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package com.rambaud.train.train_booking;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
import com.rambaud.train.train_booking.engine.Context;
import com.rambaud.train.train_booking.engine.steps.EngineRoutineStep;
import com.rambaud.train.train_booking.exception.FunctionalException;
import com.rambaud.train.train_booking.exception.TechnicalException;
import com.rambaud.train.train_booking.model.Customer;
import com.rambaud.train.train_booking.model.TravelDetails;
public class App
{
private static final Logger LOGGER = LogManager.getLogger(App.class);
public static void main( String[] args ) throws InterruptedException
{
LOGGER.info("########### Starting routine ###########");
LOGGER.info("departureCity={};arrivalCity={};date={};hour={};minute={};customerId={}",
args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4], args[5]);
int code = run(args[0], args[1], args[2], Integer.valueOf(args[3]), Integer.valueOf(args[4]), Integer.valueOf(args[5]));
LOGGER.info("########### Exiting with status code "+ code + " ###########");
System.exit(code);
}
public static int run(String departureCity, String arrivalCity, String date, int hour, int minute, int customerId) {
TravelDetails travel = new TravelDetails(departureCity, arrivalCity, date, hour, minute);
Customer customer = Customer.getById(customerId);
int codeReturn = 0;
try {
new EngineRoutineStep(travel, customer).run();
} catch (TechnicalException e) {
LOGGER.error("Unable to perform routine due to technical error", e);
codeReturn = 1;
} catch (FunctionalException e) {
LOGGER.error("Unable to perform routine due to functional error", e);
codeReturn = 2;
} catch (Throwable t) {
LOGGER.error("Unable to perform routine due to unknown error", t);
codeReturn = 3;
} finally {
Context.getInstance().getDriver().quit();
}
return codeReturn;
}
}
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<gh_stars>100-1000
import { workspace } from "vscode";
import { EXTENSION_NAME } from "../../constants";
function getConfigSetting(settingName: string) {
return workspace.getConfiguration(EXTENSION_NAME).get(`wikis.${settingName}`);
}
export const config = {
get dailyDirectName() {
return getConfigSetting("daily.directoryName");
},
get dailyTitleFormat() {
return getConfigSetting("daily.titleFormat");
}
};
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/* -*- Mode: C; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
/* Fluent Bit
* ==========
* Copyright (C) 2015-2018 Treasure Data Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#include <fluent-bit/flb_info.h>
#include <fluent-bit/flb_output.h>
#include <fluent-bit/flb_http_client.h>
#include <fluent-bit/flb_pack.h>
#include <fluent-bit/flb_utils.h>
#include <fluent-bit/flb_time.h>
#include <msgpack.h>
#include "azure.h"
#include "azure_conf.h"
#include <mbedtls/base64.h>
static int cb_azure_init(struct flb_output_instance *ins,
struct flb_config *config, void *data)
{
struct flb_azure *ctx;
ctx = flb_azure_conf_create(ins, config);
if (!ctx) {
flb_error("[out_azure] configuration failed");
return -1;
}
flb_output_set_context(ins, ctx);
return 0;
}
int azure_format(void *in_buf, size_t in_bytes,
char **out_buf, size_t *out_size,
struct flb_azure *ctx)
{
int i;
int array_size = 0;
int map_size;
size_t off = 0;
double t;
struct flb_time tm;
msgpack_unpacked result;
msgpack_object root;
msgpack_object *obj;
msgpack_object map;
msgpack_object k;
msgpack_object v;
msgpack_sbuffer mp_sbuf;
msgpack_packer mp_pck;
msgpack_sbuffer tmp_sbuf;
msgpack_packer tmp_pck;
flb_sds_t record;
/* Count number of items */
msgpack_unpacked_init(&result);
while (msgpack_unpack_next(&result, in_buf, in_bytes, &off)) {
array_size++;
}
msgpack_unpacked_destroy(&result);
msgpack_unpacked_init(&result);
/* Create temporal msgpack buffer */
msgpack_sbuffer_init(&mp_sbuf);
msgpack_packer_init(&mp_pck, &mp_sbuf, msgpack_sbuffer_write);
msgpack_pack_array(&mp_pck, array_size);
off = 0;
while (msgpack_unpack_next(&result, in_buf, in_bytes, &off)) {
root = result.data;
/* Get timestamp */
flb_time_pop_from_msgpack(&tm, &result, &obj);
t = flb_time_to_double(&tm);
/* Create temporal msgpack buffer */
msgpack_sbuffer_init(&tmp_sbuf);
msgpack_packer_init(&tmp_pck, &tmp_sbuf, msgpack_sbuffer_write);
map = root.via.array.ptr[1];
map_size = map.via.map.size;
msgpack_pack_map(&mp_pck, map_size + 1);
/* Append the time key */
msgpack_pack_str(&mp_pck, flb_sds_len(ctx->time_key));
msgpack_pack_str_body(&mp_pck,
ctx->time_key,
flb_sds_len(ctx->time_key));
msgpack_pack_double(&mp_pck, t);
/* Append original map k/v */
for (i = 0; i < map_size; i++) {
k = map.via.map.ptr[i].key;
v = map.via.map.ptr[i].val;
msgpack_pack_object(&tmp_pck, k);
msgpack_pack_object(&tmp_pck, v);
}
msgpack_sbuffer_write(&mp_sbuf, tmp_sbuf.data, tmp_sbuf.size);
msgpack_sbuffer_destroy(&tmp_sbuf);
}
record = flb_msgpack_raw_to_json_sds(mp_sbuf.data, mp_sbuf.size);
if (!record) {
flb_errno();
msgpack_sbuffer_destroy(&mp_sbuf);
msgpack_unpacked_destroy(&result);
return -1;
}
msgpack_sbuffer_destroy(&mp_sbuf);
msgpack_unpacked_destroy(&result);
*out_buf = record;
*out_size = flb_sds_len(record);
return 0;
}
static int build_headers(struct flb_http_client *c,
size_t content_length,
struct flb_azure *ctx)
{
int len;
char *auth;
char tmp[256];
time_t t;
size_t size;
size_t olen;
flb_sds_t rfc1123date;
flb_sds_t str_hash;
struct tm tm = {0};
unsigned char hmac_hash[32] = {0};
mbedtls_md_context_t mctx;
/* Format Date */
rfc1123date = flb_sds_create_size(32);
if (!rfc1123date) {
flb_errno();
return -1;
}
t = time(NULL);
if (!gmtime_r(&t, &tm)) {
flb_errno();
flb_sds_destroy(rfc1123date);
return -1;
}
size = strftime(rfc1123date,
flb_sds_alloc(rfc1123date) - 1,
"%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", &tm);
if (size <= 0) {
flb_errno();
flb_sds_destroy(rfc1123date);
return -1;
}
flb_sds_len_set(rfc1123date, size);
/* Compose source string for the hash */
str_hash = flb_sds_create_size(256);
if (!str_hash) {
flb_errno();
flb_sds_destroy(rfc1123date);
return -1;
}
len = snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp) - 1, "%zu\n", content_length);
flb_sds_cat(str_hash, "POST\n", 5);
flb_sds_cat(str_hash, tmp, len);
flb_sds_cat(str_hash, "application/json\n", 17);
flb_sds_cat(str_hash, "x-ms-date:", 10);
flb_sds_cat(str_hash, rfc1123date, flb_sds_len(rfc1123date));
flb_sds_cat(str_hash, "\n", 1);
flb_sds_cat(str_hash, FLB_AZURE_RESOURCE, sizeof(FLB_AZURE_RESOURCE) - 1);
/* Authorization signature */
mbedtls_md_init(&mctx);
mbedtls_md_setup(&mctx, mbedtls_md_info_from_type(MBEDTLS_MD_SHA256) , 1);
mbedtls_md_hmac_starts(&mctx, (unsigned char *) ctx->dec_shared_key,
flb_sds_len(ctx->dec_shared_key));
mbedtls_md_hmac_update(&mctx, (unsigned char *) str_hash,
flb_sds_len(str_hash));
mbedtls_md_hmac_finish(&mctx, hmac_hash);
mbedtls_md_free(&mctx);
/* Encoded hash */
mbedtls_base64_encode((unsigned char *) &tmp, sizeof(tmp) - 1, &olen,
hmac_hash, sizeof(hmac_hash));
tmp[olen] = '\0';
/* Append headers */
flb_http_add_header(c, "User-Agent", 10, "Fluent-Bit", 10);
flb_http_add_header(c, "Log-Type", 8,
ctx->log_type, flb_sds_len(ctx->log_type));
flb_http_add_header(c, "Content-Type", 12, "application/json", 16);
flb_http_add_header(c, "x-ms-date", 9, rfc1123date,
flb_sds_len(rfc1123date));
size = 32 + flb_sds_len(ctx->customer_id) + olen;
auth = flb_malloc(size);
if (!auth) {
flb_errno();
flb_sds_destroy(rfc1123date);
flb_sds_destroy(str_hash);
return -1;
}
len = snprintf(auth, size, "SharedKey %s:%s",
ctx->customer_id, tmp);
flb_http_add_header(c, "Authorization", 13, auth, len);
/* release resources */
flb_sds_destroy(rfc1123date);
flb_sds_destroy(str_hash);
flb_free(auth);
return 0;
}
static void cb_azure_flush(void *data, size_t bytes,
char *tag, int tag_len,
struct flb_input_instance *i_ins,
void *out_context,
struct flb_config *config)
{
int ret;
size_t b_sent;
char *buf_data;
size_t buf_size;
struct flb_azure *ctx = out_context;
struct flb_upstream_conn *u_conn;
struct flb_http_client *c;
flb_sds_t payload;
(void) i_ins;
(void) config;
/* Get upstream connection */
u_conn = flb_upstream_conn_get(ctx->u);
if (!u_conn) {
FLB_OUTPUT_RETURN(FLB_RETRY);
}
/* Convert binary logs into a JSON payload */
ret = azure_format(data, bytes, &buf_data, &buf_size, ctx);
if (ret == -1) {
flb_upstream_conn_release(u_conn);
FLB_OUTPUT_RETURN(FLB_ERROR);
}
payload = (flb_sds_t) buf_data;
/* Compose HTTP Client request */
c = flb_http_client(u_conn, FLB_HTTP_POST, ctx->uri,
buf_data, buf_size, NULL, 0, NULL, 0);
flb_http_buffer_size(c, FLB_HTTP_DATA_SIZE_MAX);
/* Append headers and Azure signature */
ret = build_headers(c, flb_sds_len(payload), ctx);
if (ret == -1) {
flb_error("[out_azure] error composing signature");
flb_sds_destroy(payload);
flb_http_client_destroy(c);
flb_upstream_conn_release(u_conn);
FLB_OUTPUT_RETURN(FLB_ERROR);
}
ret = flb_http_do(c, &b_sent);
if (ret != 0) {
flb_warn("[out_azure] http_do=%i", ret);
goto retry;
}
else {
if (c->resp.status >= 200 && c->resp.status <= 299) {
flb_info("[out_azure] customer_id=%s, HTTP status=%i",
ctx->customer_id, c->resp.status);
}
else {
if (c->resp.payload_size > 0) {
flb_warn("[out_azure] http_status=%i:\n%s",
c->resp.status, c->resp.payload);
}
else {
flb_warn("[out_azure] http_status=%i", c->resp.status);
}
goto retry;
}
}
/* Cleanup */
flb_http_client_destroy(c);
flb_sds_destroy(payload);
flb_upstream_conn_release(u_conn);
FLB_OUTPUT_RETURN(FLB_OK);
/* Issue a retry */
retry:
flb_http_client_destroy(c);
flb_sds_destroy(payload);
flb_upstream_conn_release(u_conn);
FLB_OUTPUT_RETURN(FLB_RETRY);
}
static int cb_azure_exit(void *data, struct flb_config *config)
{
struct flb_azure *ctx = data;
flb_azure_conf_destroy(ctx);
return 0;
}
struct flb_output_plugin out_azure_plugin = {
.name = "azure",
.description = "Send events to Azure HTTP Event Collector",
.cb_init = cb_azure_init,
.cb_flush = cb_azure_flush,
.cb_exit = cb_azure_exit,
/* Plugin flags */
.flags = FLB_OUTPUT_NET | FLB_IO_TLS,
};
|
Chromatin appearance in intermediate cells from patients with uterine cancer. This paper presents the differences found by the computer analysis of digitized images of visually apparently normal intermediate cells from patients with normal cytology and patients with uterine cancer. There exist differences in the absolute amount of nuclear staining, the average density of staining, cell shape and size and also differences in spectral contrasts of the nuclear chromatin. Visual cytologic detection of these changes became more conspicuous when the photomicrographs were arranged in order of their discriminant function scores.
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<gh_stars>0
package com.puppycrawl.tools.checkstyle.checks.imports;
import java.awt.Button;
import static java.awt.Button.ABORT;
import java.awt.Frame;
import java.awt.Dialog;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import javax.swing.JComponent;
import static javax.swing.WindowConstants.HIDE_ON_CLOSE;
import static javax.swing.WindowConstants.DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE;
import static javax.swing.WindowConstants.*;
import javax.swing.JTable;
import static java.io.File.createTempFile;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.Reader;
public class InputImportOrder_InFlow {
}
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Common urological problems in children: primary nocturnal enuresis. Enuresis is a common complaint in children, with a prevalence of around 15% at age 6 years. Evidence suggests that enuresis could affect neuropsychiatric development. The condition may represent an entire spectrum of underlying urological conditions. It is important to understand the difference between monosymptomatic and non-monosymptomatic enuresis. Primary monosymptomatic enuresis can be managed efficaciously with care in different settings, like primary care, specialist nursing, or paediatric specialists, while non-monosymptomatic enuresis requires more complex evaluation and treatment. The diagnosis, investigation, and management of the two types of enuresis are discussed in this review.
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Mohamed Hadid—a controversial luxury developer and proud (very proud) father of Bella Hadid, Gigi Hadid, Anwar Hadid, Alana Hadid, and Mariella Hadid—has been making occasional headlines over the past two years for a monstrous and illegally-built mansion that looms precariously above its furious neighbors, who worry that it might literally fall on their houses.
The Los Angeles Times reports that after pleading no contest in May to misdemeanor charges, Hadid was sentenced to three years of probation requiring $3,000 in fines, 200 hours of community service and over $14,000 in payments to the city. He will also be required to hire an engineer to develop plans to stabilize the hillside.
Hadid, who is a former Palestinian refugee, lives in another eccentric property that boasts, according to Hadid, the “presence” of the late Michael Jackson, who visited before his death. He has made a number of appearances on The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills as a close friend of Lisa Vanderpump and as Yolanda Hadid’s ex. He’s also known—by his Instagram followers, at least—for eating at exactly one restaurant.
The tale of Mohamed Hadid and the Starship Enterprise has come to represent a general lack of accountability afforded both to developers in Los Angeles, and to the one percent in general. In a 2015 report on the property, the New York Times noted that the case was complicated by the fact that Hadid no longer owned the mansion himself, exactly; a shell company named 901 Strada L.L.C. did. It’s possible, in the end, that the mansion itself will be allowed to stay put—the LA Times reports that the judge hasn’t decided yet whether to require Hadid to obtain a bond that would cover the cost of demolition if he’s unable to finish building it within legal limits.
Hadid’s team is pushing for approval on revised plans for the house.
I mean, technically, in the case of a severe earthquake, the house would probably fall on top of Bel Air.
CORRECTION: A previous version of this post referred to Mohamed Hadid as a billionaire. His net worth is speculated to be between $100-200 million.
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Florence + The Machine Drops "Moderation" & "Haunted House"
From 'High As Hope' to 'Bloom,' here's our list of the 25 best albums of 2018.
Florence + The Machine would be forgiven for resting on their laurels after a banner 2018. The band’s fourth LP, High As Hope, peaked at number two in the US and UK, and was featured on most End Of Year lists including our own. Instead of taking a well-earned break or squeezing their existing album more singles, they have blessed us with two new songs. The focus track is “Moderation,” a song that Florence + The Machine has been performing in live sets. In many ways it’s the antithesis of the stripped-back, intimate sound of High As Hope.
Produced by James Ford, “Moderation” is a rollicking stadium-rock anthem with significant commercial appeal. “Want me to love you in moderation, do I look moderate to you?” Ms Welch asks in the opening verse. “Sip it slowly and pay attention, I just have to see it through.” The song really takes off on the chant-along chorus. “You think you need it, you think you want love,” she howls. “You wouldn’t want it if you knew what it was.” As for “Haunted House”? It’s a pretty, stripped-back ballad that never outstays its welcome.
Listen to Florence’s typically brilliant new singles below.
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Meta-QTLs, Ortho-MetaQTLs and Candidate Genes for Grain yield and Associated Traits in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) The present study involved meta-QTL analysis based on 8,998 QTLs, including 2,852 major QTLs for grain yield (GY) and its following ten component/related traits: (i) grain weight (GWei), (ii) grain morphology related traits (GMRTs), (iii) grain number (GN), (iv) spikes related traits (SRTs), (v) plant height (PH), (vi) tiller number (TN), (vii) harvest index (HI), (viii) biomass yield (BY), (ix) days to heading/owering and maturity (DTH/F/M) and (x) grain lling duration (GFD). The QTLs used for this study were retrieved from 230 reports involving 190 mapping populations (19992020), which also included 19 studies involving durum wheat. As many as 141 meta-QTLs were obtained with an average condence interval of 1.37 cM (reduced 8.87 fold), the average interval in the original QTL being > 12.15 cM. As many as 63 MQTLs, each based on at least 10 original QTLs were considered to be the most stable and robust with thirteen identied as breeders meta-QTL. Meta-QTLs (MQTLs) were also utilized for identication of as many as 1,202 candidate genes (CGs), which also included 18 known genes. Based on a comparative genomics strategy, a total of 50 wheat homologues of 35 rice, barley and maize yield-related genes were also detected in these MQTL regions. Moreover, taking the advantage of synteny, a total of 24 ortho-MQTLs were detected at co-linear regions between wheat with barley, rice and maize. The present study is the most comprehensive till date, and rst of its kind in providing stable and robust MQTLs and ortho-MQTLs, thus providing useful information for future basic studies and for marker-assisted breeding for yield and its component traits in wheat. Introduction Wheat provides ~20% of protein and calories in human diets worldwide. Due to continuous efforts of plant breeders, the global annual production of wheat has been increasing continuously during the last ve decades and reached 765 million metric tons in the year 2020. It has also been estimated that the annual production of wheat should increase by 50% by the year 2050 (https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/demand-for-wheat/83189/) to meet the demand of the growing population, which is expected to reach 9 to 10 billion in the year 2050. However, the rate of global annual wheat production declined in recent years to 0.9% from ~3% in the early years of the two postgreen revolutions (;). Therefore, further improvement in yield potential is needed to improve and sustain the required annual growth rate of ~2%. This will be possible only through a further detailed understanding of the genetic architecture of grain yield associated with the use of molecular approaches with conventional wheat breeding (). Grain yield is widely known to be a complex quantitative trait, which is controlled by a large number of QTLs/genes involved in plant growth and development, contributing towards yield either directly or indirectly. Yield is also known to be in uenced by the environment, thus making its visual selection rather di cult. Major yield contributing traits include grain number, grain weight, grain morphology-related traits, tiller number, spike-related traits, harvest index, plant height, heading date, etc. (;). Therefore, these traits are continuously targeted in wheat breeding programmes for developing novel high-yielding varieties (). Since these yield-related traits are each controlled by a number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), the markers associated with these QTLs can be exploited in molecular breeding using marker-assisted selection (MAS). During the last two decades, a large number of QTLs for grain yield and its component traits have been identi ed (Table S1). However, the practical use of these QTLs seems to be minimal in actual wheat breeding. In order to make use of these QTLs in wheat breeding, and in basic research, a detailed analysis of these loci needs to be undertaken. Meta-analysis of the QTLs is an approach that has been shown to provide more robust and reliable QTLs (Go net and Gerber, 2000;Salvi and Tuberosa, 2015). Since, Meta-QTL analysis also allows identi cation of "QTL hotspots" (if any), we undertook the task of nding such regions for use by the wheat breeders. Efforts have also been made to improve algorithms used for meta-QTL analysis (;de ;). Most of these algorithms are available in the software 'Biomercator' (). Using the maximum likelihood method, these algorithms test the number of possible meta-loci (MQTLs), which result from the projection of initial/original QTLs (taken from different studies) on a consensus genetic map. Criteria are also available to nd out the best model for con rming the actual number of these MQTLs (Go net and Gerber, 2000;). Wheat MQTLs have already been identi ed for several traits including the following: ear emergence (), (ii) pre-harvest sprouting tolerance (Tyagi and Gupta, 2012), (iii) Fusarium head blight resistance (), (iv) heat stress tolerance (;) and (v) yield and quality-related traits (;;;). However, new QTLs are being regularly added to the database for QTLs. Most of these new QTLs have been identi ed using SNP arrays that have recently become available (;;;;). Keeping this in view, during the present study, meta-QTL analysis was conducted on grain yield (GY) and a number of its contributing traits listed above, using the QTL data from 230 studies published during 1999 to 2020 utilizing 190 different mapping populations (Table S1). The MQTLs identi ed during the present study were also used to identify candidate genes (CGs). Ortho-MQTLs across gramineae family were also detected using synteny among cereals (;;). Genomic regions associated with MQTLs that are homologous to known genes for yield in other cereals (rice, barley, and maize) were also identi ed. We believe that this work should prove useful not only for genomic selection based molecular breeding, but also for basic research on structural genes and regulatory elements involved in grain yield and associated traits not only in wheat, but also in other cereals. Collection of QTL Data for Yield and Associated Traits in Wheat The literature related to QTL mapping of grain yield and its component traits was collected from PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) and Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/) using appropriate keywords. A total of 8,998 QTLs were available from 230 studies, which involved 190 mapping populations. The size of the mapping populations ranged from 32 to 547 DH/RIL lines; these mapping populations also included 26 F 2 /BC populations. As many as 19 studies involved durum wheat, mainly published during 2015-2020. A summary of these QTLs studies is available in Table S1. For each QTL, the following data was retrieved: QTL name, wherever available, anking markers or closely linked marker, peak position and con dence interval, type and size of the mapping population, LOD score, and phenotypic variance explained (PVE) or R 2 value. Wherever, information about peak position was missing, mid-point between the two anking markers was treated as the peak. Secondly, where LOD score was not available, the same was calculated using the available test statistic. In case, when actual LOD score for an individual QTL was not available, a threshold LOD score of 3.0 was chosen for the study. If names of QTLs were not available, names were assigned following the standard nomenclature (letter "Q" followed by abbreviated name of the trait, the institute involved and the chromosome). Different QTLs on the same chromosome were distinguished by using numerical identi ers following the chromosome. All QTLs were accommodated in the following traits: (i) 'grain weight' (GWei), recorded as thousand-grain weight, 50-grains weight, mean grain weight, hundred-grain weight, single grain weight, grain weight per plant, and test weight, (ii) 'grain number' (GN) recorded as average grain number per spike, grain number per spike, grain number per square meter, grain number per spikelet, grains per spikelet, and grains per fertile spikelet, etc; (iii) 'grain morphology related traits' (GMRTs) recorded as grain length, grain width, grain length-width ratio, grain thickness, grain thickness-length ratio, grain area, and grain diameter, grain volume weight, etc.; (iv) 'spike related traits' (SRTs) recorded as spike length, spikes per plant, spikes per square meter, spike compactness, spike formation rate, spike layer uniformity, basal sterile spikelet number, top sterile spikelet number, fertile oret per spike, and spikelets per spike, etc. (v) 'biomass yield' (BY) recorded as total biomass, tiller biomass, and plant biomass; (vi) 'tiller number' (TN) recorded as effective tiller number, tiller number per plant, and tiller number per square meter. Other remaining traits were treated individually by the available name of the trait (e.g., heading, days to owering, days to maturity, grain lling duration, earliness per se, and plant height). Construction of Consensus Map A consensus map (described as Wheat_Consensus_2021) was developed using the following integrated genetic maps: other independent studies were also included for developing the consensus map. The R package LPMerge was employed for the construction of the consensus map (Endelman and Plomion, 2014). QTL Projection and Meta-QTL analysis Only 7,275 QTLs from 8,998 available QTLs had the information required for QTL projection. Although, from these 7,275 QTLs, only 2,852 major QTLs (explaining ≥ 10 percent of phenotypic variance for the target trait), each with the required information (estimated CIs, peak positions, original LOD scores, and R 2 or PVE value) could be used for projection on the consensus map using BioMercator V4.2 () (Table S1). To ensure consistency in different studies, the con dence interval (95%) was estimated for each locus, through different population-speci c equations: for RILs: CI = 163/ (population size x R 2 ); for F 2 and backcross populations: CI = 530/(population size x R 2 ); and for DH: CI = 287/(population size x R 2 ) (Darvasi and Soller, 1997;). Following projection, meta-analysis was performed, for each chromosome individually, via the Veyrieras two-step algorithm available in the software. The Akaike (AIC) statistics were used to nd the best QTL model for ascertaining the actual number of MQTLs on each wheat chromosome. The statistical procedures and algorithms furnished in this software have been well-described elsewhere (). Candidate Gene mining within MQTLs and Expression Analysis For identi cation of CGs, the sequences for anking markers of individual MQTLs were retrieved from GrainGenes (https://wheat.pw.usda.gov/GG3) and CerealsDB (https://www.cerealsdb.uk.net/cerealgenomics/CerealsDB/indexNEW.php) and used for BLASTN searches against wheat reference genome sequence available in the EnsemblPlants (http://plants.ensembl.org/index.html). Physical positions of the GBS-SNPs were directly obtained from URGI database (https://wheat-urgi.versailles.inra.fr/). Among the MQTLs obtained, those with a CI of ≤ 2Mb were directly used for identi cation of the candidate genes (CGs). In the remaining cases with longer CI, a 2Mb genomic region (including 1 MB region on either side of the MQTL peak) was examined for possible candidate genes. Gene models present within the original or estimated physical regions were retrieved using 'BioMart' of EnsemblPlant database. The function annotations of the identi ed gene models were explored to nd the best candidate genes within each MQTL. For the in-silico transcriptional analysis, the identi ed putative candidate genes (CGs) were analyzed via the 'Wheat Expression Browser-expVIP' (expression Visualization and Integration Platform) Wagner and co-workers, only CGs showing at least 2 transcripts per million (TPM) expression were considered in this study. Heat maps for expression data were constructed using the same online resource 'expVIP'. CGs were further examined using information from cloned, and characterized wheat genes for the traits of interest. Nucleotide sequences of these collected genes were obtained from the NCBI database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) using accession IDs given in the respective published studies and then BLASTN searches were carried out against the genomic database (available in EnsemblPlants) of wheat to nd the physical positions of these genes in the genome. MQTL Regions homologous to known genes in other cereals Information on rice, barley, and maize genes associated with grain yield and related traits was collected from the literature and used for retrieval of the corresponding protein sequences for the identi cation of homologous MQTL genomic regions. Amino acid sequences for relevant genes were retrieved from the NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and used for BLASTP search to identify the wheat protein (available in EnsemblPlants) at an E-value of <10−10, with 60% coverage, and >60% identity. Physical positions of the corresponding genes and wheat MQTLs were then compared to detect the MQTL regions homologous to known genes in other cereals. QTLs Associated with Grain Yield and Related Traits in Wheat The trait-wise distribution of total QTLs, along with QTLs having information required for meta QTL analysis and major QTLs associated with different yield traits is presented in Table 1. The distribution of these QTLs on different wheat sub-genomes is shown in Fig. 1. Among the three sub-genomes, the subgenome A carried 3,457 (38.42%) QTLs, sub-genome B carried 3,566 (39.63%) QTLs and the sub-genome D carried only 1,975 (21.94%) QTLs. Construction Of The Consensus Map The integrated consensus map contained 2,33,856 markers, which included a variety of markers including the following types: SNPs, DArT, SSR, AFLP, RAPD, STS, EST-SSR, SRAP, ISSR and KASP markers. Following important genes are also included on this consensus maps: Vrn, Ppd, Rht, and Glu loci ( Table S2). The total length of the consensus map is 11,638.76 cM; the length of individual chromosome ranged from 281.26 cM (4D) to 763.08 cM (4A). The average number of markers carried by a single chromosome was 11,136 (Table S3). The marker densities for individual linkage groups ranged from 12.76 to 48.27 markers per cM for A and B sub-genomes, and 7.74 to 18.13 markers for D sub-genome. Ortho-mqtls In Barley, Rice And Maize The next question, that is natural outcome of MQTL study is what will be the status of other crops, will they be harbouring similar MQTLs in their genomic regions. The study was further advanced to search such orthologues in Gramineae family. For identi cation of ortho-MQTLs, 27 stable and robust wheat MQTLs were selected, each, based on > 20 QTLs. As many as 24 corresponding MQTLs (so called ortho-MQTLs) of these wheat MQTLs were identi ed in rice, barley and maize genomes; ortho-MQTLs for three wheat MQTLs (MQTL1A.5, MQTL2A.2, and MQTL3A.4) were not identi ed on any syntenic chromosome of the studied species; the details are as follows: (i) ve ortho-MQTLs mainly associated with traits GY, GWei, and PH in wheat and maize, (ii) ortho-MQTLs of 11 wheat MQTLs in syntenic regions of rice and maize, and (iii) two ortho-MQTLs (ortho-MQTL2D.5 and ortho-MQTL5A.3) in syntenic regions of maize and barley. Among these, 6 ortho-MQTLs (ortho-MQTL2B.3, ortho-MQTL4A.3; ortho-MQTL4B.1; ortho-MQTL4B.5, ortho-MQTL7A.3, and ortho-MQTL7B.1) involved MQTLs in all the four crops (Table 3). Conclusively, ortho-MQTLs were detected on ve barley chromosomes 2H, 4H, 5H, and 7H; each of which comprised only one previously detected MQTLs. In rice, ortho-MQTLs were identi ed on all the chromosomes except chromosomes 1, 9, and 10, and underlying MQTLs ranged from 1 (on chromosome 2) to 8 (on chromosome 4) MQTLs. In maize, ortho-MQTLs were detected on all the ten chromosomes, number of MQTLs within the ortho-MQTL regions ranged from 1 to 16 MQTLs. The remaining information about ortho-MQTLs identi ed between wheat with barley, rice, and maize are given in Table 3 and the traits associated with these ortho-MQTLs and underlying orthologous genes along with their functional descriptions are presented in Table S5. Candidate Genes For Wheat Mqtls Gene mining in genomic regions carrying individual MQTL allowed the identi cation of 2,953 gene models; this number was reduced to 2,298, when following classes were removed: (i) duplicated genes from overlapping MQTLs; (ii) genes with no information available regarding molecular function and gene ontology (GO) terms. The in-silico expression analysis of the above gene models (except the gene models underlying three MQTLs) allowed the identi cation of 1,202 gene models, each showing at least 2 transcripts per million (TPM) expression (highlighted with yellow in Table S6). The gene models showed spatio-temporal gene expression, expressing in different plant tissues such as grains, spikes, leaves, shoots, and roots, etc. at speci c times during development (for instance, see Fig. 3). Detailed information regarding these gene models, hereafter, termed as 'putative CGs' detected in different MQTL regions is provided in Table S6. These 1,202 CGs mainly belonged to the ve major gene classes, including, (i) transcription factors, (ii) genes involved in metabolism and/or signalling of growth regulators-gibberellins, cytokinins and brassinosteroids, (iii) genes regulating cell division and proliferation (iv) oral regulators, and (v) genes involved in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism (Table S7). Wheat MQTLs with Homology to Known Genes from Other Cereals Known genes for yield and its components from other cereals including rice, barley, and maize were also used for the identi cation of putative wheat CGs in MQTL regions; this allowed identi cation of 24 putative wheat CGs of the 48 available rice genes, 3 of the 7 available barley genes and 8 of the available 13 maize genes. Of these 24 rice genes, as many as 12 genes (viz., D2, DEP1, An-1, GW2, GIF1, qGL3, SMG1, OsLG3, OsALMT7, GS9, OsPK2, and FZP) showed more than one homologues, while, remaining twelve genes showed only one homologue each in wheat MQTL regions (Table 4 and S10). No wheat homologues in MQTL regions were available for four barley genes (Ert-m, HvAPETALA2, HvLUX1, and INT-C), while, two barley genes (vrs4 and COM1) each gave more than one wheat homologues and one gene showed a single homologue (Table 4 and S10). For 8 maize genes (FASCIATED EAR2, ramosa2, ZmFrk1, bs1, BIF1, ZmGS3, KNR6 and vt2), 12 wheat homologues were available in different MQTL regions. In some cases, more than one homologues were available within the same MQTL regions, for instance, homologues of rice genes An-1, GIF4, GW2, and OsPK2 were detected in the MQTL2A.2 region, homologues of rice genes D11, GIF1, OsPK2, and FZP rice genes were available in MQTL2D.8 region and homologues of Vrs4 (barley), ramosa2, vt2 (maize) were available in MQTL3A.3 region (Table 4). Overall, 33 MQTL regions contained 50 wheat homologues involving 35 alien yield genes from other three cereals (rice, barley, and maize). To our knowledge, homologues of only 8 of these 34 alien genes (GW2, GIF1, GS3, DEP1, CKX2, OsSPL14, FZP, and ZmVT2) have already been cloned and characterized in wheat; following are the details of these wheat homologues: TaGW2 Discussion During the past two decades, starting with the rst QTL studies on yield-related traits published by Araki et al. and Kato et al., a large number of of studies have been conducted on QTL mapping for grain yield and its component traits in wheat (Table S1). The studies involving development of MQTLs were largely motivated by the fact that only a small fraction of QTLs identi ed by interval mapping are major QTLs, and majority of QTLs are each associated with a large con dence interval, with anking markers often located away from the QTLs, thus making these QTLs not very useful for plant breeding. Also, QTLs identi ed using one bi-parental population may not be effective for a breeding programme involving other parents, without prior validation, unless the markers are functional markers located within the QTLs. These problems can be largely overcome through development of MQTLs, which are robust with a reduced con dence interval, thus increasing the utility of these MQTLs not only in crop improvement programmes, but also for basic studies involving cloning and characterizing QTLs/genes for the trait of interest. Meta-QTL analysis has been conducted for a variety of traits in all major crops. In wheat, meta-QTL analysis has been conducted for a number of traits including yield, but the information on MQTLs soon becomes out-of-date. This is largely because, a large number of studies on QTL analysis for yield traits in wheat are regularly conducted, thus creating a need for conducting further studies on MQTLs periodically to obtain improved MQTLs. The present study is one such attempt, conducted to improve upon MQTLs reported so far for grain yield and associated traits in wheat (;;Gri ;Gri ;;;). The maximum number of QTLs used for these earlier meta-QTL studies on yield traits in wheat was 381 for hexaploid wheat (including the QTLs detected under heat and drought stress conditions) and 1,162 (including the QTLs for disease resistance, grain yellow pigment content, grain quality traits, and root architecture-related traits) for durum wheat leading to identi cation of a maximum of 55 MQTLs for hexaploid wheats (;) and 71 for durum wheats (). In contrast to this, the number of available QTLs that we listed were 8,998, of which 2,852 major QTLs were used for identi cation of as many as 141 MQTLs suggesting that the present study is so far the most comprehensive study for identi cation of MQTLs in wheat. With the availability of improved algorithms, software, and recently available resources such as high quality genomic and transcriptomic data (;;;;;) the study was more demanding but effective in identi cation of better MQTLs. Hopefully, some of the MQTLs identi ed during the present study will be relatively more robust, since the number of initial QTLs per MQTL could be as high as 71 (MQTL5A.2). As many as 24 MQTLs identi ed during the present study had their genetic positions almost overlapping those occupied by MQTLs reported in two recent studies (;), so that these MQTLs can be used in future studies with a higher level of con dence (Table S4). On a critical evaluation of these 24 MQTLs, we selected 15 MQTLs each involving atleast 10 initial QTLs, which should be tried in molecular breeding and future studies for cloning and characterization of QTLs/genes (Table S4). Breeder's Mqtls Following the criteria laid down by L er et al., from a total of 141 MQTLs identi ed during the present study, we selected thirteen most promising MQTLs, and described these MQTLs as "Breeder's MQTLs", each of which had a CI of < 2cM. Also, these MQTLs explained a signi cant proportion of phenotypic variance (ranging from 20.73 to 49.16 %) associated with high LOD values (ranging from 14.05 to 62.67) ( Table 2). For example, one MQTL having high PVE (49.16%) can be called a mega breeder MQTL located on 3D.1 for traits GWei, GMRTs and PH. Therefore, these MQTLs have the potential to serve as most e cient targets for their direct use in MAS for wheat improvement or can be treated as major genes. Another important feature of the present study is the availability of clusters of MQTLs, which included one cluster each on seven different chromosomes (Fig. 2). These clusters of MQTLs may be treated as hotspots and should be utilized for breeding and for future basic research with high level of con dence. Ortho-mqtls For Cereals For the present analysis, we took a step ahead for identi cation of Ortho-MQTLs, since these are conserved and may be recommended for use in all cereals. Conserved nature of these orthoMQTLs also suggest that these may represent some regulatory genes (;). Keeping this in view, we selected a total of twenty-seven most promising wheat MQTLs to investigate their evolutionary conserved syntenic regions (or so called ortho-MQTLs) reported in similar meta-QTL analysis studies on the yield-related traits in maize, barley, and rice (Table 3). Consequently, 24 ortho-MQTLs were identi ed for yield and associated traits conserved at orthologous positions in the barley, rice and maize. As many as six of these 24 ortho-MQTLs identi ed in the present study were crossspecies in all the four crops, revealing the high level of conservation of wheat with barley, maize and rice. Of the CGs underlying these ortho-MQTLs, precise orthologous gene sets can be considered as direct potential candidates for further homology-based cloning, functional validation or at least as a source of accurate molecular markers such as conserved orthologous set (COS) markers for use in cereal breeding programs. Among earlier studies on ortho-MQTLs in wheat, conducted using the above cross-genome map based strategy, an ortho-MQTL associated with nitrogen use e ciency was earlier discovered. This ortho-MQTL was common for all cereals including wheat, maize, sorghum, and rice, which enabled characterization of a structurally and functionally important conserved gene 'glutamate synthase' (GoGAT) at orthologous positions in a number of species (). In another study, ortho-MQTLs associated with grain iron and zinc were identi ed using rice MQTL. Further dissection of these ortho-MQTL regions led to the identi cation of two maize genes of rice, namely GRMZM2G178190, and GRMZM2G366919. These genes were characterized as natural resistance-associated macrophage protein genes and considered to be the best candidate genes associated with grain iron and zinc in maize (). The ortho-MQTLs identi ed during the present study can also be subjected to similar studies leading to identi cation of orthologs. Candidate Genes For Mqtls The QTLome for grain yield and its component traits is also believed to have a signi cant correlation with gene density in the wheat genome (). In the present study, gene mining was performed in all MQTL regions (in ≤ the 2Mb region) and a total of 2298 gene models were identi ed. Of these, 703 gene models/putative CGs produced 2 to 5 TPM expressions (highlighted with yellow in Table S6), whereas, as many as 489 gene models showed more than 5 TPM expression (highlighted with blue in Table S6) in different plant tissues at different times (spatio-temporal gene expression). As mentioned earlier, these putative CGs mainly belonged to ve major categories of the genes which are known to be involved in controlling the grain yield and associated traits in cereals (;) (Table S7). MQTLs with genes/gene families involved in grain yield and its component traits has also been shown in several studies (;;;;Li and Wei, 2020;;;;). In the present study, several such genes/gene families with similar functions were detected repeatedly in different MQTL regions, including 114 genes for leucine-rich repeat proteins, 63 genes for serine/threonine-protein kinases, 33 genes for cytochrome P450 proteins and 14 genes each for WD40/YVTN repeat-like containing proteins, UDP-glucuronosyl/UDP-glucosyltransferases, FAD/NAD(P) binding proteins, and E3 ubiquitin ligases, etc (Table S6). Moreover, some genes encoding unpredicted or uncharacterized proteins also showed signi cant expression in different plant tissues (Table S6). These genes deserve further attention, to explore their possible roles in the regulation of yield and its component traits in wheat. For many MQTL regions, it was also possible to identify several F-box-like domain superfamily, UDPglucuronosyl/UDP-glucosyltransferase, etc. (Table S6). These gene clusters are quite common in plant genomes and are known to encode proteins involved in many enzymatic pathways in plants (;). It has also been shown in these studies that members of a gene cluster can be located in close proximity (only a few thousand base pairs far from each other) in a small genomic region, and also encoding similar products/proteins, thus together sharing a generalized function. We selected as many as 162 promising putative CGs which had more than 5 TPM expression in different tissues (Table 5). An extensive survey of available literature also shows association of these selected genes with the traits of interest in different plant species. These CGs may be cloned and further characterized and then can be exploited through biotechnological approaches such as transgenesis and gene editing. In a more recent study, it was observed that over-expression of the expansin gene in developing seeds minimizes the trade-off between grain number and grain weight, and ultimately improves the grain yield. Transgenic plants with enhanced expression of the Expansin gene yielded 12.3 % higher grain weight compared to the control, which nally translated into an 11.3% increase in grain yield under eld conditions (). In the present study, we also identi ed many putative CGs, including genes for Expansin proteins in some MQTL regions (Table 5, Table S6). In future, the targeted transgenic approach using these potential CGs may allow improvement for grain yield in wheat. However, in some cases, where gene clusters regulate the expression of target trait, the transgenic method using a single gene may not be as effective as MAS, where anking markers can target a much larger region encompassing all the genes of a cluster. MQTL regions were also examined for genes already known to be associated with yield and its component traits; as many as 18 such wheat genes were identi ed. These genes encode a variety of proteins including the following: cell wall invertase, sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase, squamosa promoter binding protein-like protein, E3 ubiquitin ligase, APETALA2/AP2/ERF transcription factor, cytochrome P450 protein, phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein, and transmembrane protein, etc. Similar proteins/products are also encoded by many other CGs, identi ed in the present study. Therefore, these CGs can be used for further functional analysis. Some of the MQTLs also had anking markers associated with known genes including Vrn, Ppd, and Rht genes, that are widely known to regulate plant phenology, ultimately in uencing the grain yield and other component traits in wheat (;). Wheat homologues of rice, barley and maize genes During the present study, within the wheat MQTL regions, we also identi ed several wheat homologues of genes that are known to control grain yield and related traits in rice, barley, and maize genes; many of these genes have not yet been cloned and functionally characterized in wheat; these genes include the following: (i) rice genes: An-1, Bsg1, D11, D2, LP, PGL1, qGL3, SMG1, OsOTUB1, OsLG3, OsDHHC1, OsY37, qWS8, OsALMT7, GS9, GSN1, OsPS1-F, and OsPK2; (ii) barley genes: vrs4 and COM1 and (iii) maize genes: FASCIATED EAR2, ramosa2, ZmFrk1, bs1, KNR6, and BIF1 (Table 4, Table S9). Using comparative genomics, orthologs of these genes can be characterized in wheat and their functional markers can be developed and validated. For instance, in a study conducted in 2018, a meta-analysis of QTLs associated with grain weight in tetraploid wheat resulted in the identi cation of one important locus, mQTL-GW-6A on chromosome 6A. Further analysis identi ed and characterized a wheat homolog of the rice gene, OsGRF4 within this MQTL region (). This suggests that integrating an MQTL study with a well-annotated genome can rapidly lead to the detection of CGs underlying traits of interest. This was an in-silico approach for improvement of our understanding of the genetic architecture of grain yield and its component traits in wheat through identi cation of MQTLs, orthoMQTLs, and candidate genes. The study involved an integration of the available information about QTLs that were identi ed in earlier studies along with genomic and transcriptomic resources of the wheat. As many as 141 MQTLs, each associated with a narrow con dence interval and 1,202 putative CGs were identi ed. Thirteen of these 141 MQTLs regions given as breeder's QTL, we recommend for use in MAS for grain yield improvement in wheat. Based on a comparative genomic approach, several wheat homologs of rice, barley, and maize yield-related genes were also detected in the MQTL regions. The ortho-MQTL analysis demonstrated that MQTLs of yield-related traits appear to be transferable to other cereal crops that that may assist breeding programs in cereals. As many as 162 of 1,202 putative CGs are also recommended for future basic studies including cloning and functional characterization. However, after any in-silico analysis of this type, the in-vivo con rmation and/or validation of any of these loci, speci cally the CGs identi ed, is needed, which can be accomplished via further approaches, such as gene cloning, reverse genetic approaches, gene silencing followed by transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. We hope that the results of the present study will help in developing a better insight into the genetic architecture and molecular mechanisms underlying grain yield and its component traits in wheat and other cereals. The information on the molecular markers linked with the MQTLs and CGs occupying the MQTL region may also prove useful in breeding for grain yield improvement in wheat. Kumar A, Saripalli G, Jan I, Kumar K, Sharma PK, Balyan HS, Gupta PK Meta-QTL analysis and identi cation of candidate genes for drought tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Tables Table 1 The trait wise distribution of total QTLs, along with QTLs having information required for analysis and major QTLs associated with studied traits TraesCS7D02G398900 Glycoside hydrolase MQTL7D.5 TraesCS7D02G455900 Small auxin-up RNA TraesCS7D02G456600 Ribosomal protein S13 TraesCS7D02G457400 SANT/Myb protein TraesCS7D02G458200 Papain-like cysteine peptidase Figure 1 Distribution of collected QTLs for grain yield and associated traits on A, B and D sub-genomes of wheat. Figure 2 Diagrammatic representation of MQTL clusters detected on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2B, 4B, 5B, 6B and 6D; Only desired parts of the chromosomes are shown for better visualization; different colours correspond to different MQTLs on each chromosome.
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Q:
What about introducing a collaboration Zone/Tag on Music?
I posted an answer to a Question about engagement on the site, that was actually intended to be just a comment but grew while I was writing it. Even though I truly mean what I wrote down there, I was not really happy with my answer, for a very simple reason. I felt it was (even it was not meant to be that way) rather a criticism and lacking of any suggestion. So I further though about the question "how could a collaborative spirit be introduced practically?" and I came up with this idea:
How would it be to introduce something like a collaboration tag on the site?
Gaining for questions like:
I'm working on an educational Open Source Score Repository for
progressive exercises from the very beginning onwards to more
advanced studies for the Violoncello. Is there anyone interested to
take part, contribute or suggest anything to this project?
I know this suggestion is gonna raise major problems with the site's policy. Still I would like to throw it in.
A:
I suggest using the chat for this. This is more what the chat is designed for. Our main chat room has gotten busier lately so you should be able to get some feedback from that. If there's high interest we can event make a new chat room.
As written, it does not seem to make sense on the main site, but either through the meta or though the chat we can do something similar.
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School for the Humanities Boasting an extremely low drop-out rate (one percent) and the highest possible attendance record (100 percen,t), New York City's junior high School for the Humanities achieved an extraordinary success with disadvantaged kids while avoiding the ordinary disciplinary prob lems. The staff attribute the success to the in terdisciplinary approach and to student in volvement in course and trip planning. Some of the 30 courses offered were: Economic Tour of New York City, Movie Production, Graphic Arts, and Theatre.
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Talk about a 'Comic Con.' For one man at Midtown Comics at 40th Street and 7th Avenue, it did not end well.The man was running wild around the second floor store, where police say he had been trying to shoplift comic books. When workers tried to stop him, he dove through a plate-glass window and tumbled to the sidewalk below.The busy corner was lined with vendors and packed with pedestrians around 2:30 Tuesday afternoon.Street vendor Demo Helim ran after him and kept him from getting far before police could arrive and take him, bloody, into custody.It took police about an hour to bust out the remaining shards of glass and make the street safe. The man went to the hospital, his injuries remarkably minor.He has been identified only as a 24-year-old homeless man. He is charged with criminal mischief, assault, criminal possession controlled substance and unlawful possession of marijuana
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NF-B's Arsenal to Blunt JNK The paradox of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) is that it can induce both cell survival and cell death in immune and nonimmune cells. Activation of the TNF receptor stimulates both the prosurvival nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-B) signaling cascade and the proapoptotic c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Two reports indicate that these pathways communicate with each other to regulate a cell's ultimate fate. De Smaele et al. found that the transcription factor NF-B induces the expression of a protein called Gadd45, which acts as a negative regulator of JNK. Inhibiting Gadd45 expression resulted in sustained JNK activity. Gadd45 had no effect on the MAP kinases ERK and p38. Tang et al. show that X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), a known target of NF-B, also attenuated JNK activity. The mechanisms by which these two target proteins of NF-B inhibit JNK have yet to be defined. It will also be of interest to determine how the TNF receptor favors the activation of one pathway or the other to possibly influence the cross talk. E. De Smaele, F. Zazzeroni, S. Papa, D.U. Nguyen, R. Jin, J. Jones, R. Cong, G. Franzoso, Induction of Gadd45 by NF-B donwregulates pro-apoptotic JNK signalling. Nature 414, 308-313. G. Tang, Y. Minemoto, B. Dibling, N.H. Purcell, Z. Li, M. Karin, A. Lin, Inhibition of JNK activation through NF-B target genes. Nature 414, 313-317.
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A comparison of UW cold storage solution and St. Thomas' solution II: a 31P NMR and functional study of isolated porcine hearts. Although University of Wisconsin cold storage solution provides excellent preservation for the pancreas, the kidney, and the liver after extended cold ischemic storage, its ability to preserve the heart for extended cold storage periods is not yet proved. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of University of Wisconsin solution on heart preservation and to compare it to modified St. Thomas' solution II with respect to the capacity to preserve high-energy phosphates and contractile function in pig hearts. Hearts were arrested with either University of Wisconsin cold storage solution or St. Thomas' solution II (10 ml/kg) and kept ischemic at 12 degrees C or 4 degrees C for 8 hours. Functional recovery after the preservation period was assessed by means of ventricular function curves of the isovolumically contracting Langendorff model perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit solution. Phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to monitor high-energy phosphates and intracellular pH during preservation and reperfusion. At 12 degrees C, hearts arrested and preserved with University of Wisconsin solution showed a rapid decrease in phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate. With St. Thomas' solution, phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate decreased slowly. Functional recovery was poorer with University of Wisconsin solution than with St. Thomas' solution. Hearts preserved at 4 degrees C with either solution showed no significant differences in high-energy phosphate content and functional recovery. Rigorous control of the low temperature (4 degrees C) is necessary when University of Wisconsin solution is used for heart preservation.
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David Emanuel Wahlberg
Biography
He was born on September 9, 1882 in Ytterlännäs, Sweden to Johanna Winblad (1859–1916) and Per Olof Bernhard Wahlberg (1852–1927). He attended college in Sweden and graduated in 1901 then studied at the University of Chicago and received his Master of Arts in Romance 1904. He then attended Augustana College in 1905. He returned to Sweden and worked as a language teacher and journalist until 1916. He was ordained and then worked as a minister in Sundsvall. In 1923 or 1924 he became the pastor in Buenos Aires, Argentina. On September 15, 1927, his wife Jenny Katarina Wågberg died and on February 28, 1929 he left Argentina with his four children and returned to Sweden where he married his housekeeper, Bertha Debora Engström. He worked for a few different congregations until 1936 when he moved to Långsele. In 1942 he wrote A history of the Långsele parish school system: 1842-1942 with Torsten Sundvall and Urban Öland. Wahlberg died on March 7, 1949 in Fagersta, Sweden.
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Q:
Understanding a billing's message
It's important and I want to make sure I understand it correctly before replying or reacting in any way.
Hello,
John here from billing.
Thank you for your patience while we reviewed your case. After a
detailed review, I've found that those instances has been deleted, I’m
pleased to inform you that we’ve approved a billing adjustment of 400
USD for charges on your January bill, which has been applied as a
credit to your account. This credit will automatically apply and can
be referenced in the following link...
Does it mean they dropped my billings? The language is somewhat unclear to me.
A little background: I had a billing of 310$ that seemed to keep getting bigger even though I canceled their service when it reached 270$ or so.
Now it seems that this service's billing was removed from my billings page.
A:
It means they are giving you a $400 credit which will be automatically applied to your billing account.
So if your outstanding bill was -$310, and now you get a +$400 credit, then your now have a +$90 credit left on your account.
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import {toNumber, uniqueId} from 'lodash';
export function InputNumber() {
return (target, inputPropertyKey: string) => {
const randomIndex: string = uniqueId('InputNumber') + '_' + inputPropertyKey;
// get original setup of input and remove it from the object
const originalInput: PropertyDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, inputPropertyKey);
delete target[inputPropertyKey];
// define new setup of input
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_**In memory of my great-grandparents—the Boccuzzis, Valeris, Marinos, and Cerones—and for immigrants who continue to come to our country with courage and hope**_
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Osborne, Linda Barrett, 1949–This land is our land : the history of American immigration / by Linda Barrett Osborne.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4197-1660-7 (alk. paper)
eISBN 978-1-6131-2927-2
1. United States—Emigration and immigration—History—Juvenile literature. 2. Immigrants—United States—History—Juvenile literature. I. Title.
E184.A1O83 2016
304.80973—dc23
2015017877
Text copyright © 2016 Linda Barrett Osborne
Book design by Maria T. Middleton & Sara Corbett
For illustration credits, see this page.
Published in 2016 by Abrams Books for Young Readers, an imprint of ABRAMS. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.
Abrams Books for Young Readers are available at special discounts when purchased in quantity for premiums and promotions as well as fundraising or educational use. Special editions can also be created to specification. For details, contact [email protected] or the address below.
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**CONTENTS**
* * *
INTRODUCTION
**CHAPTER 1**
**THE BEGINNINGS**
**Germans, Irish, and Nativists**
**CHAPTER 2**
**THE OTHER EUROPE ARRIVES**
**Italians, Jews, and Eastern Europeans**
**CHAPTER 3**
**THE OTHER SHORE**
**Immigrants from Asia**
**CHAPTER 4**
**SOUTH OF OUR BORDER**
**Latin American Immigrants**
**CHAPTER 5**
**SEEKING SAFETY AND LIBERTY**
**Refugees**
**CHAPTER 6**
**THIS LAND IS WHOSE LAND?**
**From World War II into the Twenty-First Century**
EPILOGUE
APPENDIX: COMING TO—AND STAYING IN—THE UNITED STATES
SELECTED TIME LINE OF IMMIGRATION HISTORY
NOTES
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
INDEX OF SEARCHABLE TERMS
The Statue of Liberty was a gift from France to the United States to celebrate our country's free and democratic traditions. It stands on an island in New York Harbor and was dedicated in 1886.
**INTRODUCTION**
**All eight of my great-grandparents were born in Italy.** **They came to the United States in the 1880s and 1890s. At least two of them arrived before 1892, when Ellis Island opened to process the millions of people emigrating from Europe. My great-grandparents were immigrants to this country.**
Nicholas and Josephine Valeri, my great-grandparents, immigrated to the United States in the nineteenth century. All my great-grandparents were born in Italy, while their children—my grandparents—were born in the United States.
So were the English settlers of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, and the Pilgrims, in 1620.
The United States is a nation of immigrants and their descendants. The ancestors of everyone who lives here, except for the Native Americans "discovered" in North America by Europeans in the early sixteenth century, came from somewhere else. (The slaves brought from Africa also came from across the Atlantic, although they came against their will. Theirs is a separate story.) Most Americans—even those who call for limits on immigration—have an image of our country as welcoming others who seek freedom and opportunity. Look at the words by poet Emma Lazarus engraved on the base holding the Statue of Liberty:
**_"Give me your tired, your poor_ ,**
**_Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free_ ,**
**_The wretched refuse of your teeming shore_.**
**_Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me_ ,**
**_I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"_**
The Statue of Liberty is a symbol of hope, of a new start, recognized around the world. People have immigrated to America, to make a better life for themselves and their families, since the first European colonists arrived in the 1500s. Some of the earliest Europeans to explore and settle in what is now the United States included the Spanish, Dutch, and French. The Spanish founded St. Augustine, in what became Florida, in 1565. This is the oldest city on the U.S. mainland where people have continually lived. The first permanent English colony at Jamestown, Virginia, was not established until 1607.
"It lyes in a mild & temperate Clymate," William Byrd II wrote in 1736 about the colony of Virginia. "The woods are full of Buffalo's, Deer, & Wild Turkeys. . . . It is within the Government of Virginia, under the King [of England], where Liberty & Property is enjoyed, in perfection & the impartial administration of Justices hinders the Poor from every kind of Oppression from the Rich, & the Great."
"Any man or woman are fools that would not venture and come to this plentyful Country where no man or woman ever hungered or ever will," Margaret McCarthy, who arrived in New York in 1850, wrote to her father in Ireland.
"We came over here with nothing but our bare hands," recalled Albertina di Grazia, who emigrated from Italy in 1913. "We were dirt poor. This country gave us a chance to work and to get something out of our work and we worked hard for our children. And now they've got what we worked for. We're satisfied."
Immigrants who settle in the United States are grateful for the opportunities the country offers them. They are often welcomed, but Americans also have a long history of setting limits on immigration or rejecting it outright. George Washington, the first president of the United States, sometimes supported immigration. But he also wrote, "I have no intention to invite immigrants, even if there are no restrictive [government] acts against it. I am opposed to it altogether."
George Washington, the first American president, supported immigration of skilled workers and professionals to the United States, but he sometimes wrote against encouraging any new immigrants.
Washington also wrote to John Adams, who would follow him as president: "[With] respect to immigration . . . that except of useful mechanics and some particular . . . men and professions, there is no use of encouragement."
Both of these ways of looking at immigration—openness to all or restrictions for some—are part of our heritage. In the early twenty-first century, we still debate who and how many people should be allowed into our country, and if and when they should be allowed to become citizens. Some Americans think of the United States as multicultural, made stronger by the diversity of different ethnic groups. Others think that there should be one American culture and that it is up to the immigrant to adapt to it. Still others have believed that some immigrant groups are incapable of adapting and should not be permitted to stay.
Americans whose families have lived here for sometime—whether centuries, decades, or just a few years—often discount their own immigrant heritage. They look down on newcomers from other countries. Indeed, far from inviting Lazarus's "huddled masses," our laws, policies, and prejudices have often made it difficult for many immigrants to enter the United States or to find themselves welcome when they are here.
_This Land Is Our Land_ explores this country's attitudes about immigrants, starting from when we were a group of thirteen English colonies. Until the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which kept Chinese workers from immigrating to the United States, there were no major national restrictions on immigration—therefore, there were no illegal immigrants, or what we now call "undocumented aliens": people from foreign (alien) countries who have no official papers to enter the United States. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the biggest immigration issues were whether and how to limit the number of southern and eastern Europeans—and also to limit the immigration of Asians, who, in addition, were denied the right to become American citizens if they lived here.
Quota laws passed in 1921 and 1924 set limits on immigrants from Europe and Asia. Immigration from Latin America and Canada was not restricted then. As demands for labor in the southwestern United States increased in the 1920s, more Mexicans, especially, came to the United States. Some came officially; others came by simply crossing the border. The distinction between legal and illegal immigrants became important to Americans.
While the specific situations and attitudes toward some immigrant groups have changed, the general ideas expressed for and against immigration remain remarkably constant. Look at what Benjamin Franklin wrote about the large number of German immigrants to Pennsylvania in 1751, more than two hundred and fifty years ago:
_**Why should the [German] Boors be suffered to swarm into our Settlements, and by herding together establish their Language and Manners to the Exclusion of ours? Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a Colony of Aliens, who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of our Anglifying them, and will never adopt our Language or Customs, any more than they can acquire our Complexion.**_
Now imagine the same words today, with "Mexican" substituted for "German."
Benjamin Franklin was a Founding Father of the United States, one of the authors of the Declaration of Independence. He admired Europeans, but he viewed the United States as a country of English customs and language and wrote against immigrants who kept their foreign ways.
As they came, settled, and endured, each immigrant group went through a remarkably similar experience. They left their countries to escape poverty, war, starvation, or religious and political persecution—or for economic opportunity. As foreigners who came from different cultures and often spoke languages other than English, they faced prejudice from groups that were already here. They seemed to threaten American customs and values established as early as the 1600s. Often, they were denied jobs and housing. They did the hardest and least well paid work. Yet they saved money and made homes here. Immigrant men brought over their wives and children; immigrant children brought their siblings and parents. Families reunited. Whole communities left their country of birth and regrouped in America. The children and grandchildren of immigrants, born here, spoke English. They absorbed American attitudes and ways of living. They grew in numbers and gained political power.
They often acted toward immigrant groups that came after them with the same kind of prejudice and discrimination that their families had encountered when they first moved here.
_This Land Is Our Land_ does not attempt to answer all the questions and solve all the problems associated with immigration. Rather, it looks at our history to provide a context for discussion. If we examine the way Americans have responded to immigrants over time—and the responses have been startlingly similar and consistent—we gain an insight into immigration issues today. Why do we sometimes invite immigration and sometimes fear it? How much does race play a part in whether we accept new immigrants? Does the legacy of our country's origin as a group of English colonies still shape our attitudes?
This Polish man, boarding a ship in 1907 to carry him to his new home in the United States, was one of millions of immigrants who hoped for a better life in this country.
This book also presents the experiences of immigrants who left their home countries to start a new life here. How did their expectations and aspirations match the realities of living in the United States? How was the experience of different groups affected by racial prejudice? How did they eventually succeed, if they did, in becoming Americans?
The title of this book is a play on the words of the 1940 song by folksinger Woody Guthrie, "This Land Is Your Land." For Guthrie, the United States was both _your_ land and _my_ land—the land of everyone who lives in this country, you and me. He is nonexclusive—meaning there is no one who does not belong here.
When we read the title _This Land Is Our Land_ , what do we think "our" means? Is it _our_ land, the land of the people who already live here, who were once but are no longer immigrants? Or is it _our_ land, including the people who still come here for opportunity and freedom and to make the United States their home?
Alarmed by the flood of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe in the late 1800s, some Americans proclaimed that the United States should remain a country of English and western Europeans. These lodge members in 1902 are dressed in what they believe is Anglo-Saxon costume. Anglo-Saxons first settled in England in the fifth century, and their descendants ruled until 1066.
**THE BEGINNINGS**
* * *
**GERMANS, IRISH, AND NATIVISTS**
**The United States thinks of itself as the world's** **"melting pot." It is the country where men and women of many nationalities can become united as Americans. J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, a French immigrant farmer, wrote in the late eighteenth century:**
_**What then is the American, this new man? He is either an European or the descendant of an European. . . . He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced. . . . Here individuals of all races are melted into a new race of men, whose labours and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world.**_
"America is God's Crucible, the great Melting-Pot where all the races of Europe are melting and re-forming!" Israel Zangwill wrote in 1908 in his play _The Melting Pot_. "Melting pot" became a popular term to describe the United States.
On the other hand, Americans have not welcomed—or have denied entry to—many groups of immigrants. Note that for de Crevecoeur and Zangwill, the ingredients in the melting pot were all European. Many of the first European settlers looked down on other peoples. They tried to enslave American Indians, fought them, and took over their land. They enslaved Africans; and even after all slaves were freed in 1865, black people were treated harshly and unfairly under legal segregation.
Many European Americans thought that Native Americans and African Americans were inferior to them, based on unscientific ideas about race. They thought they themselves were favored by God to rule over other peoples. Race was not just about looking different; it was about feeling superior to other groups of human beings. Feeling superior allowed Europeans to justify their treatment of others. Americans divided people into acceptable and unacceptable groups, depending on their physical features and countries of origin.
But when Europeans who were not English began to immigrate to the United States, they often encountered discrimination, too. The idea of race expanded to include those who were slightly darker than the descendants of most English people. Benjamin Franklin wrote "that the Number of purely white People in the World is proportionally very small. All Africa is black and or tawny [brown]. . . . And in Europe, the Spaniards, Italians, French, Russians and Swedes, are generally of what we call a swarthy [brown] Complexion; as are the Germans also, the Saxons [one group of Germans] only excepted, who with the English, make the principal Body of White People on the Face of the Earth."
Today, nobody would think of Germans and Swedes as not white. In fact, by the end of the 1800s, they were accepted as white and American. But deciding who could be American was more complicated than just skin color. It also had to do with English traditions of religion, culture, and language, and ideas about government. For many people, being American has meant being white, Protestant, and English-speaking.
Even in the early twentieth century, some American politicians, the press, and the public called for preserving the United States for English descendants, or what they called "Anglo-Saxons." (We might call them "Caucasian," or just "white people," today.) "Anglo-Saxon" was the name given to the English from the fifth to the eleventh centuries. (The Saxon settlers of England were actually German immigrants who pushed the Scots and Welsh out of England.) Americans thought of themselves as Anglo-Saxons if they were born in the United States and descended from an English immigrant. By the late 1800s, the descendants of German, Irish, Welsh, Scots, French, Swiss, Scandinavian, Dutch, and Belgian immigrants, who had sometimes faced discrimination, were also considered acceptable.
These people considered themselves "native Americans" (never mind that the only native Americans were the American Indians, who were here long before the Europeans). Those who opposed immigration by any other ethnic group were called "nativists." Nativists didn't just believe that they were the only true Americans; they actively fought to keep other ethnic groups out of the United States.
Germans were among the earliest immigrants to North America, even before the United States became a country. These Germans are boarding a ship in Hamburg that will take them to New York.
Wherever the foreign-born population grew in numbers, nativism usually did, too. Two of the large immigrant groups following the founding of the English colonies were German and Irish. About 100,000 Germans immigrated to America between 1710 and 1775, before the United States became a country. In fact, more immigrants arrived from Germany than from England during this period. Many came as indentured servants—mostly young people who were bound by contract to work for an American for several years in return for their passage, the cost of their transportation to the United States. The life was hard, and families were sometimes separated. But this was also the eventual path to independence and even ownership of farms.
German and Irish immigrants made up two-thirds of new immigrants to the United States between 1830 and 1860. During this time, nativism was powerful in many parts of the United States, mainly on the East Coast. After 1840, Midwestern and Western states and territories actually encouraged immigration, since they had so much unpopulated land to be settled. Before the Civil War, some states, including Wisconsin, Michigan, and Indiana, even allowed immigrants who had started the process of citizenship, but were not yet American citizens, to vote.
The Irish came gradually until 1845, when Hannah Curtis wrote that "it is most dreadful the state the potatoes are in in Ireland . . . they are all tainted in the ground. . . . it is the opinion of every one there will be no potatoes. . . . we are greatly affraid there will be a famine this year." Many Irish, who depended on potatoes as their main food, died when the potato crops failed. From 1847 to 1852, almost a million people emigrated from Ireland, most to keep from starving. On April 2, 1852, the _New York Times_ reported:
_**On Sunday last three thousand emigrants arrived at this port. On Monday there were over two thousand. On Tuesday over five thousand arrived. On Wednesday the number was over two thousand. Thus in four days twelve thousand persons were landed for the first time upon American shores. A population greater than that of some of the largest and most flourishing villages of this State, was thus added to the City of New-York within ninety-six hours.**_
Many Irish came to the United States in the nineteenth century, especially after their potato crops—the main food eaten by the Irish poor—were ruined by disease beginning in 1845. These Irish are waiting for a coach in County Kerry, Ireland, to take them to a ship to sail for America in 1866.
New York City was overwhelmed with immigrants in a very short time. So was Boston, where a city public health report described the slums where Irish immigrants lived, "huddled together like brutes, without regard to age or sex or sense of decency. Under such circumstances self-respect . . . all the high and noble virtues soon die out, and sullen indifference and despair or disorder, intemperance [drinking alcohol] and utter degradation reign supreme."
Nativists often used words like "brutes" to describe immigrants. Many white Americans had long described African Americans that way: as animal-like and less than human. This ugly racism was both the foundation and the legacy of slavery. The habits of racial thinking made it easy for nativists to feel prejudice against newcomers. People were judged by facial features as well as clothing, language, and the perceptions nativists had about the culture and values of the country they came from. These newer groups were seen as inferior and uneducated, the bearers of disease and crime.
But the Irish could and did become successful. "I am exceedingly well pleased at coming to this land of plenty," wrote an Irish immigrant to the _London Times_ in 1850.
_**On arrival [in the United States] I purchased 120 acres of land at $5 an acre. You must bear in mind that I have purchased the land out, and it is to me and mine an "estate for ever", without a landlord, an agent or tax-gatherer to trouble me. I would advise all my friends to quit Ireland—the country most dear to me; as long as they remain in it they will be in bondage and misery.**_
_**What you labour for [here] is sweetened by contentment and happiness; there is no failure in the potato crop, and you can grow every crop you wish. . . . You need not mind feeding pigs, but let them into the woods and they will feed themselves, until you want to make bacon of them.**_
One of the main objections nativists had to some German immigrants (those who were not Protestants) and nearly all Irish immigrants was that they were Roman Catholic. The Catholic Church was led by the Pope in Rome, who some nativists believed wanted to take over the United States. "It is a fact, that Popery is opposed in its very nature to Democratic Republicanism; and it is, therefore, as a political system, as well as religious, opposed to civil and religious liberty, and consequently to our form of government," wrote Samuel F. B. Morse, in 1835. He was alarmed by the "increase of Roman Catholic cathedrals, churches, colleges, convents . . . in every part of the country; in the sudden increase of Catholic emigration [from Europe]; in the increased clannishness of the Roman Catholics, and the boldness with which their leaders are experimenting on the character of the American people." Morse was a prominent American, one of the inventors of the telegraph. Lyman Beecher, a respected Protestant minister and the father of the anti-slavery author Harriet Beecher Stowe, also expressed these views in the 1830s.
Germans (many settled on farms in the Midwest) also drew criticism for being un-American because they wanted to keep speaking German, send their children to German-language schools, and develop German-language newspapers—in other words, to keep their own culture. But most Germans began to adopt American ways as they settled in the United States and prospered economically.
This 1777 certificate records the birth of Catherine Hellman, of German ancestry, in Pennsylvania. The children of white immigrants born in the United States were commonly considered citizens. With passage of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution (1868), the right of American citizenship was guaranteed to all children born here.
"On this day I have purchased Wellington's farm for $1160," wrote William Seyffardt to his father in Germany in 1852. He had immigrated to Michigan. "The farm consists of 67 acres . . . [and] is the nicest location along the river. . . . I received a team of horses with harness . . . and eight tons of hay." He soon married Sophie Frank, another German immigrant. Seyffardt was pleased that German immigrants were coming together as a community. "The three Roeser brothers are living . . . upward along the river. Otto Roeser (law student), the hunter . . . sometimes supplies us with deer meat. . . . Tomorrow will be the first German meeting concerning County affairs, and I hope that the Germans will take a more active part [in American politics]." The Seyffardts' oldest daughter asked when she was three, "Papa, are you writing to Germany?" He wondered, "I would like to know what her idea of Germany is." By that time, his Michigan village had a post office, a blacksmith shop, a hotel, and a mill, which he owned. Relatives who had settled in other Midwestern cities visited the family. They were becoming involved in American affairs. They were making a life here.
But by the 1850s, the American Party (or "the Native American Party," as they first called themselves) was successfully winning state elections. Opponents called them "the Know Nothing Party" because they wanted to keep the workings of their organization secret. Members therefore replied, "I know nothing," when asked about the party. One of the party's proposals was to extend the number of years before an immigrant could become a citizen to twenty-one; another would keep the foreign- born from holding an elected office.
Fear of foreigners is at the heart of immigration issues. When immigrants learn English, live among American citizens, and adopt an "American" way of living (as defined by nativists), they are said to be "assimilated"—they lose the habits and ideas that make them foreign and become part of general American society and culture. But if immigrants continue to live in their own communities and speak their own language, they make some Americans uncomfortable. Longtime Americans feel that they, not the immigrants, are living in another country, a world different from the one they grew up in. This feels threatening, especially if the newcomers—as many have through our history—come from poverty.
Laboring Americans believed that immigrants took jobs away because they were poor and desperate to survive. They would work for very low wages, and employers would hire them instead of native-born workers. Many did start out working for low wages, but with time they worked their way out of poverty and into better positions. "Only those who don't want to work don't like it here, since in America you have to work if you want to amount to anything," wrote Anna Maria Schano to her family in Germany in the mid-1850s. She lived in New York City. "You probably never thought I would be a washerwoman, but in America you needn't be ashamed if you work. . . . A person can have a hard time here at the start, but when someone's been here longer, then he can do well."
The American Party, known as the Know Nothings, was anti-immigration. This sheet-music cover, published in 1854, is dedicated to the party.
During the American Civil War (1861–65), American jobs and immigration were not important issues. Americans focused on whether the United States would remain one nation. In fact, immigrants from many countries fought for either the Union army or the Confederate army.
Many immigrants fought in the Civil War. More fought for the Union than for the Confederacy. This 1861 print shows the Garibaldi Guard on parade. Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian patriot and a friend of the United States. The soldiers in the Northern unit named after him were not only from Italy but also from Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, France, Spain, and Portugal.
But anti-immigrant feelings thrived again after the war, when several economic depressions made it harder to find jobs. Again, nativists focused on Catholic immigrants. To be a member of the nativist American Protective Association, founded in 1887, one had to take an oath never to vote for a Catholic, never to give a Catholic a job when a Protestant was available, and never to go on strike with Catholics.
At the same time, Catholic immigrants and their children were becoming successful Americans. The Irish were gaining political power in New York and Boston. In 1885, Hugh O'Brien became Boston's first Irish-born mayor. He had come to the United States in 1832, when he was five. He became a publisher and a city legislator. He came before the potato famine in Ireland, but immigrants escaping the famine did much to elect him. He served for four terms.
Patrick Collins was Boston's second Irish-born mayor. When he was four, his father died. His mother could not support the family in Ireland; "the alternative, America, extended a hope that there would be opportunities for herself and her children," said a 1901 article published in the _New York Times_.
When Collins was twelve, "he became the office boy of a lawyer, and it was in this office that his dreams first began to take definite shape." He later apprenticed in an upholstery shop, and became foreman and then secretary of the union. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1883 to 1889. "When not at his office," the _Times_ wrote, "he can . . . be found at his home . . . deep in his books, which have been his teachers since he was obliged to leave school." Collins took office as mayor of Boston in 1902.
Collins had been a respectable leader in his trade union. Americans in general, however, worried about the rise of labor unions and of strikes, which were sometimes violent. Nativists believed that most labor leaders—people who organized workers to demand better treatment and pay—were foreigners. They considered them "agitators"—people who stirred up trouble. Some immigrant labor and political leaders were anarchists, men and women who were against any organized government of laws. This frightened many Americans, who believed that if there were no government and laws, there would be chaos.
Some of the anarchists were German. Nativists blamed German labor agitators for the Haymarket Riots. On May 4, 1886, workmen demonstrated in Haymarket Square in Chicago, protesting the killing of several workers the day before. Someone threw a bomb at police who tried to stop the demonstration. Several people died, and eight anarchists were convicted in a trial; four of them were executed. There was no strong evidence that any of them had thrown the bomb.
Smoke from a dynamite bomb fills Haymarket Square in Chicago, where anarchists, many of them immigrants, demonstrated after several workers were killed in a strike. The 1886 Haymarket Riots turned many Americans against German labor leaders in particular.
The anti-immigrant reaction was overwhelming. One article called the lead strikers "long-haired, wild-eyed, bad-smelling, atheistic, reckless foreign wretches, who never did an honest hour's work in their lives." Newspaper editorials said they were "Europe's human and inhuman rubbish" and "venomous reptiles." "There is no such thing as an American anarchist," another proclaimed. This connection of radical politics to immigrants continued for decades.
By the time of the Haymarket Riots, there was a new worry for nativists. Immigrants from England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and western European countries were not coming in great numbers. Instead, after 1870, a flood of southern Italian, eastern European, and Jewish immigrants caused Americans alarm. These immigrants were generally poor and uneducated and tended to have what Benjamin Franklin had described as "tawny" skin. They were not considered white. "The color of thousands of them differs materially from that of the Anglo-Saxon," warned Congressman Thomas Abercrombie of Alabama.
"No one has suggested a race distinction," said Senator William E. Chandler in 1892. "We are confronted with the fact, however, that the poorest immigrants do come from certain races." Even the German and Irish immigrants and their descendants—who had finally been accepted in American society—saw the newcomers as foreign and dangerous. Racism was again in full flower—this was the same time that state governments in the southern United States were beginning to pass segregation laws against African Americans. The calls to restrict immigration became louder than the voices of opportunity and diversity.
This Italian immigrant family—typical of so many immigrants in the early twentieth century—arrived at Ellis Island about 1910. Large numbers of immigrants from Italy began coming to the United States in the 1870s.
**THE OTHER EUROPE ARRIVES**
* * *
**ITALIANS, JEWS, AND EASTERN EUROPEANS**
**"The day came when we had to go and everyone was** **in the square saying good-bye. I had my Francesco in my arms. I was kissing his lips and kissing his cheeks and kissing his eyes. Maybe I would never see him again!** It wasn't fair! He was my baby!" remembered Rosa Cassettari. She left Italy in 1884 to join her husband, who was already working in the United States. She was one of the millions of Italians—and tens of millions of Europeans—who immigrated to America between 1870 and 1924.
Almost all immigrants came with Rosa's vision: "America! The country where everyone could find work! Where wages were so high no one had to go hungry! Where all men were free and equal and where even the poor could own land!" Like Rosa, they often left behind children and spouses, fathers and mothers, or siblings. Families paid the passage for those they could afford to send, who were able enough to begin again in another country. And also like Rosa, many could only come in steerage—the cheapest way to travel by sea.
Steerage was famous for its harsh conditions.
These steerage passengers gather on the deck of the _Patricia_ , which sailed from France in 1902. In good weather, steerage passengers could leave their overcrowded quarters in the ship's hold for some light and air.
_**All us poor people had to go down through a hole to the bottom of the ship. There was a big dark room down there with rows of wooden shelves all around where we were going to sleep—the Italian, the German, the Polish, the Swede, the French—every kind. . . . The girls and women and the men had to sleep all together in the same room. The men and girls had to sleep even in the same bed with only those little half-boards up between us to keep us from rolling together. . . . When the dinner bell rang we were all standing in line holding the tin plates we had to buy . . . waiting for soup and bread.**_
When she arrived in New York Harbor, like most immigrants, Rosa waited aboard her ship. She did not come through Ellis Island—that famous immigrant processing center was not opened until 1892. She came through Castle Garden, an old fort at the tip of Manhattan, turned into an entry point in 1855.
_**The inside was a big, dark room full of dust, with fingers of light coming down from the ceiling. That room was already crowded with poor people from earlier boats sitting on benches and on railings and on the floor. And to one side were a few old tables where food was being sold. Down the center between two railings high-up men were sitting on stools at high desks. And we had to walk in line between those two railings and pass them.**_
_**"What is your name? Where do you come from? Where are you going?" they shouted.**_
Welcome to America.
Castle Garden, once a fort, was used by the state of New York for screening immigrants. This painting by Thomas Chambers is from about 1850. The immigration center opened in 1855.
Throughout much of the 1800s, state governments, instead of the federal government, were responsible for the entry of immigrants. New York opened Castle Garden to process the huge numbers that came through New York City. In 1882, Congress passed two immigration laws. One (the Chinese Exclusion Act) prohibited most Chinese people from coming to the United States (see chapter 3). The other, an immigration law for the states to carry out, charged fifty cents for everyone who entered the United States. It also set the first restrictions, which applied to Rosa. Incoming immigrants were to be examined "and if on such examination there shall be found among such passengers any convict, lunatic, idiot, or any person unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge . . . such persons shall not be permitted to land." A "public charge" was someone who could not support himself or herself but needed money or help from the government to live.
Rosa passed the examination, but American-born citizens from "desirable" backgrounds like English—and Irish and German—now viewed immigrants like her, and those from eastern Europe, as intruders. "Numerous complaints have been made in regard to the Hebrew [Jewish] immigrants who lounge about Battery Park, obstructing the walks," reported the _New York Tribune_ in 1882. "Their filthy condition has caused many of the people who are accustomed to go to the park to seek a little recreation and fresh air to give up this practice. . . . The police have had many battles with these newcomers, who seem determined to have their own way."
New York's genteel classes might have been annoyed, but American laboring men were furious. During an economic depression that lasted from 1883 to 1886, they were losing jobs. The owners of business and industry brought in contract workers from southern and eastern Europe to keep wages down. Coal miners in Pennsylvania accused owners who used Hungarian and Italian laborers of trying to "degrade native labor by the introduction of a class who, in following the customs of their ancestors, live more like brutes than human beings." During a Congressional session, the immigrant workers were described as "so many cattle, large numbers of degraded, ignorant, brutal . . . foreign serfs." Language like this—"brutes" (as the Irish had once been called), "cattle," and "degraded"—expressed the fear and hatred toward southern and eastern European immigrants.
In New York and other cities, these newer immigrants lived in their own neighborhoods. This was partly because, so far from home, they drew support from being near people from the same town or village. They spoke the same language and shared the same religious traditions. But it was also because many Americans did not want them to live in their neighborhoods.
When Rosa Cassettari joined her husband at an iron mining camp in Missouri, life was hard, but the German- and English-speaking people who lived nearby were friendly. However, when she moved to Chicago, there were apartments she couldn't have "because nobody would rent to Italians." At one point she and her family lived in a basement next to a factory. One night when it rained a lot, "my poor rooms had one foot of water in. The baby's cradle was swimming around, and that basket of clothes I used to wash, it was swimming around too. . . . My husband was throwing the water out with a shovel and sweeping it out with a broom."
Southern and eastern European immigrants were crowded together in poorly maintained tenements or other slum buildings in cities like New York and Boston. The housing wasn't cheap—landlords knew they had no place else to go. Many of the landlords were also immigrants from the same countries in Europe as their tenants, but they had been in the United States longer. Some took advantage of the innocence and confusion of the newly arrived, guiding them to overpriced lodging and badly paying jobs.
Lines of drying laundry hang from the windows of tenements in New York's Manhattan, about 1900.
Nativists believed that such foreign and strange people—living in isolation from the rest of Americans—could never be assimilated into American society. They could never "fit in" without their strangeness being noticed. They could never learn the customs, values, and language of the United States. Because some immigrants came to work and save money and then return to their own countries, nativists accused immigrants of taking advantage of America without giving back. Of course, by constructing roads, railroads, and buildings, mining coal and iron, and producing textiles in factories, they were contributing to the United States while they were here. And although some never settled permanently, most did.
Sophie Zurowski emigrated from Poland to Indiana in 1895. "My husband worked in the steel mill all his life. Hard work. He was working hard. None of my boys ever went to work in the steel mill." One of them, who became a pharmacist, wondered to his father "how you could stand that place!" "If you want to make a living, you have to stand it," his father answered. Most immigrants were willing to do anything to succeed.
These women and a child in Old World dress have likely just come from Ellis Island. They were often met by relatives and friends who had already immigrated and could help them adjust to the United States. The photographer, B. G. Phillips, captured many images of Jewish immigrants like them.
Joseph Baccardo emigrated from Italy to Pennsylvania in 1898. When he was nineteen, he took over an unheated, poorly built barbershop. "[When] I'd saved some money, I had a concrete floor put down. Then I had plumbing put in—little by little; I didn't do it all at one time. I lived in the back. . . . I can still remember when my wife and I were married and we moved a little stove into the kitchen . . . and we had candlelight at night. We had a little farm, too . . . tomatoes, peppers, cabbage. . . . I did pretty well for myself and my wife helped me. . . . I'm eighty-nine . . . but I'm still cutting hair."
Nativists were not waiting for immigrants to become successful. By the 1880s, more and more Americans called for limits on their number. The Chinese Exclusion Act became law in 1882. At the same time, in Philadelphia, the National Home Labor League was founded "to preserve the American labor market for American workingmen." In New England, the American Economic Association announced a $150 prize for the best essay about "The Evil Effects of Unrestricted Immigration." The Haymarket Riots of 1886 called attention to foreign agitators with radical ideas about giving workers more power and changing American democracy. Americans later feared radicals from Russia and Italy.
But it was in the 1890s that a new era in immigration policy began. This was the era of Ellis Island—the entry point in New York Harbor, which for many is, along with the Statue of Liberty, the symbol of immigration to America. In fact, Ellis Island, which opened in 1892, came fairly late in the story of immigration. It was also, for many of the immigrants who passed through, a place of fear as well as hope, because with new government policies, they could be sent back to Europe without ever entering the United States.
The 1882 law was updated by the 1891 Immigration Act. The list of restricted persons grew larger. It included people convicted of a crime; polygamists—people with more than one spouse; and "also any person whose ticket or passage is paid for with the money of another or who is assisted by others to come. . . ." These last would be immigrants who signed contracts to work before they came to the United States. This had been illegal since 1885. Its purpose was to keep out cheap labor that took jobs from Americans but also to protect immigrants who signed unfair contracts without knowing they might get better jobs once they came to the United States.
This 1915 postcard shows Ellis Island, opened in 1892 to process immigrants arriving in New York City.
The steamships that transported immigrants to the United States had to immediately take anyone who was rejected back to the port they had come from. Steamship companies had to pay a fine if they knowingly transported a person barred from entry. An immigrant who became a public charge within one year of his or her arrival could also be deported under certain conditions.
The 1891 act also created a new government job, a national superintendent of immigration. Immigration, which had been supervised by individual states, would be in the hands of the federal government.
Not every immigrant had to pass through Ellis Island. All those who came by steerage did. Those who traveled in second class or first class did not have to be inspected. Because they had enough money, they could land immediately in the city and begin their lives in the United States.
John Daroubian came through steerage. When he was sixteen, he emigrated from Armenia. "What are they going to do to us on Ellis Island?" he worried. "Many, many of our people were sent back. Some people were sent back because they couldn't speak right; some because they were sick. There was always something. I'm worrying, 'Will this thing work? What are we going to do? Will I get in? Will I get a job? Can I work?'. . . We got to Ellis Island and, thank God, we didn't encounter any trouble."
Faye Lundsky was only five years old when her family emigrated from Russia in 1893. They were escaping pogroms—government-supported campaigns to persecute and kill Jews. She caught the measles on the steamship, "so when we landed at Ellis Island I was separated from my mother. They took me to the hospital where they kept those that were detained, and it was very frightening. I didn't know the language, and I didn't know what happened to my mother." She was finally allowed to join her family.
Many immigrants at Ellis Island were fearful of the eye examination. Authorities looked for trachoma, an eye disease that led to blindness. People with trachoma were sent back to their home countries.
Noted photographer and social reformer Jacob Riis took this photograph of the children's playground on the roof of an Ellis Island building in 1900. Immigrants who were waiting for inspections or because they were ill were fed and given beds, and their children enjoyed some recreation.
Most immigrants expected the United States to be "America, the promised land. Nuggets of gold hanging on Christmas trees, diamonds on the waysides, sparkling pearls in crystal water begging to be held by human hands," remembered Walter Lindstrom, who emigrated from Sweden in 1913.
But Lundsky pointed out, "My mother said . . . there's an expression in Europe, 'America, the golden land.' She comes here and says, 'Where's the gold?' She saw people struggling . . . and it was a letdown for her. But as soon as he was able to, my father became a citizen and he would go and vote." Her father "was a sheet-metal worker. . . . He was jack of all trades. . . . He got any kind of job he could, and he struggled; it was very rough, but he made it on his own."
Child labor was common not only among immigrants but also for other American children. This 1911 photo by Lewis Hine of the Mauro family shows the mother and her eight-, ten-, and eleven-year-old daughters sewing feather decorations in their New York tenement. The entire family earned $2.25 a week.
Hard work was a way of life for most immigrants. Not only men but wives and children as well had jobs. "We started work at seven-thirty in the morning, and during the busy season we worked until nine in the evening," recalled Pauline Newman, who came as a small child from Lithuania in 1901. She soon worked in a dress-making factory in New York. "They didn't pay you any overtime and they didn't give you anything for supper money. Sometimes they'd give you a little apple pie if you had to work very late. That was all.
"What I had to do was not really very difficult," continued Newman. "It was just monotonous. When the shirtwaists [blouses] were finished at the [sewing] machine there were some threads that were left, and all the youngsters—we had a corner on the floor that resembled a kindergarten—we were given little scissors to cut the threads off. It wasn't heavy work, but it was monotonous, because you did the same thing." Children like Newman were below the legal age for working. When city inspectors came to the factory, they hid in boxes.
Immigrants settled in other places besides New York—they moved all around the United States. These immigrants are shrimp pickers in Mississippi in 1911. The youngest worker, standing on the box, is named Manuel and is five years old.
Many Americans did not understand how much effort immigrants put in to be successful in the United States. Instead, they saw that immigrants lived in poor, crowded, dirty conditions. In many tenements there was only one toilet on each floor, and there were no windows in most of the rooms. Water had to be fetched from the yard. Four, six, or eight people might sleep in one room, and not on beds. Most of the money went for rent and some food. It was no wonder that they and their children had tattered clothes and shoes and that they caught diseases like tuberculosis. And, of course, they continued to speak their own languages.
But immigrants supported each other. "I remember we always had somebody living with us," said Lundsky, who grew up in Boston. "One person brought over somebody else; it was an uncle or a cousin, they had no place to go. . . . There was always room, even if it was on the floor. We were close with our neighbors. If anybody was sick, they would bring chicken soup."
Some Americans worked to improve immigrant living conditions. Settlement houses—community centers where social workers aided poor people in the city—helped new immigrants to find jobs and learn about health care, and they provided safe places for children to play. But their main goal was to Americanize immigrants from southern and eastern Europe as quickly as possible. They offered classes in English and in how to be a "good" American, which meant giving up foreign customs and languages. They encouraged immigrants to quickly become citizens.
But other Americans—and their voices were growing stronger—believed the solution to fighting slums, crime, and poverty was to severely restrict ethnic groups such as Italians, Jews, Poles, and Hungarians from entering the United States.
Nativists began to use what they believed were "scientific" arguments to support their calls for restriction. Anthropologists had begun to group people based on their physical characteristics, including skin color, size, and shape of the head. A new system of classification, based on how people looked, divided Europeans into Nordic, Alpine, and Mediterranean categories. Nordics came from northern Europe (and, of course, England) and were superior to Alpines, from central Europe, and even more superior to Mediterraneans from countries like Italy, Greece, and Spain. This way of thinking associated physical traits with culture: people with lighter skin had superior cultures and values.
Johnny Yellow, a ten-year-old Polish immigrant, picks berries in Maryland, near Baltimore. This 1909 photograph is by Lewis Hine.
Anthropologists working in the late 1800s and early 1900s defined different ethnic groups by their "typical" physical characteristics. These heads, representing "types" from various countries, were sculpted to decorate the Library of Congress building.
Nativists also used theories of biology—incorrectly—to support their claims. Charles Darwin had proposed that animals and plants evolved—grew and changed—over thousands of years. Animal and plant species that inherited the strongest traits from the preceding generations would be better able to survive. Americans speaking out against open immigration believed that poverty, crime, illiteracy, and other social ills did not grow out of limited economic and cultural opportunities. They believed these were inherited characteristics. Therefore, the children of southern or eastern European parents would have no choice but to live in poverty. They would never become acceptable Americans.
"The hereditary character of pauperism and crime is the most fearful element with which society has to contend," asserted a social worker. Prescott F. Hall, a founder of the Immigration Restriction League in 1894, asked if Americans wanted their country "to be peopled by British, German and Scandinavian stock, historically free, energetic, progressive, or by Slav, Latin and Asiatic [Jewish] races, historically down-trodden . . . and stagnant."
Nativists worried that Anglo-Saxons—or Nordics, as they began to be called—would marry and have children with southern and eastern Europeans and Jews. These children would be weaker and less successful than "pure" Anglo-Saxons. These new immigrants threatened "to smother and obliterate American predominance, American influence, and American ideas and institutions," said one nativist society in the 1890s.
The first significant restriction law for Europeans that nativists wanted was a literacy test. If men could not read or write in any language, they would not be allowed in. (Wives and children who could not read or write could enter with husbands and fathers who could.) Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge led the drive in Congress to pass a law. In an 1896 speech, he said:
_**The illiteracy test will bear most heavily upon the Italians, Russians, Poles, Hungarians, Greeks, and Asiatics, and very lightly, or not at all, upon English-speaking emigrants, or Germans, Scandinavians, and French. In other words, the races most affected by the illiteracy test are those whose emigration to this country has begun within the last twenty years and swelled rapidly to enormous proportions, races with which the English-speaking have never hitherto assimilated, and who are most alien to the great body of the people of the United States.**_
Lodge believed that the literacy test would "shut out elements which no thoughtful or patriotic man can wish to see multiplied among the people of the United States."
Not every American wanted a literacy test to limit immigration. Owners of business and industry wanted to keep the flow of workers from Europe, whom they could pay less than American workers. Immigrants were also gaining political power as they became citizens; elected officials wanted to keep their vote. Some still believed that the United States should stay true to its democratic principles, providing opportunities for all. In 1897, President Grover Cleveland praised the "stupendous growth [of the United States] largely due to the assimilation and thrift of millions of sturdy and patriotic adopted citizens. . . . The time is quite within recent memory when the same thing was said of immigrants who, with their descendants, are now numbered among our best citizens."
During World War I, immigrants from many countries fought for the United States. This 1919 poster asks all Americans to contribute money to the government to help pay for the war, which had just ended. On the right is a list of ethnic last names of soldiers, including O'Brien (Irish), Villotto (Italian), and Turovich (Russian).
Cleveland vetoed a congressional act requiring a literacy test in 1897. President William Howard Taft vetoed the literacy test act in 1913, and Woodrow Wilson vetoed it in 1917. But Congress overrode Wilson's veto, so the literacy test became law in 1917. Nativists thought it was a victory, but in fact the requirement kept out very few immigrants, including the law's target, those from southern and eastern Europe.
During World War I—which began in Europe in 1914 and which the United States entered in 1917—opinions about whether to restrict immigration changed again. The flow of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe slowed down. In addition, people from many ethnic backgrounds served in the United States military. An estimated 18 percent of the U.S. army was born in other countries. "These handicapped races [Italian and Russian, among others] are showing such loyalty, such devotion to our country, that we are realizing our former undemocratic, unchristian attitude toward them," declared a popular Protestant magazine in 1918.
When the United States joined England and France in the war against Germany, the question of loyalty became even more important. For a time, German immigrants and their descendants were feared and disliked, even though they had been accepted as Americans for decades.
Many Americans came to believe that if a person thought of himself as a German American, or Italian American, or Irish American—instead of totally an American—he or she could not be fully loyal to the United States. Former president Theodore Roosevelt said that all true Americans, no matter where they were born, should believe in "the simple and loyal motto, AMERICA FOR AMERICANS." But the idea of "100 percent Americanism" left little room for immigrants who could not adapt quickly to American ways.
The process of "becoming American" could be slow, but a lot of immigrants wanted to assimilate. Sonia Walinsky emigrated from Russia to Chicago when she was six years old. At school, "there was a program, and different children were supposed to do different things, and I was supposed to wave the American flag. I was very proud. I waved it . . . with all my might. I thought I was really an Americanka then."
But the war made Americans cautious about becoming involved in Europe's problems at the same time that large numbers of refugees from eastern and southern Europe wanted to immigrate to the United States. In addition, communists had taken over the government of Russia in 1917. Communists believed that the people of a community or country should jointly own all property, such as factories and farms. They should share equally with one another. But since this was hard for most people to do, it often meant that a communist government would set the rules and enforce them, not allowing anyone to disagree. Most Americans did not believe in this kind of government, so they were alarmed that immigrants promoting communism were in the United States. Some communists were deported, but the fear that political radicals would continue to come to the United States persisted. An economic depression in 1920 and 1921 increased American workers' fears of job competition.
In 1909, Lewis Hine photographed these immigrant children at the Hancock School in Boston. Attending school helped children to learn the English language, as well as American ways.
Children who had to work during the day and adults attended night school to learn English, like this class held in Boston. Americans who feared that there were too many immigrants often did not realize how hard immigrants struggled to become American.
Many Americans again believed that the way to keep America for Americans wasn't to Americanize immigrants but to keep them out. In 1921, there were enough votes in Congress to pass the first immigration act setting quotas. (Quotas were an upper limit on the number of people who could come from each country each year.) It was called the "Emergency Immigration Act" because Americans were so worried about new immigrants flooding the country that they wanted to do something immediately to stop the flow. Congress set the total number of immigrants from all countries at 355,000 per year. (Almost 9.9 million European immigrants had come to the United States between 1905 and 1914—most from southern and eastern Europe.) Government officials counted the number of foreign-born people from each European country who lived in the United States according to the 1910 census. They said that 3 percent of that number could come from each country each year.
Although the number of immigrants dropped significantly in 1921, nativists still thought the quotas for eastern and southern Europeans were too high. They feared that jobs would be taken away from Americans; that communists, labor agitators, and other radicals would enter the United States; and, most important, that too many immigrants could not be assimilated—"The old Americans are getting a little panicky, and no wonder. . . . America, Americans and Americanism are being crowded out of America," wrote a reader to the _New Republic_ in 1924.
For a few years in the early 1900s, Americans believed that immigrants could be "Americanized" if they attended classes about citizenship and language, like this one held for Jewish women in New York City. But by the early 1920s, many Americans believed that there were too many immigrants to assimilate into an American way of life.
Men attended this Americanization class in New York in 1920. By 1924, quota laws would severely limit the number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.
Albert Johnson, a congressman from Washington State, headed the House of Representatives' committee on immigration. He led the fight for tougher quotas. He said:
_**Today, instead of a well-knit homogeneous citizenry, we have a body politic made up of all and every diverse element. Today, instead of a nation descended from generations of freemen bred to a knowledge of the principles and practice of self-government, of liberty under law, we have a heterogeneous population no small proportion of which is sprung from races that, throughout the centuries, have known no liberty at all. . . . In other words, our capacity to maintain our cherished institutions stands diluted by a stream of alien blood, with all its inherited misconceptions respecting the relationships of the governing power to the governed. . . . It is no wonder, therefore, that the myth of the melting pot has been discredited. . . . The United States is our land. . . . We intend to maintain it so. The day of unalloyed welcome to all peoples, the day of indiscriminate acceptance of all races, has definitely ended.**_
Congress passed the Johnson-Reed Act in 1924. Instead of using the 1910 census to decide America's foreign population, it used the census of 1890. This was because in 1890 there had been more northern and western European immigrants and fewer southern and eastern European immigrants living in the United States than in 1910. Congress wanted the United States to return to its English roots, which meant having immigrants from Britain (or western and northern Europeans) be recorded as the largest group in the population. The law set the quota at only 2 percent (instead of 3 percent) of immigrants from each country living here in 1890. The total number of immigrants would be only 150,000 a year. New immigrants from southern and eastern Europe would make up only 15 percent of the total each year.
It took five years before the details of all the quotas were worked out. After July 1, 1929, the yearly quotas for northern and western European countries included:
---
**_GREAT BRITAIN_ (England, Wales, and Scotland)**
**_AND NORTHERN IRELAND_** | **65,721**
**_IRISH FREE STATE_ (now Ireland)** | **17,853**
**_SWEDEN_** | **3,314**
**_NETHERLANDS_** | **3,153**
**_FRANCE_** | **3,086**
**_NORWAY_** | **2,377**
The yearly quotas for eastern and southern European countries included:
---
**_POLAND_** | **6,524**
**_ITALY_** | **5,802**
**_CZECHOSLOVAKIA_ (now the Czech Republic and Slovakia)** | **2,874**
**_RUSSIA_** | **2,784**
**_HUNGARY_** | **869**
After 1870, _millions_ of immigrants had arrived from these countries. After 1929, only 869 Hungarians and 5,802 Italians could immigrate each year. Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the country known as the United Kingdom) was allowed almost 66,000 per year, but English, Irish, Welsh, and Scottish immigrants never reached this number.
With the 1924 Immigration Act, racial assumptions became law. Americans believed that they were preventing their country from being taken over by inferior groups of human beings who could never change. Country quotas were not eliminated until 1965.
But the 1924 act was focused mainly on Europeans. Asians, who came even lower on the Anglo-Saxon scale of desirability, had more prejudiced and restrictive policies aimed at them. Starting in the late nineteenth century, the United States passed laws that would not only limit their entry but also never allow them to become American citizens.
In the late 1860s, Chinese immigrants provided much of the labor to build railroads connecting the eastern and western United States. Here they are laying track in Nevada.
**THE OTHER SHORE**
* * *
**IMMIGRANTS FROM ASIA**
**"I happened to see a Western movie, called _Rodeo_ ,** **at the Golden Horse Theater in Okayama City," said Frank Tomori, who was born in 1907 in Japan, "and [I] was completely obsessed with 'American fever' as a result of watching cowboys dealing with tens of thousands of horses in the vastWestern plains.** Enormous continent! Rich land! One could see a thousand miles at a glance! Respect for freedom and equality! That must be my permanent home, I decided." Tomori eventually immigrated to the United States. He ran a laundry in Portland, Oregon.
Frank Tomori described a vision of the United States held by people from all over the world. Immigrants from Asia were among them. Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Korean, Indian, and other Asian peoples came to America for economic opportunity and personal freedom.
Asians, like Europeans, often left their home countries because of extreme poverty. "There were four in our family, my mother, my father, my sister and me," explained a Chinese immigrant in the nineteenth century. "We lived in a two room house. Our sleeping room and the other served as parlor, kitchen and dining room. We were not rich enough to keep pigs or fowls, otherwise, our small house would have been more than overcrowded.
"How can we live on six baskets of rice which were paid twice a year for my father's duty as a night watchman? Sometimes the peasants have a poor crop then we go hungry. . . . Sometimes we went hungry for days. My mother and me would go over the harvested rice fields of the peasants to pick the grains they dropped. . . . We had only salt and water to eat with the rice." The first large Asian group that came to the United States was Chinese. These men (the vast majority of Chinese immigrants were men) came as early as 1849. They were drawn by the California Gold Rush. Between 1849 and 1930, some 380,000 Chinese immigrated to the United States. The majority of those who came to mine gold, and those who arrived later to build railroads, work on farms, and open shops, lived in California.
After the Civil War, the Central Pacific Railroad began building track in California to join the Union Pacific Railroad, linking the eastern and western United States. Although Irish immigrants and others worked on the railroad, Chinese workers were especially important in the West. The railroad owners believed that Chinese men worked harder and were more dependable than other immigrants and Americans, and they worked for less pay. At one point, Chinese made up at least 80 percent of the Central Pacific Railroad workers. Most of them intended to return to China after earning enough money, but many remained in the United States.
Although the owners of mines, railroads, and farms considered Chinese people excellent workers, white workers saw them as a threat to their jobs. White politicians objected to their presence. The majority of Chinese people lived in California, and California tried harder than any other state to limit Chinese immigration.
"[The] concentration, within our State limits, of vast numbers of the Asiatic races, and of the inhabitants of the Pacific Islands, and of many others dissimilar from ourselves in customs, language, and education" threatens American mining, reported the California Assembly as early as 1852. This was only three years after Chinese people had begun to arrive in significant numbers.
Many Chinese who stayed in the United States settled in San Francisco. Here two children stand on a sidewalk in that city's Chinatown. Arnold Genthe, another noted photographer, took the photograph sometime between 1896 and 1906.
Racial alarm grew worse in California. "Certain it is, that the greater the diversity of colors and qualities of men, the greater will be the strife and conflict of feeling," wrote Hinton Helper in _The Land of Gold_ , published in 1855. The same year, the California legislature passed "An Act to Discourage the Immigration to This State of Persons Who Cannot Become Citizens Thereof." It taxed shipowners $50 for every person landed who was not eligible to become a citizen of the United States.
The question of citizenship went back to 1790, when Congress passed a naturalization law. ("Naturalization" is the process by which a citizen of one country becomes a citizen of another. It applies only to immigrants.) The law stated "that any Alien [foreigner] being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and jurisdiction of the United States for the term of two years, may be admitted to become a citizen thereof." In 1798, Congress changed the law so that immigrants had to live here for five years. But it did not change the phrase "free white person." In 1870, Congress passed a naturalization law that allowed "aliens of African nativity" and "persons of African descent" to become citizens. Africans and African Americans were added to ensure that no previous law could stand in the way of their having the rights of citizens granted to them by the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) to the Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment (and the 1866 Civil Rights Act before that) was the first national law to say that anyone born in the United States—whether or not their parents are citizens—is an American citizen.
The laws of 1790 and 1870 did not say that people from Asia could not be citizens. It did not mention them at all. But because they were not mentioned, the United States government did not allow Chinese and other Asians to go through the process of becoming citizens. When a few Asians tried to become American citizens in the early 1900s, the Supreme Court said they could not, arguing that only white and black people were covered by law. It wasn't until the 1940s that Asians from some countries were allowed to become citizens. Finally, in 1952, an immigration and naturalization law removed the barriers to all Asians gaining American citizenship.
In 1869, work on the first railroads that joined the eastern and western United States ended. More than 10,000 Chinese railroad laborers were out of work and looking for other jobs. White Americans panicked. "The 60,000 or 100,000 Mongolians [Chinese] on our Western coast are the thin edge of the wedge which had for its base the 500,000,000 of Eastern Asia," wrote economist Henry George in the _New York Tribune_ in May 1869. He predicted that millions of Chinese would come here and take over the country. "The Chinaman can live where stronger than he would starve. Give him fair play and this quality enables him to drive out stronger races." George's article is full of prejudices, incorrect assumptions, and exaggeration. It portrays Chinese men as weaker than white Americans, then argues that they can live on practically nothing.
There were also many Americans who supported immigration to the United States. In 1871, cartoonist Thomas Nast shows a woman who represents America, scolding Americans who oppose Chinese immigration. "Hands off, gentlemen! America means fair play for all men," she reminds them.
As the number of Chinese immigrants increased, so did opposition to them. In 1886, this cover of _Puck_ , an American humor magazine, showed a man representing the state of Oregon shooting at and killing Chinese men who wanted to come there. The cartoonist was James Wales.
Despite discrimination and violence, the Chinese population grew. In this Arnold Genthe photo, Chinese "children of high class" walk in San Francisco. Chinese merchants and businessmen petitioned the state of California to provide education for their children, "so that they may learn the English language."
Chinese immigrants came together to protest against such prejudice and discrimination. Many of them were successful businessmen in California and intended to stay there. Around 1878, 1,300 Chinese, including the leaders of the Chinese Merchants of San Francisco and California, petitioned the state about a law that did not provide schools for their children. These men paid American taxes.
_**We respectfully represent that these sections of the law very clearly exclude our children from the benefits of the public schools, and we humbly approach you . . . begging you to change these laws, so that our children may be admitted to the public schools, or what we would prefer, that separate schools may be established for them. We simply ask that our children may be placed upon the same footing as the children of otherforeigners so that they may learn the English language, which would be for the advantage of all.**_
In 1885, the law was amended to provide separate schools "for children of Mongolian or Chinese descent."
People from China were the first group to have national laws passed against their immigration. Congressmen from California and other Western states campaigned for these laws. Senator Aaron Sargent was one of the most vocal lawmakers to speak out against Chinese immigration in the 1870s. The Page Act of 1875 prevented the entry of Chinese forced workers—those imported to work as slave labor, which was allowed in other countries. The law also kept out prostitutes—Congress outrageously believed this would keep out almost all Chinese women. Therefore, many more men than women emigrated from China.
Many Americans believed that no matter how educated or wealthy Chinese immigrants were, they could never become integrated into American society. This group of cartoons in an 1880 issue of _Puck_ frightened readers with images of Chinese "invaders" taking over cities throughout the United States.
Senator John Miller of California became the leading anti-Chinese spokesman in Congress in the 1880s. He proposed drastic legislation to limit Chinese immigration. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, allowing no Chinese laborers to enter the United States for ten years. It called for deporting any Chinese laborer who had entered the country after November 17, 1880, and specifically declared that no Chinese person could become a citizen. Congressmen from western states—where the majority of Chinese people lived—voted for the act. Southern Congressmen did, too. Although few Chinese lived in the South, racism there against African Americans and other people of color was strong. Eastern states in general did not support the Chinese Exclusion Act, although Chinese lived in eastern cities and encountered racism. The Geary Act of 1892 extended exclusion for another ten years. In 1902, the barriers to immigration of Chinese laborers were made permanent by another law.
With the passage of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, immigration became a national issue. This was ten years before Ellis Island opened. Before 1882, immigrants who came from both Europe and Asia had to be inspected by a Customs Service officer. Customs are taxes on all the things a person brings in from another country—including jewelry, furniture, rich fabrics like silk, wine, and fruits and vegetables. Collecting customs taxes was a way for the U.S. government to control trade. After the 1882 Immigration Act was passed, inspectors could also keep out people with diseases or who had no way to support themselves. They also began to collect a fifty-cent "head" tax, a charge for each immigrant who entered the country.
But the U.S. government had no system in place to keep Chinese workers from entering. The first patrols along the Mexican border by government officials in the 1890s were aimed not at keeping Mexicans out but Chinese people who might try to illegally enter by land. There was also a patrol on the border with Canada for the same reason: not to keep Canadian immigrants out but to prevent Chinese from entering.
Angel Island, shown here about 1910, when it opened, processed immigrants arriving in San Francisco. Not only were Chinese and Japanese inspected here, but, later, Indians, Russians, and people from the Pacific Islands.
Some Chinese people could still come to the United States, including diplomats, merchants, and laborers who had been here before 1880 and were returning from visits to China. There had to be some way to let these people in and still enforce the no-workers law. The first Chinese people to come after the Chinese Exclusion Act were held on unused ships in San Francisco harbor while U.S. officials decided whether they could enter the United States. (Some of the ships also held people who had the highly contagious disease smallpox.) The shipping companies that transported immigrants were responsible for paying for food and other expenses while they were being held. In 1898, the largest shipping company, the Pacific Mail, turned one of its office buildings on a San Francisco pier into "the Detention Shed," where those who wanted to immigrate had to wait. The _San Francisco Call_ newspaper wrote that the space was "not much bigger than an ordinary four-roomed cottage. Yet . . . no less than 357 Chinamen . . . were confined. . . . There they were, squatting on the floor around boxes and bundles of all kinds." The _Call_ later noted, "There are men in this place who have been detained for weeks and months owing to some defect in their papers." Wong Hock Won, a Chinese man held in the Detention Shed, wrote, "Here you are cramped and doomed never to stretch. You complain that the shed leaks and they [the guards] say, 'Why should you care?'"
Even the white press understood that the conditions were bad. In 1905, Congress approved money to build an immigration center on Angel Island in San Francisco Bay. It finally opened in 1910 and was used until 1940. It processed not only Chinese but also people who wanted to emigrate from more than eighty countries. The largest group to be held there was the 122,000 Chinese, but there were 63,000 immigrants from Japan, and 7,000 Sikhs from India. Even 12,000 Russians who lived in the far eastern part of their country (near Japan and Alaska) went through Angel Island.
By 1915, the number of Japanese immigrants passing through Angel Island outnumbered the Chinese. Immigrants were asked hard and detailed questions about their family history. Here, in 1923, a young Japanese man is interviewed by U.S. government officials, who will decide if he can enter the country.
Angel Island has often been called "the Ellis Island of the West," because it was there that U.S. government officials decided who could or could not enter the United States from Asia. But the two immigration centers were different in several ways. Twelve million immigrants came through Ellis Island in the sixty-two years it was open; fewer than half a million people stopped at Angel Island during the thirty years it was open.
Perhaps the biggest differences were that most Europeans were accepted and their stays at Ellis Island were short. Fewer Asians were admitted through Angel Island and their stays were much longer. Some were held for years. They lived in dormitories like army barracks, men and women separately. Those who had official documents to prove they were the children of U.S. citizens could enter fairly quickly. But "paper sons and daughters," who might have forged documents, were asked tough questions by American officials. For example, they had to describe in detail the village their father came from and who their ancestors were.
Some Asians held on Angel Island carved their names and dates into the walls. Some Chinese people carved sad or bitter poems. The carvings are still there. One Chinese person wrote:
_**I used to admire the land of the Flowery Flag [the United States] as a country of abundance.**_
_**I immediately raised money and started my journey.**_
_**For over a month, I have experienced enough wind and waves. . . .**_
_**I look up and see Oakland [California] so close by. . . .**_
_**Discontent fills my belly and it is difficult for me to sleep.**_
_**I just write these few lines to express what is on my mind.**_
Many Chinese spent months or even years held on Angel Island. Some eventually entered the United States. Others were forced to return to China. While they waited, a few of them carved poems in Chinese into the walls, describing their journeys, loneliness, discouragement, and desperation.
But as Chinese immigration slowed down, immigrants came from other Asian countries. By 1915, more Japanese than Chinese were processed on Angel Island. Japanese had begun coming to Hawaii in the 1880s and to the mainland (California, Oregon, Washington State) in the 1890s. They, too, were escaping impoverished lives. "What strikes me most is the hardships paupers are having in surviving [in Japan]," wrote a Japanese journalist in 1885. "Their regular fare consists of rice husk or buckwheat chaff ground into powder and the dregs of bean curd mixed with leaves and grass."
Japanese immigrants also had visions of opportunity. One wrote a haiku poem:
_**Huge dreams of fortune
Go with me to foreign lands,
Across the ocean.**_
Japanese immigrants found work in mining, railroad building, and lumber mills, or as servants in the homes of white people. But the majority quickly became farmers, especially growing fruits and vegetables they could sell in cities. Many Japanese families earned enough money to own their farms. But, as with the Chinese, American workers saw Japanese workers as competitors. Americans, especially those living on the Pacific Coast, believed they were being flooded by an "alien race." In 1901, California governor Henry Gage called Japanese immigrants a "menace" to American workers that was as dangerous as the "peril from Chinese labor" had been.
Like immigrants at Ellis Island, immigrants coming through Angel Island had to have medical examinations. Here American officials are examining a group aboard the ship _Shimyo Maru_ before they land on the island.
American politicians and newspapers rarely talked about people like Chiura Obata, who came in steerage from Japan in 1903. He and his shipmates "went through the medical examination," he reported when he wrote home about landing in Seattle, Washington.
_**The customs officials noted that most of my belongings were art supplies. . . . We went into town, had a meal of beef and Japanese cabbage for 10 cents. We got a room for 20 cents each and found it large enough. . . . Later, after going to a Japanese bathhouse, we heard there was a Baptist minister . . . who would take us in. . . . Pretty decent—lots of Caucasians there. Tonight was the first time I had slept in a bed in a house in North America.**_
"Picture brides"—Asian women who came to marry Asian immigrants—saw only their future husbands' photos before they met them. Here a group of Japanese picture brides arrives on Angel Island.
Obata became a professor of art at the University of California at Berkeley.
Racism against Asian immigrants in the early 1900s took the same form as it did throughout the country: sometimes laws separated ethnic groups, and, where there were no laws, discrimination often resulted in racial segregation. The Native Sons of the Golden West, a California organization of white nativists, challenged: "Would you like your daughter to marry a Japanese? If not, demand that your representative in the Legislature vote for segregation of whites and Asiatics in the public schools."
An attempt in 1906 to segregate Japanese children in schools set off an international crisis. Again, this happened in California, where the majority of Japanese immigrants lived. The San Francisco Board of Education ruled that "all Chinese, Japanese, and Korean children [be sent] to the Oriental Public School." While many Americans throughout the country were against Japanese immigration, the Japanese government had military power. The federal government, led by President Theodore Roosevelt, did not want to offend Japan. And the Japanese government was upset by this act of racism.
Roosevelt wanted to ease tension. He got San Francisco to take back the segregation order; he also persuaded the Japanese government to forbid Japanese laborers to leave Japan for the United States. This was called "the Gentlemen's Agreement" of 1907. However, "picture brides"—Japanese women coming to marry Japanese men they had never met—and other family members of those already here were allowed in.
The Gentlemen's Agreement stopped the flow of workers from Japan, but it did not stop discrimination and violence against the Japanese in America. "The persecutions became intolerable. My drivers were constantly attacked on the highway," said the Japanese owner of a laundry. "My place of business [was] defiled by rotten eggs and fruit; windows were smashed several times." In 1913, California passed a law that "aliens ineligible for citizenship" could not own land. It did not specify Japanese—or Chinese, or Koreans, or other Asian immigrants, for that matter—but it was only Asians who could not become citizens.
Other states, mainly western and southern, passed laws that kept Asians from buying land. They included Oregon, Washington, Utah, Wyoming, Montana, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Idaho, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, and Minnesota. It wasn't until 1952 that the Supreme Court declared that alien land laws were unconstitutional.
Although Japan was an ally of the United States during World War I, anti-Japanese feeling continued. Many Japanese immigrants were Buddhist. More than Catholicism in the nineteenth century, Buddhism seemed foreign and threatening to Americans. "Our mission is to elevate the spiritual life, not to dictate politics or policies of any government," explained Buddhist bishop Koyu Uchida in 1920 to a U.S. House of Representatives committee on immigration. "We should also like to point out that Buddhism is Democratic, an ideal long held by the citizens of the United States. . . . The [Buddhist missionaries trained in Japan] are required to have sufficient knowledge and information of America and American customs before being sent here, and are requested to perfect themselves as soon as possible after their arrival."
Japanese immigrants who were Buddhist often upset Americans who did not understand the religion. Here worshippers gather at the Hompa Hongwanji Buddhist Temple in Los Angeles, around 1925.
Efforts like this, which were designed to help Americans understand foreign cultures, did not seem to matter. After the 1924 Immigration Act went into effect, the United States would accept only one hundred immigrants each from Japan and China per year. These had to be eligible for citizenship, and Asians could not become citizens. This meant, in effect, that Europeans living in Asia could fill the quota.
Filipino immigrants—people from the Philippines—faced a different situation. The United States acquired the Philippines after defeating Spain (which had owned the Philippines as a colony) in the Spanish-American War (1898). Filipinos then fought the United States for their independence but became an American territory in 1902. Because of this, Filipinos were allowed to immigrate to the United States without restrictions, even after the quota law of 1924 went into effect. They came by ship straight from the Philippines, and sometimes from Hawaii, landing at ports on the Pacific Coast, including San Francisco and Portland, Oregon. After they passed through a customs check, like American citizens, they could enter the country.
Many Filipino immigrants worked on farms and helped with harvests, like this migrant worker in California in 1935.
Still, their lives were not easy. Many worked in seasonal farming, moving from place to place to pick and can fruits and vegetables.
"[My friend] Ninang and I cut spinach, we cut off the roots," wrote fifteen-year-old Angeles Monrayo in 1928. "Oh, first we pick out the bad leaves and the yellow then cut off the roots and put the spinach leaves on a wide moving-belt. We are paid 20 cents a crate for every crate we finish. Today I finish 10 crates only, so I made $2.00 exactly. . . . The women are all pieceworkers, especially the spinach cutters. The women who have been working in the cannery every year works faster and so they make more money. Me . . . I am glad that I am working and that I made $2.00 today." Three months later, drying apricots, Monrayo wrote, "I don't know how long the fruits will last. I know I am going to work as long as they [the land owners] keep us."
Filipinos suffered the same discrimination that Chinese and Japanese immigrants did. In Stockton, California, where Angeles Monrayo lived, police patrolled the streets at night to keep Filipinos from entering the white neighborhoods. Signs on hotels read POSITIVELY NO FILIPINOS ALLOWED.
In 1934, Congress made the Philippines a commonwealth with a Filipino government (effective in 1935). At the same time, it reduced the number of Filipinos who could immigrate to the United States to only fifty per year, another sign of racial discrimination. (The Philippines became fully independent from the United States in 1946.)
Koreans and Indians immigrated to the United States in much smaller numbers. After Japan occupied Korea in 1905, Koreans came to Hawaii. About one thousand immigrated to the U.S. mainland. Mary Paik Lee and her family were agricultural migrants. She was six years old when she came to the United States. In Riverside, California, she lived in a "camp . . . of one-room shacks, with a few water pumps here and there and little sheds for outhouses." The shacks had been built for Chinese railroad workers in the 1880s. Her "first day at school was a very frightening experience. As we [she and her brother] entered the schoolyard, several girls formed a ring around us, singing a song and dancing in a circle. When they stopped, each one came over to me and hit me in the neck." Not knowing the Paik family was Korean, the American students sang as though she were Chinese:
_**Ching chong, Chinaman,
Sitting on a wall.
Along came a white man,
And chopped his head off.**_
"The last line was the signal for each girl to 'chop my head off' by giving me a blow on the neck," wrote Paik. Moving to northern California, the Paik family encountered more prejudice. But in Claremont, California, Paik had her "first experience with the American way of living. The new house . . . had several rooms with beds. . . . The kitchen had a gas stove, electric lights, and a sink with faucets for cold and hot water. . . . For the first time, I felt glad that we had come to America."
In 1918, Raymond Song Herr, a Korean American, played football for YMCA College (now Aurora University) in Illinois. Often the children of immigrants learned English and assimilated into American society more easily than their parents.
Living in the United States was a combination of opportunity and discrimination. Paik stood up to her high school history teacher. "When we came to the pages about China and Japan, he referred to them as the lands of 'stinking Chinks and dirty Japs.' . . . [He] said that Korea was a wild, savage country that had been civilized by the 'Japs.' That was the last straw. . . . I walked up to him and said, 'Where did you learn Asian history? You don't know a thing about the subject.'"
Younghill Kang was a Korean who came to the United States in 1921, before passage of the immigration act. As a teenager he was interested in European and American science and culture. "I studied with . . . concentration and enthusiasm. . . . I studied with all the self-denial and earnestness of my father. . . . I studied with all the brains of my many ancestors who had been scholars and poets and officials beyond count or number. . . . I began to learn the law of gravitation. . . . The study of the lives of Lincoln and Napoleon, and the geography of the World kindled my enthusiasm until sometimes I seemed just to be dazzled by stars in the head," he wrote in the novel _The Grass Roof_ in 1931. Kang became a professor at New York University.
Immigrants from India came with the same desire to improve their lives. "Do you wonder when you look at India, with its low wages and high taxes, its famines and plagues, its absence of all incentive toward advancement, that the dam which for so long has held the people in check is weakening?" asked an article in _Pacific Monthly_ magazine in 1907. "Do you wonder that the East Indians are turning their faces westward toward the land of progress and opportunity?"
These Sikh immigrants from India work on a railroad in Oregon. They seemed especially foreign to many Americans because they wore turbans on their heads.
But by 1920, only about 6,400 immigrants from India had come to the United States. Despite their small numbers, some Americans worried that they were too different to become true Americans. "The civic and social question concerns the ability of the nation to assimilate this class of Hindus and their probable effect upon the communities where they settle," stated an article titled "The Hindu, the Newest Immigration Problem" in _Survey_ magazine. "Their habits . . . their lack of home life—no women being among them—and their effect upon standards of labor and wages, all combine to raise a serious question as to whether the doors should be kept open or closed against this strange, new stream."
The question was answered by the Immigration Act of 1917. Passed by Congress over President Woodrow Wilson's veto, it banned specific kinds of people, including "idiots" and "criminals," from entering the United States. It also created the "Asiatic barred zone," which prevented immigration not only from India but from most of Asia and the Pacific Islands as well. The "Asiatic barred zone" was a powerful symbol of American prejudice and racism. (In 1946, the Luce-Celler Act allowed Asian Indians and Filipinos to immigrate to the United States—but only one hundred a year! It also, finally, made Asian Indians and Filipinos eligible for citizenship.)
The experience of Asian immigrants in Hawaii was different from that of those who came to the U.S. mainland. More than 300,000 people from China, Japan, Korea, and the Philippines came between 1850 and 1920. Many started out as contract workers in the sugar-cane fields run by American companies. The life was hard. "We worked like machines," said one laborer. "We were watched constantly." A Korean woman remembered a foreman who "would gallop around on horseback and crack and snap his whip."
Because the workers came from different countries in Asia, they often lived in separate communities. It was difficult for them to organize for workers' rights. But in the early 1900s there were some successful strikes. More and more Asian immigrants decided to make Hawaii their permanent home. Others moved from there to the Pacific Coast states.
Although Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1898, it did not become a state until 1959. Racism was a factor. By 1920, Asians made up 62 percent of the population. But after World War II, American attitudes began to change. There is a higher percentage of people living in Hawaii who are Asians or their descendants than in any other state.
Perhaps the most controversial discrimination against an Asian group in the United States occurred during World War II (1939–45). Fighting had already begun in Asia and Europe. In December 1941, after Japanese troops bombed the American base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the United States went to war against Japan. Many in the Pacific Coast states believed that the Japanese would attack them. They also believed that Japanese immigrants (called "Issei") and their American-born children (called "Nisei") sabotaged the American war effort. California, Oregon, and Washington pressed for action against them. On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, calling for Japanese Americans living within one hundred miles of the Pacific Ocean to be interned in camps. (In Hawaii, which had a large Japanese population, only a small number were interned. Most Japanese immigrants and their descendants were too important to the islands' economy, including agricultural production.)
Many Asian immigrants first lived in Hawaii before they came to the U.S. mainland. Here workers load sugarcane onto a train, about 1905.
These Japanese Americans are leaving Los Angeles for an internment camp in 1942, after the U.S. government called for isolating them from other Americans because the United States was at war with Japan.
When Japanese people—both immigrants and American citizens—had to leave their homes, they also had to leave or sell their possessions. These Japanese fishing boats in San Pedro, California, are for sale.
American-born Monica Sone, whose parents were Japanese immigrants, remembered a family member going "to the Control Station to register the family. He came home with twenty tags, all numbered '10710,' tags to be attached to each piece of baggage and one to hang from our coat lapels. From then on we were known as Family #10710." Sone wrote the 1953 autobiography _Nisei Daughter_.
Between 1942 and 1945, 110,000 Japanese Americans, including citizens like Sone, were removed from their homes (many lost their homes and possessions) and were imprisoned in rough internment camps. Most of the camps were in the desert. "No houses were in sight, no trees or anything green—only scrubby sagebrush and an occasional low cactus, and mostly dry, baked earth," described an internee named Yasui.
The United States was also at war with Germany and Italy, but only a few thousand Germans and Italians were interned, and they were released before the Japanese were. Racism and prejudice clearly played a part in the decision to intern Japanese Americans. Despite this action, many Japanese Americans volunteered and fought for the United States in World War II.
Other Asians have immigrated to the United States since then. The numbers were small until the 1970s, when Vietnamese and other Southeast Asians fled the results of war and political persecution. Prevented from coming to the United States for years, Asians nonetheless became one of the two groups who make up the majority of immigrants to this country in the first decades of the twenty-first century. Latin Americans are the other group.
Internment camps were usually located in desolate desert places, like this "relocation center" in Manzanar, California.
Spain originally claimed ownership of California and the American Southwest. This mission in Tumacacori, Arizona, was founded in 1691 by a Spanish priest.
**SOUTH OF OUR BORDER**
* * *
**LATIN AMERICAN IMMIGRANTS**
**In the 1980s, Jorge and Sara Garcia brought their** **twelve-year-old daughter, Vanessa, and their eleven-year-old daughter, Paola, from Bolivia to the United States. They worked hard. Jorge traveled on long bus rides to take jobs as a commercial painter, away from his home for days at a time.** Their goal was for their daughters to have a better life than they had in Bolivia. The girls, too, were encouraged to work hard. "Some Americans don't see the opportunities they have here. They take things for granted," said Paola. "Our parents taught us that if we wanted something, we had to fight for it."
Vanessa applied to attend George Washington University as she was finishing high school. "The day I opened that [acceptance] letter, I knew my life would be different. It justified everything my parents had been through." Vanessa became a finance manager, and Paola became a physical therapist. In 2013, their parents became U.S. citizens. "When the ceremony was over, I cried and cried," recalled Sara Garcia. "I thought to myself that now I have everything I want. I am an American citizen, both my daughters are professionals and the future is ahead of them. What more could I ask of life?"
Like European and Asian immigrants before them, the Garcias expected that life in the United States would be difficult but also worth all the sacrifices they made. They are Hispanics—people who come from the countries that were once Spanish colonies in the New World, including Mexico, most of Central America, and parts of South America and the Caribbean. They are also known as "Latinos" because they come from Latin America. They speak Spanish, and their culture is a mix of Spanish and Native American traditions. (Native Americans, including the Inca and the Maya, lived in South as well as North America.) Brazilians, who speak Portuguese, are also considered Latinos, but not Hispanics.
Although Americans tend to group "Hispanics" together, Mexicans, Colombians, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and others from Latin America come from different cultures, with different histories and different traditions. It is only because they speak Spanish that they are classed together. For some Americans today, the fact that Latin American immigrants continue to speak Spanish makes them seem unable to assimilate and unwelcome in the United States.
Latinos experience a great deal of discrimination, just as African Americans, Asians, and southern and eastern Europeans have. Yet when polled, they continue to have more faith in the American Dream of personal struggle and success for their children than many whites and African Americans.
Latinos are at the center of a debate about whether they should be allowed to settle here and/or become citizens, because many of them enter the United States illegally. This means that they have not applied for visas. Visas are documents that let them stay in the United States for a period of time but not permanently—for example, to visit family, study at a college, or be tourists. (Actually, not just Latinos but people from many countries stay in the United States illegally, often by simply not leaving when their visitor or student visas expire.)
For more than 150 years after the United States was founded, no immigrants from Latin America were illegal; they were not even counted as part of the 1924 Immigration Act. Ranchers and farmers in the Southwest wanted their labor.
The area of the United States where most Latinos first enter—the American Southwest, including Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California—was once owned by Mexico. After the Mexican-American War (1846–48), the United States gained a large part of this territory. An estimated 80,000 Mexicans lived there. They were given the right to stay or to go to Mexico. If they stayed, the government promised that they could remain Mexican citizens but still own their property.
The Battle of Buena Vista was fought in Mexico in 1847 during the Mexican-American War. The United States gained much of the Southwest after the war.
The great majority of Mexicans who remained in the territory, however, decided to become American citizens. Interestingly, the heritage of a fair number of them was all or part Native American. Yet the white Americans living there usually accepted them. In fact, it was common for white men to marry the daughters of wealthy Mexican American ranchers. Still, Mexican Americans did suffer from some discrimination in their new country.
The original Mexicans in California and Texas called themselves "Californios" and "Tejanos," respectively. Now Mexicans living in the United States are known as "Chicanos."
Before the 1960s, most Latino immigrants were from Mexico. Some Chicanos came to settle; some came for seasonal work. They moved easily back and forth across the border until World War I. In 1910, when the Mexican Revolution began, there was a surge of emigrants who fled war and economic hardship. Fighting continued until 1924. Between 1910 and 1929, some 700,000 Mexicans immigrated to the United States.
During the Mexican Revolution, which began in 1910, many Mexicans suffered from the devastation of war. They sought safety in the United States, like this group, which crossed the desert on horseback sometime between 1910 and 1915.
How did they enter? They could cross the land border on foot, by car, or on a train. If they passed through an inspection station, they could be let in or turned away by customs officials. Mexicans crossing the Rio Grande used bridges or ferries. In the early twentieth century, immigrants were inspected not only by customs but also by immigration inspectors. The cities and towns on the border where U.S. officials check Mexicans and other Latinos are called "ports of entry." By the 1920s, there were already at least twenty-four legal ports on land to check people coming to the United States from Mexico. By 2014, there were forty- seven ports of entry on land, in California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. The busiest port of entry in the world is at San Ysidro, California, where people cross from Tijuana, Mexico, into San Diego. Many Americans also cross from San Diego to Tijuana to visit Mexico. El Paso, Texas, has many ports of entry to different parts of the city as well. Immigrants can also arrive by ship and, since the 1950s, fly into airports, where they have to pass customs and immigration inspections. But there are miles and miles of land and river crossings where there are no inspection stations.
Ernesto Galarza was eight years old when his family left central Mexico for Sacramento, California, in 1910 to escape the effects of revolution. They lived in the poorest part of town. "Lower Sacramento was the quarter that people who made money moved away from. Those of us who lived in it stayed there because our problem was to make a living [to survive] and not to make [a lot of] money," wrote Galarza in _Barrio Boy_ , based on his life story. "A long while back . . . there had been stores and shops, fancy residences, and smart hotels in this neighborhood. . . . When the owners moved uptown, the backyards had been fenced off and subdivided, and small rental cottages had been built in the alleys in place of the stables."
This aerial photo shows the U.S.-Mexican border port of entry at San Ysidro, California. All streets, roads, and terrain on both sides of the border are visible.
Galarza saw conditions grow worse as more immigrants came. "The _colonia_ [neighborhood where Mexicans lived] was like a sponge that was beginning to leak along the edges, squeezed between the levee, the railroad tracks, and the river front. But it wasn't squeezed dry, because it kept filling with newcomers who found families who took in boarders; basements, alleys, shanties, run-down rooming houses and flop joints where they could live." But Galarza went to high school and college and earned a graduate degree. A professor and poet, he became a leading labor activist, organizing farm workers.
Most Mexicans worked on farms. American employers badly wanted their labor. In the 1900s and 1910s, many found year-round work on large farms. They settled in the United States. But in the 1920s, fewer and fewer stayed in one place; they became migrant workers, moving from place to place to harvest cotton, fruit, and vegetables. They might earn as little as $1.50 a day. Their labor was wanted, but they were thought to be socially and culturally inferior. Even when they did not live in Chicano communities—for example, in El Paso, Texas—they were isolated from other Americans.
In 1924, Congress passed the Johnson-Reed quota law (see chapter 2). There were no quotas established for immigrants coming from Latin America (or from Canada). But the Johnson- Reed law did set up rules for the way people could enter the United States. They needed visas, had to pass medical examinations and literacy tests, and had to pay a tax.
The first official U.S.-Mexico Border Patrol was established in 1924 to keep immigrants from entering where there were no immigration inspection stations. Mexicans who had freely been going back and forth for years were confused by the new requirements. Getting the right papers also cost more money than hiring a "coyote"—a person who smuggles people—to take someone illegally across the border. "The total cost, head-tax plus visé [visa], is eighteen dollars. On both sides of the border there are 'coyotes' who for five dollars arrange that the [phony] documents be attained very quickly," wrote the Mexican anthropologist Manuel Gamio in a study published in 1930. So some Mexicans began to come without papers or with forged papers, because they could still find work and make more money in the United States than they could at home. They came because American farmers and ranchers in the Southwest wanted their labor.
This Mexican migrant laborer weeds between cantaloupe plants in the Imperial Valley, California, in 1937. His pay was thirty cents an hour.
The U.S.-Mexican Border Patrol was formed in 1924 to keep immigrants from entering the United States except through official ports of entry. More than ninety years later, some agents still ride horses where motor vehicles can't go. These men from the McAllen (Texas) Horse Patrol Unit are searching along the border in south Texas in 2013.
Valente Ramírez remembered crossing the Rio Grande to work in Texas in the 1920s, when the difference between legal and illegal Mexican immigrants was still hazy. "They [the Texas Rangers] helped us cross because they wanted workers from Mexico. . . . The next day we found work [at the mines]. We were standing near the office when we were asked to go to work right away. But they did not pay very much—10 cents per hour, but not 10 cents in money, rather they gave us chits and you took them to the store [owned by the employer] and bought your groceries." Ramírez stayed in the United States. He was still living in Los Angeles in 1972.
Ramón Lizárraga came to the United States in 1903. He worked as a musician for two years, then went back to Mexico. In 1926, he returned to California, buying a car—a Model T Ford. There were still no quota restrictions that kept him from coming. He drove back to Mexico, sold his farm, and drove his wife and children to Los Angeles to settle permanently. Like Ramírez, he was still living there in the 1970s.
During the Great Depression of the 1930s, there was not enough work for anyone, American or immigrant. People with a Mexican heritage—even those who were American citizens—were targeted in raids and roundups. Over 400,000 Mexicans and Mexican Americans (some say over one million) were encouraged, bullied, or forced into returning to Mexico. (This is called "repatriation"—returning immigrants to their native countries.)
In 1943, Mexicans and African Americans ride a truck to Corpus Christi, Texas, where they work on farms.
In the 1940s, however—even before the United States entered World War II in 1941—industry and farm production increased, and more workers were needed. The United States and Mexico started the Bracero Program—"bracero" means someone who works "using his arms," a manual worker. The program allowed Mexican laborers to work in the United States for short periods of time. They would have contracts that guaranteed them a fair wage and decent working conditions. Only men could come; they could not bring wives and families. The first braceros came to the United States in 1942. The program lasted until 1964.
In 1955, braceros were supposed to earn 50 cents per hour. In Mexico, farm laborers earned about 65 cents a day. Aureliano Ocampo left his home in a small town in Mexico to travel to Edinburg, Texas. His contract allowed him to work from May 11 to June 8, 1955, packing tomatoes and melons. He was placed in a house with other braceros. It was "in poor condition and very dirty. We didn't have a chance to clean it as we arrived after dark. We didn't sleep good because of the condition of the cots." Each man was supposed to receive $1.15 a day to buy his own food. Instead, six braceros were given $3.19 to share. They were paid 30 cents an hour, rather than 50 cents, for their work.
These braceros wait for trains to take them to Arkansas, Colorado, Nebraska, and Minnesota to harvest beets in 1943.
Some braceros returned to Mexico or arranged illegally to work with other farmers when they found bad conditions. Mexican immigrants who came without proper documents were insultingly called "wetbacks," because they supposedly swam the Rio Grande to enter the United States. "As a wetback, alone, safely across the border, I may find a farmer who needs one man," said Carlos Morales. "He will pay me honestly, I think. But as a bracero, I am only a number on a paycheck . . . and I am treated like a number . . . not like a man."
Braceros were not allowed to bring families, but other Mexicans immigrated with their wives and children. The Vigues family lived in a public housing development planned for African Americans in Austin, Texas.
American ranch and farm owners liked using bracero labor; they could keep wages low. This upset American laborers who could not find jobs at decent wages, and they blamed the Mexican immigrants. In the 1950s, farm wages rose all over the United States, except in the areas where braceros worked. Anti-Mexican sentiment was usually strongest where most Mexican immigrants lived—the American Southwest and California. (In the twenty-first century, states such as Arizona, Texas, and California have tried to pass their own laws dealing with immigrants, including denying state government benefits to undocumented residents.) The Bracero Program was supposed to stop undocumented immigrants from coming to the United States. Instead, the number increased. Men who did not have the money and time to get papers through the Bracero Program, or who were not accepted because the number of braceros was limited, or who wanted to come with wives and families, came anyway. Some traveled beyond the Southwest, getting higher-paying jobs in cities like Chicago. And some moved back and forth between Mexico and the United States, sometimes legally and sometimes not.
"The next time I came over I had papers, and I worked in the fields for a while," said José Garcia, who first immigrated in 1959 to California. "But then I got this job in the mushroom plant. The main reason I like it is it's less heavy work and it's more steady. I've been here ten years now. Of course, they favor the Anglos in the plant. They give them the easier job. They don't like Mexicans to touch the machinery, you know. Where I work, if they had the custom of carrying things on a burro [a small donkey], they wouldn't let the Mexicans touch the burro."
Like the early German, Irish, southern and eastern European, Jewish, and Asian immigrants before them, Mexican immigrants were met with fear and prejudice. In 1954, Joseph M. Swing became commissioner general of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (now the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services), which governed immigration. He believed that an "alarming, ever-increasing, flood tide" of undocumented immigrants was "an actual invasion of the United States." He authorized Operation Wetback, "a direct attack . . . upon the hordes of aliens facing us across the border." Many, but not all, were living in the Southwest. The operation also deported workers from southeastern states, as well as from northern cities where they worked in industry. From 1953 through 1955, Operation Wetback located and sent back to Mexico more than 800,000 undocumented immigrants. At the same time, more Mexicans signed up for the Bracero Program in this period, but undocumented immigrants kept coming, too.
Border Patrol agents in El Paso, Texas, check under a train for smuggled immigrants in 1938.
What happens to immigrants who are deported after they've been living in the United States for years, and what happens to their children? "Their home life was [suddenly] broken, they were compelled to sell homes [and] possessions at a great sacrifice, their incomes ended and they were picked up by the Border Patrol at night and 'dumped' on the other side of the river in numbers so great [that] Mexico's railways and bus lines could not move them into the interior [of Mexico] fast enough," said one Texas resident about a 1950 deportation drive. "Thousands of these families were stranded along the border destitute without food or funds or employment."
Americans often grouped all Mexicans together—longtime legal immigrants, American citizens, and undocumented aliens—and looked down on them with fear that they would take their jobs or were criminals. Even American citizens of Mexican heritage experienced discrimination.
Tomás Rivera was born in the United States in 1935 to Mexican migrant workers, who worked everywhere from Texas to Minnesota. He wrote a novel about his life from 1945 to 1955. His young character "needed a haircut, so he went into the barber shop. . . . But then the barber told him that he couldn't cut his hair. . . . He thought the barber didn't have time, so he remained seated waiting for the other barber. . . . But this barber told him the same thing. That he couldn't cut his hair. Furthermore, he told him that it would be better if he left. He crossed the street and stood there . . . but then the barber came out and told him to leave." Tomás Rivera became a respected novelist, poet, and educator. He was the first Chicano to hold one of the highest positions in the University of California system, as the chancellor at the Riverside campus.
The Bracero Program ended in 1964; with mechanized farming and new technology, farms needed fewer human workers. But undocumented immigrants keep arriving. In 1990, Cesar Millan, who was twenty-one, "was trying to cross [the border] from Tijuana." He met a man who said he could take him across. "The coyote charged me one hundred dollars. For me, that was God sending me somebody to tell me to cross because I was already trying for two weeks and no luck."
While he tried to earn the money, Millan explained, "To survive you sweep floors, you ask for food, they see you're dirty. Some people give you tacos, some people say no, but you can survive because your adrenaline is feeding you, and somehow your body conserves whatever you eat. I ate tortillas. I ate whatever people gave me because I wanted to save [money]. . . . I slept in the street. The street was my house."
Cesar Millan became a famous dog trainer in the United States, known as "the Dog Whisperer." He has had his own television shows. Millan became a U.S. citizen in 2009. "Mexico is my mother nation, but America is my father nation because America gave me the direction that I should take," he said. "So how do I feel about finally being part of a country that I'm in love with? I have a great amount of appreciation because my children were born here . . . and the world got to know me here. It was hard to touch my dreams, but this is the place in the world where dreams come true."
Although immigration from Mexico is most often in the news, immigrants come to the United States from South and Central America and Spanish-speaking Caribbean islands as well. They come to achieve a better life. "I am rising in my job," said Jaime Alvarez, who emigrated from Peru in 1971.
_**I am foreman of the cleaning staff for the whole floor [in the hospital]. . . . And I have applied to be assistant to the director of maintenance. He says I have a good chance of getting the position, because I speak both English and Spanish and can talk with the employees who speak very little English. Almost all our new workers here at the hospital are from Latin countries, and they start out knowing nothing—not even the words for broom or soap. Everything must be translated. That's how it was for me, too, four years ago. But I went to school, and now, maybe, I will get a better job because of it. And then my family will come over and our dreams will be true.**_
Large numbers of people from Puerto Rico come to the United States. The island was owned by Spain until its defeat in the Spanish-American War in 1898. Like the Philippines, Puerto Rico became an American territory; it is now called "the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico." All Puerto Ricans were granted U.S. citizenship in 1917, if they live in the United States. (If they stay in Puerto Rico, they do not have all the benefits of American citizenship.) Those who come to this country are technically not immigrants. Yet they have faced much discrimination and often struggled to make a living. Many are black, so they experience prejudice both as Hispanics and as black people.
Piri Thomas's mother was Puerto Rican, and his father was Cuban. He grew up in East Harlem in New York City in the 1930s and 1940s. When he was thirteen years old, "the weather turned cold one more time, and so did our apartment. . . . The cold, plastered walls embrace that cold from outside and make it a part of the apartment, till you don't know whether it's better to freeze out in the snow or by the stove." His mother told him, "I like los Estados Unidos [the United States], but it's sometimes a cold place to live—not because of the winter and the landlord not giving heat but because of the snow in the hearts of the people."
Aurora Flores sits on the lap of her grandfather Don José Flores, who plays traditional Puerto Rican songs on his accordion. Many Puerto Ricans, like Flores, grew up in New York City but celebrated their cultural traditions.
The first Puerto Ricans who came to the United States found it hard to break out of poverty. Piri Thomas was angry, turned to crime, and spent seven years in prison. He got his high school degree there and began to write. His autobiography, _Down These Mean Streets_ (1967), became a classic. He spent much of his life trying to help young people at risk.
Many Puerto Ricans embraced family and cultural customs as they adapted to the United States. They took pride in their heritage. Aurora Flores remembered the first time her grandfather played the accordion: "My mouth opened and my eyes widened as I heard life breathe from the crinkled accordion skin. . . . This music took me to where I came from. It helped me understand the traditions of my grandparents. It gave me the strong foundations that helped me survive. . . . No matter where I was born or what language I speak, I am _Boricua_ . . . a Puerto Rican in New York." Flores is a writer, composer, and leader of a salsa band.
Immigrants also come to the United States from Central America. Some have emigrated because their governments changed, taken over by military leaders or run by dictators who did not tolerate opposition. Some have come to escape violence. There are Latin Americans who emigrated to escape political persecution and even death, including those who have come from Nicaragua and El Salvador. They sought asylum—a safe place—in the United States. They were refugees, a different kind of immigrant, with their own stories to tell.
Cuban refugees sailed this small boat to Miami, Florida, in 1962.
**SEEKING SAFETY AND LIBERTY**
* * *
**REFUGEES**
**"I decided to come here because there is freedom of** **thought and expression," said a Cuban named Alejandro, who escaped to the United States when he was twenty-three. Cuba is an island ninety-three miles off the coast of Florida. In 1959, Fidel Castro took over the government, and Cuba became a communist nation. The United States denounced the communistsand broke off political relations.** Many Cubans who were anti-communist fled the island and were welcomed in the United States.
Few were allowed to leave Cuba legally, so on September 21, 1979, Alejandro and four other young men "lowered [a] boat into the water" at two a.m. "Our clothes were dark so that they would not attract attention. . . . When we started, we did not even know how to row. One oar went one way and the other another way. . . . Finally we caught on to the rhythm of rowing. . . . We rowed all day Tuesday and then all the next day and night," coming closer to Florida. But the group ran into a storm and found themselves back near Cuba, without food and little water. They reversed and on the fifth day were picked up by an American. "He gave us some food, and divers in another boat gave us some sandwiches, apples and Coca-Cola," recalled Alejandro. In Miami, they were issued temporary papers. It was the start of their lives as refugees in the United States.
Refugees are a special kind of immigrant. They can no longer live safely in their home countries "because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion." That was the definition used in a 1980 law that allowed refugees to immigrate to the United States. People can also face danger in their home countries if they are women or homosexuals. Persecution can mean that people who criticize their government, or another ethnic group or religion—or who just belong to another ethnic group or religion—can lose their jobs and homes and/or be imprisoned, tortured, and even killed.
Some of the early colonists who settled in the land that became the United States came because they were not allowed to practice their religions freely. These included the Puritans in New England and the Quakers in Pennsylvania. Others came because they opposed—and sometimes rebelled against—their governments. But the United States did not have separate laws for refugees who wanted to immigrate until the 1940s. (Before that, they might have come in under the regular quota laws but could not come automatically or immediately because they were in danger.) Even specific laws for refugees did not make it easy for many of them to enter the United States.
During and after World War II, there were millions of refugees who had been forced to flee their homes in Europe and Asia. Jewish people were a particular target for the Nazi government in Germany and Austria and the other European countries Germany took over. They were sent to concentration camps—prison camps with especially harsh and even cruel conditions—and most did not survive. They were the victims of genocide—an attempt to kill an entire ethnic group, which can mean millions of deaths.
In the late 1930s, the United States government could see the danger Jews were in. President Franklin Roosevelt and some members of Congress expressed concern, but little was done to change the immigration laws or bring refugees to the country in large numbers. Myron C. Taylor, who led the U.S. delegation to an international conference on political refugees in 1938, assured Americans that "our plans do not involve the 'flooding' of this or any other country with aliens of any race or creed." In 1939, the German ship _St. Louis_ , which was carrying 933 refugees, was not allowed to land in the United States. Most of the passengers were already on the quota list but had not been fully processed. The ship was forced to return to Europe, and many of the passengers died during World War II.
Elise Radell, an eight-year-old German girl who was Jewish, was accepted by the United States. She remembered what happened to her home on November 9, 1938. The S.S., a German paramilitary group, "pushed us aside and came into the house. . . . they went about this utter destruction with axes. . . . [The] china closet was knocked all over and the pictures on the wall . . . and the furniture all just went. . . . The pillows were ripped and the feathers . . . just flew all over the house."
This anti-Jewish violence destroyed thousands of businesses, temples, and homes. The night of November 9–10 came to be called _Kristallnacht_ ("Crystal Night," or "the Night of Broken Glass") because of all the glass fragments from broken windows littering the streets throughout Germany. Radell's father was one of some 30,000 Jewish men sent to concentration camps at that time, but he was released. The family was determined to flee.
Jewish refugee children, on their way to homes in Philadelphia in 1939, wave at the Statue of Liberty.
"You couldn't get a visa to America unless you had relatives there," said Radell. "I think Roosevelt could have tried to open the quota a little bit. Maybe he did try; I don't know. But we had an aunt who had come to the U.S. in 1936. . . . We finally managed to get the visas . . . and we got on a boat and landed here in August 1939. . . . My father got a job in a fabric store as a stockboy [in Newark, New Jersey]. He had owned a large textile firm in Ludwigshafen. Now he earned eleven dollars a week."
The United States did take in some refugees before the end of 1941 (when it entered the war) and did relax some requirements. The country was not alone in turning down Jewish refugees. France, which accepted them freely until 1933, began tightening its policies. England did not take many Jewish refugees. Some fled to Palestine, an area of the Middle East that the League of Nations gave to England to control after World War I and that later became the country of Israel. England closed it to refugees in 1939. Turkey accepted Jewish refugee scientists, and the Philippines and Shanghai, China, were other Jewish refugee destinations.
It is true that in the 1930s the United States and its allies could not have foreseen the horror of mass executions to come. But anti-immigrant and anti-Jewish sentiment in many countries—and, in the United States, sticking to the principles of the quota law—meant that six million European Jews found no refuge and died at the hands of the Nazis.
After World War II, there were millions of "displaced persons" who were not living in their home countries. Some were able to return, but many sought refuge in emigration. The United States had fought the war to gain freedom for all people in Europe and Asia. Many Europeans wanted to come to the United States. But almost no Asian refugees came during this period. There were still restrictions on Asian immigration and the ability to become citizens in the United States. A significant number of Asians chose to immigrate to Australia or stayed within Asia itself. Although southern and eastern Europeans were becoming accepted as Americans in the United States, there was still racism against African Americans, who lived under segregation. Opposition continued against accepting nonwhite and Jewish immigrants, who, some Americans thought, could never assimilate.
World War II devastated much of Europe and left millions homeless. These children from the village of Rabka, Poland, wear the ragged clothing they have left after the war.
The biggest issue that affected how Americans felt about immigration, however, was the growing number and increasing power of communist governments. The Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.), an American ally during World War II, was communist; so were the countries of eastern Europe, including Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, that the U.S.S.R. had been given control of after World War II. Mainland China formed a communist government in 1949, and communists were gaining power in Southeast Asia. The Cold War between communist countries (mainly the U.S.S.R. and later China) and democratic countries (mainly the United States, as well as countries of western Europe, including England and France) lasted until the early 1990s. It was a "cold" war because there was no major, direct fighting between the United States, western Europe, the U.S.S.R., and China. But both sides built and stored huge numbers of atomic and other weapons. Military threats and political tension were in the news every week. Each side supported different countries in political and military battles around the world, including Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean, even when these battles had little to do with communism or democracy.
The United States shaped much of its immigration policy to help refugees from communist countries. It also aided refugees to remind the world that America was a country of freedom, not racism. The government passed laws to accept people who were no longer living in their home countries because political boundaries had changed, or who would be persecuted if they returned home after World War II. These immigrants would not be counted in the quota system. The Displaced Persons Act of 1948—extended for two more years in 1950—admitted 415,000 refugees to the United States over four years. The law applied only to Europeans (not Asians) who had suffered hardships. Some were Jews who had been persecuted by the Nazis, but many others were allowed to immigrate because they were anti-communist.
These Hungarian refugees are walking through Yugoslavia on their way to shelter in March 1957, after their failed revolt against the Soviet Union.
Aniela Szeliga was a young woman who did not have to return to communist Poland. She was nineteen when she was taken by Nazi soldiers and forced to labor on a farm in Germany. After the war, she spent four years in a military facility run by the United States and its allies. She was admitted to the United States as a refugee in 1949. "For me, being in America the freedom was the thing: that you can go to church, you can speak, you can write, you can talk," Szeliga explained. "In Poland, people from the cities didn't respect ordinary people from the country. . . . I found it's not like that over here; you can go to your priest, shake hands, talk freely like I talk to you or anyone. But in Poland you couldn't, and it was a free Poland when I grew up. But there's freedom—and then there's real freedom. . . . Several years ago, I went back to Poland [and] . . . my sister said to me, 'Aren't you sad to go back to America?' I said, 'No, I'm not sad. I know I was born here . . . but America is my country now.'"
After a failed revolt by Hungarians against the Soviet Union in 1956, 35,000 Hungarians came as refugees to the United States. "I was in my second year of high school," recalled Ava Rado-Harte.
_**That night . . . the Russians came in with tanks . . . and there was a lot of fighting. . . . Many people were shot dead on the street. . . . I wasn't allowed to go out. . . . My [family] . . . arranged for a guide to help us escape. We took a train to a . . . city near the Austrian border. . . . We had to take another small train to a small village. . . . [The] Russian guards were there . . . with questions, so our guide had us go to the back of the train and then under the train in the dark to nearby houses. . . . We were hiding and walking in the dark through the gardens and gates until we got to this forest on the border. We were still in Hungary. The Russians set flares to catch the escapees. . . . Each time a flare went up, we hit the ground so they wouldn't see us, and the only thing we had was the clothes on our backs. . . . [Our guide] finally took us to the first place that had a light on when we crossed the border.**_
Rado-Harte waited with other refugees to be flown out of Munich, Germany. "They played the American and Hungarian national anthems as we were getting on the airplane," she remembered.
In the early 1960s, Cubans like Alejandro began coming in large numbers. In 1965, when Fidel Castro said that Cubans with relatives who had emigrated were free to leave, President Lyndon Johnson "declare[d] . . . to the people of Cuba that those who seek refuge here in America will find it. . . . [Our tradition] as an asylum for the oppressed is going to be upheld." This was an open invitation. Many of the first wave of Cubans who came to the United States believed the communist government would fall and they could return to Cuba. Many Americans believed this, too. Yet this has not happened and there have been several waves of immigration. In 2015, however, President Barack Obama opened up diplomatic relations with Cuba, beginning a new era.
During the Mariel Boatlift of 1980, these Cuban refugees landed at Key West, Florida.
One of the most famous immigration waves from Cuba lasted from April 15 to September 26, 1980. Castro again announced that Cubans who wanted to emigrate could leave. They crowded the port of Mariel and sailed out in makeshift boats. This became known as "the Mariel Boatlift." About 125,000 Cubans made it into the United States. Castro had sent some criminals from Cuban prisons as well, upsetting Americans. In 1984, a number of Cubans were returned to their country, but most stayed here as refugees. In 1995, the United States and Cuba reached an agreement that no fewer than 20,000 legal U.S. visas would be given to Cubans each year. Those trying to reach America illegally by boat were sent back to Cuba if they were captured at sea by the U.S. Coast Guard. But if they landed in the United States, they were usually accepted as political refugees.
"To me, the decision to come to America was not about money," said Emilio Estefan, who immigrated to the United States from Cuba when he was fifteen. He became a famous record producer. "I always looked at the United States as a place that represented freedom, that you have the right to free expression, have the right to any dream. But to me, more than anything else as a kid, I was afraid to live in a Communist country. . . . When we used to have dinner or lunch, we had to talk quietly because [my mom and dad] were afraid somebody was listening to them. So my whole motivation was really fear—fear that I should live in a country where I am afraid to talk or have an opinion."
Cold War politics produced another large group of refugees: South Vietnamese. Fighting in Vietnam started after World War II. The Vietnamese people sought to gain independence from France. This was achieved in 1954, but the country was split into North Vietnam and South Vietnam. Troops from North Vietnam, which was communist, continued to battle South Vietnam (whose government was friendly to the United States), wanting to rule Vietnam as one country. The United States supported the South Vietnamese and, by the early 1960s, was sending American soldiers to what became known as the Vietnam War. Although peace agreements were signed in 1973 (by then most Americans had withdrawn), fighting continued until 1975, when the communists were victorious.
South Vietnamese who had helped the Americans—from political leaders to ordinary people—were terrified to stay in their country. The United States evacuated many prominent supporters in emergency rescue operations. "On April 28, 1975, my extended family group was driven to Tan Son Nhut Air Base," recounted Trong Nguyen, who had been an officer in the South Vietnamese army and worked for an American aid organization. "There was a large crowd of maybe ten thousand people waiting at the terminal. . . . We kept the kids close to us. . . . Around 5:00 A.M., C-46 helicopters landed in front of us. . . . People hurried to the helicopters. My own family was divided onto three different aircraft. We landed on the huge boat, the _Pioneer Contender_. I had mixed emotions. I felt that we were going to heaven—the United States. But I already missed my country. I realized that I would never see Vietnam again."
The family settled in Chicago, where they were first met with hostility. "When I worked as a janitor . . . a co-worker told me, 'Trong, do you know that America is overpopulated? We have more than two hundred million people. We don't need you. Go back where you belong.' I was shocked to hear people trying to chase us out. I thought, 'Who is going to feed the children?'" Trong's wife, Thanh, defended herself to co-workers in a factory: "'Vietnam is a small country, but we did not come to America to look for jobs. We're political refugees. We can't go back home.'"
In 1984, these Vietnamese refugees spent eight days sailing in a 35-foot-long fishing boat to reach an American ship that would take them to the United States.
Within ten years, however, the Vietnamese community grew. What had once been a slum area of Chicago had "more than fifty Vietnamese family-owned businesses. . . . There are also stores owned by Khmer [Cambodians], Lao, Chinese, Ethiopians, a Jewish kosher butcher, two Hispanic grocers, a black record shop, and an American bar. There are Japanese, Thai, Indian, and Mexican restaurants. . . . And a McDonald's." The early-1980s neighborhood Trong Nguyen described is the melting pot that Americans see themselves as being.
After the first wave, South Vietnamese continued to flee. In 1978 and 1979, they began leaving secretly in boats, many of which were dangerous to travel in. These refugees came to be known as the Vietnamese boat people. The term included Cambodians and Laotians who had been involved in the Vietnam War and also Chinese who felt persecuted in communist Vietnam. Boat people continued to leave into the 1990s. The United Nations records that about one-third died at sea, from storms, starvation, and attacks by pirates. More than a million lived in refugee camps in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands, some for many years.
Before they were able to come to the United States, many Vietnamese lived first in refugee camps in other Asian countries. This group is from the Songkhla camp in Thailand, where 5,800 refugees were sheltering in July 1979.
Tuan Nguyen (not related to Trong Nguyen) paid seven bars of gold so his family could leave Vietnam on a small boat with 120 other refugees in 1989. He and his wife had three children. "We didn't know if anyone would pick us up or if they'd send us back to Vietnam or if we'd die on the ocean," he said. They spent sixteen years in a refugee camp in the Philippines. He had no rights as a citizen and worked thirteen hours a day selling perfume and soap from door to door. In 2005, the United States finally agreed to accept him and his family. It had been his dream, but when he arrived in California he said, "It's not a dream for me. It's for my children—to grow up here, to get an education and to become the best citizens they can be. That is my goal: to give them a better life."
In 1979, the Islamic Revolution toppled the nonreligious but nondemocratic government in Iran. The United States had supported this government and accepted some Iranian refugees—many wealthy, or middle-class, educated, and professional—into the United States. An Iranian girl named Roya immigrated to the United States in the early 1980s with her parents. "They came seeking a country with civil liberties and better economic opportunities," she recalled. The family kept practicing its Islamic faith. "I really didn't have issues with 'fitting in' on the outside," said Roya. "I didn't have a noticeable accent and didn't look or dress much differently than most American kids. On the inside, however, I never felt like I fit in anywhere until I made little safe spaces for myself."
Just like many immigrants before her, refugees like Roya experienced prejudice. "I have been rejected for different reasons, the worst one being ignorance about who I am by teachers and classmates. I now realize there are all kinds of people and you should look for the most understanding ones whenever possible. . . . I . . . would like Americans to know that I didn't have an oil well in my backyard and I didn't ride a camel to school, even though I saw a lot of camel caravans. . . . Camels are _very_ cool!"
These children, whose heritage is Albanian, lived in plastic shelters in 1998 in the hills near Kosovo. Kosovo, which declared its independence in 2008, had been part of Yugoslavia until that country broke up in the 1990s.
The United States frequently changes policies about different groups of political refugees, especially in an emergency. After a war or genocide—such as Jewish people experienced during World War II—Congress can pass laws or the president can change rules to allow people from a specific country to come here. In the early 1990s, as the country of Yugoslavia was breaking up, war broke out between different ethnic groups trying to establish independence. The United States accepted 131,000 refugees from what became Bosnia. In 1999, it allowed 20,000 refugees from Kosovo, under attack from the Serbian government that ruled them, to come to America. "In 1998, when I was about 17 years old . . . nearby towns and villages were bombed," recalled a young man named Fatim from Kosovo. Fatim is an ethnic Albanian and a Muslim. "With [Serbian] . . . soldiers pointing guns at us, my family walked out of our house. There already were about 3,000 people walking down the road. . . . When I looked back, I could see that our house was already on fire. . . . One of my relatives was shot." Fatim and his family made it to a refugee camp in Macedonia and eventually to the United States. Now married and a father, he helps new refugees who come to America.
Some Americans are not happy with refugees in their communities. In the 1970s, when South Vietnamese refugees were coming to the United States, Robert Gnaizda of the California Health and Welfare Agency predicted, "If we get a small number, we are going to take care of them. . . . [But] no American would welcome Vietnamese if in fact they are going to disrupt the economy and the housing market." A Gallup Poll in 1975 found that 54 percent of Americans were opposed to taking in Vietnamese refugees, and only 36 percent in favor.
Half of the people living in Clarkston, Georgia, in 2007 were refugees. They began to be placed there by resettlement agencies in the late 1980s. By 2007, the high school had students from more than fifty countries. Yet Clarkston's mayor, Lee Swaney, forbade anyone from playing soccer in the town park. "There will be nothing but baseball down here as long as I am mayor," he said. "Those fields weren't made for soccer." To Swaney, baseball was an American game and soccer was not, and the refugees were not welcome.
Many Americans do, however, believe we should accept refugees. Church groups and nonprofit agencies are active in helping them. "Refugees, many of whom arrive having lost everything, become some of the most resilient . . . and devoted citizens we have," wrote Senator John Kerry in 2010. (He went on to become Secretary of State.) "The difference between these individuals, and so many sitting in refugee camps, is that a new country [the United States] took a chance on them."
"By protecting refugees from persecution, we honor our nation's finest traditions," said Senator Edward "Ted" Kennedy of Massachusetts. Throughout his time in Congress, Kennedy championed legislation to help refugees come to the United States.
Even when Americans welcome them, it has not been easy for immigrants to prove that they are refugees in danger, rather than people trying to come to the United States for economic reasons. (Remember, the vast majority of nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century immigrants whose descendants are American citizens did come for economic opportunity.) During the 1980s and 1990s, civil war and violations of civil rights in Central American countries, including Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador, brought many people seeking asylum to the United States. "I was in jail for 32 months," said a young Salvadorian woman named Carmen in an interview in 1984. "I was jailed with no charges at all, and I was not allowed to have a lawyer for defense. I think that is against my human rights." Yet many political refugees like Carmen were not given permission to stay in the United States because the U.S. government decided that they came for economic opportunity. It did not believe that they faced prison or death if they returned to their home countries.
However, in 1997, Congress passed the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act, allowing those who had escaped these countries and who had come without documents to the United States to apply for permanent residence. They had to have lived here for at least five years. This law also covered refugees who fled eastern European countries that had been under the control of the former Soviet Union until the early 1990s.
The Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act of 1998 offered Haitians the same opportunities to apply for permission to stay in the United States legally. Haitians had been fleeing dictatorship and poverty since the early 1970s, but most were returned by the U.S. government to their country. In September 1991, a military coup replaced the democratic government. Within six months, 38,000 Haitians had been stopped trying to flee by boat. About 10,000 were allowed to apply for refuge in the United States. As they waited for the decision on whether they would be accepted as refugees, thousands lived in camps at the American military base at Guantánamo, Cuba. Many were not accepted. In 1994, a democratic government was restored and Haitian emigration slowed. But many Haitians continued to come in the 2000s, some without documents. After a devastating earthquake in Haiti in 2010, President Barack Obama allowed undocumented Haitians living in the United States to have work visas but did not take them in as refugees.
When she was six years old, in 1994, Clemantine Wamariya left her home in Rwanda with her sixteen-year-old sister. They fled ethnic genocide. "I did not know at that age what a genocide was," said Wamariya, "or what it meant to kill another person. I grew up with all my neighbors [of various ethnic groups] as friends." With the first outbreak of violence, they took shelter in their grandparents' house, but it was attacked. The girls hid in a field. "We were hiding for a very long time, thinking that the screaming and shooting would stop. But it didn't stop, so . . . we just kept going, crawling for days and days."
For six years the sisters lived in refugee camps in various African countries. They were allowed to enter the United States in 2000. In 2006, Clemantine won an essay contest sponsored by talk-show host Oprah Winfrey and went on to study at Yale University. She has been back to Rwanda to help others.
Wars, genocide, natural disasters like famine, and the need for refuge have continued into the twenty-first century. In 2004, Congress passed the North Korean Human Rights Act to grant political refuge to North Koreans. The United States had fought on the side of South Korea in the Korean War (1950–53), which ended with the division of Korea into two countries, North and South Korea. However, Koreans at the time did not immigrate in large numbers to America. North Koreans took refuge in South Korea and in other Asian countries. But severe famine, which started in 1994, and the brutal repression of human rights, led to passage of the 2004 law. By 2011, only 122 North Korean refugees had come to this country. One of them was Joseph Kim, who immigrated when he was seventeen. His father had died of starvation, and his mother and sister disappeared trying to escape to China. At fifteen years old, he fled to China and was helped by a humanitarian organization to come to the United States.
Refugees from ethnic genocide—the killing of an entire group of people by another—fled Rwanda, often spending years in camps in other parts of Africa. These children are at a United Nations camp in Goma, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), in 1994. Some Rwandan refugees were eventually accepted by the United States. Others were not.
"I had to do anything to survive," said Kim, who swam across a river to get to China. "I just didn't understand why it was happening to me. I couldn't even blame it on someone else. . . . [In] North Korea there's nothing I could blame or ask. I couldn't find answers." Kim was placed in a foster home in Virginia with children from Myanmar. "My dream . . . is to go to college," he said. "I like to play soccer a lot. Some say my hobby is studying but that is not true. I like to eat. I like to hang out with friends." In 2013, Kim told a reporter, "I did not come here by myself. I had hope, but hope by itself is not enough, many people helped me along the way. . . . This is my message to you. Have hope for yourself but also help each other. Life can be hard for everyone, wherever you live. . . . [You] may . . . change someone's life with even the smallest act of love."
Civil war in Afghanistan, and the American war against terrorism there, destroyed many parts of the country. In 2002, these Afghans pass in front of ruined buildings in Kabul, Afghanistan's capital.
The September 11, 2001, terrorist destruction of the World Trade Center in New York and part of the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., led to two wars: one in Afghanistan, which started in October 2001, and one in Iraq, begun in 2003. The reasons for both wars were politically complex, but for many Americans, the goal was to bring Islamic terrorists to justice and prevent more terrorist attacks. Some of the Iraqi and Afghan people who supported the United States in these wars came as refugees to the United States.
However, from 2003 to January 2007, the United States had accepted only about 450 political refugees from Iraq. Some Americans realized how unfair this was to people who had helped the United States. In 2008, after military personnel who had served in Iraq and the media protested against the small numbers, many more began to be accepted; the total reached about 100,000 in 2013. One of these was a man named Adil Ibrahim, who had been an interpreter for the American military.
"I never thought I'd leave Iraq," he said. "I thought it was home. But after the events of 2005 to 2007, these events were telling me I needed to leave. My friends were getting killed, getting kidnapped, it [was] becoming hard to live your life." In 2006, Ibrahim's father had been kidnapped, and although he paid a ransom, his father was never returned. With a wife, stepdaughter, and son, he felt, "It was difficult for me to stay there and see that there would be a future for me and my family." He now serves in the American military.
The United Nations counts more than 55,000 Afghan refugees who have been accepted in the United States between 2002 and 2012. The numbers started going down in 2007, when only about 2,300 Afghan refugees were admitted.
Civil war in Syria (fighting began in 2011) created more than 2 million refugees by July 2014. Almost all of them live in camps in nearby countries, including Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey. The United States took about 1,400 refugees from Syria in 2012. By early January 2014, some 135,000 Syrians had applied for refuge in the United States and were waiting to hear if they would be accepted.
The United States does help refugees in other ways. By 2014, the country had sent more than $1 billion to help Syrians with humanitarian (nonmilitary) aid. But it is still difficult to enter the United States as a refugee, especially since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Americans continue to worry about immigrants who practice Islam, since Islamic militant terrorist attacks continue around the world. In 2003, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services was placed under the new Department of Homeland Security formed after the attacks. Many of the rules are designed to keep out terrorists, but how many refugees who are not terrorists do they then keep out?
Americans might think about the words of Rwandan refugee Clemantine Wamariya: "There are so many people who have lost their families through wars and genocide and hunger. I'm really grateful for my life. I've realized that there is a way that life can be simple, that you can be thankful for the hot water, for the streets you walk on, for the rights that you have and for having parents."
"Welcoming and accepting refugees whose lives have been robbed from them is so important," she added in a blog post in 2013. "Refugees are going to be the next generation of leaders who shape the United States, their own countries of origin and beyond. We, more than anybody else, understand the value of peace, and are going to be leaders that promote it."
Refugees from civil war in Syria have continued to live in neighboring countries. This 2012 photo shows some of the tens of thousands of tents at the Za'atari camp in Jordan. The United States started accepting larger numbers of Syrian refugees in 2014.
These Filipina nurses worked in public health care in Seattle. Maria Beltrane (left) came to the United States in 1928 and served for more than thirty years, founding the Filipino Nurses Association. (The name of the nurse on the right is unknown.) The United States began an exchange program in 1948 that brought many Filipino nurses to this country. They continue to fill many health care needs throughout the United States.
THIS LAND IS WHOSE LAND?
* * *
**FROM WORLD WAR II INTO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY**
**"I didn't want to stay in one place. It was always** **my desire for adventure and the place I really wanted to visit was the U.S. There is so much opportunity with all the modern facilities and technology,"** explained Perla Rabor Rigor, who came to the United States from the Philippines as part of an exchange program for international study begun in 1948 with the Information and Educational Exchange Act. Already a registered nurse, she worked in American hospitals and stayed in this country for the rest of her life.
"It was a rough time for me when I started here," she said, "because being from a foreign land you have to push yourself to get your ability recognized." By 1975, she had earned degrees in psychology and education. "To me . . . success is not measured by the position the person has reached in life, but by the obstacles she or he has overcome."
During World War II, American policies and attitudes about refugees began to change. Laws regarding refugees continue to be modified in the twenty-first century. In this same period—from about 1940 through 2015—laws concerning other kinds of immigrants have also changed. Since China was an American ally in World War II, as early as 1943, Congress repealed all Chinese exclusion laws. The law also stated that Chinese (but not other Asian peoples) could become American citizens.
In 1946, when the Philippines became independent, Filipinos were allowed to become American citizens, too, as were people born in India. The annual immigration quota for Chinese was set at only 105 people, however, and at 100 for Filipinos. The small quotas for Asian groups indicated that racism was still a factor in immigration policy. But allowing Asians to become citizens meant that they could bring in family members outside the quota system. And educational/work exchanges like the one that brought Perla Rigor from the Philippines provided another path to becoming an American without being counted in national quotas.
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Americans were again debating who should be allowed to immigrate to the United States. "I believe that this nation is the last hope of Western civilization and if this oasis of the world shall be overrun, perverted, contaminated or destroyed, then the last flickering light of humanity will be extinguished," proclaimed Senator Patrick McCarran of Nevada. "I take no issue with those who would praise the contributions which have been made to our society by people of many races, of varied creeds and colors. . . . However, we have in the United States today hard-core, indigestible blocs which have not become integrated into the American way of life, but which, on the contrary are its deadly enemies. Today, as never before, untold millions are storming our gates for admission and those gates are cracking under the strain."
In 1952, the McCarran-Walter Act temporarily settled the debate in favor of keeping national quotas. President Harry Truman vetoed the act, saying, "The basis of this quota system was false and unworthy in 1924. It is even worse now. At the present time, this quota system keeps out the very people we want to bring in. It is incredible to me that, in this year of 1952, we should again be enacting into law such a slur on the patriotism, the capacity, and the decency of a large part of our citizenry." Congress overrode his veto.
The law made some small changes to the 1924 quota laws: it based quota numbers on the 1920 census. Great Britain, Germany, and the Republic of Ireland received two-thirds of the quota slots. Each country in Asia had a quota of 100 people per year, and no more than 2,000 immigrants from all of Asia could come in each year. It also placed quotas on the number of immigrants from European colonies in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Caribbean, including Jamaica and Barbados, which at that time were still colonies of Great Britain. Other countries in the Western Hemisphere, such as Mexico, continued to have no quotas. Up to 50 percent of each quota was saved for highly skilled immigrants and their families. The law also favored parents, husbands or wives, and children of American citizens.
The well-known chef Jacques Pépin immigrated to the United States when he was twenty-three under this quota system.
_**By 1959, I wanted to come to America. Everyone wanted to come to America! . . . They accepted only so many immigrants from different countries every year, and the quota for France was never filled, as opposed to, say, Italy, where . . . there was a huge waiting list going back eight, ten years before you could come to the United States with an immigrant visa, but France? No. . . . I had my green card [the document that allows an immigrant to stay permanently in the United States] in three months. . . . I came here on the tenth of September 1959, and a couple of days later I was working at Le Pavillon, which was the best restaurant in the country at the time.**_
Pépin added, "I would never move back to France because I'm much more American than French now. . . . After fifty years here, I've become totally American."
But the McCarran-Walter Act also did something that would dramatically change immigration: it took away the barriers for Asians to become citizens of the United States. Americans at the time did not think this would have much impact on our country; the quota numbers for Asian countries were small. But as Asians already living in the United States became citizens, they could bring in husbands or wives and children outside of the quota numbers.
Laws don't always have the consequences that Congress intends. They also don't reflect the actual number of immigrants that come each year. The 1952 immigration law was in effect for thirteen years; the quota provided for about 2 million immigrants in this period. In fact, some 3.5 million people immigrated legally to the United States, including Latinos, Canadians, refugees, and immediate family not affected by the law. In 1953, 8,000 Asian immigrants entered; by 1965, the total number of Asian immigrants was 236,000.
Patricia Violante holds her mother Agata's hand as they board a ship in 1956 in Naples, Italy, to make their home in the United States. Her father, Renato, leads the family. Patricia was five years old when they sailed, settling in Washington, D.C.
Diana Yu was twenty-one when she emigrated from Korea to attend college in Alabama. She raised her three daughters while attending graduate school in the United States. "In America I learned to do things myself, solve my own problems instead [of] expecting someone else to solve it for me," she said. "I owe a lot to America. It has been my training ground. This country has taught me some of the most important lessons in life. Moreover, I like living in a multicultural/multiracial society."
Once some of the racial barriers for Asians had been removed, many immigrants from China and Korea came to attend American colleges in the 1950s and 1960s. They were highly educated and skilled. By 2010, Asians were immigrating to the United States in higher numbers than Hispanics who entered legally. In 2013, Asian Americans were the fastest-growing group descended from immigrants in the United States.
Although racial barriers persisted, by the early 1960s the modern civil rights movement to gain equal treatment for African Americans was under way. Many Americans were embarrassed by the difference between our ideals as a free country and the reality of segregation. This was true of immigration laws, too. Americans realized that setting different limits for immigrants coming from different countries—usually favoring people from western and northern Europe—was a form of discrimination. Large majorities in both houses of Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (the Hart-Celler Act). It was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson at the Statue of Liberty. The law eliminated all national quotas; from then on, it would not matter what country a potential immigrant came from.
But the 1965 law did set quotas for the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The Eastern Hemisphere includes Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia; its quota was set at 170,000 immigrants a year. The Western Hemisphere, including North, Central, and South America as well as the Caribbean, had a quota of 120,000. This was the first time a limit had been set on immigrants from the Americas. In 1976, the hemisphere quotas were eliminated—290,000 immigrants from anywhere in the world could enter the United States each year.
President Lyndon Johnson signs the 1965 immigration reform bill into law at the Statue of Liberty, with New York City in the background. The law eliminated country quotas that had been established in the 1920s.
Race and employment, however, were still two big fears. To pass the law, supporters had to convince Americans that it would not change the ethnic character of the United States or overwhelm America with immigrants. Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts predicted the law "will not flood our cities with immigrants. It will not upset the ethnic mix of society. . . . It will not cause American workers to lose their jobs."
"It is obvious . . . that the great days of immigration have long since run their course," said Sidney Yates, a congressman from Illinois, who believed that millions of people would no longer come to this country.
Were they right? In the 1950s, there were about 250,000 legal immigrants a year to this country. Within forty years, there would be more than four times as many coming to the United States. Just as in the past, immigrants were looking for ways to make a living and improve their children's lives in a world that is often politically and economically unstable. By the 1980s, more than 80 percent of documented immigrants came from Asia and Latin America. It is impossible to tell how many undocumented immigrants come—not only from Latin America but from all over the world. Europeans, Canadians, Asians, and others stay on after their visitor or tourist visas expire. One estimate puts the number of illegal immigrants at 12 million people between 2000 and 2010.
Paterson, New Jersey, hosts a growing population of Islamic immigrants, including these young women eating a nighttime meal during the month of Ramadan, in 2006.
The number of African immigrants grew after the 1965 immigration law passed. Tunde Ayobami came here from Nigeria when he was twenty-one, in 1969. At first, he lived in Rhode Island. "I was the first Nigerian in the area. Before I came here, none of us had the idea of going to the suburbs. . . . But I tell them this place is really peaceful. . . . I try to find jobs for them and find school at the same time." Ayobami got a degree in medical technology. He wanted to sell technical equipment. "Most people didn't think I could make it. First, because of my [Nigerian] accent, they said I would never sell [to] anybody." But he got the job. "Since I've been on the road," he said, "my territory has been improved about 200 percent." He has encountered prejudice in the United States, but he explained, "I became understanding. People are this way, they're not going to change; I'm going to change. I became tolerant."
Immigrants also came from the Middle East. E. Murat Tuzcu emigrated from Turkey in 1985. He was already a medical doctor and received a visa for physician training. "I spoke good English, but I did not know many of the standardized ways of doing things in U.S. hospitals. I was working twelve-, fourteen-hour days," he said. Because his visa was a temporary one, to stay in the United States permanently, Dr. Tuzcu had to work in a part of the country that did not have enough doctors. He worked at a Veterans Administration hospital in Pittsburgh and received his green card. Now he is a noted cardiologist and teacher at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. "I feel as much a part of this country as I do a part of Turkey," he said. "I don't think that I have to choose to be Turkish or an American. I really think that I can be both."
The Dos Reis family emigrated from Brazil in 1992. In 2003, they became American citizens at a ceremony in Hyde Park, New York. Standing in front of a statue of President Franklin Roosevelt are Renata Dos Reis and her three sons ( _left to right_ ): Matheus, Isaac, and Orlando. Their father, Roberto, is the photographer. Matheus and Orlando became citizens when their parents did. Isaac, who was born in Florida, was an American citizen by birth.
The path to legal immigration keeps changing, as do the laws. The American economy suffered recessions beginning in 1975, raising fears once again that immigrants would take jobs from American citizens. In 1978, Congress created the Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy to come up with solutions. Father Theodore Hesburgh, who had been president of Notre Dame University, headed the commission. Father Hesburgh wrote in the _New York Times_ in 1986, "During the next 15 years, assuming a persistently strong economy, the United States will create about 30 million new jobs. Can we afford to set aside more than 20 percent of them for foreign workers? No. It would be a disservice to our own poor and unfortunate."
But the commission did propose that undocumented immigrants who had been in the United States for a long time be granted legal status. It also recommended stricter border patrols to keep new people out. The two recommendations were meant to balance each other by controlling immigration growth.
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, signed into law by President Ronald Reagan, followed these suggestions. It allowed longtime undocumented immigrants to apply to be legal residents and eventually citizens. It increased the number of border patrols. It also set penalties for Americans who knowingly hired illegal immigrants. But fining American employers was a controversial provision and difficult to enforce without seeming to violate Americans' rights. Although border security increased, undocumented Mexicans and others continued to cross into the United States; they found other routes to get here. By 1998, an estimated 2.68 million illegal immigrants had become permanent residents. This was 88 percent of all those who had applied.
In 1990, the Immigration and Nationality Act allowed a total of 700,000 immigrants to come to the United States each year. The easiest way to enter was as the family member of someone who was already here; the law also allowed more people to immigrate for work.
Golly Ramnath, an Asian Indian who lived in Trinidad, was forty-one when she came to the United States in 1998. For five years she worked as a live-in babysitter in Connecticut under a visa that made her return to Trinidad every six months. In 2002, she started studying for a high school degree. "In my culture, the girls are not pushed for an education," she said. "You're pushed, really, to take care of the house and your family, and that's it. . . . You know how to read and write, but you have to cook, clean the house, learn to sew, and take care of your husband and your children. . . . I came to America to find a better life, but I realized that to have a good life here, you need to be educated or else you're stuck in a menial job." She graduated from Brooklyn College in 2009. "I was fifty-two years old! . . . You cannot give in to the stumbling blocks that will come into your life. . . . People say this country is the land flowing with milk and honey, but you don't see that milk and honey until you work for it."
Many, many immigrant stories start with difficulty, involve hard work, and end with success. This is as true now as it was for the first European colonists. Kiril Tarpov emigrated from Bulgaria in 2000. "I received an invitation from the Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Church based in New York to become their music conductor, and they offered me a work visa. . . . I came here . . . to have a future as a musician, and second, to give a chance to my adopted son because he has dark skin—his parents were Egyptian, and back in Bulgaria we have a lot of problems with people with dark skin color." He found less racism in the United States.
This Latino family has just crossed the Rio Bravo River near the Mexican city of Juarez, as they try to enter the United States in 2006.
To make more money, Tarpov took a job at a coffee shop. "I didn't speak any English. But I was working with the customers, and it's amazing how kind they were. They took their time to explain things to me, what things meant, like 'bagel with cream cheese.' . . . Some of them came just to help me and teach me. . . . That's why I respect and love New Yorkers."
The support of Americans has been essential to enabling immigrants to assimilate and thrive. Church groups and pro-immigrant organizations often help individual immigrants or generally fight for immigrant rights.
Kiril Tarpov came legally to the United States. Carlos Escobar came illegally from Mexico in 1996. "I had been a . . . construction worker, but the company I worked for closed. . . . I wanted my son to have a good education and maybe one day go to college, which was never a possibility for me. . . . When I was little, I sold food on the street so my family could eat." He paid a coyote $3,000 to get him across the U.S. border. "At one point we didn't have a drink of water for nearly two days. . . . There were lots of rattlesnakes, scorpions, heat, dust. . . . I could see the lights of the American Border Patrol. . . . The coyote told us that many like us did not make it."
One way for legal immigrants to become American citizens is to serve in the U.S. military. These members of the military were among those naturalized in 2010 in a ceremony in San Antonio, Texas. They came from Panama, Kuwait, Nigeria, Belarus, Turkey, and the Philippines.
But Escobar succeeded. He worked long days in a vineyard in northern California. He studied English in a class held in the basement of a church at night. With help from his English teacher, he was finally able to get a green card and, after seven years, brought his wife and son to the United States. "This was the greatest day of my life," he said. Eventually, he became an American citizen. His son went to college; he wants to be a lawyer who helps other immigrants.
Should immigrants who enter without documents, like Carlos Escobar, be allowed to get green cards or become American citizens? This is one of the biggest issues in the debate about immigration today. Some Americans think it would be sensible and fair, especially if the immigrants have lived here for years, worked, and paid taxes. Others think it would be rewarding people who broke the law—they see illegal immigrants as criminals.
The one thing all Americans seem to agree on is that we have to reform our immigration laws. But they cannot agree on how to reform them. Republicans in Congress and state offices tend to favor no amnesty for illegals and stricter controls for entry. ("Amnesty" means the United States would ignore the fact that immigrants came without documents and provide a path to stay permanently or become citizens.) Democrats often support amnesty and would allow larger numbers of immigrants in, but they also want to strengthen controls. Politics play an important role in their attitudes. Legal immigrants who become citizens are voters, and politicians and law-makers don't want to lose their votes. But they don't want to lose the anti-immigrant vote, either. The American public seems to be as divided as the government on what should happen about immigration law reform. As of mid-2015, no comprehensive immigration reform law had been passed.
It takes a lot of paperwork and a lot of time (often years) to process legal immigration applications. Pro-immigration Americans argue that there would be fewer illegal immigrants if it were easier to apply for the needed documents. They want to simplify the process.
Americans both for and against increased immigration seem to agree that the United States should welcome immigrants to fill jobs that require special education and training. And many employers want workers to fill unskilled jobs. But are there enough American workers already who can fill these jobs? Some people argue that Americans are not willing to do low-paying jobs, like cleaning and janitorial work, that immigrants are willing to do.
Perhaps the most newsworthy question is: How can we keep immigrants from crossing illegally over the border with Mexico? In 2010, 58 percent of undocumented immigrants were Mexican (about 6.5 million people), and 23 percent came through Mexico from other parts of Latin America. About 11 percent (1.3 million) of undocumented immigrants were from Asia; 4 percent from Europe and Canada; and 3 percent from Africa and other countries. Illegal immigrants cross the border with Canada as well. In 2010, nearly 7,500 people were caught trying to cross from Canada. The countries they came from included Albania, the Czech Republic, Israel, and India. Many cross by boat or Jet Ski, or by swimming to states like Michigan, New York, and Minnesota. In 2011, more suspected terrorists were caught trying to enter the United States through Canada than through Mexico, according to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency. Yet most Americans are far more concerned with undocumented Latin American immigrants than with those from other countries.
Some Americans have been concerned that illegal immigrants and their children receive government health and social services and free public education. American citizens pay for these benefits through taxes. But illegal immigrants also pay taxes. They pay sales, gasoline, and property taxes, and studies show that they also pay federal and state income taxes and Social Security taxes. Yet in 1994, Californians voted in favor of Proposition 187, which said that illegal immigrants could not have these benefits of being an American citizen. (California withdrew the law in 1999.)
The 1996 platform of the Republican Party included these words: "We support a constitutional amendment . . . declaring that children born in the United States of parents who are not legally present in the United States or who are not long-term residents are not automatically citizens." In 1996, Congress passed a law reducing the number of public benefits to legal immigrants if they were not citizens of the United States.
This photo shows part of the fence that separates the United States and Mexico, built when Congress passed the Secure Fence Act in 2006. The fence has not been completed.
Fears of illegal immigrants continued to grow after 2000, leading Congress to pass the Secure Fence Act of 2006. This law called for building physical barriers, including high fences, along the border with Mexico. Mexico and other Latin American countries were offended by the idea of an actual fence separating the United States from these countries. The law was controversial, and it was hard to prove how effective it was in keeping undocumented immigrants out. Building the barriers was expensive, and in some places mountains and water patterns make it difficult to construct; as of 2015, the fence had not been completed.
Although the federal government is in charge of immigration, states with large Latino immigrant populations sometimes pass their own laws. In 2010, Arizona passed law SB 1070 against illegal immigrants. The law made it possible for police to arrest suspected undocumented immigrants without getting a warrant from a judge. It became a state crime not to carry official government identification papers, and illegal immigrants could not try to get work in the United States. The federal government immediately challenged the law. In 2012, the Supreme Court ruled against these three provisions. But the Supreme Court said that a fourth provision was legal: Arizona police could check whether a person was illegally in the United States if he or she were caught breaking any law—including traffic violations—if they had a "reasonable suspicion" that the person was undocumented. But what was "reasonable"? In many cases, it came down to whether the person looked Mexican. This is called "racial profiling."
Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, South Carolina, and Utah passed laws similar to Arizona's. They called for racial profiling, denying the opportunity to work or attend school, and other restrictions. After the Supreme Court's decision, these laws were being contested. However, other states, including New York, allow undocumented immigrants to have a driver's license or other form of identification. With some identification it is easier to live and work in the United States.
Perhaps the most important—and the most emotional—issue concerns the fate of children of illegal immigrants. In 2006, "[my] uncle was detained and deported [because] of the meatpacking plant raid that took place in Marshalltown [Iowa]," wrote a Mexican American teenager named Veronica. "My uncle's absence left a strong impact on my cousin, who was then 2, who stopped talking. . . . [My] aunt . . . was also eventually deported—regardless of having two citizen children, and having lived and worked in this country for over 15 years." The young children lived with Veronica's family for several years. In 2010, "[they] were reunited with their parents in Mexico. My cousin is now 9, and . . . feels alienated as he had never even visited the country [of Mexico]. . . . As citizens of the United States, it is truly a shame that both of these children are being denied their rights and benefits to have a brighter future as a result of our outdated and broken immigration laws."
Demonstrators in New York City in 2007 call for passage of the Dream Act. The Dream Act would allow young adults who were brought to the United States illegally as small children to remain in our country, the only home they remember.
Veronica's cousins were born in the United States and have the legal right to live here—without their parents. Antonio Alarcón remembers illegally crossing the border with his parents when he was eleven. "Unfortunately, my little brother was too young to make the dangerous border crossing, so he stayed behind in Mexico with my grandparents. . . . I thought I would see him again soon, but I haven't seen him in nine years." In 2011, Alarcón's grandfather died; his grandmother died in 2012. "After my grandmother's death, my parents made the hardest decision of their life: they decided to return to Mexico to take care of my younger brother. Once again, my family was separated. My mother knew that I could have a better education and work opportunities in the U.S., so I decided to stay. It has been two years since I've seen my mom and dad. During these years, they have missed my high school graduation."
What happens to the children of illegal immigrants who were not born in the United States but were brought here when they were young? They have grown up as Americans, but they have no rights as citizens and are illegal. Should they be deported—sent back to their home countries? For years, Congress has considered a "Dream Act" that would grant young people like Antonio Alarcón the right to stay in the United States for a period of time. They could complete their education and become permanent legal residents or even citizens if they choose to. Some people argue this is only fair to children who did not make the decision to immigrate; others argue that letting them stay would reward the illegal behavior of their parents.
High school and college students have spoken out for the Dream Act. Pierre Berastaín's parents brought him from Peru to Texas when he was a child. He eventually graduated from Harvard and in 2012 was studying at Harvard Divinity School. "I am not a criminal, a monster . . . or someone who sits at home doing nothing," he said. "I care for this country. . . . I am not asking that our government maintain an open-door policy for immigrants. I am simply asking that it give an opportunity to those of us who have proven ourselves."
Not every child brought as an undocumented immigrant comes from Latin America. Manny Bartsch came to Ohio from Germany when he was seven, without the proper visa. He graduated from Heidelberg University in Ohio, but he still faced deportation from the United States. "I would go through any channel to correct this situation," he says. "I'm not asking for citizenship [but] I would love to earn it if that possibility would arise. . . . I would love to contribute to this country, give back to it. I just don't understand why they would educate people in my situation and deport them."
Al Okere's mother fled Nigeria after his father was killed because he had written an article that criticized the Nigerian government. Okere was five. His mother applied for refugee status but was refused and deported in 2005. Although his legal guardian is his aunt, an American citizen, Okere can still be forced to leave the United States. By 2012, he was a student at Central Washington University in Washington State, while the U.S. government was preparing to deport him. He believed, like many other illegal young adults, that he had been greatly aided by the people who knew him in America. "My family and community support has been enormous and it gives me zeal to work hard in my studies, to be able to lend a hand to others in need, to realize a bright future."
No national Dream Act had been passed by Congress by 2015. By the end of 2013, however, fifteen states had passed some form of the Dream Act, many offering help with college tuition in those states.
Many Americans—even those who worry about new immigration—support the idea of helping young immigrants who are already here. On August 15, 2012, President Barack Obama ordered that deportations of young illegals be stopped so that their situations could be evaluated. His program was called "Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals" (DACA). The program could prevent many of them from having to return to countries that are, in fact, foreign to them. It promises hope for people who view themselves as American in every way—they have gone to school here, they live in American communities—to continue to live as Americans.
About two million illegal immigrants were deported—sent back to their home countries—between 2008 and 2014. Here three young women protest against forced deportation in front of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Detention Center in Tacoma, Washington, in 2014. Undocumented children, as well as adults, can be deported.
Because the United States still provides hope for a better life, tens of thousands of Central American children illegally crossed the Mexican border in 2013 and 2014. They were sent by their parents—many of whom paid high prices to coyotes. The parents feared widespread violence in the countries these children came from, mainly Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala.
In 2013, more than one thousand people younger than twenty-three were killed in Honduras alone. "The first thing we can think of is to send our children to the United States," said a mother from San Pedro Sula in Honduras. "That's the idea, to leave."
"It's a serious social problem," added Elvin Flores, a police inspector in the neighborhood of La Pradera. "Any children born in this neighborhood are going to get involved in a gang."
The U.S. government kept most of these children in detention centers so that they could be deported. No one was happy. Republicans in Congress and state governments argued that because Democratic President Obama did not want to deport young people already here, Central American parents believed that the United States would not turn away these new children. Yet President Obama asked Congress to approve billions of dollars to improve security at the border and send most of the children home. Many Democrats disagreed with him and believed that the children should be allowed to stay as refugees. As of the autumn of 2014, the Obama administration had set up immigration offices in Central American countries to accept more children as refugees. U.S. officials were deciding, case by case, whether children without documents already in this country could stay if they faced danger at home.
In November 2014, President Obama declared that about 400,000 immigrants without documents would be allowed to stay in this country. They included undocumented parents of American citizens and young people who had been brought to the United States illegally by their parents before they were old enough to make their own decisions about where to live. But many Republicans in Congress and some Americans strongly objected. They believed it was Congress, not the president, that should make decisions about immigration, even though Congress has been unable to agree on a comprehensive immigration law. The debate about who should be able to immigrate to the United States and who can live here permanently continues as it has since the United States became a country more than two hundred years ago.
These young people are among eighty children and teenagers taking the Pledge of Allegiance to the United States during a citizenship ceremony in Los Angeles in 2014.
**EPILOGUE**
**One could argue that people will always find a way** **to get into the United States if they want to badly enough. The aspirations and dreams that propel them are as strong as the resistance of those who would keep them out. Although some people see immigrants as taking jobs away from Americans** or costing Americans money as they ask for social welfare, there is a long and well-documented history of the ways that immigrants have contributed to the United States. They have literally built this country from the ground up, and they continue to do so. They have overcome prejudice and thrived. Immigrants may not speak English, but their children and grandchildren do. The next generations often get better educations and better jobs. They serve in the American military. They hold government offices. They teach. Are they as American as those whose ancestors came before the United States was a country?
Am I an American? My great-grandparents came from Italy. They didn't speak much English. They lived in Italian neighborhoods in New York. They suffered from discrimination. They came in the 1880s and 1890s, when there was no limit on immigration. Had they tried to come after 1924, they almost certainly wouldn't have made it; there were fewer than 6,000 quota slots a year for Italians. They didn't have a lot of skills, although one of my great-grandfathers was a hatmaker; his wife, my great-grandmother, never learned to read or write. None of my great-grandparents were political refugees. Instead, they came for economic opportunity and a better life for their children and grandchildren and, as it turns out, for me. Would they be allowed to immigrate today?
Americans, in the past and in the present, answer the questions differently. But what can we all learn from the example of immigrants who persevered and prospered, even those from ethnic groups that suffered the most discrimination? Do we make it difficult, if not impossible, for new people to come? Do we deny them the rights of citizens? Do we treat them with fear and contempt? Or do we treat them as fellow human beings, with respect and compassion—the way we wish our immigrant ancestors had been treated, no matter who they were, no matter which country they left to pursue the American Dream?
This land is not just my land. This land is not just your land. This land is _our_ land.
**APPENDIX**
**COMING TO—AND STAYING IN—THE UNITED STATES**
* * *
eople from around the world come to the United States for many different reasons. Each person needs a passport that proves he or she is a resident of the home country. (Similarly, every American needs a passport to go to another country.)
People from many countries (there are several exceptions, including Canada) who plan to visit the United States but not live here need a nonimmigrant visa from the U.S. government. They apply through the American embassy in their home countries. Nonimmigrant visas include those given to tourists on vacation, people visiting families and friends in the United States, and people who come for medical treatment.
People who come for business or to attend professional or scientific conferences can get business visas.
If people are staying for more than a short visit—but not permanently—they can get special visas if they are studying at American schools, working for American businesses, coming back and forth as workers on ships or airplanes, or working as foreign journalists covering American news.
Other visas are given to people who want to immigrate to the United States and live here permanently. They need American sponsors who will support their applications. Sponsors can be family members or businesses that will give them jobs for long periods of time. Children from other countries who are adopted by Americans also need visas.
Long-term visas may also be given to refugees, people who have helped America in wartime (for example, translators), and religious workers.
An immigrant with a long-term visa who wants to stay in the United States permanently needs a green card. It is easier for some people to get green cards than others. One has a better chance if he or she has a family member (including a parent, child, sibling, or spouse) who is a citizen of the United States. Chances are also better if one has a permanent job, particularly one that requires special skills. Green cards are also granted to people who invest at least a half-million dollars in American businesses or properties. There is also a green card lottery for immigrants who come from a country that does not have a lot of immigrants to the United States, including Indonesia, Egypt, Russia, Ethiopia, Liberia, and Nepal. (The countries that are included can change every year.) The lottery grants 50,000 green cards a year.
A person with a green card can live in the United States permanently. He or she does not have to become an American citizen, but many do so. The process of becoming a citizen is called "naturalization." There are different requirements for different categories of people. Most should have lived here for at least three (and sometimes five) years. They have to pass a test in the English language about American history and citizenship. As American citizens, they then have all the rights that Americans born here do, including the right to vote.
**SELECTED TIME LINE OF IMMIGRATION HISTORY**
* * *
**1565** The Spanish establish a settlement at St. Augustine, Florida. It is the oldest city founded by Europeans that has been continuously occupied on the mainland of the United States.
**1607** Immigrants from England start a permanent colony at Jamestown, Virginia.
**1620** The Pilgrims, fleeing religious persecution, settle in Plymouth, Massachusetts.
**1776** The original thirteen colonies declare independence from England.
**1783** The United States signs a peace treaty with England, ending the American Revolution.
**1789** The United States adopts its Constitution, giving Congress power to establish rules for citizenship.
Congress passes a customs act to raise money by calling for a tax on imported goods. Customs inspectors will be set up at major ports, including New York and Boston.
**1790** The Naturalization Act declares that "free white person[s]" of "good character" who have been in the United States for two years can become citizens.
**1795** The time for residence before an immigrant can become a citizen is extended to five years.
**1820–30** A little more than 150,000 immigrants come to the Unites States.
**1831–40** Nearly 600,000 immigrants come to the United States.
**1845–49** A potato famine leads to mass emigration from Ireland.
**1848** The Mexican-American War ends. The United States offers citizenship to Mexicans living in California and the Southwest.
**1849** The California Gold Rush draws many immigrants to the Unites States, including Chinese. Those who arrive by ship from foreign countries pass through customs inspections, but there are no limits on immigration.
**1841–50** About 1,700,000 immigrants arrive.
**1854** The anti-immigrant Native American Party, called "the Know Nothing Party," is formed.
**1855** Castle Garden opens to process immigrants entering through New York. It closes in 1890.
**1851–60** Nearly 2,600,000 immigrants come to the United States.
**1868** The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution declares all people born or naturalized in the United States to be citizens.
**1861–70** About 2,300,000 immigrants come to the United States. Fewer immigrants come during the American Civil War (1861–65).
**1871** Regions of Italy are unified into one country; mass immigration to America begins.
**1875** Congress passes an act banning the immigration of Chinese workers being brought to this country without their consent.
**1871–80** About 2,800,000 immigrants come to the United States.
**1881** Many Jewish immigrants flee to the United States after pogroms in Russia and eastern Europe.
**1882** Congress passes the Chinese Exclusion Act, banning Chinese workers from coming to the United States for ten years.
A new Immigration Act requires a 50-cent head tax from each entering immigrant and bans some categories of people, such as those who have no money or are mentally ill.
**1886** The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor is dedicated.
**1881–90** About 5,200,000 immigrants enter the United States.
**1891** Congress passes an act that creates a national Office of the Superintendent of Immigration (renamed the Bureau of Immigration in 1895). In addition to poor people and those with mental illnesses, the act bans people convicted of crimes and those with contagious diseases.
**1892** Ellis Island in New York Harbor opens as the first national immigration processing center. It closes in 1954.
**1894** The Immigration Restriction League is formed to oppose mass immigration from southern and eastern Europe.
**1891–1900** Nearly 3,700,000 immigrants enter the United States.
**1903** Congress passes an act to keep anarchists from entering the United States.
**1906** The Bureau of Immigration becomes the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.
**1907** The Gentlemen's Agreement goes into effect with Japan, limiting Japanese immigration.
Congress passes an act saying that women who marry non-American citizens must give up their American citizenship. In 1922, the law is changed to cover only women who marry Asians. The law is not completely repealed until 1940.
**1901–10** About 8,800,000 immigrants enter the United States.
**1910** The Angel Island inspection station opens in San Francisco Bay to process Asian and Pacific Coast immigrants before they can enter the United States.
**1912** Congress passes an act that calls for inspection of agricultural products brought by people from other countries.
**1913** California passes a law that prevents any immigrant who cannot become a citizen (mainly Asians) from owning property.
**1914** World War I begins in Europe. Immigration declines. The war, which the United States joins in 1917, ends in 1918.
**1917** People from Puerto Rico, which became a U.S. territory, have American citizen status.
Congress passes an act that requires a literacy test for all immigrants; the act bans immigration from the "Asian Pacific Triangle" of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands (except for American possessions the Philippines and Guam). This is called "the Asiatic barred zone."
**1911–20** Some 5,700,000 immigrants enter the United States.
**1921** Congress passes an act establishing quotas for European immigrants, based on 3 percent of immigrants from each country who were living in the United States in 1910.
**1922** The quota system is extended until 1924.
The Supreme Court upholds the laws denying citizenship to anyone but black and white people in _Ozawa v. United States_.
**1923** In _United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind_ , the Supreme Court denies citizenship to an Indian who has lived in the United States since 1913 and served in the U.S. army because he is Asian.
**1924** Congress passes an act limiting European immigration to 150,000 people per year and setting a quota by country based on 2 percent of the number of immigrants from each country living in the United States in 1890.
The Border Patrol is established.
**1929** The U.S. government establishes the rules for deciding quota numbers. Each country's quota is based on the number of immigrants from that country living here in 1890.
**1921–30** A little more than 4,100,000 immigrants enter the United States.
**1929** The Great Depression begins. Immigration slows. The number of people leaving the United States is more than the number entering each year from 1932 to 1936. Only about 528,000 immigrants enter the country between 1931 and 1940.
**1933** With the Nazi government in power, refugees, most of them Jewish, begin to emigrate from Germany.
**1934** Congress passes an act giving the Philippines self-government (but not independence). The annual quota for Filipino immigrants is set at 50 people.
**1939** World War II begins in Europe and Asia. Emigration from these continents decreases.
**1940** Congress passes an act that calls for registering and fingerprinting all noncitizens living in the United States (Alien Registration Act).
The Angel Island immigration station closes.
**1941** Japan bombs Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, an American territory. The United States enters World War II.
**1942** Executive Order 9066 requires Japanese immigrants and Japanese American citizens living on the West Coast to be interned in camps. In Hawaii, where the Japanese population is large and needed for labor, relatively few are interned.
The United States and Mexico begin the Bracero Program, which allows Mexican workers to come to the United States for limited periods of time. The program ends in 1964.
**1943** Congress repeals the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. Chinese immigrants become eligible for citizenship.
**1945** World War II ends.
**1946** Congress passes an act that allows Filipino and Indian immigrants to become citizens. The immigration quotas for each group are very small.
**1948** The Displaced Persons Act allows refugees from World War II to enter the United States outside the country quotas. The act is extended in 1950 and lasts until 1952. A little more than 400,000 refugees enter.
**1941–50** A little more than 1,000,000 immigrants enter the United States.
**1952** The Immigration and Nationality Act (the McCarran-Walter Act) keeps the quota system based on country of origin. The act also allows all Asian immigrants the right to become citizens.
**1954** Operation Wetback deports tens of thousands of illegal immigrants living in the Southwest back to Mexico.
**1959** After Cuba is taken over by a communist government, refugees begin to flee to the United States.
**1951–60** About 2,500,000 immigrants enter the United States.
**1965** The Immigration and Nationality Act (the Hart-Celler Act) eliminates national quotas. Instead, the act places quotas on people coming from the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. This is the first quota that applies to immigrants from the Americas.
**1966** The Cuban Adjustment Act allows Cuban immigrants in the United States for more than two years to apply for permanent residence, even if they came illegally.
**1961–70** About 3,300,000 immigrants enter the United States.
**1975** As the Vietnam War ends, refugees from Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries begin to immigrate to the United States.
**1971–80** Nearly 4,500,000 immigrants enter the United States.
**1980** The Refugee Act sets a worldwide limit of 270,000 immigrants per year and adds 50,000 slots for refugees. More than 50,000 refugees are usually admitted each year.
**1986** The Immigration Reform and Control Act leads to amnesty for nearly 3 million illegal immigrants living in the United States.
**1981–90** More than 7,300,000 legal immigrants enter the United States.
**1990** Congress raises the worldwide limit on immigrants per year to 700,000.
**1991–2000** A little more than 9,000,000 legal immigrants enter the United States.
**1994** California voters pass Proposition 187, denying social service benefits and public education for illegal immigrants. After court challenges, the state restores benefits in 1999.
**1996** The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act increases the number of crimes a legal immigrant can be deported for and expands the Border Patrol.
Congress passes an act cutting social services to legal permanent residents who came to the United States after August 1996.
**1997** Congress passes a law that allows Nicaraguans and Cubans to apply for permanent residence and permits other Central Americans and eastern European undocumented immigrants to ask to stop deportation proceedings.
**1998** Congress passes a law allowing Haitians to apply for permanent residence.
**2001** The fundamentalist Islamic terrorist group Al-Qaeda destroys the World Trade Center in New York and part of the Pentagon in Washington, D.C.
**2003** The Immigration and Naturalization Service is put under the new Department of Homeland Security and is responsible for border control, immigration law enforcement, and immigration and citizenship services.
**2005** The REAL ID Act increases restrictions on those seeking refugee status and increases immigration enforcement.
**2006** The Secure Fence Act calls for 700 miles of fencing along the U.S.-Mexico border.
**2010** Arizona passes law SB 1070, requiring immigrants to carry papers, denying illegal immigrants work, allowing police to arrest them without a warrant, and allowing police to check a person's immigrant status for reasonable cause.
**2012** The Supreme Court strikes down the first three provisions of SB 1070 but upholds allowing police to check immigrant status.
President Barack Obama begins the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program to stop deportation of young illegal immigrants brought to the United States by their parents when they were children.
**2013** By the end of the year, fifteen states have passed Dream Acts supporting young people brought illegally to the United States by their parents. No national Dream Act had passed Congress by 2015.
**2013–14** Tens of thousands of Central American children cross the U.S.-Mexico border, sent without documents by their parents because of extreme violence in their home countries.
**2014** President Barack Obama declares that about 400,000 undocumented immigrants—parents of U.S. citizens and young people brought by their parents—may remain in the United States.
**NOTES**
* * *
ull bibliographic information for books indicated in the Notes will be found in the Selected Bibliography.
**INTRODUCTION**
* * *
**"Give me . . . golden door!"** Poem by Emma Lazarus, "The New Colossus," at www.statueofliberty.org/Statue_of_Liberty.html (accessed July 18, 2014).
**"It lyes . . . the Great."** William Byrd II, quoted in Mae M. Ngai and Jon Gjerde, eds., _Major Problems_ , p. 48.
**"Any man . . . ever will."** Margaret McCarthy, quoted in Roger Daniels, _Coming to America_ , p. 130.
**"We came . . . We're satisfied."** Albertina di Grazia, quoted in Joan Morrison and Charlotte Fox Zabusky, eds., _American Mosaic_ , p. 32.
**"I have no intention . . . opposed to it altogether."** George Washington, quoted in Otis L. Graham, _Unguarded Gates_ , p. 4.
**"[With] respect to . . . encouragement."** George Washington, quoted in ibid.
**"Why should the . . . our Complexion."** Benjamin Franklin, quoted in Daniels, _Coming to America_ , pp. 109–10.
**The complete lyrics to"This Land Is Your Land"** can be found at www.woodyguthrie.org/Lyrics/This_Land.htm (accessed March 7, 2014).
**CHAPTER 1**
**THE BEGINNINGS**
* * *
**"What then . . . in the world."** J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, quoted in Daniels, _Coming to America_ , pp. 101–2.
**"America is . . . re-forming!"** Israel Zangwill, <http://www.pluralism.org/encounter/history/melting-pot> (accessed February 8, 2015).
**"that the Number . . . Face of the Earth."** Benjamin Franklin, quoted in Daniels, _Coming to America_ , p. 110.
**On the number of German immigrants.** Ilan Stavins, ed., _Becoming Americans_ , p. 23.
**Percentage of German and Irish immigrants.** Ngai and Gjerde, eds., _Major Problems_ , p. 103.
**On voting rights for noncitizens in Midwestern states.** Alexander Keyssar, _The Right to Vote_ , pp. 32–33.
**"it is most dreadful . . . famine this year."** Letter from Hannah Curtis quoted at www.hsp.org/sites/default/files/attachments/curtis_letter_november_24_1845_1.jpg (accessed February 17, 2014).
**"On Sunday . . . ninety- six hours."** April 2, 1852, _New York Times_ article, <http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A05E7D91738E334BC4A53DFB2668389649FDE> (accessed February 15, 2015).
**"huddled together . . . reign supreme."** Boston public health report quoted at www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/famine/america.htm (accessed February 17, 2014).
**"I am exceedingly . . . bacon of them."** Letter to the _London Times_ quoted at www.ushistory.org/us/25f.asp (accessed February 17, 2014).
**"It is a fact . . . of the American people."** Samuel F. B. Morse, quoted in Ngai and Gjerde, eds., _Major Problems_ , pp. 119–20.
**"On this day . . . idea of Germany is."** William Seyffardt, quoted in Thomas Dublin, ed., _Immigrant Voices_ , pp. 90, 94, 103.
**"Only those . . . can do well."** Anna Maria Schano, quoted in Ngai and Gjerde, eds., _Major Problems_ , pp. 105–6.
**"the alternative . . . children."** Article reprinted from the _Boston Journal_ in the _New York Times_ , December 15, 1901, at <http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-fpee/pdf?res=9F0DE2DA173BE733A25756C1A9649D-946097D6CF> (accessed July 14, 2014).
**"he became . . . to leave school."** Ibid.
**On the Haymarket Riots.** John Higham, _Strangers in the Land_ , p. 54.
**"long-haired . . . their lives."** Ibid., p. 55.
**"Europe's human . . . reptiles."** Ibid.
**"There is . . . anarchist."** Ibid.
**"The color . . . Anglo-Saxon."** Ibid., p. 168.
**"No one . . . certain races."** Ibid., p. 101.
**CHAPTER 2**
**THE OTHER EUROPE ARRIVES**
* * *
**"The day came . . . my baby."** Rosa Cassettari told her story to Marie Hall Ets. Ets gave Rosa the last name "Cavalleri" to hide her identity. I have used her real name. Excerpts are from Marie Hall Ets, _Rosa_ , p. 162.
**"America! . . . own land."** Ibid., p. 164.
**"All us poor . . . soup and bread."** Ibid., p. 163.
**"The inside was . . . they shouted.'"** Ibid., p. 166.
**"and if on such examination . . . permitted to land."** Text of 1882 immigration law, at <http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/22%20stat%20214.pdf> (accessed March 3, 2014).
**"Numerous complaints . . . own way."** _New York Tribune_ article, quoted in Higham, _Strangers_ , p. 67.
**"degrade . . . human beings."** Ibid., p. 47.
**"so many cattle . . . serfs."** Ibid., p. 48.
**"because . . . to Italians."** Ets, _Rosa_ , p. 219.
**"my poor rooms . . . with a broom."** Ibid., p. 220.
**"My husband . . . have to stand it."** Sophie Zurowski, quoted in Morrison and Zabusky, eds., _American Mosaic_ , p. 53.
**"[When] I'd saved . . . cutting hair."** Joseph Baccardo, quoted in ibid., pp. 67–68.
**"to preserve . . . workingmen."** Higham, _Strangers_ , p. 46.
**Essay prize for"The Evil Effects of Unrestricted Immigration."** Ibid., p. 41.
**"also any person . . . others to come."** Text of 1891 immigration law, at <http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/26%20stat%201084.pdf> (accessed March 3, 2014).
**"What are they . . . any trouble."** John Daroubian, quoted in Morrison and Zabusky, eds., _American Mosaic_ , pp. 23–24.
**"so when we . . . to my mother."** Faye Lundsky, quoted _in_ Peter Morton Coan, _Toward a Better Life_ , p. 49.
**"America . . . human hands."** Walter Lindstrom, quoted in Morrison and Zabusky, eds., _American Mosaic_ , p. 5.
**"My mother said . . . on his own."** Faye Lundsky, quoted in Coan, _Toward a Better Life_ , pp. 49, 50, 52.
**"We started work . . . did the same thing."** Pauline Newman, quoted in Morrison and Zabusky, eds., _American Mosaic_ , p. 10.
**"I remember . . . chicken soup."** Faye Lundsky, quoted in Coan, _Toward a Better Life_ , p. 50.
**On the justifications for racism** , see Daniels, _Coming to America_ , p. 276; and Higham, _Strangers_ , Chapter 6.
**"The hereditary . . . to contend."** Prescott F. Hall, quoted in Higham, _Strangers_ , p. 44.
**"to be peopled . . . and stagnant."** Daniels, _Coming to America_ , p. 276.
**"to smother . . . institutions."** Higham, _Strangers_ , p. 79.
**"The illiteracy test . . . of the United States."** Henry Cabot Lodge, quoted in Higham, _Strangers_ , p. 101.
**"stupendous growth . . . best citizens."** Grover Cleveland, quoted in Daniels, _Coming to America_ , p. 277.
**On 18 percent foreign-born.** Higham, _Strangers_ , p. 216.
**"These handicapped . . . toward them."** Ibid., p. 217
**"the simple . . . Americans."** Theodore Roosevelt, quoted in ibid., p. 198.
**"there was . . . Americanka then."** Sonia Walinsky, quoted in Morrison and Zabusky, eds., _American Mosaic_ , p. 1.
**Text of 1921 Emergency Immigration Act** , at <http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/42%20stat%205.pdf> (accessed March 3, 2014).
**355,000 a year.** Mae M. Ngai, _Impossible Subjects_ , p. 20.
**9.9 million.** Roger Daniels, _Guarding the Golden Door_ , p. 45.
**On drop in number of immigrants.** Ngai, _Impossible Subjects_ , p. 272.
**"The old Americans . . . of America."** Higham, _Strangers_ , p. 264.
**"Today, instead . . . definitely ended."** Albert Johnson, quoted in Daniels, _Coming to America_ , pp. 283–84.
**Johnson-Reed Act** , at <http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/43%20stat%20153.pdf> (accessed March 3, 2014).
**All figures from"Immigration Quotas Based on National Origin" table,** in Ngai, _Impossible Subjects_ , pp. 28–29.
**CHAPTER 3**
**THE OTHER SHORE**
* * *
**"I happened . . . I decided."** Frank Tomori, quoted in Ronald Takaki, _Strangers from a Different Shore_ , p. 52.
**"There were four . . . with the rice."** Ibid., p. 33.
**On Chinese immigration statistics.** Ibid., p. 31.
**"[The] concentration . . . education."** Ibid., p. 82.
**"Certain . . . of feeling."** Ibid., p. 100.
**Text of Naturalization Act of 1790** , in Franklin Odo, ed., _The Columbia Documentary History_ , pp. 13–14.
**"aliens of . . . African descent."** Stavins, ed., _Becoming Americans_ , p. 700.
**"The 60,000 . . . stronger races."** Henry George, quoted in Daniels, _Guarding the Golden Door_ , p. 13.
**"We respectfully . . . advantage of all."** Odo, ed., _The Columbia Documentary History_ , p. 50.
**"children . . . Chinese descent."** California Political Code, at https://books.google.com/books?id=KNA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA389&lpg=PA389&dq=%22for+children+of+Mongolian+or+Chinese+descent%22+1885&-source=bl&ots=D4jtlvZmhe&sig=ErQK0duWzLjP8jI2-57Ra1ErtBiY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=G-2DiVLWUKLeOsQT1nYCwBg&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22for%20children%20of%20Mongolian%20or%20Chinese%20descent%22%201885&f=false (accessed February 16, 2015).
**Text of 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act** , at www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/chinex.htm (accessed May 16, 2014).
**On first border patrols.** Ngai, _Impossible Subjects_ , p. 64.
**"not much bigger . . . all kinds."** Robert Eric Barde, _Immigration at the Golden Gate_ , p. 62.
**"'There are . . . in their papers."** Ibid., p. 70.
**"'Here you are . . . you care?'"** Wong Hock Won, quoted in ibid.
**On the number of immigrants who passed through Angel Island** , at www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Upgraded-Angel-Island-museum-reopens-Sunday-3171731.php (accessed November 7, 2014).
**On comparing Angel and Ellis Islands** , ibid.
**On "paper sons and daughters,"** at www.angelisland.org/history/united-states-immigration-station-usis (accessed November 7, 2014).
**"I used to . . . my mind."** Takaki, _Strangers_ , pp. 8–9.
**"What strikes me . . . and grass."** Ibid., p. 43.
**"Huge . . . ocean."** Ibid., p. 41.
**"menace . . . labor."** Henry Gage, quoted in ibid., p. 201.
**"went through . . . North America."** Chiura Obata, quoted in Odo, ed., _The Columbia Documentary History_ , p. 138.
**"Would you . . . public schools."** Takaki, _Strangers_ , p. 201.
**"all . . . Oriental Public School."** Ibid.
**"The persecutions . . . several times."** Ibid.
**"aliens . . . citizenship**." Ibid, p. 203.
**"Our mission . . . their arrival."** Koyu Uchida, quoted in Odo, ed., _The Columbia Documentary History_ , pp. 172–73.
**"Ninang . . . keep us."** Angeles Monrayo, _Tomorrow's Memories_ , pp. 186, 191.
**On Stockton, California.** Ibid., p. 264.
**"camp . . . outhouses."** Mary Paik Lee, quoted in Dublin, ed., _Immigrant Voices_ , p. 177.
**"first day . . . blow on the neck."** Ibid., pp. 180–81.
**"first experience . . . to America."** Ibid., p. 183.
**"When we . . . the subject."** Ibid., p. 201.
**"I studied . . . in the head."** Younghill Kang, quoted in Odo, ed., _The Columbia Documentary History_ , p. 216.
**"Do you wonder . . . and opportunity."** Takaki, _Strangers_ , pp. 63–64.
**6,400 immigrants.** Ibid., p. 294.
**"The civic . . . new stream."** Ibid., p. 297.
**Text of 1917 Immigration Act** , at <http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/39%20stat%20874.pdf> (accessed July 18, 2014).
**Figures on numbers and percentage of Asians in Hawaii.** Takaki, _Strangers_ , p. 132.
**"We worked . . . constantly" and "would gallop . . . whip."** Ibid., p. 135.
**"to the Control . . . #10710."** Monica Sone, quoted in ibid., p. 393.
**"No houses . . . baked earth."** Ibid., p. 395.
**CHAPTER 4**
**SOUTH OF OUR BORDER**
* * *
**"Some Americans . . . ask of life?"** Paola, Vanessa, and Sara Garcia, quoted in Pamela Constable and Scott Clement, "Hispanics often lead the way in their faith in the American Dream, poll finds," at www.washingtonpost.com/local/hispanics-often-lead-the-wayin-their-faith-in-the-american-dream-poll-finds/2014/01/30/c9d4d498-6c2a-11e3-b405-7e360f7e9fd2_story.html (accessed February 16, 2015).
**On poll.** Ibid.
**80,000 Mexicans.** Daniels, _Coming to America_ , p. 307.
**On Mexicans in Southwest becoming Americans.** Ngai, _Impossible Subjects_ , pp. 50–52.
**700,000 Mexicans.** Dublin, ed., _Immigrant Voices_ , p. 203.
**On border control history** , at www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/history (accessed November 10, 2014).
**On U.S.-Mexico border crossings in 2014,** at www.immigrationpolicy.org/just-facts/lost-shadow-fence (accessed November 7, 2014).
**"Lower Sacramento . . . stables."** Ernesto Galarza, quoted in Dublin, ed., _Immigrant Voices_ , p. 218.
**"The _colonia_ . . . could live."** Ibid., p. 220.
**"The total . . . very quickly."** Manuel Gamio, _Mexican Immigration to the United States_ , p. 204.
**"They . . . your groceries."** Valente Ramírez, quoted in Ricardo Romo, "Responses to Mexican Immigration, 1910–1930," in Michael R. Ornelas, ed., _Beyond 1848_ , p. 119.
**On Ramón Lizárraga.** Ibid., p. 118.
**"in poor condition . . . cots."** Aureliano Ocampo, quoted in Ngai, _Impossible Subjects_ , p. 141.
**"As a wetback . . . like a man."** Carlos Morales, quoted in ibid., p. 146.
**"The next time . . . the burro."** José Garcia, quoted in Morrison and Zabusky, eds., _American Mosaic_ , p. 351.
**"alarming . . . the border."** Joseph M. Swing, quoted in Ngai, _Impossible Subjects_ , p. 155.
**"Their home life . . . or employment."** Ibid., p. 160.
**"needed a . . . to leave."** Tomás Rivera, . . . _And the Earth Did Not Devour Him_ , p. 103.
**"was trying . . . was my house."** Cesar Millan, quoted in Coan, _Toward a Better Life_ , pp. 282–83.
**"Mexico is . . . come true."** Ibid., p. 280.
**"I am rising . . . will be true."** Jaime Alvarez, quoted in Morrison and Zabusky, eds., _American Mosaic_ , p. 358.
**"the weather . . . of the people."** Piri Thomas, quoted in Dublin, ed., _Immigrant Voices_ , pp. 261, 263.
**"My mouth . . . in New York."** Aurora Flores, at www.pbs.org/latino-americans/en/blog/2013/09/03/Boricua-Christmas-New-York/ (accessed February 16, 2015).
**CHAPTER 5**
**SEEKING SAFETY AND LIBERTY**
* * *
**"I decided . . . expression."** Alejandro, quoted in Ngai and Gjerde, eds., _Major Problems_ , pp. 529–30.
**"lowered [a] boat . . . Coca-Cola."** Ibid.
**"because of persecution . . . opinion."** Ibid., p. 526.
**"our plans . . . creed."** Myron Taylor, quoted in Daniels, _Guarding the Golden Door_ , p. 77.
**"pushed us aside . . . the house."** Elise Radell, quoted in Morrison and Zabusky, eds., _American Mosaic_ , p. 138.
**"You couldn't . . . a week."** Ibid., p. 141.
**On the 1948 Displaced Persons Act.** Daniels, _Guarding the Golden Door_ , p. 109 and <http://library.uwb.edu/guides/USimmigration/1948_displaced_persons_act.html> (accessed November 10, 2014).
**"For me . . . my country now."** Aniela Szeliga, quoted in Coan, _Toward a Better Life_ , p. 158.
**"I was in my . . . on the airplane."** Ava Rado-Harte, quoted in ibid., pp. 166, 167, 170.
**"declare[d] . . . upheld."** Lyndon Johnson, quoted in ibid., p. 198.
**"To me . . . have an opinion."** Emilio Estefan, quoted in ibid., p. 224.
**"On April 28 . . . the children."** Trong Nguyen, quoted in Dublin, ed., _Immigrant Voices_ , pp. 278.
**"Vietnam is . . . back home."** Thanh Nguyen, quoted in ibid.
**"more than fifty . . . McDonald's."** Trong Nguyen, quoted in ibid., p. 289.
**"We didn't know . . . a better life."** Tuan Nguyen, quoted at www.vietka.com/Vietnamese_Boat_People/Road_to_US.htm (accessed June 15, 2014).
**"They came . . . are _very_ cool!"** Roya, quoted in Judith M. Blohn and Terri Lapinsky, _Kids Like Me_ , pp. 142, 144.
**"131,000 refugees."** www.nytimes.com/2007/04/29/us/29youth.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (accessed February 16, 2015).
**"20,000 refugees."** www.nytimes.com/1999/04/07/world/crisis-balkans-haven-us-chooses-guantanamo-bay-base-cuba-for-refugee-site.html (accessed February 16, 2015).
**"In 1998 . . . was shot."** Fatim, quoted in Blohn and Lapinsky, _Kids Like Me_ , pp. 133–34.
**"If we get . . . housing market" and Gallup Poll results**. Nhi T. Lieu, _The American Dream in Vietnamese_ , p. 10.
**"There will . . . for soccer."** Lee Swaney, quoted in Ngai and Gjerde, eds., _Major Problems_ , p. 534.
**"Refugees . . . chance on them."** John Kerry, at www.huffingtonpost.com/john-kerry/the-refugee-act-more-reas_b_499575.html (accessed August 16, 2014).
**"By protecting . . . traditions."** Ted Kennedy, at www.fromthesquare.org/?p=672 (accessed August 16, 2014).
**"I was in jail . . . human rights."** Carmen, at www.nwo.media.xs2.net/articles/84_05salvadoran.html (accessed June 14, 2014).
**On Haitian immigrant statistics.** www.oas.org/juridico/english/gavigane.html (accessed June 14, 2014).
**"I did not know . . . days and days."** Clemantine Wamariya, at www.yaledailynews.com/blog/2010/09/09/rwandan-refugee-reaches-out (accessed June 27, 2014).
**122 North Koreans,** at www.38north.org/2011/09/rcohen092011 (accessed June 17, 2014).
**"I had to do . . . with friends."** Joseph Kim, at www.layouth.com/interview-with-a-north-korean-refugee (accessed June 27, 2014).
**"I did not . . . act of love."** Joseph Kim, at www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/06/21/hope-brought-me-to-america-a-north-korean-defector-tells-his-inspiring-story (accessed June 27, 2014).
**On Iraqi immigrant statistics.** <https://refugeeresettlementwatch.wordpress.com/2014/09/13/how-many-iraqi-refugees-came-to-america-since-911-how-are-they-doing/> (accessed February 16, 2015).
**"I never thought . . . my family."** Adil Ibrahim, at <http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/8/20/reborn-in-the-u-sa.html> (accessed July 9, 2014).
**55,000 Afghan refugees, 2,300 Afghan refugees,** at http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=UNHCR&f=indID%3AType-Ref (accessed July 10, 2014).
**On number of Syrian refugees,** at www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/05/us-syria-crisis-usa-refugees-idUSBREA141ZQ20140205 (accessed July 10, 2014).
**"There are . . . having parents."** Clemantine Wamariya, at <http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2010/09/09/> rwandan-refugee-reaches out (accessed July 10, 2014).
**"Welcoming and accepting . . . promote it."** Wamariya, at www.huffingtonpost.com/clemantine-wamariya/why-refugees-are-natural-leaders-of-the-third-met-ric_b_3742478.html (accessed July 10, 2014).
**CHAPTER 6**
**THIS LAND IS WHOSE LAND?**
* * *
**"I didn't want . . . has overcome."** Perla Rabor Rigor, quoted in Ngai and Gjerde, eds., _Major Problems_ , pp. 493, 494–95.
**"I believe . . . the strain."** Patrick McCarran, quoted at www.upa.pdx.edu/IMS/currentprojects/TAHv3/Content/PDFs/Immigration_Act_1952.pdf (accessed June 28, 2014).
**"The basis . . . citizenry."** Harry Truman, quoted in Daniels, _Guarding the Golden Door_ , p. 121.
**Text of McCarran-Walter Act** , at <http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/66%20stat%20163.pdf> (accessed July 18, 2014).
**"By 1959 . . . totally American."** Jacques Pépin, quoted in Coan, _Toward a Better Life_ , pp. 186–87, 195.
**On immigration statistics, 1952–65.** Daniels, _Guarding the Golden Door_ , p. 123.
**"In America . . . society,"** at www.koreanamericanstory.org/my-korean-american-story-diana-yu (accessed August 17, 2014).
**On increasing numbers of Asians immigrating to the United States.** www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/06/19/the-rise-of-asian-americans (accessed August 17, 2013).
**Text of 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act** , at <http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/79%20stat%20911.pdf> (accessed July 18, 2014).
**"will not flood . . . their jobs."** Ted Kennedy, quoted at www.cis.org/1965ImmigrationAct-MassImmigration (accessed July 10, 2014).
**"It is obvious . . . their course."** Sidney Yates, quoted at ibid.
**On number of legal immigrants.** Daniels, _Guarding the Golden Door_ , pp. 137, 139.
**On number of illegal immigrants.** David A. Gerber, _American Immigration_ , p. 125.
**"I was the . . . tolerant."** Tunde Ayobami, quoted in Morrison and Zabusky, eds., _American Mosaic_ , pp. 404, 407–8.
**"I spoke . . . can be both."** Dr. E. Murat Tuzcu, quoted in Coan, _Toward a Better Life_ , pp. 270–71.
**"During . . . unfortunate."** Fr. Theodore Hesburgh, quoted in Daniels, _Guarding the Golden Door_ , p. 221.
**Text of 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act** , at <http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/100%20stat%203359.pdf> (accessed July 18, 2014).
**On number of illegal immigrants who became permanent residents.** Daniels, _Guarding the Golden Door_ , p. 229.
**Text of 1990 Immigration and Nationality Act** , at <http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/1990_immigration_and_nationality_act.html> (accessed July 18, 2014).
**"In my culture . . . work for it."** Golly Ramnath, quoted in Coan, _Toward a Better Life_ , pp. 302–3.
**"I received . . . New Yorkers."** Kiril Tarpov, quoted in ibid., pp. 309–10, 311–12.
**"I had been . . . not make it."** Carlos Escobar, quoted in ibid., pp. 295, 297.
**"This was . . . life."** Ibid., p.298.
**On nationalities of illegal immigrants,** at www.pewhispanic.org/2011/02/01/ii-current-estimates-and-trends (accessed July 11, 2014).
**On illegal immigrants crossing from Canada.** <http://cnsnews.com/news/article/canadian-border-bigger-terror-threat-mexican-border-says-border-patrol-chief> and www.usimmigration.com/illegal-immigrants-through-canada.html (both accessed July 11, 2014).
**On illegal immigrants paying taxes,** at www.immigration.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000789 (accessed August 16, 2014).
**"We support . . . citizens."** Republican platform, quoted in Daniels, _Guarding the Golden Door_ , p. 245.
**On 1996 law restricting benefits,** at www.nilc.org/over-view-immeligfedprograms.html (accessed July 11, 2014).
**On Supreme Court decision, Arizona SB 1070,** at www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/06/us/scotus.immigration/?pos=canon (accessed July 11, 2014).
**"[my] uncle . . . immigration laws."** www.keepingfamiliestogether.net/how-our-backwards-immigration-system-tore-our-family-apart/ (accessed July 11, 2014).
**"Unfortunately, my little . . . graduation."** Antonio Alarcón, quoted at www.fwd.us/antonio_story (accessed July 11, 2014).
**"I am not . . . proven ourselves."** Pierre Berastaín, quoted at www.durbin.senate.gov (accessed February 16, 2015).
**"I would . . . deport them."** Manny Bartsch, quoted at ibid.
**"My family . . . bright future."** Al Okere, quoted at ibid.
**Provisions of DACA** , at www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/08/15/deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-who-can-be-considered (accessed July 18, 2014).
**On children crossing from Central America,** at www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/09/central-america-child-migrants-us-border-crisis (accessed July 18, 2014).
**"The first thing . . . leave."** www.nytimes.com/2014/07/10/world/americas/fleeing-gangs-children-head-to-us-border.html (accessed July 18, 2014).
**"It's a serious . . . gang."** Ibid.
**On Obama's executive act allowing some illegal immigrants to stay,** in David Nakamura, "Obama Acts to Overhaul Immigration," _Washington Post_ , November 21, 2014, pp. 1, 8.
**TIME LINE**
**All decade-long immigration figures in Time Line** , in Stavins, ed., _Becoming Americans_ , pp. 699 ff.
**SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY**
* * *
*Indicates a book suitable for children
Barde, Robert Eric. _Immigration at the Golden Gate: Passenger Ships, Exclusion, and Angel Island_. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2008.
* Bausum, Ann. _Denied, Detained, Deported: Stories from the Dark Side of American Immigration_. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2009.
* Behnke, Alison. _Mexicans in America_. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 2005.
* Blohn, Judith M., and Terri Lapinsky. _Kids Like Me: Voices of the Immigrant Experience_. Boston: Intercultural Press, 2006.
Coan, Peter Morton. _Toward a Better Life: America's New Immigrants in Their Own Words from Ellis Island to the Present_. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2011.
Daniels, Roger. _Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life_. 2nd ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2002.
Daniels, Roger. _Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants Since 1882_. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004.
Dublin, Thomas, ed. _Immigrant Voices: New Lives in America, 1773–1986_. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1993.
Ets, Marie Hall. _Rosa: The Life of an Italian Immigrant_. 2nd ed. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999.
Gamio, Manuel. _Mexican Immigration to the United States: A Study of Human Migration and Adjustment_. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 1930.
Gerber, David A. _American Immigration: A Very Short Introduction_. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Graham, Otis L. _Unguarded Gates: A History of America's Immigration Crisis_. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004.
Handlin, Oscar. _The Uprooted: The Epic Story of the Great Migration That Made the American People_. 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1979.
Higham, John. _Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism 1860–1925_. 2nd ed. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2001.
Hoerder, Dirk, and Leslie Page Moch, eds. _European Migrants: Global and Local Perspectives_. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1996.
* Hoobler, Dorothy and Thomas. _We Are Americans: Voices of the Immigrant Experience_. New York: Scholastic, 2003.
Hutner, Gordon, ed. _Immigrant Voices: Twenty-four Narratives on Becoming an American_. New York: Signet, 1999.
* Jango-Cohen, Judith. _Ellis Island_. New York: Children's Press, 2005.
Keyssar, Alexander. _The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States_. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
Lawlor, Veronica. _I Was Dreaming to Come to America: Memories from the Ellis Island Oral History Project_. New York: Viking, 1995.
* Levine, Ellen. _If Your Name Was Changed at Ellis Island_. New York: Scholastic, 1993.
Lieu, Nhi T. _The American Dream in Vietnamese_. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.
Monrayo, Angeles. _Tomorrow's Memories: A Diary, 1924–1928_. Rizaline R. Raymundo, ed. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003.
Morrison, Joan, and Charlotte Fox Zabusky, eds. _American Mosaic: The Immigrant Experience in the Words of Those Who Lived It_. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993
Ngai, Mae M. _Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America_. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Ngai, Mae M., and Jon Gjerde, eds. _Major Problems in American Immigration History: Documents and Essays_. 2nd ed. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013.
Odo, Franklin, ed. _The Columbia Documentary History of the Asian American Experience_. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
Ornelas, Michael R., ed. _Beyond 1848: Readings in the Modern Chicano Historical Experience_. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1993.
Osborne, Linda Barrett, and Paolo Battaglia. _Explorers Emigrants Citizens: A Visual History of the Italian American Experience from the Collections of the Library of Congress_. Modena, Italy: Anniversary Books/Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 2013.
* Peacock, Louise. _At Ellis Island: A History in Many Voices_. New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2007.
* Reef, Catherine. _Ellis Island_. New York: Maxwell Macmillan International, 1991.
Rivera, Tomás. . . . _And the Earth Did Not Devour Him_. Evangelina VigilPinon, trans. Houston: Arte Publico Press, 1987.
* Smith, David J. _If America Were a Village: A Book About the People of the United States_. Toronto, Canada: Kids Can Press, 2009.
Stavins, Ilan, ed. _Becoming Americans: Four Centuries of Immigrant Writing_. New York: Library of America, 2009.
* Stefoff, Rebecca. _A Century of Immigration: 1820–1924_. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2007.
Takaki, Ronald. _Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans_. 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1998.
**ACKNOWLEDGMENTS**
* * *
don't believe there are a better editor and art director in publishing than Howard Reeves and Maria Middleton. I've had the good fortune to work with them for the third time on this book. Howard has the knack of asking simple questions that don't always have simple answers but invariably improve the clarity and depth of the text. He leaves me time to create but is always there when I need him. Maria has a talent for transforming words and illustrations into works of art. Her books are simply beautiful.
I am grateful to editorial assistant Orlando Dos Reis not only for deftly dealing with the mass of drafts and images I've sent him but also for his thoughtful reading of the manuscript. His suggestions led me to expand in new directions, and, as an immigrant himself, his praise for my treatment of the topic meant a lot to me. Thanks, too, to managing editor Jim Armstrong, for directing the complex and intense business of production; and to copyeditor Renée Cafiero and fact-checker David M. Webster, whose insights into history and attention to detail greatly contributed to accuracy. I also appreciate the work of designer Sara Corbett, who ensured that the overall design concept was carried out on every page.
_Grazie mille_ to Paolo Battaglia, Italian publisher and coauthor with me of _Explorers Emigrants Citizens_ ( _Trovare l'America_ in Italy), a history of Italian Americans. It was Paolo's idea to write the book out of concern for the treatment of immigrants to Italy. I knew little about my great-grandparents and their experience as immigrants here, but I agreed. My research was an eye-opener. I understood that Italian Americans had been discriminated against, but I had not realized the extent of the fear, prejudice, and hatred that had been directed not only against them, but at many other immigrant groups to this country. My work with Paolo led directly to the research and writing of _This Land Is Our Land_.
Finding and acquiring images for a book is a complicated process. Thanks to those who were especially helpful and gracious: Nilda I. Rivera of the Museum of the City of New York; Aimee Hess Nash of the Library of Congress; Dorothy Cordova of the Filipino American National Historical Society; Cyndy Gilley of Do You Graphics; Tia Reber of the Bishop Museum in Hawaii; photographer Jason Redmond; and Patricia Violante, Aurora Flores, and Orlando Dos Reis for providing family photos that add a much-appreciated personal touch.
Special thanks to my husband, Bob, my children, Catherine and Nick, and my daughter-in-law, Mary Kate Hurley. Writing a book takes you into other worlds, but Bob continually took care of me in this one. (At least with him I ate.) Catherine was always there to reassure me and refocus me, and Mary Kate to lend her support. Finally, Nick, a professor of American history, guided me from the very beginning with his suggestions for exemplary sources, his discussion of difficult topics, and his ability to help me write a history for young readers that strides the fine line between being too complicated and being oversimplified. Many writers say, "It wouldn't have been possible without them," and might be exaggerating. But in this case, it's true.
**ILLUSTRATION CREDITS**
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Library of Congress LC-DIG-ppprs-00285.
Library of Congress LC-USZC4-5667.
Library of Congress LC-USZC4-2957.
Library of Congress LC-DIG-ggbain-15424.
Library of Congress maps collection.
**top:** Library of Congress LC-DIG-fsa-8b31696.
**bottom:** Photograph by Donna Burton. US Customs and Border Protection.
Library of Congress LC-USW3-031006-D.
Library of Congress LC-USW33-031866-C.
Library of Congress LC-DIG-ds-02129.
Library of Congress LC-USF34-018222-E.
Courtesy of Aurora Flores.
State Archives of Florida.
Library of Congress LC-DIG-ppmsca-05638.
United Nations Photo.
United Nations Photo.
State Archives of Florida.
Courtesy National Archives (photo no. NWDNSCFD-DN-SN-84-09740).
United Nations Photo.
United Nations Photo.
United Nations Photo.
United Nations Photo.
United Nations Photo.
Courtesy of Filipino American National Historical Society.
Courtesy of Patricia Violante.
Photograph by Yoichi Okamoto. LBJ Presidential Library.
AP Photo/ _Herald News_ , Leslie Barbaro.
Courtesy of Orlando Dos Reis.
Omar Torres/AFP/Getty Images.
Heather DiMasi/NOWCast SA.
AP Photo/Gregory Bull.
AP Photo/Kathy Willens.
Photograph by Jason Redmond.
REUTERS/Lucy Nicholson.
**INDEX OF SEARCHABLE TERMS**
* * *
Afghanistan, war in
Africa, immigrants from
African Americans
agitators
aid groups
Alarcón, Antonio
Albanian refugees
aliens, undocumented
Alvarez, Jaime
amnesty
anarchists
Angel Island
Anglo-Saxons
Asians, citizenship for
Asiatic barred zone
assimilation (adaptation to U.S. culture) of
asylum
Beltrane, Maria
boat people
Buddhists California Gold Rush
Canada–U.S. border
Cassettari, Rosa
Castle Garden
Catholic Church
Chandler, William E.
children:
of illegal immigrants
working
China:
immigrants from
writings of
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
cities, immigrants in
citizenship
Civil Rights Act (1866)
Civil War, U.S.
Cleveland, Grover
Collins, Patrick
Communists
Crevecoeur, J. Hector St. John de
Cuba, refugees from
Customs Service
Darwin, Charles
de Grazia, Albertina
deportation
Displaced Person Act (1948)
documentation
Dos Reìs family
Dream Act
dreams of America
Ellis Island
Escobar, Carlos
Estefan, Emilio
ethnic groups
famine
Flores, Aurora
foreigners, fear of
Fourteenth Amendment
Franklin, Benjamin
Garcia, Jorge and Sara
Garibaldi, Giuseppe
Geary Act (1892)
genocide
Germany:
immigrants from
and World War I
and World War II
Haiti, refugees from
Hart-Celler Act (1965)
Hawaii:
immigrants in
internments in
Haymarket Riots, Chicago
Herr, Raymond Song
Hispanics
Hungarian immigrants
Ibrahim, Adil
illegal immigrants
Immigration Act (1891)
Immigration Act (1917)
Immigration Act (1924)
Immigration and Nationality Act (1990)
Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
Immigration Restriction League
India, immigrants from
Ireland, immigrants from
Islamic Revolution
Islamic terrorists
Italian immigrants
Japan:
immigrants from
"picture brides" from
Japanese Americans, internment of
Jews:
immigrants
Nazi genocide against
jobs
Johnson, Lyndon B.
Johnson-Reed Act (1924)
Kim, Joseph
Know Nothing Party
Korea, immigrants from
_Kristallnacht_
labor unions
Lazarus, Emma
literacy tests
Luce-Celler Act (1946)
Lundsky, Faye
McCarran-Walter Act (1952)
Mexico:
border of U.S. and
Bracero Program
"coyotes" smuggling people
immigrants from
repatriation to
U.S. war with
migrant workers
military service
Millan, Cesar
Monrayo, Angeles
Morse, Samuel F. B.
nativists
naturalization laws
neighborhoods
Nguyen, Trong
Nicaragua, refugees from
Obama, Barack
Page Act (1875)
Paik Lee, Mary
Pépin, Jacques
Philippines, Filipino immigrants from
Pledge of Allegiance
Poland, immigrants from
poverty
prejudice
public charge
Puerto Rico, people from
quotas
racial profiling
Rado-Harte, Ava
refugees
restrictions on immigration
Rivera, Tomás
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Roosevelt, Theodore
Russia:
Communists in
immigrants from
Rwanda, refugees from
schools
skin color
slaves
Sone, Monica
Statue of Liberty
steerage
Syria, civil war in
Szeliga, Aniela
Tarpov, Kiril
taxes
tenements
Truman, Harry S.
Tuzcu, E. Murat
United States:
customs and values of
diversity in
economic opportunity in
freedom in
melting pot of
and World War II
U.S.–Mexico Border Patrol
Vietnam, refugees from
visas
wages
Wamariya, Clemantine
Washington, George
World War I
World War II
|
import { join, Path, strings } from "@angular-devkit/core";
import {
apply,
chain,
mergeWith,
move,
Rule,
schematic,
template,
Tree,
url,
} from "@angular-devkit/schematics";
import {
addImport,
addExportToIndex,
addToConstructor,
findIndexFromPath,
getRootPathFromProject,
splitSubpath,
runPrettier,
} from "../utils";
import { Schema as ServiceSchema, ServiceType } from "./schema.interface";
export default function (options: ServiceSchema): Rule {
return async (tree: Tree) => {
let rule = chain([]);
if (options.debug) {
rule = chain([rule, schematic("debug", options)]);
}
const rootPath = await getRootPathFromProject(tree, options.project);
const { symbolDir, symbolName } = splitSubpath(options.subpath);
const sourceTemplates = url(getTemplateUrl(options.type));
const sourceParametrizedTemplates = apply(sourceTemplates, [
template({
...options,
...strings,
name: symbolName,
}),
move(rootPath + symbolDir),
]);
rule = chain([rule, mergeWith(sourceParametrizedTemplates)]);
// Fixes: Cannot redeclare block-scoped variable e.g. "indexPath"
let indexPath;
let symbolFilePath;
if (options.skipimport) {
return rule;
}
switch (options.type) {
case "":
if (!findIndexFromPath(tree, rootPath + symbolDir)) {
// if not index.ts file exists create one
tree.create(rootPath + symbolDir + "/index.ts", "");
}
// add export to index.ts
indexPath = rootPath + symbolDir + "/index.ts";
symbolFilePath = `./${strings.dasherize(
symbolName
)}/${strings.dasherize(symbolName)}.service`;
rule = chain([
rule,
addExportToIndex(indexPath, symbolFilePath),
runPrettier(indexPath),
]);
break;
case "api":
if (!findIndexFromPath(tree, rootPath + symbolDir)) {
// if not index.ts file exists create one
tree.create(rootPath + symbolDir + "/index.ts", "");
}
// add export to index.ts
indexPath = rootPath + symbolDir + "/index.ts";
symbolFilePath = `./${strings.dasherize(
symbolName
)}/${strings.dasherize(symbolName)}-api.service`;
rule = chain([
rule,
addExportToIndex(indexPath, symbolFilePath),
runPrettier(indexPath),
]);
break;
case "sandbox":
// create utility service for sandbox
const utilServiceOptions: ServiceSchema = {
subpath: symbolDir + "/util/" + symbolName,
type: "util",
project: options.project,
};
rule = chain([rule, schematic("neo-service", utilServiceOptions)]);
break;
case "util":
if (!findIndexFromPath(tree, rootPath + symbolDir)) {
// if not index.ts file exists create one
tree.create(rootPath + symbolDir + "/index.ts", "");
}
// add export to index.ts
indexPath = rootPath + symbolDir + "/index.ts";
const symbolFullName = strings.classify(symbolName + "UtilService");
const symbolVarName =
"_" + strings.camelize(symbolName + "UtilService");
symbolFilePath = `./${strings.dasherize(
symbolName
)}/${strings.dasherize(symbolName)}-util.service`;
const sandboxPath = join(
(rootPath + symbolDir) as Path,
`../${strings.dasherize(symbolName)}-sandbox.service.ts`
);
rule = chain([
rule,
addExportToIndex(indexPath, symbolFilePath),
addImport(sandboxPath, symbolFullName, "./util"),
addToConstructor(sandboxPath, symbolVarName, symbolFullName),
runPrettier(sandboxPath),
]);
break;
}
return rule;
};
}
function getTemplateUrl(type?: ServiceType): string {
switch (type) {
case "api":
return "./files/api";
case "sandbox":
return "./files/sandbox";
case "util":
return "./files/util";
default:
return "./files/service";
}
}
|
Peak oxygen consumption and ventilatory thresholds on six modes of exercise. In order to compare responses on six modes of exercise for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and ventilatory thresholds (VT-1, VT-2), 10 male recreational exercisers (23 +/- 3 yrs) completed incremental maximal tests on treadmill, stationary skier, shuffle skier, stepper, stationary cycle, and rower. After extensive habituation, VO2peak, VT-1, and VT-2 were determined during each maximal bout. A MANOVA followed by ANOVAs, Tukey post hoc tests, and noncentral F tests indicated that the treadmill elicited a significantly higher peak oxygen consumption than did the other modes, and the skier and stepper values were higher than the rower. VO2 at VT-1 was higher on the treadmill than cycle. The treadmill also elicited a higher VO2 at VT-2 than the shuffle skier, cycle, and rower. However, no differences were observed among modes for VT-1 and VT-2 when expressed as a percentage of VO2peak. These results suggest that the treadmill elicits a higher aerobic capacity measure than other modes, but the ventilatory threshold responses (% VO2peak) are similar among modes.
|
package ygz.httputils.buidler;
import java.io.File;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* Created by YGZ on 2017/4/20.
*/
public class RequestParams {
private Map<String,String> textParams;
private Map<String,File> multiParams;
public RequestParams(Map<String, String> textParams) {
textParams =new HashMap<>();
}
public RequestParams put(String name,String value){
textParams.put(name,value);
return this;
}
public RequestParams put(String name,int value){
return put(name,String.valueOf(value));
}
public RequestParams put(String name,long value){
return put(name,String.valueOf(value));
}
public RequestParams put(String name,double value){
return put(name,String.valueOf(value));
}
public RequestParams put(String name,float value){
return put(name,String.valueOf(value));
}
public RequestParams put(String name,byte value){
return put(name,String.valueOf(value));
}
public RequestParams put(String name,boolean value){
return put(name,String.valueOf(value));
}
public RequestParams putFile(String name,File file){
if (multiParams==null) multiParams=new HashMap<>();
if (!file.exists())
return this;
multiParams.put(name,file);
return this;
}
public RequestParams putFile(String name,String fileName){
return putFile(name,new File(fileName));
}
public Map<String ,String> getTextParams(){
return textParams;
}
public Map<String,File> getMultiParams(){
return multiParams;
}
}
|
/**
* Copyright (c) 2018 European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN), All Rights Reserved.
*/
package org.minifx.fxmlloading.lang;
import org.minifx.fxmlloading.factories.ModelSharingControllerFactory;
import org.minifx.fxmlloading.factories.impl.ControllerFactory;
/**
* Provides static convenient methods for the most common use cases of loading javafx nodes from fxml.
*
* @author kfuchsbe
*/
public final class FxmlMagicNodes {
private static final ControllerFactory GLOBAL_CONTROLLER_FACTORY = ModelSharingControllerFactory.newDefault();
private FxmlMagicNodes() {
/* Only static methods */
}
public static OngoingNodeCreation globallyWiredNode() {
return new OngoingNodeCreation(GLOBAL_CONTROLLER_FACTORY);
}
public static OngoingNodeCreation isolatedWiredNode() {
return new OngoingNodeCreation(ModelSharingControllerFactory.newDefault());
}
}
|
In modern communications systems a video signal may be sent from one terminal to another over a medium such as a wired and/or wireless network, often a packet-based network such as the Internet. Typically the frames of the video are encoded by an encoder at the transmitting terminal in order to compress them for transmission over the network. The encoding for a given frame may comprise intra frame encoding whereby blocks are encoded relative to other blocks in the same frame. In this case a target block is encoded in terms of a difference (the residual) between that block and a neighbouring block. Alternatively the encoding for some frames may comprise inter frame encoding whereby blocks in the target frame are encoded relative to corresponding portions in a preceding frame, typically based on motion prediction. In this case a target block is encoded in terms of a motion vector identifying an offset between the block and the corresponding portion from which it is to be predicted, and a difference (the residual) between the block and the corresponding portion from which it is predicted. A corresponding decoder at the receiver decodes the frames of the received video signal based on the appropriate type of prediction, in order to decompress them for output to a screen. A generic term that may be used to refer to an encoder and/or decoder is a codec.
Prior to prediction coding the samples of each bock are typically quantized in order to reduce the bitrate incurred in encoding the block. Quantization refers to the process of taking samples represented on a relatively large scale or from amongst values of a relatively large set, and converting them to samples represented on a relatively small scale or from amongst a relatively small set (which may be referred to as the quantization levels). For instance quantization may refer to the process of converting an effectively continuous variable (e.g. a digital approximation of a continuous variable) into variable constrained to a set of substantially discrete levels. The granularity of the quantization refers to the size of the spacing between the possible quantized values of the scale or set from which samples to be represented are constrained to being selected, i.e. the size of the steps between quantization levels. This may also be described as the coarseness or fineness of the quantization. Depending on the granularity, the quantization introduces some distortion into the representation of a video image but also reduces the number of bits required to represent the image.
Some video codecs such as those designed according to the H.264 standard allow quantization granularity to be set as a parameter of the encoding (and signalled to the decoder in the form of side information transmitted along with the encoded bitstream). It is also possible to define a region-of-interest (ROI) within the area of the video frames, and to set a difference in quantization parameter inside and outside the ROI defined by a fixed quantization parameter offset. A codec designer can potentially use the ROI to cover any region of the video where it is desired to spend more bits on better quality. One possible use is to cover the face or facial features. For example this way more of the potentially limited bandwidth available for transmitting the video over a network can be spent on providing quality in the ROI while relatively few bits need be spent encoding the background and/or regions of lesser significance.
|
A scoping review of published research on local government policies promoting health-enhancing physical activity ABSTRACT Policy is a powerful tool used to influence physical activity levels of populations. The World Health Organisation has specifically acknowledged the role of local governments in developing policies to promote Health-Enhancing Physical Activity (HEPA). However, scientific knowledge remains scant about the involvement of local governmental HEPA promotion policies. This scoping review aims to provide an overview of the scientific peer-reviewed literature emerging on local government policies promoting HEPA. Two researchers searched 7 databases to extract peer-reviewed research articles published in English between January 2006 and December 2018. A total of 28 articles were included; mainly from the USA (n = 15). Different types of HEPA policies, including those from local governments, were reported in this scoping review but they were usually not detailed enough to have a comprehensive overview of the aspects of interest for research and practice. Researchers used various methods in their studies; however, they were not systematically based on theoretical or conceptual frameworks. Findings extracted from articles in this scoping review indicated that inter-sectoral collaborations seemed to be a key factor to lead effective HEPA policies. Moreover, some specific local factors seemed to positively or negatively influence their development. Intensifying research on HEPA policies and in different contexts is now needed. Future research should be expanded to evaluate HEPA policies from adoption to implementation and maintenance and to evaluate health outcomes from such policies.
|
Application of a Musical Robot for Adjusting Guitar String Re-Excitation Parameters in Sound Synthesis Sound synthesis methods based on physical modelling of acoustic instruments depend on data that require measurements and recordings. If a musical instrument is operated by a human, a difficulty in filtering out variability is introduced due to a lack of repeatability in excitation parameters, or in varying physical contact between a musician and an instrument, resulting in the damping of vibrating elements. Musical robots can solve this problem. Their repeatability and controllability allows studying even subtle phenomena. This paper presents an application of a robot in studying the re-excitation of a string in an acoustic guitar. The obtained results are used to improve a simple synthesis model of a vibrating string, based on the finite difference method. The improved model reproduced the observed phenomena, such as the alteration of the signal spectrum, damping, and ringing, all of which can be perceived by a human, and add up to the final sound of an instrument. Moreover, as it was demonstrated by using two different string plucking mechanisms, musical robots can be redesigned to study other sound production phenomena and, thus, to further improve the behaviours of and sounds produced by models applied in sound synthesis.
|
Effects of N2O2 Gas Mixture Ratio on Microorganism Inactivation in Low-Pressure Surface Wave Plasma In this study, the effect of N2/O2 gas mixture ratio on low-pressure surface wave plasma inactivation of spore-forming bacteria was investigated. It was experimentally confirmed from the quadrupole mass spectrometry measurements that the spores were etched by atomic oxygen via converting the hydrogen atoms constituting microorganisms into H2O and the carbon into CO2. On the basis of results of plasma diagnostics by optical emission spectroscopy and the results of inactivation efficiency by colony-forming units and scanning electron microscope, we found that although there is the highest ultraviolet (UV) emission intensity in pure N2 plasma and the highest etching efficiency in 90% O2/10% N2 plasma, the inactivation rate of microorganisms was not so efficient. The best inactivation result was obtained in 3080% O2 gas mixture ratios after 60 s plasma irradiation. The present results indicated that more efficient inactivation is achieved by the synergetic effects between atomic oxygen etching and the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)/UV emission by combining both effects via optimizing N2/O2 gas mixture ratio.
|
// Name returns the grass's display name.
func (g grass) Name() string {
switch g {
case 0:
return "Grass"
case 1:
return "Fern"
}
panic("unknown grass type")
}
|
Analysis of rat papillary muscle transverse deformation by laser diffraction. We use laser diffraction in the analysis of the transversal deformation that the papillary muscle of the female and male Wistar rat may undergo when is subjected to different tension (tension range, 0-30 mN) in the longitudinal plane. Papillary muscles from the right ventricle were illuminated at normal incidence with a He-Ne laser lasing at 594 nm at room temperature. The far-field diffraction pattern projected to a screen was recorded with a digital camera for its analysis. The analysis of the stress-strain curves from the two experimental groups shows that the papillary muscles from male rats exhibit a higher stiffness in the transversal axis compared to the female rats.
|
package com.example.lsn37_dagger2_subcomponent;
/**
* 面试题 02.02. 返回倒数第 k 个节点
*/
public class Solution07_01 {
public class ListNode {
int val;
ListNode next;
ListNode(int x){
this.val = x;
}
}
public int kthToLast(ListNode head,int k){
if(head == null || k<0){
return -1;
}
ListNode fast = head;
ListNode low = head;
while (k!=0){
fast = fast.next;
k--;
}
while(fast!=null){
fast = fast.next;
low = low.next;
}
return low.val;
}
}
|
/******************************************************************************
* Copyright © 2014-2018 The SuperNET Developers. *
* *
* See the AUTHORS, DEVELOPER-AGREEMENT and LICENSE files at *
* the top-level directory of this distribution for the individual copyright *
* holder information and the developer policies on copyright and licensing. *
* *
* Unless otherwise agreed in a custom licensing agreement, no part of the *
* SuperNET software, including this file may be copied, modified, propagated *
* or distributed except according to the terms contained in the LICENSE file *
* *
* Removal or modification of this copyright notice is prohibited. *
* *
******************************************************************************/
#include "exchanges777.h"
#define TRADEBOTS_GAPTIME 60
struct tradebot_trade
{
double price,volume;
uint64_t orderid;
uint32_t started,finished,dir;
char exchangestr[32],base[32],rel[32];
};
struct tradebot_info
{
struct tradebot_info *next,*prev;
struct supernet_info *myinfo;
char name[128],exchangestr[32],base[32],rel[32];
int32_t dir,numtrades,estimatedtrades;
double price,volume,pricesum,totalvolume;
uint32_t dead,pause,started,expiration;
struct tradebot_trade trades[];
};
cJSON *tradebot_json(struct supernet_info *myinfo,struct exchange_info *exchange,struct tradebot_info *bot)
{
char str[65]; int32_t i,numpending; double pendsum,pendvolume,vol; cJSON *json,*array,*item;
json = cJSON_CreateObject();
jaddstr(json,"exchange",exchange->name);
jaddstr(json,"started",utc_str(str,bot->started));
if ( bot->pause != 0 )
jaddstr(json,"paused",utc_str(str,bot->pause));
if ( bot->dead != 0 )
jaddstr(json,"stopped",utc_str(str,bot->dead));
jaddstr(json,"base",bot->base);
jaddstr(json,"rel",bot->rel);
jaddstr(json,"type",bot->dir > 0 ? "buy" : "sell");
jaddnum(json,"price",bot->price);
jaddnum(json,"volume",bot->volume);
if ( (vol= bot->totalvolume) > SMALLVAL )
{
jaddnum(json,"aveprice",bot->pricesum/vol);
jaddnum(json,"totalvolume",vol);
}
array = cJSON_CreateArray();
for (pendsum=pendvolume=numpending=i=0; i<bot->numtrades; i++)
{
item = cJSON_CreateObject();
jadd64bits(item,"orderid",bot->trades[i].orderid);
jaddstr(item,"type",bot->trades[i].dir > 0 ? "buy" : "sell");
jaddstr(item,"base",bot->trades[i].base);
jaddstr(item,"rel",bot->trades[i].rel);
jaddnum(item,"price",bot->trades[i].price);
jaddnum(item,"volume",bot->trades[i].volume);
jaddstr(item,"started",utc_str(str,bot->trades[i].started));
if ( bot->trades[i].finished == 0 )
{
jaddnum(item,"elapsed",time(NULL) - bot->trades[i].started);
pendsum += bot->trades[i].price * bot->trades[i].volume;
pendvolume += bot->trades[i].volume;
numpending++;
} else jaddnum(item,"duration",bot->trades[i].finished - bot->trades[i].started);
jaddi(array,item);
}
jadd(json,"trades",array);
if ( (vol= pendvolume) > SMALLVAL )
{
jaddnum(json,"pending",numpending);
jaddnum(json,"pendingprice",pendsum/vol);
jaddnum(json,"pendingvolume",vol);
}
return(json);
}
struct tradebot_info *tradebot_find(struct supernet_info *myinfo,struct exchange_info *exchange,char *botname,cJSON *array,char *base,char *rel)
{
struct tradebot_info *tmp,*bot,*retbot = 0;
portable_mutex_lock(&exchange->mutexT);
DL_FOREACH_SAFE(exchange->tradebots,bot,tmp)
{
if ( botname != 0 && strcmp(botname,bot->name) == 0 )
retbot = bot;
if ( array != 0 )
jaddi(array,tradebot_json(myinfo,exchange,bot));
if ( base != 0 && rel != 0 && strcmp(base,bot->base) == 0 && strcmp(rel,bot->rel) == 0 )
retbot = bot;
}
portable_mutex_unlock(&exchange->mutexT);
return(retbot);
}
void tradebot_add(struct exchange_info *exchange,struct tradebot_info *bot)
{
portable_mutex_lock(&exchange->mutexT);
DL_APPEND(exchange->tradebots,bot);
portable_mutex_unlock(&exchange->mutexT);
}
struct tradebot_info *tradebot_create(struct supernet_info *myinfo,struct exchange_info *exchange,char *base,char *rel,int32_t dir,double price,double volume,int32_t duration)
{
struct tradebot_info *bot;
if ( (bot= calloc(1,sizeof(*bot))) != 0 )
{
bot->myinfo = myinfo;
safecopy(bot->exchangestr,exchange->name,sizeof(bot->exchangestr));
safecopy(bot->base,base,sizeof(bot->base));
safecopy(bot->rel,rel,sizeof(bot->rel));
bot->dir = dir, bot->price = price, bot->volume = volume;
bot->started = (uint32_t)time(NULL);
if ( duration < 1 )
duration = 1;
bot->expiration = bot->started + duration;
bot->estimatedtrades = (duration / TRADEBOTS_GAPTIME) + 1;
sprintf(bot->name,"%s_%s_%s.%d",exchange->name,base,rel,bot->started);
tradebot_add(exchange,bot);
}
return(bot);
}
struct tradebot_trade *tradebot_issuetrade(struct exchange_info *exchange,struct tradebot_info *bot,char *base,char *rel,double price,double volume,int32_t dir)
{
struct tradebot_trade *tr; char *str; int32_t maxseconds = 30,dotrade = 1;
bot = realloc(bot,sizeof(*bot) + (bot->numtrades + 1) * sizeof(bot->trades[0]));
tr = &bot->trades[bot->numtrades++];
memset(tr,0,sizeof(*tr));
tr->price = price, tr->volume = volume, tr->dir = dir;
safecopy(tr->exchangestr,exchange->name,sizeof(tr->exchangestr));
safecopy(tr->base,base,sizeof(tr->base));
safecopy(tr->rel,rel,sizeof(tr->rel));
if ( (str= exchanges777_Qtrade(exchange,base,rel,maxseconds,dotrade,dir,price,volume,0)) != 0 )
free(str);
return(tr);
}
void tradebot_timeslice(struct exchange_info *exchange,void *_bot)
{
double volume; struct tradebot_info *bot = _bot;
if ( time(NULL) < bot->expiration && bot->dead == 0 )
{
if ( bot->pause == 0 )
{
if ( bot->numtrades == 0 || bot->trades[bot->numtrades-1].finished != 0 || time(NULL) > bot->trades[bot->numtrades-1].started+60 )
{
if ( bot->estimatedtrades > 0 )
{
volume = bot->volume / bot->estimatedtrades;
tradebot_issuetrade(exchange,bot,bot->base,bot->rel,bot->price,volume,bot->dir);
}
}
}
}
else
{
DL_DELETE(exchange->tradebots,bot);
free(bot);
}
}
void tradebot_timeslices(struct exchange_info *exchange)
{
struct tradebot_info *bot,*tmp;
portable_mutex_lock(&exchange->mutexT);
DL_FOREACH_SAFE(exchange->tradebots,bot,tmp)
{
tradebot_timeslice(exchange,bot);
}
portable_mutex_unlock(&exchange->mutexT);
}
char *tradebot_launch(struct supernet_info *myinfo,char *exchangestr,char *base,char *rel,int32_t dir,double price,double volume,int32_t duration,char *remoteaddr,cJSON *json)
{
struct exchange_info *exchange; char retbuf[1024]; struct tradebot_info *bot;
if ( remoteaddr == 0 )
{
if ( (exchange= exchanges777_info(exchangestr,1,json,remoteaddr)) != 0 )
{
if ( (bot= tradebot_create(myinfo,exchange,base,rel,1,price,fabs(volume),duration)) != 0 )
{
sprintf(retbuf,"{\"result\":\"tradebot created\",\"botid\":\"%s\"}",bot->name);
return(clonestr(retbuf));
}
else return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"couldnt create exchange tradebot\"}"));
} else return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"couldnt find/create exchange info\"}"));
} else return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"tradebots only local usage!\"}"));
}
char *tradebot_control(struct supernet_info *myinfo,char *exchangestr,char *botid,int32_t control,char *remoteaddr,cJSON *json)
{
struct tradebot_info *bot; struct exchange_info *exchange;
if ( remoteaddr == 0 )
{
if ( (exchange= exchanges777_info(exchangestr,1,json,remoteaddr)) != 0 )
{
if ( (bot= tradebot_find(myinfo,exchange,botid,0,0,0)) != 0 )
{
if ( control > 1 )
bot->pause = (uint32_t)time(NULL);
else if ( control == 0 )
bot->pause = 0;
else bot->dead = (uint32_t)time(NULL);
return(clonestr("{\"result\":\"ask bot to pause\"}"));
} else return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"cant find tradebot\"}"));
}
else return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"couldnt find/create exchange info\"}"));
} else return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"tradebots only local usage!\"}"));
}
#include "../includes/iguana_apidefs.h"
#include "../includes/iguana_apideclares.h"
#include "../includes/iguana_apideclares2.h"
HASH_ARRAY_STRING(tradebot,liquidity,hash,vals,targetcoin)
{
tradebot_liquidity_command(myinfo,targetcoin,hash,vals);
return(clonestr("{\"result\":\"targetcoin updated\"}"));
}
STRING_ARG(tradebot,amlp,blocktrail)
{
myinfo->IAMLP = 1;
if ( blocktrail != 0 )
safecopy(myinfo->blocktrail_apikey,blocktrail,sizeof(myinfo->blocktrail_apikey));
return(clonestr("{\"result\":\"liquidity provider active\"}"));
}
ZERO_ARGS(tradebot,notlp)
{
myinfo->IAMLP = 0;
return(clonestr("{\"result\":\"not liquidity provider\"}"));
}
THREE_STRINGS_AND_DOUBLE(tradebot,monitor,exchange,base,rel,commission)
{
int32_t allfields = 1,depth = 50; struct exchange_info *ptr;
if ( remoteaddr == 0 )
{
if ( (ptr= exchanges777_info(exchange,1,json,remoteaddr)) != 0 )
return(exchanges777_Qprices(ptr,base,rel,30,allfields,depth,json,1,commission * .01));
else return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"couldnt find/create exchange info\"}"));
} else return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"tradebots only local usage!\"}"));
}
STRING_AND_DOUBLE(tradebot,monitorall,exchange,commission)
{
int32_t i,n,allfields = 1,depth = 50; cJSON *arg,*array,*item; char *base,*rel,*str,*str2; struct exchange_info *ptr;
if ( remoteaddr == 0 )
{
if ( (ptr= exchanges777_info(exchange,1,json,remoteaddr)) != 0 )
{
if ( (str= InstantDEX_allpairs(myinfo,0,json,remoteaddr,exchange)) != 0 )
{
if ( (arg= cJSON_Parse(str)) != 0 )
{
if ( (array= jarray(&n,arg,"result")) != 0 )
{
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
{
item = jitem(array,i);
if ( is_cJSON_Array(item) != 0 && cJSON_GetArraySize(item) == 2 )
{
base = jstr(jitem(item,0),0);
rel = jstr(jitem(item,1),0);
if ( base != 0 && rel != 0 && (str2= exchanges777_Qprices(ptr,base,rel,30,allfields,depth,json,1,commission * .01)) != 0 )
{
printf("%s/%s ",base,rel);
free(str2);
}
}
}
}
free_json(arg);
}
free(str);
}
return(clonestr("{\"result\":\"monitorall started\"}"));
}
else return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"couldnt find/create exchange info\"}"));
} else return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"tradebots only local usage!\"}"));
}
THREE_STRINGS(tradebot,unmonitor,exchange,base,rel)
{
struct exchange_info *ptr;
if ( remoteaddr == 0 )
{
if ( (ptr= exchanges777_info(exchange,1,json,remoteaddr)) != 0 )
return(exchanges777_unmonitor(ptr,base,rel));
else return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"couldnt find/create exchange info\"}"));
} else return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"tradebots only local usage!\"}"));
}
THREE_STRINGS_AND_THREE_DOUBLES(tradebot,accumulate,exchange,base,rel,price,volume,duration)
{
return(tradebot_launch(myinfo,exchange,base,rel,1,price,volume,duration,remoteaddr,json));
}
THREE_STRINGS_AND_THREE_DOUBLES(tradebot,divest,exchange,base,rel,price,volume,duration)
{
return(tradebot_launch(myinfo,exchange,base,rel,-1,price,volume,duration,remoteaddr,json));
}
TWO_STRINGS(tradebot,status,exchange,botid)
{
struct tradebot_info *bot; struct exchange_info *ptr;
if ( remoteaddr == 0 )
{
if ( (ptr= exchanges777_info(exchange,1,json,remoteaddr)) != 0 )
{
if ( (bot= tradebot_find(myinfo,ptr,botid,0,0,0)) != 0 )
return(jprint(tradebot_json(myinfo,ptr,bot),1));
}
}
return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"tradebots only local usage!\"}"));
}
STRING_ARG(tradebot,activebots,exchange)
{
struct exchange_info *ptr; cJSON *retjson,*array = cJSON_CreateArray();
if ( remoteaddr == 0 )
{
if ( (ptr= exchanges777_info(exchange,1,json,remoteaddr)) != 0 )
{
tradebot_find(myinfo,ptr,0,array,0,0);
retjson = cJSON_CreateObject();
jaddstr(retjson,"result","success");
jadd(retjson,"tradebots",array);
return(jprint(retjson,1));
}
}
return(clonestr("{\"error\":\"tradebots only local usage!\"}"));
}
TWO_STRINGS(tradebot,pause,exchange,botid)
{
return(tradebot_control(myinfo,exchange,botid,1,remoteaddr,json));
}
TWO_STRINGS(tradebot,stop,exchange,botid)
{
return(tradebot_control(myinfo,exchange,botid,-1,remoteaddr,json));
}
TWO_STRINGS(tradebot,resume,exchange,botid)
{
return(tradebot_control(myinfo,exchange,botid,0,remoteaddr,json));
}
#include "../includes/iguana_apiundefs.h"
|
Politics, Out of the Ordinary At once spectacular and mundane, the documentary practices that have distinguished the Occupy Movement from its inception have dramatized the difficulty of paying attention to the macro-political and economic forces that shape the experience of the ordinary, which otherwise arrives self-explained and is therefore difficult to theorize. I suggest that the Occupy Movement offers a more compelling account of how to theorize the ordinary and initiate political action under the current configurations of neoliberal power than recent scholarship that has invoked the potential of ordinary or everyday politics to reinvigorate democratic citizenship and practice.
|
<reponame>forresil/c_programming
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
//This is one scope
int a;
a = 2;
{ // This is an other scope
int b;
b = 4;
printf("b = %d\n", b);
int a;
a = 4;
printf("a from inner scope = %d\n",a);
{
int a;
a = 7;
printf("a from inner inner scope = %d\n",a);
}
}
printf("a from outer scope = %d\n",a);
return 0;
}
|
#include<stdio.h>
long long t,n,mx,i,a,b,h;
int main(){
scanf("%lld",&t);
while(t--){
b=0;h=0;mx=-1e9;
scanf("%lld",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;++i){
scanf("%lld",&a);
if(b>0&&a>0&&a>mx)mx=a,b=a;
else if(b<0&&a<0&&a>mx)mx=a,b=a;
else if(b>0&&a<0)h+=mx,mx=a,b=a;
else if(b<0&&a>0)h+=mx,mx=a,b=a;
else if(b==0)mx=a,b=a;
}
printf("%lld\n",h+mx);
}
}
|
/*free the list and set the pointer to the list to be NULL*/
void slfreelist(void* plist)
{
slinklist** ppt = (slinklist**)plist;
slinklist* next = *ppt;
slinklist* el = NULL;
while(next != NULL){
el = next;
next = el->next;
ckfree((char*)el);
}
*ppt = NULL;
}
|
/**
* A lightweight version of org.maltparser.ml.lib.{Lib,LibLinear,LibSvm} and can only predict the next transition.
*
* @author Johan Hall
*/
public class LWClassifier {
private final FeatureMap featureMap;
private final boolean excludeNullValues;
private final MaltLibModel model;
public LWClassifier(McoModel mcoModel, String prefixFileName, boolean _excludeNullValues) {
this.model = (MaltLibModel)mcoModel.getMcoEntryObject(prefixFileName+".moo");
this.featureMap = (FeatureMap)mcoModel.getMcoEntryObject(prefixFileName+".map");
this.excludeNullValues = _excludeNullValues;
}
public boolean predict(FeatureVector featureVector, SingleDecision decision, boolean one_prediction) throws MaltChainedException {
final FeatureList featureList = new FeatureList();
final int size = featureVector.size();
for (int i = 1; i <= size; i++) {
final FeatureValue featureValue = featureVector.getFeatureValue(i-1);
if (featureValue != null && !(excludeNullValues == true && featureValue.isNullValue())) {
if (!featureValue.isMultiple()) {
SingleFeatureValue singleFeatureValue = (SingleFeatureValue)featureValue;
final int index = featureMap.getIndex(i, singleFeatureValue.getIndexCode());
if (index != -1 && singleFeatureValue.getValue() != 0) {
featureList.add(index,singleFeatureValue.getValue());
}
}
else {
for (Integer value : ((MultipleFeatureValue)featureValue).getCodes()) {
final int v = featureMap.getIndex(i, value);
if (v != -1) {
featureList.add(v,1);
}
}
}
}
}
try {
if (one_prediction) {
decision.getKBestList().add(model.predict_one(featureList.toArray()));
} else {
decision.getKBestList().addList(model.predict(featureList.toArray()));
}
} catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {
throw new LibException("Out of memory. Please increase the Java heap size (-Xmx<size>). ", e);
}
return true;
}
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a composite closure for a container for the packaging of a product under at least partial vacuum, which closure includes a metal lid that has a portion whose position is altered by a loss of vacuum within the container to give a visual indication of such loss of vacuum, and a plastic ring to secure the metal lid to the rim of a container. The closure is of the push-on, twist-off type.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Many food products which are packaged in glass jars are packaged under a partial vacuum to prevent spoilage or to preserve flavor, and it is important that the closure for such a container be able to seal the container properly to maintain the vacuum in the container until the first opening thereof. It has also been recognized that it is desirable for a closure for a container for a vacuum-packed product to incorporate means which will indicate the presence or absence of the desired degree of vacuum, and the prior art is familiar with metal closures which incorporate such a feature. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,152,711 (G. V. Mumford et al.), which is assigned to the assignee of this application, discloses a one-piece metallic closure in which the top panel of the closure incorporates a domed central portion, which domed central portion is deflected downwardly by the presence of a suitable degree of partial vacuum in the associated container. Because of the inherent elasticity of the metal of the closure, the deflected domed central portion will return to its normal position upon the release of the vacuum and the resulting repressurization of the container, thereby providing an indication of such release of container vacuum which is detectable visually, or by various types of electro-mechanical or electro-optical types of inspection equipment. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,062,396 (G. J. Foss et al.), 3,160,302 (G. F. Chaplin), and 4,533,059 (W. J. Kapolas et al.) also disclose one-piece metallic vacuum indicating closures that operate in a similar manner, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,836,033 (A. Pdesta) discloses a two-piece vacuum indicating closure having a metallic closure panel and a separate metallic closure panel retention skirt that otherwise also operates in a similar manner.
As is noted in U.S. Pat. No. 4,093,094 (N. J. Smalley et al.), which is also assigned to the assignee of this application, a reference which discloses a two-piece vacuum indicating closure that is useful in a home canning system, certain advantages are obtained in a vacuum indicating closure when at least the skirt portion thereof is formed from a thermoplastic material. However, the closure system of the aforesaid U.S. Pat. No. 4,093,094 requires separate handling of the metal lid and plastic ring components thereof, since the closure system of such reference does not incorporate means to positively interlock the metal lid and the plastic ring, and, thus, the use of the closure system of the aforesaid of U.S. Pat. No. 4,093,094 is not suitable for use in a packaging plate where it is necessary to mechanically apply closures to containers at a high rate of speed in order to be able meet the cost constraints that apply to any such industrial operation. Further, the plastic skirt of the aforesaid U.S. Pat. No. 4,093,094 is affixed to the finish portion of the associated container by mutually engageable helical threads, an attachment technique which has certain drawbacks for use in an industrial operation relative to closures which can be applied by a push-on action, as is described in co-pending application Ser. No. 395,397, filed on July 6, 1982, by George V. Mumford, an application which is also assigned to the assignee of this application, and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,371,813 (R. C. Owen et al.) and in British Patent Specification No. 635,262 (E. T. Webb), references which also describe various types of push-on, twist-off closures.
|
def EW_average(alpha):
xhat = yield
while True:
x = yield(xhat)
xhat = (1-alpha)*x + alpha*xhat
|
<filename>tools/goctl/docker/template.go
package docker
import (
"github.com/tal-tech/go-zero/tools/goctl/util"
"github.com/urfave/cli"
)
const (
category = "docker"
dockerTemplateFile = "docker.tpl"
dockerTemplate = `FROM golang:alpine AS builder
LABEL stage=gobuilder
ENV CGO_ENABLED 0
ENV GOOS linux
ENV GOPROXY https://goproxy.cn,direct
WORKDIR /build/zero
COPY . .
RUN sh -c "[ -f go.mod ]" || exit
COPY {{.goRelPath}}/etc /app/etc
RUN go build -ldflags="-s -w" -o /app/{{.exeFile}} {{.goRelPath}}/{{.goFile}}
FROM alpine
RUN apk update --no-cache
RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates
RUN apk add --no-cache tzdata
ENV TZ Asia/Shanghai
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /app/{{.exeFile}} /app/{{.exeFile}}
COPY --from=builder /app/etc /app/etc
CMD ["./{{.exeFile}}"{{.argument}}]
`
)
func GenTemplates(_ *cli.Context) error {
return util.InitTemplates(category, map[string]string{
dockerTemplateFile: dockerTemplate,
})
}
|
Former Alaska governor Sarah Palin, who returned as a contributor to Fox News Monday, blasted U.S. President Barack Obama over the weekend, saying the U.S. should not intervene in Syria while he is president.
“Until we have a commander in chief who knows what he’s doing . . . let these radical Islamic countries who aren’t even respecting basic human rights, where both sides are slaughtering each other as they scream over an arbitrary red line, ‘Allah Akbar,’ I say until we have someone who knows what they’re doing, I say let Allah sort it out,” Palin told a conservative crowd at a Faith and Freedom Coalition.
Obama decided to arm select elements of the Syrian rebels after the White House disclosed it had evidence President Bashar Assad’s government used chemical weapons in the conflict.
Many Republicans, including Palin’s 2008 running mate John McCain, had been encouraging the U.S. to intervene in the Syrian conflict.
Palin, who is rejoining Fox News Channel as an analyst less than half a year after they decided to part ways, also offered a warning to “the good old boys” in the GOP leadership who are calling for conservative activists to tone down aggressive rhetoric.
“You do not marginalize, you don’t discredit and dismiss, every day average hard-working Americans – those who are part of that grass-roots tea party movement,” she said.
“Just let them tell us to sit down and shut up,” Palin said later, “which I refuse to do.”
|
A "What If" look at the girls when they are all grown up, how I wish there would be an official version. It would be really great to see the group back together albeit with more numbers in their age now. Although, I am aware the likelihood of that happening is next to none. Oh, well. One can hope.
As always, if you have enjoyed the comics, make sure to check out the original artist over on Pixiv . For more translations, head on over here . Apologies in advance if I made any mistakes as I am still learning with simple sentences in this 4koma proving to be good training material. Once again, thanks so much for reading and I hope you have a wonderful day ahead.
|
Michael Kruse is a senior staff writer for Politico.
One warm Saturday afternoon last month in a ballroom in the convention center in downtown Raleigh, North Carolina, a local business leader introduced Cory Booker as a man “who may be our next president.” Booker, the tall, solidly built former mayor of Newark, the current junior senator from New Jersey and somebody people have been pointing to as a potential occupant of the Oval Office for going on half his life by now, rose from the dais, enveloped the space behind the lectern and proceeded to unleash an hourlong stem-winder. The attendees at the state NAACP convention were a friendly, expectant audience, and Booker is good at this part of being a politician—voluble and excitable but compelling to the point of kinetic, gesturing with his hands, widening his eyes, planting and replanting his well-worn loafers and intermittently using a white handkerchief to wick the sweat from the top of his shiny bald head. The people in Raleigh were rapt. They laughed when he wanted them to laugh. They hushed when he wanted them to hush. They were near tears when he wanted them to be near tears. And they responded throughout with knowing nods and church-like murmurs of assent. Given the buoyant vibe, it was easy to lose sight of the fact that what Booker was saying was highly unusual. At this moment of extreme political discord, it was even quite radical. The crux of his message was the importance of love.
“Patriotism—let’s get to the root of the word—means love of country. And you cannot love your country if you don’t love your countrymen and women,” Booker told them.
Story Continued Below
“Love says everybody has worth and has dignity. It’s about looking at someone and … understanding that my destiny is interwoven with your destiny,” he continued.
“You can’t lead the people if you don’t love the people.”
And toward the end of his speech, Booker arrived at the nub. “Let me tell you something,” he said. “I’ve given an entire speech, and I haven’t mentioned the name of the president of the United States.” He still didn’t. “And you know why? Because it’s not about him.” His voice rose. “It’s about us!”
The people clapped and cheered.
“We’ve got all the power we need!”
“We do!” somebody shouted from the crowd.
“Don’t be one of those people I catch calling our president nasty names,” Booker said.
“I’m serious. How can you think that you’re going to beat darkness by stealing darkness? If Nelson Mandela can love his jailers, if Martin Luther King can love Bull Connor—we’ve got to be people of love!”
They cheered again.
Booker over the years has talked a lot about love. “Consistent, unyielding love.” “An unbelievable amount of love.” “Crazy love … unreasonable, irrational, impractical love.” And for the better part of this decade, Booker has landed frequently on a particular phrase—the “conspiracy of love.” It’s a phrase he employs with an almost religious fervor—a combination of a guiding-light mantra and a permanent political slogan. He uses it to tell his story, from the suburbs of New York City to Stanford to Oxford to Yale. He uses it to tell the story of his family, from the poor, segregated South to the upwardly mobile comfort of the business and intellectual elite. And Booker uses it to tell the story of a country that has overcome its anguished, divided past by nurturing the bonds between white and black instead of stoking the dissension. Since at least 2011, he has used the phrase on panels and podcasts, in talks to credit union executives and furniture bosses, in campus lectures and at college commencements. He used it last year as an energetic surrogate and short-listed vice presidential possibility for Hillary Clinton. In his recently published book, called United, it’s the title of the first chapter.
Booker speaks at a luncheon put on by the North Carolina chapter of the NAACP. | Julia Wall/newsobserver.com
For some, though—including some former members of his own staff—the repetition can elicit snickers and sighs. “In some circles,” Patrick Murray, a pollster at New Jersey’s Monmouth University, told me, “he’s known as Senator Conspiracy of Love.” And to those less loyal, it can trigger the kind of criticism that has tracked Booker throughout his 20-year political career—that he’s too cute, too corny or too clever, that he seems polished to the point of performative, that he’s more interested in soaring oratory than the relative drudgery of governance and legislation. “Long on vision, short on granularity,” as the former head of the Newark Alliance once said.
But as saccharine or contrived as it might sound to some, those who know Booker the best insist it is nevertheless him. “It’s something that is really genuine and authentic to who he is as a person and how he views the world,” said Mo Butler, a former chief of staff. “It’s in his DNA,” Booker’s pastor, the Rev. Dr. David Jefferson of Newark’s Metropolitan Baptist Church, added. And so, if Booker runs for president in 2020—and he told me, for the record, it would be “irresponsible” for any Democrats to say at this time whether they will or won’t—it’s hard to imagine that it would happen without millions of people beyond New Jersey and Washington, D.C., hearing him talk about love, and about the “conspiracy of love.”
What chance, some worry, would Booker’s “conspiracy of love” have against an opponent who wields as one of his most powerful weapons a schoolyard talent to demean?
David Axelrod, the former strategist for Barack Obama, has theorized that voters seek in their next president not a replica of the predecessor but a remedy—and a Booker candidacy certainly would present a stark contrast, assuming President Donald Trump is the Republican incumbent. If Booker does vie for the highest office, he will encounter a number of obstacles. Conservatives think he’s too liberal, and liberals tend to think he’s too conservative. His coziness with Wall Street rankles his party’s left flank. He has championed school choice, atypical for a progressive. He has had one notable brush with scandal—an accusation, which he denies, that he took a salary from a law firm that did business with Newark. And he’s 48 and single, a teetotaler and a vegan, with a monkish, ascetic streak, all of which might strike many in Middle America as odd or unrelatable. But then there is this—the open question of whether the love-talking Booker is the right fit at a time when angry, rattled Democrats are hankering for combative, fight-fire-with-fire, anti-Trump rhetoric. And the Democratic gains in Tuesday’s elections in Virginia, New Jersey and elsewhere have only fueled that rage. What chance, some worry, would Booker’s “conspiracy of love” have against an opponent who wields as one of his most powerful weapons a schoolyard talent to demean?
“What conspiracy of love?” former Trump campaign adviser Sam Nunberg told me.
“That won’t work,” he said. “You use the word ‘conspiracy’ when you’re trying to sell books or movie tickets, not a political candidacy.” As even an informal slogan, Nunberg said, it’s fatally flawed because it’s not sufficiently simple. “It’s no ‘Make America Great Again.’”
Still, said Democratic consultant Joe Trippi, a veteran of presidential campaigns: “We tend to go to the opposite as a country, and so when you look at the antidote to Trump’s divisive rhetoric, then Cory Booker—who he is, the way he talks, including this phrase—does set up kind of an opposite instinct of Trumpism.”
Clockwise from top left: Booker takes a selfie with TV personality Daisy Fuentes; Booker and the Texas delegation of Anti-Defamation League members in the Capitol’s senate subway; Booker with Sen. Elizabeth Warren and Labor Secretary Thomas E. Perez; Booker with Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand and a group of Senate pages. | Getty Images; CQ Roll Call
But what if voters want retribution, not forgiveness? Perhaps Booker’s focus on love is just too soft, or simply too religious for a party that prides itself on inclusiveness but gets uneasy when the message sounds like it’s plucked from the Gospels. But if Democrats are to find Booker appealing as a top-of-ticket candidate, they’re going to have to get used to his pacifist-in-a-bar-fight style.
“FUCK YOU,” somebody on Twitter told Booker earlier this year.
“LOVE YOU,” he responded.
***
The Capitol Hill offices of most members of Congress are richly appointed, the desks, shelves and walls covered with personal mementos, certificates of achievement and grip-and-grins with presidents and celebrities. Not Booker’s. Along with drab chairs and a picture of his parents, there’s a small statuette of the abolitionist and humanitarian Harriet Tubman, a small drawing of Martin Luther King Jr. and a photograph of Mahatma Gandhi. Booker’s space on the third floor of the Dirksen Senate Office Building is (to use his word) “austere.” When I visited him there earlier this fall, I was reminded of working a number of years ago on a story for Men’s Health about Booker, who at that time was well into his second term as mayor. We met at his apartment. The mostly bare walls and sparse, thrift-store decor gave it an almost dorm-room feel.
“I’m not a big stuff person,” he told me now in his office on the Hill. Booker is an ideas person, and the “conspiracy of love” is his biggest, most animating idea. It is, he said, “a family ethos.” And his family history in some sense has prepared him to make the argument that we’re all in this together whether we like it or not.
Booker in his office, with a photograph of Martin Luther King Jr. on the wall behind him. | YouTube
According to genealogical research done in 2012 by Henry Louis Gates’ PBS show, “Finding Your Roots,” Booker is 45-percent European—white. On his mother’s side, his grandfather was a freckled, red-haired bastard born in 1916 to a woman Booker knew as “Big Mama,” who had been impregnated by one of the white doctors in her small town in Jim Crow Louisiana. Deeper into the family tree, Booker has a great-great-great grandmother who was owned by her own father. These, he told Gates, are “the complicated, painful, amazing, wondrous stories of America, how they all mix to produce us.”
It went beyond blood, too: Booker’s father grew up poor in the black part of Hendersonville, North Carolina, the son of a single mother who became ill and overwhelmed—and so was taken in by the family that ran the town’s black funeral home. A church collection plate helped pay for his first semester of college at North Carolina Central University. Booker’s father in the ‘60s and ‘70s climbed the corporate ladder at IBM, as did his mother, among the first African-Americans to do so, aided by civil rights foot soldiers of the Urban League. They were able to purchase their house in almost entirely white Harrington Park, New Jersey, thanks to fair housing activists who outsmarted a realtor who didn’t want to sell to them on account of their skin color.
For Booker’s parents, his mother, Carolyn, and especially his father, Cary, who died in 2013, all of this added up to a “conspiracy of love.” It’s a term Booker’s older brother, also named Cary, recalls hearing around the house in their teens, he told me. And so when Booker graduated from high school as an honor student and standout football prospect, and when he graduated from Stanford with a bachelor’s degree in political science and a master’s in sociology, and when he earned a Rhodes scholarship, and when he got his law degree from Yale, and when he started running for and then winning political offices—at every milepost of accomplishment—the message from his parents always was the same.
“I grew up,” Booker told me, “with the understanding that, ‘Boy, you didn’t get here on your own—you got here through the collective love of millions and millions of people.’”
A photograph of Booker with his father, Cary Booker, his mother Carolyn Booker and his brother Cary Booker II. | YouTube
Robin Kennedy, wife of former Stanford President Donald Kennedy, told me she heard these stories the year Booker lived with them as barely a 20-year-old undergrad. So did Jody Maxmin, a Stanford professor of art, art history and classics, and one of Booker’s mentors. Ditto Andra Gillespie, who met Booker at a lecture he gave at Yale in 2001, wrote a book about him and is now a political scientist at Emory University. “He saw in his father’s origin story,” Gillespie said, “a model for what could happen if communities came together.”
“We are,” Booker wrote in United, “the result of a grand conspiracy of love.”
The word conspiracy today evokes immediately nefarious connotations, but Booker likes the juxtaposition of conspiracy and love. In the context of 2017’s poisonous climate, it’s “subversive,” he told me. “Defiant.” It packs, reminiscent of Tubman, Gandhi and King, “a humble radicalism,” he said. This is a phrase powerful enough to topple even the most oppressive institutions—slavery, imperial England, federally enforced racism in this country—and therefore perfect for the test Booker confronts now in Trump. But to win, he must tap into what he calls this nation’s “reservoirs of love.”
“Does any of your reservoir of love flow toward the White House?” I asked him in his office. “To President Trump?”
“I am so determined to fight and stop Donald Trump,” he said, “whether it’s taking health care away from millions of people, whether it’s putting in place a Muslim ban that I just find discriminatory and bigoted, whether it’s doing what he’s doing with our EPA or our DOJ. I want to fight him. But he will not … I’m not going to let him turn me into that which I want to fight against.”
“Meaning,” I responded, “you are going to fight him, but you are not going to hate him—therefore you love him?”
“Yeah,” Booker said. “I readily admit that.”
I want to fight him,” says Booker. “But … I’m not going to let him turn me into that which I want to fight against.”
Is loving Donald Trump, for a Democrat, right now, or ever, for that matter, really a winning political strategy? Booker basically told me I was asking the wrong question.
“What,” he said, “are you defining as a triumph?”
Winning elections. Not moral victories. In other words, for Democrats, a one-term Trump presidency—maybe even shorter than that.
“But I’m talking about the real end that we seek,” Booker said, “which is the raising of the quality of life, bringing about greater justice, a greater sense of liberty for all—what our ideals are.”
***
Booker always has been an uncommon combination of undisguised ambition and unflagging idealism. And he often has expressed those two aspects of his life in roundly religious terms.
“I’m the most ambitious person you’d ever meet,” he told a reporter for Newark’s Star-Ledger in 1998, during his first City Council bid. He felt, he said, like he was “part of a really righteous campaign.”
He absorbed his religious precepts early and well. As a boy in Harrington Park, Booker went every week to the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Closter, New Jersey. “My mom taught Sunday school,” Booker’s brother told me. At Oxford, though, Booker served as a co-president of a Jewish organization, the L’Chaim Society. When he moved to Newark as he was finishing his course work at Yale Law, to be a public-interest attorney, representing and organizing tenants, while eyeing a spot on the City Council, he began attending Metropolitan Baptist. It’s where he still goes, every Sunday he’s not in Washington or traveling somewhere else, usually seated for the 9:30 service in a pew near the front behind the wife of the pastor. “Cory,” the Rev. Dr. David Jefferson told me, “is very, very, very, very faith-driven.”
When he ran for mayor in 2002, challenging the shrewd Sharpe James, who had held the office since 1986, his professed righteousness seemed almost comically overmatched. James called Booker a carpetbagger. He called him an Uncle Tom. He called him “a faggot white boy.” He suggested Booker was both Jewish and funded by the Ku Klux Klan. “Cory Booker isn’t for real,” said James’ ads. The race was the subject of an Oscar-nominated documentary named Street Fight. For Booker, it was a jolting introduction to political attack tactics, which he told me he considered “despicable.”
Top: Mayor-elect Booker laughing after forgetting a few lines of the oath of office as his mother, Carolyn Booker, second from right, and his grandmother Adeline Jordan, far right, hold the Bible. Bottom: A Cory Booker campaign poster is displayed in a Newark, New Jersey window in 2006. He ran for mayor a second time after narrowly losing in 2002 to long-time Mayor Sharpe James. | Bloomberg; Getty Images
But he had a choice to make.
He called his pastor.
“A lot,” Jefferson told me. “A lot. A lot. I mean … a lot.”
Jefferson, Booker said, “reminded me who I am, and reminded me of who I aspire to be.”
“He and I would have conversations about the Bible,” Jefferson said, “the whole notion as to what Jesus did.”
“Jesus,” Booker told me, “was somebody that took unrelenting abuse and criticism [from] powerful people using their position to try to destroy him reputationally and ultimately physically.”
The reality, though, in 2002 was that Booker lost. James, twice Booker’s age, won 53 percent of the vote. Booker was subdued but undeterred, convinced his strategy of more or less turning the other cheek would win out in the end. “Let us show our dignity,” he told his supporters the night of the loss, “by being gracious in this minor defeat.” Booker was elected mayor in 2006, when James sensed an approaching loss and bowed out.
Jefferson told me it’s still not about winning or losing elections for his most famous congregant, which is exactly the kind of a thing a campaign manager would never say. “Cory’s contribution to public service and wanting to serve is deeper than just being an elected official,” his pastor said. “He really has a calling, and he believes that.”
And that is?
“And that is to do basically what Dr. King spoke about,” Jefferson said. “To love humanity by serving individuals. To be great by being able to serve. And you can’t serve unless you love.”
To love those he serves?
“And those enemies that he has … He believes, as I do, too,” Jefferson said, “you will never overcome that with the same mentality, the same attitude—that what overcomes that will be the conspiracy of love.”
When I asked Booker about what his pastor said, he told me, “Frankly, you can say Jesus was crucified—and I can say Jesus transformed the planet Earth, that his gospel transformed planet Earth, and has inspired generations of justice advocates to make change, from Gandhi being inspired by the teachings of Christianity to activists like Martin Luther King. So I do think that is the right path to walk, regardless of what you encounter, regardless of what happens to you—is to not let someone’s hate turn you into a person of hate, but to let yourself endure, no matter what, to be a person of love.”
Back in 2008, in a piece in which a writer for Esquire labeled him a “wannabe savior,” Booker said he always wanted to be “a part of a spiritual revolution” and that “we need a prophetic leader—who can raise us above our baser angels.” Last summer, in his speech at the Democratic National Convention, he said “we are called to be a nation of love.” It prompted Trump to take a swipe. “If Cory Booker is the future of the Democratic Party, they have no future!” tweeted the then-Republican nominee, days after he had said in his own convention speech that the legacy of Hillary Clinton was “death, destruction and weakness.” “I know more about Cory than he knows about himself,” Trump added. If Trump’s cryptic broadside left some scratching their heads, Booker’s comeback did the same, only more.
“I love Donald Trump,” Booker said on CNN.
One of the hosts spoke on behalf of probably most of the viewers with her soft, almost reflexive response.
“What?”
***
Dirty cars and trucks on Interstate 280 raced past the fenced-in children’s playground, creating a noisy, distracting, exhaust-choked backdrop for a news conference—which was the aim. Booker had come here to Newark’s McKinley Elementary School one morning last month to unveil a bill he was calling the Environmental Justice Act. One way to parse his policy priorities these days is of course through the lens of a potential presidential candidacy—his stand with Senator Bernie Sanders for Medicare for All, for instance, was viewed widely as a nod to those on the left who consider him too far to the right—but another way to see his activities is to consider what is in essence Booker’s unified field theory. Environmental justice reform, criminal justice reform, raising the minimum wage, even the legalization of marijuana—it’s all part of the “conspiracy of love.” And while Booker did not utter the actual phrase at the playground at McKinley, he did use the idea to frame his proposed legislation.
“Really, I want to start with this understanding that we’re all in this together,” Booker said into a microphone to the small gathering of community business and political leaders scattered among the swings and slides. “If there’s anything that I’ve learned about this nation’s ideals, from the hallmark of our country, e pluribus unum, to the spiritual reality of our nation, of diversity, of many different communities, it’s that we’re all integrated into one common destiny, and that injustice anywhere is indeed a threat to justice everywhere.”
When Booker was done talking, two local reporters had questions. They asked basically the same thing: Why did he think he could turn this bill into law?
At left, Booker jokes with Donald Trump, then a private citizen, at the mass celebrating the inauguration of Chris Christie as governor in 2010. At right, Booker speaks with volunteers for the Hillary Clinton campaign after speaking at a Milwaukee field office in March 2016. | AP; Washington Post/Getty Images
Booker, after all, is a junior senator in the minority party. But this skepticism felt rooted, too, in the recent history of this city. Booker was the mayor here from 2006 to 2013, when he won a special Senate election to replace the late Frank Lautenberg—after which he was re-elected in 2014 to his current six-year term. During his time as mayor, Booker worked to become one of the best-known mayors in America, hopscotching the country giving often lucrative talks, stockpiling Twitter followers, starring in the Brick City television show on the Sundance Channel and demonstrating an ongoing penchant for publicity stunts like bringing diapers to homebound citizens in snowstorms.
His record on the ground was more complicated. Through his charisma and connections, he attracted to the city, and especially to the downtown core, a mixture of corporate headquarters, hotels, restaurants and grocery stores. But unemployment remained higher than the state and national rates. Under Booker’s leadership, crime in the city went down—then it went back up. There were budget cuts. There were tax hikes. Citizens groused. In 2006, he won his election with 72 percent of the vote. In 2010, that went down to 59. And one of the signatures of Booker and his administration, the education reform efforts with a $100-million infusion from Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg plus another $100 million in matching funds from other wealthy private donors and venture capitalists, produced mixed results. “Two hundred million dollars and almost five years later,” Dale Russakoff wrote in her 2015 book about it, The Prize, “there was at least as much rancor as reform.” More recently, multiple studies have shown marked improvement in the city’s schools.
Newark, if nothing else, is a bright-lights lesson in how hard it is to make change. The question for Booker is now what it’s always been: How, exactly, does he turn this kind of lofty rhetoric into actual reality?
Responding to the local reporters at McKinley, his first instinct is more rhetoric. He invoked American history and the bold improbability of civil rights legislation. Environmental justice, he said, was no different. “I believe that when this stuff starts to prick the moral imagination of the country, we’re going to get this legislation done.”
The question for Booker is now what it’s always been: How, exactly, does he turn this kind of lofty rhetoric into actual reality?
Now, in the back of his black SUV, pulling away from the school, he added to the thought. “I’m just telling you. I’ve heard people tell me things are impossible before,” he told me. “And I’m not saying that Newark doesn’t still have a lot of work to do. But my experience is that the impossible is possible.”
He was talking, again, at base about faith. King, one of his go-to exemplars, “pricked” America by weaving scripture and secular ideals to craft a single moral imperative that couldn’t be dismissed. And so here I asked Booker: Would he be willing to run for office—whether in a Senate campaign or for president—in an even more explicitly religious way?
“I’ve studied Judaism, Hinduism, Islam and obviously my own Christianity,” he said. “It’s the core of everything I do. And I don’t shy away from it. I think Democrats should get much more comfortable being conversant in issues of faith and calling to whatever your moral text is, be that just a secular text, like our Constitution, or be it the Quran.”
Booker gets a hug from then-candidate (and now-mayor of Los Angeles) Eric Garcetti. | Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images
But at this juncture when the mantle of religion in politics has been so scrambled by Trump, would Booker, I wondered, run as, say, a Baptist progressive?
Here, though, he was “reticent,” he said.
Why?
“I don’t want to turn people off.”
Booker’s idealism often arrives in great torrents of words. Reminders of the ambition that accompanies it can be more succinct.
***
People have been talking about Booker being the president since he was in law school. “I am not prone to overstatement,” Doug Lasdon, the founder of the Urban Justice Center in New York, told me. Booker was a staff attorney for Lasdon in the late ‘90s and stayed with him at his apartment. “And I visited my dad,” Lasdon said, “and he said, ‘You know what’s he like?’ And I said, ‘Dad, this guy could be president of the United States.’ And I’ve certainly never said that about anybody else, but it was obvious—his character, his intelligence, his sense of empathy.”
In Newark, people talked about Booker being the president already when he merely was running for City Council out of the Central Ward. Former Councilman Anthony Carrino used to say, “‘Hey, watch this guy, watch this guy, watch this guy—he might be president one day,’” former councilman and mayor Luis Quintana told me. “I said, ‘What, are you kidding? He just got off his Hot Wheels!’ I said, ‘You want him to be president?’ He was running for City Council!”
And in 2002, when Booker was running for mayor for the first time, Marshall Curry heard it all the time when he was making Street Fight. “I can’t tell you how many people told me, ‘Cory Booker’s going to be the first black president, Cory Booker’s going to be the first black president,’” he told me.
Then, of course, Booker wasn’t.
Barack Obama was.
And then the first black president led to President Donald Trump. Trump has used the word love as well—“so much love in the room,” he said at charged rallies—but it isn’t quite the same thing.
So Booker has an opening in 2020 he wouldn’t have had if Clinton had won. If Axelrod is right that Americans vote for polar opposites, then Booker—who is about as different from Trump as Trump was from Obama—might be the man for the moment. Maybe too polar, say many other veteran hands. No one wants to come out against decency, but the gears of experienced political minds—Booker’s colleagues and veteran campaign strategists—click audibly when you ask if they think you can craft a platform on love. There’s a "but" wedged into almost every answer.
New Jersey Republican Rep. Tom MacArthur doesn’t doubt Booker’s talk of the “conspiracy of love” is “sincere,” he told me, but he added: “The object of government is not to sit around a campfire and sing Kumbaya. The object of government is to advance things that are really going to benefit people’s lives.”
Is there appetite within this battle of ideas for tenets of love? “My heart tells me, ‘Yeah, we’re ready,’” said Rep. Donald Norcross, a New Jersey Democrat. “My head says, ‘Let’s see what happens.’”
“I’ve got to think people are looking for some empathy and compassion,” said Sen. Joe Manchin, the moderate Democrat from West Virginia, who counts Booker as a friend.
Strategists and consultants from both parties are wait-and-see about Booker’s approach.
“Substantive change for the better cannot come from anger and resentment—they are fundamentally destructive impulses,” Reed Galen, a Trump critic who worked on the presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and also John McCain’s, told me. “But you can’t just be out there saying it’s all sunshine and rainbows.”
“I don’t know that ‘conspiracy of love’ wouldn’t work … but it won’t work on its own,” added Bob Shrum, the longtime Democratic strategist. “It depends on what he says and whether he’s believable. And we won’t know that unless or until he gets out there.”
Iowa and New Hampshire await should Booker choose to run. The politically wired in those two key states say he isn’t nearly as known there as he is in Washington and the Northeast. People know just enough to know they want to know more.
“The conspiracy of love? It makes me smile,” Jerry Crawford, an attorney and a Democratic kingmaker in Des Moines, told me. “That’s going to play better in Iowa than in D.C. It’s positive when we need positive.”
It makes Sean Bagniewski, the chair of the Polk County Democrats, think of Obama’s “audacity of hope,” he said.
The conspiracy of love? “I think it would be more likely the activists here would say, ‘Huh?’”
New Hampshire might be harder. “I think New Hampshire Democrats are like Democratic activists elsewhere,” UNH political scientist Dante Scala told me. “They’re in a fighting mood right now.” The conspiracy of love? “I think it would be more likely the activists here would say, ‘Huh?’”
In Newark, back in Booker’s SUV, I asked him about all this.
“I hear Democrats often say this, that Republicans are so mean … we’ve got to stop being so nice,” he said. “I’m, like, ‘That’s 100-percent opposite to what we need to be.’ We don’t need to take on the tactics that we find unacceptable in the Republican Party. That doesn’t mean we don’t need to fight hard and make sacrifices and struggle and battle—but we do not need to take on the dark arts.”
What, though, if that’s what people want? After all, he was praised by his party when he broke with Senate tradition to rebuke his colleague Jeff Sessions during his confirmation hearing. No one is going out of their way to praise him for being openhearted about Trump.
“It’s a natural human inclination,” he said. But he added: “It’s not what we preach in churches on Sunday mornings, in synagogues on Friday nights, in mosques during the call of prayer.”
He bemoaned the fact that he was “lambasted” for giving the cancer-stricken McCain a hug this past summer.
“Do you think President Trump needs a hug,” I asked, “and are you the person to give it to him?”
Booker laughed.
“I think President Trump,” he said, “needs a lot more than a hug.”
|
Harmonic balance analysis of a microwave balanced power amplifier The purpose of this paper is to apply the harmonic balance (HB) method to a balanced microwave power amplifier. Also it shows a slight modification in the HB method, which can be applied on many practical microwave circuits. The analysis is accurate, and the modification results in less execution time. The results are compared with a commercial HB simulator.
|
Desensitization elimination in pipeline leakage detection and pre-warning system based on the modeling using Jones Matrix The principle of the distributed optical fiber pipeline leakage detecting and pre-warning system and the method to eliminate the desensitization are proposed in this paper. To analysis the desensitization which is a common problem of the fiber optic sensor, the optical polarization model of oil and gas pipeline fiber warning system is established in this paper, which is based on the equivalent Jones Matrix of the single-mode optical fiber birefringence. According to the model, the reason of desensitization is polarization fading of two signals, which means that the sensitivity is affected by the polarization direction of the incident light. According to the theoretical model, the solution of using only one external polarization controller to change the polarization direction is put forward. It is proved by the experiment that the solution can solve the problem preferably and improve the locating accuracy and the sensitivity of the system.
|
import streamlit as st
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import json
import os # +Deployment
import inspect # +Deployment
@st.cache
def load_image(cdir, link):
return plt.imread(os.path.join(cdir, link))
def chunks(lst, n):
for i in range(0, len(lst), n):
yield lst[i:i + n]
def app():
currentdir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(
inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe())))
st.subheader("Conclusion")
st.write("This project has been the opportunity to apply many Data Science techniques & methodologies that we learnt during the training. We had to address typical data scientist challenges like hyper parameter tuning, data cleaning, app deployment...")
st.write("This use case enables us to learn new tools (Geographic Information System like QGIS) and data types (Raster and Shapefile). The objective of the business case has been achieved with good performance metrics and calculation time.")
st.subheader("Limitations and future developments")
st.write("To improve the performance of the model, the training data could be enriched to include other types of lands and vegetations. Eventhough, the model has been trained on California and Portugal database, there could be a bias of these biomes. Moreover, some techniques to improve the quality of the input images could be implemented (better identification of the containment date used to request Google Earth Engine, computer vision methods to manage the presence of snow and fire plumes...)")
st.write(
"The model architecture could also be adapted to include attention mecanism.")
st.write("Finally, the images from other satellites could be used. The active sensors (radar) have the ability to gather land information even when the weather is cloudy or contaminated with fire plumes. The geostationay satellite could add interesting data by staying above a target while Sentinel 2 satellites have a small temporal resolution (few days between 2 flyovers above the same spot).")
|
Context-Aware Query Refinement for Mobile Web Search Mobile Web search engines as well as fixed ones become much more important for our Web access in the near future. However, mobile computing environments have troublesome limitations, as compared with traditional desktop computing environments. In order to solve the so-called "mismatched query problem" due to more shortness and ambiguity of mobile users' original queries, this paper proposes a novel method for context-aware query refinement based on their current geographic location and real-world contexts which are inferred from the place-names representing the location and the Web as a knowledge database
|
<reponame>gtarnaras/packer-builder-arm-image<gh_stars>100-1000
// +build !solaris
package filelock
import "github.com/gofrs/flock"
type Flock = flock.Flock
func New(path string) *Flock {
return flock.New(path)
}
|
<reponame>stevegbrooks/ods-core<filename>tests/quickstarter/quickstarter_test.go<gh_stars>0
package quickstarter
import (
"bytes"
b64 "encoding/base64"
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"os"
"path/filepath"
"strings"
"testing"
"text/template"
"github.com/opendevstack/ods-core/tests/utils"
)
// TestQuickstarter tests given quickstarters. It expects a "steps.yml" file in
// a "testdata" directory within each quickstarter to test.
// The quickstarter(s) to run the tests for can be given as the last command
// line argument.
// If the argument starts with "." or "/", it is assumed to be a path to a
// folder - otherwise a folder next to "ods-core" is assumed, by default
// "ods-quickstarters". If the argument ends with "...", all directories with a
// "testdata" directory are tested, otherwise only the given folder is run.
func TestQuickstarter(t *testing.T) {
var quickstarterPaths []string
odsCoreRootPath := "../.."
target := os.Args[len(os.Args)-1]
if strings.HasPrefix(target, ".") || strings.HasPrefix(target, "/") {
if strings.HasSuffix(target, "...") {
quickstarterPaths = collectTestableQuickstarters(
t, strings.TrimSuffix(target, "/..."),
)
} else {
quickstarterPaths = append(quickstarterPaths, target)
}
} else {
// No slash = quickstarter in ods-quickstarters
// Ending with ... = all quickstarters in given folder
// otherwise = exactly one quickstarter
if !strings.Contains(target, "/") {
quickstarterPaths = []string{fmt.Sprintf("%s/../%s/%s", odsCoreRootPath, "ods-quickstarters", target)}
} else if strings.HasSuffix(target, "...") {
quickstarterPaths = collectTestableQuickstarters(
t, fmt.Sprintf("%s/../%s", odsCoreRootPath, strings.TrimSuffix(target, "/...")),
)
} else {
quickstarterPaths = []string{fmt.Sprintf("%s/../%s", odsCoreRootPath, target)}
}
}
config, err := utils.ReadConfiguration()
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
cdUserPassword, err := b64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(config["CD_USER_PWD_B64"])
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Error decoding cd_user password: %s", err)
}
fmt.Printf("Running test steps found in following directories:\n")
for _, quickstarterPath := range quickstarterPaths {
fmt.Printf("- %s\n", quickstarterPath)
}
for _, quickstarterPath := range quickstarterPaths {
testdataPath := fmt.Sprintf("%s/testdata", quickstarterPath)
quickstarterName := filepath.Base(quickstarterPath)
// Run each quickstarter test in a subtest to avoid exiting early
// when t.Fatal is used.
t.Run(quickstarterName, func(t *testing.T) {
s, err := readSteps(testdataPath)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
for i, step := range s.Steps {
// Step might overwrite component ID
if len(step.ComponentID) == 0 {
step.ComponentID = s.ComponentID
}
fmt.Printf("Run step #%d (%s) of quickstarter %s ...\n", (i + 1), step.Type, quickstarterName)
repoName := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s", strings.ToLower(utils.PROJECT_NAME), step.ComponentID)
if step.Type == "upload" {
if len(step.UploadParams.Filename) == 0 {
step.UploadParams.Filename = filepath.Base(step.UploadParams.File)
}
stdout, stderr, err := utils.RunScriptFromBaseDir("tests/scripts/upload-file-to-bitbucket.sh", []string{
fmt.Sprintf("--bitbucket=%s", config["BITBUCKET_URL"]),
fmt.Sprintf("--user=%s", config["CD_USER_ID"]),
fmt.Sprintf("--password=%s", cdUserPassword),
fmt.Sprintf("--project=%s", utils.PROJECT_NAME),
fmt.Sprintf("--repository=%s", repoName),
fmt.Sprintf("--file=%s/%s", testdataPath, step.UploadParams.File),
fmt.Sprintf("--filename=%s", step.UploadParams.Filename),
}, []string{})
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf(
"Execution of `upload-file-to-bitbucket.sh` failed: \nStdOut: %s\nStdErr: %s\nErr: %s\n",
stdout,
stderr,
err)
} else {
fmt.Printf("Uploaded file %s to %s\n", step.UploadParams.File, config["BITBUCKET_URL"])
}
continue
}
var request utils.RequestBuild
var pipelineName string
var jenkinsfile string
var verify *TestStepVerify
tmplData := templateData(config, step.ComponentID, "")
if step.Type == "provision" {
// cleanup and create bb resources for this test
err = recreateBitbucketRepo(config, utils.PROJECT_NAME, repoName)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
err = deleteOpenShiftResources(utils.PROJECT_NAME, step.ComponentID, utils.PROJECT_NAME_DEV)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
branch := config["ODS_GIT_REF"]
if len(step.ProvisionParams.Branch) > 0 {
branch = renderTemplate(t, step.ProvisionParams.Branch, tmplData)
}
request = utils.RequestBuild{
Repository: "ods-quickstarters",
Branch: branch,
Project: config["ODS_BITBUCKET_PROJECT"],
Env: []utils.EnvPair{
{
Name: "ODS_NAMESPACE",
Value: config["ODS_NAMESPACE"],
},
{
Name: "ODS_GIT_REF",
Value: config["ODS_GIT_REF"],
},
{
Name: "ODS_IMAGE_TAG",
Value: config["ODS_IMAGE_TAG"],
},
{
Name: "PROJECT_ID",
Value: utils.PROJECT_NAME,
},
{
Name: "COMPONENT_ID",
Value: step.ComponentID,
},
{
Name: "GIT_URL_HTTP",
Value: fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s.git", config["REPO_BASE"], utils.PROJECT_NAME, repoName),
},
},
}
// If quickstarter is overwritten, use that value. Otherwise
// we use the quickstarter under test.
if len(step.ProvisionParams.Quickstarter) > 0 {
jenkinsfile = fmt.Sprintf("%s/Jenkinsfile", step.ProvisionParams.Quickstarter)
} else {
jenkinsfile = fmt.Sprintf("%s/Jenkinsfile", quickstarterName)
}
pipelineName = step.ProvisionParams.Pipeline
verify = step.ProvisionParams.Verify
} else if step.Type == "build" {
branch := "master"
if len(step.BuildParams.Branch) > 0 {
branch = renderTemplate(t, step.BuildParams.Branch, tmplData)
}
request = utils.RequestBuild{
Repository: repoName,
Branch: branch,
Project: utils.PROJECT_NAME,
Env: []utils.EnvPair{},
}
jenkinsfile = "Jenkinsfile"
pipelineName = step.BuildParams.Pipeline
verify = step.BuildParams.Verify
}
buildName, err := utils.RunJenkinsPipeline(jenkinsfile, request, pipelineName)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
verifyPipelineRun(t, step, verify, testdataPath, repoName, buildName, config)
}
})
}
}
// collectTestableQuickstarters collects all subdirs of "dir" that contain
// a "testdata" directory.
func collectTestableQuickstarters(t *testing.T, dir string) []string {
testableQuickstarters := []string{}
files, err := ioutil.ReadDir(dir)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
for _, f := range files {
if f.IsDir() {
candidateDir := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", dir, f.Name())
candidateTestdataDir := fmt.Sprintf("%s/testdata", candidateDir)
if _, err := os.Stat(candidateTestdataDir); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
testableQuickstarters = append(testableQuickstarters, candidateDir)
}
}
}
return testableQuickstarters
}
func templateData(config map[string]string, componentID string, buildName string) TemplateData {
sanitizedOdsGitRef := strings.Replace(config["ODS_GIT_REF"], "/", "_", -1)
sanitizedOdsGitRef = strings.Replace(sanitizedOdsGitRef, "-", "_", -1)
var buildNumber string
if len(buildName) > 0 {
buildParts := strings.Split(buildName, "-")
buildNumber = buildParts[len(buildParts)-1]
}
return TemplateData{
ProjectID: utils.PROJECT_NAME,
ComponentID: componentID,
OdsNamespace: config["ODS_NAMESPACE"],
OdsGitRef: config["ODS_GIT_REF"],
OdsImageTag: config["ODS_IMAGE_TAG"],
OdsBitbucketProject: config["ODS_BITBUCKET_PROJECT"],
SanitizedOdsGitRef: sanitizedOdsGitRef,
BuildNumber: buildNumber,
}
}
// verifyPipelineRun checks that all expected values from the TestStepVerify
// definition are present.
func verifyPipelineRun(t *testing.T, step TestStep, verify *TestStepVerify, testdataPath string, repoName string, buildName string, config map[string]string) {
if verify == nil {
fmt.Println("Nothing to verify for", buildName)
return
}
tmplData := templateData(config, step.ComponentID, buildName)
if len(verify.JenkinsStages) > 0 {
fmt.Printf("Verifying Jenkins stages of %s ...\n", buildName)
stages, err := utils.RetrieveJenkinsBuildStagesForBuild(utils.PROJECT_NAME_CD, buildName)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
fmt.Printf("%s pipeline run for %s returned:\n%s", step.Type, step.ComponentID, stages)
err = utils.VerifyJenkinsStages(
fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", testdataPath, verify.JenkinsStages),
stages,
)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
}
if len(verify.SonarScan) > 0 {
fmt.Printf("Verifying Sonar scan of %s ...\n", buildName)
sonarscan, err := retrieveSonarScan(repoName, config)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
err = verifySonarScan(
step.ComponentID,
fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", testdataPath, verify.SonarScan),
sonarscan,
tmplData,
)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
}
if len(verify.RunAttachments) > 0 {
fmt.Printf("Verifying Jenkins run attachments of %s ...\n", buildName)
artifactsToVerify := []string{}
for _, a := range verify.RunAttachments {
artifactsToVerify = append(
artifactsToVerify,
renderTemplate(t, a, tmplData),
)
}
err := utils.VerifyJenkinsRunAttachments(utils.PROJECT_NAME_CD, buildName, artifactsToVerify)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
}
if verify.TestResults > 0 {
fmt.Printf("Verifying unit tests of %s ...\n", buildName)
stdout, stderr, err := utils.RunScriptFromBaseDir("tests/scripts/verify-jenkins-unittest-results.sh", []string{
buildName,
utils.PROJECT_NAME_CD,
fmt.Sprintf("%d", verify.TestResults), // number of tests expected
}, []string{})
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Could not find unit tests for build:%s\nstdout: %s\nstderr:%s\nerr: %s\n",
buildName, stdout, stderr, err)
}
}
if verify.OpenShiftResources != nil {
var ocNamespace string
if len(verify.OpenShiftResources.Namespace) > 0 {
ocNamespace = renderTemplate(t, verify.OpenShiftResources.Namespace, tmplData)
} else {
ocNamespace = utils.PROJECT_NAME_DEV
}
fmt.Printf("Verifying OpenShift resources of %s in %s ...\n", step.ComponentID, ocNamespace)
imageTags := []utils.ImageTag{}
for _, it := range verify.OpenShiftResources.ImageTags {
imageTags = append(
imageTags,
utils.ImageTag{
Name: renderTemplate(t, it.Name, tmplData),
Tag: renderTemplate(t, it.Tag, tmplData),
},
)
}
resources := utils.Resources{
Namespace: ocNamespace,
ImageTags: imageTags,
BuildConfigs: renderTemplates(t, verify.OpenShiftResources.BuildConfigs, tmplData),
DeploymentConfigs: renderTemplates(t, verify.OpenShiftResources.DeploymentConfigs, tmplData),
Services: renderTemplates(t, verify.OpenShiftResources.Services, tmplData),
ImageStreams: renderTemplates(t, verify.OpenShiftResources.ImageStreams, tmplData),
}
utils.CheckResources(resources, t)
}
}
func renderTemplates(t *testing.T, tpls []string, tmplData TemplateData) []string {
rendered := []string{}
for _, tpl := range tpls {
rendered = append(rendered, renderTemplate(t, tpl, tmplData))
}
return rendered
}
func renderTemplate(t *testing.T, tpl string, tmplData TemplateData) string {
var attachmentBuffer bytes.Buffer
tmpl, err := template.New("attachment").Parse(tpl)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Error parsing template: %s", err)
}
tmplErr := tmpl.Execute(&attachmentBuffer, tmplData)
if tmplErr != nil {
t.Fatalf("Error rendering template: %s", tmplErr)
}
return attachmentBuffer.String()
}
|
Kinetics of platelet adhesion and thrombus growth. Epifluorescent microscopy was used to monitor the adhesion of platelets and the growth of platelet aggregates on collagen-coated glass tubes perfused with whole blood. The maximum basal length and width of the aggregate size increased linearly with time, growing symmetrically transverse to the direction of flow and asymmetrically in the plane longitudinal to the direction of flow. Aggregates had elliptical bases, with the major axis parallel to the direction of blood flow. These studies provide an experimental approach to studies of the kinetics of platelet interaction with artificial surfaces and give further support to the concept that blood flow has a major effect on the development of platelet thrombi.
|
Impact Analysis of Geogrid Node Size in Stretch Forming Numerical simulations are done for stretch forming of uniaxial geogrid. And influence of different punching radius on the stress and strain of geogrid are studied. It shows that the maximum stress and strain in tensile process appear at the corner of the circle and straight edge. And the biggest stress is decreased with the radius. At the same time, radius increases reduce the deformation along the stretching direction on some extent. Based on this, a new optimization method for geogrid stretch forming is proposed. The shapes and sizes of punching can change the stress and strain distribution in the geogrid, which can reduce the probability of defect in the process of stretch forming.
|
Truro City manager Steve Tully says there is still more to come from his side after they came from a goal down to win 2-1 at Chelmsford City.
Jamie Reid equalised from a free-kick after Chelmsford's early opener before Ryan Brett got the winner.
"They're getting stronger and brighter, there's confidence all over the pitch," Tully told BBC Radio Cornwall.
"We're seventh in the league at the moment, but we're not satisfied with that, we want to keep pushing."
The victory extended Truro's unbeaten run in National League South to nine games - their last defeat coming at the end of August.
"Yes we have drawn quite a few games away from home, but that breeds confidence and I think when you're not losing games every player goes into each game believing they're going to win the game," Tully added.
"Everything's going well at the moment, but we know that can change in an instant. We've just got to make sure we keep doing the right things at the right times and see where that leads us.
"We'll get to Christmas and we'll evaluate where we're going and what we're doing and then we'll see what happens.
"If we can get to the 40-point mark as soon as possible then you can think that you're safe and look forward to where we're going to go from there."
|
This presidential primary campaign has taken on a bizarre appearance, largely because Donald Trump has been dominating the political discourse. But, bizarre though it may be, it’s going to be very intriguing to witness the many twists and turns it will take before the winner is declared in November 2016.
Why bizarre? Well, listening to Trump deliver his outrageous comments and present his off-the-wall solutions to this country’s many problems, the word bizarre fits perfectly. If you listen very closely to those “solutions”, and how he would implement them, he sounds as if he has every intention of becoming America’s first dictator.
When is the last time we’ve seen the candidate of a particular political party be so highly critical of its outdated ideology and then proclaim that he’s in this race for himself, not the party? Trump, with his rebellious attitude, apparently knows exactly what he’s doing. He knows that if the GOP constituency view him as being cut out of the same cloth as his fellow GOP candidates, those who blindly adhere to the party’s outdated principles, then his candidacy will be dead in the water.
What else is bizarre? While the people of this country are extremely weary of the same old ineffective politics of the past, they now find that they must endure watching the spectacle of another Clinton and another Bush running for president. These frustrated Americans yearn for fresh blood, new thinking and new ideas; they need problem-solvers, not caretakers overseeing the status quo; they don’t want a couple of retreads.
If Donald Trump represents the bizarre side of this developing presidential race, Senator Bernie Sanders represents the serious, rational side. These two candidates, Trump the pseudo-Republican and Sanders, the independent turned Democrat, are polar opposites; while both are aware of this nation’s most critical problems, and who in America isn’t by now, their solutions could not be more different.
Trump would go after these problems like a bull in a china shop while Sanders would identify their root causes and come up with effective solutions. What if Trump has to debate Sanders in the general election campaign? For him it will be like “death by a thousand cuts”, politically speaking, that is.
Trump, most certainly in his own mind, is a respected, successful businessman. Unfortunately, his background and experience includes the bankruptcies of 4 of his companies. He dismisses these bankruptcies as just a part of conducting business and claims they had nothing to do with his management skills. And with this checkered record he still is under the illusion that he has the expertise to manage this entire country – now that’s really bizarre.
This maverick candidate is masterful at tapping into the frustration and anger of many millions of Americans. He is a master at getting the mainstream media to follow him around like a bunch of poodles; he plays them like a drum and they can’t get enough of him even when he confronts, belittles and demeans them. He throws them raw red meat and they scramble to devour it.
The more outrageous that Trump becomes the more this woeful mainstream media loves it; this is like a TV soap opera which can be seen every day at noon. Millions of Americans tune in to see and hear what over-the-top comment Trump will come up with next.
Let’s explore the candidacy of Hillary Clinton; she’s been the front runner in most polls and the favorite to become our next president. Well, maybe she has been so far, but she is running a dull, lackluster campaign with a message that is anything but inspiring. Hillary has a problem in that she seems to have no real passion; she looks like she is going through the motions to ascend to the presidency without really earning it.
She evades the tough issues and questions about her stand on the Trans-Pacific Trade Agreement as well as the Keystone pipeline; and if she has a specific, positive agenda to solve this country’s many problems we’re still waiting for it to be presented. But the biggest problem of all is that a growing number of Americans simply no longer trust her.
Realistically, can Trump be elected president? It’s clear that to be elected, he needs a sizable percent of the Hispanic vote; but instead of reaching out to this increasingly powerful voting bloc, he insults them and refers to them as criminals of one kind or another.
Trump also needs the support of women but, instead praising them for their achievements and the positive contributions they make in this society, he belittles and demeans them, clearly showing what a control freak he really is.
Lastly, he would need the strong support of not only the majority of Republican voters but also that of independents, and even some Democrats; the probability of that happening is very slight. So put together these three factors and they greatly diminish his chances.
Might age be a factor in this race? Some might think so, but the apparent front runners are all up in their years; Sanders is 73 years old, Trump is 69 and Hillary Clinton is 68. So age should not be a major factor in the outcome of these campaigns.
Here are some relevant questions to consider:
*Will the other 16 GOP political nonentities team up and attack Trump and his wild and crazy statements and take him down by some ingenious ways?
*Can Sanders continue to inspire the American people, inspire them with his populist message, and overtake Hillary Clinton? Can he, who openly admits to espousing a social democratic ideology, go on to become president?
*Will Trump, weighed down by his over the top statements and positions, begin to implode and decide to remove himself from the campaign?
*Will the Republican Party hierarchy find a way to move him out of the way, or will they resign themselves to the fact that he is their best hope to take back the White House?
Here’s a really serious problem for Trump who has 25% of the total Republican vote. That means that 75% of likely Republican voters are supporting the other 16 lackluster candidates and that’s not a good sign for The Donald. If 75% of these potential GOP voters don’t support him now why would they gravitate to him when most of the other candidates decide to drop out of the race?
How will this bizarre but intriguing presidential race end; who will lead America into the future? That, of course, cannot be determined at this point; but it’s highly likely that Trump, as he continues to escalate his outrageous rantings and, at the same time, fails to produce concrete recommendations for solving this country’s many problems, will convince the vast majority of the American people that he is most certainly not qualified in any way to become president.
The mouth that roars will then be silenced and his massive ego trip will come to an abrupt end.
|
Canadian democracy has, we are told, been maliciously undermined at Citizenship and Immigration, and the department's top public servant is determined to set things right, on behalf of the Canadian people.
Deputy Minister Anita Biguzs has declared herself "deeply concerned." What has happened, she says, is an ethical erosion of the very cornerstone of the trust and democratic function of government.
Now, before you go leaping to conclusions, Biguzs was not talking about the prime minister's political staff overriding the professionals in her department who were choosing which Syrian refugees will be lucky enough to end up in Canada.
Anita Biguzs, deputy minister of citizenship and immigration, has called in the RCMP to investigate leaks from her department to the media. (Citizenship and Immigration Canada)
Nor is she talking about the near-total absence of public transparency in her department, which has made it nearly impossible for a member of the public to reach anything other than a voice mail message. ("If we started taking public calls, we'd never get any work done," a departmental spokeswoman told me a few weeks ago, with no evident irony.)
No, what has provoked Biguzs's anger, and determination for a reckoning, is that someone under her command apparently had the gall to tell a journalist — and thereby the Canadian public — about the PMO overriding the professionals in her department.
Leaks during campaign
Biguzs is also deeply concerned that someone told Radio-Canada — and thereby the public — a few weeks earlier about security issues with Canadian passports.
"Leaks such as these are unethical and are against the law," declared Biguzs in a memo (co-signed, for dramatic effect, by Richard Wex, an associate deputy in charge of "values and ethics").
"As such, we have contacted the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, who have now launched an investigation. The trust that the public, our partners and elected officials have in us is the cornerstone of our democratic functions."
Her memo about the leaks was promptly leaked to Radio-Canada, no doubt undermining democracy further in Biguzs's estimation, and making the need for police action even more urgent.
Now, it's hardly news that government ministers and mandarins loathe leakers and sometimes try to hunt them down.
But given the curtain of unprecedented secrecy that has dropped between Canadians and their federal government in the past 10 years, Biguzs's declaration that democracy is under threat at her department is something that might have inspired George Orwell. Or Franz Kafka.
Think about it:
The Prime Minister's Office took the exceptional step last spring of muscling aside immigration officers who are trained in applying Canadian immigration law, because the prime minister was concerned about the "integrity" of what they were doing.
This was hardly a top-secret operation by the PMO, the disclosure of which would endanger our national security. Had it been, Immigration Minister Chris Alexander would not have confirmed the story after it was reported by the Globe and Mail, which he did, and Stephen Harper would not have justified it publicly as a matter of routine governance, which he did.
Yes, it was brought forth during an election. But that was actually pretty timely. The question of Canada's policy toward Syrian refugees has at times dominated the campaign, and voters are hungry for details, and if the PMO intervention was just routine governance, what's wrong with the voters knowing about it?
In any event, Canadians got to hear the details, and the prime minister's explanation, and can now factor that information into their vote.
Some might call that democracy.
'Sensitive' vs. 'classified'
Similarly, when Radio-Canada reported in September that the government had authorized the continued issuance of passports under a new system that senior officials had warned contained security flaws, Foreign Affairs Minister Rob Nicholson immediately declared that ensuring passport security is a top priority.
The flawed program was then suspended.
Again, the public was given information, and the government's explanation.
But to Biguzs and her fellow mandarins at Citizenship and Immigration, the public should never have been told any of these things in the first place, and the fact that it was constituted a grave crime.
Interestingly, Biguzs's memo does not call the information leaked "classified." She calls it "sensitive." There's a big difference.
Classified information is an official secret, determined by security professionals to be potentially injurious to national security. (Or at least that's supposed to be how it works.)
Disclosing an official secret is a crime.
"Sensitive information," on the other hand, is anything the government doesn't want the public to know, and, as noted, the government that Biguzs has served for a decade doesn't want the public to know much.
Prosecuting embarrassment
Using Biguzs's logic, federal scientists who decide the public should know about a scientific finding about the quality of the air we breathe or water we drink are unethical underminers of democracy, too, unless they seek permission to speak, which is rather difficult to obtain nowadays in Ottawa.
Of course, when a government does want reporters to know something, the information is suddenly not sensitive at all anymore, and democracy is well-served by its disclosure, sometimes even — and I speak here with some experience — when it's an official secret.
In the case of the immigration and passport stories, apparently, the government was embarrassed, so the RCMP are now stalking the department's hallways, further intimidating an already scared group of bureaucrats.
Politicians, including Harper's Conservatives, love to talk about the supreme importance of accountability. It is a word that has been milked, flogged and ridden practically to death.
So Biguzs and her political masters might want to ponder this: If the information about the refugee review and the faulty passports had been divulged in a timely fashion, as a matter of public accountability, democracy would not only have been served, there'd be no need to call the police.
|
New reports make recommendations, ask for resources to stem TB epidemic. DISSOLUTE, DISSIPATED, and vicious consumptives... are likely to be most dangerous to the community," according to old records of the New York (NY) City Department of Health, were confined to Riverside, a special hospital on a harbor island, in the early years of this century. Although it was set up with good intentions, "the facility was chaotic," says a present-day historian, and few of the proposed treatment plans could be accomplished. The terms used today to describe most of the estimated 6000 to 7000 persons in New York City with active tuberculosis (TB)"usually poor and minority members, often homeless, sometimes mentally ill, frequently substance abusers" are less contemptuous, but issues of how to care for them have become more complex. Some of the problems, as well as the solutions, are old: William Osler, MD, said decades ago that the way to get rid of TB was to "eliminate poverty,
|
Effectiveness of Environmental Cluster Analysis in Representing Regional Species Diversity Abstract: A major challenge of regional conservation planning is the identification of sets of sites that together represent the overall biodiversity of the relevant region. Environmental cluster analysis (ECA) has been proposed as a potential tool for efficient selection of conservation sites, but the consequences of methodological decisions involved in its application have not been tested so far. We evaluated the performance of ECA with respect to two such decisions: the choice of the clustering algorithm (single linkage, complete linkage, unweighted arithmetic average, unweighted centroid, Ward's minimum variance, and the ALOC algorithm) and the weight given to different groups of environmental variables (rainfall, temperature, and lithology). Specifically we tested how these decisions affect the spatial configuration of clusters of sites defined by the ECA, whether and how they affect the effectiveness of the ECA (i.e., its ability to represent regional species diversity), and whether the effectiveness of alternative methods of hierarchical clustering can be predicted a priori based on the cophenetic correlation. We used an extensive database of the flora of Israel to test these questions. Differences in both the clustering algorithm and the weighting regime had considerable effects on the spatial configuration of the ECA clusters. The singlelinkage algorithm produced mostly singlecell clusters plus a single largesized cluster and was therefore found inappropriate for environmental regionalization. The effectiveness of the ECA was also sensitive to changes in the clustering algorithm and the weighting regime. Yet, most combinations of clustering algorithms and weighting regimes performed significantly better in capturing regional biodiversity than random null models. The main deviation was classifications based on Ward's minimum variance algorithm, which performed less well relative to all other algorithms. The two algorithms that showed the highest effectiveness (unweighted average and unweighted centroid clustering) also exhibited the highest values of the cophenetic correlation, suggesting that this index may serve as a potential indicator for the effectiveness of alternative ECA algorithms.
|
Sunil Verma, whose daughter was studying in one of the branches of the school and had also received TC, said, "We refused to pay arbitrary fees demanded by the school."
Parents of students in two branches of a private school in Dwarka have alleged that around 250 children were issued transfer certificates for allegedly not paying their fees, though the institute management said the number stood at just 41. “Forty-one students were issued transfer certificates as they defaulted in payment of last two years’ school fees,” Presidium School CEO G S Matharoo said today.
“After receiving the TC, I stopped sending my child to the school since Monday,” she said and alleged the children who were sent to the schools in spite of being given TCs were made to sit in the library.
“We do not see any development in the school. A case is pending in the Delhi High Court over exorbitant fees being charged by the school,” he said.
In June last year, the Delhi government had issued warning to Presidium School over violation of its certain norms, including not setting up a parent-teacher association and increasing the fee without prior approval.
“The Department of Education (DoE) has issued stern directions to Presidium School, Dwarka, Sector 16B, over violations of several norms,” it had said.
According to another order issued by the Director of Education on January 27 this year, Presidium School was directed to refund the extra fee collected and constitute a parent-teacher association.
|
(Photo by Jonathan Alcorn/Reuters)
The primary reason our federal government closed for 16 days and came very close to defaulting on its debt obligation was a dispute over whether to fund the new health-care law. Now the two parties have reached a deal to end the shutdown, and the one change made to President Obama's signature health legislation as part of the deal won't actually change anything at all.
The change centers on what the Department of Health and Human Services does to verify incomes submitted by applicants in the new marketplace. This is important because, without income verification, shoppers could say they earn a tiny salary so that they can net a higher level of insurance subsidies.
Now, this would not be the best-laid plan for scamming the government. Anyone who submitted a falsely lower income level would likely have to pay those subsidies back to the federal government after filing an income tax report that revealed higher earnings. They could accused of fraud and face penalties. But, for at least a few months, they could get a cheaper insurance plan.
Over the summer, Health and Human Services scaled back some of the income verification requirements on the marketplace. Instead of auditing every applicant, HHS said, states would audit a statistically significant number of people who reported incomes that were strikingly different than what federal records showed.
Republicans balked, arguing that this would allow for rampant fraud. House Republicans passed legislation that would require the HHS inspector general to set up a new income verification system before any subsidies could go out. That could have created a big obstacle for the health-care law.
But that demand didn't make it into the agreement signed by the president Wednesday night. Instead, the deal basically requires two submitted reports in the course of the next year. Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius is due to submit the first report by Jan. 1, which must detail "the procedures employed by American Health Benefit Exchanges to verify eligibility for credits and cost-sharing reductions described in subsection."
Six months later, the HHS inspector general is required to submit a report "regarding the effectiveness of the procedures and safeguards provided under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act for preventing the submission of inaccurate or fraudulent information by applicants."
Phil Klein at the Washington Examiner has described this proposal as a "watered down" version of the original House plan. "The version currently being discussed would simply ask Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius to certify that proper measures are in place," he writes. "At that point, the government can start releasing subsidies."
There's nothing about the income verification measures that passed Wednesday night that will change Obamacare, aside from a few staff members at Health and Human Services devoting some hours to gathering the data and writing up these reports. And that probably explains why Democrats were okay with passing this language in the first place.
|
Anti-Hdv Immunoglobulin M Testing in Hepatitis Delta Revisited: Correlations with Disease Activity and Response to Pegylated Interferon-2A Treatment Background The role of anti-HDV immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing in patients receiving pegylated interferon- therapy for hepatitis delta is unknown. We performed anti-HDV IgM testing in a well defined cohort of HDV-infected patients who were treated with pegylated interferon-2a plus adefovir, or either drug alone. Methods Sera from 33 HDV-RNA-positive patients from the international HIDIT-1 trial were available for anti-HDV IgM testing (ETI-DELTA-IGMK-2 assay, DiaSorin, Saluggia, Italy) before therapy, at treatment weeks 24 and 48, and at 24 weeks after the end of treatment. Results Anti-HDV IgM tested positive in 31 out of the 33 patients (94%) prior to treatment. HDV IgM levels correlated with histological inflammatory activity (r=0.51, P<0.01) and were higher in patients with alanine aminotransferase and -glutamyl transpeptidase levels above the median (P<0.05). Quantitative anti-HDV IgM values declined in patients responding to antiviral therapy, however anti-HDV IgM remained positive after treatment in the majority of virological responders. Conclusions We suggest that anti-HDV IgM testing might give additional useful information to determine disease activity in hepatitis delta and to predict treatment response to antiviral therapy with type I interferons. However, determination of anti-HDV IgM can not substitute HDV RNA testing, which remains the primary virological marker for response to therapy.
|
// Gallery:
// ___________________________________________________________________
// Core
import React from 'react'
import { Link, useStaticQuery, graphql } from 'gatsby'
import Img from 'gatsby-image'
// Libraries
import Slider from 'react-slick'
import { useSpring, config } from 'react-spring'
// Components
import Icon from '../Icons'
// Styles
import * as S from './styles.scss'
import 'slick-carousel/slick/slick.css'
import 'slick-carousel/slick/slick-theme.css'
// Elements
import { Box } from '../../elements'
// Theme
import theme from '../../../config/theme'
// import { ChildImageSharp } from '../../types'
// ___________________________________________________________________
type Fluid = {
fluid: {
aspectRatio: number
src: string
srcSet: string
sizes: string
base64: string
tracedSVG: string
srcWebp: string
srcSetWebp: string
}
}
type QueryShape = {
content: {
edges: {
node: {
id: string
childImageSharp: Fluid
}
}[]
}
}
type ImageShape = {
image: {
childImageSharp: Fluid
}
}
//
// ___________________________________________________________________
// // tslint:disable-next-line: function-name
// function SampleNextArrow(props: SlickProps) {
// const { className, onClick } = props
// return (
// <div className={className} onClick={onClick}>
// <Icon name="nextArrow" color={theme.colors.white} />
// </div>
// )
// }
// // tslint:disable-next-line: function-name
// function SamplePrevArrow(props: SlickProps) {
// const { className, onClick } = props
// return <div className={className} onClick={onClick} />
// }
const GallerySlide = ({ image }: ImageShape) => {
return (
<Img
alt="MECO | Portable water services for Burning Man"
key={image.childImageSharp.fluid.src}
fluid={image.childImageSharp.fluid}
/>
)
}
const Gallery: React.FC = () => {
const data: QueryShape = useStaticQuery(graphql`
query GalleryImages {
content: allFile(filter: { relativeDirectory: { eq: "gallery" } }) {
edges {
node {
id
childImageSharp {
fluid(quality: 85, maxWidth: 800) {
...GatsbyImageSharpFluid_withWebp
}
}
}
}
}
}
`)
const images = data.content.edges
// Slick settings
const settings = {
fade: true,
autoplaySpeed: 4000,
speed: 1200,
accessibility: true,
infinite: true,
arrows: false,
autoplay: true,
slidesToShow: 1,
slidesToScroll: 1,
adaptiveHeight: true
// nextArrow: <SampleNextArrow className="js-hover" />,
// prevArrow: <SamplePrevArrow />
}
const pageAnimation = useSpring({
config: config.molasses,
delay: 0,
from: { transform: theme.transform.matrix.from },
to: { transform: theme.transform.matrix.to }
})
return (
<S.Gallery width={1} style={pageAnimation}>
<Slider {...settings}>
{images.map(({ node: image }) => (
<Box width={1} key={image.id}>
<GallerySlide image={image} />
</Box>
))}
</Slider>
</S.Gallery>
)
}
export default Gallery
// ___________________________________________________________________
|
<reponame>swamyakunoori/nsm<filename>src/category/entities/category.entity.ts
import { Column, Entity, PrimaryGeneratedColumn } from 'typeorm';
@Entity()
export class Category {
@PrimaryGeneratedColumn()
mcId: number;
@Column()
mcName: string;
@Column({ type: 'timestamp' })
mcCreatedAt: Date;
@Column({ default: 1 })
mcStatus: number
}
|
<gh_stars>0
/*
* Copyright (C) 2016 Lightbend Inc. <http://www.lightbend.com>
*/
package sample.helloworld.impl;
public interface HelloEvent {}
|
/**
* @author Abhinay Agarwal <[email protected]>
*/
public class ListViewDemo implements Sample {
@Override
public void buildDemo(Pane container, Consumer<String> console) {
// Create the ListView instance
final ListView<String> listView = new ListView<>();
// Add items to ListView
IntStream.range(1, 100).forEach(i -> listView.getItems().add("Item " + i));
// Display selected item in console
listView.getSelectionModel().selectedItemProperty().addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) -> {
console.accept(newValue);
});
container.getChildren().add(listView);
}
}
|
<gh_stars>1-10
/*
* Copyright 2020 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.gradle.api.internal.provider;
public class DefaultPropertyFactory implements PropertyFactory {
private final PropertyHost propertyHost;
public DefaultPropertyFactory(PropertyHost propertyHost) {
this.propertyHost = propertyHost;
}
@Override
public <T> DefaultProperty<T> property(Class<T> type) {
return new DefaultProperty<>(propertyHost, type);
}
@Override
public <T> DefaultListProperty<T> listProperty(Class<T> elementType) {
return new DefaultListProperty<>(propertyHost, elementType);
}
@Override
public <T> DefaultSetProperty<T> setProperty(Class<T> elementType) {
return new DefaultSetProperty<>(propertyHost, elementType);
}
@Override
public <V, K> DefaultMapProperty<K, V> mapProperty(Class<K> keyType, Class<V> valueType) {
return new DefaultMapProperty<>(propertyHost, keyType, valueType);
}
}
|
package com.shhatrat.bikerun2.view.fragment.data;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.Fragment;
import android.support.v4.content.ContextCompat;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import com.shhatrat.bikerun2.R;
import com.shhatrat.bikerun2.view.activity.SportActivity;
import com.tapadoo.alerter.Alerter;
import butterknife.BindView;
import butterknife.ButterKnife;
import butterknife.OnClick;
import butterknife.OnLongClick;
import butterknife.Unbinder;
import info.hoang8f.widget.FButton;
/**
* A simple {@link Fragment} subclass.
*/
public class ButtonFragment extends BaseDataFragment {
@BindView(R.id.bfrag_fbutton)
FButton bfragFbutton;
Unbinder unbinder;
public ButtonFragment() {
}
@OnClick(R.id.bfrag_fbutton)
public void click()
{
switch (normalData.getDataType()) {
case BUTTON_START:
mService.training.startTraining();
break;
case BUTTON_STOP:
mService.training.stopTraining();
break;
case BUTTON_STARTSTOP:
startStop();
break;
case BUTTON_PAUSE:
pauseUnpause();
break;
case BUTTON_MOVE_LEFT:
((SportActivity)this.getActivity()).moveToLeftActivity();
break;
case BUTTON_MOVE_RIGHT:
((SportActivity)this.getActivity()).moveToRightActivity();
break;
case BUTTON_SCAN:
if (((SportActivity) this.getActivity()).startStopScan())
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.stop_scan);
else
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.start_scan);
break;
case BUTTON_BLANK:
changeFragment(normalData.getFieldName());
break;
}
}
private void pauseUnpause()
{
mService.training.pauseTraining();
preparePauseUnpause();
}
private void startStop()
{
if(mService.training.isTrainingRunning()) {
mService.training.stopTraining();
}else {
mService.training.startTraining();
}
prepareStartStop();
}
@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
Bundle savedInstanceState) {
View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_button, container, false);
unbinder = ButterKnife.bind(this, view);
return view;
}
void prepareStartStop()
{
if(mService.training.isTrainingRunning())
{
bfragFbutton.setButtonColor(ContextCompat.getColor(this.getActivity(), R.color.colorAccent));
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.stop);
}
else
{
bfragFbutton.setButtonColor(ContextCompat.getColor(this.getActivity(), R.color.fbutton_color_green_sea));
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.start);
}
}
void preparePauseUnpause()
{
if(!mService.training.isTrainingRunning())
{
bfragFbutton.setButtonColor(ContextCompat.getColor(this.getActivity(), R.color.colorAccent));
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.pause);
Alerter.create(this.getActivity())
.setBackgroundColor(R.color.colorPrimary)
.setTitle(R.string.training_is_not_started)
.show();
}
else
{
if(mService.training.isTrainingPaused())
{
bfragFbutton.setButtonColor(ContextCompat.getColor(this.getActivity(), R.color.fbutton_color_green_sea));
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.unpause);
}
else
{
bfragFbutton.setButtonColor(ContextCompat.getColor(this.getActivity(), R.color.colorAccent));
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.pause);
}
}
}
@OnLongClick(R.id.bfrag_fbutton)
boolean changeFragmentExecutor()
{
changeFragment(normalData.getFieldName());
return false;
}
@Override
void subscribeData() {
switch (normalData.getDataType()) {
case BUTTON_START:
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.start);
break;
case BUTTON_STARTSTOP:
prepareStartStop();
break;
case BUTTON_PAUSE:
preparePauseUnpause();
break;
case BUTTON_STOP:
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.stop);
break;
case BUTTON_MOVE_LEFT:
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.left_page);
break;
case BUTTON_MOVE_RIGHT:
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.right_page);
break;
case BUTTON_SCAN:
if (!((SportActivity) this.getActivity()).isScanStarted())
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.stop_scan);
else
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.start_scan);
break;
case BUTTON_BLANK:
bfragFbutton.setText(R.string.click_to_set);
break;
}
bfragFbutton.setEnabled(true);
}
@Override
public void onDestroyView() {
super.onDestroyView();
unbinder.unbind();
}
}
|
THE phenomenon is known as the “Bubbler”.
It involves urinating on your own face, and has made the world question how crazy Australians are.
Yes, urinating into your own mouth is a thing and Australia invented it.
Bubbling has surged in popularity this year and is now infamous thanks to NRL star Todd Carney, who was sacked by his Cronulla club yesterday after a photo emerged of him Bubbling at a Cronulla nightclub.
The lewd act requires a male to urinate upwards into his own face so the stream hits his mouth as if he was drinking from a water fountain.
Carney is far from the first man to Bubble. It is an increasingly popular way to show off among young males. However, he is the first person to face any form of sanction for an act that only harms the fool dumb enough to taste his own urine.
An ex-alcoholic who once urinated on a team mate’s friend and ran away from an RBT van, Carney has done far worse than this. He has escaped punishment for acts that severely affected the lives of others.
There are NRL players who will star for their clubs this weekend who weren’t sacked despite repeated court appearances.
The NRL and Cronulla are right to punish Carney as the notoriety he gave the Bubbler will ensure more lewd photos are retweeted on Twitter.
Rap Sheet: Strife and times of sacked Cronulla Sharks star Todd Carney
However, sacking him is a price too high to pay. Yes, even for Carney.
When does the photographer suffer consequences for publishing offending material?
Your son’s friend or a mate’s younger brother has probably tried the Bubbler, which is typically performed in front of friends and elicits a cheer if the stream reaches the person’s lips. It has become the go-to party trick for football players, skaters and rockers.
The Bubbler first gained popularity after a Melbourne man was photographed performing the act in the mosh pit of a heavy metal concert this year. The photo went viral on the world’s most popular news forum, Reddit, with readers around the globe shocked by the Bubbler.
Just one week ago popular US online news site Vice, which specialises in revealing the world’s bizarre practices, wrote a piece on the Bubbler’s increasingly popularity in Australia.
“This is real. I have friends who have done this, mostly while drunk for a laugh. In Brisbane we call it ‘the human bubbler’,” commenter Kurt Castro wrote in response to the Vice article.
New York Mayor Michael Carter commented: “I had heard that there were some severe droughts in Australia, but apparently they were worse than I thought.”
The origins of the Bubbler are unknown but it has been a staple of footy tours for the past year.
Carney has now suffered the ultimate punishment but he will be signed by an NRL rival whose players will no doubt ask him to perform the Bubbler during their first night out.
Strangely, that’s just the way it is.
|
package io.zrz.zulu.schema;
import java.util.Map;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableCollection;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import io.zrz.graphql.core.runtime.GQLOperationType;
public class ResolvedSchema {
private ImmutableMap<String, ResolvedType> types;
private ImmutableMap<GQLOperationType, ResolvedType> operationRoots;
public ResolvedSchema(SchemaCompiler compiler, Map<GQLOperationType, String> ops) {
this.operationRoots = ops.entrySet()
.stream()
.collect(ImmutableMap.toImmutableMap(e -> e.getKey(), e -> compiler.build(this, e.getValue())));
this.types = ImmutableMap.copyOf(compiler.registered);
}
public ResolvedType operationType(GQLOperationType op) {
return this.operationRoots.get(op);
}
public ResolvedType type(String typeName) {
return this.types.get(typeName);
}
public ImmutableSet<String> typeNames() {
return this.types.keySet();
}
public ImmutableCollection<ResolvedType> types() {
return this.types.values();
}
}
|
Elon Musk, billionaire founder of Tesla, startled the Twittersphere yesterday by announcing he wanted to take the company private at the price of $420 per share. While some speculated the tweet was a joke or a marijuana reference, others took to the market. The tweet sent the stock soaring up 11 percent, causing a halt in trade for a portion of the day.
Now, the Securities and Exchange Commission is looking into the matter.
Wall Street Journal sources say the SEC has since made inquiries to Tesla to find out whether Musk’s tweet was truthful and why he chose to announce such a move on Twitter instead of through a regulatory filing. Musk could be held legally liable if regulators determine he was intentionally trying to boost the stock price with his tweet.
Musk later explained in a letter to employees going private was “the best path forward” as it would shield the company from “wild swings in our stock price that can be a major distraction” and relieve pressure from quarterly earnings cycles that aren’t necessarily in the best long-term interest of the company. We’ve reached out to the SEC and Tesla for more information on the matter.
Musk also indicated in the tweet he’d secured funding for the surprising move, though it’s unclear where the funding would be coming from at this time as he has yet to disclose those details. The tweet appeared shortly after news broke that a Saudi Arabian sovereign wealth fund bought a $2 billion stake in Tesla and, according to the WSJ, Musk spoke with a group of Tesla’s board members last week about taking the company private.
|
Non-Intrusive Air Leakage Detection in Residential Homes Air leakages pose a major problem in both residential and commercial buildings. They increase the utility bill and result in excessive usage of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, which impacts the environment and causes discomfort to residents. Repairing air leakages in a building is an expensive and time intensive task. Even detecting the leakages can require extensive professional testing. In this paper, we propose a method to identify the leaky homes from a set, provided their energy consumption data is accessible from residential smart meters. In the first phase, we employ a Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) technique to disaggregate the HVAC data from total power consumption for several homes. We propose a recurrent neural network and a denoising autoencoder based approach to identify the 'ON' and 'OFF' cycles of the HVACs and their overall usages. We categorize the typical HVAC consumption of about 200 homes and any probable insulation and leakage problems using the Air Changes per Hour at 50 Pa (ACH50) metric in the Dataport datasets. We perform our proposed NILM analysis on different granularities of smart meter data such as 1 min, 15 mins, and 1 hour to observe its effect on classifying the leaky homes. Our results show that disaggregation can be used to identify the residential air-conditioning, at 1 min granularity which in turn helps us to identify the leaky potential homes, with an accuracy of 86%.
|
Industrial Robot Kinematics Parameter Identification For an industrial robots with unknown parameters, on the basis of preliminary measurement and data of the Cartesian and joints coordinates which are shown on the FlexPendant, the kinematic parameters is identified by using genetic algorithms and accurate kinematics modeling of the robot is established. Experimental data could prove the validity of this method.
|
Joe Garza is looking for the best place to buy travel insurance for his next vacation. But like many travel insurance customers, his situation is a little complicated.
Garza, a retired airline worker, is on Medicare and has a pre-existing medical condition. He needs insurance to cover everything.
"That would also include hospitalization and recovery," he says. "And if you had a travel companion, it would cover their costs, so you're not left alone in a foreign land."
There are a lot of folks like Garza out there. As people start thinking about their upcoming winter trips, they're also looking for ways to protect themselves. Americans spent nearly $2.8 billion on travel protection, according to a 2017 survey by the US Travel Insurance Association, an increase of 19.1% from the year before. They want to know the best place to buy travel insurance.
Among their questions: Do I need separate health insurance? Does my current medical plan cover me? Do common travel insurance plans cover adventure sports? How about emergency evacuation and trip interruptions?
The answers don't have to be complicated. I've already shared my list of the best travel insurance companies. But as a consumer advocate, I also monitor the best sites for buying travel insurance. I poll my readers once a year to find out where they buy their policies. For the rest of the year, I watch the complaints to make sure customers are getting the service they deserve. Then I work up a list.
Where's the best place to buy travel insurance?
For the sake of simplicity, I'll focus on travel insurance sold to Americans for domestic and international trips. There are several terrific sites that specialize in selling insurance to international travelers, like VisitorsCoverage. I think they merit their own story.
Of course, you can buy a policy directly through an insurance company or a travel agent. Bear in mind, too, that your credit card may offer coverage. But an option I really like is a third-party website that allows you to compare and buy a policy. It gives you more control over the process.
✓ You can find a good price and the best value since the sites offer policies from a selection of insurance companies.
✓ You can also compare multiple policies across several insurance companies, finding the coverage that you need.
✓ If something goes wrong, you have an advocate -- the third-party company --to help you with a claim or an appeal.
A third-party site may be the best place to buy travel insurance. Working with independent sites helps answer pressing questions like Garza's. They'll tell you which policy has the best medical insurance or works with your health plans. Medical coverage is a huge issue for travelers, especially seniors on a bucket-list trip. When it comes to medical care, you can't be too careful. Treatment for emergency medical care can bankrupt you when you travel abroad. I've heard too many horror stories about sky-high medical expenses.
So where should you go shopping for peace of mind? Here's my latest list of the best places to buy travel insurance. Many of these companies are run by people I know personally, and whose paths to selling travel insurance online qualify them as advocates for their customers.
I've known the folks at G1G.com for a long time. I'm always impressed by their intuitive user interface and can-do customer service attitude. If you want to compare policies side-by-side, GIG's process is dead simple and fast. G1G also has a fascinating backstory that has turned it into an advocate for travelers, determined to cut through the "complexity of insurance jargon." I like that.
Insuremytrip.com is among the most established travel insurance sellers. The site allows you to compare benefits, get quotes and buy policies from a single source. Plus, its “Anytime Advocates” can help with your claim. Insuremytrip.com says it's put $1 million in coverage “back in travelers’ pockets,” presumably resulting from a wrongful denial. The site also offers a low-price guarantee. I’ve received very few complaints about policies purchased through the company. They’re usually resolved quickly and in the traveler’s favor.
Quotewright.com sets itself apart by selling quality, not quantity — “offering only the plans and companies that meet our exacting standards,” it says. John Cook, Quotewright.com’s president, is a leading authority on travel insurance. He has extensive experience in the insurance industry, and I often turn to him for expert help on my insurance stories. Also, I've had zero complaints about Quotewright's insurance policies, which is unusual.
Among the reasons to consider Squaremouth.com: a more powerful search engine for finding the best policy and a philosophy to find you the least expensive policy. Squaremouth also promises to sell insurance from financially stable companies, and offers a “zero complaint guarantee.” I can speak to that last point. Whenever I receive a grievance that involves a policy bought through Squaremouth, it’s fixed quickly.
TravelInsurance.com is another useful source for helping you compare plans. “Our comparison engine allows you to decipher plan benefits and coverage easily,” it says. Its claim to fame is speed. You can quote, compare and buy in just a few minutes. Then the company sends your policy confirmation and documents via email instantly. Like the others, the company stands behind the policies it sells and complaints are rare.
The story behind TripInsurance.com is inspiring. Dan Skilken, the site’s founder, created TripInsurance.com when he tried to navigate the insurance options for his travels. The result: a site that offers lower prices on the same coverage as the brand-name travel insurance companies. When you shop for a policy, it divides the options into “good,” “better” and “best” policies. That way, you can easily figure out which one is right for you. And like the others, it has 24/7 support and a promise to stand behind its policies.
But how do you use these sites to shop for your next travel insurance policy? Based on thousands of travel insurance cases I handle through my consumer advocacy organization every year, my first piece of advice is: Don't take the first offer.
If you're booking a trip online, your travel company may try to pressure you into choosing a policy during your initial booking. Although it can sometimes be a good deal, it often isn't. Travel insurance offered in the heat of the moment can be overpriced and stripped down. It may not even be real insurance, but a "protection" product offered directly by a company. Those plans have significant restrictions.
I recommend bookmarking all of these sites and spending a few minutes comparison shopping between them. But don’t forget your travel agent or your travel insurance company’s direct website. You might find a great price on the perfect policy there, too. In other words, shop around.
With these sites, you should be able to find the best place to buy travel insurance that meets your needs, regardless of your destination. Or a pre-existing condition.
|
def public_key_hash(self):
pkh = blake2b(data=self._public_key, digest_size=20).digest()
prefix = {b'ed': b'tz1', b'sp': b'tz2', b'p2': b'tz3'}[self.curve]
return base58_encode(pkh, prefix).decode()
|
November update will add features to Edge and Windows—just not this one.
Our favorite site rendered in Edge.
Those extensions were widely expected to be included in the first major update to Windows 10, which will arrive in November. Unfortunately, while the update will include some new features for Edge (most notably, it will show previews of each tab's contents when hovering the cursor over the tabs), extensions will not be among them.
We're committed to providing customers with a personalized web experience, which is why bringing extensions to Microsoft Edge continues to be a high priority. We're actively working to develop a secure extension model to make the safest and most reliable browser for our customers, and look forward to sharing more in a future Windows 10 update in 2016.
This news is disappointing but perhaps not altogether surprising given the company's near total silence on extensions until now. Developers are yet to receive the information they would need to build extensions for the browser. The Insider preview releases have also not included any early iterations of the extension support.
Other features that will be included in the November update are some small visual changes—colored titlebars, the option of extra columns of tiles in the Start menu—and a more convenient install process for ugpraders. The November release will allow the direct use of a Windows 7 or Windows 8 license key for installing and activating. The release will also include numerous bug fixes, including support for more than 500 Start menu icons.
|
/**
* Reads an registry-entry from the specified buffer. This method also verifies, that the value read is of the appropriate type.
* @param <T> The type of the registry-entry.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the retrieved entries registryType doesn't match the one passed in.
* @throws NullPointerException if the registry could not be found.
*/
default <T extends IForgeRegistryEntry<T>> T readRegistryIdSafe(Class<? super T> registrySuperType)
{
T value = readRegistryId();
if (!value.getRegistryType().equals(registrySuperType))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Attempted to read an registryValue of the wrong type from the Buffer!");
return value;
}
|
ENGLISH SCRIPTS USING DISCRIMINATING FEATURES In a multi-script multi-lingual environment, a document may contain text lines in more than one script/language forms. It is necessary to identify different script regions of the document in order to feed the document to the OCRs of individual language. With this context, this paper proposes to develop a model to identify and separate text lines of Telugu, Devanagari and English scripts from a printed trilingual document. The proposed method uses the distinct features extracted from the top and bottom profiles of the printed text lines. Experimentation conducted involved 1500 text lines for learning and 900 text lines for testing. The performance has turned out to be 99.67%.
|
<filename>TaskB/user/printf.c
#include "kernel/types.h"
#include "kernel/stat.h"
#include "user/user.h"
#include <stdarg.h>
static char digits[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
static void
putc(int fd, char c)
{
write(fd, &c, 1);
}
static void
printint(int fd, int xx, int base, int sgn)
{
char buf[16];
int i, neg;
uint x;
neg = 0;
if(sgn && xx < 0){
neg = 1;
x = -xx;
} else {
x = xx;
}
i = 0;
do{
buf[i++] = digits[x % base];
}while((x /= base) != 0);
if(neg)
buf[i++] = '-';
while(--i >= 0)
putc(fd, buf[i]);
}
static int
snprintint(char *str, int size, int xx, int base, int sgn)
{
char buf[16];
int i, neg, remain = size;
uint x;
neg = 0;
if(sgn && xx < 0){
neg = 1;
x = -xx;
} else {
x = xx;
}
i = 0;
do{
buf[i++] = digits[x % base];
}while((x /= base) != 0);
if(neg)
buf[i++] = '-';
while(--i >= 0 && remain > 0) {
// putc(fd, buf[i]);
*str++ = buf[i];
remain--;
}
return size - remain;
}
static void
printptr(int fd, uint64 x) {
int i;
putc(fd, '0');
putc(fd, 'x');
for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(uint64) * 2); i++, x <<= 4)
putc(fd, digits[x >> (sizeof(uint64) * 8 - 4)]);
}
static int
snprintptr(char *buf, int size, uint64 x) {
int i;
int remain = size;
//putc(fd, '0');
*buf++ = '0';
remain--;
if (remain <=0) return size - remain;
//putc(fd, 'x');
*buf++ = 'x';
remain--;
if (remain <=0) return size - remain;
for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(uint64) * 2) && remain > 0; i++, x <<= 4) {
// putc(fd, digits[x >> (sizeof(uint64) * 8 - 4)]);
*buf++ = digits[x >> (sizeof(uint64) * 8 - 4)];
remain--;
}
return size - remain;
}
// Print to the given fd. Only understands %d, %x, %p, %s.
void
vprintf(int fd, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
char *s;
int c, i, state;
state = 0;
for(i = 0; fmt[i]; i++){
c = fmt[i] & 0xff;
if(state == 0){
if(c == '%'){
state = '%';
} else {
putc(fd, c);
}
} else if(state == '%'){
if(c == 'd'){
printint(fd, va_arg(ap, int), 10, 1);
} else if(c == 'l') {
printint(fd, va_arg(ap, uint64), 10, 0);
} else if(c == 'x') {
printint(fd, va_arg(ap, int), 16, 0);
} else if(c == 'p') {
printptr(fd, va_arg(ap, uint64));
} else if(c == 's'){
s = va_arg(ap, char*);
if(s == 0)
s = "(null)";
while(*s != 0){
putc(fd, *s);
s++;
}
} else if(c == 'c'){
putc(fd, va_arg(ap, uint));
} else if(c == '%'){
putc(fd, c);
} else {
// Unknown % sequence. Print it to draw attention.
putc(fd, '%');
putc(fd, c);
}
state = 0;
}
}
}
void
fprintf(int fd, const char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list ap;
va_start(ap, fmt);
vprintf(fd, fmt, ap);
}
void
printf(const char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list ap;
va_start(ap, fmt);
vprintf(1, fmt, ap);
}
// Print to the given buffer. Only understands %d, %x, %p, %s.
int
vsnprintf(char *buf, int size, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
char *s;
int c, i, state, nc;
char *p = buf;
int remain = size;
state = 0;
for(i = 0; fmt[i] && remain > 0; i++){
c = fmt[i] & 0xff;
if(state == 0){
if(c == '%'){
state = '%';
} else {
*p++ = c;
remain--;
if (remain <= 0) break;
}
} else if(state == '%'){
if(c == 'd'){
// printint(fd, va_arg(ap, int), 10, 1);
nc = snprintint(p, remain, va_arg(ap, int), 10, 1);
p += nc;
remain -= nc;
if (remain <= 0) break;
} else if(c == 'l') {
//printint(fd, va_arg(ap, uint64), 10, 0);
nc = snprintint(p, remain, va_arg(ap, uint64), 10, 1);
p += nc;
remain -= nc;
if (remain <= 0) break;
} else if(c == 'x') {
// printint(fd, va_arg(ap, int), 16, 0);
nc = snprintint(p, remain, va_arg(ap, uint64), 16, 1);
p += nc;
remain -= nc;
if (remain <= 0) break;
} else if(c == 'p') {
//printptr(fd, va_arg(ap, uint64));
nc = snprintptr(p, remain, va_arg(ap, uint64));
p += nc;
remain -= nc;
if (remain <= 0) break;
} else if(c == 's'){
s = va_arg(ap, char*);
if(s == 0)
s = "(null)";
while(*s != 0 && remain > 0){
//putc(fd, *s);
*p++ = *s;
s++;
remain--;
}
if (remain <= 0) break;
} else if(c == 'c'){
//putc(fd, va_arg(ap, uint));
*p++ = va_arg(ap, uint);
remain--;
} else if(c == '%'){
//putc(fd, c);
*p++ = c;
remain--;
if (remain <= 0) break;
} else {
// Unknown % sequence. Print it to draw attention.
// putc(fd, '%');
*p++ = '%';
remain--;
// putc(fd, c);
*p++ = c;
remain--;
if (remain <= 0) break;
}
state = 0;
}
}
return size - remain;
}
int
snprintf(char *str, int size, const char *fmt, ...) {
va_list ap;
va_start(ap, fmt);
int nc = vsnprintf(str, size, fmt, ap);
if (nc >= 0 && nc <= size)
str[nc] = '\0';
return nc;
}
|
Les Moonves is chairman and CEO of CBS Corp.
“Sunday Morning Futures,” 10 a.m. on Fox News Channel: Pence; Sen. Lindsey Graham, R-S.C.; Rep. Devin Nunes, R-Calif.
NBC’s “Meet the Press,” 9 a.m. on WESH-Channel 2: Sam Nunberg, former Donald Trump campaign aide; Sen. Rob Portman, R-Ohio; Michael Isikoff of Yahoo! News and author of “Russian Roulette: The Inside Story of Putin’s War on America & the Election of Donald Trump.” The panel will be Matthew Continetti, editor-in-chief, Washington Free Beacon; Eddie Glaude Jr., chair of the Center for African-American Studies and professor of religion and African-American studies at Princeton University; Andrea Mitchell of NBC News and anchor of MSNBC’s “Andrea Mitchell Reports”; and Peggy Noonan, columnist, The Wall Street Journal.
CBS’ “Face the Nation,” 10:30 a.m. on WKMG-Channel 6: former New York Mayor Giuliani, who is Trump’s attorney; Larry Kudlow, director of the White House National Economic Council; Sen. Jeanne Shaheen, D-N.H.; Sen. Ron Johnson, R-Wis. The panel will be Anne Gearan of The Washington Post; Ed O’Keefe of CBS; Shannon Pettypiece of Bloomberg News; and Salena Zito of the New York Post and Washington Examiner.
ABC’s “This Week,” 10 a.m. on WFTV-Channel 9: Sen. James Lankford, R-Okla.; Dan Abrams, ABC News’ chief legal analyst; former Gov. Chris Christie, R-N.J.; Rep. Ben Ray Luján, D-N.M.; Rep. Steve Stivers, R-Ohio. The panel will be Rick Klein, ABC News’ political director; Dan Balz and Mary Jordan of The Washington Post and Mara Gay of the New York Times editorial board.
“Fox News Sunday,” 10 a.m. on WOFL-Channel 35: Giuliani; Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin. The panel will be Jonah Goldberg of National Review; Gillian Turner, Fox News correspondent; Jonathan Swan, national political reporter for Axios; and Mo Elleithee, executive director of Georgetown University's Institute of Politics and Public Service.
“Fareed Zakaria GPS,” 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. on CNN: Reuel Marc Gerecht of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and former specialist, Middle East, CIA; Trita Parsi, president, National Iranian American Council and author of “Losing an Enemy: Obama, Iran and the Triumph of Diplomacy”; Husain Haqqani, former ambassador of Pakistan to the United States (2008-2011) and director for South and Central Asia topics at the Hudson Institute; Laurel Miller, senior political scientist, foreign policy, RAND Corp.; and Laurie Santos, psychologist and director of the Comparative Cognition Laboratory at Yale University.
“MediaBuzz,” 11 a.m. on Fox News Channel: Sara Fischer, Axios media reporter; Guy Benson, "Benson and Harf" co-host and Townhall.com political editor; Adrienne Elrod, former Clinton campaign director of strategic communications; Morgan Ortagus, co-founder of Global Opportunity Advisers and national co-chair of Maverick PAC; radio host Bill Press; Brent Lang, reporter for Variety; and Charles Gasparino, Fox Business Network senior correspondent.
“Inside Politics,” 8 a.m. on CNN: Abby Phillip and Phil Mattingly of CNN, Michael Shear of The New York Times and Mary Katharine Ham of The Federalist.
|
<gh_stars>0
package eu.diversify.ffbpg;
import eu.diversify.ffbpg.collections.SortedIntegerSet;
import eu.diversify.ffbpg.random.IntegerGenerator;
import eu.diversify.ffbpg.random.IntegerSetGenerator;
import java.util.ArrayList;
/**
*
* @author <NAME>
*/
public class RandomGenerator {
/**
* ************************************************************************
* Factory to create pseudo-random applications, platforms and services
* ***********************************************************************
*/
public ArrayList<Service> createServices(int n_services) {
ArrayList<Service> services = new ArrayList<Service>();
for (int i = 0; i < n_services; i++) {
services.add(new Service("S" + i));
}
return services;
}
public SortedIntegerSet[] createRandomServiceSets(ArrayList<Service> services, int length, IntegerGenerator size_generator, IntegerSetGenerator sets_generator, int min_size) {
SortedIntegerSet[] result = new SortedIntegerSet[length];
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
result[i] = new SortedIntegerSet();
int n_services = size_generator.getNextInteger(min_size, services.size());
int[] ridx = sets_generator.getRandomIntegerSet(services.size(), n_services);
for (int j = 0; j < n_services; j++) {
result[i].add(ridx[j]);
}
}
return result;
}
}
|
The health ministry is considering having medical institutions inform companies about employees with disorders of consciousness that would affect driving, if doctors conclude the patient should be assigned to another position, it has been learned.
The Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry plans to introduce the system in fiscal 2013 after discussions with the ruling parties. However, if information from medical checks is used to reassign people with certain conditions to other positions, complaints regarding issues such as medical discrimination could arise, observers said.
The ministry began discussing accident-prevention measures for companies after a driver of a crane truck who had epilepsy caused an accident that killed six primary school students in Kanuma, Tochigi Prefecture, in April 2011.
Doctors ask employees if they have disorders that affect consciousness, such as epilepsy or sleep apnea.
If doctors determine it would be difficult for the symptoms to be controlled with drugs, they inform the patient's employer.
Companies then decide how to deal with the situation, such as by reassigning the employee.
Employees are asked about their medical histories at regular health checkups, but are rarely questioned specifically about diseases that impair consciousness. The envisaged system would have medical institutions ask such questions.
However, the ministry needs to tread carefully on whether to apply the system to health checks used for recruitment, as it could constitute a form of discrimination, the observers said.
The Road Traffic Law requires people with epilepsy or who experience recurrent fainting to disclose their conditions when obtaining or renewing driver's licenses, but the law does not stipulate any punishment for violators. An expert panel of the National Police Agency began discussions this month on whether a punishment should be introduced.
The Japanese Epilepsy Association told the council: "These problems will not be solved by strengthening regulations. The government needs to use the current system to encourage people to voluntarily declare their health problems instead of toughening penalties."
|
<reponame>Sabatr/NameSayer<filename>src/main/java/app/tools/MicPaneHandler.java<gh_stars>1-10
package app.tools;
import app.backend.BashRunner;
import app.views.SceneBuilder;
import com.jfoenix.controls.*;
import javafx.beans.property.SimpleStringProperty;
import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
import javafx.concurrent.WorkerStateEvent;
import javafx.event.EventHandler;
import javafx.scene.Node;
import javafx.scene.control.Alert;
import javafx.scene.layout.HBox;
import javafx.scene.layout.Pane;
import java.net.URISyntaxException;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* This class allows the user to use the access the microphone options anywhere in the application.
*
* @author <NAME> & <NAME>
*/
public class MicPaneHandler implements EventHandler<WorkerStateEvent> {
private static Node _node;
private boolean _micToggled;
private Map<String, String> _devices;
private JFXComboBox<String> _deviceBox;
private JFXProgressBar _levelIndicator;
private JFXButton _testButton;
private JFXButton _confirmButton;
private HBox _hbox;
private JFXPopup _popup;
private static MicPaneHandler _handler = new MicPaneHandler();
private SimpleStringProperty _selectedDevice;
private boolean onWindows = false;
/**
* A private constructor prevents further instantiation.
*/
private MicPaneHandler() {
_selectedDevice = new SimpleStringProperty();
setUpTestButton();
if(System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
setUpDeviceBox();
onWindows = true;
}
setUpLevelIndicator();
if(onWindows) {
try {
findMicDevices();
} catch (URISyntaxException e) {
Alert a = new Alert(Alert.AlertType.ERROR);
a.setContentText("Error fetching input devices");
a.showAndWait();
//e.printStackTrace();
return;
}
}
}
/**
* Displays the microphone pane at a position.
* @param node : the position of the microphone to be relative to the node
*/
public void show(Node node) {
_node = node;
create();
}
/**
* This allows the single instance to be accessed.
* @return this handler.
*/
public static MicPaneHandler getHandler() {
return _handler;
}
/**
* @return the current selected device.
*/
public SimpleStringProperty getSelectedDevice() {
return _selectedDevice;
}
/**
* Sets up the button for testing the level of the microphone.
*/
private void setUpTestButton() {
_confirmButton = new JFXButton("CONFIRM");
_testButton = new JFXButton("TEST MIC");
_confirmButton.setOnMouseClicked((e) -> {
if (_popup != null) {
_popup.hide();
}
});
_testButton.setOnMouseClicked((e) -> {
if (onWindows && _deviceBox.getSelectionModel().getSelectedItem() == null) {
Alert alert = new Alert(Alert.AlertType.WARNING);
alert.setHeaderText(null);
alert.setContentText("No Mic Detected");
alert.setTitle("No Microphone");
alert.showAndWait();
return;
}
if (_micToggled) {
_micToggled = false;
} else {
_micToggled = true;
BashRunner runner = null;
try {
runner = new BashRunner(this);
} catch (URISyntaxException e1) {
//e1.printStackTrace();
}
runner.runMonitorMicCommand();
}
});
_testButton.getStylesheets().add(
SceneBuilder.class.getResource("styles/MicView.css").toExternalForm()
);
_testButton.getStyleClass().add("button");
_confirmButton.getStylesheets().add(
SceneBuilder.class.getResource("styles/MicView.css").toExternalForm()
);
_confirmButton.getStyleClass().add("button");
_hbox = new HBox(_testButton, _confirmButton);
_hbox.setLayoutX(105);
_hbox.setLayoutY(400);
}
/**
* A combo box that displays the available input devices.
*/
private void setUpDeviceBox() {
_deviceBox = new JFXComboBox<>();
_deviceBox.setPrefWidth(300);
_deviceBox.setLayoutX(250-150);
_deviceBox.setLayoutY(250);
_deviceBox.setOnAction((event) -> {
_selectedDevice.set(_devices.get(_deviceBox.getValue()));
});
_deviceBox.getStylesheets().add(
SceneBuilder.class.getResource("styles/MicView.css").toExternalForm()
);
_deviceBox.getStyleClass().add("box");
}
/**
* Sets the up a progress bar to detect the levels
*/
private void setUpLevelIndicator() {
_levelIndicator = new JFXProgressBar();
_levelIndicator.setProgress(0);
_levelIndicator.setPrefHeight(40);
_levelIndicator.setLayoutX(100);
_levelIndicator.setLayoutY(100);
_levelIndicator.getStylesheets().add(
SceneBuilder.class.getResource("styles/MicView.css").toExternalForm()
);
_levelIndicator.getStyleClass().add("level");
}
/**
* Creates the whole pane, which the object is shown on.
*/
private void create() {
Pane pane = new Pane();
pane.setPrefHeight(500);
pane.setPrefWidth(500);
if(onWindows) {
pane.getChildren().addAll(_hbox, _deviceBox, _levelIndicator);
} else {
pane.getChildren().addAll(_hbox, _levelIndicator);
}
pane.getStylesheets().add(
SceneBuilder.class.getResource("styles/MicView.css").toExternalForm()
);
pane.getStyleClass().add("background");
_popup = new JFXPopup(pane);
_popup.setOnHidden((e)->{
_micToggled = false;
});
_popup.show(_node,JFXPopup.PopupVPosition.TOP,JFXPopup.PopupHPosition.LEFT,0,-500);
}
/**
* This updates the progress bar based on the level of the microphone
* @param event
*/
@Override
public void handle(WorkerStateEvent event) {
if(event.getEventType().equals(WorkerStateEvent.WORKER_STATE_SUCCEEDED)) {
if(event.getSource().getTitle().equals(BashRunner.CommandType.TESTMIC.toString())) {
if(!_micToggled) {
_levelIndicator.progressProperty().unbind();
_levelIndicator.progressProperty().setValue(0);
return;
}
String output = (String) event.getSource().getValue();
int foreIndex = output.indexOf("mean_volume") + 13;
int aftIndex = output.indexOf("dB", foreIndex);
if(!(foreIndex < 0 || aftIndex < 0)) {
double volume;
try {
volume = Double.parseDouble(output.substring(foreIndex, aftIndex - 1));
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
volume = -90;
}
double progress = (100 + 1.3 * volume) / 100;
_levelIndicator.setProgress(progress);
}
BashRunner runner = null;
try {
runner = new BashRunner(this);
} catch (URISyntaxException e) {
//e.printStackTrace();
}
runner.runMonitorMicCommand();
} else if(event.getSource().getTitle().equals(BashRunner.CommandType.LISTDEVICES.toString())) {
parseDevices((String) event.getSource().getValue());
}
} else if(event.getEventType().equals(WorkerStateEvent.WORKER_STATE_FAILED)) {
//System.out.println("Failed");
_levelIndicator.progressProperty().unbind();
_levelIndicator.progressProperty().setValue(0);
_micToggled = false;
}
}
/**
* Sets the input devices to the combobox.
* @param ffmpegOut
*/
private void parseDevices(String ffmpegOut) {
boolean pastAudioHeader = false;
String[] lines = ffmpegOut.split("\n");
for(int i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
String line = lines[i];
if(line.contains("DirectShow audio devices")) {
pastAudioHeader = true;
continue;
}
if(pastAudioHeader && line.contains("Alternative name")) {
String lineBefore = lines[i - 1];
int firstQuote = lineBefore.indexOf("\"");
int secondQuote = lineBefore.indexOf("\"", firstQuote + 1);
String name = lineBefore.substring(firstQuote + 1, secondQuote);
firstQuote = line.indexOf("\"");
secondQuote = line.indexOf("\"", firstQuote + 1);
String altName = line.substring(firstQuote + 1, secondQuote);
_devices.put(name, altName);
}
}
_deviceBox.setItems(FXCollections.observableArrayList(_devices.keySet()));
}
/**
* If the device list hasn't already been populated, it attempts to scan the devices available to ffmpeg.
*/
private void findMicDevices() throws URISyntaxException {
if(_devices != null) {
return;
}
_devices = new HashMap<>();
BashRunner br = new BashRunner(this);
br.runDeviceList();
}
}
|
<reponame>rdeconti/Projeto-RDECONTI-Android-Java-MeByMe
package com.prosper.day.databasefirebase;
import android.content.Context;
import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import com.google.firebase.database.DataSnapshot;
import com.google.firebase.database.DatabaseError;
import com.google.firebase.database.DatabaseReference;
import com.google.firebase.database.FirebaseDatabase;
import com.google.firebase.database.Query;
import com.google.firebase.database.ValueEventListener;
import com.prosper.day.applicationsupportclasses.SupportHandlingDatabaseError;
import com.prosper.day.applicationsupportclasses.SupportHandlingExceptionError;
import com.prosper.day.databasemodel.ModelModuleLifeQuestion;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_DATE_CREATION;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_DATE_SYNC;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_DATE_UPDATE;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_EXPERIENCE;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_GRADE;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_ID;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_ACTIONS;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_PHOTOS;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_POINTS;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_SHARING;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_PHASE;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_QUESTION;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_STATUS;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableFields.FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_USER_ID;
import static com.prosper.day.databasedefinition.SqliteDatabaseTableNames.TABLE_MODULE_LIFE_ANSWER;
public class FirebaseModuleLifeAnswer {
private static DatabaseReference mDatabaseReference;
private static Query mFirebaseQuery;
private static String mStringClassName;
// *********************************************************************************************
// *********************************************************************************************
public static boolean FirebaseResetLifeQuestion(Context context) {
try {
mDatabaseReference = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference(TABLE_MODULE_LIFE_ANSWER);
mDatabaseReference.removeValue();
return true;
} catch (Exception error) {
mStringClassName = String.class.getName();
new SupportHandlingExceptionError(mStringClassName, error, context);
return false;
}
}
// *********************************************************************************************
// *********************************************************************************************
public static boolean FirebaseDeleteAllLifeQuestion(String firebaseKey, Context context) {
try {
mDatabaseReference = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference(TABLE_MODULE_LIFE_ANSWER);
mDatabaseReference.child(firebaseKey).removeValue();
return true;
} catch (Exception error) {
mStringClassName = String.class.getName();
new SupportHandlingExceptionError(mStringClassName, error, context);
return false;
}
}
// *********************************************************************************************
// *********************************************************************************************
public static void firebaseDeleteOneLifeQuestion(String mLifeQuestionId) {
mDatabaseReference = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference(TABLE_MODULE_LIFE_ANSWER);
mFirebaseQuery = mDatabaseReference.orderByChild(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_ID).equalTo(mLifeQuestionId);
mFirebaseQuery.addValueEventListener(new ValueEventListener() {
@Override
public void onDataChange(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot) {
if (dataSnapshot.exists()) {
for (DataSnapshot snapshot : dataSnapshot.getChildren()) {
snapshot.getRef().removeValue();
}
}
}
@Override
public void onCancelled(@NonNull DatabaseError databaseError) {
new SupportHandlingDatabaseError(this.getClass().getSimpleName(), databaseError);
}
});
}
// *********************************************************************************************
// *********************************************************************************************
public static boolean FirebaseUpdateLifeQuestion(
Context context,
final String recordId,
final String recordUserId,
final String recordPhase,
final String recordNumber,
final String recordStatus,
final String recordExperience,
final String recordGrade,
final String recordQuestion,
final String recordNumberPoints,
final String recordNumberSharing,
final String recordNumberPhotos,
final String recordNumberActions,
final String recordDateCreation,
final String recordDateUpdate,
final String recordDateSync
) {
try {
mDatabaseReference = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference(TABLE_MODULE_LIFE_ANSWER);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_ID).setValue(recordId);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_USER_ID).setValue(recordUserId);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_PHASE).setValue(recordPhase);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER).setValue(recordNumber);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_STATUS).setValue(recordStatus);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_EXPERIENCE).setValue(recordExperience);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_GRADE).setValue(recordGrade);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_QUESTION).setValue(recordQuestion);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_POINTS).setValue(recordNumberPoints);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_SHARING).setValue(recordNumberSharing);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_PHOTOS).setValue(recordNumberPhotos);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_ACTIONS).setValue(recordNumberActions);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_DATE_CREATION).setValue(recordDateCreation);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_DATE_UPDATE).setValue(recordDateUpdate);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_DATE_SYNC).setValue(recordDateSync);
return true;
} catch (Exception error) {
mStringClassName = String.class.getName();
new SupportHandlingExceptionError(mStringClassName, error, context);
return false;
}
}
// *********************************************************************************************
// *********************************************************************************************
public static void firebaseUpdateSingleLifeQuestion(
final String recordId,
final String recordUserId,
final String recordPhase,
final String recordNumber,
final String recordStatus,
final String recordExperience,
final String recordGrade,
final String recordQuestion,
final String recordAnswer,
final String recordNumberPoints,
final String recordNumberSharing,
final String recordNumberPhotos,
final String recordNumberActions,
final String recordDateCreation,
final String recordDateUpdate,
final String recordDateSync
) {
mDatabaseReference = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference(TABLE_MODULE_LIFE_ANSWER);
mFirebaseQuery = mDatabaseReference.orderByChild(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_ID).equalTo(recordId);
mFirebaseQuery.addValueEventListener(new ValueEventListener() {
@Override
public void onDataChange(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot) {
if (dataSnapshot.exists()) {
for (DataSnapshot snapshot : dataSnapshot.getChildren()) {
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_ID).getRef().setValue(recordId);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_USER_ID).getRef().setValue(recordUserId);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_PHASE).getRef().setValue(recordPhase);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER).getRef().setValue(recordNumber);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_STATUS).getRef().setValue(recordStatus);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_EXPERIENCE).getRef().setValue(recordExperience);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_GRADE).getRef().setValue(recordGrade);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_QUESTION).getRef().setValue(recordQuestion);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_POINTS).getRef().setValue(recordNumberPoints);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_SHARING).getRef().setValue(recordNumberSharing);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_PHOTOS).getRef().setValue(recordNumberPhotos);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_ACTIONS).getRef().setValue(recordNumberActions);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_DATE_CREATION).getRef().setValue(recordDateCreation);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_DATE_UPDATE).getRef().setValue(recordDateUpdate);
snapshot.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_DATE_SYNC).getRef().setValue(recordDateSync);
}
}
}
@Override
public void onCancelled(@NonNull DatabaseError databaseError) {
new SupportHandlingDatabaseError(this.getClass().getSimpleName(), databaseError);
}
});
}
// *********************************************************************************************
// *********************************************************************************************
public static void firebaseCreateLifeQuestion(
Context context,
final String recordId,
final String recordUserId,
final String recordPhase,
final String recordNumber,
final String recordStatus,
final String recordExperience,
final String recordGrade,
final String recordQuestion,
final String recordNumberPoints,
final String recordNumberSharing,
final String recordNumberPhotos,
final String recordNumberActions,
final String recordDateCreation,
final String recordDateUpdate,
final String recordDateSync
) {
try {
mDatabaseReference = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference(TABLE_MODULE_LIFE_ANSWER);
String firebaseKey = mDatabaseReference.push().getKey();
assert firebaseKey != null;
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_ID).setValue(recordId);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_USER_ID).setValue(recordUserId);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_PHASE).setValue(recordPhase);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER).setValue(recordNumber);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_STATUS).setValue(recordStatus);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_EXPERIENCE).setValue(recordExperience);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_GRADE).setValue(recordGrade);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_QUESTION).setValue(recordQuestion);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_POINTS).setValue(recordNumberPoints);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_SHARING).setValue(recordNumberSharing);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_PHOTOS).setValue(recordNumberPhotos);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_NUMBER_ACTIONS).setValue(recordNumberActions);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_DATE_CREATION).setValue(recordDateCreation);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_DATE_UPDATE).setValue(recordDateUpdate);
mDatabaseReference.child(recordId).child(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_DATE_SYNC).setValue(recordDateSync);
} catch (Exception error) {
mStringClassName = String.class.getName();
new SupportHandlingExceptionError(mStringClassName, error, context);
}
}
// *********************************************************************************************
// *********************************************************************************************
public static List<ModelModuleLifeQuestion> GetOneLifeQuestion(String mLifeQuestionId) {
final List<ModelModuleLifeQuestion> list = new ArrayList<>();
mDatabaseReference = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference(TABLE_MODULE_LIFE_ANSWER);
mFirebaseQuery = mDatabaseReference.orderByChild(FIELD_LIFE_ANSWER_ID).equalTo(mLifeQuestionId);
mFirebaseQuery.addListenerForSingleValueEvent(new ValueEventListener() {
@Override
public void onDataChange(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot) {
if (dataSnapshot.exists()) {
for (DataSnapshot snapshot : dataSnapshot.getChildren()) {
ModelModuleLifeQuestion snapshotDetails = snapshot.getValue(ModelModuleLifeQuestion.class);
list.add(snapshotDetails);
}
}
}
@Override
public void onCancelled(@NonNull DatabaseError databaseError) {
new SupportHandlingDatabaseError(this.getClass().getSimpleName(), databaseError);
}
});
return list;
}
// *********************************************************************************************
// *********************************************************************************************
public static List<ModelModuleLifeQuestion> ListGetAllLifeQuestion() {
final List<ModelModuleLifeQuestion> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.clear();
mDatabaseReference = FirebaseDatabase.getInstance().getReference(TABLE_MODULE_LIFE_ANSWER);
mFirebaseQuery.addValueEventListener(new ValueEventListener() {
@Override
public void onDataChange(@NonNull DataSnapshot dataSnapshot) {
if (dataSnapshot.exists()) {
for (DataSnapshot snapshot : dataSnapshot.getChildren()) {
ModelModuleLifeQuestion snapshotDetails = snapshot.getValue(ModelModuleLifeQuestion.class);
list.add(snapshotDetails);
}
}
}
@Override
public void onCancelled(@NonNull DatabaseError databaseError) {
new SupportHandlingDatabaseError(this.getClass().getSimpleName(), databaseError);
}
});
return list;
}
}
|
Utilizing a Geographic Information System in Conjunction with the Analytical Hierarchy Process to Perform a Water Reclamation Plant Site Suitability Analysis This paper presents a conceptual Geographic Information System (GIS)-based site suitability analysis for a future water reclamation plant (WRP). The study area is situated in a portion of northern Los Angeles County that is currently experiencing one of the highest rates of population growth in Southern California. Potential sites for the WRP are evaluated utilizing a suitability index based on planning and design constraints, including parcel size, ground slope, land use, and distance to streams, residential areas, and biological resources. In order to minimize the inherent subjectivity of the selection process, the relative significance of each constraint is quantified by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) before determining the most suitable site.
|
The reunited girl group say that they will "definitely" release a new single.
Atomic Kitten have given fans more details about their new fragrance deal.
The reunited girl group recently revealed that they are to bring out a new beauty range, following their comeback on ITV2's The Big Reunion.
They explained that the new fragrance will contain three different scents to represent each member, while they also plan to bring out new music.
Natasha Hamilton told The Sun: "There is definitely going to be a single and there will be an album, hopefully.
"We have got a perfume deal - we are going to be releasing our own Atomic Kitten fragrance.
"It's going to be three different smells to represent the three of us. Fans will get the three in one packet. We went to the company's offices and created our fragrances."
Talking about their reunion, she added that their backstory was not as drama-filled as some of the other groups on the ITV show.
She said: "I think it's apparent to everyone that the dramas in camp Atomic Kitten aren't as deep-rooted as the other dramas.
"I only had to watch the episode with B*Witched and I was literally holding my breath. There isn't a leader in Atomic Kitten. I think we all step up to the mark when we need to.
"I think this time around I am bursting with enthusiasm, which is probably getting on the girls' nerves a bit!
"I am sure along the way we will be having a few niggles, but I think that we know at this point we are not nasty people."
The Big Reunion continues at 9pm tonight (March 14) on ITV2.
Atomic Kitten to reform for Eurovision?
|
Rep. Charlie Rangel’s lawyers will probably have something to say about this, when he’s able to afford them: The New York Democrat was found guilty on 11 counts of ethics violations. The congressman walked out of his House trial on Monday, saying he needed to hire a new lawyer. The House ethics panel will now conduct hearings to figure out the best punishment for Rangel’s violations.
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<reponame>webfolderio/colesico-framework<filename>modules/colesico-jdbirec/src/main/java/colesico/framework/jdbirec/codegen/model/ViewSetElement.java
/*
* Copyright © 2014-2020 <NAME> and others as noted.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package colesico.framework.jdbirec.codegen.model;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class ViewSetElement {
protected final Map<String, RecordKitElement> recordKits = new HashMap<>();
public Map<String, RecordKitElement> getRecordKits() {
return recordKits;
}
public void addRecordKit(String view, RecordKitElement recordKit) {
recordKits.put(view, recordKit);
}
}
|
<filename>public/app/shared/navbar.component.ts
import { UserService } from './../core/services/user.service';
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { Router } from '@angular/router';
@Component({
moduleId: module.id,
selector: 'nav-bar',
templateUrl: 'navbar.component.html',
})
export class NavigationComponent {
hasLoggedUser: boolean = localStorage.getItem('currentUser') !== null;
constructor(private userService: UserService, private router: Router) {
}
logout() {
this.userService.logout()
.subscribe(res => {
if (res.ok) {
this.hasLoggedUser = !this.hasLoggedUser;
}
});
}
login() {
this.router.navigateByUrl('/login');
}
events() {
this.router.navigateByUrl('/events');
}
create() {
this.router.navigateByUrl('/events/new');
}
users() {
this.router.navigateByUrl('/users');
}
profile() {
this.router.navigateByUrl('/profile');
}
requests() {
this.router.navigateByUrl('/requests');
}
}
|
Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter/defibrillators (ICDs) have become useful treatment devices for those with cardiac dysfunction. These devices provide electrical stimulus that helps a patient's heart function properly. One aspect of such devices is the desire to accurately identify whether and when a patient is experiencing a malignant cardiac condition. However, the heart may experience not only normal sinus rhythms but also various forms of arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, atrial tachycardias, ventricular fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardias. Not all of these arrhythmias are malignant. Because the application of cardioversion or defibrillation stimulus can be discomforting to a patient, unnecessary application of stimulus should be avoided. Further, erroneous application of stimulus can cause a patient's heart to enter a malignant cardiac condition such as fibrillation. Methods and devices that provide additional approaches to discriminating between malignant and non-malignant cardiac conditions are therefore desired.
|
/**
* Builds {@link EnvelopePackagingFactory} for generating {@link Envelope} instances that use ZIP archiving for storing.
* Will overwrite any MIME type, EnvelopeReader and EnvelopeWriter already set for builder.
*/
public class ZipEnvelopePackagingFactoryBuilder extends EnvelopePackagingFactory.Builder {
public static final String MIME_TYPE = "application/guardtime.ksie10+zip";
@Override
public EnvelopePackagingFactory build() throws IOException {
envelopeReader = new ZipEnvelopeReader(manifestFactory, signatureFactory, parsingStore);
return super.build();
}
}
|
package com.example.jeffrey.LabSite.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import java.util.List;
import static com.example.jeffrey.LabSite.Utils.StaticHtmlCrawler.getABCByPaper;
@RestController
public class CCFController {
@RequestMapping("/ccf")
public List<String> getDegree(String paper){
return getABCByPaper(paper);
}
}
|
/**
* Print an n-space indent to the given output stream
*/
public static void printIndent(PrintWriter out, int indent) {
StringBuffer spaces = new StringBuffer();
for (int i = 0; i < indent; i++) spaces.append(" ");
out.print(spaces.toString());
}
|
<gh_stars>100-1000
/*
* Copyright 2013 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.gradle.api.publish.maven.internal;
import org.gradle.api.Project;
import org.gradle.api.Task;
import org.gradle.api.artifacts.repositories.MavenArtifactRepository;
import org.gradle.api.internal.ConventionMapping;
import org.gradle.api.internal.plugins.DslObject;
import org.gradle.api.publish.PublicationContainer;
import org.gradle.api.publish.PublishingExtension;
import org.gradle.api.publish.maven.internal.publication.MavenPublicationInternal;
import org.gradle.api.publish.maven.tasks.GenerateMavenPom;
import org.gradle.api.publish.maven.tasks.PublishToMavenLocal;
import org.gradle.api.publish.maven.tasks.PublishToMavenRepository;
import org.gradle.api.publish.plugins.PublishingPlugin;
import org.gradle.api.tasks.TaskContainer;
import org.gradle.model.ModelRule;
import java.io.File;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import static org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils.capitalize;
public class MavenPublishTaskModelRule extends ModelRule {
private final Project project;
private final Task publishLifecycleTask;
private final Task publishLocalLifecycleTask;
public MavenPublishTaskModelRule(Project project, Task publishLifecycleTask, Task publishLocalLifecycleTask) {
this.project = project;
this.publishLifecycleTask = publishLifecycleTask;
this.publishLocalLifecycleTask = publishLocalLifecycleTask;
}
@SuppressWarnings("UnusedDeclaration")
public void realizePublishingTasks(TaskContainer tasks, PublishingExtension extension) {
// Create generatePom tasks for any Maven publication
PublicationContainer publications = extension.getPublications();
for (final MavenPublicationInternal publication : publications.withType(MavenPublicationInternal.class)) {
String publicationName = publication.getName();
createGeneratePomTask(publication, publicationName);
createLocalInstallTask(tasks, publication, publicationName);
createPublishTasksForEachMavenRepo(tasks, extension, publication, publicationName);
}
}
private void createPublishTasksForEachMavenRepo(TaskContainer tasks, PublishingExtension extension, MavenPublicationInternal publication, String publicationName) {
for (MavenArtifactRepository repository : extension.getRepositories().withType(MavenArtifactRepository.class)) {
String repositoryName = repository.getName();
String publishTaskName = String.format("publish%sPublicationTo%sRepository", capitalize(publicationName), capitalize(repositoryName));
PublishToMavenRepository publishTask = tasks.create(publishTaskName, PublishToMavenRepository.class);
publishTask.setPublication(publication);
publishTask.setRepository(repository);
publishTask.setGroup(PublishingPlugin.PUBLISH_TASK_GROUP);
publishTask.setDescription(String.format("Publishes Maven publication '%s' to Maven repository '%s'.", publicationName, repositoryName));
publishLifecycleTask.dependsOn(publishTask);
}
}
private void createLocalInstallTask(TaskContainer tasks, MavenPublicationInternal publication, String publicationName) {
String installTaskName = String.format("publish%sPublicationToMavenLocal", capitalize(publicationName));
PublishToMavenLocal publishLocalTask = tasks.create(installTaskName, PublishToMavenLocal.class);
publishLocalTask.setPublication(publication);
publishLocalTask.setGroup(PublishingPlugin.PUBLISH_TASK_GROUP);
publishLocalTask.setDescription(String.format("Publishes Maven publication '%s' to the local Maven repository.", publicationName));
publishLocalLifecycleTask.dependsOn(installTaskName);
}
private void createGeneratePomTask(final MavenPublicationInternal publication, String publicationName) {
String descriptorTaskName = String.format("generatePomFileFor%sPublication", capitalize(publicationName));
GenerateMavenPom generatePomTask = project.getTasks().create(descriptorTaskName, GenerateMavenPom.class);
generatePomTask.setDescription(String.format("Generates the Maven POM file for publication '%s'.", publication.getName()));
generatePomTask.setGroup(PublishingPlugin.PUBLISH_TASK_GROUP);
generatePomTask.setPom(publication.getPom());
ConventionMapping descriptorTaskConventionMapping = new DslObject(generatePomTask).getConventionMapping();
descriptorTaskConventionMapping.map("destination", new Callable<Object>() {
public Object call() throws Exception {
return new File(project.getBuildDir(), "publications/" + publication.getName() + "/pom-default.xml");
}
});
// Wire the generated pom into the publication.
publication.setPomFile(generatePomTask.getOutputs().getFiles());
}
}
|
Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer Since 1941, when Huggins and Hodges proved the favourable effect of surgical castration and oestrogen administration on the progression of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) became the mainstay of management of advanced PCa till now. They demonstrated for the first time the responsiveness of PCa to androgen deprivation. ADT effectively palliates the symptoms of advanced disease, significantly reduces tumor growth, but there is no conclusive evidence at present that it prolongs survival. Moreover, significant amount of data report that ADT is associated with several adverse effects. The most prominent include: loss of bone mineral density (BMD), which leads into increased fracture risk, induction of insulin resistance, unfavorable changes in serum lipid profile, changes in body composition which can lead into increased cardiovascular morbidity and changes in cognitive functions. The aim of ADT is to cause severe hypogonadism, and adverse effects of ADT clearly demonstrate the essential and pluripotent role of male s most important androgen testosterone (TST). Introduction Since 1941, when Huggins and Hodges proved the favourable effect of surgical castration and oestrogen administration on the progression of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) became the mainstay of management of advanced PCa till now. They demonstrated for the first time the responsiveness of PCa to androgen deprivation. ADT effectively palliates the symptoms of advanced disease, significantly reduces tumor growth, but there is no conclusive evidence at present that it prolongs survival. Moreover, significant amount of data report that ADT is associated with several adverse effects. The most prominent include: loss of bone mineral density (BMD), which leads into increased fracture risk, induction of insulin resistance, unfavorable changes in serum lipid profile, changes in body composition which can lead into increased cardiovascular morbidity and changes in cognitive functions. The aim of ADT is to cause severe hypogonadism, and adverse effects of ADT clearly demonstrate the essential and pluripotent role of males most important androgentestosterone (TST). Testosterone: A basal overview of biosynthesis, metabolism and its action In the human male, the main circulating androgen is testosterone (TST). More than 95% of circulating TST is secreted by the testis (Leydig cells) which produce aproximately 6-7 mg of TST daily. The rest is secreted by the adrenal cortex, and very small quantities (especially pregnan derivatives) are formed by the cells of the brain. Physiologic TST level in a male is 3-8 ng / ml. The source for the synthesis of steroids is cholesterol. This substrate may be synthetized de novo from acetate but it may be also taken up from plasma lipoproteins. Cleavage of the side chain of cholesterol in the mitochondria and the formation of pregnenolone (biologically inactive) is the start of steroidogenic cascade. Pregnenolone is further converted into various steroids by enzymes (cytochromes P450) in the endoplasmatic reticulum. TST secretion is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The hypothalamic luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The main regulator of Leydig cell function is LH, acting through the LH receptor (LHr) in Leydig cells. 339 Androgen metabolites are excreted as free steroids or bound (conjugated). Conjugated steroids are bound to glucuronide or sulfate group. Androgens are mostly degraded in the liver (glucuronate, sulphates), but the prostate the skin also contribute significantly to the metabolism of androgens. All the steroid -metabolising enzymes constitute a network for transforming androgens into secretion products (conjugated, unconjugated) that finally leave the body via the urine or the skin. The flux though this network is great, because the half-life of TST in men is only 12 minutes. Androgens and bone metabolism Growth and resorption of bone tissue are mediated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Both types of cells exert mutual influence on each other and equilibrium between the activity of both cell lines maintains net bone mass during constant renewal and turnover. Decreased osteoblast activity and increased activity of osteoclasts leads into loss of bone mass. AR have been located on normal human osteoblasts and both aromatizable and nonaromatizable androgens can stimulate of human osteoblasts proliferation in vitro. Bone deformation strain represents a stimulus for osteoblastic activity. Androgens modify the effects induced by the mechanoreception of human osteoblastic cells by affecting adhesion molecule expression, i.e. fibronectin and the fibronectin receptor. These substances facilitate the adhesion of bone cells to the extracellular matrix, which represents a crucial requirement for osteoblastic development and function. In addition, the secretion of osteoprotegerin (OPG), which is unaffected by mechanical strain alone, is doubled when this stimulus occurs in the presence of androgens. OPG is a decoy receptor for RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand). RANKL is secreted by osteoblasts, it induces osteoclastogenesis stimulates osteoclast differentiation. Thus, OPG inhibits bone resoptive effect induced by RANKL. Accordingly, TST levels directly correlate with OPG concentrations in healthy men. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) induces osteoclast formation a differentiation. Androgens have direct inhibiting effect on this process via osteoclasts, which express AR and these cells are also blocked form PTH effects by androgens when no conversion to estrogens occurs. Androgens decrease the number of bone remodeling cycles by modifying the genesis of osteoclasts and osteoblasts from their respective progenitor cells. In addition, androgens also exert effects on the lifespan of mature bone cells: they exert pro apoptotic effects on osteoclasts and anti-apoptotic effects on osteoblasts and osteocytes. TST also modulates effects induced by other hormones and cytokines involved in bone metabolism. Osteoblast activity is reflected by concentration of procollagen type 1 (carboxy-terminal: P1CP or amino-terminal: P1NP) and other non collagenous proteins secreted by osteoblasts, eg. osteocalcin and bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP). Also OPG as a decoy receptor for RANKL, can serve as marker of osteoblast activity. Bone resorption, hence osteoclast activity, therefore, can be estimated by urinary excretion of degradation products of type I collagen, such as deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and collagen type I cross-linked Ntelopeptide (NTX). An independent role of androgens in protecting bone mass, both by promoting bone formation and attenuating bone resorption has been demonstrated in humans. Nevertheless, the role of its metabolite estradiol is pivotal in bone metabolism. Aromatization of TST to estradiol is a pivotal event concerning effects of sex steroids on bone metabolism. Estrogen receptors (ER) have been localized in human osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Human males with mutations of ER or aromatase genes do not achieve normal bone density, despite normal or increased levels of serum TST. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and its side effects ADT is increasingly attained through the use of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, which down-regulate anterior pituitary receptors and lead to therapeutic hypogonadism, or directly by inhibiting pituary receptors by LHRH antagonists. The standard castration level is < 50 ng/dL. Prostate cells are physiologically dependent on androgens which stimulate its growth, function and proferation. TST, although not tumorigenic, is essential for the growth and perpetuation of tumor cells. Prostate cancer (PCa) displays a range of clinical behavior, from slow-growing tumors of no clinical significance to aggressively metastatic and lethal disease. Most PCa cases diagnosed with present diagnostic techniques fall into the moderately differentiated group (grade 2, Gleason 6), of which the cancer-specific 10-15-year mortality is 18-30%. This is even lower in the group of PCa diagnosed with grade 1 and 2 or Gleason 4-6, and there are subgroups of patients who are not at risk of dying from PCa even within 15years. Overall mortality is then determined by comorbidity. While both short-and long-term ADT are effective for treating PCa, it can often have significant side-effects. It is important that these complications are recognized and managed appropriately so that adverse effects on the patient's quality of life (QoL) are minimized. There has been an increase in the use of ADT at all stages of PCa in recent years. The extensive use of ADT is raising concerns about adverse effects -loss of BMD being the most prominent. Bone loss and osteoporosis As shown above, androgens are important for maintenance of bone tissue. Although ADT is used in medical practice for more than 60 years, it's only few years that the clinicians became aware of serious and potentially catastrophic consequences resulting form longterm ADT. Bone density is determined both by peak bone mass achieved during skeletal development and the subsequent amount of maintenance and resorption of bone tissue. Androgens affect both processes and thus are a pivotal determinant of bone mass in men. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is defined as a systemic metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass density (BMD) and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Diagnosis of osteoporosis based on WHO definitions is developed for women originally. When based on male cutoffs, 1-2 million (3 -6%) of men have osteoporosis and 8 -13 million (28 -47%) have osteopenia; when based on female cutoffs, 280,000 -1 million (1 -4%) have osteoporosis and 4 -9 million (15 -33%) have osteopenia. While this numbers may seem disturbing, it is believed that osteoporosis in men is substantially underdiagnosed and undertreated in the United States. Female osteoporosis has been studied extensively and characterized due to its high prevalence whereas male osteoporosis, especially that associated with ADT has gained focus only recently. In men, osteoporosis occurs later than in women, but the prevalence of osteopenia does not differ significantly between men and women aged more than 50 years. Conversely, the prevalence of osteoporosis in men is lower than in women. Even though it may be underestimated when standard female BMD parameters are considered suitable for normal mineralization in men. Men generally have a higher BMD than women at the same age. Accordingly, the prevalence of male osteoporosis is greater when male-specific ranges are used in men above fifties: ranging from 1% to 4% of elderly men when the diagnosis is based on female cut-off points vs. 3% to 6% when based on male cut-off points. Men are estimated to lose bone mineral density (BMD) at a rate of up to 1% per year with advancing age, and one in eight men over age 50 years will experience an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime. Of all osteoporotic fractures, hip fractures contribute to the greatest morbidity as well as mortality, both of which are much greater in men than in women. Diagnosis of osteoporosis Current guidelines recommend assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) previous to ADT and yearly thereafter with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) which is considered the standard method to measure BMD. International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) recommends that central skeleton sites (lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck) are the most appropriate locations to asses BMD. Diagnosis of osteoporosis can than be made according to WHO classification: if T-score is less than 2,5 of standard deviation. Values between (-) 1 and (-) 2.5 SD (standard deviation) is defined as osteopenia. T -score stands for the number of standard deviations (SD) from the density of young healthy individuals of the same sex. (Table 1) To improve the identification of patients at highest risk of fracture, WHO has developed an algorithm to predict fractures -FRAX ™ http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/ According to European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines, a precise evaluation of BMD should be performed by dual X-ray absorptiometry before starting long-term ADT. An initial low BMD (T-score below 2.5, or below 1 if other risk factors are present) indicates a high risk of subsequent non-metastatic fracture, suggesting the need for early use of preventive bisphosphonate therapy. ADT, prostate cancer (PCa) and clinical aspects of bone disease At presence, significant amount of data report that ADT is associated with the loss of BMD in a time-dependent manner which leads into increased fracture risk. Skeletal fractures negatively correlate with overall survival in men with PCa and maintaining skeletal health is crucial for QoL and survival. Treatment of complications of pathological fractures is complicated and expensive. Moreover, the typical feature of PCa is the ability to metastasize into bone in more than 80 % of cases. Most bone lesions in PCa are osteoblastic in nature. However, studies show that osteoblastic lesions in PCa have excessive bone growth, but on the other hand also simultaneously increased osteolysis. The new bone formed by tumor stimulated osteoblast is weak and poorly mineralized and subsequent osteopenia leads into increased osteolysis -result to the creation of bone matrix with seriously compromised integrity. The risk of developing bone complications is therefore increased. Treatment of PCa does not focus on skeletal complications that may arise from bone metastases. The main symptom of bone metastases is severe bone pain, which often requires strong narcotic therapy or palliative radiation therapy. Other complications include spinal cord compression and pathological fractures, which may require surgery. These skeletal complications have a negative effect on QoL. Data from a double-blind, placebo-controlled studies show that approximately half of patients treated with ADT had one or more events associated with the skeleton. Most of these events required palliative radiotherapy, or were pathological fractures. Skeletal complications are also associated with significant financial expenditure. A recent analysis of the costs of health insurance in the U.S. since 1994 until 2002 revealed that the total cost to treat patient with PCa who had skeletal event were 20 000 dollars higher than in patient who did not experience skeletal event. Interestingly, it has been reported that hormone naive patients with advanced PCa have lower baseline BMD than healthy control, and relatively high prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis. The largest study that investigated the association of BMD measures with PCa risk in older men enrolled was the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS). MrOS was prospective study conducted on 4597 men with mean follow up 5.2 years, which evaluated the association of BMD and incidental PCa in a cohort of older men with no history of PCa. Unexpectedly, the authors found that higher total body BMD was significantly related to reduced risk for PCa. This result was "unexpected" because authors presumed that the higher levels of androgens lead into higher prevalence of PCa, which positively correlates with BMD. Additionally, total body BMD was inversely associated with the development of high-grade, but not low-grade disease. A similar but weaker association was observed for total hip BMD with high-grade PCa. This study confirms the association, although still not elucidated, between low BMD and PCa. Treatment of ADT induced osteoporosis Lifestyle changes: Immobilization is an important cause of bone loss. Immobile patients lose b o n e m a s s m o r e r a p i d l y t h a n m o b i l e p a t i ents. Regular daily activities, overcoming gravity, walking, and exercise have a positive impact on bone density: it stimulates osteoblasts to produce new bone and inhibits osteoclasts, thereby decreasing resorption of bone. It also improves physical coordination (prevention of falls). Cessation of smoking, decreased alcohol consumption and normalization of body mass index (BMI) helps to maintain BMD. Ca supplementation: The ideal is to ensure that the amount of calcium is taken in the normal diet. If the patient is unable to take the recommended amount of calcium in the diet (lactose intolerance, hyperlipoproteinemia, etc) it is recommended for calcium supplementation (1000mg -1500 mg daily). Vitamin D: Supplementation of vitamin D is recommended when its deficiency can be assumed or proven. The recommended daily dose is 400-800 IU (10-20 mg). Bisphosphonates are one of the most potent inhibitors of bone resorption. The effect on the reduction of osteoporotic fractures has been demonstrated for treatment with alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, etidronate and zoledronic acid. The effectiveness in reducing vertebral and nonvertebral fractures were confirmed by many studies. The optimal regimen for zoledronic acid is unclear, because one study recommends treatment every 3 weeks, while another trial has produced similar results with an annual injection, and finally, another study reports that single infusion of zoledronic acid in patients receiving ADT reduces bone mineral loss and maintains BMD at least for 12 months during ADT. One of the most important and serious adverse effect of bisphoshonate administration is jaw necrosis The initial BMD could be used to guide the choice of regimen.Thus, a 3month injection might be given in osteoporotic patients, for whom a yearly injection is likely to provide insufficient protection. Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL (see above). In the largest, well conducted study to date, denosumab was associated with 5.6% increase in the lumbar BMD versus 1% decrease in the placebo arm. There were also significant BMD increases at the total hip, femoral neck and distal third of the radius. 60 mg was delivered subcutaneously every 6 months, was not associated with any significant toxicity, or delayed healing in vertebral fractures. Androgens and cognitive functions It is known that during certain developmental stages-especially during the first years of life, during adolescence, girls surpass in boys several verbal skills. Males excel after about the tenth year of life in non-verbal skills in adulthood, especially in spatial orientation and manipulation. Evidence of a link between sex hormones and spatial abilities came from studies of individuals with Turner syndrome (XO karyotype, no gonadal hormones) or testicular feminization syndrome-(XY karyotype, the tissues are refractory to normal levels of TST). These patients have female external genitalia, they are raised as girls. In these patients verbal skills surpass their spatial abilities, which is a typical pattern of cognitive abilities of women. Studies on men with idiopathic or acquired hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism confirm the importance of TST for spatial abilities. Short-term androgen supplementation did not restore spatial function, suggesting that low levels of sex hormones during the intrauterine and neonatal period have a lifelong impact. Direct sex hormones manipulation supports the conclusion that androgens play an important role in cognition. The first experiments with direct hormonal manipulation can be traced back to 1941 when Simonson et al. published their experiment using methyl TST that was administered to eunuchoids, castrated males, and elderly men. The result was an improved ability to perceive the flicker (critical flicker frequency), a measure of attention and alertness, as long as the androgen treatment lasted. Androgen therapy was also administered to female to male transsexuals in high doses as a preparation before gender reassignment. Their spatial skills have significantly improved, while verbal skills declined considerably. For ethical reasons, nowadays the manipulation of gonadal hormones is restricted to patients in clinical studies. Thus, the last such study was conducted in 1971. Klaiber et al. studied the effect of infused TST on mental abilities in healthy male students. After a 4-hour infusion of TST or saline in the control group, performance of the control group (saline infusion) showed a significant decline in mental performance when compared to TST infused group. Potential mechanisms of action TST may impact cognition through several mechanisms. For example, activation of calcium channels in the brain occurs through rapid, nongenomic methods of action on G-proteincoupled, agonist sequestrable testosterone membrane receptors that initiate a transcription-independent signal pathway. TST also may impact cognitive performance directly through modulating neurotransmitters and stimulating neuronal connectivity, decreasing -amyloid peptide production, and preventing N-methyl-Daspartate excitotoxicity mechanisms implicated in cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer disease or dementia. Furthermore, some estrogen studies have highlighted several possible mechanisms through which this hormone can impact cognitive functioning. These include increasing cholinergic activity through its action of choline acetyltransferase, maintenance of dendritic spine density on CA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and facilitating induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus, increasing serotonergic and cholinergic activity to maintain neural circuitry, altering lipoprotein, and decreasing risk of cerebral ischemia. In contrast to other studies cited above, Joly and colleagues observed that, although men with nonmetastatic PCa who received ADT experienced more treatment-related symptoms, no differences in cognitive function on either the High Sensitivity Cognitive Screen or the FACT-COG. The authors suggested that the High Sensitivity Cognitive Screen may not be sensitive enough to detect the subtle cognitive changes that occur after ADT. In addition, self-report of cognitive function has not been correlated consistently with actual neuropsychological testing. Cognitive functions and ADT In conclusion, the data show that androgen ablation does have cosequences for cognitive functioning. Larger longitudinal studies are warranted. ADT and changes in body composition Male hypogonadism (of any etiology) results in a decline in lean body mass (LBM) and an increase in fat mass, which is reversed with TST replacement. A cross-sectional study showed that men undergoing long-term ADT (12-101 months) have increased fat mass in the trunk and all extremities-measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), compared with eugonadal men with PCa not undergoing ADT (treated with prostatectomy and/or radiation therapy) and age-matched eugonadal controls. Another case control study examined the prevalence and magnitude of obesity and fat mass in a group of 62 men with PCa receiving ADT for 1-5 yr. Healthy men (n = 47) with a PSA of less than 4.0 ng/ml were recruited as controls. The study showed that men with PCa had significantly higher body weight (86.5 vs. 80.6 kg) and percent body fat (30 vs. 26%) than controls. Meta-analysis of sixteen studies showed that ADT increased percentage of body fat by on average 7.7% (95% CI 4.3, 11.2, from seven studies, P < 0.0001) and decreased % LBM by on average -2.8% (95% CI -3.6, -2.0, from six studies, P < 0.0001) but for both there was marked heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 99% I2 = 73%, respectively). Similarly, body weight (2.1%, P < 0.0001 from nine studies) and BMI (2.2%, P < 0.0001, from eight studies) increased significantly. More extensive changes were seen with longer duration of treatment. These studies prove that ADT results in an unfavorable body composition. The increase of fat mass in patients on ADT correlates positively with rising insulin levels. Hence, this increasing adiposity may be the primary event leading to these metabolic complications (possibly via elaboration of adipokines and inflammatory cytokines). Similarly, it is possible that a decrease in muscle mass may result in decreased glucose uptake by the muscle. These changes may ultimately lead to insulin resistance and diabetes in this population, hence predisposing them to cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle changes or suitable interventions to minimize the effect of ADT on body composition need to be investigated. ADT and insulin resistance Epidemiological studies have shown that low TST levels predict the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Studies have also confirmed a direct relationship between serum TST and insulin sensitivity. These findings are further supported by interventional studies showing an improvement in insulin sensitivity with TST replacement in hypogonadal obese men. Early metabolic changes There is some evidence, that the onset of insulin resistance can be detectable after 3 months of ADT. 3-month prospective study using combined androgen blockade with leuprolide and bicalutamide showed a 43% increase in fat mass and a 26% increase in insulin levels from baseline, again indicating development of insulin resistance with increasing adiposity. Although there was no significant change in fasting glucose levels, a statistically significant increase in glycosylated hemoglobin was seen (though this increase was within the normal range from 5.46-5.62%). These observations suggest that insulin resistance develops within a few months of initiating ADT; however, this compensatory hyperinsulinemia prevents the development of diabetes. Late metabolic changes Observational study of a population-based cohort found that men undergoing ADT with GnRH agonists had a higher risk of incident diabetes (11%), coronary artery disease (25%), myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Interestingly, orchiectomy was associated only with a higher risk of diabetes. In some men, this risk was evident within 4 months of starting ADT. These findings suggest that although both medical and surgical modalities of ADT result in increased metabolic burden, GnRH analogs are also associated with cardiovascular events. After 12 months of ADT, serum fasting glucose increased significantly, suggesting that men with PCa who are receiving long-term ADT are at risk for developing insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, thus leading to their increased risk of cardiovascular disease (113 ADT and lipid alterations Hyperlipidemia is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recent epidemiological research suggests that low serum TST levels in men are associated with an adverse lipid profile, especially elevated total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Furthermore, interventional studies have shown that TST replacement in hypogonadal men results in an improvement in lipid profile. During long-term ADT, triglycerides rise by approximately 26% and total cholesterol approximately 10%. In addition, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) rises approximately 8% to 11%. The net effect of these changes on cardiovascular risks is unknown. Significant changes can be observed within the first 3 months of treatment, with more modest subsequent change. ADT, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (120. Longitudinal studies also show that lower androgen levels in men independently predict the development of MS. These observations suggest that profound hypogonadism due to ADT imparts increased metabolic burden. Long-term prospective studies are needed to determine the time of onset of various metabolic alterations in these men. Since MS is associated with CVD, large studies were conducted to assed the CV risk and ADT. A large SEER-Medicare-based analysis of 73,196 men aged 66 years and older with PCa identified significant GnRH agonist-associated elevations in risk for myocardial infarction (HR, 1.11; p=.03), sudden cardiac death (HR, 1.16; p =.004), and new diagnosis of coronary heart disease (HR, 1.16; p<.001). Similarly, a second SEER-Medicare-based study of 23,000 men with PCa found a 20% ADT-attributable rise in CV morbidity at 1 year. In contrast, a recently reported matched cohort analysis of approximately 20,000 men in an On-tario database found no association between ADT and acute myocardial infarction (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84-1.00). A smaller population-based observational study of 3262 men who had undergone prostatectomy for PCa found that ADT was significantly associated with CV mortality, although only in the subset of men aged 65 years and older. This analysis failed to validate baseline coronary artery disease and diabetes as risk factors for CV mortality. Finally, combined analysis of 3 randomized trials involving men with localized PCa found that in the subset of men aged 65 years and older, 6 months of treatment with a GnRH agonist led to earlier onset of fatal myocardial infarction. Three large randomized, controlled trials by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) have been retrospectively analyzed for an association between neoadjuvant/ concomitant/adjuvant ADT and CV mortality. These analyses have not found convincing evidence of an association. Secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial from the EORTC found no association between ADT and CV mortality. The RTOG and EORTC trials were randomized, featured large enrollments, and had long-term follow-up.
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<reponame>edidada/odb<filename>odb-tests-2.4.0/evolution/data/test1.hxx
// file : evolution/data/test1.hxx
// copyright : Copyright (c) 2009-2015 Code Synthesis Tools CC
// license : GNU GPL v2; see accompanying LICENSE file
#ifndef TEST1_HXX
#define TEST1_HXX
#pragma db model version(1, 1)
#endif // TEST1_HXX
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Steve Bannon is the subject of a new documentary – and the former Trump strategist himself attended its premiere at the Venice Film Festival today.
Bannon, 64, evaded reporters expecting to see him on the red carpet by walking in through a side-door and taking a seat at the back of the balcony moments before the film began, according to film industry journal Variety.
The film, American Dharma, is directed by Oscar-winner Errol Morris, who has previously made documentaries about the former US Secretaries of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and Robert McNamara.
It takes the form of an extended interview with Bannon, the former chairman of Breitbart News, a website Bannon has called "the platform for the alt-right". He served as the White House's Chief Strategist for the first seven months of US President Donald Trump's administration, departing days after a violent protest which saw neo-Nazis gather in Charlottesville, Virginia.
Bannon left the White House on August 18 last year, six days after the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People issued a statement urging Trump "to take the tangible step to remove Steve Bannon – a well-known white supremacist leader – from his team of advisers".
The film's premiere comes in a week of heated public debate over Bannon's views. On Monday, it was announced he would be a headline speaker at a festival hosted by the New Yorker magazine, but the invitation was rescinded after a public backlash which saw several of the festival's other key speakers – including film director Judd Apatow and comedian Jim Carrey – threaten to boycott it. "I will not take part in an event that normalizes hate," Apatow tweeted.
The magazine's editor, David Remnick, who had planned to interview Bannon onstage, announced the U-turn in an email to his staff on Monday.
"I've thought this through and talked to colleagues – and I've re-considered," Remnick wrote. "I've changed my mind... If the opportunity presents itself I'll interview him in a more traditionally journalistic setting as we first discussed, and not on stage."
The Economist magazine has also faced pressure on social media to cancel a planned event with Bannon at its Open Future festival next week. But in an editorial published yesterday, the Economist's editor-in-chief Zandy Beddoes said she would stand by the decision to invite him.
"Mr Bannon stands for a world view that is antithetical to the liberal values The Economist has always espoused. We asked him to take part because his populist nationalism is of grave consequence in today’s politics," she wrote. "The future of open societies will not be secured by like-minded people speaking to each other in an echo chamber, but by subjecting ideas and individuals from all sides to rigorous questioning and debate."
Morris's film has divided critics. "Watching American Dharma, it’s hard to escape the feeling that Errol Morris got played," wrote Variety's reviewer Owen Gleiberman. "Morris doesn’t question Bannon, let alone push him to the wall [...] we never see him stand up to Bannon’s most brazen lies, like Bannon’s assertion that the racism that came out into the open in Charlottesville represented a trivial sideshow element of Donald Trump’s appeal. We never hear Bannon talk about his white nationalism; that’s all buried."
The Hollywood Reporter's Deborah Young was more impressed by the film. "American Dharma is meant to leave its audience shaken, whatever side they’re on," she wrote, noting that the "deceptively placid" conversation between Bannon and Morris is "electrified and contradicted by a nervous deluge of headlines, photos, videos and Twitter feeds that reveal what kind of issues are really at stake behind the friendly façade".
She continued: "Though stylistically quite different from the director’s The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S McNamara, it shows the same ability to engage the viewer in American politics through a strategy of detached passion."
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included as Daniels Cablevision's system here makes the jump to 170 channels.
customers have signed on for digital service, the company said.
digital tier will remain the same, at $10 per month.
Premium units will increase, too, from $1 per month to $3.
according to the cable company.
2. There are 31 pay-per-view slots.
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Sexual Risk Behavior Differences Among Sexual Minority High School Students United States, 2015 and 2017 Sexual minority youths (i.e., those identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or another nonheterosexual identity or reporting same-sex attraction or sexual partners) are at higher risk than youths who are not sexual minority youth (nonsexual minority youth) for negative health behaviors and outcomes, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), pregnancy,* and related sexual risk behaviors. Less is known about sexual risk behavior differences between sexual minority youth subgroups. This is the first analysis of subgroup differences among sexual minority youths using nationally representative Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data. CDC analyzed pooled data from the 2015 and 2017 cycles of the national YRBS, a cross-sectional, school-based survey assessing health behaviors among U.S. students in grades 9-12. Analyses examined differences in eight sexual risk behaviors between subgroups of sexual minority youths and nonsexual minority youths, as well as within sexual minority youths. Logistic regression models controlling for race/ethnicity and grade found that bisexual females and "not sure" males reported higher prevalences for many behaviors than did heterosexual students. For behavior-based subgroups, the largest number of differences were seen between students who had sexual contact with both sexes compared with students with only opposite-sex sexual contact. Findings highlight subgroup differences within sexual minority youths that could inform interventions to promote healthy behavior. Sexual minority youths (i.e., those identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or another nonheterosexual identity or reporting same-sex attraction or sexual partners) are at higher risk than youths who are not sexual minority youth (nonsexual minority youth) for negative health behaviors and outcomes, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), pregnancy,* and related sexual risk behaviors. Less is known about sexual risk behavior differences between sexual minority youth subgroups. This is the first analysis of subgroup differences among sexual minority youths using nationally representative Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data. CDC analyzed pooled data from the 2015 and 2017 cycles of the national YRBS, a crosssectional, school-based survey assessing health behaviors among U.S. students in grades 9-12. Analyses examined differences in eight sexual risk behaviors between subgroups of sexual minority youths and nonsexual minority youths, as well as within sexual minority youths. Logistic regression models controlling for race/ethnicity and grade found that bisexual females and "not sure" males reported higher prevalences for many behaviors than did heterosexual students. For behavior-based subgroups, the largest number of differences were seen between students who had sexual contact with both sexes compared with students with only opposite-sex sexual contact. Findings highlight subgroup differences within sexual minority youths that could inform interventions to promote healthy behavior. The national YRBS is a biennial, school-based survey of U.S. high school students. To achieve a sufficient sample size for sexual minority youth subgroup analysis, 2015 and 2017 national YRBS data were pooled. For each year, a nationally representative sample of students in grades 9-12 attending public and private schools was selected using a three-stage cluster sample design. In 2015, overall response rate and sample size were 60% and 15,624, respectively; in 2017, overall response rate and sample size were 60% and 14,765, respectively. Data were weighted to yield nationally representative estimates. The combined sample included 30,389 survey responses. Students completed the self-administered questionnaire during one class period, recording responses onto computer-scannable booklets/answer sheets. Survey procedures protected students' * https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/disparities/smy.htm. privacy through anonymous and voluntary participation. Local parental permission procedures were followed. Sexual minority youths were defined by self-reported sexual identity and behavioral characteristics. Sexual identity was assessed by the question, "Which of the following best describes you?" (response options: heterosexual; gay or lesbian; bisexual; not sure). Sex of sexual contacts was assessed through two questions: "During your life, with whom have you had sexual contact?" (response options: I have never had sexual contact; females; males; females and males) and "What is your sex?" (response options: female; male). A 3-level categorical variable was created to describe sex of sexual contacts (same-sex only; both sexes; opposite-sex only). Eight questions assessed sexual risk behaviors. Multiple-choice responses were dichotomized to create behavioral measures: ever had sexual intercourse, had first sexual intercourse before age 13 years (early sexual debut), had sexual intercourse with four or more persons during their life (≥4 sex partners), had sexual intercourse during the 3 months preceding the survey (currently sexually active), did not use a condom during last sexual intercourse (no condom use), did not use any method to prevent pregnancy during last sexual intercourse (no pregnancy prevention method use), drank alcohol or used drugs before last sexual intercourse (alcohol/drug use before sex), and never been tested for HIV. Analyses used statistical software to account for the complex sampling design. Unadjusted prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Taylor series linearization. Sex-stratified logistic regression models produced adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) comparing each sexual minority youth subgroup with heterosexual students or students with only opposite-sex sexual contact. Models controlled for race/ethnicity and grade, and except for the model predicting ever had sexual intercourse, were limited to students who had ever had sexual intercourse. Differences in risk behavior prevalence between sexual minority youth subgroups were tested using linear contrast t-tests. Statistical tests were considered significant if p<0.05 or 95% CIs did not include 1.0. Across identity-based subgroups, unadjusted prevalence estimates for having ever had sexual intercourse ranged from 26.9% to 51.4% for females and from 33.9% to 47.8% for males (Table 1). Identity-based sexual minority youth Abbreviations: AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency virus; CI = confidence interval; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus. * Analysis conducted among only students who ever had sexual intercourse. Analyses were not conducted for no condom use among female students with only same-sex sexual contact or for no pregnancy prevention use among male or female students with only same-sex sexual contact. In addition, students who had no sexual contact are excluded from the analyses by sex of sexual contact. During their life. § Had sexual intercourse with at least one person during the 3 months before the survey. Question asked about condom use by "you or your partner. " ** Question asked about method used for pregnancy prevention by "you or your partner. " Question asked, "Have you ever been tested for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS? (Do not count tests done if you donated blood.)" subgroups were more likely than were heterosexual students to engage in sexual risk behaviors (Table 2). Bisexual females were more likely than were heterosexual females to report having had sexual intercourse (APR = 1.41), early sexual debut (APR = 2.43), ≥4 sex partners (APR = 1.69), no condom use (APR = 1.17), no pregnancy prevention method use (APR = 1.49), and alcohol/drug use before sex (APR = 1.36). Males who were not sure about their sexual identity were more likely than were heterosexual males to report early sexual debut (APR = 2.33), ≥4 sex partners (APR = 1.47), no pregnancy prevention method use (APR = 2.03), and alcohol/drug use before sex (APR = 1.73). Lesbian or bisexual females were more likely than were females who were not sure about their sexual identity to report having had sexual intercourse, no condom use, and no pregnancy prevention method use. Gay or bisexual males were more likely than were males who were not sure to report having had sexual intercourse and not using pregnancy prevention. Gay/lesbian students were more likely than were bisexual students to report not using pregnancy prevention, and among females, not using condoms. Across behavior-based subgroups, unadjusted prevalence estimates for having ever had sexual intercourse ranged from 66.2% to 77.7% for females and from 77.3% to 83.3% for males (Table 1). Students who had sexual contact with both sexes were more likely than were those with only oppositesex sexual contact to report early sexual debut (females, APR = 3.05; males, APR = 2.64), ≥4 sex partners (females, APR = 2.49; males APR = 1.48), no condom use (females, APR = 1.30; males, APR = 1.34), no pregnancy prevention method use (females, APR = 1.52; males, APR = 2.12), and alcohol/drug use before sex (females, APR = 1.94; males, APR = 1.45); these students were more likely than were Abbreviations: APR = adjusted prevalence ratio; CI = confidence interval; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus. * Logistic regression adjusted for race/ethnicity and grade. Statistical significance is indicated when p<0.05 or 95% CI does not include 1.0. Analyses were not conducted for no condom use among females with only same-sex sexual contact or for no pregnancy prevention method use among male or female students with only same-sex sexual contact. Among students who ever had sexual intercourse. § Linear contrast t-tests reveal this sexual minority youth subgroup is significantly different from heterosexual students. Linear contrast t-tests reveal this sexual minority youth subgroup is significantly different from students who are not sure of their sexual identity. ** Linear contrast t-tests reveal this sexual minority youth subgroup is significantly different from bisexual students. Linear contrast t-tests reveal this sexual minority youth subgroup is significantly different from students who had sexual contact with the opposite sex only. Linear contrast t-tests reveal this sexual minority youth subgroup is significantly different from students who had sexual contact with both sexes. students with only same-sex sexual contact to report ≥4 sex partners and alcohol/drug use before sex (Table 2). Students with only same-sex sexual contact were more likely than were students with only opposite-sex sexual contact to report early sexual debut (females, APR = 2.97; males, APR = 1.96), and among males, no condom use (APR = 1.67). Discussion Consistent with 2017 YRBS data showing higher prevalence of sexual risk behaviors among sexual minority youths than among nonsexual minority youths, this analysis of pooled 2015 and 2017 YRBS data found that identity-and behaviorbased sexual minority youth subgroups were more likely than were their nonsexual minority counterparts to report a range of sexual risk behaviors. Among identity-based groups, bisexual females and males who were not sure more frequently reported higher prevalences of risk behaviors than did heterosexual students, indicating students not identifying as gay/lesbian or heterosexual might exhibit higher levels of sexual risk behavior. For bisexual females, this aligns with previous research ; however, interpretations of findings for males who reported that they were not sure of their sexual identity can be less clear. "Not sure" might reflect a respondent's uncertainty about his/ her own sexual identity or uncertainty about the meaning of the question or response options. Findings reveal differences between "not sure" and heterosexual peers, as previously documented, but also between "not sure" and both gay/ lesbian and bisexual subgroups for several behaviors. Higher risk behavior prevalence in sexual minority youths reporting sexual contact with both sexes compared with students with only opposite-sex sexual contact was consistent with previously reported findings. The prevalences of no pregnancy prevention method use and, for females, no condom use were higher among gay/lesbian Summary What is already known about this topic? Sexual minority youths are at higher risk than are nonsexual minority youths for human immunodeficiency virus infection, sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy, and related risk behaviors. Less is known about risk differences among sexual minority youth subgroups. What is added by this report? Among sexual minority youths, risk behaviors were more prevalent among bisexual females and males who were not sure than among their heterosexual peers as well as among students who had sexual contact with both sexes than among those with only same-sex sexual contact. What are the implications for public health practice? Better understanding differential risk within sexual minority youths might help public health practitioners tailor sexual risk reduction interventions for sexual minority youths. than among bisexual students. Lesbian females with only samesex sexual contact might perceive reduced need for condoms to prevent pregnancy. However, researchers have documented both increased pregnancy risk among lesbians and identitybehavior discordance among adolescents, indicating that sexual identity might not reflect behavior. Risk behavior differences based on behavior-based subgroups revealed that females and males who had sexual contact with both sexes were at higher risk than were their peers with only same-sex sexual contact for having had ≥4 sex partners and alcohol/drug use before sex. These findings align with previously published studies documenting that students who had sexual contact with both sexes were at higher risk than were students with only same-sex sexual contact for multiple sexual risk behaviors. In addition, higher risk of no condom use among males with only same-sex sexual contact compared with those with only opposite-sex sexual contact is particularly concerning because of the higher HIV/ STD risk among this group. The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations. First, these findings represent students in public or private schools and not all youths of similar ages, including those not in school. Nationwide, in 2013, approximately 5% of persons aged 16-17 years were not enrolled in high school and lacked a high school credential § ; however, sexual minority youths might represent a disproportionate percentage of high school dropouts and other youths absent from or not attending school. Second, although questions exhibited good https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/age/youth/index.html. § https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2016/2016117rev.pdf. reliability in a test-retest study, over-or underreporting of behaviors cannot be estimated. Finally, because sexual contact was not defined, students might have considered various sexual activities when responding to this question, including involuntary sexual contact. These findings support the importance of considering both sexual identity and behavior in assessment of risk among sexual minority youths, as other researchers have encouraged. Sexual minority youth subgroups report differential risk levels within sexual minority youths and between sexual minority youths and nonsexual minority youths. Understanding these differences within sexual minority youths might help public health practitioners tailor sexual risk reduction and health promotion interventions to meet subgroup prevention needs by aligning intervention focus to the specific profiles of each subgroup and ensuring content is relevant to their experiences and needs.
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Removal of organic and nitrogen in a novel anoxic fixed-bed / aerobic fluidized-moving bed integrated with a constructed wetland bio-reactor (A/O-FMCW). An innovative hybrid process was designed using an integrated bio-reactor based on an anoxic / aerobic process that combined a fixed bed and a fluidized-moving bed with a constructed wetland (A/O-FMCW) to enhance the removal of organic material and nitrogen. The goal was to achieve stringent discharge standards for rural domestic wastewater treatment. A preliminary lab-scale investigation of about 130 days obtained an average COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) removal rate as high as 92.2% at an average influent concentration of 319.5 mg/L. The average TN (Total Nitrogen) removal efficiency positively correlated with the attached-growth biofilm as observed by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), and declined from 79.1% to 53.2%. The was accompanied by a gradual increase in the average influent concentration from 16.73 to 52.01 mg/L despite the relative nitrification rate fluctuating between 92.5% and 97.9%. The entire integrated system improved the COD removal efficiency by nearly 36% and the TN by 1428%. Classical autotrophic nitrification and heterotrophic denitrification were the main mechanisms responsible for the elimination of pollutants, and the latter was determined to be the limiting step. Overall, this study provides an effective and less expensive alternative method to apply or upgrade DWWT (Decentralized Wastewater Treatment). Introduction To prevent deterioration of aquatic environments (e.g., eutrophication) due to the rapid urbanization of China, more stringent legislation has been recently enacted that requires increased elimination of organic substances and nitrogen from wastewater. However, low population density and imperfect public sewer networks in rural areas have led to the leakage of untreated wastewater containing nitrogenous compounds. This wastewater directly pollutes both the surface and groundwater, which leads to the need for decentralized wastewater treatment (DWWT). To develop a sustainable and effective DWWT, low infrastructure investments and operational costs, high flexibility, simple management, low energy consumption, and stable removal capacities are all needed. When looking at mature applications and simple management, conventional nitrification-denitrification technologies like the anoxic-oxic (A/O) process, a classical biological nitrogen removal (BNR) treatment are likely to be more suitable for rural areas. Nitrate recycling in an aerobic unit occurs when ammonium (NH4 + -N) is converted into nitrates (NO3 --N) by ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) or nitrification by nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Denitrifying bacteria (DB) or heterotrophic bacteria (HB) oxidize carbon using nitrate as an electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration and remove both organic compounds and nitrogen from wastewater. To date, biofilm systems, like fluidized bed reactors (FBRs), and moving bed reactors (MBRs), can purify most organic pollutants, nutrients, as well as partially toxic substances. Advantages, such as the high specific surface area of biofilm carriers/medias, no need for sludge recycling or longer sludge retention times (SRT), flexibility and low-cost operation make biofilm technologies popular candidates to solve decentralized domestic sewage treatment problems. The coexistence of aerobic and anoxic metabolic activities in the same biomass ecosystem for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) also make biofilm technologies attractive. Meanwhile, constructed wetlands (CWs) are also considered a promising water purification technology for treated sewage effluents since they have a low-energy consumption, are environmentally friendly, and have low construction and operation costs. Wetland sediments provide suitable habitats for microbial communities that are associated with the biogeochemical nitrogen removal cycle. Autotrophic nitrification and heterotrophic denitrification occur in CWs under microscale redox gradients for nitrogen removal. Therefore, some lab-or pilot-scale devices that integrate a series of process units, especially ecological processes, have gradually gained attention. For instance, the vegetation-activated sludge process (V-ASP), Green Bio-sorption Reactor (GBR), the waterman farm ecological treatment system (WETS), and integrated A/O reactors, have been developed and have shown consistently higher organic material and nutrient pollutant removal efficiencies. There are interesting trends that environmentally-friendly, stable and stringent effluent quality all required in DWWT, which has led to the development of hybrid processes to improve future applications. Current studies, however, have primarily focused on upgrading wastewater treatment processes in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) near urban areas for enhanced removal, reduced energy consumption, and better aesthetic value. However, only a few studies have reported DWWTs. As described before, the use of a single technology cannot meet all requirements, and hybrid processes are needed for future DWWTs. Herein, an innovative hybrid process is designed in the form of an integrated bio-reactor based on an anoxic/aerobic process that combines a fixed bed and fluidized-moving bed with a constructed wetland, named A/O-FMCW. Here, "A/O" refers to the classical anoxic/oxic process, "F" and "M" represent fixed-bed and fluidized-moving bed respectively, and "CW" stands for constructed wetland. The aim of this paper is thus to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency and to illuminate the mechanism of the A/O-FMCW when it is used to remove organic material and nitrogen from synthetic domestic wastewater. The results in this study can be used to guide future DWWT applications. Reactor configuration A novel plexiglass-made cuboid integrated bio-reactor with 50 cm length, 20 cm width, and 55 cm height with a total working volume of 46.8 L was fabricated and used in the present research. Based on a conventional A/O process, a bio-reactor was separated into an anoxic (8.5 L), oxic (25.5 L), sediment (8.0 L), and wetland zones (4.8 L) which each differed in their function and location. The wetland zone was located atop the A/O-zones, separated by a piece of a plexiglassmade plate with a waterproof treatment on its edge. The hydroponic plant in the wetland created landscapes and prevented odors. The fluidized movement of mixed bio-carriers in the oxic-zone occurred via the aeration from the air pipe at the bottom, and the strength was adjusted by a flowmeter with a flow rate of 400 L/h. The influent flow and internal recycle were both controlled by peristaltic pumps, and the schematic of the A/O-FMCW is shown in Figure 1. Bio-carriers and plants A total of five bio-carriers or substrates were used in the bio-reactor to provide a large surface for microbial attachment. Flexible fiber, with a specific packing rate of 30 m 2 /m 3, was supported by inner brackets in the fixed-bed carriers in the anoxic zone. A porous polymer carrier, labeled PPC and a cylindrical polypropylene carrier, labeled CPC, were added into the oxic-zone with volumetric packing rates of 5% and 15%, respectively. Their specific surface areas were 5357 m 2 /m 3 and 1200 m 2 /m 3, respectively. The total packing rate of bio-carriers in the aerobic unit was set as 20%, which was demonstrated to be the suitable packing rate in an MBBR system. A complete wetland configuration was used in the bioreactor, including substrates and plants. Quartzite and gravel were used as the wetland substrate, the microbial attachment, and for plant fixation and root growth. A 10 cm-thick gravel layer was placed under a 2 cm-thick quartzite layer. The species of plants were Anthurium andraeanum Linden, Spathiphyllum kochii Engl. et Krause, Aglaonema commulatum, and Dieffenbachia sequina (Linn.) Schott, respectively. The purpose of the start-up period was to aggregate the biomass and form a biofilm on the bio-carriers. Ten liters of the seed sludge containing 1300 mg VSS/L (from Huayang WWTP, Chengdu, China), was used for the inoculation. After about 20 days of continuous inflow, and with the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and aeration flow set to 11.7 h and 400 L/h, respectively, attached biofilms were visible on carrier materials. Operation strategy Experiments were performed consecutively for five months. There were ten stages in total that were classified in two phases (labeled A and B, respectively), which were studied to explore the nitrogen removal capacity potential of bio-reactors, as well as removal of organic material. The purpose of phase A was to explore the A/O process general treatment capacity under five different chemical oxygen demand/total nitrogen (C/N) ratios, which were realized by increasing the NH4 + -N influent loading. The purpose of phase B was to evaluate whether there was a further optimization effect of the treatment when used in a wetland system. Aside from the nitrogen influent loadings, other operation parameters, such as temperature (℃), pH, DO, organic loadings, TP loadings, and recycling ratio, were kept constant. Each stage lasted for around 13 days. A comprehensive summary of the experimental conditions is given in Table 1. Analytical methods Samples were collected every two or three days from influent, effluent, and sediment zones, and immediately analyzed. COD, NH4 + -N, NO2 --N, NO3 --N, TN, MLSS and MLVSS were determined according to standard methods. Moreover, a scanning electron microscope (SEM, S520, Hitachi Co., Japan) was used to observe the morphology of attached-growth biomass. Biomass characteristics Biomass was present in mainly two forms in the bio-reactor: attached or suspended. The elimination of organic material or nitrogen in the reactor was mainly accomplished by the biochemical process taking place via suspended sludge and attached growth biofilms. The biomass concentration variation is illustrated in Figure 2. The attached-growth biofilm was clearly the dominant among the total biomass, with an average proportion up to 82.5% in phase A and 83.7% in phase B. The total biomass amounts in phase B ranged from 3.73 to 4.12 g/L, which was higher than that of phase A which ranged from 3.54 to 3.86 g/L. Further comparing CPC and PPC, the AGB of PPC was as high as 2.48-3.07 g/L, almost 7-9 times the concentration of CPC, which ranged from 0.30-0.45 g/L. The most reasonable explanation is that the different sizes of the bio-carriers affected their hydrodynamics properties such as shear force and flow regime in the bulk liquid, which sequentially influenced the biomass aggregation and distribution. Microorganisms preferably grew in the spacings provided by particle irregularities, which protected them from shear forces of the bulk liquid. PPC has an approximately spherical shape smaller than 1 mm, and has interior spacings and a rough exterior. These characteristics are useful for biomass attachment, but make detachment difficult when fluidized. Fig. 2. Variation of biomass fraction in O-zone of A/O-FMCW. In general, microbial aggregation led to the formation of biofilms, which mainly depended on substrate loading rate and shear force. In this work, the quantity of AGB increased slowly during the first four stages of each phase along with the nitrogen loading under 0.083 g/(Ld). When the nitrogen loading continued to increase to 0.106 g/(Ld), the AGB decreased because the outer biofilm growth layer detached due to the shear forces generated by the airflow controlled at 400 L/h, or by collisions among bio-carriers within the mixed bulk liquid. Based on these assumptions, the thickness of attached-growth biofilms was present in a maximum value in the reactor under certain conditions, which led to a relatively stable concentration of attachedgrowth biomass. The SEM images of bio-carriers with or without attached biomass shown in Figure 3. The PPC has a relatively rough surface and a porous structure (Fig.3a), while CPC has a relatively smooth surface (Fig. 3b). After sludge inoculation and operation for about 20 days, microorganisms clearly began to grow on the surface of PPC and CPC, as shown in Fig. 3c and d. Biofilms were tightly integrated with others and small internal spaces were present. Judging from the morphology of the biomass, filamentous or rob-shaped microbes dominated the surface of CPC, while cocci or tadpole-shaped microbes dominated the surface of PPC. The different dominant microorganism species were likely linked to the differences between CPC and PPC as bio-carriers such as their structures, materials, shape and size, fluidization state in the reactor, and functional divisions during organic biodegradation and nitrification. According to the SEM images, stable attachment of biomass, as well as a superior diversity of microbial species on the separate bio-carriers, were obtained in the oxic-zone. This indicated an expectable removal capacity of organic and nitrogen pollutants. Overall removal performance The overall removal performance is shown in Figure 4. The average COD influent concentration fluctuated from 285 to 331 mg/L in phase A, and from 299 to 343 mg/L in phase B. After the A/O process, the effluent concentration decreased to 38±12 mg/L with an average COD reduction of 87.6% in phase A and to 25±7 mg/L with an average COD reduction of 92.2% in phase B. These results indicated the excellent organic substrate removal capacity of the fluidized-moving bed reactor through the A/O process. In addition, the introduction of the wetland process at the end could reduce the COD concentration and effluent fluctuation. The NH4 + -N influent concentration and TN were gradually increased during each stage of phase A and B to explore the potential nitrogen removal capacity of the system. The results showed that the removal efficiency had a negative correlation with the influent concentration of nitrogen compounds. In phase A, the average removal efficiency of NH4 + -N was 95.7% with influent of 13.00±0. 19 From the perspective of discharge standards, a stricter discharge standard (DB51/2311-2016, Sichuan Provincial Department of Environmental Protection, China) has already been implemented, and COD, NH4 + -N, and TN are legally required to be 30 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L, and 10 mg/L, respectively. Measurement of the effluent during the entire experiment showed that the concentration of phase B was significantly lower than that of phase A. This demonstrated that the removal capacity was enhanced by the integration of a constructed wetland. The average COD effluent was reduced by nearly 36% from 38 to 25 mg/L and achieved stricter discharge stability. Regarding TN, the average effluent of phase B was reduced by nearly 28%, 14%, 25%, 28%, and 21% to 1.88 mg/L, 4.74 mg/L, 8.13 mg/L, 14.27 mg/L, and 20.78 mg/L under different nitrogen loadings, respectively. Theoretically, the longer HRT, the higher removal performance in biological system, however, a reasonable HRT is required when considering wastewater type and effluent criteria, as well as construction investment and operational cost. Compared with other processes, like V-ASPs with HRT of 15h, IETS with HRT of 28d, the A/O-FMCW bioreactor was demonstrated to run continuously and reliably and obtained current sufficient discharge standard of GB18918-2002 in China with a shorter HRT of 11.7h. Furthermore, the system showed the expected potential to meet the latest stricter standards if the influent nitrogen loading is under 0.0823 g/(Ld). Major nitrogen removal through A/O process Generally, the removal capacity of the A/O process is closely related to the amount of biomass. As depicted in Figure 5a, there was a small positive correlation between AGB and nitrogen removal quantity as expected. On the other hand, the amount of TN removed, which represents the denitrification potential of the bio-reactor, correlated positively with the C/N ratio. The nitrification rate kept above 83.5% and when NO3 --N dominated the composition of the effluent, the influent presented a low C/N ratio which reduce the effectiveness of the denitrification step. Judging from Figure 5b, the maximum TN removal was 87% at a C/N ratio of 18. Provided the C/N ratio is above 9, extrapolation of the nonliner fitting curves of phase A and B (R 2 = 0.9240, 0.9982, respectively) showed that the A/O process of the bioreactor maintained a TN removal efficiency around 70%. This is acceptable for DWWT in China, and further elimination can be handled by a constructed wetland. These experimental results are in good agreement with other studies which reported a C/N ratio of 12.5 with a TN removal of 87% through SBBR, C/N ratio in the range 9-12 with TN removals between 82-90% in an SBR system, and a C/N ratio of 8 with a denitrification efficiency of 72%. Figure 6 illustrates the bio-reactor's nitrogen removal mechanism. Generally, pre-anoxic conditions are required for denitrification and TN removal. Since the nitrate recycling stream dilutes the influent, an abundance of NO3 --N and carbon sources, which act as electron acceptors and donors, respectively, accomplish denitrification through the exhaustion of carbon sources by heterotrophic bacteria (HB) or denitrifying bacteria (DB), such as Paracoccus denitrificans. Similarly, post-aerobic nitrification conditions were a key factor for the removal of NH4 + -N. Under aerobic conditions, ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB), such as Nitrosomonas, and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), like Nitrobacter, used dissolved oxygen as an electron acceptor to oxidize NH4 + -N to NO2 --N and NO3 --N. Enhanced nitrogen removal through CW As pictured in Figure 7, further removal of organic and nitrogen was achieved when water flowed through wetland. The variation of NH4 + -N and TN indicated that nitrification and denitrification were simultaneously occurring in the wetland, and it is speculated that denitrification was the main process ongoing, microorganisms attached to the quartzite or gravel surface and consumed carbon and nitrogen. Autotrophic nitrification and heterotrophic denitrification were accomplished through the microbial activity and acted as important N turnover processes to remove nitrogen from the wastewater. In addition, aquatic plants have been shown to have positive effects on the spatial distribution of microbial communities and influence the removal capacity of wetlands. On one hand, oxygen can be delivered to plant roots to oxygenate near the rhizosphere to stimulate microbial nitrification. On the other hand, the growth of roots may reduce the wetland sediment voidage, which in turns cause clogging problems which change the hydraulic path and restrict microorganism functions for nitrogen removal. Proposed practical application The A/O-FMCW bio-reactor designed in this study was easily designed and rebuilt using a common SBR or MBBR by: a) adding a vertical clapboard to separate the tank into anoxic and aerobic units; b) adding a horizontal clapboard to create a wetland unit above the anoxic and aerobic units, which needed a waterproof treatment and a reserved air plot; and c) choosing and adding suitable and economic bio-carriers and plants into the system. To better simulate a real DWWT that has stricter discharge standards, the novel bio-reactor has the following advantages: a) An integrated configuration minimized the floor area of treatment facilities using an up-down structure, and this smaller footprint would greatly reduce upfront investment costs. In addition, the wetlands on the top would improve the treatment plant or facilities landscapes by combining ecological and cultural characteristics with local plants, which is preferable in rural areas. b) The variety of bio-carriers used in the system could potentially increase the biomass and enhance solid retention in a reactor. The aggregate and biofilm formation on bio-carrier surfaces reduced sludge washout, causing an increase in sludge retention time (SRT). Furthermore, wetland filtration could trap suspended solids, which would also improve the effluent quality. c) The fluidization in the oxic-zone enhanced the mass transfer in the reactor, which contributed to substrate permeation (e.g., oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen sources) into the AGB interior to improve microorganism metabolism. Additionally, biofilm thicknesses were efficiently controlled by inner flow shear forces, which stabilized system's capability for pollutants removal. d) It is likely that the treatment capacity could be further enhanced if modified functional substrates, such as pyrite, or plants with better decontamination abilities, like Myriophyllum elatinoides, were used in the CWs. e) To achieve a sustainable use of a DWWT, it must be easily operated with a lower energy consumption. The bioreactor presented here used natural gravity inlets and outlets without requiring additional energy, except for aeration and recycling. The whole system has a simple automatic operation compared to SBR and other techniques. As this study has shown, the novel system can easily remove COD, NH4 + -N, and TN. Considering the domestic wastewater characteristics in rural areas of China, the A/O-FMCW bio-reactor can meet the most recent effluent standards, avoid odor problems, create plant landscapes, and provide a promising route to upgrade a DWWT. Conclusion The organic and nitrogen removal performances of a novel A/O-FMCW bio-reactor were examined. While the study was only a lab-scale trial, the results demonstrated the current discharge standard stably and continuously had average removal rates of COD, NH4 + -N, and TN of 92.2%, 92.5-97.9%, and 53.2-79.1%, respectively. It also showed an attractive possibility to meet stricter requirements. Autotrophic nitrification and heterotrophic denitrification were the main mechanisms responsible for eliminating pollutants, and the latter was determined to be the limiting step. Additionally, the removal quantity positively affected the attached-growth of biofilms. The A/O-FMCW bioreactor provided an effective and less expensive alternative for DWWT upgrades.
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package com.infotamia.cosmetics.services.oauth;
import com.infotamia.jwt.services.JwtTokenService;
import com.infotamia.pojos.common.AppState;
import javax.enterprise.context.RequestScoped;
import javax.enterprise.inject.Produces;
import javax.inject.Inject;
import java.util.UUID;
/**
* CDI factory for creating a jwt state used in the login a long size the XSRF token.
*
* @author <NAME>
*/
@RequestScoped
public class AppStateFactory {
@Inject
private JwtTokenService jwtTokenService;
private AppState state;
@Produces
@AuthState
public AppState provide() {
if (state == null) {
String uuid = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
String digitalSignature = jwtTokenService.issueJwtToken(uuid);
state = new AppState();
state.setDigitalSignature(digitalSignature);
}
return state;
}
}
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import { Input } from '@angular/core';
export interface SelectOption {
value: any;
title: any;
elem: HTMLElement;
isActive(): boolean;
setActive(): void;
}
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Zinc Complexes for PLA Formation and Chemical Recycling: Towards a Circular Economy. A series of Zn(II) complexes, based on propylenediamine Schiff bases, have been prepared and fully characterized. X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy identified significant differences in the solid- and solution- state for the Zn(II) species. All complexes have been applied to the ring opening polymerization of L -lactide with emphasis on industrial conditions. High conversion and good molecular weight control was generally achievable for Zn( A - D ) 2, high molecular weight PLA was prepared in 1 min at a 10,000:1:33 :: loading. The more active Zn(II) catalysts were also applied to PLA degradation to alkyl lactate under mild conditions. Zn( A - B ) 2 demonstrate high activity and selectivity in this process with PLA being consumed within 1 h at 50 °C. Zn( C-D ) 2 were shown to be less active and these observations can be related to the catalyst's structure and the degradation mechanism. Initial results for the degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and mixed feeds are also presented, highlighting the broader applicability of the systems presented.
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Gasliquid mixing in the stirred tank equipped with semi-circular tube baffles Abstract Despite extensive contributions have been made over the past several decades, there are still ongoing challenges in improving gas dispersion performance in stirred tanks. To that end, a stirred tank equipped with four semi-circular (SC) tube baffles was designed. Hydrodynamics in the stirred tank before and after aeration were studied. The turbulent fluid flow was simulated using the standard k- turbulence model. The gasliquid two-phase flow was simulated by the EulerianEulerian multiphase model and the k- dispersed turbulence model. The impeller rotation was modeled with the multiple reference frame (MRF) approach. Firstly, the grid independence test was made. By comparing the distributions of gas holdup in the flat-plate (FP) baffled stirred tank with literature results, the reliability of the numerical model and simulation method was verified. Subsequently, the flow field, gas holdup and power consumption of the SC and FP configurations were studied, respectively. Results show that the former can increase the fluid velocities and promote the gas holdup dispersion. Besides, it is energy-saving and has a higher relative power demand (RPD). The findings obtained here lay a preliminary foundation for the potential application of the SC configuration in the process industry.
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Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 2 / / 70 a a w FERMILAB-Conf.89 / 104A April 1989 WINDOWS ON THE AXION Peccei-Quinn symmetry with attendant axion is a most compelling, and perhaps the most minimal, extension of the standard model, as it provides a very elegant solution to the nagging strong CP-problem associated with the 0 vacuum structure of QCD. However, particle physics gives little guidance as to the axion mass; a priori, the plausible values span the range: 10-12eV 5 m, 5 106eV, some 18 orders-of-magnitude. Laboratory experiments have excluded masses greater than lo eV, leaving unprobed some 16 ordersof-magnitude. Axions have a host of interesting astrophysical and cosmological effects, including, modifying the evolution of stars of all types (our sun, red giants, white dwarfs, and neutron stars), contributing significantly to the mass density of the Universe today, and producing detectable line radiation through the decays of relic axions. Consideration of these effects has probed 14 orders-of-magnitude in axion mass, and has left open only two windows for further exploration: eV and 1 eV 2 rn, 5 5 eV (hadronic axions only). Both these windows are accessible to experiment, and a variety of very interesting experiments, all of which involve heavenly axions, are being planned or are underway. eV ma 5 N 892 67 58 ; ~ ~ s ~ c ~ 1 8 5 0 3 2 ) W I N G O U S ON THE (Fermi National Accelerator L ~ G ) 39 F C S C L L O H u n c l a s G3/77 021 1700 0 Oporated by Univerrities Research Association Inc. under contract with the United States Department of Energy https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890017387 2019-11-30T02:58:54+00:00Z
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