter)
#===============================================================================
# Class TrendObj
#===============================================================================
class TrendObj(object):
"""Helper class that calculates trends.
This class allows tags such as:
$trend.barometer
"""
def __init__(self, time_delta, time_grace, db_lookup, data_binding,
nowtime, formatter, converter, **option_dict): # @UnusedVariable
"""Initialize a Trend object
time_delta: The time difference over which the trend is to be calculated
time_grace: A time within this amount is accepted.
"""
self.time_delta_val = time_delta
self.time_grace_val = time_grace
self.db_lookup = db_lookup
self.data_binding = data_binding
self.nowtime = nowtime
self.formatter = formatter
self.converter = converter
self.time_delta = weewx.units.ValueHelper((time_delta, 'second', 'group_elapsed'),
'current',
self.formatter,
self.converter)
self.time_grace = weewx.units.ValueHelper((time_grace, 'second', 'group_elapsed'),
'current',
self.formatter,
self.converter)
def __getattr__(self, obs_type):
"""Return the trend for the given observation type."""
# This is to get around bugs in the Python version of Cheetah's namemapper:
if obs_type in ['__call__', 'has_key']:
raise AttributeError
db_manager = self.db_lookup(self.data_binding)
# Get the current record, and one "time_delta" ago:
now_record = db_manager.getRecord(self.nowtime, self.time_grace_val)
then_record = db_manager.getRecord(self.nowtime - self.time_delta_val, self.time_grace_val)
# Do both records exist?
if now_record is None or then_record is None:
# No. One is missing.
trend = ValueTuple(None, None, None)
else:
# Both records exist.
# Check to see if the observation type is known
if obs_type not in now_record or obs_type not in then_record:
# obs_type is unknown. Signal it
trend = weewx.units.UnknownType(obs_type)
else:
now_vt = weewx.units.as_value_tuple(now_record, obs_type)
then_vt = weewx.units.as_value_tuple(then_record, obs_type)
# Do the unit conversion now, rather than lazily. This is because,
# in the case of temperature, the difference between two converted
# values is not the same as the conversion of the difference
# between two values. E.g., 20C - 10C is not equal to
# F_to_C(68F - 50F). We want the former, not the latter.
now_vtc = self.converter.convert(now_vt)
then_vtc = self.converter.convert(then_vt)
if now_vtc.value is None or then_vtc.value is None:
trend = ValueTuple(None, now_vtc.unit, now_vtc.group)
else:
trend = now_vtc - then_vtc
# Return the results as a ValueHelper. Use the formatting and labeling
# options from the current time record. The user can always override
# these.
return weewx.units.ValueHelper(trend, 'current',
self.formatter,
self.converter)
|
Adsorption of lanthanum and cerium on chelating ion exchange resins: kinetic and thermodynamic studies ABSTRACT As the demand for rare earth elements (REE) increases in the coming years, techniques to obtain these elements from different sources may be explored. A hydrometallurgical route may achieve the sustainable approaches signed by countries. For this, separation techniques need to be explored, and chelating ion exchange resins are the most prominent. For this reason, to enhance the possibilities for REE separation, the main focus of this work was to study kinetics models and the thermodynamics of lanthanum and cerium adsorption at laboratory scale under industrially operating conditions. Three different functional groups were evaluated through the chelating resins M4195, TP207, and XUS43605. The effect of pH and resin dosage were evaluated, as well as the kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion) and thermodynamic parameters. The results presented here could be used for industrial applications. Pseudo-second order provided a better fit for both M4195 and TP207, and the intraparticle diffusion fitted better for XUS43605. Thermodynamic experiments have shown that the adsorption of lanthanum and cerium are spontaneous and endothermic. These findings represent the novelty of the present study since it could be used in selective separation of lanthanum and cerium onto chelating resins from primary and secondary sources. |
Ann Heisenfelt/Associated Press
Over the past five seasons, the Seattle Mariners have seen flashes of Michael Saunders’ upside, but the talented outfielder has been unable to sustain success for the course of an entire season. In 2014, Saunders finally appears poised to put it all together for an extended period of time.
Saunders made regular appearances on top-prospect lists coming up with the Mariners, but has only managed a career line of .228/.297/.376. Approaching 1,700 plate appearances entering the season, 2014 looked to be a critical year for Saunders’ future, as he would either fully realize his potential or be relegated to a fourth outfielder role moving forward.
Despite that less-than-stellar slash line, Saunders has brought some value to the Mariners over his career. Saunders has sprinkled in enough power and speed to post a wRC+ of 108 in 2012 and 98 last year, meaning he’s been basically a league-average hitter.
With plus defense in the corner outfield spots, Saunders posted a respectable 3.2 WAR over those two years.
Bob Levey/Getty Images
Those numbers were bolstered by four-to-seven week stretches where Saunders would excel in every aspect of his game. But for whatever reason, Saunders would then go into prolonged horrific slumps, knocking his final numbers down to pedestrian levels.
One of the biggest “what ifs” of Saunders career came early in the 2013 season. Saunders was tearing the cover off the ball in the World Baseball Classic and through Seattle’s first 10 games before injuring his shoulder making a catch against the wall on April 10. He would miss three weeks and was unable to get in a good rhythm again until July.
But this year, Saunders has an improved plate approach that indicates he might be able to keep up his current rate of production. Per FanGraphs, Saunders has been worth .7 WAR in 44 games and could move closer to being a three-win player if he stays healthy.
Saunders had a limited role in April and struggled mightily, but has hit well enough in May to raise his line to .273/.326/.405. He missed a few games with a knee problem, but fortunately was able to maintain momentum and has been one of the most important Mariners hitters over the past few weeks.
Ted S. Warren/Associated Press/Associated Press
With the demotion of Abraham Almonte in early May, Saunders got a chance for regular playing time in either the leadoff or No. 2 spot for the Mariners. Saunders talked to Adam Lewis of MLB.com about his approach as a leadoff man before an April 26 game against the Texas Rangers:
I'm just going to try to put up a professional at-bat. Depending on the situation, you usually only lead off the game once and that's your first at-bat. We've seen [Colby] Lewis before. I'm not necessarily going to go up there and take pitches. I'm going to be selectively aggressive, and that was my mindset when I was leading off last year. My main goal is to get on base.
Saunders didn't show much of that in the past, but has backed it up in 2014 with some encouraging plate discipline numbers that suggest Saunders’ approach is indeed improving.
According to FanGraphs, Saunders has swung at a career-low 22.2 percent of pitches outside the strike zone this season. That in turn has helped lead to a contact rate of 84.1 percent, a huge jump over any other point of his career.
Otto Greule Jr/Getty Images
Saunders is striking out less, too. His strikeout rate currently stands at 18.2 percent, down exactly seven points from a year ago.
In the past, we've seen Saunders shorten up his swing too much and struggle with pitches low and away. A look at his whiff chart on brooksbaseball.net shows that Saunders swings and misses most at those pitches, but has improved in 2014 and is also doing a better job of making contact on pitches high in the strike zone.
If Saunders continues these trends, he will finally avoid the dreaded prolonged slump he’s been prone to.
The two things the Mariners would like to see more of from Saunders this year are speed and power. Saunders hit 19 home runs and stole 21 bases in his career-best 2012 season. If he can approach those numbers in 2014, he will be a very valuable player for the Mariners moving forward.
He’s still got some pop, as sometimes the ball just explodes off Saunders’ bat. Saunders has two home runs this season, including this impressive shot May 17 against the Minnesota Twins:
Saunders also hit one off of the Hit it Here Cafe in Safeco Field last summer, which takes some special power.
There’s no doubt that Saunders is going to be critical to the Mariners in 2014 for a number of reasons. The Mariners have rotated through a number of players in the all-important No. 2 spot this season, finding little success.
As Seattle appears to have found something with James Jones in the leadoff spot, Saunders is the logical choice to bat second. Announcer Aaron Goldsmith points out that Saunders has been successful in the role so far:
If the Mariners are going to score runs, Saunders needs to get on ahead of Robinson Cano. Manager Lloyd McClendon talked to Greg Johns of MLB.com about the advantage Saunders has batting between Jones and Cano.
"I think it has a lot to do with the guy hitting in front of him. And the guy behind him, too, but the guy in front of him can run a little. Anytime you take a little concentration away from the pitcher, it's going to help."
The question now becomes if McClendon has faith in Saunders to bat him second on a regular basis. Saunders has been in and out of the lineup, but Jason A. Churchill believes he should play every day barring injury:
Churchill is absolutely right. On the surface, it makes sense that the Mariners would try to get more right-handed bats in the lineup, as they are lefty heavy. But Saunders has actually hit better against left-handers in 2014 and should not be a candidate for a platoon.
But it’s also important for the Mariners to finally see their patience with Saunders rewarded. David Schoenfield of ESPN’s SweetSpot blog highlights the number of top prospects the Mariners have been patient with over the past four years:
The Mariners have been waiting for four of those homegrown players to break out forever and brought in Logan Morrison with the hope that he would finally meet his potential. If just one or two of them can step up, the Mariners will be a much more dangerous club in 2014 than previously expected.
Saunders is the guy to finally reward that patience. With his existing skills and improved plate approach, he will be a critically valuable piece for the Mariners over the rest of the season.
All stats per FanGraphs unless otherwise noted. |
<filename>src/birder/__init__.py
VERSION = __version__ = "1.0.13"
NAME = "birder"
|
Modifying an identified position of edged shapes using pseudo-haptic effects In our research, we aim to construct the visuo-haptic system which can give users a sense as if they were touching on virtual objects with variety of shapes, using pseudo-haptiec effects. In this paper, we focus on modifying the identification of a position of edges on a object when touching it with a pointing finger, by displacing the visual representation of the user's hand in order to construct a novel visuo-haptic system. We compose a video see-through system, which enables us to change the perception of the shape of an object a user is visually touching, by displacing the visual representation of the user's hand as if s/he was touching the visual shape, when in actuality s/he is touching another shape. We had experiments and showed participants perceived positions of edges that was the same as the one they were visually touching, even though the positions of edges they were actually touching was different. These results prove that the perceived positions of edges could be modified, and even if the ratio of the successive distance between edges is 1 : 1, we can modify the perception of this ratio from 3 : 2 to 2 : 3. |
def slice(
self,
plane,
actors=None,
close_actors=False,
):
if isinstance(plane, str):
plane = self.atlas.get_plane(plane=plane)
if not actors or actors is None:
actors = self.clean_actors.copy()
for actor in listify(actors):
actor._mesh = actor._mesh.cutWithPlane(
origin=plane.center,
normal=plane.normal,
)
if close_actors:
actor.cap()
if actor.silhouette is not None:
self.plotter.remove(actor.silhouette.mesh)
self.plotter.add(actor.make_silhouette().mesh) |
Cell-type-specific dysregulation of RNA alternative splicing in short tandem repeat mouse knockin models of myotonic dystrophy In this study, Nutter et al. use rolling circle amplification and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing to generate Dmpk CTG expansion (CTGexp) mouse knockin models of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). Their results highlight important interplays between Dmpk and Mbnl expression patterns with CTGexp length and missplicing and also demonstrate that splicing regulation in the choroid plexus, which is responsible for the bulk of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) production, is adversely affected by CTGexp mutations. Microsatellites, or short tandem repeats (STRs) of ≤10 bp are unstable genetic elements with a propensity to fold into intrastrand DNA structures that compromise replication, recombination, and repair pathways (;). While STRs are susceptible to both expansions and contractions, expanded STRs cause >40 neurological and neuromuscular hereditary diseases, including C9orf72 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (C9-ALS/FTD), Huntington disease (HD) and myotonic dystrophy types 1 (DM1) and 2 (DM2) (). DM1 is a prominent STR disease as it is the most common adult-onset muscular dystrophy and is caused by CTG expansions (CTG exp ) in the 3 untranslated region (3 UTR) of the DMPK gene. Repeat sizes range from 5 to 37 in unaffected individuals but 50 to >4000 in DM1 patients (Goodwin and Swanson 2014). The DM1 pathomechanism involves transcription of expanded DMPK alleles, which generates toxic CUG exp RNAs that accumulate in nuclear inclusions or RNA foci, where they sequester muscleblind-like (MBNL) proteins. Since MBNL proteins regulate the splicing of their RNA targets during development, loss of MBNL function results in the expression of developmentally inappropriate isoforms in multiple tissues (). Attempts at modeling DM1 in mice have relied on heterologous promoters and gene contexts, which disconnects the tissue specificity, developmental timing, and spatial expression of a repeat expansion from its endogenous gene context. This disassociation could mask discoveries that might have important pathomechanistic implications. Here, we use a combination of rolling circle amplification (RCA) and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to introduce CTG expansions into the mouse Dmpk 3 UTR. Our results highlight important interplays between Dmpk and Mbnl expression patterns with CTG exp length and missplicing, and also demonstrate that splicing regulation in the choroid plexus, which is responsible for the bulk of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) production, is adversely affected by CTG exp mutations. Results and discussion Dmpk CTG exp knockin mice Since DMPK exons are well conserved among mammals, with the exception of an uninterrupted CTG repeat tract in the human 3 UTR (Supplemental Fig. S1A), we developed a microsatellite expansion modeling by RCA and genome editing (MERGE) protocol to insert CTG exp mutations into the corresponding region of the mouse Dmpk 3 UTR (see Supplemental Material). Target site selection was validated in C2C12 myoblasts using multiple guide (g)RNAs followed by determination of cleavage efficiencies (Supplemental Fig. S1B ; ). After establishing the optimal site, adjacent sequences were cloned flanking the CTG exp repeat track as arms of homology (Fig. 1A). The resulting plasmid was amplified by RCA to maintain repeat length, and the resulting DNA served as a template for homology-directed repair (HDR) and for generation of larger repeat templates in vitro using Golden Gate Assembly (Osborne and Thornton 2008). Two rounds of Golden Gate Assembly were performed, with each cycle achieving a repeat content of 2n-2, where n is the starting CTG 202 repeat size, resulting in CTG 402 and CTG 802 HDR templates (Fig. 1B). As proof of concept for this approach, we first generated mouse Dmpk knockin (KI) lines using CRISPR/Cas9 with a CTG 202 HDR template. Of 74 newborn pups, four were positive for Dmpk insertion as analyzed by PCR using a forward primer outside the homology arm (Supplemental Fig. S1C). Interestingly, Dmpk CTG 202 recombination templates yielded CTG 202, but also contracted CTG 150 and CTG 170, KI lines. Therefore, subsequent injections were performed using the largest CTG 802 HDR template ( Fig. 1C) with the anticipation that this would result in a greater allelic series of Dmpk CTG exp KI mice. The presence of CTG exp mutations was further confirmed by repeatprimed PCR (Supplemental Fig. S1D). Since off-target insertions could contribute to mutant phenotypes (), Southern blotting was performed on the resulting mice from these injections. This analysis identified founders with single and unique integrations of CTG 170 and CTG 480 into the Dmpk 3 UTR using both internal and external hybridization probes, respectively. While many additional Dmpk CTG exp mice were generated, these other KI founders showed either concatemeric integration in the Dmpk 3 UTR, off-target insertion events, or excessive mosaicism (Supplemental Fig. S1E), so only CTG 170 and CTG 480 KI mice were used for subsequent studies. Using genomic DNA from Dmpk +/170 and Dmpk +/480 mice, repeat size was further validated by PCR genotyping (Fig. 1D). CTG exp mutations induce DMPK protein loss in skeletal muscle and myotubes Since skeletal muscle weakness/wasting and myotonia are characteristic features of DM1, and Dmpk expression is relatively high in this tissue (Supplemental Fig. S2A), we initially assessed the impact of CTG exp mutations on Dmpk CTG exp KI muscle. CUG exp RNA foci were detectable by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) in adult skeletal muscles of Dmpk exp mice (Supplemental Fig. S2B), so we tested whether CTG exp insertions altered Dmpk expression in tibialis anterior (TA) muscles from Dmpk +/170 and Dmpk 170/170 mice by RT-qPCR. Interestingly, Dmpk RNA levels were affected by these mutant alleles and the total number of CTG repeats (Supplemental Fig. S2C). While this apparent RNA decrease might reflect decreased Dmpk transcription and/or increased Dmpk RNA turnover, previous cell DM1 model studies have shown that the isolation of CUG exp RNAs is impaired using traditional RNA extraction methodologies, possibly due to nuclear retention in RNA foci (). The presence of CUG exp RNA foci and reduced Dmpk RNA levels made us question whether the production of DMPK protein was also altered. Indeed, when assessed by immunoblot analysis we detected a dramatic decrease in DMPK protein levels that was inversely correlated to the number of mutant CTG 170 alleles (Supplemental Fig. S2D). DMPK protein levels in the TA from Dmpk +/170 mice decreased by ∼50%, while levels in Dmpk 170/170 dropped >90%. These results demonstrated that even a moderate-sized CTG repeat expansion in a mouse Dmpk KI mutant severely compromised protein production from the mutant allele in agreement with early studies that showed decreased expression of DMPK protein in DM1 (). Importantly, we did not detect abnormal muscle phenotypes, including myotonia and centralized myonuclei, in either Dmpk CTG 170 or CTG 480 heterozygous or homozygous mice (data not shown). This result was consistent with earlier studies on Dmpk knockout mice, which fail to replicate DM-relevant phenotypes and only develop a very mild late-onset myopathy (;). Although RNA-foci were present in Dmpk CTG exp KI mice, the lack of other DM1-associated muscle phenotypes suggested that alternative splicing regulation was not severely altered in this tissue. Indeed, RNAseq followed by RT-PCR validations failed to identify significant changes in DM1-relevant alternative splicing events (Supplemental Table S1; Supplemental Fig. S2E). For example, missplicing of Atp2a1 exon 22 and Clcn1 exon 7a, which are misregulated in DM1 muscle, was not detectable in Dmpk CTG 170 or CTG 480 KI mice in contrast to Mbnl1 −/− knockout TA muscle (Supplemental Fig. S2E). Furthermore, differential gene expression analysis using DESeq2 did not identify major (greater than twofold) changes in gene expression (Supplemental Fig. S2F). The lack of overt muscle and splicing phenotypes was surprising since our Dmpk KI mutants expressed alleles that are considered to be pathogenic in humans. This result suggested that the temporal and spatial expression of a stable expansion in the Dmpk gene in skeletal muscle did not produce a sufficient CUG repeat load to drive pathology. Based on our earlier finding that human myotubes have higher DMPK expression than adult muscle (), we tested the possibility that CTG exp mutations might have more severe effects on Repeat dimerization by Golden Gate Assembly followed by RCA. Plasmids containing a repeat expansion flanked by BsaI and BbsI were linearized by SapI, linear constructs were separately digested by BsaI or BbsI, and repeat-containing fragments were gel purified, ligated, and amplified by RCA. This process generates a new construct carrying 2n-2 repeats, where "n" is the initial expansion size. (C) PCR of CTG 202, CTG 402, and CTG 802 HDR templates. Linearized RCA products yielded a 2-kb backbone band (bb) and upper bands corresponding to the recombination template (dashed white lines indicate the isolated HDR templates). (D) PCR genotyping of Dmpk +/+ (wild-type), Dmpk +/170, and Dmpk +/480 mice. muscle precursor cells, including primary myoblasts. In agreement with this idea, CUG exp RNA foci were considerably more numerous in myoblasts and differentiated myotubes compared with adult skeletal muscle and were particularly striking in the Dmpk 480 heterozygous and homozygous myotubes ( Fig. 2A). CUG exp RNA foci number increased upon myogenic differentiation, in agreement with the temporal up-regulation in Dmpk expression during myogenesis. As noted previously for skeletal muscle (Supplemental Fig. S2C), CTG exp mutations led to a decrease in the amount of RNA isolated from both myoblasts and myotubes (Fig. 2B). As suggested above, this was due to an RNA extractability issue since Trizol extraction at an elevated temperature (55°C), a procedure shown to release nuclear-retained RNAs ( S3B), which had a punctate distribution pattern by super-resolution microscopy (Supplemental Fig. S3C). Since MBNL proteins were sequestered in nuclear RNA foci and substantially depleted from the nucleoplasm pool, we next determined whether alternative splicing changes occurred in Dmpk CTG exp myotubes. RNAs were isolated from Dmpk +/+, Dmpk 170/170, Dmpk +/480, and Dmpk 480/480 myotubes for RNA-seq analysis. Similar to skeletal muscle, differential gene expression analysis showed only subtle changes due to CTG exp mutations (Supplemental Fig. S2F). In contrast to TA muscle, alternative splicing was significantly dysregulated and the number of missplicing events correlated with CTG repeat load with 243 events in Dmpk 480/480, but only 110 in Dmpk +/480 and 19 in Dmpk 170/170, myotubes ( Fig. 3A; Supplemental Table S2). Many of the top alternative splicing (AS) changes (Cacna1s exon 29, Cacna2d1 exon 19, Ncor2 exon 46 5 ss, Pdlim3 exon 4 5 ss, and MBNL1 exon 5) have been previously characterized in DM1 cells and mouse models (;;). A prior study proposed 46 AS events as specific biomarkers for DM1 muscle () with 26 of these events conserved in mice. Over 40% of these events (11/26) were present in our Dmpk 480/480 myotube data set with changes in Cacna1s, Cacna2d1, Clasp1, Dnm1l, Mbnl1, Mxra7, Nfix, Pdlim3, Pdlim3.2, Slain2, and Sorbs1. Selected CUG exp -induced splicing shifts were validated by RT-PCR from separate differentiation experiments using three independent cell lines, and these expansion-induced splicing changes were MBNL dependent since they were similarly dysregulated in Mbnl1 −/− knockout myotubes ( Fig. 3B; Supplemental Fig. S3D). For example, increased selection of a distal alternative 5 splice site (ss) in Ncor2 exon 46 occurred with higher CTG exp repeat load, while there was a switch in Ralgapa1 from a more distal to a more proximal 5 ss that resulted in a truncated exon 17 (Supplemental Fig. S3D). Interestingly, we also detected a previously uncharacterized AS change for Dmpk with decreased use of an exon 14 alternative 3 ss in CTG 480 myotubes compared with WT (Supplemental Fig. S3E). To clarify why myoblasts and myotubes showed RNA foci and RNA processing changes while skeletal muscle did not, we tested whether Dmpk RNA levels exceeded Mbnl in cells and tissues prone to CUG exp -induced missplicing. Indeed, the Dmpk/Mbnl RNA ratio was much higher in myoblasts and myotubes compared with all skeletal muscle types examined, suggesting that MBNL activity might be more effectively sequestered in myoblasts and myotubes compared with muscle (Supplemental Fig. S3F). Overall, these results suggested that tissue and developmental-stage specific missplicing in DM1 reflects the interplay between repeat load, including repeat expansion length and host gene expression, in combination with MBNL protein levels. To test this possibility, we reduced MBNL1 levels by generating Mbnl1 +/− ; Dmpk 480/480 mice. As expected, significant DM1-associated missplicing events were not detected in Dmpk 480/480 or Mbnl1 +/−, but were significantly dysregulated in Mbnl1 +/− ; Dmpk 480/480 muscle (Fig. 3C). We next tested whether Dmpk CTG exp KI myoblasts were a suitable cell model for testing drugs to correct AS changes in DM1. A recent study reported that furamidine, an analog of the antimicrobial pentamidine, corrected missplicing in both DM1 HeLa cell and HSA LR mouse models possibly by promiscuous binding interactions with both DNA CTG CAG and RNA CUG repeats with nM affinity as well as disrupting MBNL1-CUG complexes at M concentrations (). Myoblasts were differentiated for 24 h prior to treatment with furamidine for 48 h, followed by RNA isolation and RT-PCR to assess the rescue of top AS changes observed in KI myotubes. All furamidine doses showed a shift toward the WT AS pattern and 2 M was the most effective with ≥50% rescue of two of the top AS events (Supplemental Fig. S3G). This data confirmed that Dmpk CTG exp KI myoblasts provide tractable cell models for screening and assessment of small molecule drugs. CTG exp mutations induce choroid plexus spliceopathy While DM1 is classified as a muscular dystrophy, this is a multisystemic disorder in which the CNS is profoundly affected by hypersomnia, cognitive and behavioral abnormalities, progressive memory deficits, cerebral atrophy, and missplicing of MBNL2 target RNAs (Goodwin and Swanson 2014;Meola and Cardani 2015). One of the strengths of our CTG exp KI approach is that repeat expansion expression is driven by the endogenous Dmpk gene, which allows an unbiased screen for cell populations affected in vivo. Since myoblasts were strikingly affected by expression of CTG exp RNAs, we were interested in whether a specific cell type was more susceptible to dysregulation in the brain. Thus, we assembled a panel of multiple CNS regions and performed RT-qPCR to determine Dmpk RNA levels. Although most brain regions had very low expression, Dmpk was highly expressed in the choroid plexus (ChP) with levels exceeding skeletal muscle (Supplemental Figs. S2A, S3F). The ChP is responsible for the majority of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) production and is composed of epithelial cells surrounding a fenestrated capillary network that protrudes from the brain parenchyma into the ventricular lumen (). Moreover, DMPK protein levels are particularly high in the apical region of these cells (). RNA-FISH of Dmpk CTG exp KI brains revealed numerous CUG exp RNA foci in ChP (Fig. 4A) but less in other brain regions including hippocampus (Supplemental Fig. S4A). RNA-seq analysis of isolated ChP (Fig. 4B) identified many missplicing events ( Fig. 4C; Supplemental Table S3) in the absence of significant gene expression changes (Supplemental Fig. S4B). Many of the top AS events were validated by RT-PCR ( Fig. 4D; Supplemental Fig. S4C) and these AS changes in Dmpk CTG exp KI mice ChP were MBNL dependent since they were similarly dysregulated in Mbnl2 −/− knockout ChP. These observations demonstrate that a key cell population important for CSF production accumulates RNA foci that compromise MBNL-mediated splicing activity, which could negatively impact CSF homeostasis and composition. Dmpk CTG exp knockins reveal cell-specific susceptibility to STR expansions While somatic mosaicism due to the expansion of CTG repeats is a characteristic feature of DM1, it is unclear whether these increases in repeat length determine (). Here, we attempted to test whether discrete CTG exp lengths are determinative for specific pathological features of DM1 by inserting the largest expansions to date in the Dmpk 3 UTR. We demonstrate that zygote injections of an HDR template with a specific CTG exp length resulted in a range of repeat sizes in adult mice, possibly due to repeat instability during homologous recombination. Thus, microinjection of the largest expansion obtained by RCA is an effective strategy to generate an allelic series of STR expansion knock-ins. Furthermore, CTG exp mutations were stable with no germline contractions or expansions observed to date (<12 months of age), and although it is possible that somatic mosaicism will occur in older Dmpk CTG exp mice, this lack of CTG repeat instability may explain the absence of a severe muscle phenotype in vivo. Nevertheless, this repeat stability allows a determination of the CTG exp thresholds that produce specific molecular and physiological pathological effects. Since Dmpk CTG 480 heterozygous and homozygous mice did not develop adult muscle DM1 disease phenotypes, the pathological threshold for this disorder has not yet been achieved. Thus, CUG exp RNA loads of >1000 repeats may be required to produce DM1-relevant muscle pathology, a result that agrees with previous human studies that detect CTG repeats up to 13-fold greater in DM1 muscle compared with repeat numbers in blood leukocytes (). Another finding reported here with potential ramifications for our understanding of DM1 pathomechanisms is that the ChP is affected by alternative splicing deficits prior to skeletal muscle. The role of the ChP in CSF production involves selective transport so it is significant that several alternative splicing changes in Dmpk CTG exp KI mice ChP are involved in calcium and glutamate transport. Although the physiological outcome of these splicing changes in ChP is currently unclear, DM1 patients are affected by increases in ventricular volume and hypersomnia, which could be influenced by CSF homeostasis (;Meola and Cardani 2015). Future studies are required to determine whether Dmpk CTG exp KI mice have abnormal sleep patterns similar to Mbnl2 −/− knockout mice and whether DM patients have altered CSF content attributable to missplicing of ChP epithelial cell transport genes. To expand repeats, RCA products were separately digested by SapI-BsaI or SapI-BbsI, and the repeat-containing fragments were gel extracted, purified using AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter), and ligated overnight at 16°C using T4 DNA ligase (NEB). Ligation products containing 2n-2 CTG repeats were amplified by RCA. Prior to zygote microinjections, RCA products carrying 202 or 802 repeats were linearized by AfeI, gel extracted, and purified using AMPure XP beads. Linear recombination templates, together with sgRNA and Cas9 protein (System Biosciences), were microinjected into C57BL/6J zygotes (Harvard University Genome Modification Facility). Tail snips were genotyped by PCR and repeat-primed PCR (ABI3730 DNA Analyzer, Applied Biosystems) was performed to test for Dmpk CTG insertions. Results were processed using Gene Marker software (SoftGenetics). Southern blot analysis included internal and external probes to ensure single integrations at the expected site. Dmpk CTG 170 C57BL/6J mice were backcrossed to minimize potential unlinked Cas9-induced mutations, whereas CTG 480 BL6 males showed impaired mutant allele transmission so these mutants were outcrossed onto FVB/ NJ. All animal procedures were reviewed and approved by the University of Florida IACUC. All primers and oligonucleotides are listed in Supplemental Table S4. Myoblast isolation, differentiation, and furamidine treatment Primary myoblasts were isolated and treated as described (see Supplemental Material). RNA-seq Total RNA was quality checked using a Fragment Analyzer, depleted of rRNA and cDNA libraries prepared (UltraII Directional RNA Library Prep kit, NEB). Tibialis anterior and myotube libraries used 500 ng, whereas choroid plexus libraries used 200 ng of total RNA. Sequencing was performed on the NextSeq500 Illumina platform. Fastq files were inspected using Fastqc. Differential gene expression studies used DESeq2 (). For splicing analysis, reads were aligned to the mouse genome (mm10) using STAR(v2.6.0a) () and splicing was quantified using rMATS(v4.0.2) (). The rMATS output tables were filtered with the R package maser, with cutoff criteria of average reads ≥5, FDR <0.05, and minimum change in splicing of 10% (|| ≥0.1). RNA-seq data sets are deposited in GEO under accession no. GSE137494. Statistical analysis Statistical significance was determined in GraphPad Prism by ordinary one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test and all statistical analyses were based on at least three biologically independent samples. A detailed description of the Materials and Methods is available in Supplemental Material. |
Kakaako crash suspect Alins Sumang appeared in District Court today on charges of three counts of manslaughter.
Alins Sumang, 27. Sumang appeared before Judge Paula Devens after he was charged Wednesday in the deaths of Casimir Pokorny, 26, of Pennsylvania, William Travis Lau, 39, of Honolulu and Reino Ikeda, 47, of Japan.
A 27-year-old man charged with three counts of manslaughter in Monday’s deadly crash in Kakaako made his initial court appearance at Honolulu District Court today.
Alins Sumang appeared before Judge Paula Devens after he was charged Wednesday in the deaths of Casimir Pokorny, 26, of Pennsylvania, William Travis Lau, 39, of Honolulu and Reino Ikeda, 47, of Japan.
His preliminary hearing is set for Monday. Sumang is in custody in lieu of $1 million bail.
Manslaughter is a class A felony that carries penalties of up to 20 years in prison.
Police said Sumang was speeding on Ala Moana Boulevard in a Ford F-150 pickup truck when he drove over a concrete island and slammed into six pedestrians.
The vehicle also struck a light pole and another pickup at the intersection of Kamakee Street, critically injuring a 41-year-old male driver who stopped to make a right turn onto Ala Moana.
Police said Sumang was intoxicated at the time. He was seen weaving in and out of traffic and hitting parked cars near Makaloa and Amana streets prior to the deadly crash.
Approximately 100 people attended a vigil Wednesday night held at the crash site in remembrance of the three pedestrians. |
<filename>converter_test.go
package numconverter
import (
"testing"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
)
// Small numbers
func TestSmall(t *testing.T) {
assert := require.New(t)
assert.Equal(Convert(0), "zero")
assert.Equal(Convert(1), "one")
assert.Equal(Convert(2), "two")
assert.Equal(Convert(3), "three")
assert.Equal(Convert(4), "four")
assert.Equal(Convert(5), "five")
assert.Equal(Convert(6), "six")
assert.Equal(Convert(7), "seven")
assert.Equal(Convert(8), "eight")
assert.Equal(Convert(9), "nine")
assert.Equal(Convert(10), "ten")
assert.Equal(Convert(11), "eleven")
assert.Equal(Convert(12), "twelve")
assert.Equal(Convert(13), "thirteen")
assert.Equal(Convert(17), "seventeen")
assert.Equal(Convert(19), "nineteen")
}
func TestTens(t *testing.T) {
assert := require.New(t)
assert.Equal(Convert(20), "twenty")
assert.Equal(Convert(30), "thirty")
assert.Equal(Convert(40), "forty")
assert.Equal(Convert(50), "fifty")
assert.Equal(Convert(60), "sixty")
assert.Equal(Convert(70), "seventy")
assert.Equal(Convert(80), "eighty")
assert.Equal(Convert(90), "ninety")
assert.Equal(Convert(44), "forty four")
assert.Equal(Convert(77), "seventy seven")
assert.Equal(Convert(99), "ninety nine")
assert.Equal(Convert(-45), "minus forty five")
}
func TestHundreds(t *testing.T) {
assert := require.New(t)
assert.Equal(Convert(100), "one hundred")
assert.Equal(Convert(121), "one hundred twenty one")
assert.Equal(ConvertAnd(121), "one hundred and twenty one")
assert.Equal(Convert(200), "two hundred")
assert.Equal(Convert(777), "seven hundred seventy seven")
assert.Equal(Convert(990), "nine hundred ninety")
assert.Equal(Convert(999), "nine hundred ninety nine")
}
func TestThousands(t *testing.T) {
assert := require.New(t)
assert.Equal(Convert(1000), "one thousand")
assert.Equal(Convert(1002), "one thousand two")
assert.Equal(Convert(5050), "five thousand fifty")
assert.Equal(Convert(9999), "nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine")
assert.Equal(Convert(10000), "ten thousand")
assert.Equal(Convert(12053), "twelve thousand fifty three")
assert.Equal(Convert(17482), "seventeen thousand four hundred eighty two")
assert.Equal(Convert(19999), "nineteen thousand nine hundred ninety nine")
assert.Equal(Convert(25012), "twenty five thousand twelve")
assert.Equal(Convert(55897), "fifty five thousand eight hundred ninety seven")
assert.Equal(Convert(82847), "eighty two thousand eight hundred forty seven")
assert.Equal(Convert(99999), "ninety nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine")
}
func TestLakh(t *testing.T) {
assert := require.New(t)
assert.Equal(Convert(100000), "one lakh")
assert.Equal(Convert(100005), "one lakh five")
assert.Equal(Convert(101010), "one lakh one thousand ten")
assert.Equal(Convert(150432), "one lakh fifty thousand four hundred thirty two")
assert.Equal(Convert(999913), "nine lakh ninety nine thousand nine hundred thirteen")
assert.Equal(Convert(1000000), "ten lakh")
assert.Equal(Convert(1200000), "twelve lakh")
assert.Equal(Convert(1993672), "nineteen lakh ninety three thousand six hundred seventy two")
assert.Equal(Convert(2500000), "twenty five lakh")
assert.Equal(Convert(5555655), "fifty five lakh fifty five thousand six hundred fifty five")
assert.Equal(Convert(9999999), "ninety nine lakh ninety nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine")
}
func TestCrore(t *testing.T) {
assert := require.New(t)
assert.Equal(Convert(10000000), "one crore")
assert.Equal(Convert(96273927), "nine crore sixty two lakh seventy three thousand nine hundred twenty seven")
assert.Equal(Convert(100000000), "ten crore")
assert.Equal(Convert(163527819), "sixteen crore thirty five lakh twenty seven thousand eight hundred nineteen")
assert.Equal(Convert(767873521), "seventy six crore seventy eight lakh seventy three thousand five hundred twenty one")
assert.Equal(Convert(999999999), "ninety nine crore ninety nine lakh ninety nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine")
assert.Equal(Convert(1000000000), "one hundred crore")
assert.Equal(Convert(9999999999), "nine hundred ninety nine crore ninety nine lakh ninety nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine")
}
|
Magainins and the disruption of membrane-linked free-energy transduction. Magainins, a family of positively charged peptides, are partly if not wholly responsible for antimicrobial activity in skin extracts of Xenopus laevis. We report here that members of the magainin family--i.e., the 21-amino acid peptide PGLa and the 23-amino acid peptide magainin 2 amide (PGSa)--dissipate the electric potential across various energy-transducing membranes and thus uncouple respiration from other free-energy-requiring processes. We propose that this is a likely mechanism for the antimicrobial effects of these compounds. |
/**
* *
* <p>
* This class will provide sorting logic for Sign-up tool main page.
* </P>
*
* @author gl256
*
*/
public class SignupSorter {
public static final String TITLE_COLUMN = "titleName";
public static final String LOCATION_COLUMN = "location";
public static final String CATEGORY_COLUMN = "category";
public static final String CREATOR_COLUMN = "creator";
public static final String DATE_COLUMN = "startTime";
public static final String STATUS_COLUMN = "availability";
private String sortColumn;
private boolean sortAscending;
/* Static comparators */
public static final Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper> sortTitleComparator;
public static final Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper> sortLocationComparator;
public static final Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper> sortCategoryComparator;
public static final Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper> sortOwnerComparator;
public static final Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper> sortDateComparator;
public static final Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper> sortStatusComparator;
public static final Comparator<SelectItem> sortSelectItemComparator;
static {
sortSelectItemComparator = new Comparator<SelectItem>() {
public int compare(SelectItem one, SelectItem another) {
int comparison = Collator.getInstance().compare(one.getLabel(),
another.getLabel());
return comparison;
}
};
sortTitleComparator = new Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper>() {
public int compare(SignupMeetingWrapper one, SignupMeetingWrapper another) {
int comparison = Collator.getInstance().compare(one.getMeeting().getTitle(),
another.getMeeting().getTitle());
return comparison == 0 ? sortDateComparator.compare(one, another) : comparison;
}
};
sortLocationComparator = new Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper>() {
public int compare(SignupMeetingWrapper one, SignupMeetingWrapper another) {
int comparison = Collator.getInstance().compare(one.getMeeting().getLocation(),
another.getMeeting().getLocation());
return comparison == 0 ? sortDateComparator.compare(one, another) : comparison;
}
};
sortCategoryComparator = new Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper>() {
public int compare(SignupMeetingWrapper one, SignupMeetingWrapper another) {
int comparison = Collator.getInstance().compare(one.getMeeting().getCategory(),
another.getMeeting().getCategory());
return comparison == 0 ? sortDateComparator.compare(one, another) : comparison;
}
};
sortOwnerComparator = new Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper>() {
public int compare(SignupMeetingWrapper one, SignupMeetingWrapper another) {
int comparison = Collator.getInstance().compare(one.getCreator(), another.getCreator());
return comparison == 0 ? sortDateComparator.compare(one, another) : comparison;
}
};
sortDateComparator = new Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper>() {
public int compare(SignupMeetingWrapper one, SignupMeetingWrapper another) {
Date date1 = one.getMeeting().getStartTime();
Date date2 = another.getMeeting().getStartTime();
if (date1 == null)
return -1;
int comparison = date1.compareTo(date2);
if (comparison == 0) {
return Collator.getInstance().compare(one.getMeeting().getId().toString(), another.getMeeting().getId().toString());
}
return comparison;
}
};
sortStatusComparator = new Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper>() {
public int compare(SignupMeetingWrapper one, SignupMeetingWrapper another) {
int comparison = Collator.getInstance().compare(one.getAvailableStatus(), another.getAvailableStatus());
return comparison == 0 ? sortDateComparator.compare(one, another) : comparison;
}
};
}
/**
* This is a Constructor
*
* @param defaultColumn
* A String value, which defines the default sorting column.
* @param sortAscending
* A Boolean value, which defines the default sorting direction.
*/
public SignupSorter(String defaultColumn, boolean sortAscending) {
sortColumn = defaultColumn;
this.sortAscending = sortAscending;
}
/**
* The Constructor
*
*/
public SignupSorter() {
sortColumn = DATE_COLUMN;
sortAscending = true;
}
/**
* This will sort the SignupMeetingWrapper objects list according to user's
* seletion.
*
* @param list
* A SingupMeetingWrapper object list.
*/
public void sort(List<SignupMeetingWrapper> smList) {
if (smList != null && !smList.isEmpty()) {
Collections.sort(smList, getComparator());
if (!this.sortAscending) {
Collections.reverse(smList);
}
}
}
/**
* Test if it is ascending for sort.
*
* @return true if it is ascending direction.
*/
public boolean isSortAscending() {
return sortAscending;
}
/**
* This is a setter.
*
* @param sortAscending
* A boolean value.
*/
public void setSortAscending(boolean sortAscending) {
this.sortAscending = sortAscending;
}
/**
* This is a getter.
*
* @return A current sorting column name.
*/
public String getSortColumn() {
return sortColumn;
}
/**
* This is a setter.
*
* @param sortColumn
* The current sorting column name
*/
public void setSortColumn(String sortColumn) {
this.sortColumn = sortColumn;
}
protected Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper> getComparator() {
Comparator<SignupMeetingWrapper> comparator;
if (TITLE_COLUMN.equals(sortColumn)) {
comparator = sortTitleComparator;
} else if (LOCATION_COLUMN.equals(sortColumn)) {
comparator = sortLocationComparator;
} else if (CATEGORY_COLUMN.equals(sortColumn)) {
comparator = sortCategoryComparator;
} else if (CREATOR_COLUMN.equals(sortColumn)) {
comparator = sortOwnerComparator;
} else if (STATUS_COLUMN.equals(sortColumn)) {
comparator = sortStatusComparator;
} else {
// Default to the sort name
comparator = sortDateComparator;
}
return comparator;
}
/**
* This is a getter for UI purpose.
*
* @return The title column name.
*/
public String getTitleColumn() {
return TITLE_COLUMN;
}
/**
* This is a getter for UI purpose.
*
* @return The creator column name.
*/
public String getCreateColumn() {
return CREATOR_COLUMN;
}
/**
* This is a getter for UI purpose.
*
* @return The event date column name.
*/
public String getDateColumn() {
return DATE_COLUMN;
}
/**
* This is a getter for UI purpose.
*
* @return The event location column name.
*/
public String getLocationColumn() {
return LOCATION_COLUMN;
}
public String getCategoryColumn() {
return CATEGORY_COLUMN;
}
public String getStatusColumn(){
return STATUS_COLUMN;
}
} |
//
// Notice Regarding Standards. AMD does not provide a license or sublicense to
// any Intellectual Property Rights relating to any standards, including but not
// limited to any audio and/or video codec technologies such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4;
// AVC/H.264; HEVC/H.265; AAC decode/FFMPEG; AAC encode/FFMPEG; VC-1; and MP3
// (collectively, the "Media Technologies"). For clarity, you will pay any
// royalties due for such third party technologies, which may include the Media
// Technologies that are owed as a result of AMD providing the Software to you.
//
// MIT license
//
// Copyright (c) 2018 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
//
#include "../Thread.h"
#ifdef _WIN32
#include <timeapi.h>
#include <windows.h>
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// threading
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
amf_long AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_atomic_inc(amf_long* X)
{
return InterlockedIncrement((long*)X);
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
amf_long AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_atomic_dec(amf_long* X)
{
return InterlockedDecrement((long*)X);
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
amf_handle AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_create_critical_section()
{
CRITICAL_SECTION* cs = new CRITICAL_SECTION;
#if defined(METRO_APP)
::InitializeCriticalSectionEx(cs, 0, CRITICAL_SECTION_NO_DEBUG_INFO);
#else
::InitializeCriticalSection(cs);
#endif
return (amf_handle)cs; // in Win32 - no errors
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_delete_critical_section(amf_handle cs)
{
::DeleteCriticalSection((CRITICAL_SECTION*)cs);
delete (CRITICAL_SECTION*)cs;
return true; // in Win32 - no errors
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_enter_critical_section(amf_handle cs)
{
::EnterCriticalSection((CRITICAL_SECTION*)cs);
return true; // in Win32 - no errors
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_wait_critical_section(amf_handle cs, amf_ulong ulTimeout)
{
while (true)
{
const BOOL success = ::TryEnterCriticalSection((CRITICAL_SECTION*)cs);
if (success == TRUE)
{
return true; // in Win32 - no errors
}
if (ulTimeout == 0)
{
return false;
}
amf_sleep(1);
ulTimeout--;
}
return false;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_leave_critical_section(amf_handle cs)
{
::LeaveCriticalSection((CRITICAL_SECTION*)cs);
return true; // in Win32 - no errors
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
amf_handle AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_create_event(bool bInitiallyOwned, bool bManualReset, const wchar_t* pName)
{
#if defined(METRO_APP)
DWORD flags = ((bManualReset) ? CREATE_EVENT_MANUAL_RESET : 0) |
((bInitiallyOwned) ? CREATE_EVENT_INITIAL_SET : 0);
return ::CreateEventEx(NULL, pName, flags, STANDARD_RIGHTS_ALL | EVENT_MODIFY_STATE);
#else
return ::CreateEventW(NULL, bManualReset == true, bInitiallyOwned == true, pName);
#endif
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_delete_event(amf_handle hevent)
{
return ::CloseHandle(hevent) != FALSE;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_set_event(amf_handle hevent)
{
return ::SetEvent(hevent) != FALSE;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_reset_event(amf_handle hevent)
{
return ::ResetEvent(hevent) != FALSE;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_wait_for_event(amf_handle hevent, amf_ulong ulTimeout)
{
#if defined(METRO_APP)
return ::WaitForSingleObjectEx(hevent, ulTimeout, FALSE) == WAIT_OBJECT_0;
#else
return ::WaitForSingleObject(hevent, ulTimeout) == WAIT_OBJECT_0;
#endif
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_wait_for_event_timeout(amf_handle hevent, amf_ulong ulTimeout)
{
DWORD ret;
#if defined(METRO_APP)
ret = ::WaitForSingleObjectEx(hevent, ulTimeout, FALSE);
#else
ret = ::WaitForSingleObject(hevent, ulTimeout);
#endif
return ret == WAIT_OBJECT_0 || ret == WAIT_TIMEOUT;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
amf_handle AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_create_mutex(bool bInitiallyOwned, const wchar_t* pName)
{
#if defined(METRO_APP)
DWORD flags = (bInitiallyOwned) ? CREATE_MUTEX_INITIAL_OWNER : 0;
return ::CreateMutexEx(NULL, pName, flags, STANDARD_RIGHTS_ALL);
#else
return ::CreateMutexW(NULL, bInitiallyOwned == true, pName);
#endif
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
amf_handle AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_open_mutex(const wchar_t* pName)
{
return ::OpenMutexW(MUTEX_ALL_ACCESS, FALSE, pName);
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_delete_mutex(amf_handle hmutex)
{
return ::CloseHandle(hmutex) != FALSE;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_wait_for_mutex(amf_handle hmutex, amf_ulong ulTimeout)
{
#if defined(METRO_APP)
return ::WaitForSingleObjectEx(hmutex, ulTimeout, FALSE) == WAIT_OBJECT_0;
#else
return ::WaitForSingleObject(hmutex, ulTimeout) == WAIT_OBJECT_0;
#endif
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_release_mutex(amf_handle hmutex)
{
return ::ReleaseMutex(hmutex) != FALSE;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
amf_handle AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_create_semaphore(amf_long iInitCount, amf_long iMaxCount, const wchar_t* pName)
{
if(iMaxCount == NULL)
{
return NULL;
}
#if defined(METRO_APP)
return ::CreateSemaphoreEx(NULL, iInitCount, iMaxCount, pName, 0, STANDARD_RIGHTS_ALL | SEMAPHORE_MODIFY_STATE);
#else
return ::CreateSemaphoreW(NULL, iInitCount, iMaxCount, pName);
#endif
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_delete_semaphore(amf_handle hsemaphore)
{
if(hsemaphore == NULL)
{
return true;
}
return ::CloseHandle(hsemaphore) != FALSE;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_wait_for_semaphore(amf_handle hsemaphore, amf_ulong timeout)
{
if(hsemaphore == NULL)
{
return true;
}
#if defined(METRO_APP)
return ::WaitForSingleObjectEx(hsemaphore, timeout, false) == WAIT_OBJECT_0;
#else
return ::WaitForSingleObject(hsemaphore, timeout) == WAIT_OBJECT_0;
#endif
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_release_semaphore(amf_handle hsemaphore, amf_long iCount, amf_long* iOldCount)
{
if(hsemaphore == NULL)
{
return true;
}
return ::ReleaseSemaphore(hsemaphore, iCount, iOldCount) != FALSE;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_sleep(amf_ulong delay)
{
#if defined(METRO_APP)
Concurrency::wait(delay);
#else
Sleep(delay);
#endif
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
amf_pts AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_high_precision_clock()
{
static int state = 0;
static LARGE_INTEGER Frequency;
static LARGE_INTEGER StartCount;
static amf_pts offset = 0;
if(state == 0)
{
if(QueryPerformanceFrequency(&Frequency))
{
state = 1;
QueryPerformanceCounter(&StartCount);
}
else
{
state = 2;
}
}
if(state == 1)
{
LARGE_INTEGER PerformanceCount;
if(QueryPerformanceCounter(&PerformanceCount))
{
amf_pts elapsed = static_cast<amf_pts>((PerformanceCount.QuadPart - StartCount.QuadPart) * 10000000LL / Frequency.QuadPart);
// periodically reset StartCount in order to avoid overflow
if (elapsed > (3600LL * AMF_SECOND))
{
offset += elapsed;
StartCount = PerformanceCount;
return offset;
}
else
{
return offset + elapsed;
}
}
}
#if defined(METRO_APP)
return GetTickCount64() * 10;
#else
return GetTickCount() * 10;
#endif
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#pragma comment (lib, "Winmm.lib")
static amf_uint32 timerPrecision = 1;
void AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_increase_timer_precision()
{
#if !defined(METRO_APP)
while (timeBeginPeriod(timerPrecision) == TIMERR_NOCANDO)
{
++timerPrecision;
}
/*
typedef NTSTATUS (CALLBACK * NTSETTIMERRESOLUTION)(IN ULONG DesiredTime,IN BOOLEAN SetResolution,OUT PULONG ActualTime);
typedef NTSTATUS (CALLBACK * NTQUERYTIMERRESOLUTION)(OUT PULONG MaximumTime,OUT PULONG MinimumTime,OUT PULONG CurrentTime);
HINSTANCE hNtDll = LoadLibrary(L"NTDLL.dll");
if(hNtDll != NULL)
{
ULONG MinimumResolution=0;
ULONG MaximumResolution=0;
ULONG ActualResolution=0;
NTQUERYTIMERRESOLUTION NtQueryTimerResolution = (NTQUERYTIMERRESOLUTION)GetProcAddress(hNtDll, "NtQueryTimerResolution");
NTSETTIMERRESOLUTION NtSetTimerResolution = (NTSETTIMERRESOLUTION)GetProcAddress(hNtDll, "NtSetTimerResolution");
if(NtQueryTimerResolution != NULL && NtSetTimerResolution != NULL)
{
NtQueryTimerResolution (&MinimumResolution, &MaximumResolution, &ActualResolution);
if(MaximumResolution != 0)
{
NtSetTimerResolution (MaximumResolution, TRUE, &ActualResolution);
NtQueryTimerResolution (&MinimumResolution, &MaximumResolution, &ActualResolution);
// if call NtQueryTimerResolution() again it will return the same values but precision is actually increased
}
}
FreeLibrary(hNtDll);
}
*/
#endif
}
void AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_restore_timer_precision()
{
#if !defined(METRO_APP)
timeEndPeriod(timerPrecision);
#endif
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
amf_handle AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_load_library(const wchar_t* filename)
{
#if defined(METRO_APP)
return LoadPackagedLibrary(filename, 0);
#else
return ::LoadLibraryExW(filename, NULL, LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_USER_DIRS |
LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_APPLICATION_DIR |
LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_DEFAULT_DIRS |
LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32);
#endif
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void* AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_get_proc_address(amf_handle module, const char* procName)
{
return ::GetProcAddress((HMODULE)module, procName);
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_free_library(amf_handle module)
{
return ::FreeLibrary((HMODULE)module)==TRUE;
}
#if !defined(METRO_APP)
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// memory
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void* AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_virtual_alloc(size_t size)
{
return VirtualAlloc(NULL, size, MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void AMF_CDECL_CALL amf_virtual_free(void* ptr)
{
VirtualFree(ptr, NULL, MEM_RELEASE);
}
#endif //#if !defined(METRO_APP)//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#endif // _WIN32 |
Kinetics of Ti ( a 3 F, a 5 F ) and V ( a 4 F, a 6 D ) Depletion by NH 3 and H 2 S The kinetics of depletion of ground-state Ti(a3F) and V(a4F) and excited-state Ti(a5F) and V(a6D) upon interactions with NH3 and HzS are studied in a fast-flow reactor at a He pressure of 0.70 Torr. No depletion of ground-state Ti(a3F) and V(a4F) was observed upon interaction with NH3. Depletion of Ti(a3F) and V(a4F) by HzS did occur but inefficiently, with measured effective 300 K bimolecular rate constants of (0.44 f 0.12) x cm3 s-l, respectively. In contrast to the ground-state metals, depletion of excited-state metal atoms Ti(a5F) and V(a6D) by N H 3 and H2S occurred efficiently. The measured effective rate constants for depletion of Ti(a5F) by NH3 and H2S are (39 f 11) x cm3 s-l, respectively. The measured rate constants for depletion of V(a6D) with these respective gases are (95 f 8) x cm3 s-l. The reactive differences between the ground and excited states as well as between metals provide important clues about N-H and S-H bond activation in these systems. and (4.0 f 0.2) x |
/**
* @addtogroup DFNs
* @{
*/
#ifndef DISPARITYTOPOINTCLOUDWITHINTENSITY_DISPARITYTOPOINTCLOUDWITHINTENSITYINTERFACE_HPP
#define DISPARITYTOPOINTCLOUDWITHINTENSITY_DISPARITYTOPOINTCLOUDWITHINTENSITYINTERFACE_HPP
#include "DFNCommonInterface.hpp"
#include <Types/C/Pointcloud.h>
#include <Types/C/Frame.h>
namespace CDFF
{
namespace DFN
{
class DisparityToPointCloudWithIntensityInterface : public DFNCommonInterface
{
public:
DisparityToPointCloudWithIntensityInterface();
virtual ~DisparityToPointCloudWithIntensityInterface();
/**
* Send value to input port "dispImage"
* @param dispImage
* A disparity image
*/
virtual void dispImageInput(const asn1SccFrame& data);
/**
* Send value to input port "intensityImage"
* @param intensityImage
* Left image for intensity information
*/
virtual void intensityImageInput(const asn1SccFrame& data);
/**
* Query value from output port "pointCloud"
* @return pointCloud
* The corresponding pointcloud
*/
virtual const asn1SccPointcloud& pointCloudOutput() const;
protected:
asn1SccFrame inDispImage;
asn1SccFrame inIntensityImage;
asn1SccPointcloud outPointCloud;
};
}
}
#endif // DISPARITYTOPOINTCLOUDWITHINTENSITY_DISPARITYTOPOINTCLOUDWITHINTENSITYINTERFACE_HPP
/** @} */
|
Orientaes Curriculares para a Educao do Campo no estado de Mato Grosso: um olhar a partir das Cincias Naturais This article aims to analyze how the rural education curriculum is approached in the Curricular Orientations of Basic Education of the state of Mato Grosso and how the theoretical-methodological propositions presented here can be articulated by Natural Sciences. The study is guided by a critical conception of education and by a qualitative research methodology, based on the analysis of documents on Rural Education, in particular the Curricular Orientations of Basic Education of the state of Mato Grosso, in the section where the question of Rural Education is addressed. The results of the research show that the pedagogical indications made in the curricular orientations safeguard the specificities of rural schools and make great contributions to Natural Sciences. It is important that the political-pedagogical projects indicate study topics and actions that dialogue with the reality of the rural world and with the socio-cultural, environmental and productive knowledge of rural workers, so that the natural sciences can act significantly in the formation of the students. |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a data transfer apparatus which selects a specific channel from among a plurality of channels connected thereto and transfers data from a data processing apparatus to the selected channel, and a data transfer method.
2. Description of the Related Art
In most cases, a conventional data transfer apparatus which is connected to a plurality of channels to perform data transfer comprises an output buffer because the data reception speed of the channels is lower than the data output speed of a data processing apparatus, and output data to the respective channels is once held in the output buffer and thereafter transferred to a selected channel. The data transfer apparatus of this type cannot respond to a data output request to another channel, although the data processing apparatus itself is not in operation during a period of time between completion of transfer from the data processing apparatus to the output buffer and completion of transfer from the output buffer to the channel, with the result that the operation efficiency of the data processing apparatus is lowered.
As a conventional method of enhancing the operation efficiency of the data processing apparatus in such a data transfer apparatus, there has been such a method as disposing output buffers to the respective channels and starting data transfer to another channel as soon as transfer from the data processing apparatus to the output buffer is ended, thereby enhancing the operation efficiency of the data processing apparatus.
However, in such a method as disposing output buffers to the respective channels, it is necessary to prepare a considerably large-scale circuit in the case where there are a large number of channels. Moreover, a channel which does not need an output buffer by nature because the data reception speed thereof is high and a channel used with low frequency are also provided with output buffers, so that the circuit becomes less efficient for the scale thereof.
A method of enhancing the efficiency of data transfer to a multi-number of channels without such a large-scale increase of circuits is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication JP-A 5-28082 (1993).
The method disclosed in JP-A 5-28082 aims to reduce the scale of a circuit by classifying a plurality of data input channels into high-speed channels and low-speed channels and making an output buffer for the low-speed channels in common.
However, this method relates to a data input circuit and therefore cannot be applied as it is to a data transfer apparatus related to data output. Moreover, a buffer and a control circuit need to be designed in view of the properties of the respective channels, so-that the circuit becomes complex and less general-purpose. |
Retention and Separation Changes of Ternary and Quaternary Alkaloids from Chelidonium majus L. by TLC Under the Influence of External Magnetic Field Thin layer techniques proved their usefulness in the analysis of plant extract material. Thanks to their low operation costs, high sample throughput and possibility to gather chromatographic data for the whole sample in a single act, they allowed to find, and in some cases identify, active ingredients often hidden in sophisticated plant extract matrices. It was also proved that the presence of a magnetic field changes the retention of some substances, and moreover changes the separation efficiency of chromatographic systems. In the presented experiment, retention, efficiency and separation abilities of TLC chromatographic systems for mixtures of alkaloids under the influence of magnetic field depending on inductivity of the magnetic field, the saturation of chromatographic chamber and quantity of chromatographed substances were investigated. The results obtained were tested on real plant extracts that revealed the ability of chromatography in a magnetic field for separation of ternary and quaternary alkaloids from Chelidonium majus L. Our experiments proved that the presence of magnetic field induction lines perpendicular to the chromatographic plate plane can influence the width and retention of chromatographed substances, and can be considered as a tool for separation adjustment of plant extracts containing ternary and quaternary alkaloids. Introduction Magnetism is one of the basic forces driving the Universe. Its presence influences many processes in microand macro-scale. The chemical compounds differ from each other in their magnetic properties. The natural consequence of this fact is the application of magnetic fields for separation of the various mixtures. The first practical application of magnetic field for separation dates back to 1792, when Wiliam Fullarton employed the field for separation of iron minerals. A significant growth of interest in using the magnetic field as a separation factor falls in the 70s of the twentieth century when HGMS (high-gradient field magnetic separation) was invented and introduced for material purification, and pollution treatment. In the following years, magnetic field was applied in many other separation applications in disciplines such as medicine, biology and biotechnology. Besides of the above, it was also discovered that the field presence can also alter the interface interactions and processes taking part in living organisms. An investigation on that phenomena can be carried out with the use of chromatographic methods. Thin layer chromatography seems to be a good choice for the research on this subject because of the modification of the planar chromatography system to work in magnetic field is relatively easy. In other point of view, thin layer techniques proved their usefulness for analytical and fundamental investigations due to their low operation costs, high sample throughput and possibility to gather chromatographic data for the whole sample in a single act. They also allow to find (and in some cases identify) active ingredients hidden in complex plant extract matrices. Moreover, the sample preparation procedure is faster and not so demanding as in case of column methods. Chromatography carried out in a magnetic field is called magnetochromatography. However, that name quite often appears in literature in relation to magnetic separation systems (e.g. ). Real magnetochromatographic separation system for the first time was described by Barrado and co-workers. They carried out column liquid chromatography in magnetic field using stationary phase with the surface typical for LC chromatography with magnetic core (core-shell stationary phase). In their work, investigated solutes had been derivatized with paramagnetic constituents before chromatogram development. According to Barrado et al., the magnetic component of the force acting on chromatographed molecule is described by equation: where V is the volume occupied by the molecule, 0 is the magnetic permeability of a vacuum, ∆ is the relative magnetic susceptibility of the compound, ∇ is the gradient operator, and B is the inductivity of applied external field in Teslas. As it was proved before, the magnetic permeability of the solution can be calculated as the sum of magnetic permeabilities of its components according to magnetic permeability additivity law, but the final results are influenced by molecule association, hydrogen bond formation ratio and other phenomena taking place in the liquid phase. Besides the above, our earlier yet unpublished research showed that there is a relation between external magnetic field presence and values of components of free interphase energy, thus the field presence also changes the phenomena taking place on the liquid-solid interface. Interfacial phenomena play a great role in nature and in functioning of different organisms, thus the investigation on influence of magnetic field on interphase phenomena are, at present times, fully justified, and the chromatography seems to be a good method of investigation in this area. In the present paper, unmodified stationary phase, and the test solutes without pre-chromatographic derivatization were used, in order to demonstrate the influence of magnetic field on the behaviour of tested solutes in regular chromatographic system. Taking under consideration the fact that earlier investigations proved that the presence of magnetic field changes the retention of some substances and moreover, changes the separation ability of chromatographic systems, mentioned above experiments let us assume that the chromatographic separation performed in magnetic field using standard chromatographic system should lead to different results compared to those performed outside the field. Based on previously optimized TLC chromatographic systems, retention, spot width (w), and separation (R s ) changes under the influence of magnetic field of ternary and quaternary alkaloids present in Chelidonium majus L. plant extract samples were investigated. Materials and Methods The substances investigated in the experiment were identified in waste liquors after chelidonine separation from Chelidonium majus L. extract obtained from Wrocawskie Zakady Zielarskie "Herbapol". Standard solutions (c = 1 g L −1 in methanol) of alkaloids identified in those C. majus L. extracts were prepared basing on substances delivered by Sigma (St. Lewis, USA). The structures and names of investigated alkaloids identified in earlier research are demonstrated in Tables 1 and 2. All solutes were applied on TLC SiO 2 60 F254 plates delivered by Merck (Darmstad, Germany) using Camag (Muttenz, Switzeland) Linomat 5 applicator as 3-mm-wide bands 5 mm from the plate edge. Chromatograms were developed in the magnetic field and outside it simultaneously in exactly identical conditions. Chromatogram developments in magnetic field were carried out using TLC DS-II chamber placed in the gap between a pair of neodymium bar magnets. For that purpose, all metal parts from the stock DS-II chromatographic chamber were removed. Chromatographic chamber and plate saturation lasted 30 min, and was performed by placing 5 mL of mobile phase inside the internal chamber area. The saturation procedure was always performed outside the external magnetic field. The magnetic field was induced using a pair of neodymium bar magnets produced by ENES (Warszawa, Poland). The permanent magnets used in the experiment are described by following parameters: dimensions: 20 mm 50 mm 100 mm, The outside field chromatograms were developed using standard DS-II (Chromdes, Lublin Poland) horizontal chamber made of PTFE. After chromatogram development plates were derivatized using Dragendorff reagent. The reagent was sprayed onto the plate by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) TLC Sprayer. Plate images were acquired using Baumer-Optronics DXA252 camera with Camag Reprostar 3 and Win-Cats ver 1.4.3 software by Camag. Digital images of plates were evaluated using Camag VideoScan v. 1.09 software (Camag). Chromatograms were obtained using CAMAG TLC Scanner 3 densitometer. In our experiments 0.25 and 0.44 T inductivities were tested. Further enhancement of magnetic field inductivity was impossible due to the TLC chamber thickness. Exact technical information considering the magnetic field generating device is available elsewhere. All experiments were repeated at least three times, all blunders were rejected. All chromatograms were developed in room temperature of 21 °C (294 K). Results and Discussion As was mentioned before, the presence of magnetic field influences interaction between chromatographed solutes and mobile phase, the solute and stationary phase and between stationary and mobile phase. In consequence, differences appear between retention and peak shape in the magnetic field and outside the field of chromatographed extract ingredients. In the first part of experiment, standard solutions composed of ternary and quaternary alkaloids earlier identified in C. majus L. plant extracts were used. The influence of the magnetic field on retention of earlier described solutes was investigated using two analogical chromatographic systems in saturated and unsaturated chambers. The changes in chromatographic parameter in the field with lower induction (0.25 T) were smaller and more irregular than standard deviation of results obtained outside the generated field, thus it was assumed that there is no effect of magnetic field presence in the experiment. In order to better describe differences between results obtained in magnetic field and outside it ∆R M value was introduced. It can be calculated from Eq. which is formulated as follows: where R Mmag -R M value obtained for considered extract ingredient obtained during the development carried out in magnetic field and R Mnmag -R M value obtained for considered extract ingredient obtained during the development carried out without presence of external magnetic field. Changes of R M of investigated ternary alkaloids (∆R M ) in magnetic field in unsaturated chromatographic chamber depend mainly on the evaporative component of mobile phase flow, which in the generated field are different than outside it. For all chromatographic ternary alkaloids in unsaturated chambers ∆R M values are positive, leading to the conclusion that retention of the solutes in magnetic field is stronger than outside it. The phenomenon can be explained by more intensive evaporation of more volatile (in our case also with higher elution strengths-methanol and/or ethyl acetate) of the mobile phase components, so retention of the solutes increases ( Fig. 1), which was reported in our earlier work. It is unlikely that in the saturated chamber any relations between retention and ∆R M values can be observed. For the stronger retained pair of extract ingredients (allocryptopine and protopine) negative values of ∆R MS were observed, for homochelidonine and chelidonine negative values of that parameter were obtained. Positive values of ∆R MS calculated for higher migrating pair of alkaloids can be interpreted that they are "attracted" stronger by mobile phase than stationary phase in magnetic field than outside it. Thus, it may be assumed that in this separation, interactions between chromatographed solute and stationary phase have greater contribution than those between chromatographed solute and mobile phase. The next investigated aspect was the influence of magnetic field on spot width. In our previous experiments, changes in this parameter under the influence of magnetic field were observed. The differences between spot widths obtained during chromatogram development in magnetic field and outside it in saturated and unsaturated chromatographic chamber are depicted in Fig. 2a-c. ∆w parameter was calculated in the same way as ∆R M parameterby subtracting spot width (in millimeter) obtained outside the field from the spot width measured after chromatogram development in the field. In case of saturated chamber, observed changes are larger than standard deviations and mean spot widths are lower in magnetic field for all investigated ternary alkaloids, leading to the conclusion that in case of this particular chromatographic system, magnetic field reduces In the experiment performed using unsaturated chamber, decrease of mean spot width can also be observed for the considered alkaloids except the chelidonine, but the data obtained are not so obvious as in case of saturated chamber experiment, due to high standard deviations. It can be explained by unequilibrated chromatographic conditionsa standard phenomenon in thin layer chromatography. The decrease of spot width is extremely high especially for protopine, which is connected with (Fig. 1) quite intense retention decrease. It leads to the conclusion that the change of mobile phase composition caused by its evaporation to internal chromatographic chamber space strongly influences its interactions with stationary and mobile phase. It can be also suspected that protopine due to the effect of magnetic field was placed on one of demixion fronts. Retention and spot width changes of extract ingredients influence separation efficiency of the investigated chromatographic system. R s values calculated for chromatogram developments carried out in saturated and unsaturated chamber are presented in Table 3 Positive ∆R s values proved that applying external magnetic field for both experiments performed using saturated and unsaturated chamber resulted in the improvement of resolution. Higher relative magnetic susceptibility of protopine, and in consequence better separation from allocryptopine did not result in worsening its separation from homohelidonine, neither in case of experiment carried out in unsaturated nor in saturated chamber (both peaks were already well separated (R s ≫ 1.5). Similar phenomenon can be observed in case of unsaturated chamber for allocryptopine/protopine pair. Nevertheless, in case of saturated chamber, applying an external magnetic field resulted in raising separation coefficient from about 0.7 to more than one, which in connection with better repeatability of R F and spot widths in case of saturated chamber made it a useful tool for separation of investigated compounds. Next experiment concerned the influence of the change of separated compounds quantities on the effect of magnetic field on separation ability. Table 4 shows R s values calculated for different amounts of standards solutions obtained during chromatogram development in magnetic field and outside it in saturated chromatographic chamber. In Fig. 3, the changes of R s (∆R s ) for different amounts of investigated ternary alkaloids are depicted. Generally, the positive effect is present in case of 1 L of extract solution only (exception-protopine/chelidonine separation at solute volumes 2 L). A negative effect of magnetic field presence appears for allocryptopine/ protopine pair and protopine/chelidonine pair of peaks. In case of chelidonine/homochelidonine pair the decrease of R s gain caused by presence of magnetic field can be observed, which can be interpreted as another proof for the thesis that the presence of magnetic field modifies Fig. 2 Spot widths in millimetres obtained after performing saturated (a) and unsaturated (b) chamber chromatogram development of ternary alkaloid fraction from Chelidonium majus L. extract with error bars, after Dragendorff reaction 'in MF'-results obtained in magnetic field 'outside MF'-results obtained outside magnetic field. (c) Comparison of differences between spot widths obtained for chromatogram development carried out in magnetic field and outside the field for saturated and unsaturated chamber. Separated compounds masses-1 g interaction between stationary phase and chromatographed substance (low retention = negative R M = weak interaction with stationary phase). It may be expected that the cause of that phenomenon lies in the magnetic permeability additivity law-a high concentration of strongly diamagnetic compound makes permeation of magnetic field in the spot area impossible; however, protpine/chelidonine separation for 2 L denies that hypothesis. That is why further investigation of magnetic field on sorption/ desorption phenomena must be performed. Finally, the magnetic field was tested on real plant extract with identified ternary alkaloids peaks. The obtained profiles are depicted in Fig. 4a, b. There are also some other differences between chromatograms of the mentioned plant extracts obtained in analogical chromatographic systems caused by the presence of external, perpendicular to plane plate and direction of chromatogram development magnetic field and outside it. One of them is different migration distance of the identified solutes in the extracts. Second one is different chromatogram of unidentified alkaloids on the distance between 20 and 30 mm in chromatogram obtained in magnetic field and in distance between 30 and 40 mm outside the field (marked area in Fig. 4a, b). More peaks can be observed in the mentioned range on the chromatogram developed in magnetic field compared to the one obtained outside it. Quaternary alkaloid fraction from C. majus L. extract was separated in exactly the same chromatographic conditions in magnetic field and without it as ternary alkaloid fraction; the chromatograms are presented in Fig. 4. Similar phenomena regarding changes of retention, spot width, and R s values were observed in this experiment. The chromatograms of this alkaloid fraction are presented in Fig. 5a, b. The appearance of additional peaks in the chromatograms obtained in magnetic field compared to the ones obtained outside it can be observed. A better separation of identified quaternary alkaloid peaks can be also observed in the migration range between 25 and 40 mm, which also proves positive influence of magnetic field on the separation of quaternary alkaloids. Summary The presence of uniform, perpendicular to plane plate magnetic field influences the retention and efficiency of chromatographic system used for separation of ternary and quaternary alkaloids fraction from C. majus L. extract. In case of chromatogram developments carried out in unsaturated chamber, the most important change caused by the presence of the field is the change of evaporation rate of mobile phase ingredients from chromatographic plate to internal chamber space, which modifies the elution strength in a different way from a similar development carried out without the field presence. In case of saturated chamber, the most probable effect of magnetic field presence is the change of interactions between chromatographed solute and stationary phase. Moreover, the effect of magnetic field presence on retention and efficiency of separation depends from quantity of chromatographed substance. It may be considered as the proof for the thesis that the presence of magnetic field modifies the strength of surface interactions inside the chromatographic systems which causes changes of retention and width of chromatographed spots. The phenomenon mentioned above may be used, among the others, as another cheap and easy tool for tuning the separation procedures of various mixtures of natural origin. There are too many variables to judge the efficiency of investigated chromatographic systems. In some cases improvement and in other cases the worsening of separation have been observed. For this particular separation, applying a magnetic field regardless of the saturation of chamber improves the separation coefficient for most of the investigated neighbouring pairs of peaks, making it a useful tool for alkaloid separations and opens a way to investigate the separation of other plant extracts. |
Spontaneous rupture of the liver upon revascularization during transplantation. Spontaneous rupture of the liver has been described in association with many benign and malignant conditions. We report, to our knowledge, the first case of spontaneous rupture of the liver upon revascularization, requiring total hepatectomy and portocaval shunt, followed by successful retransplantation. Routine pathological examination of the explanted liver failed to reveal the etiology of the rupture. However, electron microscopy demonstrated abnormal collagen in the hepatic arterial wall compatible with a collagen disorder such as Ehlers-Danlos type IV disease. We conclude that the donor liver had a previously undiagnosed collagen disorder. Review of the literature does not preclude the use of livers from donors with a history of connective tissue disorders. Based on our experience one should exercise caution when using livers from such donors. With a history of connective tissue disorder in an immediate family member, further tests should be performed in the donor to rule out a subclinical connective tissue disorder. In addition, a review of all patients reported thus far to have undergone total hepatectomy and portocaval shunt, followed by liver transplantation as a two-stage procedure is presented. |
Interdigitating cells in the peritumoral infiltrate of laryngeal carcinomas: an immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study. Interdigitating cells (IDCs) have been found in the peritumoral infiltrate of 18 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. These cells have a dendritic shape and are characterized by the expression of S-100 protein and CD1a antigens. By electron microscopy, these cells are seen to establish intimate contacts with the apposed lymphocytes, which sometimes show signs of functional activation and proliferation. These findings indicate that IDCs may play a role in setting up a T-cell immune reaction against neoplastic cells, which may influence the biological behaviour and/or local growth of the tumour. Moreover, monocytes and cells with intermediate features between monocytes and IDCs are also found in the peritumoral infiltrate, thus suggesting that IDCs differentiate in situ from monocytic precursors, possibly under the influence of either tumour-derived factors or the local lymphoid microenvironment. |
<reponame>Vermunds/SkyrimSoulsRE
#include "Menus/JournalMenuEx.h"
namespace SkyrimSoulsRE
{
std::uint32_t GamepadMaskToKeycode(std::uint32_t a_keyMask)
{
using Key = RE::BSWin32GamepadDevice::Key;
switch (a_keyMask)
{
case Key::kUp: return 266;
case Key::kDown: return 267;
case Key::kLeft: return 268;
case Key::kRight: return 269;
case Key::kStart: return 270;
case Key::kBack: return 271;
case Key::kLeftThumb: return 272;
case Key::kRightThumb: return 273;
case Key::kLeftShoulder: return 274;
case Key::kRightShoulder: return 275;
case Key::kA: return 276;
case Key::kB: return 277;
case Key::kX: return 278;
case Key::kY: return 279;
case Key::kLeftTrigger: return 280;
case Key::kRightTrigger: return 281;
default: return 282; // Invalid
}
}
void JournalMenuEx::AdvanceMovie_Hook(float a_interval, std::uint32_t a_currentTime)
{
HUDMenuEx* hudMenu = static_cast<HUDMenuEx*>(RE::UI::GetSingleton()->GetMenu(RE::HUDMenu::MENU_NAME).get());
if (hudMenu)
{
hudMenu->UpdateHUD();
}
this->UpdateClock();
return _AdvanceMovie(this, a_interval, a_currentTime);
}
RE::UI_MESSAGE_RESULTS JournalMenuEx::ProcessMessage_Hook(RE::UIMessage& a_message)
{
if (a_message.type != RE::UI_MESSAGE_TYPE::kScaleformEvent)
{
return _ProcessMessage(this, a_message);
}
RE::BSUIScaleformData* data = static_cast<RE::BSUIScaleformData*>(a_message.data);
if (JournalMenuEx::isSaving && data->scaleformEvent->type != RE::GFxEvent::EventType::kMouseMove)
{
//Block all input when saving, so the menu can't get closed, but let the cursor move around so users don't freak out
return RE::UI_MESSAGE_RESULTS::kIgnore;
}
return _ProcessMessage(this, a_message);
}
void JournalMenuEx::UpdateClock()
{
char timeDateString[200];
RE::Calendar::GetSingleton()->GetTimeDateString(timeDateString, 200, true);
RE::GFxValue dateText;
this->uiMovie->GetVariable(&dateText, "_root.QuestJournalFader.Menu_mc.BottomBar_mc.DateText");
if (dateText.GetType() != RE::GFxValue::ValueType::kUndefined)
{
RE::GFxValue newDate(timeDateString);
dateText.SetMember("htmlText", newDate);
}
}
RE::IMenu* JournalMenuEx::Creator()
{
class MCMRemapHandler : public RE::GFxFunctionHandler, public RE::BSTEventSink<RE::InputEvent*>
{
private:
RE::GFxValue scope;
public:
RE::BSEventNotifyControl ProcessEvent(RE::InputEvent* const* a_event, RE::BSTEventSource<RE::InputEvent*>* a_eventSource) override
{
RE::ButtonEvent* evn = (RE::ButtonEvent*) * a_event;
if (!evn || evn->eventType != RE::INPUT_EVENT_TYPE::kButton)
return RE::BSEventNotifyControl::kContinue;
RE::INPUT_DEVICE deviceType = evn->device.get();
RE::BSInputDeviceManager* idm = static_cast<RE::BSInputDeviceManager*>(a_eventSource);
if ((idm->IsGamepadEnabled() ^ (deviceType == RE::INPUT_DEVICE::kGamepad)) || evn->value == 0 || evn->heldDownSecs != 0.0)
{
return RE::BSEventNotifyControl::kContinue;
}
a_eventSource->RemoveEventSink(this);
std::uint32_t keyMask = evn->idCode;
std::int32_t keyCode;
// Mouse
switch (deviceType)
{
case RE::INPUT_DEVICE::kMouse:
keyCode = keyMask + 256;
break;
case RE::INPUT_DEVICE::kGamepad:
keyCode = GamepadMaskToKeycode(keyMask);
break;
default:
keyCode = keyMask;
}
// Valid scan code?
if (keyCode >= 282)
{
keyCode = -1;
}
class MCMRemapTask : public UnpausedTask
{
public:
RE::GFxValue scope;
std::uint32_t keyCode;
void Run() override
{
RE::GFxValue arg;
arg.SetNumber(this->keyCode);
scope.Invoke("EndRemapMode", nullptr, &arg, 1);
}
};
std::shared_ptr<MCMRemapTask> task = std::make_shared<MCMRemapTask>();
task->keyCode = keyCode;
task->scope = this->scope;
UnpausedTaskQueue* queue = UnpausedTaskQueue::GetSingleton();
queue->AddTask(task);
RE::MenuControls::GetSingleton()->remapMode = false;
RE::PlayerControls::GetSingleton()->data.remapMode = false;
return RE::BSEventNotifyControl::kContinue;
}
void Call(RE::GFxFunctionHandler::Params& a_args) override
{
scope = a_args.args[0];
RE::PlayerControls* playerControls = RE::PlayerControls::GetSingleton();
RE::MenuControls* menuControls = RE::MenuControls::GetSingleton();
RE::BSInputDeviceManager* inputDeviceManager = RE::BSInputDeviceManager::GetSingleton();
inputDeviceManager->AddEventSink(this);
menuControls->remapMode = true;
playerControls->data.remapMode = true;
}
};
class SaveGameHandler : public RE::GFxFunctionHandler
{
public:
void Call(Params& params) override
{
RE::UI* ui = RE::UI::GetSingleton();
RE::InterfaceStrings* interfaceStrings = RE::InterfaceStrings::GetSingleton();
RE::JournalMenu* menu = static_cast<RE::JournalMenu*>(ui->GetMenu(interfaceStrings->journalMenu).get());
assert(menu);
RE::GFxValue iSaveDelayTimerID;
menu->uiMovie->GetVariable(&iSaveDelayTimerID, "_root.QuestJournalFader.Menu_mc.SystemFader.Page_mc.iSaveDelayTimerID");
if (iSaveDelayTimerID.GetType() == RE::GFxValue::ValueType::kUndefined)
{
SKSE::log::error("Unable to get save delay timer ID. Attempting to ignore it.");
}
else
{
RE::GFxValue result;
bool success = menu->uiMovie->Invoke("clearInterval", &result, &iSaveDelayTimerID, 1); // Not sure if this actually does something
assert(success);
}
// This function is normally supposed to close the menu, and it can get called multiple times. Make sure we only save once.
if (!isSaving)
{
isSaving = true;
RE::GFxValue selectedIndex;
menu->uiMovie->GetVariable(&selectedIndex, "_root.QuestJournalFader.Menu_mc.SystemFader.Page_mc.SaveLoadListHolder.selectedIndex");
if (selectedIndex.GetType() == RE::GFxValue::ValueType::kUndefined)
{
SKSE::log::critical("Unable to get selected index of selected save game. Aborting save and forcing Journal Menu to close.");
RE::DebugNotification("SAVE FAILED - report issue to Skyrim Souls RE author!");
RE::UIMessageQueue* uiMessageQueue = RE::UIMessageQueue::GetSingleton();
uiMessageQueue->AddMessage(RE::JournalMenu::MENU_NAME, RE::UI_MESSAGE_TYPE::kForceHide, nullptr);
isSaving = false;
RE::PlaySound("UIMenuCancel");
return;
}
if (!menu->PausesGame())
{
menu->menuFlags |= RE::IMenu::Flag::kPausesGame;
RE::UI::GetSingleton()->numPausesGame++;
}
//Create save screenshot
reinterpret_cast<void(*)()>(Offsets::Misc::CreateSaveScreenshot.address())();
class SaveGameTask : public UnpausedTask
{
public:
double selectedIndex;
void Run() override
{
RE::UI* ui = RE::UI::GetSingleton();
if (ui->IsMenuOpen(RE::JournalMenu::MENU_NAME)) {
RE::JournalMenu* menu = static_cast<RE::JournalMenu*>(ui->GetMenu(RE::JournalMenu::MENU_NAME).get());
RE::GFxValue selectedIndex = this->selectedIndex;
RE::FxDelegateArgs args(0, menu, menu->uiMovie.get(), &selectedIndex, 1);
menu->fxDelegate->callbacks.GetAlt("SaveGame")->callback(args);
RE::UIMessageQueue* uiMessageQueue = RE::UIMessageQueue::GetSingleton();
uiMessageQueue->AddMessage(RE::JournalMenu::MENU_NAME, RE::UI_MESSAGE_TYPE::kForceHide, nullptr);
isSaving = false;
RE::PlaySound("UIMenuCancel");
}
}
};
std::shared_ptr<SaveGameTask> task = std::make_shared<SaveGameTask>();
task->selectedIndex = selectedIndex.GetNumber();
UnpausedTaskQueue* queue = UnpausedTaskQueue::GetSingleton();
queue->AddDelayedTask(task, std::chrono::milliseconds(Settings::GetSingleton()->saveDelayMS));
}
}
};
RE::JournalMenu* menu = static_cast<RE::JournalMenu*>(CreateMenu(RE::JournalMenu::MENU_NAME.data()));
//fix for remapping from MCM menu
RE::GFxValue globals, skse;
bool result = menu->uiMovie->GetVariable(&globals, "_global");
if (result)
{
result = globals.GetMember("skse", &skse);
if (result)
{
RE::GFxFunctionHandler* fn = nullptr;
fn = new MCMRemapHandler();
RE::GFxValue fnValue;
menu->uiMovie.get()->CreateFunction(&fnValue, fn);
skse.SetMember("StartRemapMode", fnValue);
}
}
// Fix for game saves
RE::GFxValue obj;
bool success = menu->uiMovie->GetVariable(&obj, "_root.QuestJournalFader.Menu_mc.SystemFader.Page_mc");
assert(success);
RE::GFxValue func, func2;
menu->uiMovie->CreateFunction(&func, new SaveGameHandler());
obj.SetMember("DoSaveGame", func);
return menu;
}
RE::BSEventNotifyControl JournalMenuEx::RemapHandler::ProcessEvent_Hook(RE::InputEvent** a_event, RE::BSTEventSource<RE::InputEvent**>* a_eventSource)
{
if (!*a_event || (*a_event)->eventType != RE::INPUT_EVENT_TYPE::kButton)
{
return RE::BSEventNotifyControl::kContinue;
}
RE::INPUT_DEVICE deviceType = (*a_event)->device.get();
RE::BSInputDeviceManager* idm = RE::BSInputDeviceManager::GetSingleton();
if ((idm->IsGamepadEnabled() ^ (deviceType == RE::INPUT_DEVICE::kGamepad)) || (*a_event)->AsButtonEvent()->value == 0 || (*a_event)->AsButtonEvent()->heldDownSecs != 0.0)
{
return RE::BSEventNotifyControl::kContinue;
}
idm->RemoveEventSink(this);
class RemapTask : public UnpausedTask
{
public:
FakeButtonEvent* evn;
RemapHandler* handler;
void Run() override
{
RE::InputEvent* inputEvent = reinterpret_cast<RE::InputEvent*>(evn);
_ProcessEvent(handler, &inputEvent, nullptr);
}
};
RE::ButtonEvent* buttonEvent = (*a_event)->AsButtonEvent();
FakeButtonEvent* fakeEvent = new FakeButtonEvent();
fakeEvent->device = buttonEvent->device.get();
fakeEvent->eventType = buttonEvent->eventType.get();
fakeEvent->next = nullptr;
fakeEvent->userEvent = buttonEvent->userEvent;
fakeEvent->idCode = buttonEvent->idCode;
fakeEvent->value = buttonEvent->value;
fakeEvent->heldDownSecs = buttonEvent->heldDownSecs;
std::shared_ptr<RemapTask> task = std::make_shared<RemapTask>();
task->evn = fakeEvent;
task->handler = this;
UnpausedTaskQueue* queue = UnpausedTaskQueue::GetSingleton();
queue->AddTask(task);
return RE::BSEventNotifyControl::kContinue;
}
void JournalMenuEx::InstallHook()
{
//Hook ProcessMessage
REL::Relocation<std::uintptr_t> vTable(Offsets::Menus::JournalMenu::Vtbl);
_ProcessMessage = vTable.write_vfunc(0x4, &JournalMenuEx::ProcessMessage_Hook);
//Hook AdvanceMovie
_AdvanceMovie = vTable.write_vfunc(0x5, &JournalMenuEx::AdvanceMovie_Hook);
REL::Relocation<std::uintptr_t> vTable_remapHandler(Offsets::Menus::JournalMenu::RemapHandler_Vtbl);
RemapHandler::_ProcessEvent = vTable_remapHandler.write_vfunc(0x1, &JournalMenuEx::RemapHandler::ProcessEvent_Hook);
}
};
|
Rising oil prices have pushed up the loonie against the U.S. dollar in recent months, but CIBC Capital Markets says that will likely change later this year.
CIBC analysts said in a new report that a Fed hike in December will push the loonie down to 74 cents U.S., from its current level of about 77 cents U.S.
“With oil prices expected to languish around current levels, look for the loonie to reach the 1.35 (74 cents U.S.) level by the end of the year,” write analysts at CIBC World Markets. “That’s a less dramatic move than we earlier thought, since we eliminated a September hike from our Fed outlook.”
The loonie could fall from current levels later this summer, when StatsCan releases economic data for the second quarter. CIBC expects those numbers will be worse than the market is pricing in. Still, analysts say it likely won’t be enough to do real damage to the currency.
The real action will happen in the fourth quarter, when CIBC says the Fed will move rates from the current range of 0.25 per cent to 0.50 per cent up to 0.50 per cent to 0.75 per cent.
“A December rate hike from the Fed will see negative front-end spreads drive the Canadian dollar weaker against its U.S. counterpart,” CIBC analysts write.
The forecast calls for the loonie to bottom out in Q4, before gradually beginning a recovery in 2017. CIBC sees oil prices averaging US$60 a barrel next year, which should boost the currency to a trading band of 75 cents U.S. abd 77.5 cents U.S.
“With both the central bank south of the border taking an extremely gradual approach to rate hikes and the Canadian economy chewing through the slack that opened up over the past couple of years, the loonie won’t be feeling as much pressure in 2017,” write CIBC analysts. |
// Start of user code fr.eyal.datalib.sample.netflix.data.model.people.People. DO NOT MODIFY THE GENERATED COMMENTS
package fr.eyal.datalib.sample.netflix.data.model.people;
import android.os.Parcel;
public class People extends PeopleBase {
private static final String TAG = People.class.getSimpleName();
public People() {
super();
}
public People(final Parcel in) {
super(in);
}
public People(final long id) {
super(id);
}
public People(final String url) {
super(url);
}
}
// End of user code
|
Doctors group urges Congress to lift ban on gun violence research More than 5000 doctors have signed a petition asking the US Congress to lift a 20 year ban preventing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from conducting research into gun violence. Scientific data have saved lives from motor vehicle accidents, sudden infant death syndrome, lead poisoning, and countless other threats to peoples health, the petition notes, yet the government has remained wilfully ignorant about the epidemiology of gun violence since 1996, when the Dickey Amendment stipulated that none of the funds made available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control. The ban grew out of a seminal 1993 research paper, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, which measured gun ownership as a risk factor for homicide in the home.1 The article received widespread media |
Cadherin cell-adhesion molecules in human epithelial tissues and carcinomas. Two distinct calcium-sensitive cell-cell adhesion molecules were identified in human epithelial tissues and carcinomas using two monoclonal antibodies raised against vulvar epidermoid carcinoma A-431 and human mammary carcinoma MCF-7 and selected on the basis of their activities to disrupt cell-cell adhesion. In immunoblot analysis, these antibodies, designated NCC-CAD-299 and HECD-1, detected main bands of Mr 118,000 and 124,000, respectively. Purified tryptic fragments of the antigen recognized by NCC-CAD-299 showed cross-reactivity with a rabbit antiserum against mouse P-cadherin, indicating that this molecule was the human homologue of P-cadherin. On the other hand, the antigen recognized by HECD-1 showed essentially the same tissue distribution pattern as E-cadherin in the mouse, suggesting that this molecule is the human homologue of E-cadherin. Availability of these monoclonal antibodies to human P- and E-cadherin allowed us to examine their distributions in human tissues immunohistochemically. Both antigens were detected in epithelial tissues, but they showed distributions that were distinct from each other. The antigen recognized by HECD-1 was expressed in almost all epithelial tissues, while distribution of the other one recognized by NCC-CAD-299 was restricted to the basal or lower layers of stratified epithelia in which both antigens were coexpressed. Moreover, immunohistochemical examination of 44 lung carcinomas showed that both molecules were coexpressed in all of them, and suggested that expression of P-cadherin was closely related to the differentiation of carcinoma cells. |
Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome From the Perspective of a Rheumatologist Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease that can lead to thrombotic or obstetric complications. Recent histopathological studies have shown the absence of placental thrombosis, leading to the consideration of other pathophysiological pathways such as inflammation and complement activation. Due to this, various clinical studies are being carried out with different drug agents in order to avoid their complications. The combination of prophylactic heparin treatment and low doses of aspirin today result in successful pregnancies in most cases. Despite this, a minority of patients require alternative therapies to avoid recurrent miscarriage and decrease obstetric morbidity. Thanks to the better understanding of its pathophysiology, other treatments such as low doses of glucocorticoids, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), immunoglobulin, pravastatin, and plasmapheresis have been considered in refractory cases, achieving favorable results. Despite the great advances regarding its treatment, unfortunately, there are no treatments with a good level of evidence to reduce late obstetric complications. The evaluation of preconception risk factors, as well as the antiphospholipid antibody profile, is necessary to establish individual risk and thus anticipate possible complications. Introduction And Background Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease associated with the presence of specific autoantibodies, including anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies, anti-2-glycoprotein 1 (anti-2GPI) antibodies, and lupus anticoagulant (aL). These antibodies lead to the generation of thrombotic events and specific obstetric complications. The main target of antiphospholipid antibodies is 2GPI, a plasma protein that avidly binds to phospholipids in cell membranes, even more so when it is dimerized by autoantibody binding, increasing the expression of cell adhesion molecules that ultimately cause a prothrombotic effect. Although APS was originally described as a single entity, a significant difference in treatment for patients with thrombotic or obstetric complications has been established in the last 10 years. This is based on certain observations such as the absence of intravascular or intervillous clots in the placenta of women with antiphospholipid antibodies, IgG fractions with different effects on trophoblast cells in vitro, and a lower risk of recurrent thrombotic events. Complications of obstetric APS are divided into those that occur in the first trimester (early complications) and those that occur in the second or third trimester (late complications). These differences are attributed to the change in pathophysiological mechanisms that occur in each gestational period; in the first trimester, the loss of pregnancy is attributed to an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of trophoblastic cells, while in the second and third trimesters, they are a consequence of placental dysfunction. In the first trimester, recurrent miscarriage is the most frequent complication of obstetric APS and is observed with a frequency close to 54%. Placental insufficiency can manifest as intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, placental abruption, or a combination of these conditions. Additionally, the antiphospholipid antibody profile appears to have direct implications for gestational morbidity. The aL is the main predictor of adverse outcomes during pregnancy and is the most prevalent serological abnormality, reaching 50.4% of cases. A meta-analysis confirmed that moderate to high aCL antibody titers were associated with the development of preeclampsia and are more prevalent in women with recurrent miscarriages or early pregnancy loss. A recent prospective study showed that anti-2GPI/human leukocyte antigen-DR complex antibody was frequently associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Based on all this evidence, aL positivity and high titers of aCL and anti-2GPI antibodies have major prognostic implications. This review focuses on describing the clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of obstetric APS, as well as the available evidence regarding its treatment to avoid its complications. Pathophysiology 1 1 1 2 1 1 Antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies by themselves are considered to cause autoimmune manifestations of obstetric APS and to react against the domain 1 of 2GPI, a ubiquitous glycoprotein involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells and microparticles. In in vitro studies, aPL antibodies inhibit the spontaneous migration of the trophoblast, increase the secretion of soluble antiangiogenic endoglin from the trophoblast, and lead to the loss of trophoblast-endothelium interactions for the conformational change of the spiral artery. These effects are mediated by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8), which, when activated by the autoantibody cross-linked 2GPI, suppresses trophoblastic migration by reducing IL-6 (promigratory cytokine) levels and STAT3 activity. Recent studies have shown that the limitation of trophoblastic migration by aPL antibodies is mediated by apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), another member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor that interacts with dimerized 2GPI. Decidual invasion by trophoblastic cells depends on the participation of many events, including the response to certain cytokines, the expression of cell adhesion molecules, and the degradation of the basement membrane through protease secretion. It is important to remember that extravillous trophoblasts invade the maternal decidua to anchor the placenta and that the alteration of any of these processes involves the development of placental abruption, fetal loss, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction. Adequate invasion of the maternal decidua by trophoblasts is very important for the success of pregnancy; in fact, in early pregnancy, if the maternal spiral arteries are not closed properly by endovascular trophoblasts, the strong blood flow of these arteries damages physically or oxidatively the placenta and causes early pregnancy loss. At the end of pregnancy, if the trophoblasts do not transform the maternal spiral arteries into thicker vessels adapted for efficient blood flow, the placenta will not present adequate blood perfusion, leading to an ischemia-reperfusion injury. Additionally, antiphospholipid antibodies localize in the placenta, causing associated inflammatory responses, especially complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, having direct implications in the genesis of placental insufficiency. Furthermore, in vitro studies with human extravillous trophoblasts from the first trimester have shown that anti-2GPI antibodies trigger the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (particularly IL-1, IL-7, and IL-8) through the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). aPL antibodies induce trophoblasts to secrete IL-1 and IL-8 through the activation of TLR4 and its adapter protein, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). IL-1 is a pleiotropic cytokine that recruits monocytes and neutrophils. Additionally, it activates macrophages, promoting inflammation around trophoblasts and apoptosis. Complement activation has also been shown to stimulate the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sVEGFR1) through leukocyte infiltration, both associated with alterations related to placental implantation and the development of preeclampsia. Furthermore, anti-2GPI antibodies recognize 2GPI bound to the cell surface of neutrophils and stimulate the formation of extracellular neutrophil traps (NETs) through a mechanism dependent on reactive oxygen species and TLR4. According to in vivo studies carried out in murine models, both complement pathways appear to be involved in fetal damage induced by aPL antibodies. The C4d fragment is a marker of the activation of the classical complement pathway and is present in the placentas of women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and/or APS with preeclampsia, while it is absent in healthy controls. The interactions between C5a and C5aR drive the effector mechanisms of placental injury, including the expression of tissue factors in neutrophils and monocytes, oxidative damage, and the release of sVEGFR1 and TNF. In fact, the presence of high levels of TNF in maternal blood and amniotic fluid of patients with preeclampsia has been confirmed. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the most important aspects of the pathophysiology of obstetric APS. Diagnosis The revised Sapporo criteria incorporating the obstetric clinical manifestations of APS are the most widely used criteria for classifying these patients. Recurrent Miscarriage As previously mentioned, recurrent miscarriage is the most common complication of obstetric APS, although it is the least specific. This is the reason why the association should be established when other conditions such as uterine malformations, abnormalities of paternal karyotypes, and maternal endocrinopathies have been ruled out. Additionally, their association will depend on the anti-antibody profile and the titers in which they occur, since they can also tend to be positive in healthy patients or in patients with a history of venous or arterial thrombosis. Derived From Placental Insufficiency and Preeclampsia Fetal death and preterm delivery as a result of preeclampsia or placental insufficiency are considered to be the most specific clinical features of obstetric APS. A multicenter, case-control study involving cases of fetal death reported positive tests for aPL antibodies in about 10% of cases. After excluding other causes of fetal death, positive results for IgG aCL and IgM aCL antibodies were associated with fivefold and twofold increased odds of fetal death, respectively, whereas IgG anti-2GPI antibodies were associated with a threefold increased odds of fetal death. Two prospective, observational studies of patients with wellcharacterized APS found that approximately 10% developed severe preeclampsia despite treatment with heparin and aspirin. Placental insufficiency usually accompanies preeclampsia in APS, although it may occur in its absence. Measurement of reduced blood flow in the uterine arteries by Doppler velocimetry is an indirect indicator of the development of placental insufficiency and/or preeclampsia. Therefore, pregnant women with APS should have an obstetric ultrasound evaluation to assess fetal morphology, growth, and amniotic fluid volume. In the second trimester, Doppler ultrasonography is required to assess end-diastolic blood flow in the umbilical artery. The result of normal end-diastolic flow in the uterine artery at 20-24 weeks of gestation is a strong predictor of good fetal outcomes. Ultrasound evaluation allows establishing signs of placental insufficiency such as fetal growth restriction, oligohydramnios, or abnormal placental vascularization. In fact, a prospective study of 100 pregnancies confirmed that second trimester Doppler ultrasound is the best predictor of late obstetric complications in patients with SLE and/or APS. Risk stratification A good medical history and a complete antiphospholipid antibody profile should always be taken prior to conception to get an estimate of the potential for both thrombotic and obstetric complications. Risk factors include a high-risk antiphospholipid antibody profile, coexisting autoimmune diseases (particularly SLE), previous thrombotic APS, and complications presenting in previous pregnancies. A meta-analysis demonstrated that triple positivity was associated with a lower probability of having live birth, increased risk of preeclampsia, and having a low birth weight for gestational age. In addition, aL-positive patients were at increased risk of preeclampsia and preterm delivery. The same meta-analysis showed that a history of thrombosis was also associated with a lower likelihood of having live birth, increased neonatal mortality, increased risk of prenatal or postpartum thrombosis, and increased risk of having a newborn with low weight for gestational age. Women negative for aL and with a single positive aCL or anti-2GPI antibody result have a lower risk of adverse gestational outcomes, as do women with low antibody titers and positive IgM isotype results. Treatment The standard treatment for obstetric APS without a history of thrombosis includes low-dose aspirin (75-100 mg/day) and a prophylactic dose of unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). Approximately 70%-80% of pregnant women with APS have had satisfactory results during pregnancy with this therapeutic combination. Some experts prefer to use UFH instead of LMWH based on the results of a 2015 Cochrane review that concluded that their combination can reduce pregnancy loss by 54%. Since the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies increases the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders, aspirin is always indicated in the context of their positivity. The treatment options for cases that are refractory (defined as persistence of recurrent miscarriage despite standard treatment) include therapeutic doses of LMWH, low-dose prednisolone (10 mg/day) up to week 14, immunoglobulin, and/or plasmapheresis. Immunoglobulin at a dose of 2 g/kg/day monthly and plasmapheresis are high-cost therapies; however, they have been shown to be safe and lead to a high live birth rate in women with little hope of achieving a successful pregnancy. Parenteral treatments should only be considered in the context of standard treatment failure, high-risk profiles, and oral drug failure. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has become the mainstay of treatment for refractory obstetric APS. A retrospective multicenter study of patients with high-risk profile obstetric APS concluded that the addition of HCQ to standard therapy was associated with a higher birth rate. The Hydroxychloroquine to Improve Pregnancy Outcome in Women with Antiphospholipid Antibodies (HYPATIA) study is a multicenter, phase IV clinical trial in which pregnant women with persistently positive aPL antibodies receive HCQ or placebo in addition to standard treatment. The primary endpoint is a combination of aPL-related adverse pregnancy outcomes, including one or more gestational losses and preterm delivery before 34 weeks due to any of the following conditions: preeclampsia, eclampsia, or features arising from placental insufficiency. This study is expected to provide evidence on the effect of HCQ in pregnant women with persistently positive aPL antibodies and thus strengthen its evidence. Due to the similarities in pathophysiology between preeclampsia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, it has been proposed that statins can be used for the treatment or prevention of obstetric complications. In a small study of 11 patients, the benefit of pravastatin at a dose of 20 mg/day with low-dose aspirin and LMWH was evaluated compared with patients treated only with standard therapy. In all patients in the pravastatin group, signs of preeclampsia and placental perfusion remained stable, while in the control group, they progressed. Taking into account the potential role of TNF- in the development of obstetric complications, a study is being carried out with an anti-TNF (certolizumab) to determine if it is possible to reduce the risk of adverse events in patients with obstetric APS and high-risk antiphospholipid antibody profile (NCT03152058). The evidence is limited on the prevention of recurrent complications related to antiphospholipid antibodies in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Additionally, in this context, heparin does not seem to have a great impact on outcomes related to maternal morbidity, although the studies carried out have been insufficiently powered. The risk of complications in the carriers of aPL antibodies without obstetric manifestations is not known, although an analysis of a recent European registry of 1,640 cases of women with aPL-related obstetric complications who did not meet the Sydney criteria for obstetric APS had adverse results in pregnancy and benefited from combined therapy with low-dose aspirin and prophylactic LMWH. Since the maternal hypercoagulable state can continue for up to 12 weeks after delivery, patients without a history of thrombosis should receive prophylactic doses of LMWH for 6-12 weeks to reduce the risk of postpartum thrombotic events. Women with thrombotic APS can restart anticoagulation once hemostasis is achieved. Vitamin K antagonists are safe during breastfeeding, but no safety data are available on direct anticoagulants. Table 1 shows the most representative articles for the treatment of refractory obstetric APS, and Figure 2 shows an algorithm of its therapeutic approach. Author Conclusions Obstetric APS is a condition that carries great morbidity at any time during pregnancy. However, today, in most cases, full-term pregnancies are achieved with available treatments. Emerging therapeutics also stand out in cases that are refractory given the better understanding of their pathophysiology, focusing on reducing inflammation, aPL antibody levels, and complement activation. All patients require a preconception evaluation, and a risk profile should be established to individualize each treatment. Doppler ultrasound evaluation has become a fundamental tool for both predicting and ruling out late obstetric complications derived from placental insufficiency. Refractory cases that have failed oral medications warrant a multidisciplinary intervention to evaluate parenteral treatments (either monotherapy or in combination), evaluating the cost and available resources. Therapeutic interventions carried out to avoid late obstetric complications are still unknown. The evidence for HCQ in obstetric APS is very promising, pending a full evaluation of the results of ongoing clinical studies. Postpartum, a minimum of six weeks of prophylactic anticoagulation with LMWH is required given the increased risk of thrombosis during this period. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. |
#ifndef GENERICDAUHEPMCFILTER_h
#define GENERICDAUHEPMCFILTER_h
// -*- C++ -*-
//
// Package: GenericDauHepMCFilter
// Class: GenericDauHepMCFilter
//
/**\class GenericDauHepMCFilter GenericDauHepMCFilter.cc
Description: Filter events using MotherId and ChildrenIds infos
Implementation:
<Notes on implementation>
*/
//
// Original Author: <NAME>
// Created: Apr 29 2008
// $Id: GenericDauHepMCFilter.h,v 1.2 2010/07/21 04:23:24 wmtan Exp $
//
//
// system include files
#include <memory>
// user include files
#include "GeneratorInterface/Core/interface/BaseHepMCFilter.h"
#include "FWCore/ParameterSet/interface/ParameterSet.h"
//
// class decleration
//
class GenericDauHepMCFilter : public BaseHepMCFilter {
public:
GenericDauHepMCFilter(const edm::ParameterSet&);
~GenericDauHepMCFilter() override;
bool filter(const HepMC::GenEvent* evt) override;
private:
// ----------memeber function----------------------
// ----------member data ---------------------------
int particleID;
bool chargeconju;
int ndaughters;
std::vector<int> dauIDs;
double minptcut;
double maxptcut;
double minetacut;
double maxetacut;
};
#endif
|
Interstate 64 – Installation of signs between mile markers 118 and 125. Be alert for workers near travel lanes. Expect delays Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
(NEW) Route 22 (Louisa Road) – Pothole patching between Route 250 (Richmond Road) and Route 231 (Gordonsville Road). Expect intermittent lane closures Thursday and Friday from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m.
(NEW) Route 29/250 Bypass – Sign installation between Route 654 (Barracks Road) and Route 250 (Ivy Road). Be alert for workers near travel lanes Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 3:30 p.m.
(NEW) Route 649 (Proffit Road) – Tree trimming operations between Route 29 (Seminole Trail) and Route 643 (Polo Grounds Road). Expect intermittent lane closures Tuesday and Wednesday from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Route 654 (Barracks Road) – Construction of sidewalk between Route 601 (Old Garth Road) and Route 656 (Georgetown Road). Expect daily, intermittent lane closures. Anticipated completion June 2018.
(NEW) Route 687 (Shiffletts Mill Road) – Replacement of bridge over Buck Mountain Creek. Road closed to through traffic April 30-May 11. Use alternate routes.
Route 647 (Twin Mountains Road) – Paving of a gravel road between Route 655 (Somerville Road) and Route 736 (Willis Ford Road). Expect intermittent lane closures.
Interstate 66 – Rehabilitating bridge over Route 725 (Tuckers Lane). Expect intermittent lane closures Monday through Friday between 9 a.m. and 7 p.m.
(NEW) Interstate 66 – Cleaning of bridge decks in both directions between mile markers 14 and 37. Expect intermittent lane closures Tuesday and Wednesday from 8 p.m. to 4 a.m.
Route 17 (James Madison Highway) – Installation of sign between Moffett Drive and Route 628 (Keith Road). Be alert for workers near travel lanes Wednesday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
(NEW) Route 15/17/29 (James Madison Highway) – Survey and other preliminary design work for the Warrenton Southern Interchange project at Route 880 (Lord Fairfax Drive). Be alert for workers near the travel lanes during daytime hours and expect single lane closures in both directions between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m. Monday through Friday.
Route 688 (Leeds Manor Road) – Rehabilitating Interstate 66 bridge over Route 688. Use caution when traveling through work zone, Monday through Friday from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Route 724 (Pleasant Vale Road) – Rehabilitating Interstate 66 bridge over Route 724. Expect intermittent flagging operations Monday through Friday from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. while crews work underneath the bridge. Use caution approaching work zone and obey traffic controls.
(NEW) Route 806 (Elk Run Road) – Utility work under VDOT permit between Route 607 (Shenandoah Path) and Route 748 (Eskridge Lane). Expect intermittent lane closures Tuesday through Wednesday from 9 a.m. to 3:30 p.m.
(NEW) Route 837 (Old Marsh Road) – Pipe replacement just west of Route 674 (Green Road). Road closed to through traffic through May 2. Route 837 can be accessed from Route 17 (Marsh Road) during the closure.
(NEW) Interstate 64 – Bridge deck repairs on bridge over Route 799 (Beaverdam Road) between mile marker 131 and 132. Obey traffic controls Tuesday from 9:30 a.m. to 2 p.m.
(NEW) Route 33 (Spotswood Trail) – Installation of guardrail westbound between Route 625 (Goose Pond Road) and the Rockingham County line. Expect lane closures controlled by flagging Monday through Friday from 6:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m.
(NEW) Interstate 64 – Sign installation eastbound between mile marker 135 and mile marker 137. Be alert for workers near travel lanes Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
(NEW) Interstate 64 – Sign installation westbound between mile marker 139 and mile marker 137. Be alert for workers near travel lanes, expect delays Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Route 29 (Seminole Trail) – Traffic detection technology repairs between Route 662 (Shelby Road) and Route 621 (Jacks Shop Road/Seville Road). Be alert for workers near the travel lanes Monday through Friday from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Route 633 (Battle Run Road) – Bridge repairs. Stay alert for crews near the travel lanes. Expect intermittent lane closures Monday through Friday during daytime hours. |
<gh_stars>0
package it.univr.main;
import it.univr.domain.AbstractDomain;
import it.univr.domain.AbstractValue;
import it.univr.state.AbstractEnvironment;
import it.univr.state.AbstractState;
import it.univr.state.KeyAbstractState;
import it.univr.state.Variable;
public class AbstractInterpreter extends MuJsBaseVisitor<AbstractValue> {
private AbstractEnvironment env;
private AbstractDomain domain;
private AbstractState state;
private boolean printInvariants;
public AbstractInterpreter(AbstractDomain domain, boolean narrowing, boolean invariants) {
this.env = new AbstractEnvironment(domain);
this.state = new AbstractState();
this.printInvariants = invariants;
}
public AbstractEnvironment getFinalAbstractMemory() {
return env;
}
public AbstractState getAbstractState() {
return state;
}
public void setAbstractState(AbstractEnvironment env) {
this.env = env;
}
public AbstractDomain getAbstractDomain() {
return domain;
}
public void setAbstractDomain(AbstractDomain domain) {
this.domain = domain;
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitBlock(MuJsParser.BlockContext ctx) {
if (ctx.stmt() != null)
visit(ctx.stmt());
return domain.makeBottom();
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitComposition(MuJsParser.CompositionContext ctx) {
visit(ctx.stmt(0));
visit(ctx.stmt(1));
return domain.makeBottom();
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitIfStmt(MuJsParser.IfStmtContext ctx) {
AbstractValue guard = visit(ctx.bexp());
if (domain.isTrue(guard))
return visit(ctx.block(0));
if (domain.isFalse(guard))
return visit(ctx.block(1));
AbstractEnvironment previous = (AbstractEnvironment) env.clone();
visit(ctx.block(0));
AbstractEnvironment trueBranch = (AbstractEnvironment) env.clone();
env = previous;
visit(ctx.block(1));
env = env.leastUpperBound(trueBranch);
if (printInvariants) {
KeyAbstractState key = new KeyAbstractState(ctx.getStart().getLine(), ctx.getStart().getCharPositionInLine());
state.add(key, env.clone());
}
return domain.makeBottom();
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitProgramExecution(MuJsParser.ProgramExecutionContext ctx) {
return visit(ctx.stmt());
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitLength(MuJsParser.LengthContext ctx) {
AbstractValue par = visit(ctx.sexp());
return domain.length(par);
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitCharAt(MuJsParser.CharAtContext ctx) {
AbstractValue str = visit(ctx.sexp());
AbstractValue idx = visit(ctx.aexp());
return domain.charAt(str, idx);
}
@Override public AbstractValue visitEquals(MuJsParser.EqualsContext ctx) {
AbstractValue left = visit(ctx.aexp(0));
AbstractValue right = visit(ctx.aexp(1));
return domain.equals(left, right);
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitLess(MuJsParser.LessContext ctx) {
AbstractValue left = visit(ctx.aexp(0));
AbstractValue right = visit(ctx.aexp(1));
return domain.less(left, right);
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitDiff(MuJsParser.DiffContext ctx) {
AbstractValue left = visit(ctx.aexp(0));
AbstractValue right = visit(ctx.aexp(1));
return domain.diff(left, right);
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitMul(MuJsParser.MulContext ctx) {
AbstractValue left = visit(ctx.aexp(0));
AbstractValue right = visit(ctx.aexp(1));
return domain.mul(left, right);
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitSum(MuJsParser.SumContext ctx) {
AbstractValue left = visit(ctx.aexp(0));
AbstractValue right = visit(ctx.aexp(1));
return domain.sum(left, right);
}
//TODO: division
@Override
public AbstractValue visitDiv(MuJsParser.DivContext ctx) {
AbstractValue left = visit(ctx.aexp(0));
AbstractValue right = visit(ctx.aexp(1));
return domain.div(left, right);
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitNot(MuJsParser.NotContext ctx) {
AbstractValue v = visit(ctx.bexp());
return domain.not(v);
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitConcat(MuJsParser.ConcatContext ctx) {
AbstractValue first = visit(ctx.sexp(0));
AbstractValue second = visit(ctx.sexp(1));
return domain.concat(first, second);
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitAnd(MuJsParser.AndContext ctx) {
AbstractValue first = visit(ctx.bexp(0));
AbstractValue second = visit(ctx.bexp(1));
return domain.and(first, second);
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitOr(MuJsParser.OrContext ctx) {
AbstractValue first = visit(ctx.bexp(0));
AbstractValue second = visit(ctx.bexp(1));
return domain.or(first, second);
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitIdBExp(MuJsParser.IdBExpContext ctx) {
Variable v = new Variable(ctx.ID().getText());
if (env.getStore().containsKey(v))
return env.getStore().get(v);
else
return domain.makeBottom();
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitInt(MuJsParser.IntContext ctx) {
return domain.makeIntegerAbstractValue(Integer.valueOf(ctx.INT().getText()));
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitStr(MuJsParser.StrContext ctx) {
return domain.makeStringAbstractValue(ctx.STRING().getText().substring(0, ctx.STRING().getText().length()-1).substring(1));
}
@Override public AbstractValue visitBool(MuJsParser.BoolContext ctx) {
return domain.makeBooleanAbstractValue(ctx.BOOL().getText().equals("true") ? 1 : 0);
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitBExpPar(MuJsParser.BExpParContext ctx) {
return visit(ctx.bexp());
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitSExpPar(MuJsParser.SExpParContext ctx) {
return visit(ctx.sexp());
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitAExpPar(MuJsParser.AExpParContext ctx) {
return visit(ctx.aexp());
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitWhileStmt(MuJsParser.WhileStmtContext ctx) {
AbstractEnvironment previous = (AbstractEnvironment) env.clone();
do {
AbstractValue guard = visit(ctx.bexp());
/**
* True
*/
if (domain.isTrue(guard)) {
visit(ctx.block());
env = previous.widening(env);
}
/**
* False
*/
else if (domain.isFalse(guard)) {
break;
}
/**
* Top
*/
else {
visit(ctx.block());
env = previous.widening(previous.leastUpperBound(env));
}
AbstractEnvironment e = env.clone();
if (previous.equals(e))
break;
else
previous = e.clone();
} while (true);
if (printInvariants) {
KeyAbstractState key = new KeyAbstractState(ctx.getStart().getLine(), ctx.getStart().getCharPositionInLine());
state.add(key, env.clone());
}
return domain.makeBottom();
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitIdAExp(MuJsParser.IdAExpContext ctx) {
Variable v = new Variable(ctx.ID().getText());
if (env.getStore().containsKey(v))
return env.getStore().get(v);
else
return domain.makeBottom();
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitBlockStmt(MuJsParser.BlockStmtContext ctx) {
if (ctx.block() != null)
visit(ctx.block());
return domain.makeBottom();
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitToNum(MuJsParser.ToNumContext ctx) {
AbstractValue par = visit(ctx.sexp());
return domain.toNum(par);
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitAssignmentStmt(MuJsParser.AssignmentStmtContext ctx) {
Variable v = new Variable(ctx.getChild(0).getText());
env.put(v, visit(ctx.exp()));
if (printInvariants) {
KeyAbstractState key = new KeyAbstractState(ctx.getStart().getLine(), ctx.getStart().getCharPositionInLine());
state.add(key, env.clone());
}
return domain.makeBottom();
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitIdSExp(MuJsParser.IdSExpContext ctx) {
Variable v = new Variable(ctx.ID().getText());
if (env.getStore().containsKey(v))
return env.getStore().get(v);
else
return domain.makeBottom();
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitBeExp(MuJsParser.BeExpContext ctx) {
return visit(ctx.bexp());
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitAeExp( MuJsParser.AeExpContext ctx) {
return visit(ctx.aexp());
}
@Override
public AbstractValue visitSeExp( MuJsParser.SeExpContext ctx) {
return visit(ctx.sexp());
}
}
|
<reponame>emirkmo/astropy
# Licensed under a 3-clause BSD style license - see LICENSE.rst
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from astropy.units import Unit, UnitBase
from astropy.io.misc.asdf.types import AstropyAsdfType
class UnitType(AstropyAsdfType):
name = 'unit/unit'
types = ['astropy.units.UnitBase']
requires = ['astropy']
@classmethod
def to_tree(cls, node, ctx):
if isinstance(node, str):
node = Unit(node, format='vounit', parse_strict='warn')
if isinstance(node, UnitBase):
return node.to_string(format='vounit')
raise TypeError(f"'{node}' is not a valid unit")
@classmethod
def from_tree(cls, node, ctx):
return Unit(node, format='vounit', parse_strict='silent')
|
# coding by 刘云飞
# email: <EMAIL>
# date: 2018-5-18
import cv2
import numpy as np
# 读取名称为 p20.png 的图片，并转成黑白
img = cv2.imread("P20.png",1)
gray = cv2.imread("P20.png",0)
# 读取需要检测的芯片图片（黑白）
img_template = cv2.imread("P20_temp.png",0)
# 得到芯片图片的高和宽
w, h = img_template.shape[::-1]
# 模板匹配操作
res = cv2.matchTemplate(gray,img_template,cv2.TM_SQDIFF_NORMED)
# 得到最大和最小值得位置
min_val, max_val, min_loc, max_loc = cv2.minMaxLoc(res)
top_left = min_loc #左上角的位置
bottom_right = (top_left[0] + w, top_left[1] + h) #右下角的位置
# 在原图上画矩形
cv2.rectangle(img,top_left, bottom_right, (0,0,255), 2)
# 显示原图和处理后的图像
cv2.imshow("img_template",img_template)
cv2.imshow("processed",img)
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Two people have been burnt to death and several others critically injured in a ghastly accident along Bauchi-Jos road on Tuesday.
The PUNCH learnt that Tuesday’s accident was caused when a Hilux vehicle had a head-on collision with a petrol tanker and in the process, caught fire.
The Public Relations Officer, Federal Road Safety Corps, Bauchi State Sector Command, Rilwan Suleiman, confirmed the accident to our correspondent in a telephone interview. |
Fabrication, Properties and Applications of Dense Hydroxyapatite: A Review In the last five decades, there have been vast advances in the field of biomaterials, including ceramics, glasses, glass-ceramics and metal alloys. Dense and porous ceramics have been widely used for various biomedical applications. Current applications of bioceramics include bone grafts, spinal fusion, bone repairs, bone fillers, maxillofacial reconstruction, etc. Amongst the various calcium phosphate compositions, hydroxyapatite, which has a composition similar to human bone, has attracted wide interest. Much emphasis is given to tissue engineering, both in porous and dense ceramic forms. The current review focusses on the various applications of dense hydroxyapatite and other dense biomaterials on the aspects of transparency and the mechanical and electrical behavior. Prospective future applications, established along the aforesaid applications of hydroxyapatite, appear to be promising regarding bone bonding, advanced medical treatment methods, improvement of the mechanical strength of artificial bone grafts and better in vitro/in vivo methodologies to afford more particular outcomes. Introduction Surplus demands and requirements for synthetic bone substitutes have been experienced in the last few decades, owing to the number of accidents/trauma and inherent bone defects by birth/age/diseases. Significant demand from clinics is known in the fields of cranial, dental, maxillofacial, orthopedic and spinal applications. Recent improvements in materials and cell engineering and surgical bone grafting techniques have been a boon to cure many patients across the world. Constant innovation in stem cells, biomaterials, artificial organs and their recent success stories shows a clear evolution in the human biological sciences. Though the current technologies can be considered as mature, many developments and improvements are required to mimic the biological properties of a human closely. For example, when considering a biomaterial to be used in implants or bone grafts, various aspects, such as biocompatibility, osteogenic properties (interaction with osteoblasts/osteoclasts), bioactivity and its mechanical functions, based on its functionalities have to be studied. Bone (Figure 1) in the human body can be defined as a composite of hydroxyapatite (HAp) Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6, type-I collagen, water, cells and lipids. The cells of the osseous tissue are shown in Figure 2. Bones are formed in the body as a result of the osteoblast matrix formed by HAp crystals. Bone is comprised of two distinct forms: one is porous (cancellous bone) and the other dense (cortical bone). Cancellous bone contains hemocytoblasts, proerythroblasts and bone marrow. Cancellous bone has a lower Young's modulus and is more elastic compared to cortical bone. The porous structure consists of pore sizes in the range of 200-500 m, and cancellous bone constitutes 30%-90% of the porosity. The porosity content alters depending on the load, age and health state of the bone. Cortical bone is the outer layer of the bone that aids in providing the shape and form of the bone. Eighty percent of the skeleton is composed of cortical bone. Cortical bone stacks osteons or Harversian systems in the form of interstitial lamellae. In the case of loss of bone, bone grafting is used, and solutions are chosen based on the required biomechanical properties, chemical composition, bone mass and size of the defect site. Different types of bone grafting methods are employed. A few of the bone grafting methods are autografting (cancellous/ cortical bones), allograft (cancellous/demineralized bone matrix (DBM)) and bone graft substitutes (HAp/tricalcium phosphates Ca3(PO4)2(TCP)/biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP)/bioactive composites, growth factors). The mechanical properties of the bone tissues are given in Table 1. Besides its bioactivity, the chemical structure of HAp is similar to the mineral component of mammalian bones and other hard tissues, such as teeth and mineralized cartilage. Depending on its stoichiometry, HAp has different temperature ranges of decomposition from 800° to 1200° and hence is known for its thermal instability. HAp is one of the widely-explored biomaterials for its medical applications, being a stable calcium phosphate under physiological conditions, and has led to studies on synthetic HAp for bone substitution and bone remodeling applications. Not limited to the applications above, HAp is also used as matrices for controlled drug release and bone tissue engineering, besides its biocompatibility with soft tissues is also used for hard tissue repair. Hence, HAp is most commonly used in bone regeneration in the form of bone graft materials, coatings for implants and as bone fillers. Currently, synthetic HAp finds a wide range of applications in the form of powders, micro-/nano-crystals, dense or porous blocks/sheets/ceramics, thin films, composites with glasses, metals and polymers for various biomedical applications. Various ceramics are used in biomedical applications, and their mechanical strength is given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Early HAp components found applications in maxillofacial surgeries, bioinert implants as a coating, periodontal lesion filling, regions of a skeleton with low mechanical load and as coatings on orthopedic prostheses. Recent research progress has focused more efforts on the development of HAp components for high strength bone implants in the form of dense ceramics or as thin films. Currently, titanium is one of the most widely-chosen metals for medical applications as a load-bearing substitute. Any of the bioactive implant used should be biocompatible, non-toxic and tougher than bone and have a modulus equivalent to the bone. Of all of the properties above, HAp is considered as a viable prospect for bioactive bone implants. Each of the aforesaid bone grafting materials has different degrees of properties for their structural strength, osteoconduction, osteoinduction and osteogenicity.. Table 1. Mechanical properties of bone tissues. There are a number of research publications, patents and commercial products for artificial cancellous bone, but lesser for artificial cortical bone in comparison to cancellous bone. The porous structure of cancellous bone makes it unacceptable to be used for load-bearing cortical/compact bone functions. There is a report on obtaining stable load-bearing systems by applying pressure and compacting the cancellous bone. Other types of allogenic bones used are DBM, cortical braces, bone flakes and huge allografts. Allograft bones are prone to infections and long healing process, whereas DBMs are obtained from cadaveric bones (from known sources with strict regulations for decontamination). Cortical brace grafts can provide mechanical integrity, but lack osteogenic cells. Various types of bone graft substitutes have been studied to date. The usage of ceramics for medical applications has been prevalent for many centuries. TCP was reported to be used for repairing bone defects in the early 19th century. During 1969, many researchers reported on the different types of glasses and ceramics designed for medical applications, collectively called "bioceramics." Bioceramics include glass, glass ceramics, alumina (Al2O3), zirconia (ZrO2), thin film coatings, metal composites, HAp and resorbable calcium phosphates. Bioceramics are characterized by their nontoxicity, chemical stability in biological medium and biocompatibility. The functions of bioceramics can be separated into bioinert, bioactive and bioresorbable. Though conventional bioceramics show fatigue and brittleness, their careful mechanical aspects can lead to many potential applications. Some of the applications of functional bioceramics are dental restorations, root canal treatments, reconstructing the alveolar ridge, middle ear surgery, spine surgery, facial and cranial bones, filling mastoid defects and bony defects, adjuvant to hold metal implants, pulp-capping materials, substitute for hard tissue replacement, load-bearing implants, bio-piezocomposites for bone remodeling, as viewports installed in the body, cell culture plates and skeletal and vertebral implants. Amongst the bioceramics other than glass ceramics of HAp, HAp has the potential for usage in different forms (dense, coatings on metals, putty, granules) for biomedical applications due to its inertness to foreign body reactions and its ability to create bonding with the bone. Asazuma et al. reported on the use of posterior lumbar interbody fusion using dense HAp blocks and autogenous iliac bone. Type of Bone Until now, much focus is restricted to the non-load-bearing application due to its brittleness and low toughness and flexural strength. The objective of this paper is to review the dense bioceramics of Hap and their various applications. Discussion on Dense Hydroxyapatites In this section, various components of dense hydroxyapatites are discussed in detail under various heads. Calcium Phosphates Over the last few decades, tissue engineering has been considered to be an alternative solution for the repair and regeneration of damaged human tissue. Particularly, in the case of bone tissue engineering, a scaffold acts as the matrix that serves as a host for tissue formation. Scaffolds to enable tissue formation should have a few basic requirements, such as high porosity, sufficiently large pores, specific surface properties that will enable the adhesion of the cell tissues, differentiation and proliferation and mechanical integrity to maintain the predetermined tissue structure and biocompatibility. Calcium phosphate (CaP) scaffolds are regarded as an interesting material for scaffold application. CaP-based materials aid in osteoblast adhesion and proliferation. However, the major disadvantage of CaP-based materials is their inability to be used as load-bearing bioceramics, because of brittleness and poor fatigue resistance. This is further pronounced in the case of highly porous bioceramics, where a porosity of greater than 100 m is considered as the requirement for bone cell colonization. CaP-based materials can be prepared from various sources, where biocompatibility and long-term stability have been moderately achieved. In general, CaP-based bioceramics are characterized by diverse elements, such as chemical composition (stoichiometry and purity) (Table 4), homogeneity, distribution of phase, grain size/shape, crystallinity, size and distribution of porosity. The vast majority of the CaP-bioceramics are based on hydroxyapatite (HAp), -tricalcium phosphate (-TCP), -TCP and/or biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), which is a mixture of -TCP + HAp or -TCP + HAp. CaP bioceramics are usually fabricated either by employing a lubricant and a liquid binder with the ceramic powders for shaping and subsequent firing or by cementation. Various processing routes are attempted to fabricate CaP compounds, which include uniaxial compaction, cold/hot isostatic pressing, granulation, loose packing, slip casting, gel casting, pressure mold forming, injection molding, polymer replication, extrusion, slurry dipping and spraying. Furthermore, the formation of ceramic sheets by tape casting is also widely employed. CaPs of biological origin are nanocrystalline in the range of a few to hundreds of nanometers. CaPs are comprised of six principal compositions based on the stoichiometry of Ca/P. Six principal compositions of CaPs are dicalcium phosphate dehydrate (CaHPO42H2O) (DCPD), dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4) (DCPA), octocalcium phosphate (Ca8H2 (PO4)65H2O (OCP), tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2 (TCP), hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6OH2 (HAp) and tetracalcium phosphate Ca4(PO4)2O (TCPM). Nanostructured materials have the capacity to have improved specific interactions with proteins, therefore contributing to better biomechanical and biological attributes. Calcium-deficient HAp (CDHA) and -TCP nanoparticles have led to obtaining improved densification and sintering ability. HAp though bioactive is non-biodegradable; hence, it will be unable to host tissue surrounding it. -TCP is used as a biodegradable bone substitute material for alveolar ridge augmentation at implantation sites. Further Yamada et al. reported histomorphometric analyses on -TCP and -TCP and observed bone formation after two months of implantation. -TCP has a different crystal structure in comparison to -TCP, but a similar chemical composition, and similar osteoconductivity as that of HAp has been reported. Even though -TCP has higher bioactivity in comparison to -TCP, -TCP has a high dissolution rate under physiological conditions. An equilibrium is necessary for the rate of degradation and the bone growth. Hence, biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) either with -TCP or -TCP has been described by Chu et al.. BCP, resulting from the mixture of HAp and -TCP in an appropriate ratio, dissolves more and more under the physical environment by releasing Ca 2+ and PO4 3− ions and initiating biological activity. The mechanical properties of BCP are reported to be higher than either HAp phases or -TCP phases. To obtain homogeneous mixtures of HAp with -TCP, various methodologies are reported, such as calcination of calcium-deficient apatite, hydrolysis method, sintering of calcium-deficient apatite and a Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) mediated method. CaPs are densified by the removal of gases and organic compounds, followed by the subsequent shrinking of the powder due to the increase in crystal size and decrease in specific surface area. If the sample is heated further, then the decomposition of the sample occurs. Sintering increases the mechanical strength and toughness due to the increased densification. Sintering at temperatures below 1000 °C leads to particle coalescence with lesser degrees of densification and porosity. The densification degree depends on the sintering temperature and dwell time of the sample at the sintering temperature. Other substituted ion CaPs exist, as well, which are reported to cause biological activity, in particular, those substituted with silicon "Si" ions and zinc "Zn" aid in osteointegration. The mode of substitution is difficult to predetermine. CaPs containing the substituted ion of silver "Ag", copper "Cu" or zinc "Zn", iron "Fe" and magnesium "Mg" have an antibacterial property and are bioactive. Ionic substitution of calcium phosphate compounds is reported in the literature. However, one of the major difficulties in these ion-substituted CaPs are the control of active elements in simulated body fluid (SBF) or in the in vitro cell culture/in vivo. CaPs can be associated with various biological molecules, such as antibiotics or bisphosphonates. Sintering of Bioceramics Conventionally, to prepare dense ceramics, the powders of the respective compounds are compacted under the influence of one or a combination of factors, such as pressure, temperature and dwell/holding time at the sintering temperature. The factors above influence the final properties of the ceramics, in addition to the sintering atmosphere, starting powder grain size, shape and preparation methodologies utilized for obtaining a dense material. Nanocrystalline powders, in general, have better sintering properties and enhanced densification due to the availability of improved sintering ability, which in turn controls their mechanical properties and lowers the sintering temperature. The process of sintering takes place in three identifiable stages, as indicated in Figure 3. In the first stage, the powder is compacted; the particles are in contact with one another, but are not physically bonded in any way. The compacted powder is heated to a temperature that is generally about 2/3 of Tm, the melting point. At this stage, "necks" begin to form between the particles, bonding them together. The small contact areas between the particles expand, and at the same time, the density of the compact increases, as well as the total void volume decreases. Small diameter particles will have a high surface area and a high surface free energy. The high surface free energy of the particles is the driving force of the sintering process. Therefore, there is a strong thermodynamic drive to decrease the surface area by bonding particles together. As the number of bonds grows, the surface area and, thus, energy are reduced. In the final stage ( Figure 3), individual particles can no longer be seen, as they are fully bonded together, leaving residual porosity in the form of closed-off pores that are of a sufficiently small diameter, so as not to have a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the final material. The original powder particle size will control the final pore size and distribution: the smaller the particle size, the smaller the pores and the better the mechanical properties will be. As the powder is sintered, the grains will grow such that the final grain size will often exceed the initial powder particle size. Ideally, to optimize strength, the powder needs to be densified quickly to allow minimal grain growth. For dense ceramics, the strength is a function of the grain size. Ceramic materials with a fine grain size will have smaller flaws at the grain boundaries and, thus, be stronger than ceramics with larger grain sizes. The sintering mechanism is controlled by diffusion at the grain boundaries. A combination of rapid grain boundary diffusion with slower lattice diffusion allows the atoms to diffuse towards the pores. Vacancies tend to flow away from the surface of the sharply-curved neck; this is equivalent to the flow of material towards the neck that grows as the void shrinks. The flow is always from a source to a sink. The source can be a sharply-curved neck; the sink can be a grain boundary, a dislocation or the surface of the particle. Vacancies can follow different paths, resulting in various diffusion mechanisms. The path can be through the lattice, along the surface, along the grain boundaries or via dislocations, resulting in volume, surface and grain boundary diffusion, respectively. The flow of vacancies to any of the sinks is equivalent to the flow of material in the opposite direction. Although one mechanism will usually dominate, the rate of sintering will depend on the totality of all of the available mechanisms. Sintering of CaP is carried out by various processes. Sintering is intended to cause densification and to increase the mechanical strength of the bioceramics. Sintering of bioceramics containing apatite has been investigated, as well, and characterization studies have been carried out. Sintered biological apatites are reported to contain higher Ca/P than the stoichiometric HAp. The parameters of sintering, such as the sintering temperature, dwell time and pressure, influence the density, porosity, grain size and strength of the scaffolds. Densification is found to depend on the sintering temperature, whereas the degree of ionic diffusion is controlled by the sintering dwell time. Furthermore, various additives are added to CaP bioceramics to enhance densification. The application of magnetic fields during sintering is reported to align the grains, which seem to have a strong effect on the growth of HAp grains. Kim et al. have reported that osteoblasts attached better to HAp-gelatin nano-biocomposites in comparison to their micro-biocomposite counterpart. Better biocompatibility and osteointegration of HAp nano-biocomposites have been observed. Currently, various commercial products of nano-HAp have been used. Other than the fabrication of nano-bioceramics, nanosized HAp has been employed by Du et al. to study the tissue response of nano-HAp-collagen implants in marrow cavities. Muller-Mai et al. employed nano-apatite (nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite) with inorganic implants in vivo to study the suitability of such nano-apatites equipped with antibiotics and growth factors. Further nano-HAp composites, like chitosan, collagen and polymers, have been used to improve osteoconduction, acting as a scaffold for tissue engineering. Drug delivery systems and gene therapy for tumors have also been studied with nano-HAp. Improved cytophilicity of nano-HAp in comparison to micro-grain HAp has been reported by Cai et al.. Sun et al. reported that the nano-HAp favors the formation of periodontal ligament cell regeneration through the reconstruction of alveolar bone. Conventional sintering has not been successful in yielding fully-dense nanostructured CaP ceramics because of the accelerated and uncontrolled grain growth in the final stage. However, Wang et al., reported on morphology-enhanced nanostructured HAp by conventional sintering with a dwell time of 24 h at 850 °C. The coalescence of fine particles is said to happen during calcination, which is touted to help reduce the grain growth during sintering and allow easy molding for better shaping. Average grain sizes of 100 nm and 200 nm with improved mechanical properties by microwave sintering have been reported. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) has been helpful in yielding nanostructured HAp bioceramics with translucency with grain sizes below 200 nm. Pressure-assisted sintering was also used to obtain nanostructured HAp bioceramics. Various reports are available in the literature for optimizing the microstructure by sintering processes. A controlled heating rate has been employed by Uskokovic et al. to obtain densification. Chen and Wang et al. used a two-step sintering method to obtain dense ceramic with the final stage of sintering through grain boundary diffusion and grain boundary migration. Fully-dense bioceramics with suppressed grain growth have been reported by Lukic et al.. Misiek et al. has reported on the effect of different soft tissue responses to HAp particles of different shapes and sizes. The inflammatory response of the implants in Beagle dogs showed that the rate of soft tissue response was faster in spherical HAp particles in comparison to the irregularly-shaped HAp particles. Furthermore, HAp powders are reported to be sintered up to a theoretical density by pressureless sintering 172,173] at 1000-1200 °C. However, the drawback is that the processing/holding at high temperatures leads to grain growth and decomposition, because HAp is unstable when the temperature exceeds 1300 °C. The processing of HAp under vacuum leads to the decomposition of HAp, while processing under high partial pressure of water prevents decomposition. On the other hand, the presence of water in the sintering atmosphere inhibits densification of HAp and accelerates the grain growth. A correlation between hardness, density and grain size in sintered HAp bioceramics is also reported. Hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) or hot pressing with post-sintering processes have been widely pursued to decrease the temperature of the densification process, as well as to achieve better properties. Additionally, microwave or spark plasma sintering techniques are used as an alternative processing route to conventional sintering, hot pressing and HIP. Scaffolds with a pore structure >250 m and those with smooth surfaces with no defined scaffold structure will lead to differentiation of fibroblasts rather than bone cells. The densification of HAp attains a saturation limit between 1100 °C and 1300 °C. The sintering characteristics are dependent on the surface area of the powder, heating rate, Ca/P ratio and the mode of heating. Sintering of HAp is difficult due to the presence of the OH content, which decomposes to form TCP and anhydrous calcium phosphates at ~1200-1450 °C. The decomposed phases will trigger different dissolution rates, when present in physiological conditions. Dehydroxylation leads to decomposition, and this OH − ion loss can be recuperated during cooling to ambient temperature. In general, dehydroxylation tends to occur at the temperatures <800 °C, followed by accelerating dehydroxylation between 800 and 1350 °C. At a temperature >1350 °C, irreversible dehydroxylation accompanied by decomposition occurs; whereas densification at a temperature >900 °C takes place, but it widely depends on the type of powder used. The densification saturates at ~1150-1200 °C with closed porosity. At a temperature >1350 °C, the large number of closed pores increases. To reduce the sintering temperature and increase the densification, various sintering techniques, such as hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and spark plasma sintering (SPS), are used. These processes lead to fine microstructures, high thermal stability of CaPs and, subsequently, better mechanical properties of the bulk bioceramics. CaP bioceramics are brittle. Furthermore, the mechanical properties decrease significantly with increasing amorphous phase, micro-porosity and grain size. In addition, high crystallinity, low porosity and small grain size tend to give a high compressive and tensile strength and greater fracture toughness. Thus, CaP has poor mechanical strength and has high fracture toughness, which forbids its usage in load-bearing applications. The fracture toughness of HAp bioceramics does not exceed ~1.2 MPam 1/2, where natural human bone has a toughness of 2-12 MPam 1/2. With the increasing porosity, the mechanical strength decreases. Bending, compressive and tensile strengths of dense HAp bioceramics are in the range of 38-250 MPa, 120-900 MPa and 38-300 MPa, respectively, whereas those values for the porous HAp bioceramics are 2-11 MPa, 2-100 MPa and ~3 MPa, respectively. Further, strength was found to increase with increasing Ca/P ratio, reaching a maximum value with the stoichiometric ratio, and decreases when Ca/P > 1.67. The strength decreases exponentially with increasing porosity. Furthermore, by changing the pore geometry, it is possible to influence the strength of the bioceramics. It has been reported that the porous HAp bioceramics have considerably less fatigue and are more resistant than their dense counterparts. Due to brittleness, CaP bioceramics are mostly employed in non-load-bearing implants. The electrical properties of CaP bioceramics have an interesting aspect with respect to evaluating their applicability for biomedical applications. The brittleness of CaP can be partially circumvented by producing composites with a viscoelastic matrix, like collagen. Porous Bioceramics Porosity is another major factor that provides excellent mechanical fixation and allows chemical bonding between bioceramics and bones. The open porosity is directly related to bone formation and provides the surface and space for cell attachment and bone ingrowth. Pore interconnection provides the way for migration, as well as for in vivo blood vessel formation for bone tissue remodeling. Interconnecting micropores (size > 100 m) are usually formed due to the gaseous porogen in bioceramics. Several techniques are used for the formation of porosity, such as polymer foams by impregnation, dual-phase mixing, particulate leaching, freeze casting, slip casting and stereolithography. The foaming of gel casting suspensions has been used to fabricate porous CaP bioceramics. There are numerous reports about the formation of porous HAp bioceramics. The control of the pore formation, pore dimensions and internal pore architecture of bioceramics at different length scales is essential in assessing the structure-bioactivity relationship and the rational design of bone-forming biomaterials. For medical applications, it is significant to consider the biological properties of fabricated bioceramics and in vivo behavior. As the implanted biomaterial will chemically react with their environment, they should not create undesired effects on their adjacent or distant tissues. Though there are some reports on the inflammatory reaction by implanting CaP bioceramics, still, CaP bioceramics with a Ca/P ionic ratio within 1.0-1.7 are reported to be non-toxic. Osteoinduction of CaP bioceramics is observed in the porous structures or well-defined structures. Scientific studies have shown an estimation of the minimum pore size of ~50 m for blood vessel formation and ~200 m for osteonal ingrowth. Both porosity and their architecture are critical in gauging biological fluids' transport rate through porous bioceramics, which determines the rate and the degree of bone growth in vivo. Irrespective of the macropore size in the porous CaP bioceramics, no difference in in vivo response was observed. However, there also reports on the variation in the mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, when using pore sizes of 200 and 500 m. It was concluded that when the pore sizes are big, this reduces the cell confluency, causing cell differentiation. The optimal size that aids bone formation is widely considered as ~300-400 m. Variation of the type of porogen causes a difference in the size/morphology of the pore. Other types of porous structures, such as micropores and nanopores, are also studied in HAp bioceramics. Bioactive Glasses Bioactive glasses are considered as attractive materials for biomedical applications. Materials consisting of calcium, phosphorous and silicate are classified as bioactive glasses (BG). These BGs are dense and hard. The possibility to vary the concentrations of the components can make it either resorbable or non-resorbable. Most of the bioactive glasses have the characteristics of osteointegration and osteoconduction. Bioactive glasses have shown a strong interfacial bonding with the bone. A mechanically-strong bond is formed between the bioactive glass and the surrounding bone due to the bone-like HAp crystals/hydroxyl carbonated apatite that is deposited. Though mechanically stronger than HAp, it has poor fracture toughness; hence, it is not used for load-bearing applications. The strength of bioactive glasses with stainless steel fibers embedded into the glass ceramics has been reported to increase the bending strength. Cao et al. reported on the increase in bending strength and toughness by incorporation of ZrO2 particles in the glass. Amongst the currently available BGs, 45S5 ® is reported to be the most bioactive and can promote stem cell differentiation and the formation of blood vessels in vitro. A change in the porous architecture by bioactive glasses is possible through sintering for potential applications in bone substitution and tissue engineering. During sintering of these bioglasses through the control of crystallization sizes, phases and grain sizes, the mechanical hardness of bioglasses can be varied. Ordered template mesoporous glasses through their higher contact surface facilitate the formation of the apatite. Ordered template mesoporous glasses aid in the development of nanocrystalline apatite particles; which has been reported by Izquierdo-Barba et al.. There are also magnetic bioactive glasses and glass ceramics, which help to treat cancer cells and to regenerate bones through hyperthermia treatment of osseous tumors. Fujita et al. witnessed the bone binding mechanisms in calcite and -TCP. Walker explained that the possible mechanisms for calcite bonding are through chemisorption of carboxylate and sulfate containing polymers. Jarcho and Driskell demonstrated the chemical bonding between -TCP and bone. Metal Implants, Thin Films and Functionally-Gradient Materials of Bioceramics The usage of dense HAp has been reported to be used in various load-bearing bone substitutes. Metals as the implant materials date back to the 15th century, where the gold plate was used for cleft palate. The use of metals such as silver, platinum, stainless steel and cobalt based alloys became prevalent in the 1950s. Currently, various metals such as pure titanium and their alloys and 316L stainless steel are used. Ti-based alloys have found wide applications for load-bearing parts due to its inertness, compatibility with biomaterials, corrosion resistance and its mechanical properties. Ti-6Al-4V alloy is one of the widely-known alloys of Ti. Ti alloys have been reported to have no/minimal cytotoxicity compared to other metallic implants. However, the aspects of fretting require biomedical coatings to enable the bone-implant interface. The other metal that is used is an iron-based alloy that has shown significant resistance to rust/corrosion (due to the presence of chromium (Cr)). The presence of Cr in steel results in an increase of the mechanical strength. Further, stainless steel is well known for its superior ductility over Ti. However, localized corrosion and leaching of metal ions in the body are the current drawbacks of these implants. Al2O3 has been used in load-bearing hip prostheses and dental implants due to its high density. Femoral head components from Al2O3 have been also reported. Due to its moderate flexural strength and low toughness, the diameter of femoral head prostheses is limited to 32 mm. The characteristics above inhibit the usage of Al2O3 for huge loads and long-term applications. In the case of ZrO2 ceramics, it has better fracture toughness, flexural strength and elasticity than Al2O3, which is why they are used in knee and hip joints. There are reports on the decrease of the mechanical strength when in contact with biological fluids. As ZrO2 and Al2O3 have disadvantages, composites of ZrO2 particles embedded in Al2O3, called zirconia-toughened alumina, and alumina embedded in ZrO2, called alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ), are widely studied. All of the metal implants in the body are encapsulated by a thin layer, causing no direct contact between the bones and the implants. Hence, the bonding is weak due to the bio-inertness. There are also reports on the silicon and trivalent cation substituted HAp and TCP for various orthopedic applications. HAp is well known for its biocompatibility and bioactivity; though in the form of dense blocks, it lacks mechanical strength, it is currently also used in the form of thin film coatings on metallic implants. Plasma spraying or arc plasma spraying is the currently-used commercial process for coating. The aforesaid process is chosen for its rapid deposition rate and low cost. The other types of coating methods employed are electrophoretic co-deposition, ion beam sputter deposition and high velocity oxy-fuel combustion spray deposition. The coating of HAp on the implant protects the metal from corrosion, shielding the metal from the biological fluid, helps the biological cells to adhere to the surface of the implant and accelerates the healing of the local site and fixation of the prosthesis. Bone bonding with HAp coating has been demonstrated in the case of Ti implants, where the HAp coating on the passive layer of TiO2 is more susceptible to bone formation. Currently, Ti-6Al-4V is one of the commonly-used materials with HAp coating for prosthesis applications, due to its excellent mechanical properties. The thickness of the coating of HAp on the implant has to be controlled, because beyond an increase in the thickness of HAp, it causes failure of the metal implant due to the brittleness of HAp. The thickness of the HAp coating is mostly limited to being <70 m. Ti-6Al-4V coated with HAp with a high weight percentage exhibited brittleness, and the bond strength decreased. Various composite coatings of HAp with different weight percentages ranging from 20 to 80 wt% have been reported. As HAp is not biodegradable, it is coated with degradable polymers, such as poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(glycolic acid), which promotes bone cell propagation and ingrowth. Furuzano et al. reported on a CaP complex from sintered HAp to be chemically bonded to a polymer based on an isocyanate group and/or an alkoxy silyl group. Jui et al. explained the protein-mediated hydroxyapatite coating on metal substrate, stainless steel using supersaturated SBF, which shows the capability to result in rapid osteointegration with the host tissues. Zhang et al. presented the functionally-graded bioactive glass/ceramic/bioactive glass sandwich structure for applications such as endodontic posts, orthopedic stems, bone screws, bone plates, missing bone parts, spinal fusion, maxilla-facial reconstruction and orthopedic applications. Various functionally-gradient materials (FGMs) have a gradient in structure or composition, either partially or wholly according to the requirements for mechanical strength and biocompatibility. Various FGMs based on CaP, such as dense ceramics with gradual deviations in the composition, such as TCP and HAp, were obtained by sintering diamond-coated HAp in a reduced atmosphere. Based on the bone cross-section, bone graft materials with variable porosity have been fabricated as FGMs. Different sizes and shapes of FGMs are available based on the requirements, such as porous top to dense bottom, or other comple forms required for implants for high mechanical strength, drug delivery systems or mimicking skull. HAp coatings improve the bone strength and initial osseointegration. HAp-coated titanium implants are used in the anterior maxilla and posterior mandible based on the thickness of the cortical layer. Mechanical Properties CaPs are in general brittle in nature due to their high strength ionic bonds. The mechanical properties of CaPs are defined by their crystallinity, grain size, grain boundaries, porosity and stoichiometry. When the microstructure is comprised of small grains, the number of grain boundaries also decreases significantly, leading to increased mechanical strength. The current state of the art shows that the HAp ceramics have fracture toughness at a maximum of 1.2 MPam 1/2. There are also other articles on the state of the art showing the excellent mechanical properties of CaPs. Halouani et al. reported the fracture toughness of hot pressed HAp with micrometric grain sizes and found that the pattern of the variation of fracture toughness decreases with increasing grain sizes more than 0.4 m and decreases further with a decrease in grain size. Tensile strength, compressive strength and bending strength of dense HAp ceramics are in the range of 38-300 MPa, 120-900 MPa and 38-250 MPa, respectively. Young's modulus of dense bioceramics is in the range of 35-120 GPa, which is similar to calcified tissues. The mechanical resistance of dense HAp is thrice lesser than natural human bone. The Vickers hardness of dense HAp is ~3-7 GPa, and Poisson's ratio is reported to be closer to that of natural bone. A superplastic deformation accompanied by grain boundary sliding is reported in the temperature range of 1000-1100 °C. The mechanical properties of various HAp composites increasing in conjunction with ceramics, metals and polymers have been investigated. Polymeric coating of HAp ceramics has also been reported to increase the mechanical properties of HAp. In addition to advanced densification technologies, there are other processing routes, such as the incorporation of reinforcing agents in different forms, such as whiskers, fibers and platelets [236,. Various reports on the alumina (Al2O3) and titania (TiO2) composites with HAp have been done. Viswanath et al. have studied the interfacial reactions in HAp/Al and inferred that the reaction kinetics leads to the formation of alumina-rich calcium aluminates and -TCP phases at temperatures <1000 °C. Structural effects on HAp have been observed due to the addition of Ti. However, due to the addition of the secondary phases, the sintering temperature of the composite increases. The increase of sintering temperature leads to decomposition and, hence, avoiding decomposition. Nath et al. proposed studying the HAp-mullite system, but reported a decrease in mechanical strength above 1400 °C. Aminzare et al. reported on the enhancement of bending strength and the increase in hardness due to the reinforcement of TiO2 and Al2O3 particles in HAp. Other materials, such as polyethylene and yttrium-doped zirconia, are also prevalently used. White et al. has reported on HA/carbon nanotube composites. Though HAp has none of the properties of ferroelectricity or piezoelectricity, polarization can be induced in HAp ceramics. During heating of HAp ceramics, ion carriers in the ceramics are free to move, and if an electric field is applied, then the applied electric field is channeled towards one direction with the movement of H + ions in the material. In vitro tests have proved that improved osteoblast-like cells were found on the negatively-charged surface. In all of the HAp-BT (BaTiO3) composites, the piezoelectricity value is dependent on the quantity of BT. An improved biological response has been reported with the HAp-BT composites. All of the results obtained until now have varied results due to the different types of measurements employed to measure piezoelectric coefficients. In the case of HAp-BT ceramics, mechanical loading is expected to increase the biological responses. In addition to the inherent CaP's osteoconduction and osteoinduction, various methodologies are employed to improve their performance further. The biological response to CaP is increased by the incorporation of minerals or silicon ions to aid in replicating a composition similar to the mineral phase of bone. Substitution by silicon "Si" and magnesium "Mg" in HAp has induced improved osteoconductivity and resorption in vivo. Another strategy to improve the biological response of the HAp components is by using electrical charges or stress-generated potentials. Improved bone growth around an implant has been reported upon usage of the composites containing a piezoelectric or ferroelectric element, such as BaTiO3 (BT) or KNaNbO3 (KNN) or KLiNbO3 (KLN). Bone displays a piezoelectric character that triggers the bone remodeling upon the induced stress potentials in the bones. By benefiting from the natural bone's piezoresponse, it is possible to design the HAp-piezoelectric composite ceramics as synthetic bone grafts. To conceptualize the synthetic bone graft substitutes, it is mandatory to have clear details of the grain size, composition, synthesis and consolidation technique, microstructure and piezoelectric properties. It is, therefore, possible that the addition of a biocompatible piezoelectric component to HAp may improve the host response to the implant material. In this perspective, BT, a piezoelectric material, seems to be a potential biomaterial, as it can enhance bone formation in a complex physiological environment. Apart from improving the electrical properties with the addition of the ferroelectric phase, Chen et al. suggested that a piezoelectric secondary phase can improve the toughness of the composite due to the energy dissipation and the domain wall's motion. It is, therefore, expected that the addition of BT to HAp may improve the mechanical and electrical response of the developed biocomposite. BT has been shown to be biocompatible in canine subjects in vivo and to generate electric currents after implantation in bone, though it has not been shown that the growth of bone in these implants was induced by stress-generated potentials. Until now, various research groups have established two well-developed composite structures, HAp60-BT40 and HAp40-BT60. The dielectric constant of the human cortical bone has been found to be a very sensitive function of water content. The dielectric constant of dry human cortical bone is around 10. However, the room temperature values of the dielectric constant and loss for both of the developed composites, HAp60-BT40 and HAp40-BT60, are 21 and 38 and 0.01 and 0.02, respectively. Dubey et al. sintered HAp-BT composites at low temperature by SPS, but because of the momentary generation of the spark of plasma, the local temperature is high. Due to this, a small loss of oxygen from BT or OH − ions from HAp is possible. Such defects potentially rise to the localized energy levels between the valence and conduction band. BT-based ceramics are believed to exhibit modest piezoelectric activity, with a piezoelectric co-efficient (d33) of ~191 pC/N. Recent studies revealed that the values of piezoelectric properties, namely d33, the planar electromechanical coupling factor (Kp) and relative permittivity, increased by controlling the grain size. To retain the cubic phase of BT, it has been found that when the grain size >80 nm, the tetragonality decreases, implying that the tetragonality decreases with the increase in grain size. Further, a maximum dielectric constant is obtained at ambient temperature for grains with dimensions of around 700-800 nm, and these values of the dielectric constant are relatively higher in comparison to its micrometric counterparts. The other influence of grain size on the ferroelectric characteristics of the BT is observed through the evolution of the ferroelectric domains. The piezoelectric coefficient reduces with an increase of HAp content, due to the rigidity of HAp causing the clamping effect. Reports show piezoelectricity with a content of BT of more than 70%, but it has been demonstrated that the piezoelectric co-efficiency can be increased by optimizing the sintering parameters. It has been reported that the cell viability, morphology and metabolic activity of the cells are not affected by BT content in the ceramics. Transparent Bioceramics Currently, transparent ceramics are used for various applications, such as the viewport for an aggressive atmosphere, high mechanical strength, windows/domes/lens, lasers, scintillators, Faraday rotators, refractories, biomedical applications, laser cutting tools, etc. Though HAp single crystals are available, transparent ceramics of HAp have increased mechanical strength due to their polycrystalline nature. However, polycrystallinity could induce translucency due to the random orientation of the grains. Transparent bioceramics have potential applications to be used for direct viewing of living cells by replicating conditions similar to those in vivo, by avoiding the sacrifice of animals for experiments. Transparent bioceramics can be also employed as the viewport for surgery in delicate areas, such as skull, to pass a laser beam through to operate on the injured site ( Figure 4). Recent experiments have also successfully shown the potential applications of bioceramics. To date, transparent dense bioceramics have been obtained at temperatures ~800 °C. Based on the techniques used, the grain sizes vary in the range of 50 nm-250 m and with minimum porosity. Various research groups also reported on obtaining translucent HAp ceramics. In contrast to traditional ceramics with respect to the porous or nearly dense structure, transparent ceramics have nearly zero porosity. The transparency of the ceramics permits the different wavelengths to pass through and, at the same time, to retain their inherent properties. Light transmission, in the absence of porosity, makes the surface have high purity and, with the absence of vitreous phases significantly, expands the applications of these transparent bioceramics. As with other ceramic fabrication methodologies, the fabrication of transparent ceramics involves sintering of nanopowders under pressure and temperature. Fabrication processes involve the usage of the shaping of the powder with techniques such as tape casting, slip casting, uniaxial pressing, cold isostatic pressing and compaction in the presence of a magnetic field. The shaping process is followed by sintering processes with the use of conventional sintering, hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing, microwave sintering, spark plasma sintering, hydrothermal sintering and vacuum sintering. To increase the density, various additives are used. To obtain high transparency in sintered ceramics, the electron transition into the orbitals and the inherent birefringence of the material play a vital role. The influence of pore size in transparent ceramics affecting the transparency depends on the refractive index. In the case of cubic structured materials, the scattering around the pore does not affect the transparency, unless the material has high inherent birefringence. Whereas for non-cubic structured materials, if at all, having porosity, the pore size should be less than the wavelength of light, due to the additional light scattering that would arise from the grain boundaries and the optical inhomogeneity from the birefringence. Furthermore, the scattering or absorption also increases with the thickness and the grain size of the sintered body. As discussed in the previous section, the porosity in ceramics plays a significant role in yielding transparency. If the density is high (>99.50%) with fewer pores, then the resulting ceramics will be transparent. The pores present in transparent ceramics could be either intercrystalline or intracrystalline. Intercrystalline pores occur at crystal boundaries, which are sinks of vacancies, and can be removed much more easily in comparison to intracrystalline pores. Intracrystalline pores acquire equilibrium faceting and trap gaseous phase impurities that make the pores difficult to remove. The size of the crystals in the transparent ceramics should be small to minimize the chances of the growing crystallites trapping the pores. Dwell time at the final sintering temperature causes the coalescence of vacancies into intracrystalline pores. Interest in transparent ceramics grew since the successful demonstration of obtaining transparent ceramics of high melting temperature materials. By combining the advanced technology of nanopowders with sintering, various transparent polycrystalline ceramics, such as Al2O3, MgO, MgAl2O4, Y3Al5O12 (YAG), Y2O3 and yttria-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ), have been fabricated by spark plasma sintering. Single crystals are generally preferred for optical applications, but since the development of sintering technology to fabricate ceramics, transparent ceramics are considered to be an alternative to single crystals. It is possible to control the sintering parameters and realize transparent ceramics with optical properties similar to single crystals. Single crystal fabrication is time consuming and complicated; usually, the size of the sample is predetermined by the crystal structure of the material. Hence, crystal growth is expensive and less productive. Transparent ceramics are one of the viable options to replace single crystals, which is obtained by controlling the grain size to be less than 100 nm. The transparency at a certain wavelength () is directly correlated to the size of the grains (grain) of the ceramic ( < grain). To achieve smaller grain sizes in the microstructure of the ceramic, there are various sintering parameters, such as sintering temperature, applied pressure, dwell time, heating/cooling rate and the atmosphere (gas, vacuum), which are very important to optimize. The sintering also ensures a homogeneous and fine microstructure. Achieving small grains ensures a transparency similar to single crystals, but also, finer grains have a number of grain boundaries that impedes the dislocation motion. Grain size reduction improves toughness, as well. Then, ceramics with large grains exhibit poor mechanical strength in comparison to materials with smaller grains. The average size of the grain increases rapidly with increasing heating rate, leading to an inhomogeneous grain size distribution inhibiting the transparency of the ceramic. Significant stress formed among the grains leads to an inhomogeneous and large average grain size at a higher heating rate. Conventional polycrystalline ceramic materials have many light-scattering centers (refractive index modulation and optical diffusion around the grain boundary; index changes by inclusions or pores; segregations of the different phases; birefringence; and surface scattering by roughness), giving less transparency. Optically-transparent ceramics are often fabricated by either hot pressing (HP), hot isostatic pressing (HIP) or vacuum sintering/very high temperatures, all using ultrapure ultrafine powders. These processes are expensive, complicated and long. Another interest in our spark plasma sintering process is the capability to assemble some materials that are impossible to bond (metal/metal, ceramic/metal, single crystal/ceramic, ceramic/ceramic, single crystal/single crystal) with another technique without any binder or additive. However, these polycrystalline oxides, with nanometric grains, did not exhibit the expected theoretical inline transmittance (~85%), especially in the ultraviolet and the low visible wavelengths. This optical behavior may be explained by the presence of pores that are often observed at the grain junctions of ceramics subjected to SPS. These residual pores are in the same size range as the incident wavelengths and act as efficient scattering sources at a corresponding wavelength. In transparent ceramics, 100 ppm of porosity may reduce the intensity of the transmitted light by 50%-70%, with an increase in the ceramic refraction index. Consequently, this low volume fraction of pores should be eliminated, when highly transparent polycrystalline ceramics in the visible range are desired. Recently, highly transparent ceramics with controlled microstructures have been prepared by a two-step pressure profile, i.e., a low pre-loading pressure at low temperatures and high pressure at high temperatures. The heating rate is another important sintering parameter for densification in the second and third stages. Although a fast heating rate >30 °C/min is widely used in SPS, a lower heating rate was applied to fabricate highly transparent Al2O3 and MgAl2O4. The optical transparency of HAp ceramics has been reported by various researchers, despite its non-cubic crystal symmetry. Jarcho et al. reported on the transparent HAp ceramics of a slip cast sample followed by pressureless sintering, where the temperature is ~1000-1100 °C for a duration of 1 h. Uematsu et al. reported on the transparent ceramics obtained by slip casting followed by HIP at 800 °C for 2 h at 100 MPa. The slip cast samples yielded high transparency in comparison to the dry powder compacts of HAp. Ioku et al. reported on the hydrothermal hot pressing of amorphous calcium phosphate, and Fang et al. reported on cold isostatic pressed samples followed by microwave sintering. Watanabe et al. and Ioku et al. reported on SPS sintering of dry powders. It is believed that SPS causes a texturing effect in the sample, leading to high transparency in the sample. Fang et al. used needle-formed powders with an average particle size of ~25 nm, which were isostatically cold pressed at 350 MPa and densified rapidly by using microwave sintering, resulting into a densified compact with ~0.25 m. Nakahira et al. reported on the improvement of the bioactivity in the samples sintered by SPS in comparison to hot pressing, due to the OH − deficiency and Ca 2+ deficiency at the grain boundaries in addition to the electrical poling caused during SPS. Gu et al. reported on the effect of different temperatures from 850 to 1100 °C. Majling et al. reported on the highly densified HAp monolithic xerogels by using temperatures below 900 °C with pre-consolidation by cold isostatic pressing. Benaqqa et al. reported on the crack growth behavior of HAp ceramics, and the influence of aging has been discussed. Sintering in a narrow temperature range is said to increase the mechanical properties and sintering temperatures; >1200 °C is said to decrease the crack resistance due to transgranular failure and micro-cracking. Gandhi et al. reported a high level of transparency >65% for HAp ceramics with the combination of texture along the c-axis and physical density. Samples sintered at 900 °C have been reported to have high transparency. Varma et al. reported on the fabrication of transparent HAp ceramics by sintering gel-cast powders at 1000 °C for 2 h, where the grain sizes were in the range of 250 m with high mechanical hardness. Eriksson et al. reported on the fabrication of transparent ceramics of HAp with nanograins in the rod form by SPS with the application of high pressure up to 500 MPa. Applying high pressures has led to reducing the sintering temperature. The transparent HAp nanoceramics are suitable for direct observation of bio-interfacial reactions with improved spatial and temporal resolution by confocal microscopy. Uehira et al. reported on the preparation and characterization of low crystalline hydroxyapatite nanoporous plates and granules by assembling and without the use of any template/binder/high temperature-high pressure conditions. The assembled transparent HAp ceramics had 60 vol% of porosity and exhibited excellent cell adhesion due to porosity. Zhong et al. reported on obtaining transparent ceramics with three different types of grain shapes, such as micro-spheres, nano-rods and nano-spheres. Although the samples of nano-rods and nano-spheres were reported to have high mechanical strength, these samples exhibited low transparency/opaqueness; whereas the samples sintered with micro-spheres resulted in a transparency >85% in the visible spectrum. At Institut de Chimie de la Matire Condense de Bordeaux (ICMCB), France two different types of powders were used for the fabrication of transparent ceramics of HAp by spark plasma sintering. One of the powders was a commercially available powder of 50 nm, and the other type of powder synthesized by Riga Technical University (RTU), Latvia, had an average grain size around 15-20 nm. The sintering conditions were optimized to avoid porosity and reach the maximum density for HAp by spark plasma sintering. Based on the optimized sintering conditions for HAp by SPS, a sintering temperature of 900 °C was used with a dwell time of 10 min, a heating/cooling rate of 20 °C/min and the maximum pressure of 100 MPa applied at ambient temperature under a vacuum. The X-ray diffraction patterns of sintered ceramics ( Figure 5) of different powders show that there is no phase transformation/decomposition after sintering at different temperatures. However, the powder with a grain size in the range of 15-20 nm leads to low crystallinity in comparison to the powder with a grain size of 50 nm. The microstructures of the sintered HAp ( Figure 6) under similar conditions at 900 °C show that the grain size after sintering leads to grain growth to 200 nm and 100 nm for powders with initial grain sizes of 50 nm and 15-20 nm, respectively. Regarding the transparency of the sintered samples (Figure 7) of HAp, the samples corresponding to initial grain sizes of 50 nm yield high transparency and trap less carbon into the pores; whereas the samples of an initial grain size of 15-20 nm are fragile and yield 30% less transparency in the visible spectrum than samples of an initial grain size of 50 nm. Agglomeration of the particles causes the porosity, whereas the high surface area of the nanoparticles traps the carbon and, hence, makes the ceramics dark in comparison to the sample with an initial grain size of 50 nm, indicating a critical size limit of the starting nanopowders and the powder preparation methodology. Conclusions Hydroxyapatite bioceramics are of growing interest due to their biological activity and their biocompatibility. With the advancement of nanotechnology and sintering technology, it is possible to obtain high strength bioceramics with the required enforcements or combinations, such as ceramic/polymer, ceramic/ceramic, ceramic/metal or a combination of dense/porous ceramics, based on the application and implant site. The current shaping technology/sintering enables us to obtain dense or porous bioceramics. The procedure of synthesizing the nanopowders, the shape and size of the grain play a major role in the final properties of the ceramics. The advanced sintering technology can help in designing the required properties of the bioceramics by altering the microstructure, composition and surface chemistry. However, the details on the thermal stability of various sintering processes are not clear. The thermal behavior of the sintered bioceramics by various processes is important in analyzing the decomposition and the solubility in the biological system. The current state of the art shows the various applications of dense bioceramics; however, to ascertain the essential applications, such as bone bonding and resorbability, more research has to be diverted in this direction. Since Aoki reported on the usage of HAp in the field of orthopedic surgery, this has opened vistas to study in vivo animal models. Despite the excellent biocompatibility of HAp, significant rates of implant collapse also have been reported in anterior cervical fusion. Few reports show the resorbability of dense, compact HAp in the adjacent healing site. Mechanical aspects, such as compressive strength and tensile strength, are reported to be higher in dense HAp in comparison to cortical bone and porous HAp. Yamamuro et al. reported on in vivo animal investigation of dense HAp and wollastonite/apatite glass, a ceramic that bound strongly to the bone, and the bonding strength did not decrease even after 25 weeks after implantation. The fusion rate of the dense HAp was found to be similar to that of autogenous bone, and the rate is better in lumbar spine than in the cervical spine, which was reported by Pintar et al. in an in vitro animal study. Short-term clinical results until now have shown promising results of dense HAp, but due to the lack of long-term experimental data on the usage of dense HAp ceramics, much of the potential applications of dense HAp remain unexplored. The details on the solubility of various levels of crystallization and the stoichiometry of HAp play a significant role in the determination of the degradation and solubility under biological conditions. There are very limited reports on the degradation and solubility of various chemical components of HAp and their stoichiometry. Currently, various forms, such as macro-granules, cylinders, cubes, rectangular parallelepipeds, screws and dense blocks of HAp, are used. The mechanical property of dense HAp is superior to the artificial materials that are employed in the intervertebral spacer. However, further additional improvements are needed to improve the mechanical strength of HAp. The current state of the art warrants further research in this direction. HAp composites either with metals or polymers have increased mechanical strength, as well, but further efforts are required to cater to the needs of load-bearing bones. The investigations of bio-piezocomposites are in the initial stages, where the influence of the material composition on the piezoelectric properties is yet to be analyzed. Currently, BaTiO3 is one of the key material used in bio-piezocomposites. However, BaTiO3 is influenced by the critical grain size effect to yield good ferroelectric properties. There are other materials based on alkali elements and with core shells that could help with increasing the piezoelectric effect of the artificial graft. More research has to be also diverted towards the increase of the density of bio-piezocomposites. The other aspect of potential interest is the transparency of the bioceramics, which has been recently successfully employed in passing laser radiation to reach crucial regions, like brain, for surgery. Further, due to the high strength and flexibility, recently, a transparent skull mimicking the human skull has been successfully tested. Due to the bioactivity and similarity to the human bone mineral, the tests done on the transparent HAp can be helpful to study in vivo conditions in vitro by avoiding the huge number of animal sacrifices done for the same. Further investigations are necessary to validate the type of grains required for sintering and to yield transparency. The add-on benefits, such as the gradient porosity or minimum porosity, could help in incorporating some of the growth-assisting drugs for bone growth. The current state of the art on the biodegradation and bioresorbability of dense HAp requires more details to know the activity of dense HAp in the long-term in SBF. To use the synthesized bioceramics for practical applications, they have to be sterilized. Based on the different chemical components of the bioceramics, different sterilization methods are used. Hence, we cannot generalize about any one particular technique/method to sterilize bioceramics. Sterilization of bioceramics could be done principally by heat (steam: 20 min/121 °C/~2 bar; or flash heating: 6 min/134 °C/~2 bar; dry: 2 h/160 °C/~1 bar), chemical (ethylene oxide gas: 18 h/50 °C/1 bar; hydrogen peroxide vapor: 1 h/50 °C/1 bar; peracetic acid liquid: 30 min/55 °C/1 bar) or radiation ( rays from Co60: 20 h/40 °C/1 bar) treatment. The process can be adapted depending on the composition of the bioceramics, in particular if few of the constituent compounds are more or less sensitive to temperature, such as certain polymers. If the biomaterial is constituted by only inorganic material, such as bioceramics, the most suited treatment is heating by steam autoclaving, because it is the oldest, safest and least expensive effective process. In a few cases, common sterilization processes could not be applied for biocomposites, such as the inorganic phase for the ceramic structure + organic phase for the hydrogel + therapeutic molecule for the drug. In such a case, a new emerging non-thermal sterilizing process could be applied, which is high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at 20 min/20 °C/4000 bar), also known as cold sterilization or pascalization. To conclude the review, more research is required for the validation of dense and compact bioceramics for biomedical applications. |
Aryl amines with benzylic substituents (i.e., α-branched aryl amines, e.g., 1, Scheme 1) are widely used building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, pesticides, chiral auxiliaries, and chiral ligands. New methods are needed for the preparation of α-branched aryl amines. Specifically, there is a need for methodology that prepares chiral α-branched aryl amines under mild and/or catalytic conditions. Amines with α-aryl substituents can be readily prepared from α-branched aryl phthalimides (cf., 2) by hydrazinolysis. The precursor α-branched aryl phthalimide functional group comprises many pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and pesticides.
The Mannich and Ugi reactions are the oldest and most widely used methods for preparing complex amines (cf. Scheme 2, panels A and B). Under each of these conditions, an amine condenses with a ketone or aldehyde to form an imine or iminium ion (cf. 3) intermediate. Under the Mannich reaction conditions, this intermediate subsequently reacts with an enolizable ketone, aldehyde, or preformed enolate to give a β-amino carbonyl. Under the Ugi (multicomponent) reaction conditions, an imine reacts with an isocyanide, and the resulting intermediate is subsequently trapped by, for example, water to give an α-amino amide. In the Petasis modification of the Mannich reaction, vinyl and aryl boronic acids are treated with a mixture of amine and carbonyl to give vinyl amines and aryl amines, respectively. A major practical advantage of these reactions includes the opportunity to exploit the multicomponent facets of these processes for the single-step preparation of complex amines.
As demonstrated by the previous examples, iminium ions are the most fundamental reactive intermediates for processes that prepare amine-containing organic molecules. Iminium intermediates are highly electrophilic at carbon and are known to react with a myriad of nucleophiles to give products with complex and diverse structures. Methods have recently emerged for generating iminium ions from N,O-acetals (cf. 4, Scheme 3) in the presence of Lewis acids (for examples, see Renaud, P., Stojanovic, A. Tetrahedron Letters 1996, 37, 2569-2572, Stojanovic, A., Renaud, P., Schenk, K. Helvetica Chimica Acta 1998, 81, 268-284, Liu, R.-C., Huang, W., Ma, J.-Y., Wei, B.-G., Lin, G.-Q. Tetrahedron Letters 2009, 50, 4046-4049, Onomura, O., Ikeda, T., Kuriyama, M., Matsumura, Y., Kamogawa, S. Heterocycles 2010, 82, 325-332, Lee, W.-I., Jung, J.-W., Jang, J., Yun, H., Suh, Y.-G. Tetrahedron Letters 2013, 54, 5167-5171). Under these conditions, the Lewis acid reagent likely activates the N,O-acetal by coordinating to oxygen (cf. 5). Elimination of the Lewis acid-coordinated oxygen atom forms an iminium ion (cf. 6), which is poised to react intermolecularly with a nucleophile to form the amine product (cf. 7).
Despite the advances in the synthesis of complex nitrogen-containing organic molecules via the Mannich and Ugi reactions, alternative procedures that avoid the use of primary amines, boronic acids, and isocyanides would be beneficial when the desired molecules contain sensitive functional groups. In this regard, N,O-acetals are promising alternatives for the generation of iminium ion intermediates. Due to their potential utility, there is a need for improved methods for preparing N,O-acetals that are both more efficient and can give rise to a library of substrates. Additionally, the scope of nucleophiles that are capable of reacting with the putative iminium ion intermediates has not been fully explored. |
Last week's move by the Greenwich Post to shutter the publication of its weekly edition, citing a lack of print advertising revenue, is the latest in a string of changes in news delivery around lower Fairfield County that has resulted in a rapidly shifting landscape for media.
The paper's ride into the sunset came on the same day that its publisher, Hersam Acorn, announced a similar fate for its weekly papers in Fairfield and in the Naugatuck Valley, and almost exactly a year after the Hearst-owned weekly Greenwich Citizen was absorbed by the Greenwich Time.
"Greenwich and Fairfield are amazing communities, and they're crowded with print product," said Hersam Chief Operating Officer Martin Hersam. "We were always the third entry into that market, and when the recession hit and the industry shifted, the dollars were migrating to the Greenwich Time, which is the leader of the market. So much of our revenue now from Greenwich comes in the form of online revenue, so it didn't make a lot of sense for us to continue in print there."
This isn't the first time the company has decided to shift to a digital-only presence; publications in Bridgeport and Amity made the switch a few years ago. But Hersam said he doesn't anticipate the print products in the other 13 markets throughout the area to make that kind of move in the near future.
"We still feel that, and we know that, the bulk of our revenue still comes from the print products and we know it still delivers," said Hersam. With the closure of the Greenwich Post, the company is bidding farewell to its highest-circulated paper, with 8,700 copies weekly in 2014, according to Hersam's rate card. Now the largest paper in the group is The Darien Times, with just over 6,200 copies a week, down about 4 percent from last year's figures.
The end of a newspaper's print run is often accompanied by sad nostalgia and prophecies about the inevitable death of print. The development in Greenwich is no exception.
"I'm always sad to see news outlets diminished," said Barbara Roessner, executive editor of Hearst Connecticut Media Group, which publishes Greenwich Time. "The challenge for us is to cover these communities in an ever-more relevant, meaningful way. This heightens our responsibility."
But while the medium may be shifting, Hersam said it is important to note that the message may not. The staff is being pushed and pulled in different directions, and many are being redeployed to other towns, but the Greenwich Post is still planning to include itself in Greenwich's media portfolio. They'll simply do so purely online.
That's where many Americans get their news anyway. A report released by Pew Research Center in 2013 found that half of the public cites the Internet as a main source for news, compared with 28 percent who cite newspapers. Back in 2001, newspapers were the top source for 45 percent of the public, while the Internet was first for 13 percent.
The Greenwich Post isn't the only newspaper in town that understands these realities.
"There continue to be challenging conditions with changing consumer preferences, including mobile," said Henry B. Haitz III, president and publisher of the Hearst Connecticut Media Group. "It's yet to be determined if there will be a digital-only future or the timing of that but print continues to be an important part of our business even as Hearst Connecticut makes significant gains in the digital space."
But while no one has a crystal ball to determine whether newspapers will simply become a relic like a glass Coke bottle, in 5, 10 or 15 years, members of the media who rely solely on digital products maintain it's just a matter of time.
"The future has to be all digital," said Carll Tucker, who founded the Daily Voice network of news sites after the newspaper in the Duchess County, N.Y., town where he owns a weekend home stopped publishing on short notice, leaving residents without coverage. His concept for online news, which is similar to the sites launched by Patch.com before him, came as a solution to what Tucker refers to as news deserts -- providing important information in places that had no outlet.
That's not the case in Greenwich, where media companies salivate at the opportunity to sell ads in one of the nation's richest towns. In addition to the Greenwich Post, Greenwich Time, and DailyVoice, Townsquare Media, Greenwich Magazine, ItsRelevant.com, Business TalkRadio Networks and Patch.com are all either headquartered or have a presence in Greenwich.
"If you're offering something that's not available elsewhere, you can get rapid penetration. But on the other hand, in a place like Greenwich, it's a fair fight against a very strong and well-entrenched newspaper, so it takes longer," Tucker said of his fight for clicks. "Fortunately for our model, we don't have to win in any given town. We just have to win overall. So it's not like the old newspaper business days when there's a battle for Greenwich or this town or that town."
That model didn't work for Patch, which was launched by Greenwich resident Tim Armstrong, and enjoyed the deep pockets of AOL. After bursting onto the scene in Fairfield County in the summer of 2009, Patch was hailed by some as the future of journalism. But rapid expansion and the inability to make a profit led to the company's downfall, with layoffs last January hacking 24 of the 30 local editor positions across the state of Connecticut and hampering its reduced staff's ability to break news. Once seen as a competitor in the field, that time seems to have passed.
"To be perfectly candid, Patch and DailyVoice and those digital pure plays that never had a printed product, their numbers and their advertising revenue is so low, we don't really consider them competitors," Hersam said on Thursday. "They're just not. They might scoop a little bit of traffic, but nothing significant. & They're way understaffed and they're spotty at best at breaking news."
It's a shortcoming Tucker acknowledges, but he maintains that adding some news into the marketplace is better than leaving entire towns without a news option, as might be the case in places outside of Fairfield County.
"Our editorial mantra, it's not the same as the values of an old newsroom. I think with online news, there is a loss of seriousness and a growth of rapidity. The loss of seriousness is ultimately, I think, worrisome for the body politic, but my DailyVoice's objective is to make sure that millions of Americans have some community news when they might have had none," Tucker said, adding that he hopes to expand his business's reach to 48 states within the next three years, using his formula of quick, short stories, capped at about 300 words each.
Those tight word counts cut down the ability to report fun or introspective features and profiles, something former Greenwich Post columnist Jenny Byxbe said she is afraid will be lost in our society as we move to shorter, easier-to-digest updates.
"I think people are going to miss some of the good stories that came out of the weekly paper," said Byxbe. "Some of the warm and fuzzy pieces, where there isn't always an underlying motive or story, just kids doing good things or whatever it may be."
Not so, said Michael Dinan, a former Greenwich Time reporter who worked at Patch for several years before his was position was eliminated in last January's layoffs. Two days after losing his gig at Patch's New Canaan site, he launched a local blog, NewCanaanite.com, and has been able to turn it into a successful full-time job for himself through the support of about 12 or 15 advertisers, he said.
"I'm reporting the same stories. They're the same stories I could have written 10 years ago, but I'm using different skills and I'm making different decisions with them," he said. "I don't think readers really suffer when something like this happens. It's just another viable option, another way we can bring news to people." |
Community, and: Celestial Monochord: Journal of the Institute for Astrophysics and the Hillbilly Blues, and: The Art of the Rural: Considering Rural Arts and Culture in the Twenty-First Century (review) In the almost twenty years since University of Illinois programmers first popularized the reverse-chronological listthe Whats Next page eventually built into Netscape browsers blogs have grown nimble and robust enough to manage anything that anyone might want to convey. Services such as Facebook are further enhancing the blog concept with tools for sharing and communicating among friends. Frequently updated Web sites usually filled with links, news, commentary, or personal stories, blogs were once widely regarded as vehicles for personal rants. Now, a growing number of bloggers are leveraging the formats unique strengths to inform, learn, and tell stories together easily, quickly, and in compelling ways. Those interested in vernacular culture are no exception. While scholarly communication in folklore studies remains largely rooted in traditional publication models, innumerable dialogs of interest to folklorists are underway in the blogosphere. This review surveys three active blogs (as of May 2010) within larger communities of interest, interconnected and socially networked with other bloggers and readers through blogrolls, comments, backlinks (incoming links), and linkbacks (a method for Web authors to receive notifications when others link to their pages). The blogs discussed below suggest a degree of dialogic connection, if not with blog comment sections then by inclusion in each others blogrolls, which are lists of recommended links to blogs usually found in sidebar lists. |
/*********************************************************************************************************************************************************
Provides Map of schema url -> XSD name per Module
*********************************************************************************************************************************************************/
private class SchemaFileNamesCachedProvider implements ParameterizedCachedValueProvider<Map<String, String>, Module> {
@Nullable
@Override
public CachedValueProvider.Result<Map<String, String>> compute(Module module) {
try {
ArrayList<Object> dependencies = new ArrayList<Object>();
dependencies.add(ProjectRootManager.getInstance(module.getProject()));
Map<String, String> schemas = getSchemasFromSpringSchemas(module);
return CachedValueProvider.Result.create(schemas, dependencies);
} catch (Exception e) {
return null;
}
}
private Map<String, String> parseSpringSchemas(String springSchemasContent) {
BidiMap schemaUrlsAndFileNames = new TreeBidiMap();
for (String line : springSchemasContent.split("\n")) {
if (line != null && !line.startsWith("#") && line.contains("=")) {
String url = line.substring(0, line.indexOf("=")).replaceAll("\\\\", "");
String fileName = line.substring(line.indexOf("=") + 1);
if (schemaUrlsAndFileNames.containsValue(fileName)) {
if (url.contains("current")) { //Avoid duplicates and prefer URL with "current"
schemaUrlsAndFileNames.removeValue(fileName);
schemaUrlsAndFileNames.put(url, fileName);
}
} else {
schemaUrlsAndFileNames.put(url, fileName);
}
}
}
return schemaUrlsAndFileNames;
}
private Map<String, String> getSchemasFromSpringSchemas(@NotNull Module module) throws Exception {
Map<String, String> schemasMap = new HashMap<>();
PsiFile[] psiFiles = FilenameIndex.getFilesByName(module.getProject(), "spring.schemas", GlobalSearchScope.moduleWithDependenciesAndLibrariesScope(module));
for (PsiFile nextSpringS : psiFiles) {
VirtualFile springSchemasFile = nextSpringS.getVirtualFile();
if (springSchemasFile != null) {
String springSchemasContent = new String(springSchemasFile.contentsToByteArray());
schemasMap.putAll(parseSpringSchemas(springSchemasContent));
}
}
//Fix for HTTP module schema vs old HTTP transport schema
schemasMap.put("http://www.mulesoft.org/schema/mule/http/current/mule-http.xsd", "META-INF/mule-httpn.xsd");
return schemasMap;
}
} |
Extension of Operation Region for Steady State Operation on QUEST by Integrated Control with Hot Walls The controllability of particle supply during long-term discharge in a high-temperature environment was investigated at the Q-shu University Experiment with steady state spherical tokamak (QUEST). QUEST has a high-temperature wall capable of active heating and cooling as a plasma-facing wall. With this hot wall, a temperature rise test was conducted with 673 K as the target temperature. It was confirmed that the hot wall could maintain the temperature above 600 K. Feedback control of particle fueling was conducted to control H emission, which is closely related to influx to the wall. Using this particle fueling control and setting the hot wall temperature to 473 K, it was possible to obtain a discharge of more than 6 h. In this discharge, the fueling rate of particles decreased with time, and finally became zero, losing the particle fueling controllability. However, as soon as the cooling water started to flow through the hot wall, particles could be supplied again, and controllability was restored. Thus, indicating that temperature control of the plasma first wall is important even in the hightemperature environment of 473 K to control particle retention of the wall. Introduction Particle recycling is an essential thing in a long-term discharge of tokamak. However, the controllability of particle fueling becomes difficult in the later phase of longterm discharge. This is because, when discharging for a long time, the temperature rises and thermal desorption occurs from the first wall or other components of the vacuum vessel, and the fueling of unintended particles gradually increases. The effects of particle recycling on long-term discharge have been investigated in many fusion experimental devices. Although it is a relatively low parameter (plasma current: 20 kA, density: 10 18 m −3, and RF power: 7 kW), TRIAM-1 M achieved a discharge of 3 h 10 min. It was also shown that the first wall shifts from particle storage to release as the wall temperature rises during longterm discharge. In LHD, plasma discharge with helium was performed for more than 40 min, and changes in wall pumping in a discharge were observed with global particle balance analysis. According to JET ITER-like wall (ILW) operation, the temperature of the tungsten (W) surface divertor plate, which is not actively cooled, rises with plasma exposure, and the desorption of deuterium atoms or molecules occurs significantly. Alcator C-Mod and ASDEX-U showed that recycling not only divertor author's e-mail: [email protected] * ) This article is based on the presentation at the 29th International Toki Conference on Plasma and Fusion Research (ITC29). but also the main chamber plays a significant role in global particle balance. In Tore Supra, an unintended increase in density was observed with a long discharge of 2 min. It is because the wall of the part far from the plasma and not sufficiently baked was heated by a heat radiation from the plasma and water desorption occurred. Thus, particle desorption occurs at various locations in the device, and it is necessary to actively control so as not to cause unintended fueling recycling. Q-shu University Experiment with steady state spherical tokamak (QUEST) has a high-temperature wall called a hot wall as a plasma-facing wall, and can actively heat and cool the hot wall. Long-term discharge using a high-temperature wall can reduce the particle retention of the first wall and suppress an unexpected increase in density. Future fusion power plants will operate in hightemperature environment of around 773 K owing to required power generation efficiency. Thus, it is essential to investigate particle recycling in high-temperature environment using a hot wall of QUEST. The operation of QUEST began in 2008, and noninductive plasma ramp-up experiments using electron cyclotron waves, and steady state operation experiments were conducted. Since 2010, long-term discharges have been attempted at several magnetic field configurations and wall temperatures. Besides, the experiment using the hot wall started in 2014. The discharge time is increasing yearly, and the discharge of more than 1 h was obtained in 2016. From 2018, the center stack (CS) has been changed from a stainless plate sprayed with APS-W to a small tile made of stainless steel type 316 L to improve maintainability. Configuration of hot wall The hot wall is installed in a conical shape inside the vacuum vessel (Fig. 1), and is attached using a leaf spring to avoid thermal elongation. Its material is stainless steel type 316 L coated with 0.1-mm-thick APS-W. The hot wall structure is described in detail in. The hot wall is divided into 24 sections in the toroidal direction. One section consists of a panel with an electric heater and a thermocouple embedded in it. An oxygen-free copper plate is also sandwiched so that the temperature distribution becomes uniform. In addition, two cooling water pipes are in contact with the hot wall via stainless steel plates, each of which has different thermal resistance. This is because if the cooling water pipe contacts directly with hot walls, it will be overcooled. Radiation shields are installed between the hot wall and the vacuum vessel wall to avoid an excessive temperature rise of the vacuum vessel wall. The radiation shield is made by stacking thin stainless steel plates in layers at intervals. The radiation shield prevents the radiant heat from the hot wall from going directly to the vacuum vessel wall. Figure 2 shows the toroidal section view of lower hot walls. There are 24 sections of hot walls in the toroidal direction. It is grouped into one for every four sections and has six groups in the toroidal direction. Since it is further divided into a conical part, a horizontal part, and an upper and lower part, it is divided into 24 groups (= 6 in the toroidal direction 2 in conical and horizontal part 2 in the upper and lower part) in total. All groups have thermocouples for heater control. Feedback controls of heater powers are conducted based on these temperatures. A total of 200 thermocouples are installed on the hot wall. Besides, many thermocouples are installed in other places to investigate the temperature profile in detail. For example, more than 80 and 50 thermocouples are installed in the vacuum vessel and radiation shield, respectively. Heater system and temperature rise test Using such a temperature feedback control system and a measurement function; a temperature rise test was performed. The set temperature of the hot wall and the vacuum vessel were 673 K and 373 K, respectively. Figure 3 shows the results. The test was conducted over 4 d while confirming the safety, such as thermal strain. The vacuum vessel elongation due to thermal strain was also measured using a laser displacement meter. In the temperature rise test, the preset temperature was raised steps by step, such as 473 K, 523 K, and 573 K. It was held at each temperature for about 1 d. Finally, the set temperature was set at 673 K. As a result, most parts of the hot wall exceeded 600 K. The radiation shield plate was heated to 450 K or more by radiant heat from the hot wall. The temperature rise test at a set temperature of 673 K is only once this time so far. A typical set temperature for long-term discharge using a hot wall is 473 K, and cooling water is passed through the CS. Here, the temperature distribution can be divided into three groups: a vacuum vessel, radiation shields, and hot walls, and the temperatures are about 300 K, 400 K, and 450 K, respectively. Feedback control of particle fueling Since plasma emission H is closely related to the particle influx to the first wall, it is essential to control the intensity of H. Therefore, the H increases with an increase in particle fueling. Thus, a feedback loop can be constructed with input as the deviation of H emission and output as the flow rate (Fig. 4). The flow rate can be controlled by a mass flow controller (MFC). The MFC is a device used to measure and control the flow of liquids and gases. In this experiment, MFC capable of controlling the flow rate of 0.2 to 20.0 mL/min of H 2 gas was used. First, the particle supply by MFC was given in a stepwise manner to investigate the response of H Figure 5 shows its result. In Fig. 5, particles are supplied by gas puff only once at the start of plasma discharge. The plasma was maintained by continuing to apply the RF of 8.2 GHz, and particles were supplied by MFC from 15 s in a stepwise manner. The result showed that the H emission increases gradually with a delay of several seconds. One of the reasons for this delay seems to be that the MFC installation position is several meters away from the vacuum vessel. This is because there is a solenoid valve inside the MFC, and it is necessary to avoid the influence of the magnetic field generated by the tokamak device. Other causes of the delay may include particle adsorption by wall pumping. It was obtained that this system is represented by the general transfer function G(s) of eq. 1. It means that this system consists of a delay element and a first-order lag element T. From Fig. 5, the delay element and the first-order lag element T are on the order of a few seconds, which is sig- nificantly larger than other parameters that require control on the order of milliseconds, such as the coil current. The plasma control system (PCS) that controls each parameter operates at 4 kHz, and various parameters, such as the coil current, are controlled by a 4 kHz feedback loop by PCS. For simplicity, the feedback control cycle by MFC is set to every several seconds. It means that when the feedback control changes the flow rate, the feedback control is performed again after waiting for a few seconds until the plasma responds. Figure 6 shows the test result of feedback control of H emission intensity by MFC. Proportional-Integral-Differential (PID) control starts from 10 s, and the target value of H is fixed at 0.5 (a.u.). Calculation of PID control loop is conducted every 15 s; meaning that the particle supply changes every 15 s. Thus, the waveform of Long duration discharge Using the hot wall and feedback control of fuel supply by MFC described so far, long-term discharge was attempted. In this discharge, the heater-heating system tries maintaining the hot wall at 473 K and the vacuum vessel at 373 K. The toroidal and poloidal magnetic fields at the major radius R = 0.6 m were set to 0.14 T and 8 Gauss, respectively. RF input power is about 25 kW at 8.2 GHz. In this setting, the resonance layer is at R = 0.3 m and the magnetic configuration is a limiter configuration (Fig. 1). With this setting, plasma discharge over 6 h was obtained with a plasma density of less than 10 18 m −3 and a plasma current of about 2 kA. Figure 7 shows the limiter configuration plasma in the vacuum vessel of this discharge. The discharge is manually stopped in 6 h. Figure 8 shows the typical wave forms of discharge. In this discharge, feedback control of particle fueling was performed so that the signal level of H became constant at 0.35 (a.u.). The total pressure increases slightly from the beginning of discharge (Fig. 8 (d)). In Figs. 8 (b) and (c), H level is well controlled and constant at 0.35 (a.u.) by decreasing particle fueling rate gradually in the initial stage of discharge. Besides, H level gradually increases after particle fueling rate reaches zero. It means that even in a high-temperature environment of 473 K, particle fueling control cannot be performed in the latter phase of the discharge owing to uncontrollable density rise. Figure 9 shows the changes in the mass spectrometer during long-term discharge. Although the resolution is not high in these mass spectrometer measurements, the amount that can be caused by hydrogen is constant until the first half of the discharge and gradually increases in the last half. In this discharge, MFC supplied hydrogen so that the signal H level becomes constant. Thus, the partial pressure of hydrogen was kept constant in the first half of the discharge. However, in the latter half of the discharge, it was shown that hydrogen was supplied from other than MFC. Besides, the partial pressure of H 2 O has been increasing from the beginning of discharge, which is the same tendency of total pressure of Fig. 8 (d). Figure 10 shows the temperature changes in each part of QUEST during long discharge. The locations are mainly classified into three groups: hot walls, radiation shields, and vacuum vessel. It can be seen that there is a temperature difference of about several tens of kelvin in every part of each group. The rapid temperature rise in several minutes occurs at radiation shields in the initial phase ( Fig. 10 (b)). Since the radiation shields are made by assembling thin stainless steel plates in layers, the heat capacity is small. The small heat capacity can cause a rapid temperature rise. The radiation shield is installed between the hot wall and the vacuum vessel and does not directly face the plasma. Thus, this temperature rise seems to be not direct heating from plasma but resistant heating owing to high frequency multi-reflection of RF. It is worth noting that this increase in temperature does not affect the degree of total pressure. Furthermore, the temperature of the hot walls and the radiation shields gradually rises during the discharge. Some parts of the vacuum vessel are kept at a substantially constant temperature since the cooling water is passed through them. Use of active cooling of hot walls Another long duration discharge over 6 h was obtained. All parameters, such as the preset temperature, poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields, and RF input power were the same as the previous 6 h discharge. However, cooling water at room temperature was flowing from 300 min to the upper hot wall. Before starting the water flow, the inside of the stainless steel cooling water pipe was the atmosphere, and the temperature of the pipe was about 450 K, which is the same as the hot walls. Since cooling water at room temperature is passed from this state, it seems that sudden boiling occurs, but the flow path is the open end. Thus, the increase in pressure inside the pipe can be suppressed and finally water can flow. Figure 11 shows the waveforms of 6 h long plasma discharge with cooling water. The discharge is also manually stopped after 6 h. In Fig. 11 (c), although the particle supply gradually decreased to zero by 300 s, it is resumed at the same time as the start of cooling water flowed. This is because the cooling water was passed through the upper hot wall and the temperature of the upper hot wall became lowered. Figure 12 shows the temperature changes of the upper and lower hot wall. It can be seen that the temperature of the upper hot wall became lowered at a rate of 0.5 K/min by passing cooling water through the upper hot wall from 300 s. It is worth noting that this temperature decrease has a significant effect on particle retention and controllability, even in a high-temperature environment of 473 K. In this discharge, a phenomenon was also observed where each parameter shown in Fig. 11 oscillates. Figure 13 shows an expanded view of around 71 min when vibration starts in Fig. 11. The plasma current, H signal, fueling rate, and total pressure are vibrating in a cycle of about 1 min. The trigger at which the vibration starts seems to be a sudden decrease in the H signal. Thus, the MFC feedback control increases the particle supply to raise the H signal. However, the H signal increases suddenly since it responds nonlinearly to the particle supply. Therefore, the feedback control by MFC is lowering the particle supply to lower the H signal, and finally makes it zero. The H signal continues to fall, even after the particle supply is reduced to zero, and finally its value drops below the target value of H, so MFC resumes the particle supply. In this way, the vibration continues. The cause of the sudden decrease in the H signal and the nonlinear response of the H signal to the particle supply is unknown, but hunting oscillation is occurring. In this discharge, feedback control by MFC is performed every 5 s. Vibration may be suppressed by extending the control interval and waiting for the plasma response. Hunting oscillation is self-excited and is undesirable from the equilibrium viewpoint. However, the situation seems to be a little different regarding this discharge. To show this, the difference in particle supply between the two 6 h discharges is shown in Fig. 14. As shown in Fig. 14 (b), total fueled particles are calculated from the time integration of the fueling rate of Fig. 14 (a). In shot number 42981, the particle supply by MFC became zero by 200 min ago, and the particle supply cannot be controlled after that. With discharge number 42991, particles can be supplied up to 300 min before. As shown in Fig. 14 (b), the total number of supplied particles between these two discharges is about twice as large by 300 min. It is worth noting that the particle supply rate of the two discharges is almost the same during the time when vibration is not occurring, as can be seen around 50 min, for example. Figure 15 shows one of the causes of the difference in particle fueling between these two discharges. Figure 15 shows the temperature change of 24 sections during 6 h discharge of shot number #42981 ( Fig. 15 (a)) and #42991 ( Fig. 15 (b)). As shown in Fig. 15 (a), most of the sections have a temperature rise of about several tens of kelvin during discharge, or the temperature is kept almost constant. In Fig. 15 (b), the temperature of three of the 24 sections rises before the start of discharge. This is because the heater that heats the area around the thermocouple for control does not operate normally owing to disconnection or ground fault. To raise the temperature of those thermocouples, the output of the peripheral heater also increased, and the temperature of the peripheral part increased. The surface area of the upper hot wall is 4.7 m 2, and the three sections of this are 0.59 m 2. The area of the three sections is less than 3% of the total since the total surface area of the plasma-facing wall is about 23 m 2. In the actual discharge, this abnormal operation was noticed before discharge, and those heaters were stopped manually. Thus, the temperature of the corresponding three sections started decreasing before the start of discharge. Besides, the temperature decreases even during discharge. The decrease in tempera- ture during discharge may affect particle retention, leading to improved controllability of particle fueling. This partial modification of wall temperature is a candidate for controlling the fuel particle balance since the discharge #42991 could be maintained without density raise unlike the discharge #42981. Temperature dependence of CS It has been stated that the preset temperature in a typical long-term discharge is 473 K, and the temperature of CS at this time is about 300 K with cooling water. In the previous CS, APS-W with a thickness of 0.1 mm was sprayed on the base material of stainless steel type 316L, but it was changed to tile-shaped stainless steel type 316 L from 2018. Figure16 shows the difference in particle fueling when the temperature of CS is changed. The temperature was adjusted by stopping the passage of cooling water, and the temperatures at the start of discharge were 42 C (315 K), 86 C (359 K), and 102 C (375 K), respectively. The target value of H signal was set to 0.35 (a.u.), and the plasma was discharged for 1000 s (Fig. 16 (a)). The particles can be supplied until the last 1000 s with all three discharges. Although, the surface area of CS is smaller than the surface area of the hot wall, it can be seen that the number of fueled particles decreases with an increase in temperature (Fig. 16 (b)). Owing to the temperature difference of 60 C, the particle supply amount is 1.5 times different by 1000 s (Fig. 16 (c)). Thus, the difference in CS temperature greatly affects the particles' controllability. It indicates that we had better control the CS temperature and the hot wall, and it is a future work. Discussions and Summary When cooling water was passed through the upper hot wall at a set temperature of 473 K, the temperature of the hot wall dropped and particle fueling was immediately resumed. It indicates that particle retention occurs even in a high-temperature environment of 473 K; it is essential to control the temperature of the hot wall. The radiation shield, which is not the first wall, showed a sudden temperature rise at the initial stage of discharge, but the total pressure did not change accordingly. The total surface of the plasma-facing wall in QUEST is about 23 m 2, and the surfaces of the upper hot wall and CS are 4.7 m 2 (9.4 m 2 in the upper and lower hot wall) and 2.7 m 2, respectively. As shown in Fig. 1, the discharge is a limiter configuration plasma, and while the central part of CS strongly interacts with plasma, wall pumping seems to occur in the upper and lower parts of CS. Even if the surface area of CS is about 10% of the total, the temperature change at that location has a great influence on the total particle supply. It is considered that this is because the temperature of the CS is lower than that of other parts, or that the CS is in a solid stainless steel state without a deposition layer owing to sputtering, and these cases promote wall pumping. It is of great engineering significance to raise and maintain the temperature of the hot wall of QUEST above 600 K against the operating temperature of 773 K of the fusion reactor in the future. Thus, it is possible to discharge in a situation closer to the operating temperature of the future fusion reactor. It is essential to perform a longterm discharge at a set temperature of 673 K and perform a comparative study with particle recycling at a discharge of 473 K. |
package toolinterfaceworkspace.gui.objectmodel.toolinterface;
import mit.cadlab.dome3.gui.guiutils.tree.DomeTreeObject;
import mit.cadlab.dome3.objectmodel.ViewSupport;
import mit.cadlab.dome3.icons.DomeIcons;
import mit.cadlab.dome3.swing.tree.DefaultTreeObject;
import toolinterfaceworkspace.objectmodel.toolinterface.ToolInterface;
import javax.swing.*;
/**
* Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
* User: jacobwronski
* Date: Aug 22, 2003
* Time: 8:30:46 AM
* To change this template use Options | File Templates.
*/
public class ToolInterfaceTreeObject extends DomeTreeObject
{
public ToolInterfaceTreeObject(ToolInterface mi)
{
super(mi);
if (mi instanceof ViewSupport) {
((ViewSupport) mi).addViewListener(new DefaultTreeObject.TreeObjectDListListener());
}
}
protected Icon getClosedIcon()
{
return DomeIcons.getIcon(DomeIcons.INTERFACE);
}
protected Icon getOpenIcon()
{
return DomeIcons.getIcon(DomeIcons.INTERFACE_OPEN);
}
} |
<reponame>ramesaliyev/mom
import { getRepository } from "typeorm";
import { Job } from "../../entities/job";
import { User } from "../../entities/user";
export default async (content) => {
const payload = {...content.payload};
const jobRepository = getRepository(Job);
const userRepository = getRepository(User);
let job: any;
if (payload.id) {
job = await jobRepository.findOne({ id: payload.id });
jobRepository.merge(job, payload);
} else {
job = jobRepository.create(payload);
}
if (payload.owner) {
const user = await userRepository.findOne({ id: payload.owner.id });
job.owner = user;
}
await jobRepository.save(job);
return job;
} |
Islamabad, Pakistan (CNN) -- Flooding has displaced an additional 1 million people in Pakistan's Sindh province in the past two days, according to new U.N. estimates released Friday.
"We have more people on the move, to whom we need to provide relief. An already colossal disaster is getting worse and requiring an even more colossal response," said Maurizio Giuliano, a spokesman for the U.N.'s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
Giuliano said rains have forced the evacuation of an estimated 1 million people in southern Sindh in the past 48 hours or so.
"The magnitude of this crisis is reaching levels that are even beyond our initial fears, which were already leaning towards what we thought would be the worst. The number of those affected and those in need of assistance from us are bound to keep rising. The floods seem determined to outrun our response," he said.
The U.N. also said Friday that it is increasingly concerned about flood-driven malnutrition among children.
"The flooding has surrounded millions of children with contaminated water," said Karen Allen, deputy representative of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in Pakistan. "Most have nothing else to drink. We fear the deadly synergy of waterborne diseases, including diarrhea, dehydration and malnutrition."
Acute malnutrition was high in much of Pakistan even before the floods. For instance, 27 percent of children under 5 in Baluchistan province were malnourished, as were 17 percent of children in Punjab, according to the U.N.
A hospital in Sindh is overrun with people suffering from waterborne illness; two children share each bed and more are on the floor. A doctor at the hospital said there are "not enough resources because of huge population ... coming to this hospital."
Remat Chacher, a farmer in Sindh, escaped the floodwaters with his wife and two children earlier this month.
But then his 3-month-old daughter Benazir got sick. "She started to get fever and couldn't keep anything down ... lots of belly pain," said Ulla, the infant's mom.
A few days later, the same symptoms struck the Chachers' son, 2-year-old Wazira. Both children died on the way to the hospital, with Wazira weighing just 8 pounds and Benazir weighing 2 pounds.
Floodwaters have started to recede across Pakistan, but in the Indus delta, the potential for more flooding remained high, especially given high tides in the Arabian Sea, where the Indus spills out.
Already, more than 17 million Pakistanis -- from the Chinese border in the north to the mouth of the Indus in the south -- have been affected by the monsoon floods that began a month ago.
To date, Pakistan's unfolding tragedy has claimed 1,600 lives, according to the National Disaster Management Authority. That number is likely to rise as more drowned bodies are discovered in receding waters.
Many refugees have sought shelter at relief camps, where food and drinking water are now available. But every day, there are new camp arrivals -- people who were already poor, who now have nothing.
Along the flooded Swat River in northeastern Pakistan, six local aid workers have spent two weeks braving the torrents on rafts they built from used tire tubes, bamboo and gaffers' tape after motorized boats failed to arrive.
The workers are ferrying tents, blankets and other supplies to hundreds of thousands of people stranded across the river and cut off from normal supply routes.
Last year, bombs and bullets from the army's offensive against the Taliban destroyed many homes and lives in the region. Residents had barely begun to recover when the rains came.
"We are fed up," said Shahravan, a 65-year old man who lost his house in the floods. "You don't ask a dead man why he's in his grave. It's not his choice."
Fayas Muhammad, another local, said he lost his leg when his house was mistakenly bombed in last year's fighting. The same blast took his wife and son. "We are very sad for all that Swat has been through," he said.
The damage from Pakistan's worst humanitarian catastrophe is sure to hurtle the impoverished nation back in terms of development. This week, America's top aid official saw firsthand the dire needs in Pakistan.
Dr. Rajiv Shah, administrator for the U.S. Agency for International Development, said he was deeply moved by his visit to Sukkur and that aid agencies were "scaling up their response efforts as quickly as they possibly can."
Shah announced the United States would be diverting another $50 million for flood relief from the Kerry-Lugar Act, which allocated $7.5 billion in nonmilitary assistance to Pakistan over five years.
CNN's Sanjay Gupta, Reza Sayah, Samson Desta, Sara Sidner, Moni Basu and journalist Nasir Habib contributed to this report. |
Insurance Companies Send Out Rebate Checks; Economists Get Nervous : Planet Money Nearly 13 million Americans are getting rebate checks from their health insurance companies. But as is sometimes the case, what is popular with the people is not so popular with economists.
Nearly 13 million Americans have gotten, or will soon be getting rebate checks from their health insurance companies. This is happening because of a provision in the Affordable Care Act aimed at forcing insurance companies to manage themselves better. The idea of getting a check from your health insurance company sounds great, but some economists worry the new rule could actually make health insurance more expensive.
David Kestenbaum, with our Planet Money Team, explains.
DAVID KESTENBAUM, BYLINE: The provision, covering something cryptically called the medical loss ratio, requires that health insurance companies spend at least 80 percent of premiums on health care. In other words, of the money we pay them for our health insurance, at least 80 percent of that has to be spent on actual health care. Which Kathleen Sebelius, the secretary of Health and Human Services, says, a lot of insurance companies do not do.
SECRETARY KATHLEEN SEBELIUS: A lot of insurance companies run fairly high overhead rates - 20, 25, 30 percent - and those overhead rates, which go to everything from CEO salaries to marketing, to agent, to a variety of things, don't really add to anybody's health benefit.
KESTENBAUM: So the rule says if insurance companies use more than 20 percent for overhead and profit, they have to give out refunds. The average refund people are getting is not huge. $150, Sebelius says. But add them all up, and insurance companies are giving back over $1 billion.
SEBELIUS: There's been over a billion dollars that actually went back to customers. And I can't tell you how many people have called or written or showed up and said, I got a check from my insurance company. I mean they are just flabbergasted. Something like that has never happened before.
KESTENBAUM: But as is sometimes the case, what is popular with the people is not so popular with economists. I called up six health care economists. None thought the provision would do much good, and several thought it could be harmful.
Jonathan Gruber is an economist at MIT. He's not one of those people you hear calling for the repeal of ObamaCare. He likes the law. In fact, he helped craft it. And while he can see the arguments for this provision, he is wary of it.
Were you in favor of this part?
JONATHAN GRUBER: I was not originally in favor of medical loss ratio restrictions, no.
KESTENBAUM: The rule has the potential to do exactly the wrong thing, he says, to drive up the cost of health care. Here's why. The rule says that insurance companies have to spend at least 80 percent of the premiums they collect on actual health care, no more than 20 percent on overhead. So if you're an insurance company, yes, you could make sure you're in compliance by reducing unnecessary overhead, and that would be great for all of us.
But there's another way. If 80 percent of premiums have to be spent on health care, well, just spend more money on health care. Stop trying to keep costs down. Doctors or hospitals, you want to be paid more, fine. We'll pay you more. You want to do extra tests, CAT scans, MRI's, that maybe aren't necessary. No problem the insurance companies might say.
GRUBER: It's stressful for us. It's expensive for us to fight you on the extra test you want to do. We don't have as much incentive to fight you anymore. Because basically all that fighting, all it does is just forces us to send rebate checks to consumers.
KESTENBAUM: Do you worry that will happen?
GRUBER: I worry there is an incentive in that direction. I absolutely do.
KESTENBAUM: For better or worse, we're trying it. Hopefully for better, he says. |
Willingness to Pay: The Value Attributed to Program Location by Pulmonary Rehabilitation Participants Abstract The contingent valuation method is used to quantify the value of services not available in traditional markets, by assessing the monetary value an individual ascribes to the benefit provided by an intervention. The aim of this study was to determine preferences for home or center-based pulmonary rehabilitation for participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using the willingness to pay (WTP) approach, the most widely used technique to elicit strengths of individual preferences. This is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled equivalence trial comparing center-based and home-based pulmonary rehabilitation. At their final session, participants were asked to nominate the maximum that they would be willing to pay to undertake home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in preference to a center-based program. Regression analyses were used to investigate relationships between participant features and WTP values. Data were available for 141/163 eligible study participants (mean age 69 years, n=82 female). In order to undertake home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in preference to a conventional center-based program, participants were willing to pay was mean $AUD176 (SD 255) (median $83 ). No significant difference for WTP values was observed between groups (p=0.98). A WTP value above zero was related to home ownership (odds ratio 2.95, p=0.02) and worse baseline SF-36 physical component score (OR 0.94, p=0.02). This preliminary evidence for WTP in the context of pulmonary rehabilitation indicated the need for further exploration of preferences for treatment location in people with COPD to inform new models of service delivery. |
Glucose Homeostasis in Hypertensive Subjects The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed impaired glucose homeostasis in hypertensive subjects in the general population. The most reasonable screening strategy for glucose disorders was also assessed. We carried out an oral glucose tolerance test for 1106 hypertensive subjects aged 45 to 70 years without previously diagnosed diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index, and plasma lipids were also measured. Type 2 diabetes was found in 66 (6%) of the subjects, impaired glucose tolerance in 220 (20%), and impaired fasting glucose in 167 (15%). If we had carried out an oral glucose tolerance test only for those hypertensive subjects with fasting plasma glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L, we would have missed ≈40% of the patients with impaired glucose tolerance. The International Diabetes Federation criteria of metabolic syndrome identified 96% of all the cases of type 2 diabetes and 88% of all the cases of impaired glucose tolerance. The prevalence of central obesity was alarming: 90% of the women and 82% of the men had a waist circumference ≥80 cm or ≥94 cm, respectively. Impaired glucose homeostasis and central obesity are common in hypertensive subjects. An oral glucose tolerance test is reasonable to carry out at least for the hypertensive subjects with metabolic syndrome. Weight stabilization is an important goal to treat hypertensive patients. |
#include "yarpl/Observable_Subscription.h"
namespace yarpl {
namespace observable {
std::unique_ptr<Subscription>
Subscription::create(std::function<void()> onCancel) {
return std::unique_ptr<Subscription>(new Subscription(onCancel));
}
std::unique_ptr<Subscription>
Subscription::create(std::atomic_bool &cancelled) {
return create([&cancelled]() { cancelled = true; });
}
std::unique_ptr<Subscription> Subscription::create() {
return create([]() {});
}
void Subscription::cancel() {
bool expected = false;
// mark cancelled 'true' and only if successful invoke 'onCancel()'
if (cancelled.compare_exchange_strong(expected, true)) {
onCancel();
}
}
bool Subscription::isCanceled() { return cancelled; }
}
} |
Let's give a big hoo-hah for our weekly sponsors. Thanks Audi, Circuit City, DICE, Fear 360, Fox Soccer Channel, HD-DVD, Intel, Logitech, Mio, Nokia, Parrot, Pentax, Rockstar Games, SV Supreme Vodka, Shure, Smarthome, Sprint Business, Texas Instruments and Yahoo.
We love our sponsors so much, that we are giving away a Nintendo Wii with their help. Simply complete the following survey. Here is where it gets tricky.
Update: Screw the number of questions thing. We wanted to make sure that everyone who enters actually took the survey. So just email [email protected] from the e-mail address that you submitted on the final page of the survey, and we will just verify it that way. Sorry for the stupidity on our part, just trying to keep out the cheaters. |
Extension of transferable coarse-grained models to dicationic ionic liquids. In this study, we extended the previously developed coarse-grained (CG) models of mono-cationic ionic liquids (MILs) to di-cationic ILs (DILs). To achieve this purpose, the MD simulations in three different mapping schemes of CG were done and the results of RDF (as a structural property), density (as a volumetric property) and the diffusion coefficient (as a dynamical property) were compared with the corresponding results of the all-atom (AA) simulations for 2. The previously developed CG models for MILs with the least refinement in parameters were used to extend the CG models for DILs. Since, the first mapping scheme of the CG model showed the best agreement with the results of the AA simulations for the three mentioned studied properties, this scheme was selected to simulate DILs using the CG model. The transferability of the selected CG model to DILs was investigated by comparing the different volumetric, structural and dynamical properties of 2 (with n = 3, 6, 9, and 12) obtained from the CG model with those obtained using the corresponding atomistic simulations at different thermodynamic state points. The average deviation for the densities of the CG model with respect to the AA results is less than 2%. Furthermore, in both CG and AA models, the densities and isobaric expansion coefficients decrease with increasing temperature and linkage alkyl chain. The structural properties of the studied DILs, i.e. RDFs, nano segregation of domains, heterogeneity order parameters (HOPs) and angle distributions showed good agreements between the results of the CG and AA models. The CG-based calculated diffusion coefficients of the studied DILs at different temperatures showed that this model leads to faster dynamics with respect to the AA model due to the sacrifice of some degrees of freedom in this model. However, the trend of increasing diffusion coefficients with increasing temperature and linkage alkyl chain length is the same in both CG and AA models. Also, there are good agreements between the results of these two models for other dynamical properties, i.e. electrical conductivity, transference numbers and non-Gaussian parameter with increasing linkage alkyl chain and at various temperatures. |
Life-cycle environmental impact of flame retarded electrical and electronic equipment In the ever-growing and constantly changing world of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), issues of lifecycle environmental impact are a major concern. Recyclability, as well as safety and compliance with regulatory issues are a few of the important factors that encompass end-of-life management. The use of flame retardants in EEE is known to significantly reduce fire risks, thus saving lives and the destruction of property Proposed European directives regarding waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and the restriction on the use of certain hazardous substances in EEE (RoHS) will have an important impact on the selection criteria of flame retardants used in EEE. This paper examines the contributions that particular flame retardants can make towards meeting these various demands. Included in the paper are results from recycle studies, physical property evaluations, and dioxin analysis of UL-94 V-0 rated high-impact-polystyrene formulations containing ethane 1,2 bis (pentabromophenyl) and ethylene 1,2 bis(tetrabromophthalimide) flame retardants. The conclusions of these evaluations show the benefits of using these flame retardants in HIPS resins for EEE applications. |
WRITTEN RETELLING VS ORAL RETELLING: AN EVALUATION STRATEGY IN AN ESL CLASSROOM Written and oral retellings of stories appear to have potential for skill development inside English as a Second Language (ESL) classroom. However, while they appear to have potential for skill development they have not been widely tested, There are some evidences written and oral retellings as an instructional strategy enhance the development of various literacy skills (Golden 1984, and Whaley, 1981). Although there is support for the use of retellings as a strategy to enhance learner's literacy development, Morrow stated that the use of oral and written retellings was not widely practiced in schools since teachers viewed retellings as time consuming and difficult.This mini research compares written and oral retellings and would like to prove that the skill of retelling aside from contributing to students skill development is an effective instrument in measuring comprehension, thus enhances both oral and written skills of students. This research illustrates though oral and written retellings are different, it also shows how similar they are. Keywords Language Assesment,Reading Comprehension, Retelling, ESL classroom |
<filename>pyleecan/Methods/Slot/HoleM53/__init__.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from ....Methods.Slot.Slot import SlotCheckError
class Slot53InterError(SlotCheckError):
""" """
pass
class S53_NoneError(SlotCheckError):
"""Raised when a propery of HoleM53 is None"""
pass
class S53_Rext0CheckError(SlotCheckError):
""" """
pass
class S53_Rext1CheckError(SlotCheckError):
""" """
pass
class S53_W4CheckError(SlotCheckError):
""" """
pass
class S53_W5CheckError(SlotCheckError):
""" """
pass
|
Restoration of the GTPase activity and cellular interactions of Go mutants by Zn2+ in GNAO1 encephalopathy models De novo point mutations in GNAO1, gene encoding the major neuronal G protein Go, have recently emerged in patients with pediatric encephalopathy having motor, developmental, and epileptic dysfunctions. Half of clinical cases affect codons Gly203, Arg209, or Glu246; we show that these mutations accelerate GTP uptake and inactivate GTP hydrolysis through displacement Gln205 critical for GTP hydrolysis, resulting in constitutive GTP binding by Go. However, the mutants fail to adopt the activated conformation and display aberrant interactions with signaling partners. Through high-throughput screening of approved drugs, we identify zinc pyrithione and Zn2+ as agents restoring active conformation, GTPase activity, and cellular interactions of the encephalopathy mutants, with negligible effects on wild-type Go. We describe a Drosophila model of GNAO1 encephalopathy where dietary zinc restores the motor function and longevity of the mutant flies. Zinc supplements are approved for diverse human neurological conditions. Our work provides insights into the molecular etiology of GNAO1 encephalopathy and defines a potential therapy for the patients. INTRODUCTION Heterotrimeric G proteins are the immediate cytoplasmic signaling transducers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest receptor class in animals and the major target of modern drugs. Composed of the G, , and subunits, they interact with receptors when the G is loaded with GDP (guanosine diphosphate) to undergo the activated GPCR-induced GDP-to-GTP (guanosine triphosphate) exchange and dissociation into the G-GTP and G components, both competent to transmit the signal further downstream. With time, intrinsic guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity of the G subunits leads to GTP hydrolysis; the activity further sped up by the dedicated RGS (regulator of G protein signaling) proteins. The resultant G-GDP can reload with GTP or complex back with G, thus closing the G protein activation-deactivation loop. Of the 16 human G subunits, G o is the major neuronal representative, transmitting the signals from numerous GPCRs in developing and adult brain. In 2013, the first cases were reported on patients with pediatric encephalopathy harboring de novo mutations in GNAO1, the gene encoding G o. This discovery was followed by an avalanche of clinical analyses that cumulatively led to the recognition of GNAO1 encephalopathy as a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders manifesting as motor dysfunction, epileptic seizures, and developmental delay first appearing mostly in infancy. Although G o, in addition to neurons, is also strongly expressed in glial cells (www.proteinatlas.org), disease modeling in mice and brain organoids demonstrated strong effects of GNAO1 mutations on neuronal rather than glial differentiation, highlighting neurons as the main target of G o malfunctioning in the disease. G o couples to many neuronal GPCRs, such as D2 dopamine, -opioid, M2 muscarinic, 2-adrenergic, and more. As these GPCRs belong to the inhibitory receptors, G o misfunctioning induced by mutations may be expected to disbalance the equilibrium formed by the stimulatory and inhibitory GPCR signaling and thus contribute to the disease manifestations. As of today, about 200 patients worldwide have been identified to harbor a mutation in GNAO1 (https://gnao1.org/). With the advances in genetic analysis application in clinical practice, the reported GNAO1 encephalopathy cases will continue to multiply. While most of the mutations being single-amino acid substitutions spread over the coding sequence of the gene, the codons Gly 203, Arg 209, and Glu 246 emerge as the disease mutation hotspots, together taking the share of 45 to 68% in recent surveys. Of these amino acid residues, Gly 203 is located near the GTP-binding pocket of G o, while Arg 209 and Glu 246 form a salt bridge, playing an important role in the adoption of the activated G protein conformation (Fig. 1A). No curative therapy exists for patients with GNAO1 encephalopathy. Symptomatic treatments for motor dysfunctions include, e.g., benzodiazepines and deep-brain stimulation, while, for epilepsy, treatments include antiepileptic drugs such as carbamazepine, levetiracetam, or valproic acid, but at best with partial effects. Development of eventual therapies, in turn, is delayed by the lack of understanding of the molecular etiology of the disease. Here, we probe the biochemical deficiency at the molecular core of GNAO1 encephalopathy, identify a drug correcting this deficiency, validate it in neuronal cells, and lastly show that the dietary supplementation of the drug rescues defects in a Drosophila model of the disease, identifying the potential therapeutic avenue to treat human patients. Mutations in Gly 203, Arg 209, and Glu 246 result in constitutive GTP binding by Go in vitro To seek understanding of the molecular etiology of GNAO1 encephalopathy, we focused on the most frequent pathologic G o mutants and first probed their basic biochemical properties: GTP uptake and hydrolysis, in comparison to the wild-type protein. The GTP uptake analysis has so far been performed for three GNAO1 encephalopathy mutants: Q52P and Q52R displayed complete loss of the GTP uptake, while R209H was reported to display a faster GTP uptake. We applied the nonhydrolyzable fluorescent BODIPY-GTPS (guanosine 5-triphosphate) (4, to monitor the GTP uptake properties of the wild-type protein and three G o mutant variants: G203R, R209C, and E246K. This analysis reveals that the three mutants are much faster in uptaking GTP than the wild type (Fig. 1B). The calculated binding rate constant, k bind, increases 5-fold by the E246K mutation, 11-fold by the R209C mutation, and 28-fold by the G203R mutation over that of the wild-type G o (Fig. 1C). The faster GTP uptake will lead to higher GTP residence of the G protein if its GTP hydrolysis rate is not proportionally increased; an accompanying decreased GTP hydrolysis will further aggravate the GTP residence of the G protein. We thus next applied a hydrolyzable fluorescent GTP analog, BODIPY-GTP, whose interaction with an active G protein is seen as a transient rise in fluorescence (indicative of the nucleotide binding) followed by a decay in fluorescence (indicative of GTP hydrolysis due to the lower quantum yield the resultant fluorophore-GDP on the protein). We see that all three pathologic G o mutants reveal essentially abolished GTP hydrolysis as compared to the wild type (Fig. 1D). Calculation of the hydrolysis rate constant, k hydr, confirms this assessment: k hydr of R209C is reduced ca. 50-fold, of E246K ca. 100-fold, and of G203R ca. 300-fold as compared to the wild-type G o (Fig. 1E). Thus, mutations in the three most frequently affected GNAO1 encephalopathy amino acid residues lead to a strong increase in the rate of GTP uptake accompanied by a gigantic drop in the rate of GTP hydrolysis. We thus must conclude that, biochemically, mutations in Gly 203, Arg 209, and Glu 246 of G o lead to the constitutive GTP-binding state of the G protein, the molecular feature possibly at the basis of the etiology of the disease caused by these mutations. Defective cellular interactions of the GNAO1 encephalopathy mutants The distorted proportion of the GTP/GDP-state residence of the GNAO1 encephalopathy mutants inferred from the biochemical experiments must have consequences at the cellular level. We thus moved to express the mutants in mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2a) cells, frequently used to study the G o function. In this, as other cell lines, wild-type G o shows dual localization at the plasma membrane and the Golgi apparatus, as previously reported by us. The G203R, R209C, and E246K mutants show a similar dual localization (fig. S1, A to D), indicative of the normal posttranslational modifications of the mutants. Quantification of fluorescence intensities at the two compartments confirmed the nearequal distribution of wild-type G o and the three pathologic mutants (fig. S1, E and F). We next tested the interactions of the three pathologic G o mutants, along with the wild-type and the classical constitutively activated, disease-unrelated point mutant G o , with a set of intracellular binding partners of G o. The following The residues are either located in the switch II region of G o (Gly 203 ) or represent the molecular latch fastening switch II and the 3 helix (Arg 209, Glu 246 ), performing key functions in uptake and hydrolysis of GTP (shown as a stick structure with standardly colored atoms, complexed with magnesium in magenta). (B and C) Representative curves (B) and quantification of the binding rate constant (k bind ) (C) of BODIPY-labeled GTPS binding to G o, wild type (WT) or mutated. All the mutants demonstrate strongly elevated rates, with G203R being the fastest. (D and E) Representative curves (D) and quantification of the hydrolysis rate constant (k hydr ) (E) characterizing the course of BODIPY-labeled GTP binding and hydrolysis by G o or its mutants by monitoring the formation and decay of the GTP-bound fraction of G o. Note the difference between (B) where the data are adjusted to the plateau to highlight the differences in the binding rates and (D) where the data are shown in raw fluorescence units, as needed for the proper k hydr calculation. Note the log scale in the y axes in (C) and (E). Data in (B) to (E) are shown as means of at least three biological replicates ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, and ****P < 0.0005 by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. interaction/signaling partners were selected: RGS19 that preferentially binds the GTP-loaded form, G that preferentially interacts with the GDP-loaded form of G o, and AGS3 that also preferentially binds the GDP-loaded form ( Fig. 2A). We additionally tested the Golgi partners of G o : adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1), Rab3a, and KDEL receptor (KDELR) ( fig. S2A). This broad assessment reveals a complicated nature of distortions of cellular interactions of the three pathologic G o mutants. First, we found that interactions with the Golgi partners were near normal for the pathologic mutations ( fig. S2, B to G). Second, we found that interactions with G were differentially affected by the three pathologic mutations: decreased for G203R, insignificantly affected for R209C, and unexpectedly increased for E246K (Fig. 2 However, the most notable and unexpected was the near-complete loss of the pathologic mutants' interaction with RGS19, opposite to that seen for the constitutively active Q205L (Fig. 2, F and G). In these pull-downs, we used an internal green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion of the G o variants and a nanobody against GFP. To confirm that this placement of the GFP fusion has no decisive role in the markedly reduced interaction of the pathologic mutants with RGS19, we repeated the pull-downs with the C-terminally GFP-tagged G o variants, again revealing that the GNAO1 encephalopathy mutants lose the interactions with RGS19 ( fig. S3, A and B). Our findings may suggest that the pathologic G o mutants fail to adopt the proper conformation upon nucleotide binding (see Discussion). G i1 mutated in the amino acids equivalent to G o 's Arg 209 and Glu 246, as well as at Gly 204 neighboring Gly 203, has similarly been proposed to fail to adopt the activated conformation and to dissociate from G upon GTP binding. Failure to adopt the properly activated conformation upon GTP binding by a G protein has also been associated with the reduced ability to hold the GTP nucleotide after binding. To assess this feature, we prebound G o (wild type, G203R, R209C, and E246K or the constitutively active Q205L mutant) with BODIPY-GTPS and then added excess of GDP, following. While wild-type and Q205L G o retain a substantial portion of the prebound BODIPY-GTPS (fig. S4, A and B), the three pathologic mutants lose most of it (fig. S4, C to F). Furthermore, the rate of dissociation of BODIPY-GTPS from the three pathologic mutants is strongly increased as compared with the wild type or G o ( fig. S4, A to E and G). Importantly, this rate of BODIPY-GTPS dissociation significantly exceeds the rate of BODIPY-GTPS uptake by the three pathologic mutants, the feature not seen for the wild-type and Q205L G o (fig. S4G). These observations cumulatively argue that the three pathologic mutant forms of G o do not acquire the proper conformation upon GTP binding and potentially upon nucleotide binding in general. Defective cellular GPCR signaling by the GNAO1 encephalopathy mutants Aberrant cellular interactions of the G203R, R209C, and E246K mutants of G o described in the previous section suggest that some signaling routes mediated by the G protein could become aberrant in GNAO1 encephalopathies caused by these mutations to different extents: potentially more at the plasma membrane and potentially less in the Golgi. We thus next aimed at investigation of how efficiently different neuronal GPCRs known to couple to G o could activate signaling through these pathologic mutant variants. To this end, we used a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) system in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Cell transfection with G o (wild type or mutant) with the nanoluciferase tag, G3, and G9 with the Venus tag results in a measurable BRET signal, indicative of the efficiency of the G o - complex formation. Agreeing with the pull-down data presented above (Fig. 2, B and C), G o demonstrates significantly higher BRET signal and, thus, G o - complex formation than the wild type or the other two mutants (Fig. 3, A and B). We next cotransfected the cells with neuronal GPCRs (D2 dopamine, -opioid, M2 muscarinic, or 2-adrenergic). Cell activation with respective GPCR agonists (dopamine, fentanyl, clonidine, or acetylcholine) results in a rapid decrease in the BRET, indicative of the GPCR-induced G o - heterotrimer dissociation as the first step in activation of the corresponding signaling pathways (Fig. 3, C to F). Mock stimulations do not elicit any change in the BRET signal ( Fig. 3A). As another control, we show that stimulation with the agonists without GPCR transfection does not elicit any signaling (fig. S5A). We also show that the expression levels of the tested G o variants harboring the nanoluciferase tag are similar within each experiment ( fig. S5B). Last, we also found that addition of the excess of antagonist restores the BRET signal back to the basal levels ( fig. S5C). With these analyses, we show that the G203R, R209C, and E246K mutants have reduced, and, importantly, varying from receptor to receptor, ability to respond to a GPCR activation. Specifically, we find that the G203R mutant displays significantly reduced capacity to transmit the D2 dopamine and M2 muscarinic signals, while signaling from the 2-adrenergic and -opioid receptors is comparable to that mediated by wild-type G o (Fig. 3G). Similarly, R209C displays reduced signaling from the 2-adrenergic, D2 dopamine, and M2 muscarinic receptors and normal signaling from the -opioid receptors (Fig. 3G). Last, E246K is compromised in the M2 muscarinic signal transduction but not in signaling from the other three neuronal GPCRs receptors (Fig. 3G). These findings double the number of GPCRs whose coupling to GNAO1 mutants has been studied and demonstrate that the three pathologic mutants are not completely incapable of activation of signaling by neuronal GPCRs. While all the three mutants display reduced (but not completely abrogated) responsiveness to the M2 muscarinic receptor activation, their signaling from the 2-adrenergic and -opioid receptors is only marginally or not at all reduced as compared to wild-type G o. These findings illustrate that varying degrees of defectiveness (from none to significant) in signaling from different neuronal GPCRs are attributable to different pathologic mutants. We next aimed at understanding the structural defects that underlie the distorted nucleotide handling, cellular interactions, and signaling capacities of the G203R, R209C, and E246K encephalopathy mutants. Displacement of the GTPase catalytic residue in GNAO1 encephalopathy mutants in homology modeling and dynamic simulations To gain insights into the possible structural deficiency in the G203R, R209C, and E246K encephalopathy mutants that lead to the deficient GTPase reaction and aberrant interactions with signaling partners, we performed homology modeling followed by molecular dynamics simulations of the GTP-loaded G o wild type, and the mutants, based on the G i1 -GTPS structure. Structural analysis of the energy-minimized state reveals that R209C and E246K, mutations of the amino acids normally forming a salt bridge to fasten switch II and the 3 helix to lock G in the active conformation upon the GTP binding, result in a significant displacement of the Gln 205 residue, the key to the catalytic GTPase reaction, away from the -phosphate High-throughput assay aiming at recovering the GTPase activity of G o identified zinc pyrithione as a drug specifically acting on the mutant but not wild-type proteins We next argued that since the inability of the three G o encephalopathy mutant proteins to hydrolyze GTP represents an easily measurable biochemical characteristic, one could design an assay to screen for molecules potentially capable of correcting this deficiency. fluorescence (see Fig. 1D). Thus, the initial screening was based on the identification of drugs capable of inducing a drop in fluorescence by the 10-min incubation of G o with BODIPY-GTP. The screening was followed by hit validation, which resulted in three hit compounds: sennoside A, sennoside B, and zinc pyrithione (ZPT; Fig. 4, A and B, and fig. S8, B to E). Of those, sennosides A and B were found to decrease GTP uptake by G o rather than GTP hydrolysis by it ( fig. S8, D and E). In contrast, ZPT partially restored the GTP hydrolysis (Fig. 4B). When retesting the drugs on wild-type G o, sennosides were found to equally affect the GTP uptake by it, as seen by a decrease in the peak of BODIPY fluorescence upon treatment of wild-type G o with the compounds (fig. S8, F and G). In contrast, ZPT produced no effect on the GTP uptake and hydrolysis by the wild-type G o (Fig. 4C), revealing the specificity toward G o and immediately raising our interest to this molecule. Zn 2+ is the active component of ZPT restoring GTPase activity of the three encephalopathy G o mutants in vitro We next found that ZPT revealed a concentration-dependent restoration of the GTPase activity of all the three encephalopathy G o mutants that we studied: G203R, R209C, and E246K ( Fig. 4D and fig. S9, A to C). ZPT is a coordinated complex of pyrithione, a membrane-permeable ionophore, and Zn 2+ (Fig. 4A) and has the primary indication to treat dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis ; other biological activities of ZPT including antiviral and anticancer have also been reported. Zn 2+ ions are poorly penetrant through cellular membranes, and the pyrithione moiety of the drug serves to deliver the ions inside cells. To test whether Zn 2+ ions are the active component of ZPT in restoring the GTPase activity, we applied 1 mM EGTA, an efficient chelator of Zn 2+ but not Mg 2+, the latter present in our experiments at the concen-. We next directly tested the two components of ZPT, Zn 2+ and pyrithione, for their ability to restore the GTPase reaction, finding that ZnCl 2, in an EGTA-sensitive manner, was active in restoring the GTPase activity unlike the "empty" ionophore ( fig. S9, D, D, E, and E). We further tested several other metal ions, revealing that none of them recapitulated the effect of Zn 2+ : Co 2+, Fe 2+, Ni 2+, Mn 2+, and Li + were inactive in restoring the GTPase reaction, while Cu 2+ at 100 M appeared to completely inactivate the G protein ( fig. S9, F and F). Last, concentration dependence analysis showed that ZnCl 2 was similar to ZPT in restoration of the GTPase activity in the three encephalopathy G o mutants ( Fig. 4E and fig. S9, G to I). In contrast, the effect of ZPT or ZnCl 2 on wildtype G o was confirmed to be insignificant (Fig. 4, D and E). Potential mechanism of action of Zn 2+ in restoring the GTPase activity of GNAO1 encephalopathy mutants suggested by homology modeling and dynamic simulations We applied structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulations to gain insights into the potential mechanism of action of Zn 2+ in the restoration of the GTPase activity of the three G o mutants. We argued that Zn 2+ can replace Mg 2+ in the G o 's active center upon the interaction with GTP: It is well known that Mg 2+ -binding sites of proteins can generally be substituted by a broad range of other divalent metal ions, with Zn 2+ being one of the most potent substitutes. We used the CHARMM36m field in dynamic simulations that provides distinct parameters for the Mg 2+ and Zn 2+ ions (see Materials and Methods), permitting comparative assessment of their effects. Our analysis shows that the substitution of Zn 2+ for Mg 2+ in the active center does not affect the global structure in the energy-minimized state of wild-type G o ( fig. S7B and movie S2). The global rearrangement observed in G o was, to a certain degree, further aggravated in the Zn 2+ -bound protein; no global effect of Zn 2+, however, was seen for the G203R and R209C mutants ( fig. S7B and movie S2), suggesting that it is unlikely to represent the general or main mechanism of Zn 2+ action to restore the GTPase activity. We thus next paid special attention to the position and flexibility of the catalytic Gln 205 that we found to be displaced from the GTP's -phosphate in the pathologic mutants (see fig. S6). Our molecular dynamics simulations reveal that, for all three mutant variants, distance between the -N atom of Gln 205 and the -P atom of GTP (increased as compared to the wild-type G o ) is reduced back to the wild-type levels by Zn 2+ (Fig. 5). Note that in the wild-type protein, Zn 2+ also decreases the distance between Q205 and -phosphate but to a considerably smaller extent that has no further influence on the catalytic activity ( Overall, our structural modeling and molecular dynamics analysis suggests the atomistic mechanism for the action of Zn 2+ on the restoration of the GTPase activity of the E246K, R209C, and G203R mutants as the bringing back of the catalytic Gln 205 to the -phosphate of GTP, otherwise swayed away by the mutations. More complex modeling (e.g., through quantum mechanics or hybrid quantum/ molecular mechanics, taking into consideration differences in coordination sphere configurations of Zn 2+ and Mg 2+ ) and biophysical measurements will further advance these initial findings. ZPT restores cellular RGS19 interactions of GNAO1 encephalopathy mutants Our in vitro data show that ZPT and its ion component, Zn 2+, are able to restore the GTPase activity of the pathologic G o. We next wondered whether such a restoration could be seen in cells and be reflected in restored interactions with G o partners. We first tested whether the mutants' interaction with RGS19 can be restored in the N2a cells. It is however known that, acutely, Zn 2+ can cross the cellular membranes either by active transporters or with the help of ionophores such as pyrithione. On the other hand, a significant neuronal and other cell toxicity of ZPT has been reported, mainly because of its effectiveness in bringing large concentrations of zinc inside the cells. Thus, we first investigated the cytotoxicity of ZPT, pyrithione, and ZnCl 2 in N2a cells. This analysis confirms the neurotoxicity of ZPT with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of ca. 5 M; ZnCl 2, in contrast, was not toxic up to the concentrations of 100 M ( fig. S10A), as, presumably, it failed to. It is evident that, upon Zn 2+ binding, the mutants' Q205 is brought back to the -P atom of GTP (the hydrogen bonds are indicated). Color coding as in the respective (A) to (C) panels. of 17 penetrate the cells in this acute setting. For the subsequent experiments on the restoration of the G o -RGS19 interactions in N2a cells, we took the highest tested agents' concentrations that did not display any cytotoxicity: 1 M for ZPT and 100 M for ZnCl 2. Using these concentrations, we found that ZPT could recover the ability of the G203R, R209C, and E246K mutants to interact with RGS19 (Fig. 4, F and G); ZnCl 2, in contrast, was ineffective ( fig. S10, B and C). The interaction of wild-type G o with RGS19 appeared to increase by ZPT ca. twofold ( fig. S10, B and C) (Fig. 4, F and G, and fig. S10, B and C). We similarly tested whether ZPT could correct the aberrant cellular interactions of the G o mutants with another partner, AGS3. As we showed above (Fig. 2, D and E (Fig. 2C), finding a correction to the wild-type levels of the G o -G binding by the drug (fig. S10, D and E). Thus, we conclude that cell supplementation with Zn 2+ ions restores the normal conformation on the three pathologic mutants of G o, bringing to the wild-type level the G protein interactions with RGS19, the partner preferring the GTP-bound form of G o, as well as with AGS3 and even G preferring the GDP-bound state of G o. These recovery effectiveness in cells prompted us to next ask whether zinc can be effective at a higher level of complexity, i.e., in an organism model of GNAO1 encephalopathy. and fertile yet reveal a number of deficiencies. Specifically, the heterozygous mutant flies manifest a significant motor dysfunction, measured in the negative geotaxis assay as a reduced capacity to climb up the wall (Fig. 6, A and B), reminiscent of the motor dysfunction in the human patients. Furthermore, the encephalopathy mutant Drosophila displays a twofold reduction in the life span (Fig. 6C). Regional brain atrophy, sometimes progressive, has been described in GNAO1 patients with the G203R mutation and may be the outcome of epileptic onsets (6,. Analysis of 35-day-old /+ flies revealed limited yet significant brain degeneration ( fig. S12). However, this degeneration was very modest as compared to that observed, e.g., in Drosophila models of Alzheimer's disease, the finding that may be aligned with the fact that the G203R mutant flies did not display any signs of spontaneous epilepsy. Given the neonatal lethality of GNAO1/+ mice, we thus establish the first viable animal model of G203R encephalopathy with this Drosophila line capable of recapitulating some of the clinical manifestations of the disease. Dietary zinc supplementation has been applied to treat various human health conditions, including the neurological ones such as depression, epilepsy, psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, or sleep disorders, as well as to support normal neonatal development. We thus wondered whether dietary supplementation of zinc in the Drosophila model of GNAO1 encephalopathy may reveal any beneficial effects. Although, in the acute setting, we could not observe an effect of ZnCl 2 to N2a cells ( fig. S10), we argued that the continuous supplementation through diet could make a difference. Food supplementation of ZnCl 2 to the final concentration of 200 M has been previously shown to rescue the survival of Drosophila mutant for dZip1 and dZip2, the gut zinc transporters, providing us a guideline. We also tested 10 M ZPT food supplementation, following the application of up to 15 M ZPT in rats. Drosophila lines, G203R/+ and the wild-type control (see Materials and Methods and fig. S11), were raised from the egg at the standard food or that supplemented with ZnCl 2 or ZPT. The climbing capacities of the resultant populations were compared, along with their longevities. We found that the ZnCl 2 -containing food significantly improves the motor function of the G203R/+ flies; ZPT did not show consistent effects (Fig. 6D). The effect of ZnCl 2 was particularly strong for female Drosophila, bringing the climbing capacity toward the wildtype levels. The control wild-type flies showed sex-variable effects: slight improvement for females and decrease for males (Fig. 6E); ZPT was decreasing the climbing rate for both sexes, likely reflecting its toxicity upon systemic administration. ZnCl 2 food supplementation also rescued the reduced life span of female G203R/+ flies (Fig. 6F); no effect could however be seen for ZPT or for male flies ( Fig. 6F and fig. S13A). To gain more insights into the motor dysfunction of the G203R/+ flies and its restoration by the dietary zinc, placed in the context of the animal aging, we applied a modified, more detailed negative geotaxis assay that permits to quantify the locomotion over different distances and time frames (see movie S3). With this analysis, comparing wild-type and G203R/+ flies of the age of 15 and 30 days, we see a progressive age-dependent decline in the climbing capacity of both genotypes (Fig. 6, G and H). Younger female G203R/+ flies reveal a complete recovery of their climbing capacity upon the ZnCl 2 dietary supplementation ( Fig. 6G and movie S3), while ZPT was ineffective. Less pronounced but significant effects were also seen in males, where dietary ZPT had a similar effect (fig. S13B). The ability of dietary ZnCl 2 to restore the mutant fly locomotion declined with age ( Fig. 6H and fig. S13, C and D). Overall, these observations reveal strong improvements of the behavioral and life span conditions in the Drosophila model of GNAO1 encephalopathy by dietary zinc supplementation. Given the large body of clinical evidence on the dietary zinc supplements for human patients with diverse neurological conditions, our findings may speak for the applicability of such supplementation for the patients with pediatric GNAO1 encephalopathy. These issues and the sex-and age-sensitive effects of the dietary zinc supplementation are discussed in the next section in the context of the probable need for the continuous dietary zinc supplementation to produce therapeutic effects. DISCUSSION GNAO1-dependent pediatric encephalopathy is a recently diagnosed rare yet devastating neurological disease. The number of found different, mostly missense point, mutations in GNAO1 causing this malady steadily increases every year since the first 2013 report. However, despite some insights, the understanding of the molecular etiology underlying the pathological developments has been largely missing. This delay in the understanding blocks development of therapies to treat the patients. Being mostly unresponsive to the conventional anti-epileptic treatments, the sick children have so far demonstrated the best, albeit partial, response to the symptomatic, highly invasive and poorly accessible therapy: deep-brain stimulation. The molecular dysfunction that we have "diagnosed" here for the three most common GNAO1 encephalopathy mutations is the constitutive GTP-binding state of the mutant G o proteins, resulting from a strongly increased rate of GTP uptake concomitant with a markedly reduced rate of GTP hydrolysis. Molecular dynamics and structural modeling provide us with the likely unifying mechanism of this dysfunction: Each of the three mutations induces a displacement of the catalytic Gln 205 ; this change is also likely the reason for the defective interaction of the three mutants with RGS19. We have further observed abnormal cellular interactions with some other G o partners, such as G and AGS3, which interact less with G o and G o but unexpectedly more with G o than with wild-type G o. In contrast, interactions with the Golgi partners of G o are near normal in the pathologic mutants: the findings that, together with the decreased response of the mutants to neuronal GPCRs, suggest that the three encephalopathy mutations that we studied here affect rather the plasma membrane than the Golgi pools of G omediated activities. The following considerations are needed before interpreting the complex cellular interaction aberrations of the pathologic G o variants. Long-lived pools of monomeric GDP-loaded G o are induced by GPCRs, and many signaling partners of G o do not discriminate between GTP-and GDP-bound states of the protein (16,. In contrast, regulators of G o activities "care" about the nucleotide state of the G protein: G and AGS3 act as guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor proteins that bind the GDP form of G o, and RGS19 acts as a GTPase activating protein that recognizes the GTP form. Put together with our biochemical and cellular characterizations of the pathologic G o mutants, these considerations may speak for the following. First, given the lack of cellular interaction with the RGS protein whose function is to speed up GTP hydrolysis, the cellular GTP residence of the mutants is expected to be even more pronounced, which could be one possible explanation for the reduced interactions of G o and (but not of ) with G and AGS3. Second, despite the inferred increased residence in the GTP-bound state, the mutant G o proteins likely do not adopt the truly activated conformation and hence fail to interact with RGS19. Third, the abnormal interactions with G and AGS3 (with the paradoxical increase of this interaction for G o ) might indicate that the pathological mutants have aberrated conformations not only in their GTP-bound state but also when GDP-bound. As Mg 2+ was found to occupy the same location in the catalytic site of G i1 in both nucleotide states, its substitution with Zn 2+ could be expected to influence both GTP and GDP forms of G o. In agreement, we find that cell treatment with ZPT not only recovers the RGS19 interactions of the three pathologic mutants but also tends to correct their interactions with AGS3: up for the G203R and down for the E246K. The aberrant E246K-G interactions are also corrected by ZPT. More work may be needed to gain structural insights into the GDP-GTP conformations and dynamics of the G o mutants and the effect of zinc ions on them. The constitutive GTP binding by the G203R, R209C, and E246K mutant forms of G o suggests the gain-of-function (GOF) nature of these mutations: hypermorph in the classical Muller classification of gene mutations. This observation is consistent with the findings that G o induced higher levels of Akt and S6 kinase phosphorylation than the wild-type protein in white blood cells, stimulating cell proliferation and neoplastic transformation, ultimately contributing to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (65. However, we find that, despite GTP binding, the three mutants fail to adopt the proper activated conformation, resulting in the aberrant interaction with G o partner proteins. Furthermore, we find that G203R, R209C, and E246K have a reduced potential to respond to a panel of neuronal GPCRs. These features rather speak for a loss-of-function (LOF) or a partial LOF nature of the mutants, amorph and hypomorph, respectively, which is the conclusion that agrees with some other studies on these GNAO1 mutations. Some features of the Drosophila model of the disease, namely, the delayed lethality of the Go/Go mutant flies as compared to homozygous Go null mutants, also speak in favor of the hypomorph nature of the mutation. Last, from human patients to the Drosophila Go/+ model, agreeing also with mouse and nematode models of the disease, and further agreeing with some in vitro observations, the encephalopathy GNAO1 mutations have been described in many instances as dominant negative or antimorph in the Muller classification. This multitude of ways to genetically ascribe the nature of the encephalopathy GNAO1 mutations has created a significant confusion and debate in the field. Individual amino acid changes may have counteracting effects on different biochemical properties of the G protein (nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, interaction with regulators and effectors, structure of the active state, etc.), resulting in the emergence of the pathogenic mutations as hypermorph, amorph/ hypomorph, or antimorph depending on the specific biological property that is considered. Alternatively, these mutations might be described using the only remaining type within the Muller classification, the neomorph. As described in Muller's classical genetics work, neomorph represents a "change in the nature of the gene at the original locus, giving an effect not produced, or at least not produced to an appreciable extent, by the original normal gene." In cancer, a large number of oncogenic mutations in different genes, previously considered GOF or LOF, now emerge as neomorphs. The recognition of a given disease-causing mutation as neomorphic imposes important restrains on the drug discovery efforts, as mere increase in the normal (nonmutated) gene function or pharmacological modulation of the function of the wild-type allele cannot be efficient in counterbalancing the neomorphic pathological function. Instead, drug discovery efforts should be dedicated directly to the aberrant neomorphic activity, ideally (for the sake of minimizing side effects) not affecting the wild-type protein. It is in this paradigm that we designed our drug discovery aiming at recovering the pathologic, biochemically measurable function of mutant G o, in the counter screen testing the drug candidates against wild-type G o. It is remarkable that a simple ion, Zn 2+ emerging from our screening of drug candidates to recover the GTPase deficiency of the mutant G o, is efficient in restoring the structural rearrangements induced by the pathologic mutations with a minimal action on the wild-type protein. Our initial molecular mechanics modeling, albeit simplistic, suggested that, replacing Mg 2+ from the GTP pocket of G o, Zn 2+ has a tendency to bring back the catalytic Gln 205 to the vicinity of the -phosphate of GTP. This trend in the structural rearrangements likely reflects the mechanism behind the ability of Zn 2+ to recover the GTPase reaction of the three pathologic mutants, their cellular interactions with RGS19 and AGS3, and ultimately provide motor activity and longevity ameliorations in the Drosophila model of GNAO1 encephalopathy upon dietary zinc supplementation. In the future, more quantitative and in-depth insights into the effects of Mg 2+ substitution by Zn 2+, by modeling and experiments, will deepen the molecular understanding of this phenomenon. Dietary zinc supplements have found numerous applications in human health. Being safe, they have been shown to improve neonatal brain development and sleep quality in adults and to ameliorate health conditions in depression, epilepsy, and a set psychiatric and neurodegenerative states. For example, daily 25 mg of Zn 2+ applied for 6 weeks in one study, as well as daily 220 mg of zinc sulfate (providing 50 mg of zinc) applied for 12 days in another, was found to positively act on patients with depression. The upper limits of dietary zinc with no observed adverse effects, as set by the World Health Organization, are 13 mg/day for the age of 7 to 12 months, 23 mg/day for the age of 1 to 6 years, and 45 mg/day for adults. In this regard, dietary zinc supplementation might be considered as a potential treatment option to improve the conditions of patients with GNAO1 encephalopathy, at least those carrying the G203R, R209C, and E246K mutations. More studies will show how applicable is the Zn 2+ -restorable GTPase deficiency mechanism to the other GNAO1 encephalopathy mutants. Despite decades of diverse applications of zinc supplements in human health, the details of bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and potential toxicities of the dietary zinc are still controversial. Multiple factors confound the efficiency of zinc absorption from the gut, its penetration through the blood-brain barrier, and the ultimate entry and activities within neuronal cells. For example, the different efficiency of dietary zinc supplementation in rescuing the motor dysfunction and reduced life span in female versus male fruit flies might be related to different expression of certain zinc transporters in the two sexes. Alternatively, higher food consumption by female Drosophila possibly results in higher accumulation of dietary zinc, thus contributing to the better responses. We find using the Drosophila model that the rescuing capacity of the dietary zinc decreases with age. Adult Drosophila consumes much less food than larvae, and a further marked decline in food consumption in adults after the age of 2 weeks has been observed, thus possibly contributing to the decreased performance of aging G203R/+ flies despite the availability of the zinc-supplemented diet. Collectively, these observations might speak for necessity of continuous dietary supplementation to maintain the healing effects in patients. Pyrithione is a chelator bringing zinc ions across cell membranes, hence the ability of ZPT to restore the mutant G o functions in cell cultures. However, given the toxicity of ZPT upon systemic administration also seen in our Drosophila experiments, its indications as a drug are restricted to topical applications to treat dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. Diverse approaches to enhance and control safe zinc uptake and delivery are being developed, from nutritional chelators and nanoparticle carriers to intravenous, cerebrospinal, or intrabrain injections, and might be considered in the future prospective applications to patients with GNAO1 encephalopathy. As a possible alternative to the dietary supplementation, intravenous zinc (as sulfate, chloride, or gluconate salts) is part of the parenteral nutrition protocols, with the dosages of 400 g/kg per day recommended for premature infants, 250 g/kg per day for term infants below 3 months, and 100 g/kg per day for children above 3 months of age; adult dosages vary from 2.5 to 30 mg/day. To sum up, the study presented here sweeps from the understanding, at the molecular and even atomistic level, of the core biochemical dysfunctions seen in the three most frequent GNAO1 encephalopathy mutations to assay establishment and screening for drug candidates to rescue this dysfunction, followed by the candidate validation in biochemical and cellular models. Last, we establish an animal model of GNAO1 encephalopathy and show that a dietary supplementation of Zn 2+, the active component of the treatment, provides a significant rescue of the movement disorder and life-span shortening of the mutant animals. Our work sheds light on the basic functions of the major neuronal G protein and on the molecular etiology of GNAO1 encephalopathy and might serve as grounds for recommendation of the dietary zinc supplementation as a treatment option for patients with GNAO1 encephalopathy. Plasmids and molecular cloning The plasmids for the G o -GFP (C-terminally and internally tagged), G o -GST-HA (C-terminally tagged), monomeric RFP (mRFP)-G1, mRFP-G3, His 6 -RGS19, GFP-Rab3a, and AGS3-GFP were previously described. Arf1-mRFP was generated by replacing the Age I/Not I GFP sequence of Arf1-GFP with the corresponding mRFP sequence from the mRFP-N1 plasmid. KDELR-HA (hemagglutinin) was obtained by replacing the Age I/Not I GFP sequence of KDELR-GFP with three consecutive HA tags generated by aligned oligonucleotides (table S1). The G o mutants were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis in the pcDNA3.1 plasmid using the primers as listed in table S1. The plasmid pET-23b encoding wildtype N-terminally tagged 6xHis-G o was used to create E246K, R209C, and G203R mutants through subcloning using restriction sites Sph I and Eco RI from the constructs in pcDNA3.1. Protein production and purification The Rosetta-gami Escherichia coli strain was transformed with pET23b- pET23b-G o and grown at 37°C to an optical density at 600 nm of 0.6 before induction with 1 mM isopropyl--d-thiogalactopyranoside and additional growth overnight at 18°C. Cells then were harvested by centrifugation 3500g at 4°C and resuspended in tris-buffered saline (TBS) supplemented with 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and 30 mM imidazole. Cells were disrupted with a high-pressure cell press homogenizer; the debris was removed by centrifugation at 15,000g for 15 min at 4°C. The supernatant was applied to the Ni 2+ resin (QIAGEN) overnight in a rotary shaker at 4°C. The Ni 2+ resin was washed twice with 10 resin volumes of TBS supplemented with 10 mM imidazole. On the third wash, the washing buffer was supplemented with 3% glycerol, 10 mM MgCl 2, 0.1 mM dithiothreitol, and 200 M GDP. The Ni 2+ resin was washed two more times with 10 resin volumes of the washing buffer. Proteins were then eluted with TBS containing 300 mM imidazole. To subsequently remove imidazole, the protein buffer was exchanged into TBS using Vivaspin concentrator. Protein concentration was measured using the Bradford assay, and the purity was analyzed using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by Coomassie staining. G o was purified in parallel as described. GTP-binding and hydrolysis assay The GTP-binding and hydrolysis assay using BODIPY-GTP (Invitrogen) or BODIPY-GTPS (Invitrogen) was performed as described. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics analysis The structure of wild-type GTPS-bound G o was homology modeled using the Protein Data Bank (PDB) 1GIA structure on the SWISS-MODEL server with the user template setting. This structure was used as a base to generate amino acid substitutions in the PyMOL 2.4.0 software and metal ion substitutions using Check My Metal web interface. The resulting draft PDB models of G o mutants bound to Mg 2+ or Zn 2+ were directly used in the GROMACS 2021.2 software to generate both the energy-minimized models and the molecular dynamics runs. To this end, the CHARMM36m all-atom force field was used (mackerell.umaryland.edu/charmm_ ff.shtml#gromacs). The structures were solvated in a cubic box with 1-nm distance from protein edges; the phosphate group charge was neutralized by Na + ions. Subsequently, energy minimization and temperature and pressure equilibration were performed using typical parameters (duration, 50 ps; step, 2 fs). A 100-ns production run was performed on high-performance computation cluster of University of Geneva with 2-fs step and leap-frog integrator and with 1-nm cutoffs for van der Waals and electrostatic cutoffs. Subsequent analysis of the trajectories and structures was performed using both built-in functions of GROMACS package and PyMOL using custom scripts. High-throughput screening HTS for mutant G o modulators was performed using the G o protein and FDA Approved & Pharmacopeial Drug Library (HY-L066, MedChemExpress). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or compounds in DMSO (12.5 M) were mixed with G o at 1 M in a reaction buffer and BODIPY-GTP at 1 M as described in the "GTP-binding and hydrolysis assay" section above. Reaction was carried out for 10 min. To analyze the data generated by the HTS, two parameters were calculated: (i) binding constant (k bind ) and (ii) maximal GTP uptake. For candidates affecting the k bind, the hits were picked if the compound modulated k bind by ≥2 SD of DMSO-treated wells. For candidates affecting the maximal BODIPY-GTP uptake, the hits were picked if the compound modulated the maximal GTP uptake by ≥3 SD of DMSO-treated wells. The hits were subsequently validated by performing the GTP-binding assay at 50 M of compounds using both G o wild type and G o . Validations were performed using commercially available sennosides (USP), ZPT (Sigma-Aldrich), ZnCl 2 (Sigma-Aldrich), and pyrithione (Sigma-Aldrich). Immunoprecipitation and pull-down Immunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase (GST)-based pull-down of G o -GFP and G o -GST-HA constructs was performed as previously described. Briefly, N2a cells were transfected with the constructs indicated in the corresponding figures, and after 24 hours, cells were directly harvested or incubated with fresh media supplemented with 1 M ZPT, 100 M ZnCl 2, or DMSO for 3 hours at normal culture conditions. Cells were harvested with ice-cold GST lysis buffer supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). Cell lysates were cleared by centrifugation at 16,000g for 15 min at 4°C. For GST-based pull-downs, supernatants were directly incubated with 20 l of a 50% slurry of Glutathione Sepharose 4B beads (GE Healthcare) overnight on a rotary shaker at 4°C. For immunoprecipitation, cleared supernatants were incubated with 2 g of nanobody against GFP on ice for 30 min; then, 20 l of Glutathione Sepharose 4B beads was added, and samples were incubated as above. Beads were repeatedly washed with lysis buffer, and bound proteins were eluted by boiling the beads with SDS-PAGE sample buffer. Samples were lastly analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot using antibodies against GFP (dilution, 1:2000; GeneTex, GTX113617), His 6 -tag (dilution, 1:2000; QIAGEN, 34650), mRFP (dilution, 1:250; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-101526), and HA-tag (dilution, 1:2000; Roche, 3F10). Peroxidase-conjugated antibodies were from Jackson ImmunoResearch (dilution, 1:20,000; 115-035-062 and 111-035-144). Quantification of blots was done using ImageJ. Immunofluorescence and microscopy For microscopy, N2a cells were transfected for 7 hours, trypsinized, and seeded on poly-l-lysine-coated coverslips in complete MEM for an additional 15 hours before fixation. Cells were fixed for 20 min with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS, were permeabilized for 1 min using ice-cold PBS supplemented with 0.1% Triton X-100, blocked for 30 min with PBS supplemented with 1% BSA, incubated with the primary antibody against GM130 (dilution, 1:500; BD Biosciences, 610823) in blocking buffer for 2 hours at room temperature, washed, and subsequently incubated with the secondary antibody and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) in blocking buffer for 2 hours at room temperature. The Cy3-labeled secondary antibody was from Jackson ImmunoResearch (dilution, 1:1000; 115-165-146). Coverslips were lastly mounted with VECTASHIELD on microscope slides. Cells were recorded with a Plan-Apochromat 63/1.4 oil objective on a LSM 800 confocal microscope and further processed using the ZEN Blue software (all Zeiss). Quantification of relative localization of different variants of G o at plasma membrane and Golgi was performed as in. MTT assay N2a cells (3000 cells per well) were distributed into a transparent 384-well plate. The medium of each well was replaced by 50 l of fresh medium the next day containing the indicated concentrations of ZPT, ZnCl 2, or pyrithione. After incubation for 3 hours, the medium in each well was replaced by 50 l of Thiazolyl blue (0.5 mg/ml; Carl Roth) solution in 1 PBS. The plates were incubated for 3 hours at 37°C. Then, the solution was removed, and 30 l of DMSO was added into each well. Absorbance at 570 nm was measured in a Tecan Infinite M200 PRO plate reader. Analysis of the heterotrimeric G protein complex formation and dissociation by BRET The plasmid Go1-CASE encoding nanoluciferase-tagged G o, G3, and G9 with the Venus tag was provided by G. Schulte. The pathologic mutations were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis using the same primers as described above to introduce corresponding mutations and the following two flanking primers 5-AATCCAA-GAGTGCTTCAACCGGTC and 5-ATATTAACGCTTA-CAATTTACGCC to generate two overlapping polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments containing mutation for subsequent Gibson assembly in Af lII/Xma I-linearized Go1-CASE. These plasmids were cotransfected at 1:1 ratio in HEK293T cells with pcDNA3.1 as a control or the following GPCR-encoding plasmids: dopamine D2 receptor, 2-adrenergic receptor, TANGO-tagged, M2 muscarinic receptor (cDNA Resource Center, #MAR0200000), and -opioid receptor. Twelve hours after transfection, the cells were seeded at 6000 cells per well in the transparent-bottom black 384-well plates. After an additional 24 hours, the medium was replaced by 10 l of PBS. Furimazine was injected to 10 M immediately before measurement, and agonist and antagonist solutions were injected sequentially at the indicated times to indicated concentrations in PBS. Reading was performed with a Tecan Infinite plate reader. Plasmids for Drosophila dGo editing Donor plasmid pGao47-LattP-pBacDsRed-attPR for the CRISPR-Cas9 step of transgenesis Plasmid pHD-ScarlessDsRed (Drosophila Genomics Resource Center, Bloomington, USA, stock #1364) was modified by adding LoxP sequences after DsRed coding region, for which the annealed complementary oligonucleotides loxPfw and loxPrev (table S1) were cloned into the Not I site of this plasmid. The resultant plasmid (pScarlessDsRed-lox) was digested with Aar I and Sap I and assembled with two 110-base pair (bp) attP sequences, using the NEBuilder HiFi DNA Assembly Cloning Kit (New England Biolabs, catalog no. E5520S). Plasmid pTA-attP (Addgene, #18930) was used as a template for PCR amplifications of attP, which were performed with the primer sets attPfwRI/ attPrevHpaI and attPfwKpnI/attPrevHpaI (see the list of primers below). The resultant pattP-pBacDsRed-lox-attP plasmid contains the pBac transposon with the fluorescent DsRed marker flanked with two inverted attP sequences. The left homologous arm (LHA) was PCR-amplified with the dGao47Lfw and dGao47Lrev primers from Drosophila genomic DNA, producing the 815-bp PCR product, which was treated with Eco RI and further cloned into the pattP-pBacDsRed-lox-attP plasmid by the Eco RI site producing the construct pLattP-pBacDsRedlox-attP. The right homologous arm (RHA) was PCR-amplified with the dGao47Rfw and dGao47Rrev primers, and the resulting 500-bp PCR product was treated with Kpn I and then cloned into the plasmid pLattP-pBacDsRed-lox-attP digested with Kpn I and Sma I. The resultant donor plasmid pLattP-pBacDsRed-attPR contains the DsRed marker flanked with inverted attPs and the 815-bp-long LHA and 500-bp-long RHA. All PCRs were performed using Phusion High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA, catalog no. M0530S). Plasmids providing expression of guide RNAs under the control of the Drosophila U6:2 promoter CRISPR targets sites were identified using Target Finder (targetfinder.flycrispr.neuro.brown.edu/). Four targets sites (two upstream of the fourth coding exon and two downstream of the seventh exon of dGo) were selected. Complimentary oligonucleotides gRNAR2fw and gRNAR2rev were annealed and cloned into pENTR1A-DUAL-CRISPR (provided by A. Glotov, Umea University, Sweden), which was digested with Bbs I and Sap I (New England Biolabs, catalog nos. R0539S and R0569S). The resultant plasmid pDUAL-L1R2 contains two guide RNAs (gRNAs) for induction of double-strand breaks upstream of exon 4 and downstream of exon 7 of dGo. The same approach was performed to construct pDUAL-R1L2 using the gRNAL2fw and gRNAL2rev; gRNAR1fw and gRNAR1rev oligonucleotides. The plasmids pDUAL-L1R2 and pDUAL-R1L2 combined with the donor plasmid pGao47-LattP-pBacDsRed-attPR were used for CRISPR-Cas9 step of transgenesis ( fig. S11). Donor plasmids for RMCE Plasmid piB-GFP (Addgene, #13844) containing two attB sequences was used as a template for PCR amplification of the 3100-bp fragment (plasmid body flanked by attB sequences) with the primer attBcircle. Drosophila genomic DNA was used as a template for PCR amplification of three fragments with the primer sets attBNco_ Gao47L/attBNco_Gao47R (1190 bp), attBNco_Gao47L/G203Rrev (367 bp), and G203Rfw/attBNco_Gao47R (725 bp). The amplified fragments 3100 and 1190 bp were mixed and circulated using the NEBuilder HiFi DNA Assembly Cloning Kit (p2xattB-dGaoWT). The amplified fragments 3100, 367, and 725 bp were mixed and treated identically (p2xattB-dGaoG203R). The resultant plasmid p2xattB-dGaoWT has two attB sites, which flank sequences between exons 4 and 7 of dGo with about 100 bp of adjacent noncoding regions. p2xattB-dGaoG203R has the identical structure but bears G203R mutation in exon 5. Both plasmids were used as donor plasmids for RMCE step of transgenesis ( fig. S11). Drosophila lines and germline transformation Flies were maintained at 25°C on the standard medium. For dietary experiment, the food was supplemented with 200 M ZnCl 2 or 10 M ZPT. The line y, sc, v, sev ; P{y The stock dGo is viable and fertile in the homozygous state. This allele having the identical background to that of the mutant one was used as the wild-type control in the negative geotaxis assay and for calculation of the longevity. Germline transformation was performed as described previously. A fluorescence stereomicroscope was used for selection of transgenic flies with/without fluorescence in the eyes. Locomotion, life span, and neurodegeneration in Drosophila The negative geotaxis assay was performed as described previously using 5-to 6-day-old flies. Further quantitative locomotion analyses were performed as described with 15-and 30-day-old flies. Measurement of the life span was performed as described ; A total of 110 males and 140 females of each genotype and on each supplemented food were monitored. Adult brain degeneration was assessed following using costaining with Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin (1:100; Thermo Fisher Scientific) and DAPI (1:1000) after fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde/0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS. Fluorescent images (Z-stacks) were acquired with a Zeiss LSM 800 Airyscan confocal microscope. |
#[doc = r"Register block"]
#[repr(C)]
pub struct RegisterBlock {
#[doc = "0x00 - USB Device Functional Address"]
pub faddr: FADDR,
#[doc = "0x01 - USB Power"]
pub power: POWER,
#[doc = "0x02 - USB Transmit Interrupt Status"]
pub txis: TXIS,
#[doc = "0x04 - USB Receive Interrupt Status"]
pub rxis: RXIS,
#[doc = "0x06 - USB Transmit Interrupt Enable"]
pub txie: TXIE,
#[doc = "0x08 - USB Receive Interrupt Enable"]
pub rxie: RXIE,
#[doc = "0x0a - USB General Interrupt Status"]
pub is: IS,
#[doc = "0x0b - USB Interrupt Enable"]
pub ie: IE,
#[doc = "0x0c - USB Frame Value"]
pub frame: FRAME,
#[doc = "0x0e - USB Endpoint Index"]
pub epidx: EPIDX,
#[doc = "0x0f - USB Test Mode"]
pub test: TEST,
_reserved11: [u8; 16usize],
#[doc = "0x20 - USB FIFO Endpoint 0"]
pub fifo0: FIFO0,
#[doc = "0x24 - USB FIFO Endpoint 1"]
pub fifo1: FIFO1,
#[doc = "0x28 - USB FIFO Endpoint 2"]
pub fifo2: FIFO2,
#[doc = "0x2c - USB FIFO Endpoint 3"]
pub fifo3: FIFO3,
#[doc = "0x30 - USB FIFO Endpoint 4"]
pub fifo4: FIFO4,
#[doc = "0x34 - USB FIFO Endpoint 5"]
pub fifo5: FIFO5,
#[doc = "0x38 - USB FIFO Endpoint 6"]
pub fifo6: FIFO6,
#[doc = "0x3c - USB FIFO Endpoint 7"]
pub fifo7: FIFO7,
_reserved19: [u8; 32usize],
#[doc = "0x60 - USB Device Control"]
pub devctl: DEVCTL,
_reserved20: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0x62 - USB Transmit Dynamic FIFO Sizing"]
pub txfifosz: TXFIFOSZ,
#[doc = "0x63 - USB Receive Dynamic FIFO Sizing"]
pub rxfifosz: RXFIFOSZ,
#[doc = "0x64 - USB Transmit FIFO Start Address"]
pub txfifoadd: TXFIFOADD,
#[doc = "0x66 - USB Receive FIFO Start Address"]
pub rxfifoadd: RXFIFOADD,
_reserved24: [u8; 18usize],
#[doc = "0x7a - USB Connect Timing"]
pub contim: CONTIM,
#[doc = "0x7b - USB OTG VBUS Pulse Timing"]
pub vplen: VPLEN,
_reserved26: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0x7d - USB Full-Speed Last Transaction to End of Frame Timing"]
pub fseof: FSEOF,
#[doc = "0x7e - USB Low-Speed Last Transaction to End of Frame Timing"]
pub lseof: LSEOF,
_reserved28: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0x80 - USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 0"]
pub txfuncaddr0: TXFUNCADDR0,
_reserved29: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0x82 - USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 0"]
pub txhubaddr0: TXHUBADDR0,
#[doc = "0x83 - USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 0"]
pub txhubport0: TXHUBPORT0,
_reserved31: [u8; 4usize],
#[doc = "0x88 - USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 1"]
pub txfuncaddr1: TXFUNCADDR1,
_reserved32: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0x8a - USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 1"]
pub txhubaddr1: TXHUBADDR1,
#[doc = "0x8b - USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 1"]
pub txhubport1: TXHUBPORT1,
#[doc = "0x8c - USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 1"]
pub rxfuncaddr1: RXFUNCADDR1,
_reserved35: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0x8e - USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 1"]
pub rxhubaddr1: RXHUBADDR1,
#[doc = "0x8f - USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 1"]
pub rxhubport1: RXHUBPORT1,
#[doc = "0x90 - USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 2"]
pub txfuncaddr2: TXFUNCADDR2,
_reserved38: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0x92 - USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 2"]
pub txhubaddr2: TXHUBADDR2,
#[doc = "0x93 - USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 2"]
pub txhubport2: TXHUBPORT2,
#[doc = "0x94 - USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 2"]
pub rxfuncaddr2: RXFUNCADDR2,
_reserved41: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0x96 - USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 2"]
pub rxhubaddr2: RXHUBADDR2,
#[doc = "0x97 - USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 2"]
pub rxhubport2: RXHUBPORT2,
#[doc = "0x98 - USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 3"]
pub txfuncaddr3: TXFUNCADDR3,
_reserved44: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0x9a - USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 3"]
pub txhubaddr3: TXHUBADDR3,
#[doc = "0x9b - USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 3"]
pub txhubport3: TXHUBPORT3,
#[doc = "0x9c - USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 3"]
pub rxfuncaddr3: RXFUNCADDR3,
_reserved47: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0x9e - USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 3"]
pub rxhubaddr3: RXHUBADDR3,
#[doc = "0x9f - USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 3"]
pub rxhubport3: RXHUBPORT3,
#[doc = "0xa0 - USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 4"]
pub txfuncaddr4: TXFUNCADDR4,
_reserved50: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0xa2 - USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 4"]
pub txhubaddr4: TXHUBADDR4,
#[doc = "0xa3 - USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 4"]
pub txhubport4: TXHUBPORT4,
#[doc = "0xa4 - USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 4"]
pub rxfuncaddr4: RXFUNCADDR4,
_reserved53: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0xa6 - USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 4"]
pub rxhubaddr4: RXHUBADDR4,
#[doc = "0xa7 - USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 4"]
pub rxhubport4: RXHUBPORT4,
#[doc = "0xa8 - USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 5"]
pub txfuncaddr5: TXFUNCADDR5,
_reserved56: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0xaa - USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 5"]
pub txhubaddr5: TXHUBADDR5,
#[doc = "0xab - USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 5"]
pub txhubport5: TXHUBPORT5,
#[doc = "0xac - USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 5"]
pub rxfuncaddr5: RXFUNCADDR5,
_reserved59: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0xae - USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 5"]
pub rxhubaddr5: RXHUBADDR5,
#[doc = "0xaf - USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 5"]
pub rxhubport5: RXHUBPORT5,
#[doc = "0xb0 - USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 6"]
pub txfuncaddr6: TXFUNCADDR6,
_reserved62: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0xb2 - USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 6"]
pub txhubaddr6: TXHUBADDR6,
#[doc = "0xb3 - USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 6"]
pub txhubport6: TXHUBPORT6,
#[doc = "0xb4 - USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 6"]
pub rxfuncaddr6: RXFUNCADDR6,
_reserved65: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0xb6 - USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 6"]
pub rxhubaddr6: RXHUBADDR6,
#[doc = "0xb7 - USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 6"]
pub rxhubport6: RXHUBPORT6,
#[doc = "0xb8 - USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 7"]
pub txfuncaddr7: TXFUNCADDR7,
_reserved68: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0xba - USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 7"]
pub txhubaddr7: TXHUBADDR7,
#[doc = "0xbb - USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 7"]
pub txhubport7: TXHUBPORT7,
#[doc = "0xbc - USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 7"]
pub rxfuncaddr7: RXFUNCADDR7,
_reserved71: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0xbe - USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 7"]
pub rxhubaddr7: RXHUBADDR7,
#[doc = "0xbf - USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 7"]
pub rxhubport7: RXHUBPORT7,
_reserved73: [u8; 66usize],
#[doc = "0x102 - USB Control and Status Endpoint 0 Low"]
pub csrl0: CSRL0,
#[doc = "0x103 - USB Control and Status Endpoint 0 High"]
pub csrh0: CSRH0,
_reserved75: [u8; 4usize],
#[doc = "0x108 - USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 0"]
pub count0: COUNT0,
_reserved76: [u8; 1usize],
#[doc = "0x10a - USB Type Endpoint 0"]
pub type0: TYPE0,
#[doc = "0x10b - USB NAK Limit"]
pub naklmt: NAKLMT,
_reserved78: [u8; 4usize],
#[doc = "0x110 - USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 1"]
pub txmaxp1: TXMAXP1,
#[doc = "0x112 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 1 Low"]
pub txcsrl1: TXCSRL1,
#[doc = "0x113 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 1 High"]
pub txcsrh1: TXCSRH1,
#[doc = "0x114 - USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 1"]
pub rxmaxp1: RXMAXP1,
#[doc = "0x116 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 1 Low"]
pub rxcsrl1: RXCSRL1,
#[doc = "0x117 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 1 High"]
pub rxcsrh1: RXCSRH1,
#[doc = "0x118 - USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 1"]
pub rxcount1: RXCOUNT1,
#[doc = "0x11a - USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 1"]
pub txtype1: TXTYPE1,
#[doc = "0x11b - USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 1"]
pub txinterval1: TXINTERVAL1,
#[doc = "0x11c - USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 1"]
pub rxtype1: RXTYPE1,
#[doc = "0x11d - USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 1"]
pub rxinterval1: RXINTERVAL1,
_reserved89: [u8; 2usize],
#[doc = "0x120 - USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 2"]
pub txmaxp2: TXMAXP2,
#[doc = "0x122 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 2 Low"]
pub txcsrl2: TXCSRL2,
#[doc = "0x123 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 2 High"]
pub txcsrh2: TXCSRH2,
#[doc = "0x124 - USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 2"]
pub rxmaxp2: RXMAXP2,
#[doc = "0x126 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 2 Low"]
pub rxcsrl2: RXCSRL2,
#[doc = "0x127 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 2 High"]
pub rxcsrh2: RXCSRH2,
#[doc = "0x128 - USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 2"]
pub rxcount2: RXCOUNT2,
#[doc = "0x12a - USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 2"]
pub txtype2: TXTYPE2,
#[doc = "0x12b - USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 2"]
pub txinterval2: TXINTERVAL2,
#[doc = "0x12c - USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 2"]
pub rxtype2: RXTYPE2,
#[doc = "0x12d - USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 2"]
pub rxinterval2: RXINTERVAL2,
_reserved100: [u8; 2usize],
#[doc = "0x130 - USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 3"]
pub txmaxp3: TXMAXP3,
#[doc = "0x132 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 3 Low"]
pub txcsrl3: TXCSRL3,
#[doc = "0x133 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 3 High"]
pub txcsrh3: TXCSRH3,
#[doc = "0x134 - USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 3"]
pub rxmaxp3: RXMAXP3,
#[doc = "0x136 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 3 Low"]
pub rxcsrl3: RXCSRL3,
#[doc = "0x137 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 3 High"]
pub rxcsrh3: RXCSRH3,
#[doc = "0x138 - USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 3"]
pub rxcount3: RXCOUNT3,
#[doc = "0x13a - USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 3"]
pub txtype3: TXTYPE3,
#[doc = "0x13b - USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 3"]
pub txinterval3: TXINTERVAL3,
#[doc = "0x13c - USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 3"]
pub rxtype3: RXTYPE3,
#[doc = "0x13d - USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 3"]
pub rxinterval3: RXINTERVAL3,
_reserved111: [u8; 2usize],
#[doc = "0x140 - USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 4"]
pub txmaxp4: TXMAXP4,
#[doc = "0x142 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 4 Low"]
pub txcsrl4: TXCSRL4,
#[doc = "0x143 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 4 High"]
pub txcsrh4: TXCSRH4,
#[doc = "0x144 - USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 4"]
pub rxmaxp4: RXMAXP4,
#[doc = "0x146 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 4 Low"]
pub rxcsrl4: RXCSRL4,
#[doc = "0x147 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 4 High"]
pub rxcsrh4: RXCSRH4,
#[doc = "0x148 - USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 4"]
pub rxcount4: RXCOUNT4,
#[doc = "0x14a - USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 4"]
pub txtype4: TXTYPE4,
#[doc = "0x14b - USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 4"]
pub txinterval4: TXINTERVAL4,
#[doc = "0x14c - USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 4"]
pub rxtype4: RXTYPE4,
#[doc = "0x14d - USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 4"]
pub rxinterval4: RXINTERVAL4,
_reserved122: [u8; 2usize],
#[doc = "0x150 - USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 5"]
pub txmaxp5: TXMAXP5,
#[doc = "0x152 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 5 Low"]
pub txcsrl5: TXCSRL5,
#[doc = "0x153 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 5 High"]
pub txcsrh5: TXCSRH5,
#[doc = "0x154 - USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 5"]
pub rxmaxp5: RXMAXP5,
#[doc = "0x156 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 5 Low"]
pub rxcsrl5: RXCSRL5,
#[doc = "0x157 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 5 High"]
pub rxcsrh5: RXCSRH5,
#[doc = "0x158 - USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 5"]
pub rxcount5: RXCOUNT5,
#[doc = "0x15a - USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 5"]
pub txtype5: TXTYPE5,
#[doc = "0x15b - USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 5"]
pub txinterval5: TXINTERVAL5,
#[doc = "0x15c - USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 5"]
pub rxtype5: RXTYPE5,
#[doc = "0x15d - USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 5"]
pub rxinterval5: RXINTERVAL5,
_reserved133: [u8; 2usize],
#[doc = "0x160 - USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 6"]
pub txmaxp6: TXMAXP6,
#[doc = "0x162 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 6 Low"]
pub txcsrl6: TXCSRL6,
#[doc = "0x163 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 6 High"]
pub txcsrh6: TXCSRH6,
#[doc = "0x164 - USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 6"]
pub rxmaxp6: RXMAXP6,
#[doc = "0x166 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 6 Low"]
pub rxcsrl6: RXCSRL6,
#[doc = "0x167 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 6 High"]
pub rxcsrh6: RXCSRH6,
#[doc = "0x168 - USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 6"]
pub rxcount6: RXCOUNT6,
#[doc = "0x16a - USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 6"]
pub txtype6: TXTYPE6,
#[doc = "0x16b - USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 6"]
pub txinterval6: TXINTERVAL6,
#[doc = "0x16c - USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 6"]
pub rxtype6: RXTYPE6,
#[doc = "0x16d - USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 6"]
pub rxinterval6: RXINTERVAL6,
_reserved144: [u8; 2usize],
#[doc = "0x170 - USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 7"]
pub txmaxp7: TXMAXP7,
#[doc = "0x172 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 7 Low"]
pub txcsrl7: TXCSRL7,
#[doc = "0x173 - USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 7 High"]
pub txcsrh7: TXCSRH7,
#[doc = "0x174 - USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 7"]
pub rxmaxp7: RXMAXP7,
#[doc = "0x176 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 7 Low"]
pub rxcsrl7: RXCSRL7,
#[doc = "0x177 - USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 7 High"]
pub rxcsrh7: RXCSRH7,
#[doc = "0x178 - USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 7"]
pub rxcount7: RXCOUNT7,
#[doc = "0x17a - USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 7"]
pub txtype7: TXTYPE7,
#[doc = "0x17b - USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 7"]
pub txinterval7: TXINTERVAL7,
#[doc = "0x17c - USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 7"]
pub rxtype7: RXTYPE7,
#[doc = "0x17d - USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 7"]
pub rxinterval7: RXINTERVAL7,
_reserved155: [u8; 390usize],
#[doc = "0x304 - USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 1"]
pub rqpktcount1: RQPKTCOUNT1,
_reserved156: [u8; 2usize],
#[doc = "0x308 - USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 2"]
pub rqpktcount2: RQPKTCOUNT2,
_reserved157: [u8; 2usize],
#[doc = "0x30c - USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 3"]
pub rqpktcount3: RQPKTCOUNT3,
_reserved158: [u8; 2usize],
#[doc = "0x310 - USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 4"]
pub rqpktcount4: RQPKTCOUNT4,
_reserved159: [u8; 2usize],
#[doc = "0x314 - USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 5"]
pub rqpktcount5: RQPKTCOUNT5,
_reserved160: [u8; 2usize],
#[doc = "0x318 - USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 6"]
pub rqpktcount6: RQPKTCOUNT6,
_reserved161: [u8; 2usize],
#[doc = "0x31c - USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 7"]
pub rqpktcount7: RQPKTCOUNT7,
_reserved162: [u8; 34usize],
#[doc = "0x340 - USB Receive Double Packet Buffer Disable"]
pub rxdpktbufdis: RXDPKTBUFDIS,
#[doc = "0x342 - USB Transmit Double Packet Buffer Disable"]
pub txdpktbufdis: TXDPKTBUFDIS,
_reserved164: [u8; 188usize],
#[doc = "0x400 - USB External Power Control"]
pub epc: EPC,
#[doc = "0x404 - USB External Power Control Raw Interrupt Status"]
pub epcris: EPCRIS,
#[doc = "0x408 - USB External Power Control Interrupt Mask"]
pub epcim: EPCIM,
#[doc = "0x40c - USB External Power Control Interrupt Status and Clear"]
pub epcisc: EPCISC,
#[doc = "0x410 - USB Device RESUME Raw Interrupt Status"]
pub drris: DRRIS,
#[doc = "0x414 - USB Device RESUME Interrupt Mask"]
pub drim: DRIM,
#[doc = "0x418 - USB Device RESUME Interrupt Status and Clear"]
pub drisc: DRISC,
#[doc = "0x41c - USB General-Purpose Control and Status"]
pub gpcs: GPCS,
_reserved172: [u8; 16usize],
#[doc = "0x430 - USB VBUS Droop Control"]
pub vdc: VDC,
#[doc = "0x434 - USB VBUS Droop Control Raw Interrupt Status"]
pub vdcris: VDCRIS,
#[doc = "0x438 - USB VBUS Droop Control Interrupt Mask"]
pub vdcim: VDCIM,
#[doc = "0x43c - USB VBUS Droop Control Interrupt Status and Clear"]
pub vdcisc: VDCISC,
_reserved176: [u8; 4usize],
#[doc = "0x444 - USB ID Valid Detect Raw Interrupt Status"]
pub idvris: IDVRIS,
#[doc = "0x448 - USB ID Valid Detect Interrupt Mask"]
pub idvim: IDVIM,
#[doc = "0x44c - USB ID Valid Detect Interrupt Status and Clear"]
pub idvisc: IDVISC,
#[doc = "0x450 - USB DMA Select"]
pub dmasel: DMASEL,
_reserved180: [u8; 2924usize],
#[doc = "0xfc0 - USB Peripheral Properties"]
pub pp: PP,
}
#[doc = "USB Device Functional Address\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [faddr](faddr) module"]
pub type FADDR = crate::Reg<u8, _FADDR>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _FADDR;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [faddr::R](faddr::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for FADDR {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [faddr::W](faddr::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for FADDR {}
#[doc = "USB Device Functional Address"]
pub mod faddr;
#[doc = "USB Power\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [power](power) module"]
pub type POWER = crate::Reg<u8, _POWER>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _POWER;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [power::R](power::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for POWER {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [power::W](power::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for POWER {}
#[doc = "USB Power"]
pub mod power;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Interrupt Status\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txis](txis) module"]
pub type TXIS = crate::Reg<u16, _TXIS>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXIS;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txis::R](txis::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXIS {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Interrupt Status"]
pub mod txis;
#[doc = "USB Receive Interrupt Status\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxis](rxis) module"]
pub type RXIS = crate::Reg<u16, _RXIS>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXIS;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxis::R](rxis::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXIS {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Interrupt Status"]
pub mod rxis;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Interrupt Enable\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txie](txie) module"]
pub type TXIE = crate::Reg<u16, _TXIE>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXIE;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txie::R](txie::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXIE {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txie::W](txie::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXIE {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Interrupt Enable"]
pub mod txie;
#[doc = "USB Receive Interrupt Enable\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxie](rxie) module"]
pub type RXIE = crate::Reg<u16, _RXIE>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXIE;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxie::R](rxie::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXIE {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxie::W](rxie::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXIE {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Interrupt Enable"]
pub mod rxie;
#[doc = "USB General Interrupt Status\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [is](is) module"]
pub type IS = crate::Reg<u8, _IS>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _IS;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [is::R](is::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for IS {}
#[doc = "USB General Interrupt Status"]
pub mod is;
#[doc = "USB Interrupt Enable\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [ie](ie) module"]
pub type IE = crate::Reg<u8, _IE>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _IE;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [ie::R](ie::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for IE {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [ie::W](ie::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for IE {}
#[doc = "USB Interrupt Enable"]
pub mod ie;
#[doc = "USB Frame Value\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [frame](frame) module"]
pub type FRAME = crate::Reg<u16, _FRAME>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _FRAME;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [frame::R](frame::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for FRAME {}
#[doc = "USB Frame Value"]
pub mod frame;
#[doc = "USB Endpoint Index\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [epidx](epidx) module"]
pub type EPIDX = crate::Reg<u8, _EPIDX>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _EPIDX;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [epidx::R](epidx::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for EPIDX {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [epidx::W](epidx::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for EPIDX {}
#[doc = "USB Endpoint Index"]
pub mod epidx;
#[doc = "USB Test Mode\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [test](test) module"]
pub type TEST = crate::Reg<u8, _TEST>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TEST;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [test::R](test::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TEST {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [test::W](test::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TEST {}
#[doc = "USB Test Mode"]
pub mod test;
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 0\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [fifo0](fifo0) module"]
pub type FIFO0 = crate::Reg<u32, _FIFO0>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _FIFO0;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [fifo0::R](fifo0::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for FIFO0 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [fifo0::W](fifo0::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for FIFO0 {}
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 0"]
pub mod fifo0;
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [fifo1](fifo1) module"]
pub type FIFO1 = crate::Reg<u32, _FIFO1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _FIFO1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [fifo1::R](fifo1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for FIFO1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [fifo1::W](fifo1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for FIFO1 {}
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 1"]
pub mod fifo1;
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [fifo2](fifo2) module"]
pub type FIFO2 = crate::Reg<u32, _FIFO2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _FIFO2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [fifo2::R](fifo2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for FIFO2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [fifo2::W](fifo2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for FIFO2 {}
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 2"]
pub mod fifo2;
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [fifo3](fifo3) module"]
pub type FIFO3 = crate::Reg<u32, _FIFO3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _FIFO3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [fifo3::R](fifo3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for FIFO3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [fifo3::W](fifo3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for FIFO3 {}
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 3"]
pub mod fifo3;
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [fifo4](fifo4) module"]
pub type FIFO4 = crate::Reg<u32, _FIFO4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _FIFO4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [fifo4::R](fifo4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for FIFO4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [fifo4::W](fifo4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for FIFO4 {}
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 4"]
pub mod fifo4;
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [fifo5](fifo5) module"]
pub type FIFO5 = crate::Reg<u32, _FIFO5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _FIFO5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [fifo5::R](fifo5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for FIFO5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [fifo5::W](fifo5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for FIFO5 {}
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 5"]
pub mod fifo5;
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [fifo6](fifo6) module"]
pub type FIFO6 = crate::Reg<u32, _FIFO6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _FIFO6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [fifo6::R](fifo6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for FIFO6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [fifo6::W](fifo6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for FIFO6 {}
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 6"]
pub mod fifo6;
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [fifo7](fifo7) module"]
pub type FIFO7 = crate::Reg<u32, _FIFO7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _FIFO7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [fifo7::R](fifo7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for FIFO7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [fifo7::W](fifo7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for FIFO7 {}
#[doc = "USB FIFO Endpoint 7"]
pub mod fifo7;
#[doc = "USB Device Control\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [devctl](devctl) module"]
pub type DEVCTL = crate::Reg<u8, _DEVCTL>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _DEVCTL;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [devctl::R](devctl::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for DEVCTL {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [devctl::W](devctl::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for DEVCTL {}
#[doc = "USB Device Control"]
pub mod devctl;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Dynamic FIFO Sizing\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txfifosz](txfifosz) module"]
pub type TXFIFOSZ = crate::Reg<u8, _TXFIFOSZ>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXFIFOSZ;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txfifosz::R](txfifosz::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXFIFOSZ {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txfifosz::W](txfifosz::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXFIFOSZ {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Dynamic FIFO Sizing"]
pub mod txfifosz;
#[doc = "USB Receive Dynamic FIFO Sizing\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxfifosz](rxfifosz) module"]
pub type RXFIFOSZ = crate::Reg<u8, _RXFIFOSZ>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXFIFOSZ;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxfifosz::R](rxfifosz::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXFIFOSZ {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxfifosz::W](rxfifosz::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXFIFOSZ {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Dynamic FIFO Sizing"]
pub mod rxfifosz;
#[doc = "USB Transmit FIFO Start Address\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txfifoadd](txfifoadd) module"]
pub type TXFIFOADD = crate::Reg<u16, _TXFIFOADD>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXFIFOADD;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txfifoadd::R](txfifoadd::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXFIFOADD {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txfifoadd::W](txfifoadd::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXFIFOADD {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit FIFO Start Address"]
pub mod txfifoadd;
#[doc = "USB Receive FIFO Start Address\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxfifoadd](rxfifoadd) module"]
pub type RXFIFOADD = crate::Reg<u16, _RXFIFOADD>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXFIFOADD;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxfifoadd::R](rxfifoadd::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXFIFOADD {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxfifoadd::W](rxfifoadd::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXFIFOADD {}
#[doc = "USB Receive FIFO Start Address"]
pub mod rxfifoadd;
#[doc = "USB Connect Timing\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [contim](contim) module"]
pub type CONTIM = crate::Reg<u8, _CONTIM>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _CONTIM;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [contim::R](contim::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for CONTIM {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [contim::W](contim::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for CONTIM {}
#[doc = "USB Connect Timing"]
pub mod contim;
#[doc = "USB OTG VBUS Pulse Timing\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [vplen](vplen) module"]
pub type VPLEN = crate::Reg<u8, _VPLEN>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _VPLEN;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [vplen::R](vplen::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for VPLEN {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [vplen::W](vplen::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for VPLEN {}
#[doc = "USB OTG VBUS Pulse Timing"]
pub mod vplen;
#[doc = "USB Full-Speed Last Transaction to End of Frame Timing\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [fseof](fseof) module"]
pub type FSEOF = crate::Reg<u8, _FSEOF>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _FSEOF;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [fseof::R](fseof::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for FSEOF {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [fseof::W](fseof::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for FSEOF {}
#[doc = "USB Full-Speed Last Transaction to End of Frame Timing"]
pub mod fseof;
#[doc = "USB Low-Speed Last Transaction to End of Frame Timing\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [lseof](lseof) module"]
pub type LSEOF = crate::Reg<u8, _LSEOF>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _LSEOF;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [lseof::R](lseof::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for LSEOF {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [lseof::W](lseof::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for LSEOF {}
#[doc = "USB Low-Speed Last Transaction to End of Frame Timing"]
pub mod lseof;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 0\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txfuncaddr0](txfuncaddr0) module"]
pub type TXFUNCADDR0 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXFUNCADDR0>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXFUNCADDR0;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txfuncaddr0::R](txfuncaddr0::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXFUNCADDR0 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txfuncaddr0::W](txfuncaddr0::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXFUNCADDR0 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 0"]
pub mod txfuncaddr0;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 0\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubaddr0](txhubaddr0) module"]
pub type TXHUBADDR0 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBADDR0>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBADDR0;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubaddr0::R](txhubaddr0::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBADDR0 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubaddr0::W](txhubaddr0::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBADDR0 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 0"]
pub mod txhubaddr0;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 0\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubport0](txhubport0) module"]
pub type TXHUBPORT0 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBPORT0>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBPORT0;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubport0::R](txhubport0::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBPORT0 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubport0::W](txhubport0::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBPORT0 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 0"]
pub mod txhubport0;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txfuncaddr1](txfuncaddr1) module"]
pub type TXFUNCADDR1 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXFUNCADDR1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXFUNCADDR1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txfuncaddr1::R](txfuncaddr1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXFUNCADDR1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txfuncaddr1::W](txfuncaddr1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXFUNCADDR1 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 1"]
pub mod txfuncaddr1;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubaddr1](txhubaddr1) module"]
pub type TXHUBADDR1 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBADDR1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBADDR1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubaddr1::R](txhubaddr1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBADDR1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubaddr1::W](txhubaddr1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBADDR1 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 1"]
pub mod txhubaddr1;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubport1](txhubport1) module"]
pub type TXHUBPORT1 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBPORT1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBPORT1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubport1::R](txhubport1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBPORT1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubport1::W](txhubport1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBPORT1 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 1"]
pub mod txhubport1;
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxfuncaddr1](rxfuncaddr1) module"]
pub type RXFUNCADDR1 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXFUNCADDR1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXFUNCADDR1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxfuncaddr1::R](rxfuncaddr1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXFUNCADDR1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxfuncaddr1::W](rxfuncaddr1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXFUNCADDR1 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 1"]
pub mod rxfuncaddr1;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubaddr1](rxhubaddr1) module"]
pub type RXHUBADDR1 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBADDR1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBADDR1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubaddr1::R](rxhubaddr1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBADDR1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubaddr1::W](rxhubaddr1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBADDR1 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 1"]
pub mod rxhubaddr1;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubport1](rxhubport1) module"]
pub type RXHUBPORT1 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBPORT1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBPORT1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubport1::R](rxhubport1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBPORT1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubport1::W](rxhubport1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBPORT1 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 1"]
pub mod rxhubport1;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txfuncaddr2](txfuncaddr2) module"]
pub type TXFUNCADDR2 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXFUNCADDR2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXFUNCADDR2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txfuncaddr2::R](txfuncaddr2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXFUNCADDR2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txfuncaddr2::W](txfuncaddr2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXFUNCADDR2 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 2"]
pub mod txfuncaddr2;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubaddr2](txhubaddr2) module"]
pub type TXHUBADDR2 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBADDR2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBADDR2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubaddr2::R](txhubaddr2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBADDR2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubaddr2::W](txhubaddr2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBADDR2 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 2"]
pub mod txhubaddr2;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubport2](txhubport2) module"]
pub type TXHUBPORT2 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBPORT2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBPORT2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubport2::R](txhubport2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBPORT2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubport2::W](txhubport2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBPORT2 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 2"]
pub mod txhubport2;
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxfuncaddr2](rxfuncaddr2) module"]
pub type RXFUNCADDR2 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXFUNCADDR2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXFUNCADDR2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxfuncaddr2::R](rxfuncaddr2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXFUNCADDR2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxfuncaddr2::W](rxfuncaddr2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXFUNCADDR2 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 2"]
pub mod rxfuncaddr2;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubaddr2](rxhubaddr2) module"]
pub type RXHUBADDR2 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBADDR2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBADDR2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubaddr2::R](rxhubaddr2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBADDR2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubaddr2::W](rxhubaddr2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBADDR2 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 2"]
pub mod rxhubaddr2;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubport2](rxhubport2) module"]
pub type RXHUBPORT2 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBPORT2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBPORT2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubport2::R](rxhubport2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBPORT2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubport2::W](rxhubport2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBPORT2 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 2"]
pub mod rxhubport2;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txfuncaddr3](txfuncaddr3) module"]
pub type TXFUNCADDR3 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXFUNCADDR3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXFUNCADDR3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txfuncaddr3::R](txfuncaddr3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXFUNCADDR3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txfuncaddr3::W](txfuncaddr3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXFUNCADDR3 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 3"]
pub mod txfuncaddr3;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubaddr3](txhubaddr3) module"]
pub type TXHUBADDR3 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBADDR3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBADDR3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubaddr3::R](txhubaddr3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBADDR3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubaddr3::W](txhubaddr3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBADDR3 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 3"]
pub mod txhubaddr3;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubport3](txhubport3) module"]
pub type TXHUBPORT3 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBPORT3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBPORT3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubport3::R](txhubport3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBPORT3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubport3::W](txhubport3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBPORT3 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 3"]
pub mod txhubport3;
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxfuncaddr3](rxfuncaddr3) module"]
pub type RXFUNCADDR3 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXFUNCADDR3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXFUNCADDR3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxfuncaddr3::R](rxfuncaddr3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXFUNCADDR3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxfuncaddr3::W](rxfuncaddr3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXFUNCADDR3 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 3"]
pub mod rxfuncaddr3;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubaddr3](rxhubaddr3) module"]
pub type RXHUBADDR3 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBADDR3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBADDR3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubaddr3::R](rxhubaddr3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBADDR3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubaddr3::W](rxhubaddr3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBADDR3 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 3"]
pub mod rxhubaddr3;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubport3](rxhubport3) module"]
pub type RXHUBPORT3 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBPORT3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBPORT3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubport3::R](rxhubport3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBPORT3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubport3::W](rxhubport3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBPORT3 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 3"]
pub mod rxhubport3;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txfuncaddr4](txfuncaddr4) module"]
pub type TXFUNCADDR4 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXFUNCADDR4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXFUNCADDR4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txfuncaddr4::R](txfuncaddr4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXFUNCADDR4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txfuncaddr4::W](txfuncaddr4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXFUNCADDR4 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 4"]
pub mod txfuncaddr4;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubaddr4](txhubaddr4) module"]
pub type TXHUBADDR4 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBADDR4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBADDR4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubaddr4::R](txhubaddr4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBADDR4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubaddr4::W](txhubaddr4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBADDR4 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 4"]
pub mod txhubaddr4;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubport4](txhubport4) module"]
pub type TXHUBPORT4 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBPORT4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBPORT4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubport4::R](txhubport4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBPORT4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubport4::W](txhubport4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBPORT4 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 4"]
pub mod txhubport4;
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxfuncaddr4](rxfuncaddr4) module"]
pub type RXFUNCADDR4 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXFUNCADDR4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXFUNCADDR4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxfuncaddr4::R](rxfuncaddr4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXFUNCADDR4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxfuncaddr4::W](rxfuncaddr4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXFUNCADDR4 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 4"]
pub mod rxfuncaddr4;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubaddr4](rxhubaddr4) module"]
pub type RXHUBADDR4 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBADDR4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBADDR4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubaddr4::R](rxhubaddr4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBADDR4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubaddr4::W](rxhubaddr4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBADDR4 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 4"]
pub mod rxhubaddr4;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubport4](rxhubport4) module"]
pub type RXHUBPORT4 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBPORT4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBPORT4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubport4::R](rxhubport4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBPORT4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubport4::W](rxhubport4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBPORT4 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 4"]
pub mod rxhubport4;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txfuncaddr5](txfuncaddr5) module"]
pub type TXFUNCADDR5 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXFUNCADDR5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXFUNCADDR5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txfuncaddr5::R](txfuncaddr5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXFUNCADDR5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txfuncaddr5::W](txfuncaddr5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXFUNCADDR5 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 5"]
pub mod txfuncaddr5;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubaddr5](txhubaddr5) module"]
pub type TXHUBADDR5 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBADDR5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBADDR5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubaddr5::R](txhubaddr5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBADDR5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubaddr5::W](txhubaddr5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBADDR5 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 5"]
pub mod txhubaddr5;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubport5](txhubport5) module"]
pub type TXHUBPORT5 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBPORT5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBPORT5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubport5::R](txhubport5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBPORT5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubport5::W](txhubport5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBPORT5 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 5"]
pub mod txhubport5;
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxfuncaddr5](rxfuncaddr5) module"]
pub type RXFUNCADDR5 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXFUNCADDR5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXFUNCADDR5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxfuncaddr5::R](rxfuncaddr5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXFUNCADDR5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxfuncaddr5::W](rxfuncaddr5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXFUNCADDR5 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 5"]
pub mod rxfuncaddr5;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubaddr5](rxhubaddr5) module"]
pub type RXHUBADDR5 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBADDR5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBADDR5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubaddr5::R](rxhubaddr5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBADDR5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubaddr5::W](rxhubaddr5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBADDR5 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 5"]
pub mod rxhubaddr5;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubport5](rxhubport5) module"]
pub type RXHUBPORT5 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBPORT5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBPORT5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubport5::R](rxhubport5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBPORT5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubport5::W](rxhubport5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBPORT5 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 5"]
pub mod rxhubport5;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txfuncaddr6](txfuncaddr6) module"]
pub type TXFUNCADDR6 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXFUNCADDR6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXFUNCADDR6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txfuncaddr6::R](txfuncaddr6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXFUNCADDR6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txfuncaddr6::W](txfuncaddr6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXFUNCADDR6 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 6"]
pub mod txfuncaddr6;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubaddr6](txhubaddr6) module"]
pub type TXHUBADDR6 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBADDR6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBADDR6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubaddr6::R](txhubaddr6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBADDR6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubaddr6::W](txhubaddr6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBADDR6 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 6"]
pub mod txhubaddr6;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubport6](txhubport6) module"]
pub type TXHUBPORT6 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBPORT6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBPORT6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubport6::R](txhubport6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBPORT6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubport6::W](txhubport6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBPORT6 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 6"]
pub mod txhubport6;
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxfuncaddr6](rxfuncaddr6) module"]
pub type RXFUNCADDR6 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXFUNCADDR6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXFUNCADDR6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxfuncaddr6::R](rxfuncaddr6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXFUNCADDR6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxfuncaddr6::W](rxfuncaddr6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXFUNCADDR6 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 6"]
pub mod rxfuncaddr6;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubaddr6](rxhubaddr6) module"]
pub type RXHUBADDR6 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBADDR6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBADDR6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubaddr6::R](rxhubaddr6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBADDR6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubaddr6::W](rxhubaddr6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBADDR6 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 6"]
pub mod rxhubaddr6;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubport6](rxhubport6) module"]
pub type RXHUBPORT6 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBPORT6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBPORT6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubport6::R](rxhubport6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBPORT6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubport6::W](rxhubport6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBPORT6 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 6"]
pub mod rxhubport6;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txfuncaddr7](txfuncaddr7) module"]
pub type TXFUNCADDR7 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXFUNCADDR7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXFUNCADDR7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txfuncaddr7::R](txfuncaddr7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXFUNCADDR7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txfuncaddr7::W](txfuncaddr7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXFUNCADDR7 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Functional Address Endpoint 7"]
pub mod txfuncaddr7;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubaddr7](txhubaddr7) module"]
pub type TXHUBADDR7 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBADDR7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBADDR7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubaddr7::R](txhubaddr7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBADDR7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubaddr7::W](txhubaddr7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBADDR7 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Address Endpoint 7"]
pub mod txhubaddr7;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txhubport7](txhubport7) module"]
pub type TXHUBPORT7 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXHUBPORT7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXHUBPORT7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txhubport7::R](txhubport7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXHUBPORT7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txhubport7::W](txhubport7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXHUBPORT7 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Hub Port Endpoint 7"]
pub mod txhubport7;
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxfuncaddr7](rxfuncaddr7) module"]
pub type RXFUNCADDR7 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXFUNCADDR7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXFUNCADDR7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxfuncaddr7::R](rxfuncaddr7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXFUNCADDR7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxfuncaddr7::W](rxfuncaddr7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXFUNCADDR7 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Functional Address Endpoint 7"]
pub mod rxfuncaddr7;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubaddr7](rxhubaddr7) module"]
pub type RXHUBADDR7 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBADDR7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBADDR7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubaddr7::R](rxhubaddr7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBADDR7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubaddr7::W](rxhubaddr7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBADDR7 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Address Endpoint 7"]
pub mod rxhubaddr7;
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxhubport7](rxhubport7) module"]
pub type RXHUBPORT7 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXHUBPORT7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXHUBPORT7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxhubport7::R](rxhubport7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXHUBPORT7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxhubport7::W](rxhubport7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXHUBPORT7 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Hub Port Endpoint 7"]
pub mod rxhubport7;
#[doc = "USB Control and Status Endpoint 0 Low\n\nThis register you can [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [csrl0](csrl0) module"]
pub type CSRL0 = crate::Reg<u8, _CSRL0>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _CSRL0;
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [csrl0::W](csrl0::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for CSRL0 {}
#[doc = "USB Control and Status Endpoint 0 Low"]
pub mod csrl0;
#[doc = "USB Control and Status Endpoint 0 High\n\nThis register you can [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [csrh0](csrh0) module"]
pub type CSRH0 = crate::Reg<u8, _CSRH0>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _CSRH0;
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [csrh0::W](csrh0::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for CSRH0 {}
#[doc = "USB Control and Status Endpoint 0 High"]
pub mod csrh0;
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 0\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [count0](count0) module"]
pub type COUNT0 = crate::Reg<u8, _COUNT0>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _COUNT0;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [count0::R](count0::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for COUNT0 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 0"]
pub mod count0;
#[doc = "USB Type Endpoint 0\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [type0](type0) module"]
pub type TYPE0 = crate::Reg<u8, _TYPE0>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TYPE0;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [type0::R](type0::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TYPE0 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [type0::W](type0::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TYPE0 {}
#[doc = "USB Type Endpoint 0"]
pub mod type0;
#[doc = "USB NAK Limit\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [naklmt](naklmt) module"]
pub type NAKLMT = crate::Reg<u8, _NAKLMT>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _NAKLMT;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [naklmt::R](naklmt::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for NAKLMT {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [naklmt::W](naklmt::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for NAKLMT {}
#[doc = "USB NAK Limit"]
pub mod naklmt;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txmaxp1](txmaxp1) module"]
pub type TXMAXP1 = crate::Reg<u16, _TXMAXP1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXMAXP1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txmaxp1::R](txmaxp1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXMAXP1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txmaxp1::W](txmaxp1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXMAXP1 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 1"]
pub mod txmaxp1;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 1 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrl1](txcsrl1) module"]
pub type TXCSRL1 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRL1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRL1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrl1::R](txcsrl1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRL1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrl1::W](txcsrl1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRL1 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 1 Low"]
pub mod txcsrl1;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 1 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrh1](txcsrh1) module"]
pub type TXCSRH1 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRH1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRH1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrh1::R](txcsrh1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRH1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrh1::W](txcsrh1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRH1 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 1 High"]
pub mod txcsrh1;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxmaxp1](rxmaxp1) module"]
pub type RXMAXP1 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXMAXP1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXMAXP1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxmaxp1::R](rxmaxp1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXMAXP1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxmaxp1::W](rxmaxp1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXMAXP1 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 1"]
pub mod rxmaxp1;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 1 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrl1](rxcsrl1) module"]
pub type RXCSRL1 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRL1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRL1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrl1::R](rxcsrl1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRL1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrl1::W](rxcsrl1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRL1 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 1 Low"]
pub mod rxcsrl1;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 1 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrh1](rxcsrh1) module"]
pub type RXCSRH1 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRH1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRH1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrh1::R](rxcsrh1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRH1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrh1::W](rxcsrh1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRH1 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 1 High"]
pub mod rxcsrh1;
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcount1](rxcount1) module"]
pub type RXCOUNT1 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXCOUNT1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCOUNT1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcount1::R](rxcount1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCOUNT1 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 1"]
pub mod rxcount1;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txtype1](txtype1) module"]
pub type TXTYPE1 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXTYPE1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXTYPE1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txtype1::R](txtype1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXTYPE1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txtype1::W](txtype1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXTYPE1 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 1"]
pub mod txtype1;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txinterval1](txinterval1) module"]
pub type TXINTERVAL1 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXINTERVAL1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXINTERVAL1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txinterval1::R](txinterval1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXINTERVAL1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txinterval1::W](txinterval1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXINTERVAL1 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 1"]
pub mod txinterval1;
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxtype1](rxtype1) module"]
pub type RXTYPE1 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXTYPE1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXTYPE1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxtype1::R](rxtype1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXTYPE1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxtype1::W](rxtype1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXTYPE1 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 1"]
pub mod rxtype1;
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxinterval1](rxinterval1) module"]
pub type RXINTERVAL1 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXINTERVAL1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXINTERVAL1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxinterval1::R](rxinterval1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXINTERVAL1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxinterval1::W](rxinterval1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXINTERVAL1 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 1"]
pub mod rxinterval1;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txmaxp2](txmaxp2) module"]
pub type TXMAXP2 = crate::Reg<u16, _TXMAXP2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXMAXP2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txmaxp2::R](txmaxp2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXMAXP2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txmaxp2::W](txmaxp2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXMAXP2 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 2"]
pub mod txmaxp2;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 2 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrl2](txcsrl2) module"]
pub type TXCSRL2 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRL2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRL2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrl2::R](txcsrl2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRL2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrl2::W](txcsrl2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRL2 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 2 Low"]
pub mod txcsrl2;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 2 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrh2](txcsrh2) module"]
pub type TXCSRH2 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRH2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRH2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrh2::R](txcsrh2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRH2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrh2::W](txcsrh2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRH2 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 2 High"]
pub mod txcsrh2;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxmaxp2](rxmaxp2) module"]
pub type RXMAXP2 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXMAXP2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXMAXP2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxmaxp2::R](rxmaxp2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXMAXP2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxmaxp2::W](rxmaxp2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXMAXP2 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 2"]
pub mod rxmaxp2;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 2 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrl2](rxcsrl2) module"]
pub type RXCSRL2 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRL2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRL2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrl2::R](rxcsrl2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRL2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrl2::W](rxcsrl2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRL2 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 2 Low"]
pub mod rxcsrl2;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 2 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrh2](rxcsrh2) module"]
pub type RXCSRH2 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRH2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRH2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrh2::R](rxcsrh2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRH2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrh2::W](rxcsrh2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRH2 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 2 High"]
pub mod rxcsrh2;
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcount2](rxcount2) module"]
pub type RXCOUNT2 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXCOUNT2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCOUNT2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcount2::R](rxcount2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCOUNT2 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 2"]
pub mod rxcount2;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txtype2](txtype2) module"]
pub type TXTYPE2 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXTYPE2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXTYPE2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txtype2::R](txtype2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXTYPE2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txtype2::W](txtype2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXTYPE2 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 2"]
pub mod txtype2;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txinterval2](txinterval2) module"]
pub type TXINTERVAL2 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXINTERVAL2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXINTERVAL2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txinterval2::R](txinterval2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXINTERVAL2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txinterval2::W](txinterval2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXINTERVAL2 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 2"]
pub mod txinterval2;
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxtype2](rxtype2) module"]
pub type RXTYPE2 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXTYPE2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXTYPE2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxtype2::R](rxtype2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXTYPE2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxtype2::W](rxtype2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXTYPE2 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 2"]
pub mod rxtype2;
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxinterval2](rxinterval2) module"]
pub type RXINTERVAL2 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXINTERVAL2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXINTERVAL2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxinterval2::R](rxinterval2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXINTERVAL2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxinterval2::W](rxinterval2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXINTERVAL2 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 2"]
pub mod rxinterval2;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txmaxp3](txmaxp3) module"]
pub type TXMAXP3 = crate::Reg<u16, _TXMAXP3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXMAXP3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txmaxp3::R](txmaxp3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXMAXP3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txmaxp3::W](txmaxp3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXMAXP3 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 3"]
pub mod txmaxp3;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 3 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrl3](txcsrl3) module"]
pub type TXCSRL3 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRL3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRL3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrl3::R](txcsrl3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRL3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrl3::W](txcsrl3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRL3 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 3 Low"]
pub mod txcsrl3;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 3 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrh3](txcsrh3) module"]
pub type TXCSRH3 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRH3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRH3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrh3::R](txcsrh3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRH3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrh3::W](txcsrh3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRH3 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 3 High"]
pub mod txcsrh3;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxmaxp3](rxmaxp3) module"]
pub type RXMAXP3 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXMAXP3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXMAXP3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxmaxp3::R](rxmaxp3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXMAXP3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxmaxp3::W](rxmaxp3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXMAXP3 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 3"]
pub mod rxmaxp3;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 3 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrl3](rxcsrl3) module"]
pub type RXCSRL3 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRL3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRL3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrl3::R](rxcsrl3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRL3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrl3::W](rxcsrl3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRL3 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 3 Low"]
pub mod rxcsrl3;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 3 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrh3](rxcsrh3) module"]
pub type RXCSRH3 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRH3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRH3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrh3::R](rxcsrh3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRH3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrh3::W](rxcsrh3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRH3 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 3 High"]
pub mod rxcsrh3;
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcount3](rxcount3) module"]
pub type RXCOUNT3 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXCOUNT3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCOUNT3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcount3::R](rxcount3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCOUNT3 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 3"]
pub mod rxcount3;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txtype3](txtype3) module"]
pub type TXTYPE3 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXTYPE3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXTYPE3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txtype3::R](txtype3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXTYPE3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txtype3::W](txtype3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXTYPE3 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 3"]
pub mod txtype3;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txinterval3](txinterval3) module"]
pub type TXINTERVAL3 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXINTERVAL3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXINTERVAL3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txinterval3::R](txinterval3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXINTERVAL3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txinterval3::W](txinterval3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXINTERVAL3 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 3"]
pub mod txinterval3;
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxtype3](rxtype3) module"]
pub type RXTYPE3 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXTYPE3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXTYPE3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxtype3::R](rxtype3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXTYPE3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxtype3::W](rxtype3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXTYPE3 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 3"]
pub mod rxtype3;
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxinterval3](rxinterval3) module"]
pub type RXINTERVAL3 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXINTERVAL3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXINTERVAL3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxinterval3::R](rxinterval3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXINTERVAL3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxinterval3::W](rxinterval3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXINTERVAL3 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 3"]
pub mod rxinterval3;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txmaxp4](txmaxp4) module"]
pub type TXMAXP4 = crate::Reg<u16, _TXMAXP4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXMAXP4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txmaxp4::R](txmaxp4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXMAXP4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txmaxp4::W](txmaxp4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXMAXP4 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 4"]
pub mod txmaxp4;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 4 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrl4](txcsrl4) module"]
pub type TXCSRL4 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRL4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRL4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrl4::R](txcsrl4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRL4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrl4::W](txcsrl4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRL4 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 4 Low"]
pub mod txcsrl4;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 4 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrh4](txcsrh4) module"]
pub type TXCSRH4 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRH4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRH4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrh4::R](txcsrh4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRH4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrh4::W](txcsrh4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRH4 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 4 High"]
pub mod txcsrh4;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxmaxp4](rxmaxp4) module"]
pub type RXMAXP4 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXMAXP4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXMAXP4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxmaxp4::R](rxmaxp4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXMAXP4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxmaxp4::W](rxmaxp4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXMAXP4 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 4"]
pub mod rxmaxp4;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 4 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrl4](rxcsrl4) module"]
pub type RXCSRL4 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRL4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRL4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrl4::R](rxcsrl4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRL4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrl4::W](rxcsrl4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRL4 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 4 Low"]
pub mod rxcsrl4;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 4 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrh4](rxcsrh4) module"]
pub type RXCSRH4 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRH4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRH4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrh4::R](rxcsrh4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRH4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrh4::W](rxcsrh4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRH4 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 4 High"]
pub mod rxcsrh4;
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcount4](rxcount4) module"]
pub type RXCOUNT4 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXCOUNT4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCOUNT4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcount4::R](rxcount4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCOUNT4 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 4"]
pub mod rxcount4;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txtype4](txtype4) module"]
pub type TXTYPE4 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXTYPE4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXTYPE4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txtype4::R](txtype4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXTYPE4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txtype4::W](txtype4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXTYPE4 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 4"]
pub mod txtype4;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txinterval4](txinterval4) module"]
pub type TXINTERVAL4 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXINTERVAL4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXINTERVAL4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txinterval4::R](txinterval4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXINTERVAL4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txinterval4::W](txinterval4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXINTERVAL4 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 4"]
pub mod txinterval4;
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxtype4](rxtype4) module"]
pub type RXTYPE4 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXTYPE4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXTYPE4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxtype4::R](rxtype4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXTYPE4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxtype4::W](rxtype4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXTYPE4 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 4"]
pub mod rxtype4;
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxinterval4](rxinterval4) module"]
pub type RXINTERVAL4 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXINTERVAL4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXINTERVAL4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxinterval4::R](rxinterval4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXINTERVAL4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxinterval4::W](rxinterval4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXINTERVAL4 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 4"]
pub mod rxinterval4;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txmaxp5](txmaxp5) module"]
pub type TXMAXP5 = crate::Reg<u16, _TXMAXP5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXMAXP5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txmaxp5::R](txmaxp5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXMAXP5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txmaxp5::W](txmaxp5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXMAXP5 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 5"]
pub mod txmaxp5;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 5 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrl5](txcsrl5) module"]
pub type TXCSRL5 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRL5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRL5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrl5::R](txcsrl5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRL5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrl5::W](txcsrl5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRL5 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 5 Low"]
pub mod txcsrl5;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 5 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrh5](txcsrh5) module"]
pub type TXCSRH5 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRH5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRH5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrh5::R](txcsrh5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRH5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrh5::W](txcsrh5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRH5 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 5 High"]
pub mod txcsrh5;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxmaxp5](rxmaxp5) module"]
pub type RXMAXP5 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXMAXP5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXMAXP5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxmaxp5::R](rxmaxp5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXMAXP5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxmaxp5::W](rxmaxp5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXMAXP5 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 5"]
pub mod rxmaxp5;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 5 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrl5](rxcsrl5) module"]
pub type RXCSRL5 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRL5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRL5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrl5::R](rxcsrl5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRL5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrl5::W](rxcsrl5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRL5 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 5 Low"]
pub mod rxcsrl5;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 5 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrh5](rxcsrh5) module"]
pub type RXCSRH5 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRH5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRH5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrh5::R](rxcsrh5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRH5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrh5::W](rxcsrh5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRH5 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 5 High"]
pub mod rxcsrh5;
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcount5](rxcount5) module"]
pub type RXCOUNT5 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXCOUNT5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCOUNT5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcount5::R](rxcount5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCOUNT5 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 5"]
pub mod rxcount5;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txtype5](txtype5) module"]
pub type TXTYPE5 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXTYPE5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXTYPE5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txtype5::R](txtype5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXTYPE5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txtype5::W](txtype5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXTYPE5 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 5"]
pub mod txtype5;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txinterval5](txinterval5) module"]
pub type TXINTERVAL5 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXINTERVAL5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXINTERVAL5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txinterval5::R](txinterval5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXINTERVAL5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txinterval5::W](txinterval5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXINTERVAL5 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 5"]
pub mod txinterval5;
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxtype5](rxtype5) module"]
pub type RXTYPE5 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXTYPE5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXTYPE5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxtype5::R](rxtype5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXTYPE5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxtype5::W](rxtype5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXTYPE5 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 5"]
pub mod rxtype5;
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxinterval5](rxinterval5) module"]
pub type RXINTERVAL5 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXINTERVAL5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXINTERVAL5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxinterval5::R](rxinterval5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXINTERVAL5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxinterval5::W](rxinterval5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXINTERVAL5 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 5"]
pub mod rxinterval5;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txmaxp6](txmaxp6) module"]
pub type TXMAXP6 = crate::Reg<u16, _TXMAXP6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXMAXP6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txmaxp6::R](txmaxp6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXMAXP6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txmaxp6::W](txmaxp6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXMAXP6 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 6"]
pub mod txmaxp6;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 6 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrl6](txcsrl6) module"]
pub type TXCSRL6 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRL6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRL6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrl6::R](txcsrl6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRL6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrl6::W](txcsrl6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRL6 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 6 Low"]
pub mod txcsrl6;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 6 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrh6](txcsrh6) module"]
pub type TXCSRH6 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRH6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRH6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrh6::R](txcsrh6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRH6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrh6::W](txcsrh6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRH6 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 6 High"]
pub mod txcsrh6;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxmaxp6](rxmaxp6) module"]
pub type RXMAXP6 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXMAXP6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXMAXP6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxmaxp6::R](rxmaxp6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXMAXP6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxmaxp6::W](rxmaxp6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXMAXP6 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 6"]
pub mod rxmaxp6;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 6 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrl6](rxcsrl6) module"]
pub type RXCSRL6 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRL6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRL6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrl6::R](rxcsrl6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRL6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrl6::W](rxcsrl6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRL6 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 6 Low"]
pub mod rxcsrl6;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 6 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrh6](rxcsrh6) module"]
pub type RXCSRH6 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRH6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRH6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrh6::R](rxcsrh6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRH6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrh6::W](rxcsrh6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRH6 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 6 High"]
pub mod rxcsrh6;
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcount6](rxcount6) module"]
pub type RXCOUNT6 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXCOUNT6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCOUNT6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcount6::R](rxcount6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCOUNT6 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 6"]
pub mod rxcount6;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txtype6](txtype6) module"]
pub type TXTYPE6 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXTYPE6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXTYPE6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txtype6::R](txtype6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXTYPE6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txtype6::W](txtype6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXTYPE6 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 6"]
pub mod txtype6;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txinterval6](txinterval6) module"]
pub type TXINTERVAL6 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXINTERVAL6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXINTERVAL6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txinterval6::R](txinterval6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXINTERVAL6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txinterval6::W](txinterval6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXINTERVAL6 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 6"]
pub mod txinterval6;
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxtype6](rxtype6) module"]
pub type RXTYPE6 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXTYPE6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXTYPE6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxtype6::R](rxtype6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXTYPE6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxtype6::W](rxtype6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXTYPE6 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 6"]
pub mod rxtype6;
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxinterval6](rxinterval6) module"]
pub type RXINTERVAL6 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXINTERVAL6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXINTERVAL6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxinterval6::R](rxinterval6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXINTERVAL6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxinterval6::W](rxinterval6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXINTERVAL6 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 6"]
pub mod rxinterval6;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txmaxp7](txmaxp7) module"]
pub type TXMAXP7 = crate::Reg<u16, _TXMAXP7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXMAXP7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txmaxp7::R](txmaxp7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXMAXP7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txmaxp7::W](txmaxp7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXMAXP7 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Transmit Data Endpoint 7"]
pub mod txmaxp7;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 7 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrl7](txcsrl7) module"]
pub type TXCSRL7 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRL7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRL7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrl7::R](txcsrl7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRL7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrl7::W](txcsrl7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRL7 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 7 Low"]
pub mod txcsrl7;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 7 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txcsrh7](txcsrh7) module"]
pub type TXCSRH7 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXCSRH7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXCSRH7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txcsrh7::R](txcsrh7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXCSRH7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txcsrh7::W](txcsrh7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXCSRH7 {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Control and Status Endpoint 7 High"]
pub mod txcsrh7;
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxmaxp7](rxmaxp7) module"]
pub type RXMAXP7 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXMAXP7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXMAXP7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxmaxp7::R](rxmaxp7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXMAXP7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxmaxp7::W](rxmaxp7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXMAXP7 {}
#[doc = "USB Maximum Receive Data Endpoint 7"]
pub mod rxmaxp7;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 7 Low\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrl7](rxcsrl7) module"]
pub type RXCSRL7 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRL7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRL7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrl7::R](rxcsrl7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRL7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrl7::W](rxcsrl7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRL7 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 7 Low"]
pub mod rxcsrl7;
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 7 High\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcsrh7](rxcsrh7) module"]
pub type RXCSRH7 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXCSRH7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCSRH7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcsrh7::R](rxcsrh7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCSRH7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxcsrh7::W](rxcsrh7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXCSRH7 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Control and Status Endpoint 7 High"]
pub mod rxcsrh7;
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxcount7](rxcount7) module"]
pub type RXCOUNT7 = crate::Reg<u16, _RXCOUNT7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXCOUNT7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxcount7::R](rxcount7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXCOUNT7 {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Byte Count Endpoint 7"]
pub mod rxcount7;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txtype7](txtype7) module"]
pub type TXTYPE7 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXTYPE7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXTYPE7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txtype7::R](txtype7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXTYPE7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txtype7::W](txtype7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXTYPE7 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Configure Type Endpoint 7"]
pub mod txtype7;
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txinterval7](txinterval7) module"]
pub type TXINTERVAL7 = crate::Reg<u8, _TXINTERVAL7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXINTERVAL7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txinterval7::R](txinterval7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXINTERVAL7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txinterval7::W](txinterval7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXINTERVAL7 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Transmit Interval Endpoint 7"]
pub mod txinterval7;
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxtype7](rxtype7) module"]
pub type RXTYPE7 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXTYPE7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXTYPE7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxtype7::R](rxtype7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXTYPE7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxtype7::W](rxtype7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXTYPE7 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Configure Receive Type Endpoint 7"]
pub mod rxtype7;
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxinterval7](rxinterval7) module"]
pub type RXINTERVAL7 = crate::Reg<u8, _RXINTERVAL7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXINTERVAL7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxinterval7::R](rxinterval7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXINTERVAL7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxinterval7::W](rxinterval7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXINTERVAL7 {}
#[doc = "USB Host Receive Polling Interval Endpoint 7"]
pub mod rxinterval7;
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 1\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rqpktcount1](rqpktcount1) module"]
pub type RQPKTCOUNT1 = crate::Reg<u16, _RQPKTCOUNT1>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RQPKTCOUNT1;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rqpktcount1::R](rqpktcount1::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RQPKTCOUNT1 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rqpktcount1::W](rqpktcount1::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RQPKTCOUNT1 {}
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 1"]
pub mod rqpktcount1;
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 2\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rqpktcount2](rqpktcount2) module"]
pub type RQPKTCOUNT2 = crate::Reg<u16, _RQPKTCOUNT2>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RQPKTCOUNT2;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rqpktcount2::R](rqpktcount2::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RQPKTCOUNT2 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rqpktcount2::W](rqpktcount2::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RQPKTCOUNT2 {}
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 2"]
pub mod rqpktcount2;
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 3\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rqpktcount3](rqpktcount3) module"]
pub type RQPKTCOUNT3 = crate::Reg<u16, _RQPKTCOUNT3>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RQPKTCOUNT3;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rqpktcount3::R](rqpktcount3::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RQPKTCOUNT3 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rqpktcount3::W](rqpktcount3::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RQPKTCOUNT3 {}
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 3"]
pub mod rqpktcount3;
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 4\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rqpktcount4](rqpktcount4) module"]
pub type RQPKTCOUNT4 = crate::Reg<u16, _RQPKTCOUNT4>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RQPKTCOUNT4;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rqpktcount4::R](rqpktcount4::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RQPKTCOUNT4 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rqpktcount4::W](rqpktcount4::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RQPKTCOUNT4 {}
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 4"]
pub mod rqpktcount4;
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 5\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rqpktcount5](rqpktcount5) module"]
pub type RQPKTCOUNT5 = crate::Reg<u16, _RQPKTCOUNT5>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RQPKTCOUNT5;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rqpktcount5::R](rqpktcount5::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RQPKTCOUNT5 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rqpktcount5::W](rqpktcount5::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RQPKTCOUNT5 {}
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 5"]
pub mod rqpktcount5;
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 6\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rqpktcount6](rqpktcount6) module"]
pub type RQPKTCOUNT6 = crate::Reg<u16, _RQPKTCOUNT6>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RQPKTCOUNT6;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rqpktcount6::R](rqpktcount6::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RQPKTCOUNT6 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rqpktcount6::W](rqpktcount6::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RQPKTCOUNT6 {}
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 6"]
pub mod rqpktcount6;
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 7\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rqpktcount7](rqpktcount7) module"]
pub type RQPKTCOUNT7 = crate::Reg<u16, _RQPKTCOUNT7>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RQPKTCOUNT7;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rqpktcount7::R](rqpktcount7::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RQPKTCOUNT7 {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rqpktcount7::W](rqpktcount7::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RQPKTCOUNT7 {}
#[doc = "USB Request Packet Count in Block Transfer Endpoint 7"]
pub mod rqpktcount7;
#[doc = "USB Receive Double Packet Buffer Disable\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [rxdpktbufdis](rxdpktbufdis) module"]
pub type RXDPKTBUFDIS = crate::Reg<u16, _RXDPKTBUFDIS>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _RXDPKTBUFDIS;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [rxdpktbufdis::R](rxdpktbufdis::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for RXDPKTBUFDIS {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [rxdpktbufdis::W](rxdpktbufdis::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for RXDPKTBUFDIS {}
#[doc = "USB Receive Double Packet Buffer Disable"]
pub mod rxdpktbufdis;
#[doc = "USB Transmit Double Packet Buffer Disable\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [txdpktbufdis](txdpktbufdis) module"]
pub type TXDPKTBUFDIS = crate::Reg<u16, _TXDPKTBUFDIS>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _TXDPKTBUFDIS;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [txdpktbufdis::R](txdpktbufdis::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for TXDPKTBUFDIS {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [txdpktbufdis::W](txdpktbufdis::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for TXDPKTBUFDIS {}
#[doc = "USB Transmit Double Packet Buffer Disable"]
pub mod txdpktbufdis;
#[doc = "USB External Power Control\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [epc](epc) module"]
pub type EPC = crate::Reg<u32, _EPC>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _EPC;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [epc::R](epc::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for EPC {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [epc::W](epc::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for EPC {}
#[doc = "USB External Power Control"]
pub mod epc;
#[doc = "USB External Power Control Raw Interrupt Status\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [epcris](epcris) module"]
pub type EPCRIS = crate::Reg<u32, _EPCRIS>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _EPCRIS;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [epcris::R](epcris::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for EPCRIS {}
#[doc = "USB External Power Control Raw Interrupt Status"]
pub mod epcris;
#[doc = "USB External Power Control Interrupt Mask\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [epcim](epcim) module"]
pub type EPCIM = crate::Reg<u32, _EPCIM>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _EPCIM;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [epcim::R](epcim::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for EPCIM {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [epcim::W](epcim::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for EPCIM {}
#[doc = "USB External Power Control Interrupt Mask"]
pub mod epcim;
#[doc = "USB External Power Control Interrupt Status and Clear\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [epcisc](epcisc) module"]
pub type EPCISC = crate::Reg<u32, _EPCISC>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _EPCISC;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [epcisc::R](epcisc::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for EPCISC {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [epcisc::W](epcisc::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for EPCISC {}
#[doc = "USB External Power Control Interrupt Status and Clear"]
pub mod epcisc;
#[doc = "USB Device RESUME Raw Interrupt Status\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [drris](drris) module"]
pub type DRRIS = crate::Reg<u32, _DRRIS>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _DRRIS;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [drris::R](drris::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for DRRIS {}
#[doc = "USB Device RESUME Raw Interrupt Status"]
pub mod drris;
#[doc = "USB Device RESUME Interrupt Mask\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [drim](drim) module"]
pub type DRIM = crate::Reg<u32, _DRIM>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _DRIM;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [drim::R](drim::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for DRIM {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [drim::W](drim::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for DRIM {}
#[doc = "USB Device RESUME Interrupt Mask"]
pub mod drim;
#[doc = "USB Device RESUME Interrupt Status and Clear\n\nThis register you can [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [drisc](drisc) module"]
pub type DRISC = crate::Reg<u32, _DRISC>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _DRISC;
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [drisc::W](drisc::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for DRISC {}
#[doc = "USB Device RESUME Interrupt Status and Clear"]
pub mod drisc;
#[doc = "USB General-Purpose Control and Status\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [gpcs](gpcs) module"]
pub type GPCS = crate::Reg<u32, _GPCS>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _GPCS;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [gpcs::R](gpcs::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for GPCS {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [gpcs::W](gpcs::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for GPCS {}
#[doc = "USB General-Purpose Control and Status"]
pub mod gpcs;
#[doc = "USB VBUS Droop Control\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [vdc](vdc) module"]
pub type VDC = crate::Reg<u32, _VDC>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _VDC;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [vdc::R](vdc::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for VDC {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [vdc::W](vdc::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for VDC {}
#[doc = "USB VBUS Droop Control"]
pub mod vdc;
#[doc = "USB VBUS Droop Control Raw Interrupt Status\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [vdcris](vdcris) module"]
pub type VDCRIS = crate::Reg<u32, _VDCRIS>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _VDCRIS;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [vdcris::R](vdcris::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for VDCRIS {}
#[doc = "USB VBUS Droop Control Raw Interrupt Status"]
pub mod vdcris;
#[doc = "USB VBUS Droop Control Interrupt Mask\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [vdcim](vdcim) module"]
pub type VDCIM = crate::Reg<u32, _VDCIM>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _VDCIM;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [vdcim::R](vdcim::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for VDCIM {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [vdcim::W](vdcim::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for VDCIM {}
#[doc = "USB VBUS Droop Control Interrupt Mask"]
pub mod vdcim;
#[doc = "USB VBUS Droop Control Interrupt Status and Clear\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [vdcisc](vdcisc) module"]
pub type VDCISC = crate::Reg<u32, _VDCISC>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _VDCISC;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [vdcisc::R](vdcisc::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for VDCISC {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [vdcisc::W](vdcisc::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for VDCISC {}
#[doc = "USB VBUS Droop Control Interrupt Status and Clear"]
pub mod vdcisc;
#[doc = "USB ID Valid Detect Raw Interrupt Status\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [idvris](idvris) module"]
pub type IDVRIS = crate::Reg<u32, _IDVRIS>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _IDVRIS;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [idvris::R](idvris::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for IDVRIS {}
#[doc = "USB ID Valid Detect Raw Interrupt Status"]
pub mod idvris;
#[doc = "USB ID Valid Detect Interrupt Mask\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [idvim](idvim) module"]
pub type IDVIM = crate::Reg<u32, _IDVIM>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _IDVIM;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [idvim::R](idvim::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for IDVIM {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [idvim::W](idvim::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for IDVIM {}
#[doc = "USB ID Valid Detect Interrupt Mask"]
pub mod idvim;
#[doc = "USB ID Valid Detect Interrupt Status and Clear\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [idvisc](idvisc) module"]
pub type IDVISC = crate::Reg<u32, _IDVISC>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _IDVISC;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [idvisc::R](idvisc::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for IDVISC {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [idvisc::W](idvisc::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for IDVISC {}
#[doc = "USB ID Valid Detect Interrupt Status and Clear"]
pub mod idvisc;
#[doc = "USB DMA Select\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [dmasel](dmasel) module"]
pub type DMASEL = crate::Reg<u32, _DMASEL>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _DMASEL;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [dmasel::R](dmasel::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for DMASEL {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [dmasel::W](dmasel::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for DMASEL {}
#[doc = "USB DMA Select"]
pub mod dmasel;
#[doc = "USB Peripheral Properties\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about avaliable fields see [pp](pp) module"]
pub type PP = crate::Reg<u32, _PP>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _PP;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [pp::R](pp::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for PP {}
#[doc = "USB Peripheral Properties"]
pub mod pp;
|
Enhanced womens decision-making power after the Suchana intervention in north-eastern Bangladesh: a cluster randomised pre-post study Objectives Womens decision-making power is a dimension of empowerment and is crucial for better physical and psychosocial outcomes of mothers. Suchana, a large-scale development programme in Bangladesh, actively provided social interventions on behaviour change communication to empower women belonging to the poorest social segment. This paper aims to assess the impact of the Suchana intervention on various indicators related to womens decision-making power. Design, setting and participants The evaluation design was a cluster randomised pre-post design with two cross-sectional surveys conducted among beneficiary women with at least one child aged <23 months from randomly selected poor or very poor beneficiary households in Sylhet division. Outcome measure Decision-making indicators included food purchases, major household purchases, food preparation, childrens healthcare as well as womens own healthcare and visiting family and relatives. Results Our findings suggest that 45% of women were able to make decisions on food purchases, 25% on major household purchases, 78% on food preparation, 59% on childrens healthcare, 51% on their own healthcare and 43% on visiting family and relatives at baseline in the intervention group, whereas the results were almost the same in the control group. In contrast, at the endline survey, the respective proportions were 75%, 56%, 87%, 80%, 77% and 67% in the intervention group, which were significantly improved when compared with the control group. The prevalence of those outcome indicators were 64%, 41%, 80%, 71%, 68% and 56%, respectively, in the control group. As per multiple logistic regression analysis and structural equation modelling, the Suchana intervention had a substantial influence on the latent variable of womens decision-making power. Conclusion In terms of food purchases, major household purchases, childrens healthcare, their own healthcare and visiting family and relatives, the Suchana intervention favourably influenced the decision-making power of rural women living in a vulnerable region of Bangladesh. Trial registration number RIDIE-STUDY-ID-5d5678361809b. INTRODUCTION Women's participation in economic and non-economic decisions at the family level is a critical issue that holds great importance in both high-income and low-income and middle-income countries. However, even at the household level, women's nonparticipation or inability to make decisions is a public health and social concern. 1 A study previously claimed that inclusion of wives and husbands in decision-making may have better reproductive health outcomes than men who make decisions alone, which could be owing to the fact that joint decision-making allows the husband and wife to share responsibility for the decision. 2 In Bangladesh, it is very crucial to understand the decision-making process as a negotiation between husbands and wives. When it comes to his wife's healthcare, the husband is frequently involved, especially when it requires her to leave the STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY ⇒ The cluster randomised pre-post design provides compelling evidence for the favourable impacts of the intervention on the outcome indicators. ⇒ Structural equation modelling as an appropriate technique was used to investigate the individual effects of the Suchana intervention on each of the six measurable variables as well as the effect on the composite indicator. ⇒ Since data on the indicators of decision-making power were acquired through maternal responses, the possibility of recall bias exists. ⇒ When necessary, we replaced unavailable households by selecting the immediately previous household in the sampling frame in an anticlockwise direction to survey the required number of households by phase and by age group according to the randomly generated listing. Open access house. This is ostensibly owing to Bangladeshi women's limited mobility as well as educational and economic prospects. 2 Women's healthcare decision-making power is critical for enhancing maternal physical and psychological outcomes, as well as the well-being of their children. 3 Researchers have demonstrated that women's decisionmaking related to their own healthcare strengthens their healthcare-seeking behaviour, which implies that women's decision-making and healthcare-seeking behaviour should be recognised as a cultural norm and prioritised as a component of the health system's design. 4 Women's empowerment is now widely valued and acknowledged; they play a vital role in social and economic development, and it is also an essential precondition for poverty alleviation and the upholding of human rights. 5 One of the features of women's empowerment is decision-making power. 3 6 The ability of a woman to make decisions that influence her own personal circumstances is an important facet of empowerment and an important contributing element to her general well-being. To assess decision-making autonomy of women who are currently married, the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) collected information on women's participation in several types of household decisions-including the use of the woman's and spouse's incomes, major household purchases, food purchases, food preparation, their own healthcare, children's healthcare and visiting their family or relatives. 7 8 According to a recent survey, 61%, 70%, 65% and 62% of ever-married women in Bangladesh had decisionmaking power (along with or jointly with their husband) on significant household purchases, children's healthcare, their own healthcare and visits to the women's family or relatives, respectively, with 44% of women being involved in all types of decision-making in their households. 7 However, when compared with the national average, the proportion of women in the lowest wealth quintile with decision-making power was low in the Sylhet region. The literature suggests that many factors which affect a woman's ability to make their own decisions, including better socioeconomic status (SES), higher education level, older aged women, female household head, degree of household food security status and not experiencing domestic violence. 3 9-11 Domestic violence is a challenging and complex social issue for women as it has been reported to be strongly linked to the lack of women empowerment. Correspondingly, previous studies also indicate that there is a significant relationship between domestic violence and decision-making power. 17 Another crucial indicator that has a detrimental impact on women's empowerment is the degree of household food insecurity, as well as several health issues, including nutrition, child feeding practices, health-seeking behaviour and domestic violence. 11 17 18 Despite Bangladesh achieving a significant decline in the rate of household food insecurity, 19 it is still alarming among Bangladesh's most vulnerable households in the north-eastern region. 17 Moreover, other indicators including maternal healthcare practices and maternal and child nutritional status are relatively low in this region when compared with other regions of Bangladesh. Interventions addressing these challenges have not been previously done in a community with such low levels of empowerment as the study population. The large-scale Suchana programme followed a gender transformative approach to empower women, which included technical training on agriculture, aquaculture, nutrition and market development. 20 Additionally, one of the most essential nutrition-specific interventions of the programme was courtyard sessions with mother and child groups, with the themes sequentially discussing the significant role of women in family decision-making. Furthermore, for better decision-making outcomes, structured home counselling with beneficiaries and family members was established, emphasising on the importance of safe feeding habits, the role of male members and the role of the agency. Additionally, the gender components integrated across the Suchana intervention activities were designed to help the beneficiaries understand selected domains of empowerment and practices to improve their own health and that of their children. 20 This article assesses the changes in women's decisionmaking power using the Suchana evaluation data. We addressed the hypothesis that the Suchana intervention achieved a significant improvement in recognised dimensions of women's empowerment. This study also elucidates the knowledge gaps related to women's empowerment, with a particular emphasis on determining the factors associated with women's decision-making power. Study design and population Suchana, a large-scale development programme, was conducted among the vulnerable households from susceptible villages in Sylhet division, located in the north-east region of Bangladesh. The evaluation design was a cluster randomised controlled trial with a two-arm pre-post design followed for the evaluation, with two cross-sectional surveys (baseline and endline) conducted among beneficiary women with at least one child aged <23 months from randomly selected poor or very poor beneficiary households. Union, which is the smallest rural administrative and local government unit in Bangladesh, was categorised as a cluster. The programme covers 235 500 poor and very poor households across 157 unions in the 20 subdistricts over four phases, with each phase receiving 3 years of the intervention. The first and fourth phases were selected for the evaluation following a prepost design. The evaluation diagram is given in the online supplemental figure 1. Randomisation was performed before the unions were allocated to one of the four phases. For the evaluation, baseline and endline surveys were carried out among beneficiaries of the first phase of Suchana in 40 unions (which were treated as the intervention group) and future potential beneficiaries of the Open access fourth phase in 40 unions (as the control group). 17 20 The baseline survey was conducted between November 2016 and February 2017 and the endline survey was carried out after 3 years and followed the same time period. Data for 5440 households with children aged 0-5, 6-11 and 12-23 months of age from the baseline survey and 10 722 households from the endline survey were assessed in the present analysis. The sample size was calculated based on exclusively breastfed infants aged 0-5 months, the minimum acceptable diet for children aged 6-11 months of age and stunting in children aged 12-23 months of age. However, for evaluation purposes, the sample size at endline was increased in recognition of the fact that very poor households benefited from asset transfer, while poor households did not. This segregation of asset transfer group from non-asset transfer group at the endline survey was based primarily on a household's poverty status. Regardless of household poverty status, all Suchana beneficiaries received women's empowermentrelated programme interventions (eg, courtyard sessions, counselling, skill development training). Therefore, for this paper, we did not present our findings as per poor versus very poor households. 20 Data collection Twelve highly vulnerable villages were randomly selected from each union using a list of vulnerable villages provided by Save the Children Bangladesh. Once the villages were identified, wealth ranking sessions were completed in each village. The most vulnerable households were identified, listed and verified following the Suchana programme inclusion criteria (online supplemental table 1) and, if eligible for the study, given an identification number. Following this, required number of eligible households were systematically selected for the endline survey, using a systematic sampling approach stratified by the child's age and type of beneficiary household (poor or very poor). A complete sampling frame for all beneficiary households in the selected clusters was constructed by one or more wealth ranking sessions in each village and, later on, at the household level within the unions. The wealth ranking enumerators prepared a hand-sketched map for each selected union to identify the distribution of the households in rural settlements. We replaced the unavailable households in the sampling frame by selecting the immediate previous household in an anticlockwise direction to complete the number of households surveyed by phase and by age group according to our randomly generated listing. Even then, 158 respondents were not included from the actual sample size due to unavailability of any child from the age group of 0 to 5 months. The primary reasons for replacing households were unavailability of eligible respondents in the household despite repeated visits or age group mismatches due to the time gap between the verification/screening and collection of data from the targeted households. Android tablets complemented by custom-developed Java software were employed for data collection during the surveys. The mobile-based data collection process reduced the data entry burden, as the data were entered at the interviewer level and the records were uploaded to a server at icddr,b using the built-in internet connectivity of the devices. This allowed the data analysis team to review the consistency of the data every day. The Java software-based electronic questionnaire was designed as survey forms in both Bengali and English languages, which were interchangeable at any time during the data collection process. The enumerators used the Bengali form on the personal digital assistants (PDA) while interviewing the respondents and recording anthropometric measurements. A standard operating procedure was provided to all staffs. Outcome variables The outcome variables were women having decisionmaking power on food purchases, major household purchases, food preparation, children's healthcare, their own healthcare and visiting family and relatives. Each variable was categorical as a nominal measurement with four options, such as (a) mainly women, (b) women and husband jointly, (c) mainly husband and (d) others. Based on the programme objective and BDHS guidelines, all outcomes were treated as binary variables, indicating (yes=1) if the woman had the ability to take decisions herself (or jointly with her husband) and (no=0) if only the husband or the other members took the decision. 7 Moreover, we created a composite variable that encompassed all six dimensions of decision-making. On positive responses for all six indicators, the variable was converted into binary form (if all were yes, then the composite vari-able=1 otherwise, the composite variable=0). Covariates A list of several covariates was finalised through the descriptive analysis, supported by literature review. The conceptual framework of this paper is presented in figure 1. Household sociodemographic characteristics Information on religion, the level of education and occupation of the head of the household and the number of members in the household were assessed as household demographic characteristics. Ownership of household assets, flooring material, main roof material, external wall material, type of latrine and drinking water source(s) were all considered key indicators of SES. All asset-related variables were converted as binary variables which indicated presence or absence and household material variables were converted as improved or unimproved. Tetrachoric correlation was applied to construct the correlation matrix using these binary data. 21 From the estimated correlation matrix, factors were generated to create an asset index based on these variables to indicate SES. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test was used to assess the measure of sampling adequacy. The KMO measure of sampling adequacy was 0.769. The first factor was predicted and categorised as five quintiles, such as Open access fifth quintile, fourth quintile, third quintile, second quintile and first quintile. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale The four dimensions of food and nutrition security are availability, accessibility, use and utilisation and stability. The accessibility dimension was assessed in this study to measure food insecurity. Household food insecurity status was measured according to the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance's Guidelines and categorised as food insecure, mildly food insecure, moderately food insecure or severely food insecure. 22 General characteristics of women Several maternal characteristics were adjusted as covariates in the multivariable models to assess the independent impact of the intervention on women's decision-making power. These indicators included general maternal characteristics such as age, number of children, education, occupation, receiving support from household members, non-government organisation (NGO) health professional visits, receiving loans and any experience of domestic violence (husband threatening to divorce, taking another wife, verbal abuse by husband/other family member(s) and physical abuse by husband/other family member(s)). 17 Maternal age was categorised as <25 years, 25-29 years and 30 years or above. The number of children was categorised as exact as one, two to three, four to five and six or above. All maternal characteristics were treated as qualitative variables. Statistical analysis Data management Data were collected using electronic tablets/PDA on a custom-designed Android application. Maximum validation rules were set in the data system to prevent errors during data entry; editing and updates, range checks, duplication checks, consistency checks, frequency checks and cross tabulation were regularly performed during data entry. Any unusual observations were discussed and resolved daily. A secure web-based data management system was used to manage the data. After data collection was complete, the data were transferred into Stata Descriptive statistics The data were visualised using bar diagrams. The data were summarised using descriptive statistics (frequencies and proportions for categorical variables; means and SD for symmetric quantitative variables; medians and IQRs for asymmetric quantitative variables). The descriptive analyses focused on the following indicators: age of the household head, sex, education, occupation, household size, SES, food insecurity and women's characteristics. The outcome variables and all covariates were segregated by the baseline/endline survey and intervention/control groups. Explorative statistics Because of the binary outcome, logistic regression was used to assess the associated factors with various indicators of women's decision-making power and to assess the association between Suchana intervention and outcome variables. To test the hypotheses that Suchana significantly improved women's decision-making power on major household purchases, food purchases, food preparation, their own health, children's care and visiting family members and relatives, first, simple logistic regression was used to assess the bivariate relationship between the outcomes and the Suchana intervention (exposure), using data segregated by the baseline/endline surveys. To assess the strength of potential associations, ORs were estimated via simple logistic regression. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the independent impact of the Suchana intervention and determine the factors associated with the outcome indicators after adjusting for all possible covariates based on our conceptual framework. As a cluster variable, union was used to adjust the SEs. Since a union is Bangladesh's smallest rural administrative and local government entity, and every household in that union receives the same healthcare and participates in the same wellness programme, the data obtained from households within each union were not independent. We did an additional analysis using structural equation modelling (SEM) to investigate the individual effects of the Suchana intervention on each of the six measurable variables as well as the effect on the composite indicator. SEM is a strong multivariate analysis technique from the multivariate regression family, allowing the researcher to test a set of regression equations simultaneously. Using all six measurable variables, a latent variable titled 'women's Open access The analyses were done using pooled data (baseline and endline). *On positive responses for all six indicators, the variable was converted into binary form (if all were yes then composite variable=1 otherwise composite variable=0). Not statistically significant at 5% level; union was used for as a cluster. HFIAS, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale; NGO, non-government organisation. Table 2 Continued Open access decision-making power' was created as a composite indicator. The method of estimating the parameters was the maximum likelihood estimate. Standardised root mean squared residual (SRMR) and coefficient of determination (CD) were used to assess the goodness-of-fit test. The union was used as a cluster variable to adjust the SEs. The SRMR value of close to 0.08 implies that there is a relatively good fit between the hypothesised model and the observed data. 23 The latent variable was treated as a continuous measurement. An adjusted standardised coefficient (aCoef) was reported from SEM findings. Finally, p values <0.05 () were considered significant for a single hypothesis test. However, we needed to control for the family wise alpha inflation to interpret logistic regression findings since we analysed six outcomes that were not independent. 'Sidak correction' was used to control the family wise error rate. The new level of significance was calculated, new =1-(1- old ) 1/ n =1-(1-0.05) 1/6 =0.009. In the endline survey, 69% of women were able to make decisions on food purchases (intervention: 75%, control: 64%), 48% on major household purchases (intervention: 56%, control: 41%), 84% on food preparation (intervention: 87%, control: 80%), 75% on seeking healthcare for children (intervention: 80%, control: 71%), 72% on seeking their own healthcare (intervention: 77%, control: 68%), 61% on visiting family and relatives (intervention: 67%, control: 56%) and 38% on all six issues (intervention: 45%, control: 31%). Highly significant differences in all decision-making indicators were observed between the intervention group and control group in the endline survey ( figure 2). Table 2 presents the adjusted ORs for the associations between the indicators of women's decision-making power and their determinants, calculated via multiple binary logistic regression after adjusting for union as a cluster. Women's current age, number of children, experience of any domestic violence, educational level, women's earning activity, age of the household head and household size were significantly associated with all indicators of women's decision-making power. Moreover, visits from NGO health professionals, the educational level of the household head, the sex of the household head, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, asset index, the household having any loan, involved in aquaculture, involved in horticulture, coping strategy and whether the incidents occurred in the last 1 year were associated with some of the indicators of women's decision-making power. Explorative findings Multiple logistic regression was performed to assess the strength of the associations between the indicators of women's decision-making power and the Suchana intervention as an exposure after adjusting for the significant variables (table 2); the adjusted ORs (aORs) have been presented in table 3. In the baseline survey, there was no significant relationship between any outcome and the study group before intervention. However, highly significant relationships were observed in the endline survey, except for the 'food preparation' indicator. The odds of women having decision-making power on food purchases were 1.37-fold higher (aOR 1.37 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.68); p=0.002) in the intervention group than in the control group. Similarly, the intervention was positively associated with improvements in women's decision-making power on major household purchases (aOR 1.62 (95% CI 1.29 to 2.03); p<0.001), children's healthcare (aOR 1.28 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.60); p=0.033), their own healthcare (aOR 1.26 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.56); p=0.037), visiting family and relatives (aOR 1.35 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.76); p=0.023) and all types of decision making (aOR 1.65 (95% CI 1.29 to 2.11); p<0.001). After controlling for alpha correction, the Suchana intervention demonstrated improvements in women's decision-making power on food purchases and major household purchases. The CD was 0.24 which indicates that the 24% percentage of variance of dependent variable was explained by the independent variables of the model. Also, the value of SRMR was 0.041 at the end of the survey, which is <0.08, indicating that the model was good fit. The Suchana intervention had a significant effect (aCoef: 0.073 (p<0.01)) on the latent variable of women's decision-making power (figure 3). The Suchana intervention was also significantly associated with the measurable variables such as food purchases (aCoef: 0.052 (p<0.01)), major household purchases (aCoef: 0.039 (p<0.01)), food preparation (aCoef: 0.057 (p<0.01)), children's healthcare (aCoef: 0.065 (p<0.01)), their own healthcare (aCoef: 0.062 (p<0.01)) and visiting family and relatives (aCoef: 0.049 (p<0.01)). The coefficients corresponding to all the adjustment variables from the structural model have been given in the online supplemental table 2. DISCUSSION The findings depicted in this research are based on the findings of the Suchana evaluation with a pre-post design, Open access which included baseline and endline cross-sectional surveys. Our bivariate analysis likely reflects the actual effect of Suchana intervention on women's decisionmaking power. According to the multiple model (both logistic and SEM), Suchana intervention considerably improved the composite indices of women's decisionmaking power. Consequently, this indicates that the study generated valuable findings encompassing women's involvement in different activities, which led to safer nutritional practices and attainment of empowerment. This ultimately contributed to the sustenance of the achievements through 3 years of engagement with Suchana interventions. Suchana's approach included different dimensions of gender for attaining empowerment of women. Mobility, care seeking practices, education and engagement in income-generating activities were among the dimensions reported. It is worth mentioning that, as the results were similar at baseline between the intervention and control areas, the endline results reflect the actual effect of the Suchana intervention on the indices of women empowerment. The progress observed in this study can be attributed to the Suchana intervention as the findings on women's decision-making power (40%-60%) obtained before the Suchana intervention are similar to national surveys, for example, the BDHS-2014 surveys and other DHS reports. 3 7 9 The randomised pre-post study design supports this conclusion. However, women's decisionmaking power is largely dependent on the general characteristics of the household and women, as previously reported in national findings. 24 We also found similar associations among household and women's general characteristics and women's decision-making power. We observed that not experiencing domestic violence has a beneficial impact on decision-making power. This implies that a women's decision-making competence is influenced by a healthy family constitution. A recent study showed that a composite indicator of various decisionmaking characteristics was associated with a lower incidence of domestic violence, which is in line with our findings, and these findings are supported by previous studies conducted in similar settings. 12 25 Moreover, visits by NGO health professionals were found to be associated with higher decision-making power. Various NGOs in Bangladesh are implementing community interventions such as behaviour change communication as part of a national commitment to empower and strengthen the decision-making capacity of women, particularly those from the lowest social segment. 17 26 27 These NGOs are largely focusing on food insecurity, economic development and maternal and newborn healthcare services. 28 It is commonly acknowledged that maternal healthcare service and utilisation, exposure to NGO health professionals and women's involvement in any earning activities are all closely affiliated to women's decision-making power. 9 29 30 This suggests that intervention programmes to strengthen women's decision-making capacity and empowerment are critical. Despite the fact that addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, researchers have revealed that women who are exposed to simple interventions become substantially more involved in household decision-making. As a result, effective interventions may minimise domestic disputes, foster improved support for female family members and improve reliance among the members of the household. 31 In a setting with particularly low rates of empowerment, the Suchana model has proven its effectiveness in altering the situation of women's empowerment status in the study population by integrating livelihood intervention with constant social and behavioural change communication messages delivered through courtyard sessions and frequent home visits. Consequently, it is Open access worth emphasising that the Suchana programme was designed to help a large number of people, the vast majority of whom were from the poorest socioeconomic classes. Due to the constant poor performance in development indicators compared with other parts of the country, the coverage of the Suchana programme (Sylhet, as a geographic catchment area) is also a critical aspect. Furthermore, the Suchana research design and coverage are robust in comparison to other existing study findings from different parts of the country. Finally, this analysis implies that strengthening social behaviour change initiatives through a variety of innovative approaches, coupled with appropriate supporting materials, may represent an instrumental strategy for empowering women in our society. In order to ensure that all members of the household engage effectively in decision-making processes, it is essential to counsel both women and their family members, the in-laws in particular. Women may be able to convey their opinions and decisions in various dimensions as a result of these strategies, resulting in a more integrated community structure that fosters women's empowerment. Strengths and limitations There were some limitations to this study. The study used a cross-sectional pre-post intervention design, indicating that the same participants were not studied longitudinally for repeated measurements. Since the primary goal Open access of the Suchana programme was to minimise the burden of childhood stunting in children aged 12-23 months, we collected data from mother-child pairs; therefore, the mother group at the endline differed from the baseline as different child groups were followed. Although this analysis indicates an association between women's decision-making power and Suchana intervention, a causal relationship cannot be assumed due to the crosssectional design of this study. Several important indicators of women's empowerment as seen in other available literature, such as managerial control over loans, accounting knowledge, active use of loans, magnitude of women's economic contribution, mobility in the public domain, ownership of productive assets, freedom from family domination and political awareness, were not included in this analysis. As data on the indicators of decision-making capacity was gathered through maternal responses, the possibility of recall bias exists. However, due to the large sample size and the adjustment for significant covariates in the regression model, the bias was minimised. The cluster randomised pre-post design offered credible evidence of the intervention's positive impacts on the outcome indicators, which is a major attribute of this study. The similarity of the control and intervention groups at the baseline indicates the homogeneity of the women's background characteristics and decision-making power. One of the main assumptions in the structural equation modelling is normality. Our outcome variables were binary variables, which follow the binomial distribution. However, for large sample sizes, the binomial distribution converses to approximate the normal distribution. CONCLUSION One essential aspect of women's empowerment is their decision-making capacity. This study clearly suggests the large-scale development achievement of the programme in improving the decision-making power of vulnerable women in Bangladesh. Innovative social and behaviour change communication approaches tailored to the community level will create more opportunities for society in general, particularly for women and their family members, to obtain a greater understanding of the importance of women's empowerment. |
import setuptools
with open("README.md", "r", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
long_description = fh.read()
setuptools.setup(
name='py_sb_win_tools',
version='0.0.1',
author='<NAME>',
author_email='<EMAIL>',
description='Custom tools made for manipulating dataframes.',
long_description=long_description,
long_description_content_type="text/markdown",
url='https://stash.us.dominos.com/scm/~brannes/py-sb-win-tools',
project_urls = {
"Bug Tracker": "https://github.com/seanbranner/py-sb-win-tools/issues"
},
license='MIT',
packages=['py_sb_win_tools'],
install_requires=[
],
) |
The two executives said they made an unexpected visit yesterday to the health-case banking group. “The two of us are going to go take a drug test and do you want to join us?” the men asked the bankers, according to the memo.
Ben Lorello, global head of investment banking, and the three other bankers mentioned in the custody case volunteered to take a test, as did all the other managing directors in the group, according to the memo.
Handler is also CEO of Jefferies’s New York-based parent, Leucadia National Corp. |
Achieving Innovation through Bureaucracy: Lessons from the Japanese Brewing Industry During the 1980s, external changes that affected demand for beer in Japan caused Japan's four major brewers to shift to product strategies featuring a heavy emphasis on new product development. This article focuses on the implementation of those strategies, that is, the building of organizational capability to carry out new product development successfully. It examines organizational weaknesses and obstacles that blocked product development, as well as measures taken and organizational arrangements instituted to overcome resistance and support innovative product development. The building of "local" capabilityin the units specifically in charge of product developmentis a necessary but insufficient condition for successful new product development; support from the broader organization is required as well. The article also shows how the Japanese brewers, rather than eliminating bureaucracy, creatively used "bureaucratic" means such as formal working arrangements, systems, and procedures to foster and support innovation. |
def WaitForPermission():
while True:
ID_Access=caget("ID29:AccessSecurity.VAL")
if (ID_Access!=0):
print("Checking ID permission, please wait..."+dateandtime())
sleep(30)
else:
print("ID now in user mode -"+dateandtime())
break |
def validate_type(value, schema_type):
if isinstance(schema_type, dict):
validate_dict_schema(value, schema_type)
else:
if not isinstance(value, schema_type):
raise OpenCEError("{} is not of expected type {}".format(value, schema_type)) |
#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE minitest
#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
|
/**
* Project 06
* <p>
* Course: CSE 274 F
* Instructor: Dr. Gani
*
* @author <NAME>
*/
public enum BoardState {
X,
O
}
|
Iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms - a simple solution of inconvenient problem? PURPOSE A femoral artery pseudoaneurysm - is the most common complication associated with invasive coronary interventions. The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of various methods used for femoral pseudoaneurysm treatment and to assess how routine use of radial approach leads to reduction of these site complications. METHODS The study comprised 1854 consecutive patients who were hospitalized in years 2005-2008 and underwent coronary angiography (with or without angioplasty) via femoral artery access. Since 2009 routine radial approach has been introduced for both coronary angiography and angioplasty. In patients with symptoms suggesting entry site complications Doppler ultrasound was performed. RESULTS Femoral access site complications requiring additional procedures were observed in 63 patients (3.4%): in 56 femoral pseudoaneurysms (88.8%) and in 7 arteriovenous fistulas (11.1%) were diagnosed (all appeared after coronary angioplasty). The patients were treated in following ways: standard compression with an elastic bandage prolonged to 12 hours - in 14 cases (25%), ultrasound guided compression - in 13 patients (23.2%), finger compression followed by standard compression with an elastic bandage prolonged to 12 hours or ice compress - in 10 patients (17.8%), surgical treatment - in 3 patients (5.3%). Only 2 patients required thrombin injection (3.6%). Since the time routine radial approach was introduced extreme reduction in the rate of local complications was registered. CONCLUSION Although iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms following invasive percutaneous coronary interventions are still important complications, most of them can be treated conservatively. It seems that radial access completely eliminates the risk of this complication. |
<reponame>mwthinker/CppSdl2<gh_stars>1-10
#include "testimguiwindow.h"
#include <sdl/imguiauxiliary.h>
#include <spdlog/spdlog.h>
namespace {
[[maybe_unused]] void test() {
sdl::BatchView<TestShader::Vertex> batchData;
sdl::Batch<TestShader::Vertex> batch{GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW};
batch.startBatchView();
auto batchView = batch.getBatchView(GL_TRIANGLES);
batch.draw(batchView);
}
}
TestImGuiWindow::TestImGuiWindow() {
sdl::Window::setSize(512, 512);
sdl::Window::setTitle("Test");
sdl::Window::setIcon("tetris.bmp");
sdl::ImGuiWindow::setShowDemoWindow(true);
sdl::ImGuiWindow::setShowColorWindow(true);
}
void TestImGuiWindow::imGuiEventUpdate(const SDL_Event& windowEvent) {
switch (windowEvent.type) {
case SDL_WINDOWEVENT:
switch (windowEvent.window.event) {
case SDL_WINDOWEVENT_LEAVE:
break;
case SDL_WINDOWEVENT_CLOSE:
sdl::Window::quit();
}
break;
case SDL_QUIT:
sdl::Window::quit();
break;
}
}
void TestImGuiWindow::imGuiUpdate(const sdl::DeltaTime& deltaTime) {
ImGui::MainWindow("Main", [&]() {
ImGui::Button("Hello", {100, 100});
ImGui::Button("Hello2", {50, 50});
});
}
void TestImGuiWindow::imGuiPreUpdate(const sdl::DeltaTime& deltaTime) {
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
batch_->draw();
batchIndexes_->draw();
glDisable(GL_BLEND);
}
void TestImGuiWindow::initPreLoop() {
ImGuiWindow::initPreLoop();
shader_ = std::make_shared<TestShader>("testShader2_330.ver.glsl", "testShader2_330.fra.glsl");
shader_->setModelMatrix(Mat44{1});
shader_->setProjectionMatrix(Mat44{1});
initBatchTriangles();
initBatchTrianglesIndexes();
sdl::assertGlError();
}
void TestImGuiWindow::initBatchTriangles() {
batch_ = std::make_shared<BatchTriangles>(shader_, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
batch_->addRectangle(0.1f, 0.4f, 0.2f, 0.2f);
batch_->addTriangle({0, 0}, {0.3f, 0}, {0.3f, 0.3f});
batch_->addCircle(-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.3f, 40);
batch_->addRectangle({-0.3f, -0.2f}, {0, 0}, {0.f, 0.1f}, {-0.2f, 0.2f});
batch_->addHexagon(-0.1f, 0.1f, 0.3f);
batch_->init();
batch_->uploadToGraphicCard();
spdlog::info("Batch using glDrawArrays, size: {} MB", batch_->getVboSizeInMiB());
}
void TestImGuiWindow::initBatchTrianglesIndexes() {
batchIndexes_ = std::make_shared<BatchTrianglesIndexes>(shader_, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
batchIndexes_->addRectangle(-0.8f, -0.3f, 0.2f, 0.4f);
batchIndexes_->addTriangle({0, 0}, {-0.3f, 0}, {-0.3f, -0.3f});
batchIndexes_->addRectangle({0.8f, -0.7f}, {0.9f, -0.8f}, {0.8f, 0.8f}, {0.6f, 0.7f});
batchIndexes_->addHexagon(-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.1f);
batchIndexes_->addCircle(-0.7f, -0.7f, 0.1f, 20);
batchIndexes_->init();
batchIndexes_->uploadToGraphicCard();
spdlog::info("Batch using glDrawElements, size: {} MiB", batchIndexes_->getVboSizeInMiB());
}
|
<filename>src/tests/unit/security/encryption/test_services.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
encryption test_services module.
"""
import pytest
import pyrin.security.encryption.services as encryption_services
import pyrin.configuration.services as config_services
from pyrin.security.encryption.handlers.aes128 import AES128Encrypter
from pyrin.security.encryption.handlers.rsa256 import RSA256Encrypter
from pyrin.security.encryption.exceptions import DuplicatedEncryptionHandlerError, \
InvalidEncryptionHandlerTypeError, EncryptionHandlerNotFoundError, DecryptionError
def test_register_encryption_handler_duplicate():
"""
registers an already available encryption handler.
it should raise an error.
"""
with pytest.raises(DuplicatedEncryptionHandlerError):
encryption_services.register_encryption_handler(AES128Encrypter())
def test_register_encryption_handler_invalid_type():
"""
registers an encryption handler with an invalid type.
it should raise an error.
"""
with pytest.raises(InvalidEncryptionHandlerTypeError):
encryption_services.register_encryption_handler(25)
def test_register_encryption_handler_duplicate_with_replace():
"""
registers an already available encryption handler with replace option.
it should not raise an error.
"""
encryption_services.register_encryption_handler(RSA256Encrypter(), replace=True)
def test_encrypt_default():
"""
encrypts the given value using default handler and returns the encrypted result.
"""
message = 'confidential'
encrypted_value = encryption_services.encrypt(message)
assert encrypted_value is not None
assert config_services.get('security', 'encryption',
'default_encryption_handler') in encrypted_value
def test_encrypt_aes128():
"""
encrypts the given value using aes128 handler and returns the encrypted result.
"""
message = 'confidential'
encrypted_value = encryption_services.encrypt(message, handler_name='AES128')
assert encrypted_value is not None
assert 'AES128' in encrypted_value
def test_encrypt_rsa256():
"""
encrypts the given value using rsa256 handler and returns the encrypted result.
"""
message = 'confidential'
encrypted_value = encryption_services.encrypt(message, handler_name='RSA256')
assert encrypted_value is not None
assert 'RSA256' in encrypted_value
def test_encrypt_invalid_handler():
"""
encrypts the given value using an invalid handler.
it should raise an error.
"""
with pytest.raises(EncryptionHandlerNotFoundError):
encryption_services.encrypt('confidential', handler_name='missing_handler')
def test_decrypt_default():
"""
decrypts the given full encrypted value using default
handler and returns the decrypted result.
"""
message = 'confidential'
encrypted_value = encryption_services.encrypt(message)
original_value = encryption_services.decrypt(encrypted_value)
assert original_value == message
def test_decrypt_aes128():
"""
decrypts the given full encrypted value using aes128
handler and returns the decrypted result.
"""
message = 'confidential'
encrypted_value = encryption_services.encrypt(message, handler_name='AES128')
original_value = encryption_services.decrypt(encrypted_value)
assert original_value == message
def test_decrypt_rsa256():
"""
decrypts the given full encrypted value using rsa256
handler and returns the decrypted result.
"""
message = 'confidential'
encrypted_value = encryption_services.encrypt(message, handler_name='RSA256')
original_value = encryption_services.decrypt(encrypted_value)
assert original_value == message
def test_decrypt_invalid_value():
"""
decrypts the given invalid encrypted value using default handler.
it should raise an error.
"""
with pytest.raises(DecryptionError):
message = 'confidential'
encrypted_value = encryption_services.encrypt(message)
encrypted_value = encrypted_value.replace('o', 'b')
encryption_services.decrypt(encrypted_value)
def test_decrypt_invalid_handler():
"""
decrypts the given encrypted value using an invalid handler.
it should raise an error.
"""
with pytest.raises(EncryptionHandlerNotFoundError):
message = 'confidential'
encrypted_value = encryption_services.encrypt(message)
handler = config_services.get('security', 'encryption',
'default_encryption_handler')
encrypted_value = encrypted_value.replace(handler, 'missing handler')
encryption_services.decrypt(encrypted_value)
def test_decrypt_mismatch_handler():
"""
decrypts the given encrypted value using a handler that is not the original handler.
it should raise an error.
"""
with pytest.raises(DecryptionError):
message = 'confidential'
handler = 'AES128'
mismatch_handler = 'RSA256'
encrypted_value = encryption_services.encrypt(message, handler_name=handler)
encrypted_value = encrypted_value.replace(handler, mismatch_handler)
encryption_services.decrypt(encrypted_value)
def test_generate_key_aes128():
"""
generates a valid key for aes128 handler and returns it.
"""
key = encryption_services.generate_key('AES128')
assert key is not None and len(key) > 0
def test_generate_key_rsa256():
"""
generates a valid public/private key pair for rsa256 handler and returns it.
"""
public, private = encryption_services.generate_key('RSA256')
assert public is not None and private is not None
assert len(public) > 0 and len(private) > 0
def test_generate_key_invalid_handler():
"""
generates a key for an invalid handler.
it should raise an error.
"""
with pytest.raises(EncryptionHandlerNotFoundError):
encryption_services.generate_key('missing handler')
def test_encrypter_is_singleton():
"""
tests that different types of encrypters are singleton.
"""
encrypter1 = AES128Encrypter()
encrypter2 = AES128Encrypter()
assert encrypter1 == encrypter2
encrypter3 = RSA256Encrypter()
encrypter4 = RSA256Encrypter()
assert encrypter3 == encrypter4
|
The Cabernet Sauvignon that's been rated the best wine in the world.
Vivino, the popular wine app with 35 million subscribers worldwide, says the best wine in the world is the Scarecrow Cabernet Sauvignon 2015, from Napa Valley in California.
That's based on Vivino's data mining of the 40 million reviews and 120 million ratings its members posted online last year.
A quick Internet search finds that the average purchase price of the Scarecrow cabernet 2015 is R15108.
Other top red wines in the Vivino 2019 Wine Awards included two from the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, the most exclusive Burgundy producer.
Vivino and similar apps create a social media dynamic, t hey become bragging boards for members to showcase the rare and expensive wines they are drinking.
The Vivino Wine Awards should be taken with a grain of salt, but that doesn't mean they don't provide insight into how we are buying and enjoying wine.
The Vivino Wine Style Awards includes "top 10" lists for various categories, such as Argentine malbec.
Of course, the world's best wines are expensive, t hey require meticulous care in the vineyard and winery.
They often come from small, historic vineyards that carry prestige with their name on the label and they are often produced in limited quantities.
Tight supply and high demand drive prices up, as do the egos of the winemakers and the collectors. |
<filename>src/components/Icon/OutwardArrowsIcon/OutwardArrowsIcon.tsx
import _ from 'lodash';
import React from 'react';
import Icon, { IIconProps, propTypes as iconPropTypes } from '../Icon';
import { lucidClassNames } from '../../../util/style-helpers';
import { FC, omitProps } from '../../../util/component-types';
import PropTypes from 'react-peek/prop-types';
const { oneOf } = PropTypes;
const cx = lucidClassNames.bind('&-OutwardArrowsIcon');
const paths = {
horizontal: <path d='M4 8h8m-1.5 2l2-2-2-2m-5 4l-2-2 2-2m-5-2.5v9m15-9v9' />,
vertical: <path d='M8 4v8m-2-1.5l2 2 2-2m-4-5l2-2 2 2m2.5-5h-9m9 15h-9' />,
diagonal: (
<>
<path d='M11.828 4.172l-7.656 7.656m-.354-2.474v2.828h2.828m2.708-8.364h2.828v2.828' />
<path d='M.5 8.5v7h7m8-8v-7h-7' />
</>
),
};
interface IOutwardArrowsIconProps extends IIconProps {
/** Determines the kind of arrows you want to display. \`horizontal\` is
usually used for width. \`vertical\` is usually used for height.
\`diagonal\` is usually used for aspect ratio. */
kind: 'horizontal' | 'vertical' | 'diagonal';
}
export const OutwardArrowsIcon: FC<IOutwardArrowsIconProps> = ({
className,
kind = 'horizontal',
...passThroughs
}): React.ReactElement => {
return (
<Icon
{...omitProps(
passThroughs,
undefined,
_.keys(OutwardArrowsIcon.propTypes),
false
)}
{..._.pick(passThroughs, _.keys(iconPropTypes))}
className={cx('&', className)}
>
{paths[kind]}
</Icon>
);
};
OutwardArrowsIcon.displayName = 'OutwardArrowsIcon';
OutwardArrowsIcon.peek = {
description: `
Typically used to denote width, height, or aspect ratio.
`,
categories: ['visual design', 'icons'],
extend: 'Icon',
madeFrom: ['Icon'],
};
OutwardArrowsIcon.propTypes = {
...iconPropTypes,
kind: oneOf(['horizontal', 'vertical', 'diagonal'])`
Determines the kind of arrows you want to display. \`horizontal\` is
usually used for width. \`vertical\` is usually used for height.
\`diagonal\` is usually used for aspect ratio.
`,
};
export default OutwardArrowsIcon;
|
One of the highly awaited films of the year is Shah Rukh Khan starrer Zero. The film, starring Anushka Sharma and Katrina Kaif, is helmed by Aanand L Rai. The actor is set to star as Bauua Singh, a dwarf in the film. While the trailer will be unveiled in a grand way on his birthday on November 2, a few of the industry and media folks got early viewing of the trailer and they are praising the actor a lot.
Meanwhile, SRK dropped two posters from the film giving a glimpse of his chemistry with his leading ladies, Katrina Kaif and Anushka Sharma. The trio is reuniting on big screen after their Yash Chopra’s Jab Tak Hai Jaan. Last night, the actor dropped the first poster with Anushka as they shared a pretty happy moment in the poster. He captioned the poster, “Iss poori duniya mein, meri barabari ki ek hi toh hai… #ZeroPoster.” Dressed casually, Anushka is sporting a short hair in the poster.
The next poster was with Katrina Kaif as they share a romantic monent with each other while gazing into each other’s eyes passionately. He wrote, “Sitaaron ke khwaab dekhne walon, humne toh chaand ko kareeb se dekha hai.” Katrina sizzles in a beautiful red gown.
Zero is a story that celebrates life, the first look of the film featured Shah Rukh Khan as the adorable vertically challenged man piquing the interests of the audience to witness the unusual tale. The film is set to have many cameos including Salman Khan, Sridevi, Karisma Kapoor, Kajol, Madhuri Dixit, Kareena Kapoor Khan, Alia Bhatt and Rani Mukerji. It is set to release on December 21, 2018. |
Slipped into last week’s report about Olivia Munn joining Shane Black‘s The Predator was word that the film would be venturing into the wild world of suburbia. The news caught a lot of fans’ attention, since that’s not really where one would expect to find this franchise — and generated some excitement, because if anyone can make that combination work it’s probably Shane Black.
But it turns out he’s not planning to go that route after all. The writer and director has since spoken up to clarify that his Predator movie will not take place in the suburbs. Which means we’re back to square one in terms of trying to figure out Predator plot details.
To back up a bit, The Hollywood Reporter broke the news last week that Black’s Predator “plunks the alien hunter — whom audiences have seen fight in jungles, concrete jungles, frozen wastelands and alien planets — in the harsh environment of … suburbia.” It sounded surprising, but not totally implausible given that Black likes to go for the unexpected. However, Black himself has now reached out to Collider to deny those reports and say that The Predator is not about the suburbs.
Plot-wise, we still know very little about The Predator. We know the main character is not Dutch (played by Arnold Schwarzenegger in the original 1987 film, which happened to co-star Black). And that whoever he is, he’ll be played by Boyd Holbrook, who stepped in after Benicio del Toro dropped out. We know to expect a “strong” supporting cast that includes Munn.
Sure, none of that info really counts as concrete plot detail, but all in all, it adds up to a movie that sounds fun no matter where it takes place. Besides, with The Predator expected to start shooting in February, it surely won’t be long before we start getting some more information. The Predator stalks into movie theaters on February 9, 2018. |
class TestConversion:
""" Still doesn't validate actual values, but... """
def setUp(self):
self.xml_runner = XMLRunner()
def test_case_1(self):
parsed_filing = self.xml_runner.run_filing(FILING_2015V21)
def test_case_2(self):
object_ids = object_ids_2017[:TEST_DEPTH] \
+ object_ids_2016[:TEST_DEPTH] + object_ids_2015[:TEST_DEPTH]
for object_id in object_ids:
self.xml_runner.run_filing(object_id) |
// Gerador de sistemas de equacoes lineares Ax=b de dimensao n
// com solucao x tal que x_i = 1+i%(n/100), i=0, ..., n-1.
// Para gerar as os arquivos a1.dat, a2.dat, ..., a7.dat escolha
// esses nomes com dimensoes 100, 200, ..., 700, respectivamente.
// Para gerar o arquivo a8.dat subsitua o laco
// for (i=0; i<n; i++)
// for (j=0; j<n; j++)
// fprintf(fp,"\n%3d %3d % .20e",i,j,A[i][j]);
// por
// for (i=0; i<n; i++)
// if (i==n/2)
// for (j=0; j<n; j++)
// fprintf(fp,"\n%3d %3d % .20e",i,j,A[0][j]);
// else
// for (j=0; j<n; j++)
// fprintf(fp,"\n%3d %3d % .20e",i,j,A[i][j]);
// e para gerar o arquivo a9.dat troque o "n/2" por "n-1".
// Em ambos casos escolha n=700. O que estara fazendo sera gerar
// matrizes cujas linhas n/2 e n-1, respectivamente, serao copia
// da linha 0, i.e., matrizes singulares.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define nmax 700
int main()
{
int n,i,j,k;
double M[nmax][nmax],b[nmax],x[nmax];
FILE *fp;
char filename[100];
// Dimensao.
printf("\nn= ");
scanf("%d",&n);
// Arquivo de saida.
printf("\nOutput file name= ");
scanf("%s", filename);
// Gera matriz aleatoria M com elementos entre -5 e 5.
srand(853);
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
for (j=0; j<n; j++)
M[i][j]= 10*((float)rand()/RAND_MAX-0.5);
// Constroe a solucao descrita acima.
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
x[i]= 1+i%(n/100);
// Calcula b = A x (de novo, veja o produto orientado a linha).
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
{
b[i]= 0;
for(j=0; j<n; j++)
b[i]+= M[i][j]*x[j];
}
// Grava o arquivo de saida com n, M e b.
fp= fopen(filename,"wt");
fprintf(fp,"%d",n);
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
for (j=0; j<n; j++)
fprintf(fp,"\n%3d %3d % .20e",i,j,M[i][j]);
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
fprintf(fp,"\n%3d % .20e",i,b[i]);
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
|
/**
* @file: Geometry.h
* @brief: Implementation of the Geometry class
* @author: SBMLTeam
*
* <!--------------------------------------------------------------------------
* This file is part of libSBML. Please visit http://sbml.org for more
* information about SBML, and the latest version of libSBML.
*
* Copyright (C) 2013-2014 jointly by the following organizations:
* 1. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
* 2. EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
* 3. University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
*
* Copyright (C) 2009-2013 jointly by the following organizations:
* 1. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
* 2. EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
*
* Copyright (C) 2006-2008 by the California Institute of Technology,
* Pasadena, CA, USA
*
* Copyright (C) 2002-2005 jointly by the following organizations:
* 1. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
* 2. Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation. A copy of the license agreement is provided
* in the file named "LICENSE.txt" included with this software distribution
* and also available online as http://sbml.org/software/libsbml/license.html
* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -->
*/
#ifndef Geometry_H__
#define Geometry_H__
#include <sbml/common/extern.h>
#include <sbml/common/sbmlfwd.h>
#include <sbml/packages/spatial/common/spatialfwd.h>
#ifdef __cplusplus
#include <string>
#include <sbml/SBase.h>
#include <sbml/ListOf.h>
#include <sbml/packages/spatial/extension/SpatialExtension.h>
#include <sbml/packages/spatial/sbml/CoordinateComponent.h>
#include <sbml/packages/spatial/sbml/DomainType.h>
#include <sbml/packages/spatial/sbml/Domain.h>
#include <sbml/packages/spatial/sbml/AdjacentDomains.h>
#include <sbml/packages/spatial/sbml/GeometryDefinition.h>
#include <sbml/packages/spatial/sbml/SampledField.h>
LIBSBML_CPP_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
class LIBSBML_EXTERN Geometry : public SBase
{
protected:
std::string mId;
GeometryKind_t mCoordinateSystem;
ListOfCoordinateComponents mCoordinateComponents;
ListOfDomainTypes mDomainTypes;
ListOfDomains mDomains;
ListOfAdjacentDomains mAdjacentDomains;
ListOfGeometryDefinitions mGeometryDefinitions;
ListOfSampledFields mSampledFields;
public:
/**
* Creates a new Geometry with the given level, version, and package version.
*
* @param level an unsigned int, the SBML Level to assign to this Geometry
*
* @param version an unsigned int, the SBML Version to assign to this Geometry
*
* @param pkgVersion an unsigned int, the SBML Spatial Version to assign to this Geometry
*/
Geometry(unsigned int level = SpatialExtension::getDefaultLevel(),
unsigned int version = SpatialExtension::getDefaultVersion(),
unsigned int pkgVersion = SpatialExtension::getDefaultPackageVersion());
/**
* Creates a new Geometry with the given SpatialPkgNamespaces object.
*
* @param spatialns the SpatialPkgNamespaces object
*/
Geometry(SpatialPkgNamespaces* spatialns);
/**
* Copy constructor for Geometry.
*
* @param orig; the Geometry instance to copy.
*/
Geometry(const Geometry& orig);
/**
* Assignment operator for Geometry.
*
* @param rhs; the object whose values are used as the basis
* of the assignment
*/
Geometry& operator=(const Geometry& rhs);
/**
* Creates and returns a deep copy of this Geometry object.
*
* @return a (deep) copy of this Geometry object.
*/
virtual Geometry* clone () const;
/**
* Destructor for Geometry.
*/
virtual ~Geometry();
/**
* Returns the value of the "id" attribute of this Geometry.
*
* @return the value of the "id" attribute of this Geometry as a string.
*/
virtual const std::string& getId() const;
/**
* Returns the value of the "coordinateSystem" attribute of this Geometry.
*
* @return the value of the "coordinateSystem" attribute of this Geometry as a GeometryKind_t.
*/
virtual GeometryKind_t getCoordinateSystem() const;
/**
* Predicate returning @c true or @c false depending on whether this
* Geometry's "id" attribute has been set.
*
* @return @c true if this Geometry's "id" attribute has been set,
* otherwise @c false is returned.
*/
virtual bool isSetId() const;
/**
* Predicate returning @c true or @c false depending on whether this
* Geometry's "coordinateSystem" attribute has been set.
*
* @return @c true if this Geometry's "coordinateSystem" attribute has been set,
* otherwise @c false is returned.
*/
virtual bool isSetCoordinateSystem() const;
/**
* Sets the value of the "id" attribute of this Geometry.
*
* @param id; const std::string& value of the "id" attribute to be set
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS
* @li LIBSBML_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE
*/
virtual int setId(const std::string& id);
/**
* Sets the value of the "coordinateSystem" attribute of this Geometry.
*
* @param coordinateSystem; GeometryKind_t value of the "coordinateSystem" attribute to be set
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS
* @li LIBSBML_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE
*/
virtual int setCoordinateSystem(GeometryKind_t coordinateSystem);
/**
* Sets the value of the "coordinateSystem" attribute of this Geometry.
*
* @param coordinateSystem; string value of the "coordinateSystem" attribute to be set
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS
* @li LIBSBML_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE
*/
virtual int setCoordinateSystem(const std::string& coordinateSystem);
/**
* Unsets the value of the "id" attribute of this Geometry.
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS
* @li LIBSBML_OPERATION_FAILED
*/
virtual int unsetId();
/**
* Unsets the value of the "coordinateSystem" attribute of this Geometry.
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS
* @li LIBSBML_OPERATION_FAILED
*/
virtual int unsetCoordinateSystem();
/**
* Returns the "ListOfCoordinateComponents" in this Geometry object.
*
* @return the "ListOfCoordinateComponents" attribute of this Geometry.
*/
const ListOfCoordinateComponents* getListOfCoordinateComponents() const;
/**
* Returns the "ListOfCoordinateComponents" in this Geometry object.
*
* @return the "ListOfCoordinateComponents" attribute of this Geometry.
*/
ListOfCoordinateComponents* getListOfCoordinateComponents();
/**
* Get a CoordinateComponent from the ListOfCoordinateComponents.
*
* @param n the index number of the CoordinateComponent to get.
*
* @return the nth CoordinateComponent in the ListOfCoordinateComponents within this Geometry.
*
* @see getNumCoordinateComponents()
*/
CoordinateComponent* getCoordinateComponent(unsigned int n);
/**
* Get a CoordinateComponent from the ListOfCoordinateComponents.
*
* @param n the index number of the CoordinateComponent to get.
*
* @return the nth CoordinateComponent in the ListOfCoordinateComponents within this Geometry.
*
* @see getNumCoordinateComponents()
*/
const CoordinateComponent* getCoordinateComponent(unsigned int n) const;
/**
* Get a CoordinateComponent from the ListOfCoordinateComponents
* based on its identifier.
*
* @param sid a string representing the identifier
* of the CoordinateComponent to get.
*
* @return the CoordinateComponent in the ListOfCoordinateComponents
* with the given id or NULL if no such
* CoordinateComponent exists.
*
* @see getCoordinateComponent(unsigned int n)
*
* @see getNumCoordinateComponents()
*/
CoordinateComponent* getCoordinateComponent(const std::string& sid);
/**
* Get a CoordinateComponent from the ListOfCoordinateComponents
* based on its identifier.
*
* @param sid a string representing the identifier
* of the CoordinateComponent to get.
*
* @return the CoordinateComponent in the ListOfCoordinateComponents
* with the given id or NULL if no such
* CoordinateComponent exists.
*
* @see getCoordinateComponent(unsigned int n)
*
* @see getNumCoordinateComponents()
*/
const CoordinateComponent* getCoordinateComponent(const std::string& sid) const;
/**
* Adds a copy the given "CoordinateComponent" to this Geometry.
*
* @param cc; the CoordinateComponent object to add
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS
* @li LIBSBML_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE
*/
int addCoordinateComponent(const CoordinateComponent* cc);
/**
* Get the number of CoordinateComponent objects in this Geometry.
*
* @return the number of CoordinateComponent objects in this Geometry
*/
unsigned int getNumCoordinateComponents() const;
/**
* Creates a new CoordinateComponent object, adds it to this Geometrys
* ListOfCoordinateComponents and returns the CoordinateComponent object created.
*
* @return a new CoordinateComponent object instance
*
* @see addCoordinateComponent(const CoordinateComponent* cc)
*/
CoordinateComponent* createCoordinateComponent();
/**
* Removes the nth CoordinateComponent from the ListOfCoordinateComponents within this Geometry.
* and returns a pointer to it.
*
* The caller owns the returned item and is responsible for deleting it.
*
* @param n the index of the CoordinateComponent to remove.
*
* @see getNumCoordinateComponents()
*/
CoordinateComponent* removeCoordinateComponent(unsigned int n);
/**
* Removes the CoordinateComponent with the given identifier from the ListOfCoordinateComponents within this Geometry
* and returns a pointer to it.
*
* The caller owns the returned item and is responsible for deleting it.
* If none of the items in this list have the identifier @p sid, then
* @c NULL is returned.
*
* @param sid the identifier of the CoordinateComponent to remove.
*
* @return the CoordinateComponent removed. As mentioned above, the caller owns the
* returned item.
*/
CoordinateComponent* removeCoordinateComponent(const std::string& sid);
/**
* Returns the "ListOfDomainTypes" in this Geometry object.
*
* @return the "ListOfDomainTypes" attribute of this Geometry.
*/
const ListOfDomainTypes* getListOfDomainTypes() const;
/**
* Returns the "ListOfDomainTypes" in this Geometry object.
*
* @return the "ListOfDomainTypes" attribute of this Geometry.
*/
ListOfDomainTypes* getListOfDomainTypes();
/**
* Get a DomainType from the ListOfDomainTypes.
*
* @param n the index number of the DomainType to get.
*
* @return the nth DomainType in the ListOfDomainTypes within this Geometry.
*
* @see getNumDomainTypes()
*/
DomainType* getDomainType(unsigned int n);
/**
* Get a DomainType from the ListOfDomainTypes.
*
* @param n the index number of the DomainType to get.
*
* @return the nth DomainType in the ListOfDomainTypes within this Geometry.
*
* @see getNumDomainTypes()
*/
const DomainType* getDomainType(unsigned int n) const;
/**
* Get a DomainType from the ListOfDomainTypes
* based on its identifier.
*
* @param sid a string representing the identifier
* of the DomainType to get.
*
* @return the DomainType in the ListOfDomainTypes
* with the given id or NULL if no such
* DomainType exists.
*
* @see getDomainType(unsigned int n)
*
* @see getNumDomainTypes()
*/
DomainType* getDomainType(const std::string& sid);
/**
* Get a DomainType from the ListOfDomainTypes
* based on its identifier.
*
* @param sid a string representing the identifier
* of the DomainType to get.
*
* @return the DomainType in the ListOfDomainTypes
* with the given id or NULL if no such
* DomainType exists.
*
* @see getDomainType(unsigned int n)
*
* @see getNumDomainTypes()
*/
const DomainType* getDomainType(const std::string& sid) const;
/**
* Adds a copy the given "DomainType" to this Geometry.
*
* @param dt; the DomainType object to add
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS
* @li LIBSBML_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE
*/
int addDomainType(const DomainType* dt);
/**
* Get the number of DomainType objects in this Geometry.
*
* @return the number of DomainType objects in this Geometry
*/
unsigned int getNumDomainTypes() const;
/**
* Creates a new DomainType object, adds it to this Geometrys
* ListOfDomainTypes and returns the DomainType object created.
*
* @return a new DomainType object instance
*
* @see addDomainType(const DomainType* dt)
*/
DomainType* createDomainType();
/**
* Removes the nth DomainType from the ListOfDomainTypes within this Geometry.
* and returns a pointer to it.
*
* The caller owns the returned item and is responsible for deleting it.
*
* @param n the index of the DomainType to remove.
*
* @see getNumDomainTypes()
*/
DomainType* removeDomainType(unsigned int n);
/**
* Removes the DomainType with the given identifier from the ListOfDomainTypes within this Geometry
* and returns a pointer to it.
*
* The caller owns the returned item and is responsible for deleting it.
* If none of the items in this list have the identifier @p sid, then
* @c NULL is returned.
*
* @param sid the identifier of the DomainType to remove.
*
* @return the DomainType removed. As mentioned above, the caller owns the
* returned item.
*/
DomainType* removeDomainType(const std::string& sid);
/**
* Returns the "ListOfDomains" in this Geometry object.
*
* @return the "ListOfDomains" attribute of this Geometry.
*/
const ListOfDomains* getListOfDomains() const;
/**
* Returns the "ListOfDomains" in this Geometry object.
*
* @return the "ListOfDomains" attribute of this Geometry.
*/
ListOfDomains* getListOfDomains();
/**
* Get a Domain from the ListOfDomains.
*
* @param n the index number of the Domain to get.
*
* @return the nth Domain in the ListOfDomains within this Geometry.
*
* @see getNumDomains()
*/
Domain* getDomain(unsigned int n);
/**
* Get a Domain from the ListOfDomains.
*
* @param n the index number of the Domain to get.
*
* @return the nth Domain in the ListOfDomains within this Geometry.
*
* @see getNumDomains()
*/
const Domain* getDomain(unsigned int n) const;
/**
* Get a Domain from the ListOfDomains
* based on its identifier.
*
* @param sid a string representing the identifier
* of the Domain to get.
*
* @return the Domain in the ListOfDomains
* with the given id or NULL if no such
* Domain exists.
*
* @see getDomain(unsigned int n)
*
* @see getNumDomains()
*/
Domain* getDomain(const std::string& sid);
/**
* Get a Domain from the ListOfDomains
* based on its identifier.
*
* @param sid a string representing the identifier
* of the Domain to get.
*
* @return the Domain in the ListOfDomains
* with the given id or NULL if no such
* Domain exists.
*
* @see getDomain(unsigned int n)
*
* @see getNumDomains()
*/
const Domain* getDomain(const std::string& sid) const;
/**
* Adds a copy the given "Domain" to this Geometry.
*
* @param d; the Domain object to add
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS
* @li LIBSBML_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE
*/
int addDomain(const Domain* d);
/**
* Get the number of Domain objects in this Geometry.
*
* @return the number of Domain objects in this Geometry
*/
unsigned int getNumDomains() const;
/**
* Creates a new Domain object, adds it to this Geometrys
* ListOfDomains and returns the Domain object created.
*
* @return a new Domain object instance
*
* @see addDomain(const Domain* d)
*/
Domain* createDomain();
/**
* Removes the nth Domain from the ListOfDomains within this Geometry.
* and returns a pointer to it.
*
* The caller owns the returned item and is responsible for deleting it.
*
* @param n the index of the Domain to remove.
*
* @see getNumDomains()
*/
Domain* removeDomain(unsigned int n);
/**
* Removes the Domain with the given identifier from the ListOfDomains within this Geometry
* and returns a pointer to it.
*
* The caller owns the returned item and is responsible for deleting it.
* If none of the items in this list have the identifier @p sid, then
* @c NULL is returned.
*
* @param sid the identifier of the Domain to remove.
*
* @return the Domain removed. As mentioned above, the caller owns the
* returned item.
*/
Domain* removeDomain(const std::string& sid);
/**
* Returns the "ListOfAdjacentDomains" in this Geometry object.
*
* @return the "ListOfAdjacentDomains" attribute of this Geometry.
*/
const ListOfAdjacentDomains* getListOfAdjacentDomains() const;
/**
* Returns the "ListOfAdjacentDomains" in this Geometry object.
*
* @return the "ListOfAdjacentDomains" attribute of this Geometry.
*/
ListOfAdjacentDomains* getListOfAdjacentDomains();
/**
* Get a AdjacentDomains from the ListOfAdjacentDomains.
*
* @param n the index number of the AdjacentDomains to get.
*
* @return the nth AdjacentDomains in the ListOfAdjacentDomains within this Geometry.
*
* @see getNumAdjacentDomainss()
*/
AdjacentDomains* getAdjacentDomains(unsigned int n);
/**
* Get a AdjacentDomains from the ListOfAdjacentDomains.
*
* @param n the index number of the AdjacentDomains to get.
*
* @return the nth AdjacentDomains in the ListOfAdjacentDomains within this Geometry.
*
* @see getNumAdjacentDomainss()
*/
const AdjacentDomains* getAdjacentDomains(unsigned int n) const;
/**
* Get a AdjacentDomains from the ListOfAdjacentDomains
* based on its identifier.
*
* @param sid a string representing the identifier
* of the AdjacentDomains to get.
*
* @return the AdjacentDomains in the ListOfAdjacentDomains
* with the given id or NULL if no such
* AdjacentDomains exists.
*
* @see getAdjacentDomains(unsigned int n)
*
* @see getNumAdjacentDomainss()
*/
AdjacentDomains* getAdjacentDomains(const std::string& sid);
/**
* Get a AdjacentDomains from the ListOfAdjacentDomains
* based on its identifier.
*
* @param sid a string representing the identifier
* of the AdjacentDomains to get.
*
* @return the AdjacentDomains in the ListOfAdjacentDomains
* with the given id or NULL if no such
* AdjacentDomains exists.
*
* @see getAdjacentDomains(unsigned int n)
*
* @see getNumAdjacentDomainss()
*/
const AdjacentDomains* getAdjacentDomains(const std::string& sid) const;
/**
* Adds a copy the given "AdjacentDomains" to this Geometry.
*
* @param ad; the AdjacentDomains object to add
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS
* @li LIBSBML_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE
*/
int addAdjacentDomains(const AdjacentDomains* ad);
/**
* Get the number of AdjacentDomains objects in this Geometry.
*
* @return the number of AdjacentDomains objects in this Geometry
*/
unsigned int getNumAdjacentDomains() const;
/**
* Creates a new AdjacentDomains object, adds it to this Geometrys
* ListOfAdjacentDomains and returns the AdjacentDomains object created.
*
* @return a new AdjacentDomains object instance
*
* @see addAdjacentDomains(const AdjacentDomains* ad)
*/
AdjacentDomains* createAdjacentDomains();
/**
* Removes the nth AdjacentDomains from the ListOfAdjacentDomains within this Geometry.
* and returns a pointer to it.
*
* The caller owns the returned item and is responsible for deleting it.
*
* @param n the index of the AdjacentDomains to remove.
*
* @see getNumAdjacentDomainss()
*/
AdjacentDomains* removeAdjacentDomains(unsigned int n);
/**
* Removes the AdjacentDomains with the given identifier from the ListOfAdjacentDomains within this Geometry
* and returns a pointer to it.
*
* The caller owns the returned item and is responsible for deleting it.
* If none of the items in this list have the identifier @p sid, then
* @c NULL is returned.
*
* @param sid the identifier of the AdjacentDomains to remove.
*
* @return the AdjacentDomains removed. As mentioned above, the caller owns the
* returned item.
*/
AdjacentDomains* removeAdjacentDomains(const std::string& sid);
/**
* Returns the "ListOfGeometryDefinitions" in this Geometry object.
*
* @return the "ListOfGeometryDefinitions" attribute of this Geometry.
*/
const ListOfGeometryDefinitions* getListOfGeometryDefinitions() const;
/**
* Returns the "ListOfGeometryDefinitions" in this Geometry object.
*
* @return the "ListOfGeometryDefinitions" attribute of this Geometry.
*/
ListOfGeometryDefinitions* getListOfGeometryDefinitions();
/**
* Get a GeometryDefinition from the ListOfGeometryDefinitions.
*
* @param n the index number of the GeometryDefinition to get.
*
* @return the nth GeometryDefinition in the ListOfGeometryDefinitions within this Geometry.
*
* @see getNumGeometryDefinitions()
*/
GeometryDefinition* getGeometryDefinition(unsigned int n);
/**
* Get a GeometryDefinition from the ListOfGeometryDefinitions.
*
* @param n the index number of the GeometryDefinition to get.
*
* @return the nth GeometryDefinition in the ListOfGeometryDefinitions within this Geometry.
*
* @see getNumGeometryDefinitions()
*/
const GeometryDefinition* getGeometryDefinition(unsigned int n) const;
/**
* Get a GeometryDefinition from the ListOfGeometryDefinitions
* based on its identifier.
*
* @param sid a string representing the identifier
* of the GeometryDefinition to get.
*
* @return the GeometryDefinition in the ListOfGeometryDefinitions
* with the given id or NULL if no such
* GeometryDefinition exists.
*
* @see getGeometryDefinition(unsigned int n)
*
* @see getNumGeometryDefinitions()
*/
GeometryDefinition* getGeometryDefinition(const std::string& sid);
/**
* Get a GeometryDefinition from the ListOfGeometryDefinitions
* based on its identifier.
*
* @param sid a string representing the identifier
* of the GeometryDefinition to get.
*
* @return the GeometryDefinition in the ListOfGeometryDefinitions
* with the given id or NULL if no such
* GeometryDefinition exists.
*
* @see getGeometryDefinition(unsigned int n)
*
* @see getNumGeometryDefinitions()
*/
const GeometryDefinition* getGeometryDefinition(const std::string& sid) const;
/**
* Adds a copy the given "GeometryDefinition" to this Geometry.
*
* @param gd; the GeometryDefinition object to add
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS
* @li LIBSBML_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE
*/
int addGeometryDefinition(const GeometryDefinition* gd);
/**
* Get the number of GeometryDefinition objects in this Geometry.
*
* @return the number of GeometryDefinition objects in this Geometry
*/
unsigned int getNumGeometryDefinitions() const;
/**
* Creates a new AnalyticGeometry object, adds it to this Geometrys
* ListOfGeometryDefinitions and returns the AnalyticGeometry object created.
*
* @return a new AnalyticGeometry object instance
*
* @see addGeometryDefinition(const GeometryDefinition* gd)
*/
AnalyticGeometry* createAnalyticGeometry();
/**
* Creates a new SampledFieldGeometry object, adds it to this Geometrys
* ListOfGeometryDefinitions and returns the SampledFieldGeometry object created.
*
* @return a new SampledFieldGeometry object instance
*
* @see addGeometryDefinition(const GeometryDefinition* gd)
*/
SampledFieldGeometry* createSampledFieldGeometry();
/**
* Creates a new CSGeometry object, adds it to this Geometrys
* ListOfGeometryDefinitions and returns the CSGeometry object created.
*
* @return a new CSGeometry object instance
*
* @see addGeometryDefinition(const GeometryDefinition* gd)
*/
CSGeometry* createCsGeometry();
/**
* Creates a new ParametricGeometry object, adds it to this Geometrys
* ListOfGeometryDefinitions and returns the ParametricGeometry object created.
*
* @return a new ParametricGeometry object instance
*
* @see addGeometryDefinition(const GeometryDefinition* gd)
*/
ParametricGeometry* createParametricGeometry();
/**
* Creates a new MixedGeometry object, adds it to this Geometrys
* ListOfGeometryDefinitions and returns the MixedGeometry object created.
*
* @return a new MixedGeometry object instance
*
* @see addGeometryDefinition(const GeometryDefinition* gd)
*/
MixedGeometry* createMixedGeometry();
/**
* Removes the nth GeometryDefinition from the ListOfGeometryDefinitions within this Geometry.
* and returns a pointer to it.
*
* The caller owns the returned item and is responsible for deleting it.
*
* @param n the index of the GeometryDefinition to remove.
*
* @see getNumGeometryDefinitions()
*/
GeometryDefinition* removeGeometryDefinition(unsigned int n);
/**
* Removes the GeometryDefinition with the given identifier from the ListOfGeometryDefinitions within this Geometry
* and returns a pointer to it.
*
* The caller owns the returned item and is responsible for deleting it.
* If none of the items in this list have the identifier @p sid, then
* @c NULL is returned.
*
* @param sid the identifier of the GeometryDefinition to remove.
*
* @return the GeometryDefinition removed. As mentioned above, the caller owns the
* returned item.
*/
GeometryDefinition* removeGeometryDefinition(const std::string& sid);
/**
* Returns the "ListOfSampledFields" in this Geometry object.
*
* @return the "ListOfSampledFields" attribute of this Geometry.
*/
const ListOfSampledFields* getListOfSampledFields() const;
/**
* Returns the "ListOfSampledFields" in this Geometry object.
*
* @return the "ListOfSampledFields" attribute of this Geometry.
*/
ListOfSampledFields* getListOfSampledFields();
/**
* Get a SampledField from the ListOfSampledFields.
*
* @param n the index number of the SampledField to get.
*
* @return the nth SampledField in the ListOfSampledFields within this Geometry.
*
* @see getNumSampledFields()
*/
SampledField* getSampledField(unsigned int n);
/**
* Get a SampledField from the ListOfSampledFields.
*
* @param n the index number of the SampledField to get.
*
* @return the nth SampledField in the ListOfSampledFields within this Geometry.
*
* @see getNumSampledFields()
*/
const SampledField* getSampledField(unsigned int n) const;
/**
* Get a SampledField from the ListOfSampledFields
* based on its identifier.
*
* @param sid a string representing the identifier
* of the SampledField to get.
*
* @return the SampledField in the ListOfSampledFields
* with the given id or NULL if no such
* SampledField exists.
*
* @see getSampledField(unsigned int n)
*
* @see getNumSampledFields()
*/
SampledField* getSampledField(const std::string& sid);
/**
* Get a SampledField from the ListOfSampledFields
* based on its identifier.
*
* @param sid a string representing the identifier
* of the SampledField to get.
*
* @return the SampledField in the ListOfSampledFields
* with the given id or NULL if no such
* SampledField exists.
*
* @see getSampledField(unsigned int n)
*
* @see getNumSampledFields()
*/
const SampledField* getSampledField(const std::string& sid) const;
/**
* Adds a copy the given "SampledField" to this Geometry.
*
* @param sf; the SampledField object to add
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS
* @li LIBSBML_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE
*/
int addSampledField(const SampledField* sf);
/**
* Get the number of SampledField objects in this Geometry.
*
* @return the number of SampledField objects in this Geometry
*/
unsigned int getNumSampledFields() const;
/**
* Creates a new SampledField object, adds it to this Geometrys
* ListOfSampledFields and returns the SampledField object created.
*
* @return a new SampledField object instance
*
* @see addSampledField(const SampledField* sf)
*/
SampledField* createSampledField();
/**
* Removes the nth SampledField from the ListOfSampledFields within this Geometry.
* and returns a pointer to it.
*
* The caller owns the returned item and is responsible for deleting it.
*
* @param n the index of the SampledField to remove.
*
* @see getNumSampledFields()
*/
SampledField* removeSampledField(unsigned int n);
/**
* Removes the SampledField with the given identifier from the ListOfSampledFields within this Geometry
* and returns a pointer to it.
*
* The caller owns the returned item and is responsible for deleting it.
* If none of the items in this list have the identifier @p sid, then
* @c NULL is returned.
*
* @param sid the identifier of the SampledField to remove.
*
* @return the SampledField removed. As mentioned above, the caller owns the
* returned item.
*/
SampledField* removeSampledField(const std::string& sid);
/**
* Returns a List of all child SBase objects, including those nested to an
* arbitrary depth.
*
* @return a List* of pointers to all child objects.
*/
virtual List* getAllElements(ElementFilter * filter = NULL);
/**
* Returns the XML element name of this object, which for Geometry, is
* always @c "geometry".
*
* @return the name of this element, i.e. @c "geometry".
*/
virtual const std::string& getElementName () const;
/**
* Returns the libSBML type code for this SBML object.
*
* @if clike LibSBML attaches an identifying code to every kind of SBML
* object. These are known as <em>SBML type codes</em>. The set of
* possible type codes is defined in the enumeration #SBMLTypeCode_t.
* The names of the type codes all begin with the characters @c
* SBML_. @endif@if java LibSBML attaches an identifying code to every
* kind of SBML object. These are known as <em>SBML type codes</em>. In
* other languages, the set of type codes is stored in an enumeration; in
* the Java language interface for libSBML, the type codes are defined as
* static integer constants in the interface class {@link
* libsbmlConstants}. The names of the type codes all begin with the
* characters @c SBML_. @endif@if python LibSBML attaches an identifying
* code to every kind of SBML object. These are known as <em>SBML type
* codes</em>. In the Python language interface for libSBML, the type
* codes are defined as static integer constants in the interface class
* @link libsbml@endlink. The names of the type codes all begin with the
* characters @c SBML_. @endif@if csharp LibSBML attaches an identifying
* code to every kind of SBML object. These are known as <em>SBML type
* codes</em>. In the C# language interface for libSBML, the type codes
* are defined as static integer constants in the interface class @link
* libsbmlcs.libsbml@endlink. The names of the type codes all begin with
* the characters @c SBML_. @endif
*
* @return the SBML type code for this object, or
* @link SBMLTypeCode_t#SBML_UNKNOWN SBML_UNKNOWN@endlink (default).
*
* @see getElementName()
*/
virtual int getTypeCode () const;
/**
* Predicate returning @c true if all the required attributes
* for this Geometry object have been set.
*
* @note The required attributes for a Geometry object are:
* @li "id"
* @li "coordinateSystem"
*
* @return a boolean value indicating whether all the required
* attributes for this object have been defined.
*/
virtual bool hasRequiredAttributes() const;
/**
* Predicate returning @c true if all the required elements
* for this Geometry object have been set.
*
* @note The required elements for a Geometry object are:
*
* @return a boolean value indicating whether all the required
* elements for this object have been defined.
*/
virtual bool hasRequiredElements() const;
/** @cond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/**
* Subclasses should override this method to write out their contained
* SBML objects as XML elements. Be sure to call your parents
* implementation of this method as well.
*/
virtual void writeElements (XMLOutputStream& stream) const;
/** @endcond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/** @cond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/**
* Accepts the given SBMLVisitor.
*/
virtual bool accept (SBMLVisitor& v) const;
/** @endcond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/** @cond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/**
* Sets the parent SBMLDocument.
*/
virtual void setSBMLDocument (SBMLDocument* d);
/** @endcond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/** @cond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/**
* Connects to child elements.
*/
virtual void connectToChild ();
/** @endcond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/** @cond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/**
* Enables/Disables the given package with this element.
*/
virtual void enablePackageInternal(const std::string& pkgURI,
const std::string& pkgPrefix, bool flag);
/** @endcond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
protected:
/** @cond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/**
* return the SBML object corresponding to next XMLToken.
*/
virtual SBase* createObject(XMLInputStream& stream);
/** @endcond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/** @cond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/**
* Get the list of expected attributes for this element.
*/
virtual void addExpectedAttributes(ExpectedAttributes& attributes);
/** @endcond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/** @cond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/**
* Read values from the given XMLAttributes set into their specific fields.
*/
virtual void readAttributes (const XMLAttributes& attributes,
const ExpectedAttributes& expectedAttributes);
/** @endcond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/** @cond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
/**
* Write values of XMLAttributes to the output stream.
*/
virtual void writeAttributes (XMLOutputStream& stream) const;
/** @endcond doxygenLibsbmlInternal */
};
LIBSBML_CPP_NAMESPACE_END
#endif /* __cplusplus */
#ifndef SWIG
LIBSBML_CPP_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
BEGIN_C_DECLS
/**
* Creates a new Geometry_t structure using the given SBML @p level and
* @p version values.
*
* @param level an unsigned int, the SBML level to assign to this
* Geometry_t structure.
*
* @param version an unsigned int, the SBML version to assign to this
* Geometry_t structure.
*
* @returns the newly-created Geometry_t structure, or a null pointer if
* an error occurred during construction.
*
* @copydetails doc_note_setting_lv
*
* @memberof Geometry_t
*/
LIBSBML_EXTERN
Geometry_t *
Geometry_create(unsigned int level, unsigned int version,
unsigned int pkgVersion);
/**
* Frees the given Geometry_t structure.
*
* @param g the Geometry_t structure to be freed.
*
* @memberof Geometry_t
*/
LIBSBML_EXTERN
void
Geometry_free(Geometry_t * g);
/**
* Creates a deep copy of the given Geometry_t structure.
*
* @param g the Geometry_t structure to be copied.
*
* @returns a (deep) copy of the given Geometry_t structure, or a null
* pointer if a failure occurred.
*
* @memberof Geometry_t
*/
LIBSBML_EXTERN
Geometry_t *
Geometry_clone(Geometry_t * g);
/**
* Returns the value of the "id" attribute of the given Geometry_t
* structure.
*
* @param g the Geometry_t structure.
*
* @return the id of this structure.
*
* @member of Geometry_t
*/
LIBSBML_EXTERN
const char *
Geometry_getId(const Geometry_t * g);
/**
* Returns the value of the "coordinateSystem" attribute of the given Geometry_t
* structure.
*
* @param g the Geometry_t structure.
*
* @return the coordinateSystem of this structure.
*
* @member of Geometry_t
*/
LIBSBML_EXTERN
GeometryKind_t
Geometry_getCoordinateSystem(const Geometry_t * g);
/**
* Predicate returning @c 1 if the given Geometry_t structure's "id"
* is set.
*
* @param g the Geometry_t structure.
*
* @return @c 1 if the "id" of this Geometry_t structure is
* set, @c 0 otherwise.
*
* @member of Geometry_t
*/
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_isSetId(const Geometry_t * g);
/**
* Predicate returning @c 1 if the given Geometry_t structure's "coordinateSystem"
* is set.
*
* @param g the Geometry_t structure.
*
* @return @c 1 if the "coordinateSystem" of this Geometry_t structure is
* set, @c 0 otherwise.
*
* @member of Geometry_t
*/
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_isSetCoordinateSystem(const Geometry_t * g);
/**
* Sets the "id" attribute of the given Geometry_t structure.
*
* This function copies the string given in @p string. If the string is
* a null pointer, this function performs Geometry_unsetId() instead.
*
* @param g the Geometry_t structure.
*
* @param id the string to which the structures "id" attribute should be
* set.
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif@~ The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li @link OperationReturnValues_t#LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS@endlink
* @li @link OperationReturnValues_t#LIBSBML_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE LIBSBML_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE@endlink
* @li @link OperationReturnValues_t#LIBSBML_INVALID_OBJECT LIBSBML_INVALID_OBJECT@endlink
*
* @note Using this function with a null pointer for @p name is equivalent to
* unsetting the value of the "name" attribute.
*
* @member of Geometry_t
*/
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_setId(Geometry_t * g, const char * id);
/**
* Sets the "coordinateSystem" attribute of the given Geometry_t structure.
*
* @param g the Geometry_t structure.
*
* @param coordinateSystem the string to which the structures "coordinateSystem" attribute should be
* set.
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif@~ The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li @link OperationReturnValues_t#LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS@endlink
* @li @link OperationReturnValues_t#LIBSBML_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE LIBSBML_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE@endlink
* @li @link OperationReturnValues_t#LIBSBML_INVALID_OBJECT LIBSBML_INVALID_OBJECT@endlink
*
* @member of Geometry_t
*/
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_setCoordinateSystem(Geometry_t * g, GeometryKind_t coordinateSystem);
/**
* Unsets the value of the "id" attribute of the given
*Geometry_t structure.
*
* @param g the Geometry_t structure.
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif@~ The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li @link OperationReturnValues_t#LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS@endlink
* @li @link OperationReturnValues_t#LIBSBML_OPERATION_FAILED LIBSBML_OPERATION_FAILED@endlink
* @li @link OperationReturnValues_t#LIBSBML_INVALID_OBJECT LIBSBML_INVALID_OBJECT@endlink
*
* @member of Geometry_t
*/
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_unsetId(Geometry_t * g);
/**
* Unsets the value of the "coordinateSystem" attribute of the given
*Geometry_t structure.
*
* @param g the Geometry_t structure.
*
* @return integer value indicating success/failure of the
* function. @if clike The value is drawn from the
* enumeration #OperationReturnValues_t. @endif@~ The possible values
* returned by this function are:
* @li @link OperationReturnValues_t#LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS LIBSBML_OPERATION_SUCCESS@endlink
* @li @link OperationReturnValues_t#LIBSBML_OPERATION_FAILED LIBSBML_OPERATION_FAILED@endlink
* @li @link OperationReturnValues_t#LIBSBML_INVALID_OBJECT LIBSBML_INVALID_OBJECT@endlink
*
* @member of Geometry_t
*/
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_unsetCoordinateSystem(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_addCoordinateComponent(Geometry_t * g, CoordinateComponent_t * cc);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
CoordinateComponent_t *
Geometry_createCoordinateComponent(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
ListOf_t *
Geometry_getListOfCoordinateComponents(Geometry_t * g) ;
LIBSBML_EXTERN
CoordinateComponent_t *
Geometry_getCoordinateComponent(Geometry_t * g, unsigned int n);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
CoordinateComponent_t *
Geometry_getCoordinateComponentById(Geometry_t * g, const char * sid);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
unsigned int
Geometry_getNumCoordinateComponents(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
CoordinateComponent_t *
Geometry_removeCoordinateComponent(Geometry_t * g, unsigned int n);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
CoordinateComponent_t *
Geometry_removeCoordinateComponentById(Geometry_t * g, const char * sid);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_addDomainType(Geometry_t * g, DomainType_t * dt);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
DomainType_t *
Geometry_createDomainType(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
ListOf_t *
Geometry_getListOfDomainTypes(Geometry_t * g) ;
LIBSBML_EXTERN
DomainType_t *
Geometry_getDomainType(Geometry_t * g, unsigned int n);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
DomainType_t *
Geometry_getDomainTypeById(Geometry_t * g, const char * sid);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
unsigned int
Geometry_getNumDomainTypes(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
DomainType_t *
Geometry_removeDomainType(Geometry_t * g, unsigned int n);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
DomainType_t *
Geometry_removeDomainTypeById(Geometry_t * g, const char * sid);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_addDomain(Geometry_t * g, Domain_t * d);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
Domain_t *
Geometry_createDomain(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
ListOf_t *
Geometry_getListOfDomains(Geometry_t * g) ;
LIBSBML_EXTERN
Domain_t *
Geometry_getDomain(Geometry_t * g, unsigned int n);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
Domain_t *
Geometry_getDomainById(Geometry_t * g, const char * sid);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
unsigned int
Geometry_getNumDomains(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
Domain_t *
Geometry_removeDomain(Geometry_t * g, unsigned int n);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
Domain_t *
Geometry_removeDomainById(Geometry_t * g, const char * sid);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_addAdjacentDomains(Geometry_t * g, AdjacentDomains_t * ad);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
AdjacentDomains_t *
Geometry_createAdjacentDomains(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
ListOf_t *
Geometry_getListOfAdjacentDomains(Geometry_t * g) ;
LIBSBML_EXTERN
AdjacentDomains_t *
Geometry_getAdjacentDomains(Geometry_t * g, unsigned int n);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
AdjacentDomains_t *
Geometry_getAdjacentDomainsById(Geometry_t * g, const char * sid);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
unsigned int
Geometry_getNumAdjacentDomains(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
AdjacentDomains_t *
Geometry_removeAdjacentDomains(Geometry_t * g, unsigned int n);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
AdjacentDomains_t *
Geometry_removeAdjacentDomainsById(Geometry_t * g, const char * sid);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_addGeometryDefinition(Geometry_t * g, GeometryDefinition_t * gd);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
AnalyticGeometry_t *
Geometry_createAnalyticGeometry(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
SampledFieldGeometry_t *
Geometry_createSampledFieldGeometry(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
CSGeometry_t *
Geometry_createCsGeometry(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
ParametricGeometry_t *
Geometry_createParametricGeometry(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
MixedGeometry_t *
Geometry_createMixedGeometry(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
ListOf_t *
Geometry_getListOfGeometryDefinitions(Geometry_t * g) ;
LIBSBML_EXTERN
GeometryDefinition_t *
Geometry_getGeometryDefinition(Geometry_t * g, unsigned int n);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
GeometryDefinition_t *
Geometry_getGeometryDefinitionById(Geometry_t * g, const char * sid);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
unsigned int
Geometry_getNumGeometryDefinitions(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
GeometryDefinition_t *
Geometry_removeGeometryDefinition(Geometry_t * g, unsigned int n);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
GeometryDefinition_t *
Geometry_removeGeometryDefinitionById(Geometry_t * g, const char * sid);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_addSampledField(Geometry_t * g, SampledField_t * sf);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
SampledField_t *
Geometry_createSampledField(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
ListOf_t *
Geometry_getListOfSampledFields(Geometry_t * g) ;
LIBSBML_EXTERN
SampledField_t *
Geometry_getSampledField(Geometry_t * g, unsigned int n);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
SampledField_t *
Geometry_getSampledFieldById(Geometry_t * g, const char * sid);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
unsigned int
Geometry_getNumSampledFields(Geometry_t * g);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
SampledField_t *
Geometry_removeSampledField(Geometry_t * g, unsigned int n);
LIBSBML_EXTERN
SampledField_t *
Geometry_removeSampledFieldById(Geometry_t * g, const char * sid);
/**
* Predicate returning @c 1 or *c 0 depending on whether all the required
* attributes of the given Geometry_t structure have been set.
*
* @param g the Geometry_t structure to check.
*
* @return @c 1 if all the required attributes for this
* structure have been defined, @c 0 otherwise.
*
* @member of Geometry_t
*/
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_hasRequiredAttributes(const Geometry_t * g);
/**
* Predicate returning @c 1 or *c 0 depending on whether all the required
* sub-elements of the given Geometry_t structure have been set.
*
* @param g the Geometry_t structure to check.
*
* @return @c 1 if all the required sub-elements for this
* structure have been defined, @c 0 otherwise.
*
* @member of Geometry_t
*/
LIBSBML_EXTERN
int
Geometry_hasRequiredElements(const Geometry_t * g);
END_C_DECLS
LIBSBML_CPP_NAMESPACE_END
#endif /* !SWIG */
#endif /* Geometry_H__ */
|
Relativistic band structure of Si, Ge, and GeSi: Inversion-asymmetry effects. We present relativistic (including spin) linear muffin-tin orbitals (LMTO) calculations of the band structures of Si, Ge, and zinc-blende-like GeSi. The errors in excitation energies introduced by the use of the local-density approximation to the exchange-correlation potential are corrected with ``ad hoc'' potentials placed at the atomic sites. Effective masses, matrix elements of p, and Luttinger parameters are evaluated. Special emphasis is placed on the effects of inversion asymmetry in GeSi, such as ionicity and spin splittings. The former is very small, probably with Ge acting as the cation. The latter are appreciable and can be related to the asymmetry in the spin-orbit splittings of both constituent atoms. A detailed study of these spin splittings is made, also with the help of k\ensuremath{\cdot}p perturbation theory. The coefficients of terms linear and cubic in k around k=0 are obtained. They should be experimentally observable when high-quality samples become available and should help to understand similar splittings in (Ge${)}_{\mathit{n}}$/(Si${)}_{\mathit{m}}$ (n,m odd) superlattices. |
pub struct Solution {}
use std::collections::HashMap;
impl Solution {
pub fn group_anagrams(strs: Vec<String>) -> Vec<Vec<String>> {
let mut map = HashMap::new();
for s in strs {
let mut vec_char: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
vec_char.sort();
map.entry(vec_char).or_insert(vec![]).push(s);
}
map.into_iter().map(|(_, v)| v).collect()
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn it_works() {
let strs = vec!["eat", "tea", "tan", "ate", "nat", "bat"];
let mut res = Solution::group_anagrams(to_string_vec(strs));
for v in res.iter_mut() {
v.sort()
}
res.sort();
assert_eq!(
res,
vec![
to_string_vec(vec!["ate", "eat", "tea"]),
to_string_vec(vec!["bat"]),
to_string_vec(vec!["nat", "tan"]),
]
);
}
fn to_string_vec(strs: Vec<&str>) -> Vec<String> {
strs.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect()
}
}
|
/**
* Copyright 2014 <NAME>
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
**/
#ifndef MODBUS_CONNECTION_HPP_INCLUDED
#define MODBUS_CONNECTION_HPP_INCLUDED
#include <string>
#include <boost/bind.hpp>
#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
#include <boost/enable_shared_from_this.hpp>
#include <boost/asio.hpp>
#include <array>
#include "modbus.hpp"
namespace controller
{
namespace modbus
{
using boost::asio::ip::tcp;
class Connection : public boost::enable_shared_from_this<Connection>
{
public:
typedef boost::shared_ptr<Connection> Pointer;
static Pointer create(boost::asio::io_service& io_service);
tcp::socket& socket();
void start();
private:
Connection(boost::asio::io_service& io_service);
void handleWrite(const boost::system::error_code&, size_t);
tcp::socket m_socket;
std::string m_message;
};
class Session : public std::enable_shared_from_this<Session>
{
public:
Session(tcp::socket socket);
void start();
private:
void doRead();
void doWrite(Response& res);
tcp::socket m_socket;
std::array<char, MAX_REQUEST_LENGTH> message;
};
}
}
#endif // MODBUS_CONNECTION_HPP_INCLUDED
|
Suppression of the simian virus 40 tumorigenic phenotype in hybrid cells formed from simian virus 40- and adenovirus 2-transformed hamster embryo cells. Hamster cells transformed by adenovirus 2 (Ad2) or simian virus 40 (SV40) have different tumorigenic phenotypes. In the present study, somatic cell hybrids formed from Ad2- and SV40-transformed hamster cells were used to determine whether possible interactions between the integrated viral genomes would influence the tumorigenic phenotype of hybrid transformed cells. These somatic cell hybrids were of two types, one expressing both Ad2 and SV40 T-antigens and the other expressing only SV40 T-antigens. Tumor induction by hybrid cells that expressed both Ad2 and SV40 T-antigens was reduced in adult syngeneic hamsters and abrogated in adult allogeneic hamsters. These results indicate that the tumorigenic phenotype of transformed somatic cell hybrids that contain both the Ad2 and SV40 genome is governed by the genetic expression of Ad2. This expression may alter the ability of SV40-transformed hamster cells to resist the immunologically nonspecific defenses of the host. |
Evaluating the Role of Energy in a Poorly Developed Rural Village: How Technology can Support Energy Services for Enhanced Quality of Life Energy plays a significant role in elevating the lives of people all around the world. The prime purpose of this study was to investigate and assess the availability and quality of energy sources in their role in support of services imperative for stability in quality of life, health, livelihood, and education. We have focused our study on a small, impoverished village in Bihar, India. The study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with households, observational studies, meetings with government leaders, group meetings with Self Help Groups, and collecting quantitative data (income, number of appliances). Even though the power lines are available, the distribution point transformer has malfunctioned. Thus, the villagers did not have a proper power supply. They did not have many electrical appliances as well. All the villagers still depend on conventional lighting sources such as kerosene lanterns due to the lack of continuous power supply and biomass fuels, such as dung cakes, crop residue, and firewood for cooking, which negatively affect their lives. In addition, these fuels are causing health problems for the villagers. Using advanced technologies, it was determined that a modernized smokeless Chulha or smokeless stove could be designed that performs better than earlier models, which can be of meager cost. It also can reduce the use of biomass fuels. Furthermore, solar energy is a bottomless source of sustainable electricity, besides its limitless source of light and heat. These are demonstrated in the paper. Such interventions augment the quality of life and health of villagers in underdeveloped, impoverished communities. |
def dist_euclid(loc1: typing.Tuple[float, float],
loc2: typing.Tuple[float, float] = (0.0, 0.0)):
return np.linalg.norm(np.abs(np.asarray(loc1) - np.asarray(loc2))) |
import { defineComponent, h, createApp, resolveComponent, reactive, ComponentOptions } from 'vue'
import { VxeModalDefines } from '../../types/all'
let dynamicContainerElem: HTMLElement
export const dynamicStore = reactive({
modals: [] as VxeModalDefines.ModalOptions[]
})
/**
* 动态组件
*/
const VxeDynamics = defineComponent({
setup () {
return () => {
const { modals } = dynamicStore
return h('div', {
class: 'vxe-dynamics--modal'
}, modals.map((item) => h(resolveComponent('vxe-modal') as ComponentOptions, item)))
}
}
})
export const dynamicApp = createApp(VxeDynamics)
export function checkDynamic () {
if (!dynamicContainerElem) {
dynamicContainerElem = document.createElement('div')
dynamicContainerElem.className = 'vxe-dynamics'
document.body.appendChild(dynamicContainerElem)
dynamicApp.mount(dynamicContainerElem)
}
}
|
__author__ = 'dixon'
from BS import bsformula
from Bisect import bisect
from newton import newton
import numpy as np
def bsimpvol(callput,S0,K,r,T,price,q=0,priceTolerance=0.01,init=0, max_iter=100, method='bisect'):
'''
:param callput:judgement for option
:param S0:intial value of the underlying
:param K:the strike price
:param r:interest rate
:param T:time to maturity
:param price:theoretical price under BS formula
:param q:continuous return rate on the underlying
:param priceTolerance:criterion to stop the process
:param method:judgement to use bisect method or newton method
:return:implied volatility and iteration
'''
sigma=init #np.random.random()
results=[]
def f(x):
return bsformula(callput,S0,K,r,T,x,q)[0]-price
if method=='bisect':
results=bisect(0,f,None,[0.001,1.0],[priceTolerance,priceTolerance],max_iter)
else:
def f_prime(x):
return bsformula(callput,S0,K,r,T,x,q)[2]
results=newton(f,f_prime,sigma,priceTolerance,max_iter)
return results
if __name__=="__main__":
results = bsimpvol(1,50.0,50.0,0.01,1.0,8.0,0,0.01,'bisect')
print(results)
results = bsimpvol(1,50.0,50.0,0.01,1.0,8.0,0,0.01,'newton')
print(results) |
#pragma once
class TrafficLightState;
class BaseTrafficLight
{
public:
BaseTrafficLight() = default;
virtual ~BaseTrafficLight() = default;
virtual void Update() = 0;
virtual void ChangeState(TrafficLightState*) = 0;
};
|
Reactions of dehydrodiferulates with ammonia. Lignocellulosic materials derived from forages and agricultural residues are potential sustainable resources for production of bioethanol or other liquid biofuels. However, the natural recalcitrance of such materials to enzymatic hydrolysis is a major obstacle in their efficient utilization. In grasses, much of the recalcitrance is associated with ferulate cross-linking in the cell wall, i.e., with polysaccharide-polysaccharide cross-linking that results from ferulate dehydrodimerization or with lignin-polysaccharide cross-linking that results from the incorporation of (polysaccharide-bound) ferulates or diferulates into lignin, mainly via free-radical coupling reactions. Many pretreatment methods have been developed to address recalcitrance, with ammonia pretreatments in general, and the AFEX (Ammonia Fiber Expansion) process in particular, among the more promising methods. In order to understand the polysaccharide liberating reactions involved in the cleavage of diferulate cell wall cross-links during AFEX pretreatment, reaction products from five esters modeling the major diferulates in grass cell walls treated under AFEX-like conditions were separated and characterized by NMR and HR-MS. Results from this study indicate that, beyond the anticipated amide products, a range of degradation products derive from an array of cleavage and substitution reactions, and reveal various pathways for incorporating ammonia-based nitrogen into biomass. |
// processUpdate is in charge of creating packages in the Flatcar application in
// Nebraska and updating the appropriate channel to point to the new channel.
func (s *Syncer) processUpdate(descriptor channelDescriptor, update *omaha.UpdateResponse) error {
pkg, err := s.api.GetPackageByVersionAndArch(flatcarAppID, update.Manifest.Version, descriptor.arch)
if err != nil {
url := update.URLs[0].CodeBase
filename := update.Manifest.Packages[0].Name
if s.packagesURL != "" {
url = strings.ReplaceAll(s.packagesURL, "{{VERSION}}", update.Manifest.Version)
url = strings.ReplaceAll(url, "{{ARCH}}", getArchString(descriptor.arch))
}
if s.hostPackages {
filename = fmt.Sprintf("flatcar-%s-%s.gz", getArchString(descriptor.arch), update.Manifest.Version)
if err := s.downloadPackage(update, filename); err != nil {
logger.Error().Err(err).Str("channel", descriptor.name).Str("arch", descriptor.arch.String()).Msg("processUpdate, downloading package")
return err
}
}
pkg = &api.Package{
Type: api.PkgTypeFlatcar,
URL: url,
Version: update.Manifest.Version,
Filename: null.StringFrom(filename),
Size: null.StringFrom(strconv.FormatUint(update.Manifest.Packages[0].Size, 10)),
Hash: null.StringFrom(update.Manifest.Packages[0].SHA1),
ApplicationID: flatcarAppID,
Arch: descriptor.arch,
}
if _, err = s.api.AddPackage(pkg); err != nil {
logger.Error().Err(err).Str("channel", descriptor.name).Str("arch", descriptor.arch.String()).Msg("processUpdate, adding package")
return err
}
flatcarAction := &api.FlatcarAction{
Event: update.Manifest.Actions[0].Event,
ChromeOSVersion: update.Manifest.Actions[0].DisplayVersion,
Sha256: update.Manifest.Actions[0].SHA256,
NeedsAdmin: update.Manifest.Actions[0].NeedsAdmin,
IsDelta: update.Manifest.Actions[0].IsDeltaPayload,
DisablePayloadBackoff: update.Manifest.Actions[0].DisablePayloadBackoff,
MetadataSignatureRsa: update.Manifest.Actions[0].MetadataSignatureRsa,
MetadataSize: update.Manifest.Actions[0].MetadataSize,
Deadline: update.Manifest.Actions[0].Deadline,
PackageID: pkg.ID,
}
if _, err = s.api.AddFlatcarAction(flatcarAction); err != nil {
logger.Error().Err(err).Str("channel", descriptor.name).Str("arch", descriptor.arch.String()).Msgf("processUpdate, adding flatcar action")
return err
}
}
channel, err := s.api.GetChannel(s.channelsIDs[descriptor])
if err != nil {
logger.Error().Err(err).Str("channel", descriptor.name).Str("arch", descriptor.arch.String()).Msg("processUpdate, getting channel to update")
return err
}
channel.PackageID = null.StringFrom(pkg.ID)
if err = s.api.UpdateChannel(channel); err != nil {
logger.Error().Err(err).Str("channel", descriptor.name).Str("arch", descriptor.arch.String()).Msg("processUpdate, updating")
return err
}
return nil
} |
package com.hwh.action;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
import org.apache.shiro.SecurityUtils;
import org.apache.shiro.authc.IncorrectCredentialsException;
import org.apache.shiro.authc.UnknownAccountException;
import org.apache.shiro.subject.Subject;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import com.hwh.exception.CustomException;
import com.hwh.shiro.MyRealm;
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/log")
public class LogAction {
@Autowired
private MyRealm myRealm;
@RequestMapping("/login")
public String login(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
//如果登陆失败从request中获取认证异常信息，shiroLoginFailure就是shiro异常类的全限定名
String exceptionClassName = (String) request.getAttribute("shiroLoginFailure");
//根据shiro返回的异常类路径判断，抛出指定异常信息
if(exceptionClassName!=null){
if (UnknownAccountException.class.getName().equals(exceptionClassName)) {
//最终会抛给异常处理器
throw new CustomException("账号不存在");
} else if (IncorrectCredentialsException.class.getName().equals(
exceptionClassName)) {
throw new CustomException("用户名/密码错误");
} else if("randomCodeError".equals(exceptionClassName)){
throw new CustomException("验证码错误 ");
}else {
throw new Exception();//最终在异常处理器生成未知错误
}
}
//此方法不处理登陆成功（认证成功），shiro认证成功会自动跳转到上一个请求路径
//登陆失败还到login页面
return "login";
}
@RequestMapping("/refuse")
public String refuse() {
return "refuse";
}
@RequestMapping("/clearShiroCache")
public String clearShiroCache() {
//清除shiro的cache缓存
this.myRealm.clearCached();
return "success";
}
}
|
/*
* Copyright (c) 2008-2022, Hazelcast, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.hazelcast.internal.util;
import com.hazelcast.internal.util.AddressUtil.AddressMatcher;
import com.hazelcast.internal.util.AddressUtil.InvalidAddressException;
import com.hazelcast.internal.util.AddressUtil.Ip4AddressMatcher;
import com.hazelcast.test.HazelcastParallelClassRunner;
import com.hazelcast.test.HazelcastTestSupport;
import com.hazelcast.test.annotation.ParallelJVMTest;
import com.hazelcast.test.annotation.QuickTest;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.experimental.categories.Category;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import java.net.Inet6Address;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.SocketException;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import static com.hazelcast.internal.util.AddressUtil.AddressHolder;
import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
import static java.util.Collections.singletonList;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
/**
* Unit tests for AddressUtil class.
*/
@RunWith(HazelcastParallelClassRunner.class)
@Category({QuickTest.class, ParallelJVMTest.class})
public class AddressUtilTest extends HazelcastTestSupport {
private static final String SOME_NOT_LOCAL_ADDRESS = "2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334";
private static final String SOME_LINK_LOCAL_ADDRESS = "fe80::85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334";
private static final String SOME_SITE_LOCAL_ADDRESS = "fc00:db20:35b:7399::5";
private static final String SOME_OTHER_LINK_LOCAL_ADDRESS = "fe80::85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7777";
@Test
public void testMatchAnyInterface() {
assertTrue(AddressUtil.matchAnyInterface("10.235.194.23", asList("10.235.194.23", "10.235.193.121")));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.matchAnyInterface("10.235.194.23", null));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.matchAnyInterface("10.235.194.23", Collections.<String>emptyList()));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.matchAnyInterface("10.235.194.23", singletonList("10.235.193.*")));
}
@Test
public void testMatchInterface() {
assertTrue(AddressUtil.matchInterface("fe80::62c5:0:fe05:480a%en0", "fe80::62c5:*:fe05:480a%en0"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.matchInterface("fe80::62c5:aefb:fe05:480a%en1", "fe80::62c5:0-ffff:fe05:480a"));
}
@Test
public void testMatchInterface_whenInvalidInterface_thenReturnFalse() {
assertFalse(AddressUtil.matchInterface("10.235.194.23", "bar"));
}
@Test
public void testMatchAnyDomain() {
assertTrue(AddressUtil.matchAnyDomain("hazelcast.com", singletonList("hazelcast.com")));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.matchAnyDomain("hazelcast.com", null));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.matchAnyDomain("hazelcast.com", Collections.<String>emptyList()));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.matchAnyDomain("hazelcast.com", singletonList("abc.com")));
}
@Test
public void testMatchDomain() {
assertTrue(AddressUtil.matchDomain("hazelcast.com", "hazelcast.com"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.matchDomain("hazelcast.com", "*.com"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.matchDomain("jobs.hazelcast.com", "*.hazelcast.com"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.matchDomain("download.hazelcast.org", "*.hazelcast.*"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.matchDomain("download.hazelcast.org", "*.hazelcast.org"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.matchDomain("hazelcast.com", "abc.com"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.matchDomain("hazelcast.com", "*.hazelcast.com"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.matchDomain("hazelcast.com", "hazelcast.com.tr"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.matchDomain("hazelcast.com", "*.com.tr"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.matchDomain("www.hazelcast.com", "www.hazelcast.com.tr"));
}
@Test
public void testParsingHostAndPort() {
AddressHolder addressHolder = AddressUtil.getAddressHolder("[fe80::62c5:*:fe05:480a%en0]:8080");
assertEquals("fe80::62c5:*:fe05:480a", addressHolder.getAddress());
assertEquals(8080, addressHolder.getPort());
assertEquals("en0", addressHolder.getScopeId());
addressHolder = AddressUtil.getAddressHolder("[::ffff:192.0.2.128]:5700");
assertEquals("::ffff:192.0.2.128", addressHolder.getAddress());
assertEquals(5700, addressHolder.getPort());
addressHolder = AddressUtil.getAddressHolder("192.168.1.1:5700");
assertEquals("192.168.1.1", addressHolder.getAddress());
assertEquals(5700, addressHolder.getPort());
addressHolder = AddressUtil.getAddressHolder("hazelcast.com:80");
assertEquals("hazelcast.com", addressHolder.getAddress());
assertEquals(80, addressHolder.getPort());
}
@Test
public void testIsIpAddress() {
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("10.10.10.10"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("111.12-66.123.*"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("111-255.12-66.123.*"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("255.255.123.*"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("255.11-255.123.0"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("255.11-256.123.0"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("111.12-66-.123.*"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("111.12*66-.123.-*"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("as11d.897.hazelcast.com"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("192.111.10.com"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("192.111.10.999"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("::1"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("2001::370:7334"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("fe80::62c5:0:fe05:480a%en0"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("fe80::62c5:0:fe05:480a%en0"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("2001:db8:85a3:*:0:8a2e:370:7334"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("fe80::62c5:0-ffff:fe05:480a"));
assertTrue(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("fe80::62c5:*:fe05:480a"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("2001:acdb8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("2001::370::7334"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("fc00:e968:6179::de52:71004.155"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("2001:**:85a3:*:0:8a2e:370:7334"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("fe80::62c5:0-ffff:fe05-:480a"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("fe80::62c5:*:fe05-fffddd:480a"));
assertFalse(AddressUtil.isIpAddress("fe80::62c5:*:fe05-ffxd:480a"));
}
@Test
public void testAddressMatcher() {
AddressMatcher address;
address = AddressUtil.getAddressMatcher("fe80::62c5:*:fe05:480a%en0");
assertTrue(address.isIPv6());
assertEquals("fe80:0:0:0:62c5:*:fe05:480a", address.getAddress());
address = AddressUtil.getAddressMatcher("192.168.1.1");
assertTrue(address instanceof Ip4AddressMatcher);
assertEquals("192.168.1.1", address.getAddress());
address = AddressUtil.getAddressMatcher("::ffff:192.0.2.128");
assertTrue(address.isIPv4());
assertEquals("192.0.2.128", address.getAddress());
}
@Test
public void testAddressMatcherFail() {
try {
AddressUtil.getAddressMatcher("fe80::62c5:fc00:e968:6179::de52:7100:480a%en0");
fail();
} catch (Exception e) {
assertTrue(e instanceof InvalidAddressException);
}
try {
AddressUtil.getAddressMatcher("fe80:62c5:47ff:fe05:480a%en0");
fail();
} catch (Exception e) {
assertTrue(e instanceof InvalidAddressException);
}
try {
AddressUtil.getAddressMatcher("[fe80:62c5:47ff:fe05:480a%en0");
fail();
} catch (Exception e) {
assertTrue(e instanceof InvalidAddressException);
}
try {
AddressUtil.getAddressMatcher("::ffff.192.0.2.128");
fail();
} catch (Exception e) {
assertTrue(e instanceof InvalidAddressException);
}
}
@Test
public void testFixScopeIdAndGetInetAddress_whenNotLinkLocalAddress() throws SocketException, UnknownHostException {
InetAddress inetAddress = InetAddress.getByName("2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334");
InetAddress actual = AddressUtil.fixScopeIdAndGetInetAddress(inetAddress);
assertEquals(inetAddress, actual);
}
@Test
public void testFixScopeIdAndGetInetAddress_whenLinkLocalAddress() throws SocketException, UnknownHostException {
// refer to https://github.com/hazelcast/hazelcast/pull/13069#issuecomment-388719847
assumeThatJDK8OrHigher();
byte[] address = InetAddress.getByName(SOME_LINK_LOCAL_ADDRESS).getAddress();
Inet6Address inet6Address = Inet6Address.getByAddress(SOME_LINK_LOCAL_ADDRESS, address, 1);
assertThat(inet6Address.isLinkLocalAddress()).isTrue();
InetAddress actual = AddressUtil.fixScopeIdAndGetInetAddress(inet6Address);
assertEquals(inet6Address, actual);
}
@Test
public void testFixScopeIdAndGetInetAddress_whenLinkLocalAddress_withNoInterfaceBind() throws SocketException, UnknownHostException {
// refer to https://github.com/hazelcast/hazelcast/pull/13069#issuecomment-388719847
assumeThatJDK8OrHigher();
Inet6Address inet6Address = createInet6AddressWithScope(SOME_LINK_LOCAL_ADDRESS, 0);
assertThat(inet6Address.isLinkLocalAddress()).isTrue();
InetAddress actual = AddressUtil.fixScopeIdAndGetInetAddress(inet6Address);
assertEquals(inet6Address, actual);
}
private Inet6Address createInet6AddressWithScope(String address, int scopeId) throws UnknownHostException {
byte[] rawAddress = InetAddress.getByName(address).getAddress();
return Inet6Address.getByAddress(address, rawAddress, scopeId);
}
@Test
public void testGetInetAddressFor() throws SocketException, UnknownHostException {
// refer to https://github.com/hazelcast/hazelcast/pull/13069#issuecomment-388719847
assumeThatJDK8OrHigher();
Inet6Address inet6Address = createInet6AddressWithScope(SOME_SITE_LOCAL_ADDRESS, 1);
assertThat(inet6Address.isSiteLocalAddress()).isTrue();
InetAddress actual = AddressUtil.getInetAddressFor(inet6Address, "1");
assertEquals(inet6Address, actual);
}
@Test
public void testGetPossibleInetAddressesFor_whenNotLocalAddress() throws UnknownHostException {
// refer to https://github.com/hazelcast/hazelcast/pull/13069#issuecomment-388719847
assumeThatJDK8OrHigher();
Inet6Address inet6Address = (Inet6Address) Inet6Address.getByName(SOME_NOT_LOCAL_ADDRESS);
assertThat(inet6Address.isSiteLocalAddress()).isFalse();
assertThat(inet6Address.isLinkLocalAddress()).isFalse();
Collection<Inet6Address> actual = AddressUtil.getPossibleInetAddressesFor(inet6Address);
assertEquals(1, actual.size());
assertTrue(actual.contains(inet6Address));
}
@Test
public void testGetPossibleInetAddressesFor_whenLocalAddress() throws SocketException, UnknownHostException {
// refer to https://github.com/hazelcast/hazelcast/pull/13069#issuecomment-388719847
assumeThatJDK8OrHigher();
Inet6Address inet6Address = (Inet6Address) Inet6Address.getByName(SOME_LINK_LOCAL_ADDRESS);
assertThat(inet6Address.isLinkLocalAddress()).isTrue();
Inet6Address possibleAddress = (Inet6Address) Inet6Address.getByName(SOME_OTHER_LINK_LOCAL_ADDRESS);
NetworkInterfaceInfo networkInterface = NetworkInterfaceInfo.builder("eth1").withInetAddresses(possibleAddress).build();
AddressUtil.setNetworkInterfacesEnumerator(new DummyNetworkInterfacesEnumerator(networkInterface));
Collection<Inet6Address> actual = AddressUtil.getPossibleInetAddressesFor(inet6Address);
assertEquals(1, actual.size());
assertTrue(actual.contains(inet6Address));
}
@Test
public void testGetMatchingIpv4Addresses_whenWildcardForLastPart() {
AddressMatcher addressMatcher = AddressUtil.getAddressMatcher("192.168.1.*");
Collection<String> actual = AddressUtil.getMatchingIpv4Addresses(addressMatcher);
assertEquals(256, actual.size());
}
@Test
public void testGetMatchingIpv4Addresses_whenDashForLastPart() {
AddressMatcher addressMatcher = AddressUtil.getAddressMatcher("192.168.1.1-42");
Collection<String> actual = AddressUtil.getMatchingIpv4Addresses(addressMatcher);
assertEquals(42, actual.size());
}
@Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
public void testGetMatchingIpv4Addresses_whenIPv6AsMatcher() {
AddressMatcher addressMatcher = AddressUtil.getAddressMatcher("2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334");
AddressUtil.getMatchingIpv4Addresses(addressMatcher);
}
}
|
Four-Year Disease-Free Remission in a Patient With POLE Mutation-Associated Colorectal Cancer Treated Using Anti-PD-1 Therapy. The stability of the human genome depends upon a delicate balance between replication by high- and low-fidelity DNA polymerases. Aberrant replication by error-prone polymerases or loss of function of high-fidelity polymerases predisposes to genetic instability and, in turn, cancer. DNA polymerase epsilon (Pol ) is a high-fidelity, processive polymerase that is responsible for the majority of leading strand synthesis, and mutations in Pol have been increasingly associated with various human malignancies. The clinical significance of Pol mutations, including how and whether they should influence management decisions, remains poorly understood. In this report, we describe a 24-year-old man with an aggressive stage IV high-grade, poorly differentiated colon carcinoma who experienced a dramatic response to single-agent checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy after rapidly progressing on standard chemotherapy. His response was complete and durable and has been maintained for more than 48 months. Genetic testing revealed a P286R mutation in the endonuclease domain of POLE and an elevated tumor mutational burden of 126 mutations per megabase, both of which have been previously associated with response to immunotherapy. Interestingly, tumor staining for PD-L1 was negative. This case study highlights the importance of genetic profiling of both early and late-stage cancers, the clinical significance of POLE mutations, and how the interplay between genetic instability and immune-checkpoint blockade can impact clinical decision-making. |
import cv2
import copy
import numpy as np
import torch
from torch.utils.data import Dataset
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
import cv2
from read_video import faster_read_frame_at_index
standardize = transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
DEVICE = torch.device("cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
def get_cropped_img_fast(image, bbox):
x0, y0, x1, y1 = bbox
return image[y0:y1, x0:x1]
def inst_process(img, bbox, aspect_group, scale='S'):
size_template = {'S': [(80, 320), (106, 320), (134, 320), (160, 320), (170, 298), (186, 280), (214, 266), (234, 234),
(266, 214), (280, 186), (298, 170), (320, 160)],
'SM': [(100, 400), (134, 400), (166, 400), (200, 400), (214, 374), (234, 350), (256, 320), (290, 290),
(320, 256), (350, 234), (374, 214), (400, 200)],
'M': [(120, 480), (160, 480), (200, 480), (240, 480), (256, 448), (280, 420), (320, 400), (352, 352),
(400, 320), (420, 280), (448, 256), (480, 240)],
'C': [(234, 234), (234, 234), (234, 234), (234, 234), (234, 234), (234, 234), (234, 234), (234, 234),
(234, 234), (234, 234), (234, 234), (234, 234)]
}
sizes = size_template[scale]
inst = get_cropped_img_fast(img, bbox)
inst = cv2.resize(inst, sizes[aspect_group])
inst = cv2.cvtColor(inst, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
inst = standardize(transforms.functional.to_tensor(inst))
return inst
class MetricInferSet(Dataset):
def __init__(self, instance_list, scale='SM'):
self.instance_list = instance_list
self.scale = scale
def __len__(self):
return len(self.instance_list)
def __getitem__(self, idx):
inst_dict = self.instance_list[idx]
if inst_dict['type'] == 'image':
img = cv2.imread(inst_dict['file_name'])
elif inst_dict['type'] == 'video':
img = faster_read_frame_at_index(inst_dict["file_name"], inst_dict["frame"])
inst = inst_process(img, inst_dict['bbox'], inst_dict['aspect_group'], scale=self.scale)
return inst.to(DEVICE), idx |
<reponame>ihmeuw/vivarium
import textwrap
import pytest
import yaml
from vivarium.config_tree import (ConfigNode, ConfigTree,
ConfigurationError, ConfigurationKeyError, DuplicatedConfigurationError)
@pytest.fixture(params=list(range(1, 5)))
def layers(request):
return [f'layer_{i}' for i in range(1, request.param + 1)]
@pytest.fixture
def layers_and_values(layers):
return {layer: f'test_value_{i+1}' for i, layer in enumerate(layers)}
@pytest.fixture
def empty_node(layers):
return ConfigNode(layers, name='test_node')
@pytest.fixture
def full_node(layers_and_values):
n = ConfigNode(list(layers_and_values.keys()), name='test_node')
for layer, value in layers_and_values.items():
n.update(value, layer, source=None)
return n
@pytest.fixture
def empty_tree(layers):
return ConfigTree(layers=layers)
def test_node_creation(empty_node):
assert not empty_node
assert not empty_node.accessed
assert not empty_node.metadata
assert not repr(empty_node)
assert not str(empty_node)
def test_full_node_update(full_node):
assert full_node
assert not full_node.accessed
assert len(full_node.metadata) == len(full_node._layers)
assert repr(full_node)
assert str(full_node)
def test_node_update_no_args():
n = ConfigNode(['base'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer=None, source=None)
assert n._values['base'] == (None, 'test_value')
n = ConfigNode(['layer_1', 'layer_2'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer=None, source=None)
assert 'layer_1' not in n._values
assert n._values['layer_2'] == (None, 'test_value')
def test_node_update_with_args():
n = ConfigNode(['base'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer=None, source='test')
assert n._values['base'] == ('test', 'test_value')
n = ConfigNode(['base'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer='base', source='test')
assert n._values['base'] == ('test', 'test_value')
n = ConfigNode(['layer_1', 'layer_2'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer=None, source='test')
assert 'layer_1' not in n._values
assert n._values['layer_2'] == ('test', 'test_value')
n = ConfigNode(['layer_1', 'layer_2'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer='layer_1', source='test')
assert 'layer_2' not in n._values
assert n._values['layer_1'] == ('test', 'test_value')
n = ConfigNode(['layer_1', 'layer_2'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer='layer_2', source='test')
assert 'layer_1' not in n._values
assert n._values['layer_2'] == ('test', 'test_value')
n = ConfigNode(['layer_1', 'layer_2'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer='layer_1', source='test')
n.update('test_value', layer='layer_2', source='test')
assert n._values['layer_1'] == ('test', 'test_value')
assert n._values['layer_2'] == ('test', 'test_value')
def test_node_frozen_update():
n = ConfigNode(['base'], name='test_node')
n.freeze()
with pytest.raises(ConfigurationError):
n.update('test_val', layer=None, source=None)
def test_node_bad_layer_update():
n = ConfigNode(['base'], name='test_node')
with pytest.raises(ConfigurationKeyError):
n.update('test_value', layer='layer_1', source=None)
def test_node_duplicate_update():
n = ConfigNode(['base'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer=None, source=None)
with pytest.raises(DuplicatedConfigurationError):
n.update('test_value', layer=None, source=None)
def test_node_get_value_with_source_empty(empty_node):
with pytest.raises(ConfigurationKeyError):
empty_node._get_value_with_source(layer=None)
for layer in empty_node._layers:
with pytest.raises(ConfigurationKeyError):
empty_node._get_value_with_source(layer=layer)
assert not empty_node.accessed
def test_node_get_value_with_source(full_node):
assert full_node._get_value_with_source(layer=None) == (None, f'test_value_{len(full_node._layers)}')
for i, layer in enumerate(full_node._layers):
assert full_node._get_value_with_source(layer=layer) == (None, f'test_value_{i+1}')
assert not full_node.accessed
def test_node_get_value_empty(empty_node):
with pytest.raises(ConfigurationKeyError):
empty_node.get_value(layer=None)
for layer in empty_node._layers:
with pytest.raises(ConfigurationKeyError):
empty_node.get_value(layer=layer)
assert not empty_node.accessed
def test_node_get_value(full_node):
assert full_node.get_value(layer=None) == f'test_value_{len(full_node._layers)}'
assert full_node.accessed
full_node._accessed = False
for i, layer in enumerate(full_node._layers):
assert full_node.get_value(layer=layer) == f'test_value_{i + 1}'
assert full_node.accessed
full_node._accessed = False
assert not full_node.accessed
def test_node_repr():
n = ConfigNode(['base'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer='base', source='test')
s = '''\
base: test_value
source: test'''
assert repr(n) == textwrap.dedent(s)
n = ConfigNode(['base', 'layer_1'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer='base', source='test')
s = '''\
base: test_value
source: test'''
assert repr(n) == textwrap.dedent(s)
n = ConfigNode(['base', 'layer_1'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer=None, source='test')
s = '''\
layer_1: test_value
source: test'''
assert repr(n) == textwrap.dedent(s)
n = ConfigNode(['base', 'layer_1'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer='base', source='test')
n.update('test_value', layer='layer_1', source='test')
s = '''\
layer_1: test_value
source: test
base: test_value
source: test'''
assert repr(n) == textwrap.dedent(s)
def test_node_str():
n = ConfigNode(['base'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer='base', source='test')
s = 'base: test_value'
assert str(n) == s
n = ConfigNode(['base', 'layer_1'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer='base', source='test')
s = 'base: test_value'
assert str(n) == s
n = ConfigNode(['base', 'layer_1'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer=None, source='test')
s = 'layer_1: test_value'
assert str(n) == s
n = ConfigNode(['base', 'layer_1'], name='test_node')
n.update('test_value', layer='base', source='test')
n.update('test_value', layer='layer_1', source='test')
s = 'layer_1: test_value'
assert str(n) == s
def test_tree_creation(empty_tree):
assert len(empty_tree) == 0
assert not empty_tree.items()
assert not empty_tree.values()
assert not empty_tree.keys()
assert not repr(empty_tree)
assert not str(empty_tree)
assert not empty_tree._children
assert empty_tree.to_dict() == {}
def test_tree_coerce_dict():
d, s = {}, 'test'
assert ConfigTree._coerce(d, s) == (d, s)
d, s = {'key': 'val'}, 'test'
assert ConfigTree._coerce(d, s) == (d, s)
d = {'key1': {'sub_key1': ['val', 'val', 'val'],
'sub_key2': 'val'},
'key2': 'val'}
s = 'test'
assert ConfigTree._coerce(d, s) == (d, s)
def test_tree_coerce_str():
d = ''''''
s = 'test'
assert ConfigTree._coerce(d, s) == (None, s)
d = '''\
key: val'''
assert ConfigTree._coerce(d, s) == ({'key': 'val'}, s)
d = '''\
key1:
sub_key1:
- val
- val
- val
sub_key2: val
key2: val'''
r = {'key1': {'sub_key1': ['val', 'val', 'val'],
'sub_key2': 'val'},
'key2': 'val'}
assert ConfigTree._coerce(d, s) == (r, s)
d = '''\
key1:
sub_key1: [val, val, val]
sub_key2: val
key2: val'''
r = {'key1': {'sub_key1': ['val', 'val', 'val'],
'sub_key2': 'val'},
'key2': 'val'}
assert ConfigTree._coerce(d, s) == (r, s)
def test_tree_coerce_yaml(tmpdir):
d = '''\
key1:
sub_key1:
- val
- val
- val
sub_key2: [val, val]
key2: val'''
r = {'key1': {'sub_key1': ['val', 'val', 'val'],
'sub_key2': ['val', 'val']},
'key2': 'val'}
s = 'test'
p = tmpdir.join('model_spec.yaml')
with p.open('w') as f:
f.write(d)
assert ConfigTree._coerce(str(p), s) == (r, s)
assert ConfigTree._coerce(str(p), None) == (r, str(p))
def test_single_layer():
d = ConfigTree()
d.update({'test_key': 'test_value', 'test_key2': 'test_value2'})
assert d.test_key == 'test_value'
assert d.test_key2 == 'test_value2'
with pytest.raises(DuplicatedConfigurationError):
d.test_key2 = 'test_value3'
assert d.test_key2 == 'test_value2'
assert d.test_key == 'test_value'
def test_dictionary_style_access():
d = ConfigTree()
d.update({'test_key': 'test_value', 'test_key2': 'test_value2'})
assert d['test_key'] == 'test_value'
assert d['test_key2'] == 'test_value2'
with pytest.raises(DuplicatedConfigurationError):
d['test_key2'] = 'test_value3'
assert d['test_key2'] == 'test_value2'
assert d['test_key'] == 'test_value'
def test_get_missing_key():
d = ConfigTree()
with pytest.raises(ConfigurationKeyError):
_ = d.missing_key
def test_set_missing_key():
d = ConfigTree()
with pytest.raises(ConfigurationKeyError):
d.missing_key = 'test_value'
with pytest.raises(ConfigurationKeyError):
d['missing_key'] = 'test_value'
def test_multiple_layer_get():
d = ConfigTree(layers=['first', 'second', 'third'])
d._set_with_metadata('test_key', 'test_with_source_value', 'first', source=None)
d._set_with_metadata('test_key', 'test_value2', 'second', source=None)
d._set_with_metadata('test_key', 'test_value3', 'third', source=None)
d._set_with_metadata('test_key2', 'test_value4', 'first', source=None)
d._set_with_metadata('test_key2', 'test_value5', 'second', source=None)
d._set_with_metadata('test_key3', 'test_value6', 'first', source=None)
assert d.test_key == 'test_value3'
assert d.test_key2 == 'test_value5'
assert d.test_key3 == 'test_value6'
def test_outer_layer_set():
d = ConfigTree(layers=['inner', 'outer'])
d._set_with_metadata('test_key', 'test_value', 'inner', source=None)
d._set_with_metadata('test_key', 'test_value3', layer=None, source=None)
assert d.test_key == 'test_value3'
assert d['test_key'] == 'test_value3'
d = ConfigTree(layers=['inner', 'outer'])
d._set_with_metadata('test_key', 'test_value', 'inner', source=None)
d.test_key = 'test_value3'
assert d.test_key == 'test_value3'
assert d['test_key'] == 'test_value3'
d = ConfigTree(layers=['inner', 'outer'])
d._set_with_metadata('test_key', 'test_value', 'inner', source=None)
d['test_key'] = 'test_value3'
assert d.test_key == 'test_value3'
assert d['test_key'] == 'test_value3'
def test_update_dict():
d = ConfigTree(layers=['inner', 'outer'])
d.update({'test_key': 'test_value', 'test_key2': 'test_value2'}, layer='inner')
d.update({'test_key': 'test_value3'}, layer='outer')
assert d.test_key == 'test_value3'
assert d.test_key2 == 'test_value2'
def test_update_dict_nested():
d = ConfigTree(layers=['inner', 'outer'])
d.update({'test_container': {'test_key': 'test_value', 'test_key2': 'test_value2'}}, layer='inner')
with pytest.raises(DuplicatedConfigurationError):
d.update({'test_container': {'test_key': 'test_value3'}}, layer='inner')
assert d.test_container.test_key == 'test_value'
assert d.test_container.test_key2 == 'test_value2'
d.update({'test_container': {'test_key2': 'test_value4'}}, layer='outer')
assert d.test_container.test_key2 == 'test_value4'
def test_source_metadata():
d = ConfigTree(layers=['inner', 'outer'])
d.update({'test_key': 'test_value'}, layer='inner', source='initial_load')
d.update({'test_key': 'test_value2'}, layer='outer', source='update')
assert d.metadata('test_key') == [
{'layer': 'inner', 'source': 'initial_load', 'value': 'test_value'},
{'layer': 'outer', 'source': 'update', 'value': 'test_value2'}]
def test_exception_on_source_for_missing_key():
d = ConfigTree(layers=['inner', 'outer'])
d.update({'test_key': 'test_value'}, layer='inner', source='initial_load')
with pytest.raises(ConfigurationKeyError):
d.metadata('missing_key')
def test_unused_keys():
d = ConfigTree({'test_key': {'test_key2': 'test_value', 'test_key3': 'test_value2'}})
assert d.unused_keys() == ['test_key.test_key2', 'test_key.test_key3']
_ = d.test_key.test_key2
assert d.unused_keys() == ['test_key.test_key3']
_ = d.test_key.test_key3
assert not d.unused_keys()
def test_to_dict_dict():
test_dict = {'configuration': {'time': {'start': {'year': 2000}}}}
config = ConfigTree(test_dict)
assert config.to_dict() == test_dict
def test_to_dict_yaml(test_spec):
config = ConfigTree(str(test_spec))
with test_spec.open() as f:
yaml_config = yaml.full_load(f)
assert yaml_config == config.to_dict()
def test_freeze():
config = ConfigTree(data={'configuration': {'time': {'start': {'year': 2000}}}})
config.freeze()
with pytest.raises(ConfigurationError):
config.update(data={'configuration': {'time': {'end': {'year': 2001}}}})
def test_retrieval_behavior():
layer_inner = 'inner'
layer_middle = 'middle'
layer_outer = 'outer'
default_cfg_value = 'value_a'
layer_list = [layer_inner, layer_middle, layer_outer]
# update the ConfigTree layers in different order and verify that has no effect on
# the values retrieved ("outer" is retrieved when no layer is specified regardless of
# the initialization order
for scenario in [layer_list, reversed(layer_list)]:
cfg = ConfigTree(layers=layer_list)
for layer in scenario:
cfg.update({default_cfg_value: layer}, layer=layer)
assert cfg.get_from_layer(default_cfg_value) == layer_outer
assert cfg.get_from_layer(default_cfg_value, layer=layer_outer) == layer_outer
assert cfg.get_from_layer(default_cfg_value, layer=layer_middle) == layer_middle
assert cfg.get_from_layer(default_cfg_value, layer=layer_inner) == layer_inner
def test_repr_display():
expected_repr = '''\
Key1:
override_2: value_ov_2
source: ov2_src
override_1: value_ov_1
source: ov1_src
base: value_base
source: base_src'''
# codifies the notion that repr() displays values from most to least overridden
# regardless of initialization order
layers = ['base', 'override_1', 'override_2']
cfg = ConfigTree(layers=layers)
cfg.update({'Key1': 'value_ov_2'}, layer='override_2', source='ov2_src')
cfg.update({'Key1': 'value_ov_1'}, layer='override_1', source='ov1_src')
cfg.update({'Key1': 'value_base'}, layer='base', source='base_src')
assert repr(cfg) == textwrap.dedent(expected_repr)
cfg = ConfigTree(layers=layers)
cfg.update({'Key1': 'value_base'}, layer='base', source='base_src')
cfg.update({'Key1': 'value_ov_1'}, layer='override_1', source='ov1_src')
cfg.update({'Key1': 'value_ov_2'}, layer='override_2', source='ov2_src')
assert repr(cfg) == textwrap.dedent(expected_repr)
|
Modified methodology of computation of admissible continuous currents of plain conductors of overhead transmission lines and catenaries Methodology provided summarizes published, original and foreign theoretic and experimental data on the subject of heating and cooling of standard and shaped conductors of overhead power transmission line and uses those of them which are most affected to fundamental heat-transfer laws. Computation surface area of standard and shaped wire formulas are given. The common formula of convection heat transfer coefficient is provided, based on wind speed and direction, concerning antiicing mode. Parameters of this formula do not coincide with those existing, as they are based on experimental data on standard and shaped conductors but not on round tubes. Formula of computation of heat transfer power under the influence of solar radiation is given. Summarized formula of admissible continuous current computation is given, all the components have detailed description in the article. |
<commit_before>/*
Write a program that prompts the user to read two integers and displays their
sum. Your program should prompt the user to read the number again if the
input is incorrect.
*/
import java.util.Scanner;
public class E12_02 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
String a, b;
do {
System.out.print("Enter two integers: ");
a = input.next();
b = input.next();
} while (!isNumber(a) || !isNumber(b));
System.out.println("The sum is " +
(Integer.parseInt(a) + Integer.parseInt(b)));
}
public static boolean isNumber(String s) {
for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
if (!Character.isDigit(s.charAt(i))) { return false; }
}
return true;
}
}
<commit_msg>Use error handling for the solution.
<commit_after>/*
Write a program that prompts the user to read two integers and displays their
sum. Your program should prompt the user to read the number again if the
input is incorrect.
*/
import java.util.Scanner;
public class E12_02 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
do {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
try {
System.out.print("Enter two integers: ");
int a = input.nextInt();
int b = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("The sum is " + (a + b));
} catch (Exception e) {
input.reset();
continue;
}
break;
} while (true);
}
}
|
Subsets and Splits