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STEP 1: Download Image
Here's how to create & share your visual petition for our "Let's Face It" campaign.
You can use your own image of a Maui's or Hector's Dolphin, a photo, drawing/painting, poster graphic, sculpture... as long as its a Maui's or Hector's Dolphin!
OR select an image from this page.
Download and print the photo.*
*If you don't have a printer, select and enlarge one of our images of a Maui's/Hector's Dolphin on your computer screen, or even write a message in support for the Maui's/Hector's on a piece of paper to hold up in your petition photo (no bad language of course!)
Go to Step 2 >>
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Monday, May 17, 2010
Seducing the Muse
I read a really great post on Cynthia Reese's blog today about how writing is like cooking. She makes a great analogy about the correct amount of "seasoning" -- especially with regard to backstory -- being crucial. Too much or too little can ruin a a great recipe...or book.
Not being much of a cook myself, I find my writing analogies drift more toward other areas. Like sex.
Yes, writing is like SEX.
It can be good, it can be mediocre, or it can be downright awful. But there's just something about it that keeps us coming back for more.
See, I'm talking more about the act of writing than the resulting [great literature/timeless prose/pure dreck] that comes from it. The physical act of grinding out the words, sweating and bumping and building to the climax, and then wrapping it all up in a satisfying package.
Like with sex, sometimes writing is overwhelmingly what's on your mind. Overshadowing every other thought you have, buzzing in the background, informing your every action. You can't wait to get to bed--um, the computer--to pour out every feeling, to exorcise every amazing plot point bubbling through your blood.
In other words, you are In The Mood. Marowr!
Writing comes fast an furious at times like these--the more so for any forced delay. Every obstacle Real Life puts in your way--the day job, the kids, the laundry that can't wait another second or everyone will have to go naked--becomes an exquisite form of foreplay. When you finally get a chance to sit down and make love to your, I mean, type...the relief is overwhelming.
When a session like that is over, it's hard not to light up a cigarette and sigh in blissful contentment.
But we all know sex isn't always so urgent.
(Okay, I realize I could just be talking about women here.)
If we're honest, some days other things weigh on our minds, or we're just plain exhausted, or maybe getting hit with the hormones. Whatever the reason, the ol' body says, "Oh, come on. Seriously? No way."
But, have you ever noticed that, even when you don't feel very sexy at the start, sometimes just going through the motions for the other person's sake winds up paying off big time? You start off kind of slow, feeling almost virtuous for being so selfless, and before you know it...WHOA! That kind of worked.
And that...hey, that wasn't half-bad at all! Hmm...maybe you're not as tired as you thought you were after all....
Well, same goes with writing. Real life, feeling bad, hormones, etc.--they can all play a part in how inspired you are to sit down and produce the prose.
In other words, some days your muse needs a lot more seducing than others. ;)
So, go. Buy that muse some candy and flowers. Massage its feet, maybe offer a back rub. And tease your WIP a little while you're at it. Tickle it here and there, and see what pops up.
You might be surprised at the payoff.
Why do I feel dirty all of a sudden? I think I need a cold shower.
Unknown said...
Poor Cynthia is going to be blushing the rest of the day after reading this! LOL although you do make some very whew! maybe i need a cold shower too! ;)
Linda G. said...
Karla -- Now, now. It's not like I'm advocating cheating on your WIP with somebody else's book. Surely it's okay to enjoy your own work? ;)
Linda G. said...
Tawna -- Weird. I posted a response to your comment, but it's not showing up. Huh. And it wasn't even THAT inappropriate...
LR said...
I'm going to drape some lingerie over my computer monitor and see if it helps!
Kelly Breakey said...
I will never look at my computer the same way again. I wonder if from now on I should buy it a drink first, you know, before we get started.
Linda G. said...
LR -- LOL! Or maybe a sheer red scarf. ;)
Kelly -- Might be worth a try. You know the old saying: "Candy is dandy, but liquor is quicker."
Candyland said...
Hold on. Let me slip into something more comfortable.
Linda G. said...
Candyland -- I'm lucky. My muse thinks sweats are sexy.
Patty Blount said...
Oh. My. God!
*fans face* Why, oh why do I read these things at work?
First, what a perfect analogy! Really puts things in perspective for me and explains why I'm sometimes not in the mood to write.
Very clever.
Now, I think I need chocolate.
Linda G. said...
Patty -- Oops. Sorry. I must confess, I don't really think about people possibly reading these posts at work. But glad you found the analogy useful! :)
WendyCinNYC said...
"See what pops up." HaHa!
I'm avoiding writing right now. What does that say about me?
Cynthia Reese said...
*snort* Leave it to Linda G to read a blog post of mine and it make her think about sex!
So THIS is the post she's been giggling about ...
And yes, Karla, I'm blushing to the tips of my petite little ears. :-)
But I've gotta admit ... that Linda has a point.
Linda G. said...
Wendy -- I think it means you need to open your WIP, lie back & think of England. ;)
Cynthia -- Aw, you're cute when you blush. ;) And we all have to work from our own particular frame of reference, don't we?
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August 21, 2014
dessert first please!
It's about time I post another accomplishment in my 101 in 1001 challenge. Growing up, I was never allowed to eat dessert first, so as an adult, I have to admit that this happens more often than not. It's kind of fun being a rebel every once in a while.
Anyways, several months ago I traveled to Kansas City for a meeting with work and after a full day of travel and filling up on appetizers, I wasn't super hungry. I decided that moment was the perfect moment to cross off another one of my goals!
So, I had a Salted Caramel Butterscotch Pudding before eating my salad! It was so incredibly delicious.
Have you ever eaten dessert before your actual meal?
Another goal completed
59. Eat dessert first at a restaurant DONE! (5/5/14)
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Saturday, April 3, 2010
Oysters... now in noodles (阿宗麵線)
阿宗麵線 banner
First off, I'd like to say... I'm switching my photos to a larger size. Mostly because I got some complaints about the thumbnail size ones that I've been posting (but really, if you clicked on them they'd blow up to full size). Oh well, everyone wins this way I guess. Anyway, back to the food. I go to 西門町 (Xi Men Ding) all the time. Mostly when I'm bored, and mostly for the food (let's be honest, with my default dress being a rowing shirt and jeans, I'm not there for the latest fashions). The selection there is pretty decent, a mix of street vendors, Japanese, Korean, and fast food litter the small grid that comprises maybe 5 city blocks. There was always 1 place that I really wanted to visit, but never did in the past because of my aversion to seafood. That place is 阿宗麵線 (Ah Zong Noodles). It might sound stupid that I'd want to visit a place that specializes in oyster noodles, but this was for good reason. They're really famous, and there's always a super long line. This past Summer, I finally got my chance to have a bowl.
oyster noodles
For all of 50 NT (which is $1.50 if I remembered the price correctly), you get a large serving of oyster soup with thin noodles, known as 蚵仔麵線. The thick oyster soup is made with a base that tastes strongly of miso, combined with pork broth, garlic, oysters, and then thickened by corn starch. Use of thin rice noodles is preferred for both the character of the strands as well as the increased surface area for coating. End result is a bowl of noodles unmatched in flavor when compared with traditional noodle soups, and what I'm sure is incredibly satisfying in cold weather (not that I'd ever know in Taipei's Summer season). Definitely worth checking out even if you're not close, but be prepared to stand while eating. There are no tables, and nowhere to sit either. That hasn't stopped a ridiculous number of customers from visiting everyday, and should be considered a testament to how good it really is.
10 things i hate about you said...
oyster, mister, master, oi?
joanh said...
i love their noodles! sooo good. the branch near Sogo actually has areas to sit, but i usually get it to go.
Nicholas said...
There's a branch near SOGO? I was unaware of this. Duly noted, and there's AC too...
Post a Comment
oh snap. I can control the text here?
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Law and order situation in pakistan short essay
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LED Come To Newlyn School
23rd February 2018
The hip hop band LED came to Newlyn School today to share some of their songs and to discuss being kind to each other. Children took part in a workshop, where they learnt LED's latest song, prizes were given out and discussed things like bullying and doing acts of kindness to others. The afternoon finished with a concert. The children danced and sang along to the group.
A big thank you to Chris and Nicky, of LED, for bringing important messages of ways to treat each other, imparting them in fun and enjoyable ways.
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STM with time limit
This is basically a rehash of a useful Simon Marlow post to haskell-cafe, but with a few tweaks. It’s a useful way of wrapping an STM action with a timeout. In my case, I want to wait until some mutable state satisfies a predicate, and I want a timeout to fire if it takes too long. I hate thinking in microseconds, so there’s a helper type to improve that. And where Simon used a nested Maybe, I created some explicitly named constructors.
import Control.Concurrent.STM
import Control.Concurrent
import Control.Monad
data TimeLimited a = Timeout | Result a deriving Show
data Timeout = TimeoutSecs Int
| TimeoutMs Int
waitUntil :: TVar a -> (a -> Bool) -> Timeout -> IO (TimeLimited a)
waitUntil var pred timeout = do
timer < - registerDelay $ case timeout of
TimeoutSecs n -> 1000000 * n
TimeoutMs n -> 1000 * n
check_timeout = do
b < - readTVar timer
if b then return Timeout else retry
check_t = do
m <- readTVar var
when (not $ pred m) retry
return $ Result m
atomically $ check_timeout `orElse` check_t
main = do
tvar <- atomically $ newTVar 44
-- tvar <- atomically $ newTVar 41
waitUntil tvar (>43) (TimeoutSecs 1) >>= print
Quickrun for incremental haskell/emacs development
I often add quick test functions (like “testme”) inside the haskell module I’m developing. They’re short-lived and soon turn into tests. But I find this approach works better than putting the same lines into ghci because they ‘persist’ for longer.
Since I do this so often, and I use emacs, I automated it. With the following code, I now just hit C-c C-c and emacs loads my module into ghci and runs my test function. Stick a C-u in front, and it’ll let you choose a different function as the default to run.
(defun my-haskell-hook ()
(local-set-key "\C-c\C-c" 'haskell-quickrun)
(defvar haskell-quickrun-command "main")
(defun haskell-quickrun (arg)
(interactive "P")
(unless (null arg)
(setq haskell-quickrun-command (read-from-minibuffer "Function to run: ")))
(inferior-haskell-send-command (inferior-haskell-process) haskell-quickrun-command)
(end-of-buffer-other-window 0)
Applicative arrows for XML &&& return to pure
{-# LANGUAGE Arrows #-}
import Control.Applicative
import Text.XML.HXT.Arrow
import Text.XML.HXT.XPath.Arrows
import Text.Printf
xml = "<menu>\
parseMenu :: ArrowXml a => a XmlTree Menu
parseMenu = proc menu -> do
starter < - parseCourse "starter" -< menu
mains <- parseCourse "mains" -< menu
dessert <- parseCourse "dessert" -< menu
returnA -< Menu starter mains dessert
Sounds like a job for Control.Applicative!
parseMenu = unwrapArrow $ Menu < $>
(parseCourse "starter") < *>
(parseCourse "mains") < *>
(parseCourse "dessert")
parseMenuPure :: LA XmlTree Menu
testParsePure = do
return $ runLA (getChildren >>> parseMenuPure) xml
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NWScript JIT engine: IR instruction raising
Previously, we learned about the high-level structure of the NWScript IR. This time, we’ll take a closer look at the IR raising phase.
The IR raising process is the domain of the NWScript analyzer component. The IR raising sequence has several distinct phases, each of which makes one pass through the logical structure of a script program:
1. A structural analysis phase, which discovers all subroutines in the program and their parameter and return value sizes (in stack cells). The structural analysis phase also produces control flow objects as branches and branch targets are encountered. Any STORE_STATE resume labels are converted to first-class subroutines during structural analysis as well (with locals inherited from the parent subroutine promoted to parameters). We covered most the structural analysis phase last post for the most part.
2. A code analysis phase. The code analysis phase performs the bulk of the remaining IR raising work, including creating variable objects for each distinct stack location (at a given control flow point), discovering and propagating the types of variables, discovery and creation of global variables, and actual IR generation.
3. A post-processing phase. Unlike the other two phases, the post-processing phase operates primarily on the IR and not the NWScript instruction stream. The post-processing phase performs basic optimization on the emitted IR, such as folding of temporary variables generated by NWScript stack operations into their parent variables. Additionally, it generates various hints to JIT backend, such as whether an IR variable is written to exactly once, or whether an IR variable is written to but never read from.
At this point in the project, we executed a divide and conquer strategy; Justin wrote the code analysis and post-processing phases of the NWScript analyzer (and restructured much of what I had written for the structural analysis phase) once we had come up with a design, while I went on to implement the MSIL (.NET) JIT backend that consumed the IR.
I’ll let Justin delve into the full details of the code analysis and post-processing phases and just provide a quick summary here.
Variable stack
The code analysis phase traverses the NWScript instruction stream while maintaing a logical variable stack, that maps NWScript stack locations at the current program counter to IR-level variables. The variable stack facilitates “de-stacking” of NWScript stack variables, plus lifetime management for these variables (once a variable is popped off of the variable stack, the code analyzer knows that its logical lifetime has ended, thus allowing this information to be conveyed in the form of an emitted I_DELETE IR instruction).
Parameter and return value variables can simply be placed on the variable stack (and appropriately flagged) when analysis begins at a particular subroutine; because the structural analysis phase has discovered the number of individual stack cells devoted to parameters and return values for each subroutine, tracking of these constructs within the code analyzer simply boils down to creating untyped variables on the variable stack before NWScript instruction in a particular subroutine is analyzed.
Type-equivalence chains
The code analysis phase discovers variable types by linking variables that can be inferred to have a similar type together into a type equivalence chain. (Type equivalence chain links may be formed by operations such as a subroutine call, or an assignment, where both sides of the operation are known to yield the same type, though that type might not be immediately known.)
Initially, the type equivalence chain may have an indetermine type, but once a typed stack reference is made to any variable in a chain, the types of all associated variables become known. (Only variables that are copied on the NWScript stack but never referenced for a specific operation can remain untyped after code analysis completes when using this system. Since these variables are, by nature, extraneous, leaving them as untyped does not present a problem to program correctness.)
The type-equivalence chain system can be used for strong type discovery because the NWScript stack itself is strongly typed; any time an operation will actually be performed on a variable, its type is specified in the instruction operands embedded in the instruction stream. Thus, once the type of any variable in a type equivalence chain has been uncovered, the types of all other variables are instantly known. (One exception to this is struct/struct comparisons, which are simply a comparison over a range of stack space without a specific type provided. Other references to all variables involved will always have resolved the types involved unless one of the structs was passed as a parameter to the entry point symbol; entry point symbols do not support struct parameters though, precluding that from becoming a problem.)
IR instruction generation
IR instruction generation in the code analysis phase operates by decoding the current NWScript instruction, picking up the actual IR-level variable operands from the variable stack, and creating an IR-level instruction object linking the variables together with the IR instruction descriptor.
Some NWScript instructions may turn into multiple IR instructions (such as a struct/struct NWScript-level OP_EQUAL/OP_NEQUAL comparison instruction, which must produce I_LOGOR/I_LOGAND instructions to combine the result of each successive I_EQUAL/I_NEQUAL comparision in order to form the final result).
Post-processing phase
Similarly, the post-processing phase walks the generated, now functional IR and attempts to fold extraneous temporaries into their parent variables (among other optimization-related tasks). Temporary folding is useful because the raw translation of NWScript instructions to IR-level instructions yields numerous temporaries (reflections of NWScript instructions copying data to the top of the stack for a particular operation); these temporaries can be proven to be removable in many cases. While the JIT backend generally emits code to a system with its own embedded optimizer, eliminating these temporaries reduces the size of the IR (and the output of a non-optimizing JIT backend).
It’s important to note that this overview is a simplification; there are some tricky cases that need special handling, such as merging two control flows (and their associated variables) together.
Once the IR is produced, the JIT backend takes over. The JIT backend is handed a completed IR for the program to JIT; it then assumes responsibility for lowering the NWScript IR into the native form emitted by the JIT backend.
Coming up: Examining the MSIL (.NET) JIT backend in more detail.
One Response to “NWScript JIT engine: IR instruction raising”
1. […] Nynaeve Adventures in Windows debugging and reverse engineering. « NWScript JIT engine: IR instruction raising […]
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Updated Menu Debuts at the Trilo-Bites Kiosk at Disney's Animal Kingdom
An updated menu is now available at the Trilo Bites kiosk located near the entrance of DinoLand U.S.A.
Check out the updated menu below:
1 comment:
1. Oh that's too bad. I was hoping they finally had Dinosaur on the menu.
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000-102 Certification Exam
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Book Wrapping 101
I am totally OCD about my books, to a point of weirdness. For instance, I won’t read a book if it’s not mine so I buy them (new, secondhand, doesn’t matter as long as I could keep them). Gifts would be very much welcomed, though =)
I do spend a lot of time arranging (and rearranging) my books. Just looking at them is like Zen to me because each one has a story of their own. And I have certain rituals that I HAVE to follow (in order) before reading a book:
1. Of course, I have to buy them first
2. Peel off the price tag
3. Wrap in plastic cover
4. Update LibraryThing & Goodreads
5. Initial my name & date I start reading at the top-right hand corner of the first page
6. Start reading from the very first page including, you know, the one with the “First Published in bla bla bla”, “All rights reserved yada yada yada”
Is this weird?
But I have gone a little off topic here. I meant to show you how I wrap my books (Warning: This post is quite long and contains a lot of pictures).
What you need: A plastic cover, a pair of good scissors, tape and of course, a book.
Now the step-by-step:
Step 1: Cut the plastic cover to an appropriate size. I usually leave about 2 to 3 inches longer at the top, bottom and sides
Step 2: Start with the front and bring the ends to the inside of the cover like the picture below. You want to make a really good crisp to set it in place (I use my fingernails). Repeat for the back cover
Step 3: To make the “envelope”, measure about an inch from the spine and make a clean cut until you reach the cover. Then from the edge of the book, make a “triangle” cut like so…
Step 4: Repeat step #3 for the top part of the book
Step 5: Now repeat steps #3 & 4 for the back cover
Step 6: Go back to the front cover and bring the "envelope" outside. Cut the unwanted ends (don’t make the angles too big)
Step 7: Repeat step #6 for the back cover
Step 8: (Bear with me guys, it's almost done...) Next, all is left is to tape the “envelope” at the front and back cover of the book
Step 9: (One more step, then we’re done. I promise.) Cut the unwanted ends, and voila!, there you have it!
Step 10: Now the book is ready to join the other “friends” on the bookshelf =)
Trish said…
Wow, you are quite a committed booklover!
I have some rituals too:
1. Rearrange bookshelves regularly so they look random and pretty.
2. Buy used books whenever possible.
3. I prefer soft cover. And I love it when the cover is a little bit worn.
4. I start reading from the 'First Published In . . .' page. I HAVE to know when it was published!
5. Yes, peel off price tag is a must.
6. Update my bookshelf.
7. Read, Review, and Enjoy!
I'm seriously impressed that you do this. I try to stamp and name my books and then update them on library thing, but it definitely doesn't always get done. I would love to cover them but I have 500+ and the prospect of starting is much too daunting!
Nina B. said…
You are so not weird, and so not alone. I have a very similar 'new book' ritual, although I don't peel off the price - I like knowing how much each book cost me. Most of my earlier books also have a little note inside the front cover where I write down something really significant that happened around my purchase/acquiring that certain book. Helps me remember stuff :D
You've got a lot of Agatha Christies!
Have a great weekend!
Brush Up On Your Reading
Trish, Sam & Nina: Thanks for sharing your book rituals. We are all committed to our books in our own ways. (I don't know why but suddenly the song Hopelessly Devoted To You by Olivia Newton-John comes to mind right now).
Tales of Whimsy said…
That is awesome! You go girl!
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December 21st, 2009
Well I finished the semester and have just one more to go! So I suppose that I should take the GRE now so that I can apply and get into some graduate program.
So it was a long break from doing anything on this site. I believe that I have it fixed now so that it will work with IE, and a whole host of other browsers except for IE6 and lower. So the problem ended up being a problem with the encoding of the xml data format. I needed to set it to UTF-8.
I wish everyone a Merry Christmas!
Quote Wall
December 21st, 2009
"Vmooo I'm not Jeeves." -- Brandon
"Can you imagine if we were all bald? That would just look weird." --Brandon
"Steve, I will give you $10 if ...." --Brian B.
"Steve, I'm upping the anty... I'll pay you $30 if you get a girlfriend." --Brian B.
"That is so cool to start your battle with with them having a disadvantage!" --Brandon
November 14th is not Groundhog Day!
"I thought you were going to casino royale me." --Brian Scruggs
"Did you go stargazing?" --Various
"Rylee has a worm what's up with that?" --Brian B.
"Star Trek is like drinking water." --Brian B.
monomanual gesticulation --Steve
Steve: "Brandon, I need some advice."
Brandon: "Yes, you should marry her."
[Brian S. walks in the door 20 minutes later]
Steve: "Brian, I need some advice."
Brian: "Yes, you should marry her."
"December 5th isn't Groundhog Day either." --Steve
"Quit fogging up the windshield, Scruggs!" --Steve
"Cafartsis" --Steve
"Steve, if you shaved all your hair and stood on it, we would be the same height!" --Brian Scruggs
... Or January 24th
Steve: When I say Layton, I mean Ogden.
Brian S: Uhh...
Steve: Right. Apply that to the sentence I just said.
I got 88% o the test. But in my mind, I got a 92%. --Brandon
It doesn't matter how good it tastes. You shouldn't drink your own pee. --Brian B.
Christmas Message
December 21st, 2009
A short message on the true meaning of Christmas.
Welcome Internet Explorer Users!
December 1st, 2009
I did it! I have made the site about 90% compatible with Internet Explorer. There are still some visual problems with site but not too bad. One of the things I'm disappointed that isn't working is opacity. I've read the tech documents to make it work and yet it isn't working for Internet Explorer. Opacity works for all other browsers that are CSS3 compliant on the style.opacity tag.
There are some browsers out there that don't properly support opaque for flash and so that is a problem for Opera and some browsers that are based off of the Webkit engine. Firefox and IE both appear to properly support the param opaque for flash videos.
Happy surfing!
August 23rd, 2009
This video is such an excellent expression of what women really are. They are compassionate and lovely. I feel that anyone who takes advantage of a women is in grave danger of their soul. We should love them and cherish them and treat them with chivalry. Opening the door is being gentleman like.
One of the ways that I feel we can take advantage of a woman is watching porn. Not only is your own soul in danger, but all too often the viewer is facilitating human trafficking. The issue goes beyond that to that they have had their soul injured too.
President Gordon B. Hinckley was such an amazing man and I'm sure his wife felt special to be with him. If only we could be half the man he was.
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About Us
avatarHello, my name is Jake Trinidad, founder of Rebaseonu.net
I’m just a normal guy living in Tallinn, Estonia. I and my team have created this blog to share valuable content to everyone who enjoy reading tips/guide type of article.
At Rebaseonu, we always strive to produce the most detailed & practical articles as possible as we really hate boring & theoretical stuff.
We hope you will only find something useful in this blog.
Thanks & Best Regards
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Garage Band
I keep starting this paragraph and having to stop. I'm trying to write about music, but it means too much for me to be able to sum it up in a few lines. It's art, and art is too interpretable to be codified with words. It's moving and disparate, overwhelming and cursory, incidental and pronounced, complex and elementary, and uncounted other things that vary from person to person, moment to moment, piece to piece. There's a reason musicians are celebrities, why every good movie has an unmistakable theme, and why when you see the driver next to you at the light bouncing around to the music you're bound to turn on your radio and try to find the same station. It's all the same: music enthralls people, and in a deeper way than tales of epic heroism or vanquished evils ever have.
Who wouldn't want to be a part of that?
Garage Band is about being someone who makes music. There're no other frills to this game. You don't live in a world where music's been outlawed -- you live in our world -- and music doesn't give you supernatural abilities that you use to fight the forces of darkness. Music doesn't need to give you cool powers because making music is powerful on its own. You and a handful of friends are bandmates. That's the premise.
But everyone's heard stories of bands, and they're about the bands. Their music is the unifying aspect -- there wouldn't be a band in the first place if not for it -- but these stories are about the people who make music, not the music itself. Roleplaying games are, as the name suggests, games in which you step into the role of a character in a stories, and that character is a complete, coherent person. Sure, you're a drummer, but that's not all you are, and that's definitely not who you are. You've got a boyfriend who's sweet but too possessive, dueling passions for insects and sappy movies, a father who's stiff and lonely and a brother who loves you more than anyone else; you also play drums in a band called Downtown Pumpkin every night on the west side of town. The rest of your bandmates have their own stuff going on, some of which comes back to you and the band itself. These aren't backstories; they're lives, and you have to have a life in order for music to be a part of it.
As you can probably tell, Garage Band's a narrativist game. It's more about the story you're telling than gaining experience and blowing away every audience. That said, you can play a local rock band or an international supergroup. You aren't stuck playing in a traditional rock-and-roll group, either, so if your gaming group wants to be an MC and posse or a string quintet, go for it.
Farther down the line, I'll introduce you to Grove City, Garage Band's default setting, though you can of course play where ever you can get gigs.
That's GB in brief. Rock on.
What Is This?
I started designing roleplaying games in 2001. I had a lot more enthusiasm than I did talent or exposure, but darned if that was going to stop me. Garage Band was my first attempt at roleplaying design, and it's probably gone through more drastic revisions than any of my other systems. At the moment, I've got a set of mechanics that works just fine, but I don't like 'em. It's my baby, though, and as hard a sell as it is (and as low as it is on my To Do list), I believe one day I'll finally get her to run the way I want.
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R.G. Ross Construction just completed the World’s Largest Chess Piece
Posted on May 7, 2012
Yes it was verified by Guinness Book of World Records that we have built the World’s Largest Chess piece. We were commissioned by the Chess Hall of Fame and Chess Club and Scholastic Center to build the chess piece and it proudly stands in front of the Hall of Fame. The primary carpenters that worked on the chess piece are Ed Rhomberg – superintendent,Craig Miller,Mike Rhyneer,Bruce Bullard and Steve Laplant. Congratulations to a job well done!
See article attached. http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/world-s-largest-chess-piece-unveiled-in-st-louis/article_4e369334-984c-11e1-b123-0019bb30f31a.html
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Slideshows >
Survey of Farm
October 28, 1882, William Knower surveyed our farm. In his notes he wrote that he had carved an X on a rock and he notched a hickory tree. One hundred and thirty one years later Jay Adams, using his GPS unit, found the rock and the hickory tree which are shown in the photos. Here is a video Jay made of a similar survey of Mr. Knower.
Survey the Farm
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Wednesday, May 21, 2014
'Macbeth' revision: 10 key quotations
The sixth of seven discussions of key issues in Macbeth, via SoundCloud. You can listen via the computer, but can also download the free app for iOS or Android and listen on your phone/tablet. Listen to the full series here
This podcast is a little difference: a series of quotations which you can test yourself on. Pause the recording after the quotation and write notes on the significance of these key lines.
Things to consider this time:
• what is the significance of fear in the play?
• in what way does blood permeate the whole story?
• how is the phrase 'unnatural troubles' central to the play?
• how is Macbeth conscious of the diseased nature of his own mind?
• how does Macbeth become steadily less free?
• why is Banquo a key figure in the way we look at Macbeth?
• what is the significance of the image of Duncan's horses?
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SchenkerGUIDE: research
Tom Pankhurst: Paper read at HuMAC 2003
Diatonic dramas and choleric cadences: A semiotic approach to tonal structure in Beethoven and Nielsen
(read by Tom Pankhurst at HuMAC 2003)
Part I - Schenker and Greimasian Semiotics
My research into Carl Nielsen's powerful and idiosyncratic take on tonality has led me to draw on the theories of both Heinrich Schenker and the French-Lithuanian semiotician A.J. Greimas. In this paper, I want to speculate on how shining a Greimasian light onto Schenker's understanding of tonal forces and structures might show up at least some shadows of musical narrative.
Figure 1: Schenkerian and Greimasian models
Figure 1 outlines what I believe to be one of the most interesting correspondences between these two theorists: both outline a process of elaboration or generation from deep to surface level, as shown by the arrows. Schenker's prolongational model, with which I am sure you are familiar, essentially shows how tonal music is, on multiple levels, the elaboration of a perfect cadence.
Probably less familiar will be Greimas's narrative model, which shows how discourse is, among other things, an elaboration of conjunctions and disjunctions between subjects and objects. Working up from the bottom line of the diagram, these junctions, or states of being, are realized (or performed) by subjects in an act of doing, and these two basic modalities - the "being" of conjunction and disjunction, and the "doing" of their performance - form the basis of Greimas's semiotics of narrative action. The doing of a particular conjunction is modalised by their competence in respect of performing the junction. This involves four further modalities shown below the main diagram. Two of these, wanting and having-to are virtualizing modalities - they raise the prospect of a particular conjunction. The other two, being-able and knowing, are actualizing modalities - the conjunction becomes a genuine possibility, even if it has not yet been realized. By exploring various types of discourse in these terms, Greimas develops some interesting models of how they are understood as narrative. In extending this exploration to tonal music, I am building on a small but crucial part of Eero Tarasti's framework for musical semiotics, adding and adapting where necessary.
In his discussion of Greimas, Tarasti discusses the difficulty of distinguishing subjects in a musical discourse. He suggests that when music is consonant it might be equated with the modality of 'being' and goes onto say that:
It is rather in dissonance, 'doing' that we feel music lacking something and that its energy leaves us unsatisfied ... Would it thus not be more appropriate to speak of the way a subject appears in the music's kinetic energy, which from dissonance strives for a state of rest? (Tarasti 1994: 104)
Tarasti's suggestion that the resolution of tension is analogous to conjunction is suggestive for a Schenkerian view of tonal space. For Schenker the Urlinie is not only a conceptual tension that binds passages into musically coherent wholes but also a palpable one, in that scale-degree embodies 'striving toward a goal' (Schenker 1935: 4) and arrival on scale-degree over the tonic means that 'all tensions in a musical work cease' (1935: 13). It is this second sort of tension that particularly lends itself to narrative interpretation, as Schenker himself suggests when he writes: 'In the art of music, as in life, motion towards the goal encounters obstacles, reversals, disappointments [etc.] ... Thus we hear in the middleground and foreground an almost dramatic course of events' (1979: 5).
Returning to Greimas, the reduction of texts to a series of canonical or representative sequences is the narrative aspect of his semiotics and is complemented by a cognitive dimension of achronic oppositional structures that underpin discourses. Schenker's understanding of tonal space in terms of tension and resolution, dissonance and consonance are just the sort of oppositions through which Greimas tries to illuminate the deep structure of narratives. He uses a tool called the semiotic square, which opens out oppositions into four terms as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: semiotic square of tonal forces and basic modalities
Example 1: Schenkerian interruption structure (& initial ascent)
Musical tension and resolution (or dissonance and consonance) can be mapped, as Tarasti suggests, onto the basic opposition of "being" and "doing". Progressions that effect resolution thus project the modality of "being" whilst those that introduce tension project "doing". The Urlinie (a middleground elaboration of which is shown in Example 1) represents a move from scale-degree 3, which is a relative tension (or 'doing'), towards the 'being' of resolution on scale-degree 1. Schenker's metaphor of striving suggests that the Urlinie does not represent resolution and stability per se, but the desire for resolution - "want-to-be". By analogy, the initial ascent on Example 1 can be understood as a striving for tension (want-to-do). As relatively abstract representations of a deep level of only one parameter of the music it makes sense to describe such progressions in terms of the virtualizing modality of "wanting".
Schenker's subordination of structure to the norms of strict counterpoint introduces another virtualizing modality that of "must". Here we also bring another position on the semiotic square of tensions into play. The obligation to resolve suspensions, for example, is a move away from tension - a negation of doing on the semiotic square at Figure 2 - so the modal description of this obligation on suspended notes would be "must-not-do". Schenkerian tonal space adds another obligation - the eventual structural resolution of all tensions to scale-degree 1 over the tonic - and this can be described in terms of "must- be". This obligation is in force all the time but becomes particularly pertinent when it is denied as in the first half of an interruption structure.
Rather than continue to discuss this in the abstract, I want to move to the first analytical example, the exposition from the first movement of Beethoven IV.
Part I Part II Part III
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Research Papers (Home)
© Copyright Thomas Pankhurst
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Free Articles
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Protected: Statistical Process Control Quiz
Control phase is the fifth and final phase of Lean Six Sigma projects. Following are the deliverable of this phase: Prepare Control Plan Final Implementation Establish Statistical Process Control (SPC) Benefits Computation & Closure Prepare Control Plan Control Plan or Process Management Plan is a document ensuring that a robust mechanism to monitor and follow-up […]
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Control Phase of Lean Six Sigma Project – A Beginner’s Guide
All processes need a control or management mechanism to ensure that they meet or exceed customer expectations consistently. Process parameters that go out of control need to be restored back to their normal values. How fast this has to be done depends on the type of process. For a surgeon, he needs to restore parameters […]
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5 Types of Reaction Plans in Six Sigma Project
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The Unwritten -- Mike Carey / Peter Gross
For shame, Shakespeare! You don't write for a month and then you choose an American comic to profile on your site?
Yes, yup, indeed! Why? Because I hold the keys to the squee. Also, because Unwritten by Mike Carey and Peter Gross is a geek's delight, much in the same vein as Sugar Hill Gang's Rapper's Delight:
Actually, it's not. It doesn't have anything to do with rap, at all.
What Unwritten has more to do with is literary history, heroes and words. The main character, Tom Taylor was the inspiration for his father's popular fantasy novels about a young wizardy type boy and his two magical friends, a dufus of a boy and a smart girl... Sound familiar? Sure. In the world of Unwritten Tommy Taylor is considered greater than Harry Potter. And, the series author has mysteriously disappeared, so a cult following has grown around the man Tom Taylor, who ends up making his bread and butter attending comicons and signing memorabilia.
Our story begins when the news breaks that Tom Taylor isn't, well, Tommy Taylor. He may have been stolen as a baby or bought or something, but he is not the real, biological son of Wilson Taylor and boy, do folks feel duped!
Tom becomes the target of an assassination plot. He is then kidnapped by a fan gone too far and nearly killed when a mysterious lady shows up to save him. Determined to find out his own true identity, Tom and the mystery lady end up at the castle where his not-father, Wilson Taylor, wrote his famous novels and where Mary Shelly happened to pen Frankenstein, and where a group of horror writers are having a convention, which is also being attended by a by a knife wielding bad guy who seems to have strange power based on words and language.
This first installment of Unwritten is somewhat reminiscent of other comics based in and around already written stories. I'm thinking Fables or even The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. I know, I won't step too far into that territory. I don't feel like I'm worthy to talk about Alan Moore. Maybe one day...
Why should you read this? It's literary, so naturally, it's good for you!
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As you are aware, currently an investor can hold securities in either physical or electronic form. The investor can transfer the securities held in physical form by sending the certificates to the Registrar & Transfer Agent (RTA) of the Issuer, along with transfer deed. If the documents are in order, the RTA transfers the securities in the name of the transferee by endorsement at the back of the certificate(s). However, with reference to SEBI notification No. SEBI/LAD-NRO/GN/2018/24 dated 8th June 2018, and the subsequent CDSL Communique No. CDSL/OPS/DP/POLCY/2018/351 dated 6th July 2018, please note that effective from 1st April 2019, the securities held in the physical form, will not be transferable. Only the securities held in electronic form will be transferable. Hence, kindly get the physical shares, if any, dematerialized by 1st April 2019, to avoid any inconvenience regarding the transfer of securities post this date. Please note that post 1st April 2019, the physical shares can be transferred to another person only in case of transmission [means the transfer of securities in case of death of holder(s)] or in case of transposition of securities [means a change of sequence of current holder mentioned on certificate].
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RE: Taking Minutes at Meetings
Subject: RE: Taking Minutes at Meetings
From: "Ehr, Meg" <Meg -dot- Ehr -at- smartworks -dot- com>
Date: Thu, 8 Mar 2001 11:58:47 -0500
Carol Anne T. Wall said:
>We've just be instructed by management that we are to take minutes at the
meetings at the meetings we attend. ... We're feeling undervalued and
demeaned by this change -- the first time this unit has ever taken minutes.
Did management give you any indication as to why they want *you* to take the
minutes? Is it, as Sean Brierly suggested, because you can do it better than
anyone else, or because they really do see you as overpaid note-takers?
Management's motivation may go a long way toward determining your best
response. I guess I'd be a lot more ticked if my _only_ purpose in the
meeting was to take minutes.
I've taken minutes before, at a previous non-TW job, but we rotated the
duties among all of the participants (recurring meetings). That method
worked very well for us - perhaps it could be a workable solution for you.
Meg Ehr
IPCC 01, the IEEE International Professional Communication Conference,
Previous by Author: Re: Task-based vs. descriptive online help? (quasi-summary)
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Puss N Boots: Pero's Great Adventure
From TheAlmightyGuru
Revision as of 15:20, 20 December 2018 by TheAlmightyGuru (talk | contribs)
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North American box art.
Puss N Boots: Pero's Great Adventure is a combination between a run-and-gun action shooter and a scrolling shooter based on the Toei Puss N Boots anime. The game was developed by Shouei System and published by Electro Brain in 1990.
I played this game because it was on a list of games that are easy to win, and I wanted to increase my total number of completed games.
I don't own the game, but have beaten it.
• Overall: 2/10
• Best Version: NES
• The various settings are nice.
• A bird literally poops on you. Awesome!
• Overall, the graphics, music, and animation are all poor for the time.
• For some reason, your horizontal speed increases when you jump. This makes control more difficult than it needs to be.
• The difficulty of the game swings wildly. In most sections, it's so easy, you can avoid all the enemies without even needing to shoot. But some of the sections, like the pit room in London, are very difficult.
• The bosses are extremely difficult until you find a safe place to stand, and then they become very easy.
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Skip to main content
Bubbles gives out his phone number
We were watching Trailer Park Boys this afternoon. Season 7, IMHO, is a lot funnier than the past two seasons. I didn't like Season 6 much at all.
Anyway, in Season 7, Episode 4, "Friends of the Road", Bubbles is on his way to Bangor, Maine to see Sebastian Bach at a model railroad show. He and Ray stop at a truckstop for some food, and Ray ends up arrested for soliciting a prostitute. Bubbles panics, hides in a phone booth, and makes a collect call to Julian back at the park for help.
We noticed that Bubbles dialed 0-902-4...something. That'd be a Halifax number, so I got curious. Could he be calling an actual number of interest? It wasn't the traditional TV/movie 555-whatever.
So, we played and replayed until Amanda figured out what number he was dialing.
We went to canada411 to do the reverse lookup on the number.
And whaddya know -- it's the number for Michael E. Smith -- the actor/musician who plays Bubbles. He dialed his own number.
Now, I'm not going to put the number up here so everyone can call Smith/Bubbles. Just a funny bit of trivia discovered through the wonders of PVR technology and the convenience of having a computer hooked up to the TV.
1. I want to know how long it took before you had all seven digits plus area code.
I would have had to have several glasses of wine before I developed that kind of patience.
2. Took about two minutes ... we had the area code and the exchange right away.. it was the last four digits that posed the problem. On first look, it appeared he hit too many numbers, but Amanda caught it after four four or five plays.
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Walking in Syrup
sticky-deckWe arrived at our campsite to see sheen on the deck that proved to be extremely sticky. There were also some dark spots where the stickiness had accumulated. It felt like we were walking through syrup as we headed to the door of our trailer.
The deck was scrubbed as well as the table and chairs. We
positioned our chairs so we could sit and enjoy the sun. Soon I felt a drop hit my arm. I looked into a cloudless sky and realized that it wasn’t rain I was feeling. Thinking it must be my imagination I turned the page and continued reading. Soon I felt more drops but couldn’t see anything on my skin.
Then I noticed the table had sticky spots again. The only answer was that the drops I felt were coming from the trees at the end of the deck. Although I couldn’t see them falling, the cumulative effect sticky-treeswas an unpleasant stickiness that clung to everything they touched. Before long our sandals stuck to the deck again.
This situation reminded me of my life. It is easy to let bad habits or negative thoughts slowly creep up on me. They start out as minor annoyances that I can ignore. Before long these behaviours add up to create a sticky mess in my life. I long for the freedom and peace of mind I once felt.
The way to restore my freedom is to bring everything before Jesus. When I pray, confess my sins and ask for forgiveness He is willing to scrub my heart and make it clean again. When I follow his plan for my life my steps will be much easier to take.
For you have been called to live in freedom, my brothers and sisters. But don’t use your freedom to satisfy your sinful nature. Instead, use your freedom to serve one another in love. (Galatians 5:13 NLT)
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The Real Adam Smith
Ivan's Place
In honor of the greatest moralist who never lived
Copyright © 2004 by Bill Becker
Contact me Home page Table of Contents
The Real Adam Smith
Copyright © 2006 by Bill Becker
Note: This essay is a modified version of a two-part series on the Progressive Writers Bloc website. Click here for that portion of Adam Smith's own words from which this essay derives.
In 1776, a kindly professor of moral philosophy, Adam Smith, published a most delightful and hugely informative book, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Today it is usually reprinted simply as The Wealth of Nations. Wealth of Nations earned Smith the impressive title "the father of capitalism."
Sadly, the modern American business community has so distorted Smith's masterwork as to make him into something of a monster. Were this gentle Scotsman to appear on the scene today, he would be horrified at the suggestion that he is the "godfather" of modern capitalist practice. Indeed, his likely response is well imagined by Jonathan B. Wight in Saving Adam Smith (Prentice Hall, 2002). There, a humble mechanic channels Smith, who tries to set the record straight as to the real meaning of his text.
As it happens, America's captains of industry and finance make only limited use of Smith's work, and there they get it wrong. I refer to Smith's famous "invisible hand," the mechanism by which, so they assert, an unfettered market will bring prosperity to all — someday.
In fact, Smith mentions the invisible hand only once in Wealth of Nations, and in a limited economic context. Noting that "the annual revenue of every society is always precisely equal to the exchangeable value of the whole annual produce of its industry," Smith reckons that every owner of capital "therefore endeavours as much as he can both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and ... to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can."
Smith notes, however, that our capitalist is in no way acting from altruistic motives, or even loyalty the homeland: "By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security, and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention."
Contrary to the use made of the "invisible hand" by corporate America, Smith's message is clear: the owner of capital will naturally use his capital to bolster domestic industry and the domestic economy, rather than shipping it off to foreign countries. This is in stark contrast to the modern capitalist, who does not hesitate to purchase a productive, profitable company that provides its workers a decent wage and benefits, fire the workers (usually abrogating the retirement plan as well), dismantle it, sell off its parts, and then ship what's left of the plant to a Third-World country to produce goods at slave wages.
Elsewhere in Wealth of Nations Smith also contradicts corporate America's suggestion that the invisible hand assists everyone equally. In his day, the capitalists exercised considerably greater economic power than the other sectors of the economy: labor, and the owners of land. Add the ability of the modern financial sector to instantaneously transfer huge amounts of capital and currency across national borders , and the imbalance is far greater today than it was then.
Smith concludes with scant approval for the workings of the invisible hand: "Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his down interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good. It is an affectation, indeed, not very common among merchants, and very few words need be employed in dissuading them from it."
This passage can imply only that the purely self-interested behavior of the "merchants" of Smith's day was at least sometimes "the worse for the society." If their economic decisions "frequently" benefit society, it can only be concluded that they sometimes — perhaps even frequently, often, or usually — do not.
Corporate America would have us believe that if he were with us today, Smith would share its loathing of orgnized labor as an unnatural, even immoral, interference with the sacrosanct free market; that he would enthusiastically applaud the subjugation of that impulse which, increasingly rarely, animates workers to believe that they are worth more than their employers pay them; that he would comfort our captains of industry and finance as a loving parent comforts a child unfairly treated by a bully. In fact, Smith was quite sensitive to the needs of labor, and quite aware of its lack of power vis-a-vis those who control capital.
The masters of Smith's day were "always and everywhere in a sort of tacit, but constant and uniform combination, not to raise the wages of labour above their actual rate," and "sometimes enter into particular combinations to sink the wages of labour even below this rate."
When Smith wrote, there were "no acts of parliament against combining to lower the price of work; but many against [workers] combining to raise it." If the workers, in their desperation, actively resist the sinking of wages, "the interposition of the civil magistrate, ... the superior steadiness of the masters, ... the necessity which the greater part of the workmen are under of submitting for the sake of present subsistence, generally end in nothing, but the punishment or ruin of the ringleaders."
Improvement of "the circumstances of the greater part can never be an inconvenience to the whole," says Smith, but it is clearly an inconvenience to "those who live by profit," namely the "merchants and master-manufacturers." Does Smith sympathize with them? On the contrary. Their interest, he writes,
If you can say "Enron", go to the head of the class.
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Page last updated January 31, 2006
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Tuesday, August 23, 2011
Island Foxes Face Off Disease
Tani represents all of the juvenile island foxes that were born this spring (A special Island fox is Born). As summer turns to autumn these young island foxes will venture off from their parents to begin their own lives. But before they do, they just might have a close encounter of the human kind.
Across the California Channel Islands biologists are catching island foxes in capture cages to count their numbers, replace and outfit radio tracking collars, and conduct annual health checks.
For young island foxes that means a microchip that will identify them for life. It may also mean vaccinations for canine diseases - rabies and distemper. Both of these diseases have a high mortality rate, meaning that most wild island foxes would die if they encountered them. We know this is true because the Santa Catalina Island population of island foxes declined by over 88% between 1998 and 2000 when distemper was introduced to the island. (More about Catalina Island).
Pet dogs and cats that have not been vaccinated can introduce disease to wild populations. Island species like the island fox are especially vulnerable because they have not evolved with the same diseases that animals may be exposed to on the mainland. Wild animals from the mainland can also introduce disease to island populations (see Raccoon on Catalina).
The land managers across the islands hope to vaccinate at least 60-80 island foxes on each island this autumn. The minimum (60 foxes on 6 islands) would be a total of 360 island foxes with a cost of $10 per fox. Just providing minimal disease protection to this endangered species comes with a minimum cost of $3,600.
You can help provide a young island fox heading out into the world with a better chance of survival by supporting vaccination costs. A donation of $10 will protect an island fox from rabies and distemper.
You can also make a positive difference by reminding friends and family that vaccinating pet dogs and cats helps protect wild animals. Disease has no sympathy, it can attack an endangered species or a beloved pet. To keep both safe, pets should stay home and leave wild animals to live in their native habitats.
See more of Tani's adventures on Facebook and @ifoxtweet on Twitter.
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Saturday, July 27, 2013
London Calling
A town crier outside St. Mary's Hospital announces the birth of a baby boy to William and Kate Whateverthehelltheirlastnameis.
Look at his face, will ya? Jeez, you'd think he just had his umbilical cord cut.
Sunday, July 21, 2013
Quips and Quotations
When we are young we generally estimate an opinion by the size of the person that holds it, but later we find that is an uncertain rule, for we realize that there are times when a hornet's opinion disturbs us more than an emperor's.
--Mark Twain
Sunday, July 14, 2013
Vital Viewing (Is There a Dentist in the House Edition)
British comic actor Terry-Thomas was born on this day in 1911, making him 102 were he still alive. He's not, and is considerably younger than that in the following clips:
Here Thomas (or should I say -Thomas?) tries to fence some diamonds in this scene from That Touch of Mink (1960):
Those of you who recognize the zither might have expected Orson Welles and Joseph Cotten. Sorry, different movie.
Terry-Thomas and Milton Berle debate the merits of their respective homelands in this somewhat dated scene from It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963):
"sitting under hair dryers eating chocolates"--dated
"preoccupation with bosoms"--maybe not so dated
A stand-up routine from The Judy Garland Show. The "recent events in London" line is a reference to the Profumo Affair, a UK sex-and-politics scandal very much in the news at the time:
Love how quickly he makes light of his poor attempt at an Irish accent. Not sure if any Portuguese will agree with me.
Finally, a bit of horror (and kinkiness.) The Abominable Dr Phibes (1971) with Vincent Price and the sexy Virginia North:
Not the discharge he was hoping for.
Saturday, July 6, 2013
Graphic Grandeur (Captain Marvel Undershirt Edition)
20 years ago, Scott McCloud wrote a very influential book called Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art, a treatise on what's variably been called sequential storytelling, graphic narrative, pictorial exposition, panel composition, non-animated cartoons, and the funny papers. That right there takes a lot of understanding. McCloud does a pretty good job explaining if not that than everything else having to do with comics, and not in prose but rather through sequential pictures and (mercifully, no one's come up with a technical-sounding synonym for this yet) word balloons. Basically, it's a book in the form of a comic. But not a comic book, as we understand the term. Comic books aren't books at all, but really skinny graphic magazines, usually sold on different racks than thicker graphic magazines like Mad or (assuming it still exists) Cracked. On the other hand, McCloud's book is just that, a book, with a hard cover. Unless you have the paperback edition, in which case it has a soft cover, though one still much harder than anything from DC, Marvel, or Archie that you'll see on a comic book rack. Back when there were book stores, Understanding Comics could usually be found in the graphic novels section. Except it's not a novel.
Whew! No wonder McCloud didn't bother with prose. Anyway, here's a sample page:
Ha! The joke's on McCloud. Since you're now reading all this on a computer, it's actually a digital copy of a printed copy of a drawing of a painting of a pipe. As such, you can't fold it!
Unless you're computer is attached to a copier.
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In Victorian London, there are many ways to "cure" madness.
I found out later that they weren't all married couples. Some were just dates that enjoyed a good time. As I mentioned earlier, the party wasn't for swingers but most of Tom and Mary's friends were.
Tom had told me that he felt up Helen some and she either didn't notice or she liked it. He figured by the end of the night she would be going to his room. At about eleven o'clock Helen said she was really feeling warm and she and Mary went up to our room for a few minutes. Both women returned with their hosiery off.
Helen told me she was just too hot and she also wanted to put on some flat shoes since she had been wearing her high heeled boots all night. Tom overheard our conversation and sat down and picked up Helen's legs and started rubbing her feet. She had quite a bit to drink and didn't notice how high her legs were being raised by Tom. I knew he could see her panties while rubbing her feet. He could see her trimmed dark mound pushing against her panties.
I was dancing with Mary at the time and she told me to slip my hand under her dress. I did and she not only had taken her tights off but was panty-less. I felt her hot wet pussy as she smiled at me.
Here I was fingering a woman not ten feet from my wife as her husband was rubbing my wife's feet and staring at her crotch. I had a hard on and pressed it against Mary till the song ended.
"Your husband gives such a great foot massage," said Helen to Mary as we returned to the table.
"That's not all he knows how to rub," said a smiling Mary. Both women laughed.
As the party was coming to a close, Tom and a few of his friends bought a few bottles of liquor to take up to their suites. I didn't know it but they all had suites rented in a row on the fourth floor. Mine and Helen's room was on the sixth floor.
Tom suggested all their friends head up to their room for nightcaps. I asked Helen if she wanted to go; she was half drunk and agreed to go. They all were getting up and I told Helen I was going to stop by our room and take off the boots and vest and would meet her there.
Tom put his arm around her and the group started heading up the elevator. Mary stayed behind and said she would come with me and we could go to her room later. As we entered the elevator she kissed me. As soon as we entered the room she was undoing my pants. She told me to get naked while she poured us a drink.
I knew we were going to fuck before going back to her room. Even if Helen backed out I would at least have fucked Mary. We downed our drinks and then laid on the bed and started kissing. I knew I had drank too much, but I sure wasn't going to pass up this fuck. She didn't take off all her outfit. She said it was too much to put back on so she slid off her slips and raised her dress to show me a beautiful shaved pussy.
"I should put on a condom," I said to Mary.
"I'm clean if you are," replied Mary. "It's up to you if you want the real thing."
I remember talking with Tom and I asked him if he had sex with Helen to please wear a condom and he told me he would. Here I was with his wife and she told me bareback was fine. I was too far out of it to worry and tossed the condom to the side.
It was the first time I had ever seen a shaved pussy and I got down between her legs and started sucking on it. God, she tasted great. I lost all sense of time as I climbed between her legs. She grabbed my cock and placed it at the entrance of her pussy.
"Okay, Cowboy, let's see how good you can ride a real woman," said Mary.
I was fucking her as hard as I could. It was great! The last thing I remember is shooting a load of cum deep within her pussy. I heard her moan as she was being filled.
The next thing I remember is it was morning and I was lying on one bed and Helen was asleep on the other. She was out cold and had on her nightgown. What had happened? Did I pass out? Did she have sex? So many questions, no answers yet.
Chapter 4 - Helen Explains What Happened
As we entered the party room it was overflowing with happ
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Barack Obama's Reconquista 101: "they didn't cross the border, the border crossed them", Indians aren't immigrants
Speaking at a high school in New Mexico, Barack Obama was asked about immigration and, according to this liveblog of the event, said:
"We are a nation of immigrants," Obama answers.
"The only people can say that they aren't immigrants are the people sitting right here," the Presidential candidate says and points to the tribal leaders.
"There are some families who have been here for 4 or 500 years. They didn't cross the border, the border crossed them."
Certainly, he's somewhat factually correct: there are old Spanish origin families who are recipients of land grants from hundreds of years ago; they were there before New Mexico was part of the U.S.
However, he's coming at this from their side, which is in conflict with our - the U.S.'s - side. In fact, his quotes are straight out of Reconquista 101, and trying to find loopholes in and complaining about the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is a favorite pasttime of hundreds of minor extremists, with the TGH forming a major part of their lore. Sentiments like his are rarely expressed by those considered mainstream; the closest I'm aware of are Dolores Huerta and a LULAC official, and both of them aren't that mainstream at all.
As for the bit about Indians not being immigrants, one wonders at which point BHO would draw the line. Most of their ancestors came over thousands of years ago, but Mayflower descendents have ancestors who were here before 150 years before this was the U.S. and some European origin peoples' ancestors were here before then. Why is BHO differentiating between those who arrived from Europe and those who arrived from Asia? Why give so much weight to thousands versus hundreds of years? Assuming for the moment he wasn't just offering a dangerous pander, why not differentiate between those whose ancestors came here ten thousand years ago and those whose ancestors came here twenty thousand? Taken one step further, would Obama be like those who think that anyone with enough native blood - presumably more than one drop - can move anywhere within the Americas at will?
And, of course, the only people who are actually immigrants are those who are legal immigrants under our set of laws; those who were born here are not immigrants even if their ancestors were.
An open question is, other than pandering, what exactly BHO would have us do about all this? Should Mayflower descendents be considered among those who've had our borders cross over them? Is it good public policy to encourage U.S. citizens to think that our borders crossed over them? Would he give those who've been crossed over by our borders something? Would he support allowing anyone with the right amount of native blood to come here at will?
The rest of that section of his comments is his standard blather about this issue; the problems with that can be found here, here, and through a search. Discussing all the other reasons BHO's statements above are wrong is left as an exercise.
Note: I've confirmed BHO's statements with the author of the linked post.
Even worse than the crap that Obama says and apparently believes -- which is not so unconventional among ultra PC types -- is that to many Whites it won't matter: they'll still vote for him.
Actually, what we consider "indians" actually displaced a previous set of "immigrants" long before the Spaniards arrived. See Kennewick Man and Penon Woman III for an anthropological study of what these people looked like: Caucasians or Ainu, no one really knows. Moreover, I'm not an immigrant. I was born here. Obama is the enemy of every white American when he chooses invaders over his countrymen. This is why he won't be president. People are not as stupid as you think. These people did not spring up from the ground. Mexicans living in Mexico are also "immigrants" under his twisted, hateful and divisive definition of an "immigrant." Even as a Kenyan, he would have had to have emigrated from the Rift Valley if we go back far enough. BHO is a a former plaintiff's race discrimination lawyer. That should be enough to wake people up as to what kind of person he is: a grifter out to make a buck.
I'm a descendant of one of those Spanish settlers from hundreds of years ago. In New Mexico, especially northern New Mexico, people really don't identify wih old Mexico. I do not call myself Mexican or a Mexican-American for instance. So, the border did, in fact, cross me. (Not that I'm complaining. I like to joke that while everyone wanted to be part of the U.S., the U.S. wanted us to be a part of them!) What's the big deal about saying Native Americans were here first? It's not as if Obama is saying they should be given sole control of the government or anything. I'm not seeing the "dangerous pander." @petty bourgeois: So, if Obama is "the enemy of every white American when he chooses invaders over his countrymen," shouldn't he be the enemy of every American? Or do only whites get to be considered American? You see, this is why so many people distrust people like you and your immigration policies. It just seems too vested in racism. Maybe you don't see it. I don't expect you would. I'm not saying everyone should just be allowed in whenever they want, but there has to be a better way to accomplish what we want. Increase the money to the Border Patrol and let's work with Mexico to improve their economy so people have other options than to come here. There has to be a better way than NAFTA because that sucked. Badly. I don't fault Mexicans for wanting to come here. I sure as hell don't want to live in Mexico!
First of all, Native Americans does not include mexicans. See above. "So, if Obama is "the enemy of every white American when he chooses invaders over his countrymen," shouldn't he be the enemy of every American? Or do only whites get to be considered American?" You seem to be mired in racism, not me. American blacks as a group have the most disparate impact and displacement by Mexicans. But what is your beef with white Americans? Are you racist against whites? While you may not see and danger to Mexicans taking control of government and dishing out the fruits of American labor to illegal aliens, I live in Santa Ana, which boasts its own consulate, is 92% mexican and the city council is 100% mexican. If you think white flight is funny, then you are just an apologist for genocide-lite, which is not funny at all.
He's just a pandering prostitute of a politician, just like Juan McAmnesty and Jorge Bush. All of them are guilty of "Hispandering" to so called "Hispanics" - really Latinos or Chicanos would be more ethnically correct. "Hispanic" is a kind of made-up, "pc" term to be purposefully broad in order to include greater numbers. It is true, Mexicans are "immigrants" too since they are the produce of Spain "meeting" native "Indian" tribes. In fact, everyone in the world, ever nation in the world is a "nation of immigrants" but that has little to do whether or not they have borders and laws today in the modern world. Enforce our borders. Enforce our laws, otherwise all of Mexico will come here. Mexico is so chronically corrupt, chances are they never will change. Good fences make good neighbors.
Please. None of that "nation of immigrants" crap matters. How far back do you want to go? We're in the era of modern nation states now -- have been for some time. And nation states have borders, as well as unique cultural and demographic identities that come from the majority population that created the nation as it exists today. None of that was true hundreds of years ago.
J.D.: It would be great if more American Hispanics came out and said unambiguously that unrestricted immigration is bad for the people already here, that it should be reduced drastically, and that there should be no amnesty for illegal immigrants. You have not done this. You have made vague statements about limiting immigration and then said that it is "racist" for whites to look out for their own interests, as if other groups of Americans don't look out for theirs. This has been pointed out before, but if you go to you will see that there is one particular group of Americans that is not represented there. It is the group that people like you always want to accuse of racism. It is the group whose supposed “racism” Obama made a living off of. It is the group that is being demographically dispossessed everywhere around the world, including in the countries where they are indigenous. We have the right to look out for own interests and to point out what is bad for us specifically, and your calling this "racist" is just another example of why this term has become meaningless.
eh, yes many whites will still vote for him, despite his treachury in supporting illegal immigration, despite his attending a racist church for twenty years, despite his being married by a racist preacher, despite having a wife and potential first lady who is racist towards whites, despite him changing his positions on important matters almost daily.WE CALL THESE WHITES--STUPID AND TRULY IGNORANT PEOPLE.
Are there really white people who are still so utterly stupid, as to not recognize that the charge of racism, is made against them when they try to defend what is theirs in this nation THEY created----because it works. You will be called racist, because it works for those leveling this charge at you. It works because it keeps you quiet, disempowered and indeed, subjected to every type of prejudice in the very nation your ancestors created. HOW ABOUT WAKING UP AND BECOMING AWARE, FOR A CHANGE, ESPECIALLY YOU COLLEGE STUDENTS. THINK FOR YOURSELVES, ISN'T THAT WHAT AN EDUCATION IS SUPPOSED TO RESULT IN. DON'T TAKE THE WORD OF YOUR LIBERAL BEARD SCRATCHING PROFESSOR OR MAN HATING FEMINIST. THINK FOR YOURSELF. ALL THE GREAT SCIENTISTS RECOMMENDED THIS FROM GALILEO TO EINSTEIN. WHAT IS YOUR POLITICALLY CORRECT COLLEGE PROFESSOR NEXT TO THESE GIANTS?
Oh, this is a spic hater site. Now I get it. Assholes.
Dudley Smith, you wouldn't "get it" if "it" hit you sideways. Moron.
Ok let's stop and think, The Indians of Mexico always like to murder the Indians of ancient california or did the mexican indians know about the other monkeys in this area? I will call this place i live in california because it had no name when only so called Indians happened to be the only people in this area 500 years ago. It is also possible that the indians of mexico never knew of this place we call california and in fact no real prehistoric facts canbe frond? to say much about the people of this area until the white guys came to help the little indians out with food and homes and roads and ideals and no real data is known that would tell anyone much about the old people of say 1500 to 25000 years ago. If mexican Indians knew about the world outside 50 miles from that indian village it would be intresting to see the real proof. by the way 4,600 mexican cops have been killed inside mexican in only 4 years, now that means i have the records and proof so were is the proof in what the BS Artist is writing about?
isn't it funny that in all black so called nation states mass murder by blacks on blacks is normal. isn't it funny that in all brown so called nation states like mexico mass murder by hispanics is normal like in mexico city which has about 50,00 murders a year that OBAMA and his BS Never would say a thing about blacks being murdered in L.A. Right now in san diego co millions of blacks are coming here from L.A. CO JUST TO GET AWAY From murder, so much for the black and brown brotherhood, oh yes blacks are now starting to murder and rape whites in this area and our little brown brothers are also starting to do the same evil acts to each other more and more each year. buy guns if the pig shit Obama becomes your next ruler. ask why whites hate whites so much when a brown or black or yellow would eat that white person alive, is it a built in hate for laws and duty? or is it for some BS Political reason? be free, think, act, live, or die in some camp waiting to be eaten by a monkey person.
"Spic" LOL...nice use of racial pejorative there buddy. Who is the "hater" now?
It's no anti spic, this site is pro American. Something in short supply in this Country, like our middle class jobs. I live right down the road from Santa Ana, CA. and let me tell you it's occupied American soil for damn sure. Ice could detain at least 75% of Santa Ana if they would only enforce the Law. Think of all the new cheap housing and new jobs that would be available [in just one city] if that happened. Now multiply that by 20-30 million and you see why Im fucking pissed off and dont like our choices for Pres.
It's anti Illegal...of any persuasion. If anything, hispanics should resent those sneaking in allowing the rest of them to be stereotyped. It is getting harder and harder not to be as they demand more and more from Americans who are themselves struggling. Most of all Americans do NOT want to see this country descend into a third world hellhole. I watched Nat Geographic show Locked up Abroad...and the British guys were detained in a venezuelan prison for 4 years . I realized that the anarchy and gangs in their prisons is now in abundance in our own prisons and on our streets. Anyone who values a society that is law abiding and decent regardless of race should decry the inaction of this President and congress who are allowing this deterioration to continue. No, I was not racist, in fact growing up I couldn't tell you the difference between nationalities by names. But as this group grows more defiant you will see the resentment grow and anger build. There will result a civil war and chaos from this abandonment of law and order. Fred is right. Get ready.
I do think Obama's wife is anxious to make whitey for what? For so many programs and breaks that they lost the will to succeed. They need to thank Ted Kennedy and his ilk for the ghettos they reside in. That's exactly what he wants for the Mexicans too.
Hussein is a socialist. All he wants is "elite" power. If they get their way, "we" all will be slaves of the state.
Obama: "We are a nation of immigrants," Obama answers. "The only people can say that they aren't immigrants are the people sitting right here," the Presidential candidate says and points to the tribal leaders. "There are some families who have been here for 4 or 500 years. They didn't cross the border, the border crossed them." --------------------------------------- And this jerk wants to be President of the United States? Mexicans were not Hispanics from the southwest. American Indians were here and many of them married or had babies with Spaniards. True Hispanics were Spaniards or Spaniards crossed with American Indians. Mexicans had to cross the border! And they also were hated by Native Americans. Geronimo in his own words: Many women and children were carried away at different times by Mexicans. Not many of them ever returned, and those who did underwent many hardships in order to be again united with their people. Those who did not escape were slaves to the Mexicans, or perhaps even more degraded. When warriors were captured by the Mexicans they were kept in chains. Four warriors who were captured once at a place north of Casa Grande, called by the Indians Honas, were kept in chains for a year and a half, when they were exchanged for Mexicans whom we had captured. We never chained prisoners or kept them in confinement, but they seldom got away. Mexican men when captured were compelled to cut wood and herd horses. Mexican women and children were treated as our own people.
Wow. I think it might be helpful if many of you actually spent some time reading historical texts from a variety of cultural perspectives, took a logic class or two, and stopped channeling Lou Dobbs. LOL. A mind is such a terrible thing to waste. I think who the "extremists" actually are is pretty clear. If you don't mind, next time please provide a warning when you link to an article that educated people might read. It's kinda scary to click on a link and end up in Ignoramusland. Shiver!! And yes, I'm voting for Obama. I kinda like hanging with the smart people. Might want to try it out sometime, folks.
Anonymous, hanging with Obama and equating it with the "smart people is really funny. How smart is it to want open borders? Obama supporters are like Obama himself internationalists. They have no real love for this nation. They'd give it away in a hearbeat. How smart is that? Obama is a parrot and talks a fast game. That's about it. Truth be told, he and McCain are bought and paid for, so in the end, it's 6 of one, half a dozen of another. A matter of perference, for which bought of goon people want to listen to for four or eight years. No need to get exicited really. The good candidates aren't supported by corporate money, and are therefore the honest ones, and I suppose like Obama and McCain, they aren't "smart" enough to be willing to be bought. Have a nice day.
_I think who the "extremists" actually are is pretty clear._ Yeah, I mean there's nothing particularly 'extreme' about [1]completely overturning the demography of a country. Plenty of precedent for that. And I'm sure the Mexicans would be very happy to turn their country over to a largely illegal invasion of gringos; they'd be all smiles.
"Yeah, I mean there's nothing particularly 'extreme' about completely overturning the demography of a country. Plenty of precedent for that." And the most maddening thing is that the elites who are most adamant that we need this drastic change all make sure that they live as far away from the inevitable bad effects as they can, via gated communities, private school for the kids, etc. No change for them, thank you very much....
Dear Anonymous..( aka 'coward)) I really don't care what history shows. Times change and the numbers don't lie. We cannot allow an unfettered mass of people to come into this country . Enough is enough! Never mind that there indigent status is causing and costing hardship to American citizens. Our water and land can only handle so much before we too become like India and China and destroy what we have. So get a little education yourself and look at the here and now...that's what matters today!
Obama is one of the "smart People"....??? What are you smoking.... he is a 'product'. Packaged and presented by the media and the left wing image makers. If you fell for it you ain't too bright yourself. What's smart about a man who stutters and stammers everytime he has to answer a question that supposedly comes from his 'heart'? The guy is phony of the worst kind. Educate yourself and take a listen to his Reverend who he sat and listened to for 20 years. Then you will get a real sense of the man you think is so terrific. He is as racist and elitist as they come.
Anonymous, it is shallow and foolish to support a candidate based on wanting to be with the in crowd.
"I kinda like hanging with the smart people." Like the least cited editor of Harvard Law Review ever? Yeah, he is smart all right. He got into Harvard on an affirmative action quota (racism for its own sake) and then when he got there he wasn't smart enough to handle it. Ditto for his wife and her vacation at Princeton. These people are grifters, not intellectuals.
Long live the ideals of 1776 and to hell with the monkey rats, as the guy said long-a-go, come get me! I am here and will not move until god tell's me to die! U.S. Army. by the way see the world for what it is, EVIL And the people of the world are nothing but little monkeys in the trees, like Obama. by the way Obama brother has been froud in africa and is as poor ar can be, his brother said he knew his brother well but Obama said he only saw his brother 2 times? if you ask me Obama lived in africa from day one until he got into the drug dealing thing, after that he came here to become the head black, obama is a foreign pig who has big white money behind him for evil reasons. hate is good if your enemies want you dead.
Wow, I feel kind of sorry for all of you haters. Living with all of this fear and hatred of people just based upon their race or where they were born. America is the greatest country in history because it has been open to new ideas and new people. We don't get stuck forever in bad patterns. Yeah, sometimes it comes in the form of change: The Revolutionary War, the Civil War (which I guess that many of you wish had been won by the South), giving women and blacks the right to vote (again probably not popular with many who read this page). It seems to me that those of you who can't support what is truly American - like equality and diversity (ever heard of all men are created equal?), than you are really just America haters. I think that America is the greatest country in the world because of its freedom and liberties, not in spite of them. So, you'll never convince me that I should hate our country or our leaders because they are open and kind to Blacks, Hipspanics or any other race.
Joe, you engage in ad hominem when you call people haters. This points to the absurdity of your argument. "Diversity" has no meaning unless you are racist enough to judge people by the color of their skin. If you are so in favor of open borders, then give me you address so I can come into your house and make myself a home. After all, I am just trying to make a better life for myself. Practice what you preach and let me squat on your homestead. Otherwise, shut the hell up.
Petty, I don't think that you understand what racism means. Acknowledging diversity in people is not the same as having negative thoughts or ideas about certain races. I also never said anything about having no rules or borders to our great country, so your squatter comments really have no relevance to what I wrote. I only said that I believe in freedom, equality and liberty, not the hate and fear that seems to obsess the other bloggers on this page.
Racism has nothing to do with the post. Read it again. You are too busy making assumptions about the civil war and accusing everyone of racism. Most of the people here are from California, and don't give a shit about the civil war, and your use of the word "racism" does not really mean anything at all. People use racism when they do not have an argument. And no one here is full of "fear" and "hatred." Invasion is invasion, and I don't care what color someone's skin is, they are still illegal invaders. You are the one preoccupied with skin color, so take a closer look at who is the racist by looking in the mirror. You certainly do not know what anyone's skin color is on here, so you just go around making blanket assumptions making an ass of yourself.
He was talking to native american tribal leaders. Their ancestors were here before Columbus or the pilgrims. They are truly not immigrants. This areticle makes no sense to me. Is it because Obama was talking in New Mexico that he assumes the crowd is mad up of mexicans? There are many "native" american tribes in that state.
Petty, Obama was the first black president of the Harvard law review board. I think that shows he had ample "smarts" for the university. His wife was at the top of her class at Princeton. I don't think you'd like to get into an intellectual argument if you ca't even take the time to research your own stupidity in posting that comment.
I think it is easy to see who the haters are on this board.
Petty, I do not care what color anyone's skin is. Only what they have to say. Are you afraid of all invaders or is it okay when Mel Gibson moves here from Australia?
Petty, I guess that you really want to hold onto your fear. That's too bad. Maybe one day you'll be able to relax and just enjoy the great place where we all live, instead of being so afraid of the bogeyman invaders that no politician is suggesting that we allow in without rules and regulations.
It is good that people on the other side (i.e. the wrong side) of the immigration issue are reading this blog. Perhaps this means there is a chance of winning some people over to the immigration reduction side. Joe, the U.S. in the midst of a population explosion caused by immigration. Third world immigrants have higher birthrates than the native population. If the rules and regulations you are talking about make this population explosion worse or don't do anything to improve the situation then they are the wrong rules and regulations. Numbers are of the essence here. We cannot afford to pretend that those who are on the wrong side of this issue are being reasonable.
Hal, it is certainly nice to hear a reasonable voice of discussion on this page instead of all of the hate spewing. I, of course, agree that any program, rule or regulation system could and should be improved upon. What makes this country great is that we have these debates and can continue to try to make ourselves better. I'm not sure what the crisis is here. If we have such a population probelm, wouldn't we have high unemployment? Also, I don't think that govenment policy is the problem. Businesses want illegal immigrants. How else can restaurants (I've worked in many), local shops, construction, etc. afford to do business. If every restaurant, grocery store, etc. had to pay legal workers, they would either go out of business, or the prices would go way up. Also, I don't see too many Americans lining up for these jobs. How many of you want to deliver your own Chinese food on a bicycle in the rain at 11:00 p.m.? Or wash dishes all night in a diner? How many of you want to pay even more for your groceries? The reason that the government doesn't do enough to stop illegal immigration is because business doesn't wnat it to end. I hope that there is no one naive enough to believe that our goverment isn't looking out for the interest of our businesses. If we really want to stop illegal immigration, start busting all of the businesses that hire them. Take away the jobs and the people wouldn't be so interested in coming here. Of course, you would have to go and pick up your deliveries and wash your own dishes when you went out to eat.
"They are truly not immigrants." Okay, and neither am I. Your point? Joe, he got in on an affirmative action quota, same for his wife. Affirmative action quotas are not based upon merit (if you were educated you would know this). He actually diplaced someone smarter and more deserving of an education, but you choose to ignore this. As the editor of Harvard Law Review, his articles are the least cited, meaning he is the most stupid law review editor in the school's history spanning hundreds of years. In any event, I'm glad to see you rooting for the elites who attend Harvard and are so disconnected from mainstream America. Obama's half brother lives in a 6x9 shack in Kenya. What a nice millionaire he is! There are already 30 million of these invaders here who did not play by the rules you dumbass. We have already been invaded, so stop denying reality where we live since you apparently live in New Hampshire. No amount of you telling that I have "fear" is going to change that. I am not afraid of anything, so stop telling me what I "feel" you arrogant leftist prick. Low skilled jobs have always been done by Americans before the corporate slave masters displaced your American brothers. You choose the side of the corporation and the mexican over your American brothers, and that makes you a traitor. Good thing you are hiding behind a computer screen because I'm inclined to kick your pussified anti-American ass. What you are in favor of is slavery and exploitation of mexicans by corporations who then shift the cost of education and healthcare to innocent American citizens who are unable to afford having children because of policies by people like you. You also a prick for suggesting Americans are too lazy and unwilling to do these jobs. Shame on you.
Okay Petty, first off, if you could read, you would have seen that I didn't write "They are truly not immigrants," or anything about Obama and his wife - that was from a guy named Billy. Also, your point about Obama being the least cited editor of the Harvard Law Review has to be your stupidest yet (not an easy feat). To even become the Editor is a huge accomplishment. Your argument is like saying he's the dumbest genius. I guess that you work in the addmissions offices at both Harvard and Princeton and have insider information as to the fact that they only got in because of the color of their skin. Or is it that no black person is as smart or deserving of an education as a white person. Also, you seem to think that I want low paying jobs performed by illegal people. Again, if you could read, you would have seen that I wrote "I, of course, agree that any program, rule or regulation system could and should be improved upon." I will explain this for you: I think that we can do better with our immegration policies. In my subsequent comments, I was pointing out the difficulties involved with making these improvements. If we really want to control illegal immegration, we need to crack down on the businesses that employ them. This would be a very unpopular thing to do on both sides of the political fence - so I imagine that it won't actually get done. It would also mean that prices for basic goods would go up - again not very popular. I would love to crack down on businesses that underpay and use sweatshops and many other things that keep prices down. It's just hard to find any politician from either party who would being willing to go against business that way. Also, if there was such a problem with Americans getting jobs, why is it that our unemployment is at one of the lowest rates in our history? Yes we need to crack down on businesses, but, again, with such low unemployment, who is going to take these crappy jobs. I agree that low skilled jobs have always been done by Americans, but they didn't usually like them. Which is why so many unions popped up and created a whole other set of problems. Workers at these jobs tried to make them more palatable and now look where we are. Again, as you can see, this is a complicated issue. Where do you get these workers in today's America with low unemployment? I certainly wasn't suggesting that Americans are too lazy to do these jobs (I've washed dishes in a restaurant myself), I'm just saying that we have better options at this time. Clearly you have no real points. You are just afraid of "invaders" and have resorted to name calling, mis-quoting, and threats. You should probably stop posting to keep from further embarassing yourself. By the way, I'm from Arizona, but you appearently have something against New Hampshire. Are there too many "invaders" there? Oooh spooky!
Joe | 08.24.08 - 9:52 am: The latest U.S. Census projection is that the U.S. population will be 439 million by 2050. They have to keep increasing their estimate because of the phenomenally high levels of both legal and illegal immigration, and also because of the high birthrates of immigrants. With this growth comes increased sprawl, longer commutes, and environmental degradation at the very least. There are many other negative effects. There is plenty of information out there at sites like Numbers USA, VDare,, etc. It doesn't make sense to try to boil down the debate on immigration to a simple question about the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate says nothing about what is happening to public schools as a result of having so many students who don't know English, for instance. There is a concept of internalized profits and externalized costs. People who profit off of immigrant labor get the profits and then pass the costs on to society, which has to pay for the education of their worker's kids, medical care, etc. Again, there is plenty of information out there, but I recommend the following, for instance, on the subject of whether we really need all of this immigrant labor: There is a fundamental flaw in your thinking. You seem to think that there is some natural economic limit on how many desperate low-wage workers a wealthy country can absorb from its poorer neighbors, but there isn't, not without turning the wealthy country into another poor country, that is. Following your logic, when does the U.S. ever stop letting in poor immigrants? When does the population ever stop growing? When will there stop being poor people outside the U.S. who are willing to come here and undercut native-born workers? Just imagine how bad things would have to get here economically, given all the benefits of living here, in order for the poor people of the Third World to stop wanting to come here. Who knows what the population will be when we reach that point?
Hal, I said it before and I'll say it again. What a coherent, well thought out argument. You make several excellent points. I absolutely agree with you that we need immegration control. I don't believe that I've suggested anything different, I've just pointed out how difficult it is to make happen. Your point about interalized profits and externeralized costs is exactly why our businesses do not want to fix the problem. Think of how much money they would lose if we cracked down. And they don't like to lose money - prices would go up. It is a complicated issue that even befuddles politicians trying to fix it. John McCain originally wrote a bill to reform immegration that suggested tougher border enforcement and a kind of amnesty for current immegrants here illegally. Then he said that he would vote against this bill, because he changed his mind on the amnesty part of it. He clearly wants to do the right thing, it is just difficult to know what that is. Also, I'm waiting for the bill that suggests tougher enforcement on business (ain't gonna happen!). Maybe if more people like you were bringing these points to light, we could really get something done about it. When other people just spread fear, spew hate and have no real points to make, it becomes impossible to have a discussion. I just want to be clear. I am not against immegration control. I don't believe that it is okay for any person or business to illegally be here or hire illegals. I don't think it is okay to break any of our laws.
Most of the American people know only too well how lousy the country has been about protecting the border. They knew McCains plan was just talk and that nothing would be done about it...except for allowing in more illegals. As history has shown the American people were and are exactly right ...which is why they so vehemently fought against that phony immigration bill laid out by Kennedy and McCain. As one can plainly see they have STILL done almost NOTHING to secure the border. Proving once again that the congress and President are a pack of LIARS.
Both BHO and his wife are affirmative action beneficiaries, Joe. Like I said, if you ever went to an elite institution (not junior college) you would know this is how the system works. I'ts not my job to educate redneck dolts like you about the realities of life in Ivy League admissions policies. BHO has ZERO accomplishments in his career. Harvard needed a token black on their board, and the law review suffered for it. Look it up for yourself. These people were given preferential treatment and yet they are still the victims of a "racist" society. If you are too stupid to realize the only reason BHO went to Harvard was because he was black, then god help you in your mental retardation. And your entire argument is centered around what you perceive as "hate" and "racism." This is straight out of some marxist-leninist dictionary and is not based on any fact. You are not in the position to tell strangers what color their skin is or what they feel, you twit. You are just using code words to tell other people what they think, which is pretty fucking arrogant. Would you "hate" me if I came over and made myself comfortable in your home? Would you consider me an invader? If not, then give me your address so I can come right over. You simply don't want to put your money where your mouth is. These people need to be deported instead of ruining our hospitals and schools. Look at what a cesspool they have turned the State of Arizona into. You want more of that, or do you just enjoy calling people haters? You operate on emotion, not intellect. Cheap labor for business is not a right. Prices may go up due to increased labor costs, but when you consider real wages have not risen in about 20 years I think a higher wages for American workers would make up for this. The current system of black market labor comprised of people not paying taxes is not acceptable. This is a nation of laws, not immigrants. There should be ZERO immigration and deportation for those here illegally. How is that for a policy? I'm not emabrassed by anything. I am a published author, and you are a nobody. You will NOT control the discourse here. If you don't like it then please leave and take your pathetic illogical touchy feely leftist politics with you. Lastly, its spelled "immigration." Get a dictionary before you accuse others of embarassing themselves.
Petty, amazingly you wish to continue to embarrass yourself. I guess that you truly believe that every black who goes to an Ivy League school has only gotten in by affirmative action. In your world, I guess that that all black people are too stupid to get in huh? I'm very glad that it is not your job to educate anyone on how admissions work, as you clearly have no clue. I'm glad that in general it is not your job to educate anyone about anything - since, again, you clearly have no clue. It's amazing how you seem to continue to believe that I am for no immigration control, despite my continued statements to the opposite. Can you just not read? How is it that this can't sink in? I completely agree that this is a nation of laws and that cheap labor is not a right (which again, you would have known if you could understand simple text). I have just been saying that it is not an easy problem to fix. Especially because our businesses don't want to fix it. Are you really so naive that you don't understand that our politicians (on both sides) pander the business in this country? As far as your squatter comments go, once again, where did you get the idea that I don't want rules and regulations? I said quite clearly: "I am not against immigration control. I don't believe that it is okay for any person or business to illegally be here or hire illegals. I don't think it is okay to break any of our laws." Maybe you will read it this time. Once again, you have chosen to argue against points that nobody has made. While just showing that you believe that no black person is smart enough to get into an Ivy League school. Why do you continue to make a fool of yourself like this? I will give you one thing. I did have a typo. I guess that was the one thing that you read. You really should let guys like Hal make the argument, he actually makes points and I've learned some things from him. Hal, you'd better hope that nobody is actually reading Petty's book. It will undermine your efforts at getting the problems fixed. I'd hate to see people like this drown out what you have to say.
Joe, newsflash: Mexicans don't just come here for "jobs." They come for the tax-payer-funded freebies. It's not a coincidence that illegal immigration exploded after the Supreme Court found a way to twist the Constitution to find a "right" for illegal alien children to have American-taxpayer financed "free" public education in Plyler vs. Doe, 1982. And it's not a coincidence that illegal immigration to California exploded after prop. 187 was overturned by a liberal court in 1995, essentially depriving American voters of the right to be represented in matters of their own taxation. Court-enforced taxpayer-funded freebies for illegals is taxation without representation.
a Reader, you are right. I'm sorry if you think that I suggested that the ONLY reason that immigrants come here is because of jobs. I never said that however. And again, I believe in and want immigration control. Have I ever said anything to the contrary? Although I see how you got there, your "taxation without representation" is clever, but a bit of a stretch. We do still get to vote and can still change our government, even if it happens too slowly at times (especially where the court is concerned). I still believe in our system of checks and balances even though it doesn't work perfectly all of the time.
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It makes it easier to remember to eat your greens if you're not paying any green, right? The Crunchy Grocer, a local, independent and organic grocer is offering free salads, and there's actually no catch!
Beth Yeaw/ThinkStock
All you have to do is go make yourself a bowl of greens at their awesome salad bar (which I have eaten from, and I totally approve), and when you go to checkout just mention you heard about the offer from this radio station. ;) The perks of being our friends and listeners.
Why are they doing this? The owner of The Crunchy Grocer, Jonas, is simply passionate about clean, toxin-free eating, and wants you to give it a try, too. Both vegan and carnivore-friendly options.
The Cruchy Grocer is open 8 a.m.- 8 p.m. and is located between Boise and Madison on Eisenhower in Loveland.
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Are women the majority in Hellfire?
In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful.
It is incorrectly claimed that women are a majority of people in Hellfire according to Islam because women are of lesser piety, worth, and value than men. However, the reason women are a majority in Hellfire is because women are the majority of humankind overall. It is further forbidden in Islam for men and women to boast to each other in this regard.
The following prophetic tradition is cited in isolation to make this claim against women:
Abu Sa’id al-Khudri reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
يَا مَعْشَرَ النِّسَاءِ تَصَدَّقْنَ فَإِنِّي أُرِيتُكُنَّ أَكْثَرَ أَهْلِ النَّارِ
O gathering of women! Give in charity, for I have seen you as a majority of people in Hellfire.
They said, “Why is that, O Messenger of Allah?” The Prophet said:
تُكْثِرْنَ اللَّعْنَ وَتَكْفُرْنَ الْعَشِيرَ مَا رَأَيْتُ مِنْ نَاقِصَاتِ عَقْلٍ وَدِينٍ أَذْهَبَ لِلُبِّ الرَّجُلِ الْحَازِمِ مِنْ إِحْدَاكُنَّ
You curse others often and you are ungrateful for your livelihood. I have not seen anyone with reductions in mind and religion more capable of removing reason from a resolute man than you.
Source: Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 298, Grade: Sahih
That the Prophet (s) saw a majority of women in the Hellfire is not indicative of their inherent propensity towards evil. Other traditions forbid men and women from boasting to each other over this claim, as if one gender were better than another.
Muhammad ibn Sirin reported: People were boasting to each other, whether men or women would be a majority in Paradise. Abu Huraira said: I heard the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, say:
إِنَّ أَوَّلَ زُمْرَةٍ تَدْخُلُ الْجَنَّةَ عَلَى صُورَةِ الْقَمَرِ لَيْلَةَ الْبَدْرِ وَالَّتِي تَلِيهَا عَلَى أَضْوَإِ كَوْكَبٍ دُرِّيٍّ فِي السَّمَاءِ لِكُلِّ امْرِئٍ مِنْهُمْ زَوْجَتَانِ اثْنَتَانِ يُرَى مُخُّ سُوقِهِمَا مِنْ وَرَاءِ اللَّحْمِ وَمَا فِي الْجَنَّةِ أَعْزَبُ
Verily, the first group to enter Paradise will have faces as bright as the full moon at night. The next group will have faces as bright as shining stars in the sky. Every man will have two wives and the marrow of their shanks would glimmer beneath their skin and there will be no one in Paradise without a wife.
Source: Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2834, Grade: Sahih
Every man will have ‘two wives’ in Paradise, who will not experience worldly jealousy as they would in this life. This has been understood by some scholars to indicate that women are the majority of humankind.
Al-Qadi ‘Iyad comments on this tradition, saying:
ظَاهِرُ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ أَنَّ النِّسَاءَ أَكْثَرُ أَهْلِ الْجَنَّةِ وَفِي الْحَدِيثِ الْآخَرِ أَنَّهُنَّ أَكْثَرُ أَهْلِ النَّارِ قَالَ فَيَخْرُجُ مِنْ مَجْمُوعِ هَذَا أَنَّ النِّسَاءَ أَكْثَرُ وَلَدِ آدَمَ
This tradition demonstrates that women are the majority of the people of Paradise, and in another tradition that they are a majority of the people of Hellfire. What can be deduced from them together is that women are the majority of the children of Adam.
Source: Sharḥ al-Nawawī ‘alá Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2834
A majority of women in Hellfire does not mean they are uniquely evil compared to men, because there are more women than men overall. This interpretation is supported by other traditions speaking about periods of time in the future, which are signs before the Day of Judgment, when women will greatly outnumber men.
وَتَكْثُرَ النِّسَاءُ وَيَقِلَّ الرِّجَالُ حَتَّى يَكُونَ لِخَمْسِينَ امْرَأَةً الْقَيِّمُ الْوَاحِدُ
There will be an abundance of women and scarcity of men such that fifty women will be maintained by a single man
Source: Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 81, Grade: Muttafaqun Alayhi
And in another narration, the Prophet said:
وَيُرَى الرَّجُلُ الْوَاحِدُ يَتْبَعُهُ أَرْبَعُونَ امْرَأَةً يَلُذْنَ بِهِ مِنْ قِلَّةِ الرِّجَالِ وَكَثْرَةِ النِّسَاءِ
A man will be seen followed by forty women seeking refuge with him due to the scarcity of men and abundance of women.
Source: Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1348, Grade: Muttafaqun Alayhi
Hence, polygyny (a man marrying up to four wives) is permissible in Islam, as it would be necessary in contexts such as this when women greatly outnumber men, although many scholars recommended that a man marry only one wife at a time under normal circumstances.
Success comes from Allah, and Allah knows best.
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I’ve seen a lot of information about supplements and nutraceuticals. How do I know what my pet needs?
Supplements, and nutraceuticals in particular, are becoming very popular with pet owners. Your veterinarian can help you weed out confusing and conflicting information and advise you on any supplements your pet might benefit from.
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Computerized Tomography, also known as a CT or CAT scan is a medical imaging device that combines the use of x-rays with computers to produce images that allow physicians to look inside a patient’s body. Unlike conventional radiographs, a CT scan can produce clear, extremely detailed pictures of the body’s internal structures. It can separate bone from muscle and fat in the part of the body being examined.
Much like a conventional radiograph, x-rays pass through the person’s body and a computer then reconstructs the information into cross-sectional images. These cross-sectional images allow the radiologist to evaluate the internal organs as though we looked at the body separated into a series of thin “slices”.
A CT or CAT scan is a noninvasive test that can help your medical provider diagnose and treat a wide variety of medical conditions. An Akumin radiologist performs and interprets the examination and relays the information in a report which is then sent and discussed with your physician. Your physician will then, in turn, discuss the report with you.
A CT scan can be helpful to examine almost any part of your body, but some of the most common conditions evaluated include injuries (trauma), cardiovascular disease, cancers, infectious diseases, and sources of pain.
Prepare For Your Appointment
Download this document for specific information on what happens during your CT exam. You can contribute a great deal to the quality and success of your imaging study by learning about the process beforehand.
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Your Brain on Drugs
January 25-31, 2016 is National Drug and Alcohol Facts week and is a great opportunity for adults to learn how to talk to their kids about drugs and for teens to learn the true dangers and risks that come with drugs. The best way to prevent teens from using or experimenting with drugs is to talk to them about the facts such as what drugs are made of, how they physically and chemically affect you, and the long-term risk of usage. Use the facts below to talk to your family and loved ones about the dangers of drugs. -All American Healthcare
It’s important to let your children make their own decisions and learn from their mistakes, but it’s more important as a parent that you communicate with your kids and instill a knowledge in them that will help them make the right decisions. Adolescents are at risk everyday of being exposed to negative influences and drug-related activities, so take action now, before it happens. Educate your children on the effects and dangers of drugs so they have a clear understanding of the risks involved.
Your Brain on Drugs
Your brain, just like the rest of your body, is full of chemicals that are used for communication. Without a proper functioning brain, you cannot have a properly functioning body. Drugs, at any level, create a chemical change in the body because drugs themselves are chemicals. Thanks to science, we can see the change in our brains caused by drug use and discover new ways to help recovering addicts and effectively respond to drug use.
Our brains are wired to reward us for healthy behaviors and activities and naturally produce “feel good” chemicals and neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine and endorphins. These are considered natural opioids. Opioid receptors in the brain help control automatic processes such as respiration, responses to outside stimuli, responses to pain or hunger, and even the understanding of action and reward. This part of our brain is considered the reward circuit. When it is kick-started, the brain realizes that something positive is happening and it stores that memory or moment.
Our brain teaches us to repeat these healthy actions without even thinking about it and rewards us with a sense of happiness and pleasure. Drugs can take over this system and create a false sense of happiness and chemically change our perspective of the environment around us. Drugs can act as natural chemicals in the brain to manipulate the process of communication. You can read more about this under Reward Circuit.
Two ways drugs work in the brain:
1. Imitating the brain’s natural chemical messengers
2. Overstimulating the “reward circuit” of the brain
Some drugs have a chemical structure that allows them to mimic the chemical messengers, or neurotransmitters, that naturally occur in our body. Marijuana and heroin are two examples of this. They are so similar to naturally occurring functions that they are able to fool our receptors; however, because they cannot work the same way as natural transmitters, firing neurons send abnormal messages throughout the brain which can cause further problems and damage to our brains and bodies.
Drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine can cause nerve cells to overstimulate; for example, they can cause neurotransmitters to release too much dopamine in the brain or prevent the normal recycling of dopamine. This can exaggerate messaged in the brain and cause confusion in communication channels. If dopamine-producing cells stop working in the brain, messaging between neurons breaks down. Drug abuse can create severe chemical imbalances in the body.
Reward Circuit
Your reward circuit responds to feelings of pleasure by releasing the neurotransmitter dopamine. Drug abuse can take control of this system. When you receive an excessive amount of dopamine you experience a sense of euphoria. When this euphoria wears off, you look for that next rush of happiness and excitement. Users will begin to built a tolerance to the drug after repeated use because the neurons in your brain will begin to reduce the number of dopamine receptors, make less dopamine, or some neurons may even die. This lack of dopamine will make users feel lifeless and depressed, often leading them to take higher doses or harder drugs.
Once you become addicted, you can no longer control your behavior and will constantly be looking for a “high.” Instead of feeling rewarded for good, healthy behavior, you brain now associated rewards with repeated drug use.
What is Addiction?
At its core, addiction is a chronic brain disease characterized by a lack of control over the use of a substance or certain behavior. Addiction is a disease that affects both the brain and behavior which causes users to compulsively seek out drugs regardless of potentially fatal consequences. For first time users, trying a drug is a personal choice. Repeated drug users experience a chemical imbalance in the brain that can change the way they think about and perceive risk vs. reward. They often make risky decisions over and over again, even if they are at risk of losing friends, family, shelter, work etc.
A person struggling with an addiction cannot move past it without help. It requires a significant change in lives, perceptions and character to recover. If someone could recover alone, it would not be an addiction.
Risk Vs. Caution
Is using drugs risky? Yes, in more ways than one. Have you noticed a trend in teens that use drugs? They tend to partake in risky or dangerous activities such as stealing money to buy drugs, driving under the influence, fighting, etc. But why? Do they not think about the short and long-term consequences like injury, jail time or possibly death? While they do consciously make their own decisions, research shows how drugs impact your brain and your ability to make risky choices.
In a recent study, researchers took pictures of the brains of two groups of teens playing a game. One group of teens had substance use or other behavioral problems while the second group did not. In the game, the each group would face a series of choices which would either be a cautious behavior or a risky one.
Each group began the game with $5.00. If you chose a cautious behavior, you would earn one cent. If you chose a risk behavior, you would either win five cents or lose ten cents. Risky decisions allowed you to win big or lose bigger. Additionally, the chances of winning declines over the course of the game, so if teens kept making risky choices, they would eventually lose all of their money.
Brain scans showed the amount of brain activity happening in each teen’s brain while they were making decisions and showed which parts of the brain were most active during the decision making process.
Results showed that teens without substance use problems had more brain activity than the brains of teens with substance use. This result was consistent with both risky and cautious behaviors. Those without substance problems appeared to have “busier brains” when making decisions. This could help explain why substance-using teens tend to take more risks. They don’t think as much about the possible consequences.
Talk to your family today about the effects of drugs on your brain. Help them gain a deeper knowledge on the subject so they will think twice when facing the choice on their own.
Learn more about the risks of abusing drugs.
• Learn how to recognize and respond to an opioid overdose.
• Get help for substance abuse problems: 1-800-662-HELP.
Sources:, National Institute of Health, The Heroin Project
Your Brain on Drugs
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How to determine the directory your Java application was started in (user.dir)
If you ever need to determine what directory your Java code is being run from (essentially the current working directory), you can get this information from the system properties, specifically the System.getProperty or System.getProperties methods.
The following line of Java code shows how to determine what directory your Java application was started in. This information is stored in the user.dir system property, which you access like this:
String userDir = System.getProperty("user.dir");
I needed to do this while running my project in Eclipse, because for some reason I wasn't able to open up a file using a relative path. When I ran that line of code and printed out the result, it showed this output:
USER.DIR = C:\Work\CVSProjects\MyFooProject
(where the name of my project has been changed)
Knowing your current working directory can be valuable in a number of circumstances, not the least of which was trying to debug my particular problem.
Finally, here's a link that will help you find much more information about all the system properties and environment variables you can access from your Java code.
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An Examination of Augustine’s Commentaries on Genesis One and Their Implications on a Modern Theological Controversy
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Few individuals in church history are as popular as Augustine of Hippo. His impressive body of work on diverse subjects, combined with his tremendous influence on Roman Catholics and Protestants, have led believers to imbue Augustine’s writings with great authority. Consequently, he is frequently cited by those seeking support for their particular position on theological matters. This practice is especially observed in the creation versus evolution and age of the earth debates. Young-earth creationists, theistic evolutionists, old-earth creationists, and intelligent design proponents have each claimed Augustine as one of their own and each of these scholars has provided quotations of Augustine which seem to support their view. The famous church father wrote four separate commentaries on the first chapter of Genesis. This paper surveys these works and demonstrates that Augustine was not concerned with the modern controversy. Nevertheless, his purpose for writing each commentary and the varying hermeneutic throughout these works has led to the confusion that exists concerning his beliefs. Modern participants in the age of the earth debate can gain remarkable insight from these commentaries. Biblical creationists have repeatedly warned about the dangers of allegorizing narrative passages and reinterpreting the text based on the science of the day. Since these two practices are exemplified in Augustine’s writings on Genesis, readers will see why the literal historical-grammatical hermeneutic protects one from making egregious interpretive errors.
Keywords: Augustine, Confessions, church fathers, Irenaeus, Lactantius, young-earth creationism, intelligent design, old-earth creationism, theistic evolution, allegory, Manichaeism, neo-Platonism
When the plain sense of Scripture makes common sense, seek no other sense, lest you make nonsense (Cooper 1970, p. 11). This common refrain, sometimes called the “Golden Rule of Interpretation,” was often practiced by St. Augustine. However, Augustine often sought another sense and this fluctuating hermeneutic has resulted in confusion over exactly what he really believed on some subjects. This is especially significant because of his tremendous influence over centuries of scholars from theologically diverse backgrounds. It is not uncommon to see scholars on opposite sides of a controversial subject cite him in support of their view.
Augustine’s varying hermeneutical approach is easily noticeable in his commentaries on the Book of Genesis. His interpretive schemes set forth in these volumes have been variously labeled as literal,1allegorical, (Clough 2001, pp. 39–40) spiritual, (Dockery 1992, p. 23) figurative, (Lavallee 1989, p. 458) and figural (Ellingsen 2005, pp. 27–28). Augustine’s influence, combined with the diverse understandings of his writings, has contributed to the confusion in the modern church on many key subjects found in Genesis 1.
The modern debate over the Scripture’s teaching on the age of the earth is one of the hottest controversies in the church today. It is surprising that Augustine has been cited as a supporter of each of the views in this contest. This is largely due to a failure to recognize Augustine’s context and his purpose for writing what he did. However, his diverse teachings on these early chapters have not always helped matters. Because he is so greatly respected and frequently cited his work has infused confusion into an already misunderstood debate.
This paper will offer an examination of Augustine’s four commentaries on the book of Genesis. It will be demonstrated that the vast majority of his observations in these books have little bearing on the modern dispute because he was focused on entirely different issues. Nevertheless, even though he was not concerned with the modern contest, one of his hermeneutical practices set forth in these commentaries has contributed to the ongoing dispute.
Augustine’s Writings on Genesis
St. Augustine paid special attention to the book of Genesis. He wrote three commentaries on the book: On Genesis: A Refutation of the Manichees, The Unfinished Literal Commentary on Genesis, and The Literal Meaning of Genesis. He also committed the final three books of his Confessions to Genesis as well as Book XI in his magnum opus, The City of God. Michael Fiedrowicz revealed that Augustine also dealt with the subject of creation in many of his other works, including Answer to an Enemy of the Law and the Prophets, Faith and the Creed, and Answer to Julian (Fiedrowicz 2002, p. 14). His three commentaries and his books on Genesis included in The Confessions will be examined in detail.
Augustine placed tremendous emphasis in the ability of the creation account to refute many of the false views of his day. At the risk of stating the obvious, it must be mentioned that if the Genesis creation account is true, then any view which contradicts it is necessarily false. Moreover, the study of origins is foundational to any belief system. If one’s foundation is demonstrated to be flawed, then his beliefs cannot stand. This points up the wisdom which Augustine displayed in utilizing the Bible’s first book in his apologetic approach.
The desire to defend the faith also played a large part in Augustine’s focus on Genesis. Like today, opponents of Christianity regularly attacked the Bible’s opening chapters and he felt the need to defend their accuracy and historicity. For example, in his commentary against the Manichees, he not only refuted the foundational beliefs of Manichaeism, but did so in a manner in which both scholar and layman could understand. He began his commentary by explaining that he had been advised
not to turn [his] back on the usual common way of talking, if [he] had it in mind to purge from the spirits of less educated people also such pernicious errors as these (Augustine 2002a, I.1.1).
Augustine could have easily written at the scholarly level, but this approach illustrated his pastoral concern for his fellow believers.2 His work on the Trinity revealed his erudition, but this work revealed his desire to communicate to the layman who is at the greatest risk of being deceived.
Augustine’s Hermeneutics in the Genesis Commentaries
It has already been mentioned that Augustine changed his hermeneutical approach in his Genesis commentaries. It is important to examine his reasons for doing this. Augustine relied heavily on an allegorical hermeneutic in his first commentary. He explained that he
did not dare expound in their literal meaning such great mysteries of the natural order, that is to say, how what is said there can be taken as strictly historical (Augustine 2010, I.18).
As a former Manichee, Augustine had believed a literal interpretation of the text led to ridiculous ideas about God. This will be explained in the next section. However, Ambrose’s spiritual interpretation of the text convinced Augustine that Genesis could be accepted as long as one interpreted it allegorically.
Five years after completing his first commentary, Augustine tried his hand at a literal commentary. He never finished this commentary, but would spend 15 years working on a second literal commentary. The concept of a literal interpretation is rather imprecise, as people understand this idea differently. As typically understood by conservative evangelicals, a literal interpretation of Scripture seeks the plain meaning of the text as if it was written in everyday language. As such, one recognizes the use of various figures of speech and is careful to interpret them accordingly. For Augustine, a literal interpretation was occasionally different. As Williams noted, Augustine considered his hermeneutic to be literal because he read the creation story as a creation story, rather than a story about the church or individual salvation (Williams 2001, p. 62). This understanding allowed him to spiritualize passages as long as the overall subject was not altered.
Augustine also differentiated between what he believed was a literal interpretation and what might be called a hyper-literal interpretation, which was practiced by the Manichees. A hyper-literal interpretation takes everything in a strictly literal fashion. For example, a person interpreting this way would believe that Jesus taught He was a physical door when he claimed, “I am the door” (John 10:9). At this point in his life, Augustine showed little patience for these individuals.3 While discussing the shape of the earth and providing an allegorical interpretation of Psalm 104:2, he wrote that
. . . to satisfy the tiresome people who persist in demanding a literal explanation I will say what in my opinion should be obvious to anyone of sense (Augustine 2002b, II.22).4
He followed this remark by explaining that a skin can literally be stretched around a rounded surface, such as a dome, or across a flat plane. Consequently, he thought it was possible to make sense of the passage through both an allegorical and a literal approach.
Before investigating the four commentaries, it must be noted that Augustine was commenting on the Vetus Latina, the Old Latin text of the Bible, which would soon be replaced by Jerome’s Vulgate. This translation was based on the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament. Since the Vetus Latina was a translation of a translation and was somewhat unreliable, Augustine occasionally struggled to make sense of a passage which was inaccurately rendered. If a modern critical text was available to him, his commentaries would have been less problematic. Each commentary surveyed will contain a brief discussion of the problems caused by the Old Latin Bible.
On Genesis: A Refutation of the Manichees
Augustine’s first commentary on Genesis was written with the specific goal of refuting Manichaeism and its assaults on the early chapters of the book. Concerning this commentary, Augustine would later write in his Revisions,
It is true, of course, that I had had the Manichees in mind in those earlier books, in whatever arguments I used in order to show that God is supremely good and unchangeable, and yet the creator of all changeable natures, and that no nature or substance is evil precisely as a nature of substance (Augustine 2010, I.10.1).
Despite the Christian training of his youth, by the age of 19, Augustine was persuaded against Christianity by Manichean arguments, which were often focused on Genesis 1 (Augustine 2002, I.2.3). He soon became a member of the sect but later began to have doubts about Manichean claims and came under the influence of Neo-Platonism. St. Ambrose’s spiritual interpretations of the text eventually convinced Augustine of the reliability of the biblical account. Realizing Manichaeism and Neo-Platonism did not provide the answers which he sought, Augustine converted to Christianity and set out to critique his former beliefs which were a threat to other believers in Hippo (Fiedrowicz 2002, p. 105).
Manichean beliefs
Like many of today’s cults, Manichaeism accepted parts of Scripture and rejected other sections. They held the Apostle Paul in high esteem (O’Meara 1954, p. 63) yet criticized Genesis. This was due to several reasons. First, they held to a rigidly literal interpretation of the book which would not allow for figures of speech, such as anthropomorphisms. To claim that God spoke would be absurd to the Manichee because God is spirit and a spirit does not have a mouth with which he could speak. Since the Bible repeatedly utilized this type of anthropomorphism, the Manichees found numerous reasons to criticize it and their criticisms eventually impacted the young Augustine who was struggling to develop a reasonable understanding of Scripture.
Second, they believed the God of Scripture possessed some unattractive qualities. He favored one group of people over others. He commanded His chosen people to circumcise every male. He created poisonous animals and allowed all sorts of evil to occur in the world (O’Meara 1954, p. 66).
Finally, Genesis contradicted their rather elaborate cosmogony and theodicy. The Manichees held to a form of universal dualism. They believed that the Principle of Good and the Principle of Evil existed eternally and were diametrically opposed to each other. Man and the rest of creation are results of conflict between these two Principles. From this foundation, the Manichees developed a convoluted angelology and anthropology (O’Meara 1954, pp. 68–70). In contradistinction to these beliefs, the Bible explains that only the perfectly good God is eternal and evil is a result of the free choices made by His creatures.
The commentary
He began his first commentary by elucidating the issues advanced by the Manicheans and why a study of Genesis 1 would refute their claims. After a brief introduction he began to explain the text of the first three chapters. Due to space limitations, this paper cannot adequately review all of Augustine’s comments, but will highlight some selected portions to demonstrate the development of his thought over the years.
His first concern was to answer the Manichean charge about God creating “In the beginning.” Similar to many skeptics today, the Manichee would ask what God was doing during the time before He created the world. Augustine’s answer was that God not only created the world, but He also created time itself (Augustine 2002a, I.2.3). His answer makes good sense since it would not have been “the beginning” if time had existed prior to God’s creating it. Dr. Geisler explained,
The world did not begin in time—the world was the beginning of time. Time did not exist before creation and then at some moment in time God created the world. Again, it was not a creation in time, but a creation of time (Geisler 2003, p. 433).
Augustine moves through the verses of the hexaemeron5 explaining what God created on each of the days. At times, he interprets the passages in their literal sense. For example, the creation of fruit trees on Day Three is discussed in a straightforward manner, although he goes on to wonder when God created the non-fruit bearing trees. He makes a spiritual application from this musing by claiming that the barren trees were created to make man
understand how they should blush for shame at lacking the fruit of good works in the field of God, that is, in the Church . . . (Augustine 2002a, I.13.19).
This should not be understood as an allegorical interpretation because he believed God truly created the fruit-bearing trees.
Despite his occasional foray into more of a literal hermeneutic, the majority of Genesis 1 is interpreted in allegorical fashion. Augustine offered two allegorical interpretations of the meaning of the six days. First, he sees the creation days as representing the six ages of the world. He did not follow the example of other Church fathers6 who believed each day was a normal-length day but symbolically represented a millennium, but cited the beginning and end of each age. For example, the first age stretched from Adam to Noah and the second from Noah to Abraham (Augustine 2002a, I.23.35–41). He also gave a more personal allegorical interpretation in which each of the days corresponds to a specific developmental period of each person’s life (Augustine 2002a, I.25.43).
Perhaps the wisest statement in this commentary is found in a discussion about the number of animals God created. He stated that the Manichees often asked why God created so many animals that are unnecessary for human beings. In response, the animals are classified into three groups: those that are useful for man, pernicious, or superfluous. Ultimately, Augustine proclaims,
I, however, must confess that I have not the slightest idea why mice and frogs were created, and flies and worms; yet I can still see that they are all beautiful in their own specific kind, although because of our sins many of them seem to be against our interests . . . . If these insufferably talkative and wrongheaded people [the Manichees] would just stop to think about this for a moment, they wouldn’t go on boring us to death, but by reflecting themselves on all such beauties from the highest to the lowest would in all cases praise God the craftsman; and since none of these things is offensive to reason, then wherever our carnal senses are offended, they would put it down to what is due to our mortality, not to anything wrong with the things themselves (Augustine 2002a, I.26).
Augustine admits there are instances which are beyond his understanding. This may seem like a foolish thing to admit in the course of a debate, but it displays his acknowledgment that God’s ways are higher than man’s ways (Isaiah 55:9).
Concluding remarks concerning On Genesis
Augustine was destined to make some errors due to his reliance upon the Vetus Latina. He spent ten paragraphs attempting to explain that the “greenery and the fodder of the field” of Genesis 2:5 somehow symbolized the creation of the human soul (Augustine 2002a, II3.4–6.7). Apparently, this version translated verse 5 as stating,
when the day had been made on which God made heaven and earth, and all the greenery of the field before it was upon the earth, and all the fodder of the field before it sprouted.
Modern translations have corrected the text to indicate that the “plant of the field” and the “herb of the field” had not yet grown because it had not rained and there was no man to till the ground. The problem is that Augustine tries to expound on the creation of something that Scripture clearly states was not in existence yet.7 Another example of this is found in Genesis 1:2. Augustine’s version stated that the earth was “invisible and shapeless” (Augustine 2002a, I.3.5) rather than the modern “without form and void.” Once again, Augustine is forced to explain something that would not be an issue if he had an accurate translation.
He also quoted freely from books which Protestants deem to be apocryphal works, such as Wisdom of Solomon and Sirach. Although he would continue to cite these books in his later commentaries, he modified his view of their authority. He explained that he did not think it was right to ascribe the words of Sirach 10:9 to a prophet as he had done earlier since “they are not found in a book by an author we are absolutely certain should be called a prophet” (Augustine 2010, I.10.3).
His tone might surprise the modern reader because of the harsh language used to describe his opponents. For example, he called them “irreligious wretches” (Augustine 2002a, II.2.3) and claimed that “nothing was more manifestly foreshadowed in that serpent [Satan] than [the Manichees]” (Augustine 2002a, II.25.38). Augustine had little patience for Manichean beliefs and he certainly made it clear that he was no longer a member of that heretical sect. Overall, his first commentary provides invaluable information about his early years as a believer and some outstanding critiques of the Manichean cult.
The Unfinished Literal Commentary on Genesis
Approximately five years after publishing his work against Manichaeism, Augustine attempted a second commentary on the book of Genesis. Although they are not mentioned by name in the commentary, the Manichees were occasionally in Augustine’s sights. He now believed that a literal interpretation of Genesis was feasible, in addition to the allegorical hermeneutic of his first work. This aptly titled work is called the Unfinished Literal Commentary on Genesis because he started but never finished the work. He stopped after reaching the twenty-sixth verse of the first chapter. In his Revisions he added a few more paragraphs (Fiedrowicz 2002, p. 106) and then stopped. As such, his mature views on the subject would not be published until his comprehensive literal commentary.
Following some introductory remarks, Augustine began his unfinished commentary by expounding on four hermeneutical styles that had been practiced in his day: the way of history, the way of allegory, the way of analogy, and the way of aetiology. He explained,
The title of the work may suggest that Augustine sought out a strictly literal interpretation of the book over against the other three methods. However, he still resorts to the other styles at times and even warned against making confident claims about one’s interpretation. Concerning the interpretation of Genesis 1:7,
he wrote,
You may choose whichever you prefer; only avoid asserting anything rashly, and something you don’t know as if you did; and remember you are just a human being investigating the works of God to the extent you are permitted to do so (Augustine 2002c, 9).
The commentary proceeds in a fairly literal fashion except for the times in which he attempts to deal with the creation of light on the first day and the creation of the heavenly bodies on the fourth day. He wonders how it is possible that the heavenly bodies of the fourth day could have been given to mark days since three days had already passed (Augustine 2002c, 12.36). After giving consideration to a straightforward understanding—that days one through three were marked by the light created on Day One and that days four and following were marked by the heavenly bodies—Augustine opted for a timeless creation of all things. He stated,
So then, although it is without any stretch of time being involved that God makes things, having ‘the power to act available to him whenever he will,’ (Wisdom of Solomon 12:18) all the same the time-bound natures made by him go through their temporal movements in time (Augustine 2002c, 7.28).
Once again, the Vetus Latina caused him to reject a literal understanding of a particular passage. When discussing the creation of the flying and swimming creatures of the fifth day, Augustine could not imagine that a fish or bird could conceive, carry in the womb, and give birth before the evening of the fifth day arrived (Augustine 2002c, 51). The problem is that the text does not say that they did conceive, carry, and give birth before the end of the day. It merely mentions that God created the fish and birds on this day and that He had “programmed” them to perform these reproductive activities during their lifetimes. Yet, the Old Latin text is a bit ambiguous and seems to suggest that they performed these duties prior to the end of the fifth day.
The Unfinished Commentary may be the least important of Augustine’s commentaries on Genesis for several reasons. First, it remained unfinished and he would seek to improve upon it in his final literal commentary on the book. Second, it does not hold the rich apologetic content that his commentary against the Manichees regularly exhibited. Thirdly, it has not been as well-read as the commentary included in his Confessions. Finally, much of the material is repeated in The Literal Meaning of Genesis. Despite these facts, the unfinished commentary provides a glimpse into Augustine’s spiritual and mental development in his early years as a priest prior to becoming the famed Bishop of Hippo. It also reveals his newfound belief that Genesis could be understood in a literal fashion.
The Genesis Commentary from The Confessions
Perhaps Augustine’s best-known commentary on Genesis is found in his popular collection of books entitled The Confessions. The final three books in this work are often considered to be a commentary, although this may be an inaccurate term for what Augustine has written. After describing his journey to the Christian faith for the first nine books and a book on memory, he added three books on Genesis. It seems that his goal was not to provide an actual commentary, but to use the passages about the creation of the world in a way in which he could elucidate the changes God had wrought in his own life. Thus, after moving toward a more literal hermeneutic in his unfinished commentary, Augustine returns to a nearly full-fledged allegorical style in The Confessions.
This work was composed soon after Augustine became the Bishop of Hippo. Having been unable to complete his first literal commentary on Genesis, the newly-ordained bishop wrote at length to justify his return to an allegorical stance. The majority of Book XII consists of arguments designed to refute those who may disagree with his particular interpretation. Augustine does not claim infallibility for his own interpretation.8 Instead, nearly the opposite is true. He argued that any number of interpretations may be acceptable. In concluding this extended argument, Augustine wrote,
Accordingly when anyone claims, “He meant what I say,” and another retorts, “No, rather what I find there,” I think that I will be answering in a more religious spirit if I say, Why not both, if both are true? And if there is a third possibility, and a fourth, and if someone else sees an entirely different meaning in these words, why should we not think that he was aware of all of them, since it was through him that the one God carefully tempered his sacred writings to meet the minds of many people, who would see different things in them, and all true (Augustine 1997, XII.31.42).
Augustine would probably have never allowed for such variety of interpretation when it came to other key doctrines of the faith, such as the virgin birth, crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Certainly, these doctrines are more important to one’s salvation, but the problem is the same. If one can allegorize or spiritualize a narrative passage, what hermeneutical principle forbids him to do the same with the passages on which salvific doctrines are based? If one arbitrarily chooses which passages are to be interpreted literally and which are allegorical, then the Bible can be made to say just about anything. This is not what Augustine advocated, yet, when it came to Genesis one, Augustine allowed for the possible truthfulness of “entirely different meanings” to come from the same text.
This difficulty stems from his commitment to charity being the highest ideal in exegesis. In On Christian Teaching, he wrote,
Whoever thinks he had understood the divine scriptures or any part of them in such a way that his understanding does not build up the twin love of God and neighbor has not yet understood them at all (Augustine 1996, I.36.40).
Echoing that statement is the following from Confessions,
. . . consider how foolish it is rashly to assert that Moses intended one particular meaning rather than any of the others. If we engage in hurtful strife as we attempt to expound his words, we offend against the very charity for the sake of which he said all those things (Augustine 1997, XII.35).
Thomas Williams declared that Augustine’s commitment to this principle was so strong that “even misreadings of Scripture are scarcely objectionable if they build up charity” (Williams 2001, p. 68).
Following his excursus on time, Book XII marked the beginning of his exegetical study of the Bible’s first chapter. Once again, his philosophical presuppositions and the Vetus Latina would hinder him from properly exegeting the passage. Because of his Neo-Platonic leanings, (Dengerink 1976, p. 33) Augustine believed that God created all things instantaneously in their potential forms or “predispositions” (Fiedrowicz 2002, p. 153). All of creation would eventually develop from this seed form over the course of time.9 This assumption, along with the poor translation of verse 2, caused him to argue that time did not exist yet while the earth was “invisible and unorganized.”
In the final book of The Confessions, Augustine began with some musings on why God created the world and its creatures. He rules out the possibility that God created these things because they were deserving of being created (Augustine 1997, XIII.3.4). and the notion that God was lacking something until He created (Augustine 1997, XIII.4.5). He also offered some thoughts on the Trinity, especially the Holy Spirit.
Augustine’s final comments in this commentary were reserved for a discussion of the hexaemeron. Although he believed these events are truly historical, his discussion of the six days is predominantly allegorical, with the lone exception of the creation of mankind. The African father seems to have always interpreted man’s creation in a more literal sense. Following is a list of his allegorical interpretation of the Creation Week.
The light of Day One represents the enlightenment a soul receives which leads him to seek after God. The expanse, or “vault” (Augustine 1997, XIII.15.16) as he called it, of Day Two symbolizes the word of God in that just as the sky is stretched out to declare God’s truth to the world, so is God’s word stretched out on skins when a scroll is opened. The dry land of the third day represents those who hunger and thirst for God while the sea represents the masses of individuals who do not seek the Lord. The sun, moon, and stars of the fourth day are the various ways in which God communicates His message to mankind. The stars are likened to the gifts of the Spirit given to individuals, while the sun and moon shine brighter and represent the meatier teachings of God’s word which babes in the faith cannot handle. The swimming creatures of the fifth day symbolize God’s holy signs upon the earth while the flying creatures “represent the voice of [God’s] messengers” (Augustine 1997, XIII.20.26). The land animals of the sixth day are said to be true believers who no longer crawl or swim in the depths of the sea. These are living souls that have been regenerated and no longer need baptism as they once did while sunk beneath the waters.10
He regarded the creation of man in God’s image as literally true, yet he could not bring himself to do the same with the other verses about man. When God told man to be fruitful and multiply (Genesis 1:28), Augustine uses an argument from silence to claim that it should be interpreted figuratively.11 Instead of physical reproduction, he believes this verse refers to the human ability to learn and pass on what one has learned to others (Augustine 1997, XIII.37).
The Confessions is an outstanding resource for learning about Augustine’s personal journey to the faith. In particular, this writing on Genesis magnifies his appreciation of the Lord who created new life in him in what he believed was a similar fashion to the way He created the world. However, since his goal was to use the hexaemeron as an allegory for his own journey to the faith, it has very little bearing, if any, on the modern debate over the correct interpretation of this chapter. His subjective interpretation and lengthy argument for multiple interpretations ultimately suggest that each reader can decide for himself what the text means as long as his interpretation does not contradict other teachings of Scripture (Augustine 1997, XII.18.27).
The Literal Meaning of Genesis
Augustine’s final commentary on Genesis was undoubtedly his most concerted effort as it was written over a fifteen year period. His commentary against the Manichees and the commentary in his Confessions were based on allegorical interpretations. Since he had not finished his earlier literal commentary, he set out to demonstrate that the first three chapters of Genesis could be understood in a literal sense, as he defined it.
This commentary is particularly important for many reasons and, as such, it requires much more attention than the others. Since it was his final commentary, it represents Augustine’s most mature understanding of these chapters. Also, he had a broader scope than the allegorical commentaries since was not focused merely on refuting one heretical view or showing how the creation account symbolized his own testimony. Third, it is by far the longest of the commentaries. In fact, it is longer than his first three commentaries combined. Fourth, he sought to offer a “proper assessment of what actually happened” (Augustine 2010, 11.24). Finally, Augustine shared his beliefs on the proper relationship of science, reason, and faith. These final two reasons have direct relevance to the modern controversy in the Church over the Bible’s teaching concerning the age of the earth.
Augustine’s Perspective on Faith and Science
One of the major problems Augustine faced in his literal commentaries is that he attempted to reconcile a straightforward reading of the text with the scientific understanding of his day. He devoted a considerable amount of space in laying out his perspective on the relationship between faith and science. In the first book of his final commentary, Augustine warned believers not to make bold assertions on matters in which they were not skilled.
There is knowledge to be had, after all, about the earth, about the sky, about the other elements of the world, about the movements and revolutions or even the magnitude and distances of the constellations, about the predictable eclipses of moon and sun, about the cycles of years and seasons, about the nature of animals, fruits, stones, and everything else of this kind. And it frequently happens that even non-Christians will have knowledge of this sort in a way that they can substantiate with scientific arguments or experiments. Now it is quite disgraceful and disastrous, something to be on one’s guard against at all costs, that they should ever hear Christians spouting what they claim our Christian literature has to say on these topics, and talking such nonsense that they can scarcely contain their laughter when they see them to be toto caelo,12 as the saying goes, wide of the mark. And what is so vexing is not that misguided people should be laughed at, as that our authors should be assumed by outsiders to have held such views and, to the great detriment of those about whose salvation we are so concerned, should be written off and consigned to the waste paper basket as so many ignoramuses (Augustine 2002b, I.39).
Augustine was concerned that Christians might make fools of themselves by confidently declaring that Scripture taught something that was proven incorrect by the sciences. He felt that this type of activity would lead to a mockery of the faith by those who needed to be evangelized.
This concern is well-intentioned but he seemingly failed to notice the potential danger it could have on one’s hermeneutic. That is, if scientific consensus disagrees with the properly exegeted findings of Scripture, then one should either remain silent or modify one’s exegesis to match the science.13 This is not what Augustine had in mind, but his quote has been used to support this notion.14
Based on this quote, one might think Augustine believed that science trumped biblical teachings, but he did not. Instead, he placed Scripture on a higher level of authority. Only three paragraphs after the above quotation, he wrote:
Some of the weaker brothers and sisters, however, are in danger of going astray more seriously when they hear these godless people holding forth expertly and fluently on the “music of the spheres,” or on any questions you care to mention about the elements of this cosmos. They wilt and lose heart . . . and can scarcely bring themselves to touch the volumes [Scripture] they should be devouring with delight . . . [because] they have no time to be still (Psalm 46:11), and to see how sweet the Lord is (Psalm 34:8). And that is why they are too lazy to use the authority they have received from the Lord . . . . (Augustine 2002b, I.20.24).
Augustine firmly believed that true science and the true interpretation of Scripture would agree in every detail. However, rather than following his own advice in this comment, Augustine frequently rejected the plain interpretation of Scripture because he was committed to particular philosophical and scientific beliefs, many of which have now been invalidated. Several examples of this will be cited later.
Review of The Literal Meaning of Genesis
Augustine’s goal in the commentary was to demonstrate that the first three chapters of Genesis could be understood in their literal sense, as he defined it. The first three books are dedicated to discussing the first chapter of Genesis. The next six books deal with the second chapter of Genesis and the creation of angels and man’s soul. Books ten and eleven focus on Genesis 3 and the final book discusses various concepts about paradise.
Since this paper is designed to examine his comments on the hexaemeron, the following study will only cover the first three books in this commentary. In the first book, he discussed many of the same issues covered in his Unfinished Literal Commentary on Genesis. He wondered how God could have spoken words in a shapeless universe and when God did this. Was it in time or in eternity past? He mused about the nature of light on the first and fourth days and even argued that the Trinity is slightly revealed in the first few verses. He wanted to know why God said certain phrases in some instances but not others. For example, he sought an answer as to why God did not “see that it was good” in verse 2, but He did “see that it was good” after creating the light. His solution was that there was nothing to see because the initial creation mentioned in verses one and two were only of formless and invisible matter (Augustine 2002b, I.28).15
In the second book, he dealt with the second, third, and fourth days of creation. Here he dives into many of the scientific issues with which he was concerned. He wrote a lengthy essay on the nature of the elements as they were understood during his time. Although the modern scientist would be unimpressed with many of his ideas, the arguments presented in this section demonstrate his keen mind and his desire to understand both God’s word and God’s world. He developed another argument for the Trinity being involved in these particular days of creation.
Once again, Augustine revealed his apologetic and pastoral interests as he introduced numerous questions that apparently were common in his day. One of these questions concerns the phase in which the moon was created. He presented the cases for the full moon and new moon positions, but concluded that he stood “in the middle between these two opinions, asserting neither of them, but definitely saying that whether God made the moon at its first phase or at the full, he made it perfect” (Augustine 2002b, II.15.30). He also addressed the question as to whether or not the luminaries of heaven were living beings. He remained undecided on the issue because he believed Scripture was silent concerning the subject (Augustine 2002b, II.18.38).
Perhaps his strongest arguments are found near the end of the second book. Just as it is in modern times, astrology was very popular in his day. Augustine logically refuted this practice and strongly warned anyone about the dangers of getting involved in it. To refute astrology, he pointed out that twins are conceived and born at the same time and yet so often their lives are completely different. The problem is that an astrologist would predict similar lives for the twins because their lives would have been directed by the stars based on the time of their births (Augustine 2002b, II.17.35). He used Jacob and Esau as examples since Jacob was holding Esau’s foot as they were delivered. He reasoned that there was surely no alteration in the stars during the moment of their birth that would modify their respective destinies so drastically. He concluded that astrology was the work of deceiving spirits, which accounted for the astrologers’ ability to occasionally make accurate predictions. After all, demons are extremely intelligent, have lived for a long time, and have learned some things from the holy angels. So they are capable of making well-educated guesses about the future, and sometimes have the ability to bring these things to pass (Augustine 2002b, II.37).
The third book focuses on the fifth and sixth days of the Creation Week. The fact that Augustine wrote so much on the creation of man in God’s image may lead one to believe this chapter would heavily emphasize man’s creation. However, he wrote very little about man’s creation here because he saved that topic for his commentary on the second chapter of Genesis.16 He wrote,
There will be more fruitful passages time and again later on for a more thorough reflection on the nature of man . . . I must briefly insist . . . that the following point [concerning the phrase, “Let Us make man . . . ”] is not to be passed over lightly (Augustine 2002b, III,19.29).
Instead, Augustine focused on the creation of the animal kingdom and answering some of the many questions surrounding its formation.
Much of this book is devoted to explaining why God created animals from the elements of water and earth. If a better translation of this chapter was available to him Augustine’s commentary would probably have been significantly different. In translating Genesis 1:20,
the Vetus Latina stated, “Let the waters produce reptiles of live souls and flying things over the earth along the solid structure of heaven.” Modern critical texts do not attribute the creation of swimming and flying creatures to the water, but that the creatures would abound in the waters.The Hebrew יִשְׁרְצוּ הַמַּיִם שֶׁרֶץ נֶפֶשׁ חיָּה is transliterated as yishretsu hamayim sherets nephesh chayyah, meaning “let them swarm the waters swarm with living creatures.”17 The Vulgate translates the last three words as reptile animae viventis. This error is likely due to a mistranslation in the Septuagint, which states that waters brought forth ερπετα (erpeta), which refers to a quadruped creature. This is translated from the Hebrew word שֶׁרֶץ (sherets), which can refer to aquatic swarming things or to small reptiles or quadrupeds. As a result of this mistranslation, Augustine spends approximately one-fourth of the book explaining why flying creatures are rightly said to have been created from the waters and why fish are called “reptiles of live souls.”18
Similar to the first two books in this commentary, Augustine frequently wondered why the chapter states what it does. He wanted to know why the blessing to man to be fruitful and multiply was also given to the fish and birds, but not land animals (Augustine 2002b, III.13.21). He speculated as to whether or not insects were made during the Creation Week or if the perishable material things from which they allegedly sprang contained them in seed form (Augustine 2002b, III.14.22–23). He sought an answer as to when plants with thorns and thistles, as well as non-fruit bearing trees were created.19 The book concludes with a discussion of why God did not say that the creation of man was good as He said about many of the other things He created. Augustine’s answer is that perhaps the lacking of the oft-repeated phrase is due to a foreshadowing of man’s fall, which was soon to follow.
The Literal Meaning of Genesis offers an incredible amount of insight into Augustine’s beliefs about the origin of the world and his understanding of the Bible’s first chapter. It is also possible to discover many of the questions people asked about Genesis during his time. Finally, this commentary reveals a great deal of Augustine’s attempts to reconcile the words of Scripture with the scientific understanding of his day. It is this point that must be examined in some detail because his archaic beliefs often led him to an improper interpretation. Ultimately, this problem can be blamed on his hermeneutic of allowing prevailing scientific and philosophical beliefs to override the clear words of Scripture.
Critique of The Literal Meaning of Genesis
The greatest obstacle facing Augustine in his attempts to exegete the first chapter of Genesis was his a priori acceptance of an instantaneous or timeless creation.20 This interpretation cannot be found in the text, but is almost certainly due to his Neo-Platonist leanings.21 Instead, the text clearly demonstrates that God spaced the time of creation over a period of six days. Genesis 1 is clear that God created everything over the course of six consecutive normal-length days. This truth is repeated in Exodus 20:11 and Exodus 31:17–18. A simple study of the creation order reveals the chronological progression of the creation account as each of the days after the first one depend upon the completed action of an earlier day. The waters made on the first day were divided on the second. The waters were gathered together in one place on the third day while dry land appeared and vegetation was created on it. The sun, moon, and stars of the fourth day were placed in the expanse created on the second day. The swimming creatures of the fifth day were created in the waters, while the flying creatures flew on the face of the expanse of the second day and multiplied on the land of the third day. The land animals lived on the land and ate the vegetation of the third day. Finally, mankind was created and given dominion over all these things (Chaffey 2008, p. 51). Rather than recognizing the necessity of a progression of time, his a priori commitment to a timeless creation caused him to search for non-literal elements in the text.
The Vetus Latina once again led him to believe that when God began creating the world it was shapeless and invisible rather than simply being unfinished.22 With this in mind, Augustine speculated about how God could have spoken words, such as “Let there be light” (Genesis 1:3). He reasoned that since the matter was shapeless and invisible then it would have been impossible for a sound to have actually been made. Consequently, the statement “Let there be light” could not have been made in time, but in eternity, and it could not have literally referred to the creation of light, but of intelligent life (Augustine 2002b, I.17). These errors led him to spiritualize the creation of the sun, moon, and stars on the fourth day (Augustine 2002b, II.23). This complicated reasoning could have easily been avoided if he would have accepted a progression of time during the creation rather than clinging to an instantaneous creation.
Instead of making definite statements about the text, he often asked questions that came to his mind and then sought out the answers. In the process of answering his own questions, he made numerous errors based on the science of his day. He accepted geocentricism as the proper view of the solar system. After a discussion on the various weights of water, earth, air, and fire, he tried to answer why Saturn was believed to be so cold. He mused that this “star” should have been the hottest for two reasons. First, it was the fastest moving star. Second, since it was made of fire, which was the lightest of the elements, it would have rose highest above the Earth. However, he solves this “problem” by citing the separation of the waters on Day Two. Since some of the waters were put above the firmament they would have been in the form of ice. And since Saturn was closest to the icy waters above the firmament, it remained cooled by the ice (Augustine 2002b, II.5.9).
He accepted the belief in the spontaneous generation of insects by the putrefaction of material items (Augustine 2002b, III.14.22). This led him to conclude that insects were not a part of the Creation Week, except possibly in seed form. A more natural solution is to hold that insects were created on the sixth day when God made everything that “creeps on the earth” (Genesis 1:25). It is also possible that some of them were created on the fifth day when God made the flying and swimming creatures. This provides an illustration of the dangers of allowing scientific understanding to trump Scripture. It seems wise to allow scientific understanding to elucidate unclear passages, but these conclusions should only be held tentatively since scientific conclusions regularly change. When Scripture clearly teaches something, science should never be used to overrule it.
Finally, Augustine occasionally ignored or missed an obvious answer to his questions. For example, he asked why some beasts were created to harm each other. His response is that these serve as admonitions to man that he should observe what trouble he ought to take over his spiritual, everlasting health and welfare (Augustine 2002b, III.16.25). However, the likely answer is found in Genesis 1:30,
It is strange that Augustine does not comment on or cite this verse in any of his commentaries. Of course, many of these animals are now carnivorous so it is a fair question to ask. Perhaps the best solution is that these animals were changed at the time of the Curse. The serpent was “cursed more than all cattle and more than every beast of the field” (Genesis 3:14). This implies that these animals were also cursed.24 This may very well have involved a change of diet.
Implications for Today’s Debate
Augustine’s changing hermeneutic set a dangerous precedent in the church and has provided fodder for all sides of the ongoing controversy over the age of the earth. Old-earth creationists often cite Augustine as a supporter of their view. Dr. Hugh Ross, perhaps the world’s foremost old-earth creationist, lists Augustine as a church father who favored an old-earth interpretation (Ross 2001, p. 66). Theistic evolutionists claim Augustine as an ally of their view that God used evolutionary processes to create the universe (Young 1988). Young-earth creationists have even quoted Augustine to show that he believed that man’s time on earth was less than 6,000 years.25
The fact is Augustine was not concerned with the issue of the age of the earth. It would be wrong to classify him as an old-earth creationist, theistic evolutionist, young-earth creationist, or even as a supporter of the Intelligent Design Movement.26 Nowhere in his commentaries did he make an attempt to prove one of these views, because he was focused on other issues.
Despite the fact that Augustine was not concerned with the same issues involved in the modern battle, his hermeneutic has direct correspondence to the underlying issues of the debate. As shown in the sections about his two literal commentaries, Augustine frequently avoided the literal interpretation of a passage if it did not mesh with his understanding of the science or philosophy of his day. In his efforts to marry Genesis with the science of the day, Augustine often asserted an interpretation of Scripture that would now be deemed false. This precedent has had disastrous results throughout history. The embarrassing episode of Galileo and Pope Urban VIII would have been avoided had the Church not melded their interpretation of Scripture with the Ptolemaic view of the solar system.27
In the same way, old-earth creationists today often marry modern scientific conclusions with the text of Scripture. For example, in a debate on The John Ankerberg Show, Dr. Ross claimed that he could not claim credit for finding the alleged consistencies between the Bible and the big bang theory because David, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Zechariah had already discovered it more than 2,500 years earlier (Ross 2000). He believes that because these books contain verses that state God “stretched out the heavens” the Bible must teach the big bang theory. This conclusion goes far beyond what the text actually states, especially when one considers the numerous discrepancies between the big bang theory and the Genesis creation account.28 Moreover, other cosmogonies have been proposed which are based on God stretching out the heavens.29
There are three major problems with this approach. Scientific opinion is constantly changing. Although scientific understanding has vastly improved since Augustine’s day, it is by no means infallible or static. Instead, scientific consensus is continually changing. If proper biblical interpretation must be determined by the science of the day, then the meaning of God’s word must continually change along with the science.
The second major problem is that much of the modern debate is based on a misunderstanding of science and its limits. The claims that the earth and universe are billions of years old are not based on observational science. Rather they are based on dating methods that are all based on unverifiable and naturalistic philosophical assumptions.30 The question of the age of something is not a question for the scientist, but for the historian. Asking when something happened is different than asking how and why something works. To properly answer the question of the age of the earth, one should consult a reliable historical record that reveals the answer. God’s word is infallible, unchanging, and historically reliable and a plain reading of the text along with some simple calculations place the age of the earth at roughly six thousand years.
Finally, perhaps the biggest problem is the inconsistency with which this hermeneutic is used. If those who practiced it were to apply the same principle to other key doctrines, crucial passages of the Bible would need to be reinterpreted to fit modern scientific consensus. Modern science does not accept virgin births or resurrections from the dead. Thankfully, these Christians inconsistently apply their hermeneutic; otherwise, they would not believe the Gospel. Yet there is simply no justification for picking and choosing which portions of Scripture one reinterprets based on science and which sections he accepts by faith despite the conclusions of science.
Augustine’s commentaries on the first chapter of Genesis contain invaluable information for the Church. His insights reveal many of the threats facing the early Church, whether they were from cults like the Manichees or the skeptical natural philosophers of the day. His use of Genesis to refute false teachings and set forth the truth should be instructive for church leaders today.31 His conviction that God’s word is authoritative and inerrant should also be emphasized among modern believers.
It would be wrong to fault Augustine for how others have misused and abused his writings. Much of the misuse is due to a failure to recognize his context and his changing interpretive approaches throughout the commentaries. However, one must realize that the cause of his changing hermeneutic had more to do with his spiritual growth than with trying to appease the beliefs of his contemporaries. He certainly published contradictory interpretations and he could rightly be blamed for this. Yet, he should not be held accountable for the way in which modern participants in the debate utilize his statements in support of their view since he did not concern himself with these issues. He must be interpreted in light of his contextual setting. He was concerned with refuting the Manichees, Donatists, and many others, rather than teaching about the age of the earth.
Finally, Augustine’s greatest fault in these commentaries lies in the fact that he often tried to reconcile God’s word with the scientific views of his day. Surely, the word of truth properly interpreted will never contradict accurate conclusions of scientists, but it will contradict incorrect conclusions made by fallible and limited men whose ideas are often based on naturalistic assumptions. Furthermore, man should not expect that every aspect of the creation week would be palatable to human reason or science. After all, God was creating miraculously and His ways are higher than man’s ways (Isaiah 55:9). Moreover, Hebrews 11:3 claims that it is “By faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so that the things which are seen were not made of things which were visible.” A humble recognition that God has revealed to man precisely what He did during the Creation Week would go a long way in resolving the ever-present controversies surrounding the hexaemeron.
Just as Augustine must be interpreted in context, so must the Bible be allowed to speak for itself. If the Bible clearly affirms a truth then it matters not what the majority of scientists claim, because God knows exactly what He did, how He did it, when He did it, and He is capable of revealing it to man in an understandable manner.
It is fitting to end this paper by citing a comment made by Luther about Augustine’s allegorizing hermeneutic. He wrote,
I ask you, dear reader, what need is there of those obscure and most foolish allegories when this light is so very clear . . . Do they not smother the true meaning and replace it with an idea which is not merely useless but disastrous? . . . For we have the Holy Spirit as our Guide. Through Moses, He does not give us foolish allegories, but He teaches us about most important events (Pelikan and Lehmann 1955).
Augustine. 1996. In On Christian teaching, eds. J. E. Rotelle O.S.A and E. Hill. Hyde Park, New York: New City Press.
Augustine. 1997. The confessions. Trans. M. Boulding. Hyde Park, New York: New City Press.
Augustine. 2002a. On Genesis: A refutation of the Manichees.In On Genesis, ed. J. E. Rotelle O.S.A. Hyde Park, New York: New City Press.
Augustine. 2002b. The literal meaning of Genesis. In On Genesis, ed. J. E. Rotelle O.S.A. Hyde Park, New York: New City Press.
Augustine. 2002c. Unfinished literal commentary on Genesis.In On Genesis, ed. J. E. Rotelle O.S.A. Hyde Park, New York: New City Press.
Augustine. 2010. Revisions. Trans. B. Ramsey. Hyde Park, New York: New City Press.
Brown, F., Driver, S. R., and C. A. Briggs. 2000. Enhanced Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English lexicon, S. 1056. Electronic ed. Oak Harbor, Washington: Logos Research Systems.
Chaffey, T. 2008. God means what He says: A biblical critique of the framework hypothesis. Browntown, Wisconsin: Midwest Apologetics.
Clough, C. A. 2001. Dispensational implications for universal historiography and apologetics: Part 2 of 3. Chafer Theological Seminary Journal 7, no. 3:39–40.
Cooper, D. L. 1970. The world’s greatest library graphically illustrated. Los Angeles, California: Biblical Research Society.
Dengerink, J. 1976. The idea of justice in Christian perspective. Westminster Theological Journal 39, no. 1:2–60.
Dockery, D. S. 1992. The history of pre-critical biblical interpretation. Faith and Mission 10, no. 1:4–34.
Ellingsen, M. 2005. The richness of Augustine: His contextual and pastoral theology. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press.
Fiedrowicz, M. 2002. General introduction. In On Genesis , ed. J. E. Rotelle O.S.A. Hyde Park, New York: New City Press.
Geisler, N. L. 2003. Systematic theology: Volume II. Minneapolis, Minneapolis: Bethany House.
Ham, K., ed. 2006. The new answers book. Green Forest, Arkansas: Master Books.
Hodge, C. 1872. Systematic theology. Repr. 1997. Oak Harbor, Washington: Logos Research Systems.
Irenaeus. 1994. Against heresies. In The Ante-Nicene fathers. Volume I: The apostolic fathers, eds. A. Roberts and J. Donaldson. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm B. Eerdmans.
Kelly, D. F. 1997. Creation and change: Genesis 1.1–2.4 in the light of changing scientific paradigms. Ross-Shire: Mentor.
Lactantius. 1994. The divine institutes. In The Ante-Nicene fathers. Volume VII: Fathers of the third and fourth centuries, eds. A. Roberts and J. Donaldson. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm B. Eerdmans.
Lavallee, L. 1989. Augustine on the creation days. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 32, no. 4:457–464.
McGrath, A. 2009. Augustine’s origin of species. Christianity Today 53(5). Retrieved from
O’Meara, J. J. 1954. The Christian view of science and Scripture. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm B. Eerdmans.
Pelikan, J. P. and H. Lehmann, eds. 1995. Luther’s works: American edition, 55 volumes, Volume 1. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House.
Ross, H. 2000. The age of the earth. The John Ankerberg Show, October. Retrieved from
Ross, H. 2001. The Genesis question. Colorado Springs, Colorado: Navpress.
Rusbult, C. 2001. Age of the earth: Why it does and doesn’t matter. Retrieved from
Smither, E. L. 2009. Augustine as mentor: A model for preparing spiritual leaders.Nashville, Tennessee: B & H Academic.
Williams, T. 2001. Biblical interpretation. In The Cambridge companion to Augustine, ed. E. Stump and N. Kretzmann, pp. 59–70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wisdom of Solomon, 1989. New Revised Standard Version.
Young, D. A. 1988. The contemporary relevance of Augustine’s view of creation. Perspectives on Sciences and Christian Faith 40, no. 1:42–45. Retrieved from
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1. Williams 2001, p. 62. Augustine himself believed he was literally interpreting Genesis as evidenced by the fact that the titles of two of his commentaries on Genesis contain the word “literal”. Thomas Williams explains that even though Augustine’s interpretation of Genesis 1 would not qualify as literal by today’s standards, Augustine viewed it as such because he was “reading the creation story as a creation story, not as (for example) the story of the Church or of individual salvation.”
2. Smither 2008, pp. 142–143. Although this commentary was written approximately eight years before he became a bishop, Augustine already demonstrated his concern for training fellow believers. Smither rightly included this book as being concerned with Christian teaching in his chapter of Augustine’s mentoring work prior to his role as bishop.
3. The Manichees did not allow for non-literal interpretations, so Augustine likely reacted strongly against anyone adopting their particular hermeneutic. Also, as a maturing believer, he would surely have recognized the many errors of hyper-literalism.
4. Psalm 104:2 states that God stretched out the heavens like a curtain or, in Augustine’s translation, a skin (Augustine 2002b, II.22).
5. This term was often used by the Latin fathers and was a loan word from the Greek referring to the six days of creation.
6. Irenaeus wrote, “For in as many days as this world was made, in so many thousand years shall it be concluded . . . For the day of the Lord is as a thousand years; and in six days created things were completed: it is evident, therefore, that they will come to an end at the sixth thousand year” (Irenaeus 1994, V.28.3). See also Lactantius 1994, VII.14; “God completed the world and this admirable work of nature in the space of six days, as is contained in the secrets of Holy Scripture, and consecrated the seventh day, on which He had rested from His works . . . Therefore, since all the works of God were completed in six days, the world must continue in its present state through six ages, that is, six thousand years.”
7. These comments are not meant to diminish Augustine’s work, but to point out that some of his comments are irrelevant because they do not deal with the actual text.
8. It should be pointed out that because Augustine went to great lengths to argue for the validity of multiple interpretations, he was actually dogmatically asserting his own view that no one particular interpretation is the true meaning of the text. As such, even though he seemed to display humility in this conclusion, he was actually refusing to allow the author’s intended meaning to prevail and opted for a multiple subjective meanings instead.
9. It is this sort of statement that has led some to claim Augustine believed in, or would at least be open to, some form of biological evolution. For example, see McGrath (2009). McGrath claims that Augustine’s views are crucial to today’s debate because he was not compromising with or impacted by the scientific views prevalent today. He goes on to mistakenly claim that Augustine was concerned only with the text, but as has already been shown, he was very strongly influenced by Neo-Platonic beliefs and sought to fit these presuppositions into the text.
10. Augustine seems to support the concept of baptismal regeneration here by writing, “. . . for since you ordained baptism as the means of entry into the kingdom of heaven no one can get in by any other way” (Augustine 1997, XIII.21.29).
11. His argument is that this must be interpreted figuratively because this command is only given to the birds and fish (whom he sees as representative of unregenerate humanity) and man (regenerate humanity), and not to the vegetation and land animals, which also reproduce physically. He stated that if God would have also told the vegetation and land animals to be fruitful and multiply then he would have been forced to interpret it literally.
12. Latin for “by the whole extent of the heavens.”
13. For example, Hodge wrote, “It is of course admitted that, taking this account by itself, it would be most natural to understand the word [day] in its ordinary sense; but if that sense brings the Mosaic account into conflict with facts, and another sense avoids such conflict, then it is obligatory on us to adopt that other [long periods of time]” (Hodge 1872, pp. 570–571).
14. This quote can be found on numerous websites promoting an old-earth creationist view of the earth and universe. Those who cite it believe the quote can be used against the young-earth creationist viewpoint because they are allegedly boldly proclaiming that Scripture teaches something that contradicts many things that can be substantiated by scientific arguments and experimentation. While Augustine certainly did not have this issue in mind, the use of this quote misses his point because the age of the earth and universe cannot be substantiated by scientific arguments and experimentation. It is a question of age, which is actually a history question. To answer this, one should consult an accurate history book, if available. Young-earth creationists point out that the Bible is a reliable history book that teaches how and when the Lord created the earth and universe.
15. As was mentioned earlier, this is likely based on the poor word choice of the Vetus Latina.
16. He devotes only six paragraphs to discuss the creation of man in this book.
17. Hebrew text from Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Transliteration and translation mine.
18. Hebrew definition from Brown, Driver, and Briggs 2000, S. 1056.
19. Augustine provided an interesting but flawed response to this question. He rightly pointed out that Genesis 3:18 mentioned the beginning of thorns and thistles. He elaborates on the phrase “to you” in this verse and supposes that thorns and thistles may have existed elsewhere prior to Adam’s sin because many birds eat thorny plants and these would not impact Adam’s work at the time (Augustine 2002b, III.18.27–28).
20. Augustine wrote, “Here we have the spiritual creation which in its contemplation of Truth is beyond all time, and God giving an order outside time, and the spiritual creation hearing it outside time” (Augustine 2002b, I.17).
21. Neo-Platonism held a view of the “One” that was wholly other or transcendent, and which had both spiritual and physical emanations springing from it. As the “One” was timeless, so the physical emanation from the “One” must have been timeless.
22. The modern “without form and void” (Hebrew tohu waw bohu) conveys the meaning that the earth had not yet been given the form it has now (Kelly 1997, p. 82).
23. While it may be impossible to be dogmatic that all animals were originally vegetarian, since the fish are not listed, this verse mentions “every beast of the earth, every bird of the air,” and “everything that creeps on the earth.” These three classifications cover all land creatures which are frequently carnivorous today.
24. It may be that these animals had their diets changed following the Flood because this is when God revealed to Noah that man could begin to eat meat (Genesis 9:3). However, Genesis 6:12 reveals that “all flesh had corrupted” its way on the earth. It is natural to include the animals in this because they are included five verses later when God said that He would destroy “all flesh in which is the breath of life.”
25. Augustine did in fact claim that man’s history on earth was less than 6,000 years, but he was unclear about the amount of time that may have passed, if any, prior to man’s creation (Ham 2006, pp. 89–90).
26. Augustine certainly used arguments similar to those in the Intelligent Design Movement. As cited earlier, he wished the Manichees would simply stop and reflect on the creature because it would cause them to glorify God. Nevertheless, Augustine held to the authority of Scripture and relied on Genesis for many of his views, whereas proponents of the Intelligent Design Movement often intentionally avoid citing Scripture.
27. The Galileo affair is often used by old-earth creationists to discredit young-earth creationists. They claim that science proved that the church should adjust its interpretation to scientific fact (Rusbult 2001). However, the real problem at the time was that the church had already blended science and Scripture and stubbornly refused to rethink the position when new discoveries proved the earlier science to be wrong.
28. The big bang proposes that the sun formed long before the earth while the Bible states the earth was created on the first day and the sun on the fourth. Also, the big bang proposes that earth originally formed as a hot molten ball, while the Bible states that earth was originally created as covered by water. From the big bang perspective, the earth has never been entirely covered by water.
29. Humphreys has proposed what he calls a white hole cosmology (Humphreys 1994). This view is based on the biblical idea that God stretched out the heavens yet it does not require billions of years. Instead, Humphreys effectively demonstrates how light could have traveled billions of light years while only a few days passed on earth.
30. Every dating method, including starlight from distant galaxies and radiometric dating techniques, are based on three assumptions. First, it is assumed that one knows the initial conditions of what they are examining. Second, it is assumed that the process has always occurred at a steady rate. It is easy to show this assumption is wrong in every case and is refuted in 2 Peter 3. Finally, it is assumed that contamination of the data has not occurred.
31. Sadly, due in large part to the controversy over the age of the earth, many Christian leaders ignore Genesis and the issues surrounding it. Yet this is one of the major areas of Scripture being attacked by critics.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/12783
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The idea there would be close to 37 defects in the electoral college was so ridiculous I did not bother to report on it.
Today, people braved the cold and waved banners to the electors stating “we need you” and “vote your conscience”.
Such misguided fools did not really want the electors to vote their conscience, as the following sign explains.
Some electors did vote their conscience, just not the way Hillary lovers wanted.
Washington: Hillary won Washington state with its 12 electoral votes. The results according to the The Hill went like this:
• Clinton: 8
• Former Secretary of State, Colin Powell: 3
• Faith Spotted Eagle, an elder in the Yankton Dakota tribe: 1
In Maine, one elector switched from Clinton to Sanders but was forced to switch back as the state does not allow defects.
In Minnesota, which also does not allow defects, Minnesota electors vote for Hillary Clinton, after one goes rogue and was replaced.
In Texas, 36 votes for Trump, 1 for Kasich, 1 for Ron Paul.
Hillary Breaks Glass Ceiling
Hillary breaks the glass ceiling with a record four actual electoral college defects with three more attempted.
Faithless Electors Scorecard
Above image from NPR
Faith Spotted Eagle
Congratulations to president-elect Donald Trump and Faith Spotted Eagle.
Mike “Mish” Shedlock
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/12789
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Lectures on the history of France
TitleLectures on the history of France
Publication TypeBook
Year of Publication1851
AuthorsSir Stephen J
Number of Volumes2
LibraryEaton Hall Cheshire
BindingBound in calf by Holloway with stamp 1 in gold on the upper covers and stamp 4 at the head of the spines
BinderHolloway, Marseille Middleton (London)
BookplateArmorial bookplate of Hugh Duke of Westminster. Eaton, 1884 [Franks 12963]
Call Number624
Grosvenor, Hugh Lupus, 1st Duke of Westminster (1825 - 1899) (Stamp 1)
Arms Quarterly 1 & 4 Azure a portcullis with chains pendant or in chief a cross between four martlets between two roses of York and Lancaster (Edward the Confessor) 2 & 3 azure a garb or Coronet of a Marquess Order of the Garter
Heraldic Charges:
cross betweengarbmartlets (4)portcullisroses (2)
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/12796
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Mothers of the Bible — Naomi
ruth and naomi -1Naomi’s story had a bleak beginning. She was a foreigner in Moab, a country near to, but hostile to, her native country Judah. Her life wasn’t always so bleak. She had been a married woman with two grown sons – in other words comfortably off and secure. Naomi means “pleasant” just like her life but then she lost everything. After leaving Judah to escape a famine, her husband died and so did her two fine sons and she had no grandchildren. When she eventually returned to her native village to try and salvage something of her life, the years were etched into her face. ‘Can this be Naomi?’ they asked. Naomi’s response revealed her state of mind: “don’t call me Naomi (pleasant); call me Mara (bitter) instead. The years have been unkind to me. I’ve lost everything.”
Naomi’s story is not unique. She belongs to a large sisterhood of mothers who have lost children they loved. There are no words to describe the loss. There are no remedies to fully heal the soul. There is no later joy to fill the void of lost children. There are no Mother’s Day flowers for those whose children have died. There would be no Sarah-like miracle for her; no surprise pregnancy in old age. She would never have children again. She had only her pagan daughters-in-law Orpah and Ruth. Ruth had inherited nothing and had nothing of value. Her only choice was to return to her home village where she owned a little piece of land and where her relatives still resided. She gave her daughters-in-law the choice of coming with her or returning to their own native lands. Orpah returned to her land but then something amazing happened. Ruth asked her mother-in-law to take her along with her back to Israel. She wanted to convert from a pagan Moabite to a believer in God. Why would she do that? Why not send her mother-in-law, who was so bitterly depressed, back to the land from which she came? Why did she want to be like her? Because Ruth saw in Naomi, in the midst of her grief and bitterness, a God who was powerful . . . and she wanted that God.
Sometimes we think that when we are at our very worst there isn’t anything attractive about us and certainly no evidence that God is there. But it was far to the contrary. God’s power and presence showed through anyway. It is like the words of Jesus recorded in 2 Corinthians 12:9: “My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness.”
Read the actual account of Naomi and Ruth here.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/12805
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I am a beginner user of Ubuntu 18.04.
And I want to use a proxy server on my laptop. So I just tried to find a way of using a proxy server to connect to the internet and followed the instructions mentioned at the website.
I have no idea what is wrong. At terminal, it always says something like this
E :Syntax error/etc/apt/apt.conf:3: Extra junk at the end of file
whatever I type. So I want to know how to fix it or how to remove it. Help me please.
• 1
Please add contents of this file by posting output of cat /etc/apt/apt.conf to the question. – N0rbert Oct 20 '19 at 7:50
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Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/12816
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William T. Stead: Editor, Reformer
The Gleaner (April 25, 1912)
William T. Stead, editor of the English Review of Reviews, was an international figure. He visited the United States in the early nineties, and soon afterward appeared the series of articles... these being his crusade against vice, and then became by turns the apostle of spiritualism and mysticism.
There were many who never regarded his views seriously, but most all agreed his was one of the unique and striking characters of the age.
Mr, Stead, the son of a Congregational minister, was born at Embleton July 5, 1849. He began his journalistic career as a reporter on the Northern Echo, a daily published at Newcastle. From reporter he soon rose to the post of editor, and when John Morley accepted the editorship of the Pall Mall Gazette he took Stead with him as his assistant. Stead remained with the Gazette until the establishment of the Review of Reviews, when he assumed the editorship of that publication.
Steads idea of reforming people, was early manifested. As a young man he was possessed of a certain credulity which once got him into serious trouble. "Filled with stories of the vice of London," runs the story of this youthful crusade, "Stead entered into an expose of "the modern Babylon," and in his zeal to prove that innocent girls were actually sold by their parents for immoral purposes he engaged a woman to purchase a girl in this way. The woman abducted Eliza Armstrong by representing to her mother that the girl was to go into service. The girl, however, was ill-treated, and when the story was published Stead was arrested. The affair made a great sensation. Stead was convicted and imprisoned for three months; but he never believed that the girl's mother had not sold her."
Described by an Intimate
One who was for a long time Stead's intimate acquaintance thus describes him: "The personality of the man was very marked. His face was nervous and full of thought, his forehead forming a straight line with his nose; his eyes, direct, brilliant and changing with his mood; his mouth rather large and unattractive. He wore a full beard, somewhat ragged on the cheeks, of redish suggestion and beginning to turn gray. His thin, brown hair, brushed every way by his constantly moving hand, was long and curly, bending upward at the collar. His black clothes fitted him loosely and assumed every manner of wrinkle in turn as his person twisted and gathered and spread in its rapidly changing postures. It seemed impossible for the man to rest a single moment while he talked."
Earnest Advocate of Peace
Mr. Stead visited the Czar in 1898 and thenceforth began to preach of peace. He founded and edited the paper War Against War, and in bitterly opposing the Transvaal war he wrote the papers, which attracted so much attention at the time—"Shall I Slay My Boer Brother?"
Among his numerous works were, "The Truth about the Navy"; "Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon" 1885; "The Truth About Russia," 1888; "The Pope and the New Era,"- 1889; "The Story that Transformed the World", 1890; "If Christ Came to Chicago," 1893;"The Labour War in the United States," 1894; "Her Majesty the Queen," 1897: "Satan's Invisible Work, a Study of Despairing Democracy," 1897: "The United States of Europe," 1899;" Mr. Carnegie's Conundrum," 1900; "Mrs. Booth, a Study," 1900; "The Conference at The Hague" (in French, published at The Hague);"The Americanization of the World"; "The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes"; "The Despised Sex,"
Who is behind this website?
Owen Mulpetre, BA (Hons) MPhil
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/12820
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MATLAB Answers
how do I place the text on the first co ordinate of the plot?
1 view (last 30 days)
Madhuri on 27 Sep 2017
Commented: Madhuri on 27 Sep 2017
I am potting trajectories of vehicles (time-space plots) and following is my code %% Read data table = readtable('E:\vehdata11.xlsx'); VehicleNos = unique(table.VehicleID);
%% Plotting
for idx = 1:numel(VehicleNos) n = VehicleNos(idx); sb = table(table.VehicleID == n,:); labels=cellstr(num2str(n)); Time= sb.time; x = sb.time; y = sb.x; tin = min(x); t1 = x - tin; y1 = t1*11.04; y2 = y - y1;
%% plotting for time interval
i = (Time>20 & Time<=25);
hold on
end Now the position of text is on the maximum (x,y) coordinate But since my graph is not linear and fluctuating I want the labels to be on the first co ordinate text(x(1), y(1),labels) is not working. How do I do that?
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Answers (1)
Andrew Bliss
Andrew Bliss on 27 Sep 2017
What error do you get? Or what do you mean "is not working"? Check the values of x(1) and y(1) and make sure they're not NaN or outside your graph axis.
1 Comment
Madhuri on 27 Sep 2017
I assigned x=x(i) and y=y(i) and then used text(x(1),y(1), labels).It says index exceeds matrix dimensions and also shows error in text command.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/12821
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Audials Elected by Users to Best Software
Audials One 2017 was awarded the title Best software from the Japanese shop Vector.
Audials Elected by Users to Best Software
The coveted award of the largest Japanese software download shop Vector was awarded to Audials in a public vote. Audials One 2017 won the 27th edition of the award ceremony as best software for the category Internet.
Audials One 2017 has won the software-of-year vote from Softwareload for the sixth time in a row. Now comes the award from Japan. Audials' solutions are used by more than 10 million users worldwide. The national and international trade press also regularly reports on the numerous products and possibilities offered by Audials.
Audials One 2017 is the latest generation of our flagship. As a music software as well as a video streaming recorder, this edition contains the entire range of helpful features to keep the user entertained at all times. With over 12 million songs and more than 50,000 supervised web radios of a total of 100,000, targeted music wishes are met more quickly than ever before.
As a video streaming recorder, Audials One, but also Audials Tunebite Platinum and Audials Moviebox possess an automatic function for recording series. All top-series of Amazon video or Netflix are recorded in HD and every episode is automatically saved in a separate file. This cannot be done with any other software! With the award-winning Audials software, you'll get the best entertainment.
Start now! With the award-winning Audials One 2017
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/12852
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Newman’s Nook: Redeeming Evil Flowers
Content Warning—This article briefly discusses sexual assault as presented in both Boys Over Flowers and Buffy the Vampire Slayer
I love a good redemption story. From the rise and fall of Anakin Skywalker to the conversion of Saul, stories about redemption strike a nerve. These tales remind us that our humanity remains beneath our own sin and failings.
As a culture, we cannot get enough of these stories. Anti-heroes remain popular among American audiences, with characters like Deadpool and Wolverine earning millions on film. Redemption arcs and redeemed villains are also common in anime and manga.
Much like in American comics, anti-heroes are common in shonen manga/anime. The villain-to- hero arc is especially prevalent in the Dragon Ball franchise, with the arc repeating itself as characters like Piccolo and Buu transition from nemesis to hero. One of the most intense of these arcs is that of Vegeta.
When Vegeta is first introduced, he is violent and bitter, working to gain power and destroy worlds for Frieza. Over time and with the help of Goku, though, Vegeta transitions away from villainy. In the current arc of the Dragon Ball Super manga, Vegeta is working to save the universe from villainous aliens. His story takes him from murderous space pirate to heroic father and defender of Earth. It is amazing to read and I find myself constantly cheering for heroic Vegeta.
Characters transitioning from bad to good is also common to shoujo manga. An incredibly powerful example of this comes from Boys Over Flowers, a manga series featuring Tsukushi Makino of Eitoku Academy. Makino is poor, while all the other students at Eitoku are incredibly wealthy. Early on, through no fault of her own, Makino ends up on the bad side of the four most popular boys in the school—the F4 (Four Flowers). She is targeted by them with a “declaration of war” for her perceived crimes. However, Makino is not going to take it.
Makino declares war on the boys, calling out their ring leader Tsukasa Domyouji. No one ever called out Domyouji before, and this enrages him. While Domyouji’s rage eventually shifts to respect, early in the series he is violent and horrific.
In the second chapter, Domyouji forces a group of teenage boys to sexually assault Makino. If Rui Hanazawa does not show up, Makino would have been raped. Domyouji has no respect for Makino’s agency as a human being. The trend continues when he kidnaps Makino in an attempt to “help” her fit in better. Later, Domouji forces a kiss on Makino and lies to make the school think she kissed him. In his attempts to hurt Makino, he also bullies and attacks other students, including Makino’s only male friend, Kazuya Aoike. Over and over, Domyouji uses others as tools for his pleasure, living in a bubble of wealth that protects him from consequences. If he acts in violence, nothing happens. Teachers never discipline Domyouji for fear of financial repercussions, and so this boy rules the school as a tyrant.
Yet, Makino stands firm and forces Domyouji’s hand.
As Domyouji deals with the impact of his behavior, readers witness a change. He softens his interactions with Makino, and has fewer outbursts of anger toward his fellow students. Domyouji ends his feud with Kazuya with minimal conflict. At one point, Domyouji even apologize for his actions.
Merely by standing firm, Makino forces Domyouji to change. He begins to see people as people.
I have yet to complete the series; therefore, I do not know the final outcome of Domyouji’s arc. However, at first glance Domyouji reminds me of another villain turned hero from American pop culture—Spike from Buffy the Vampire Slayer (BtVS).
A brief history of BtVS—unto each generation a slayer is chosen to protect the world from the threat of demons and vampires. Our generation got Buffy.
Spike is one of the main villains of Season 2 and continues to be a character of consequence throughout the series. He is a soulless vampire who is looking to destroy Sunnydale to create a haven for vampires. As is common, Spike is stopped. However, there is more to him than genocidal maniac.
Spike is a poet and musician. He evokes emotion in his words and feels them, hard. The most incredible is that Spike has a sense of guilt. While he murdered indiscriminately for generations, there was nagging within him. When his mother goes insane in her vampirism, Spike mourns. After Angel goes dark and attempts world domination, Spike turns to Buffy to stop it.
Yet, Spike is still a soulless monster. He uses Harmony and later Buffy sexually. His animalistic urges lead Spike to nearly rape Buffy. This descent into sexual violence leads to to him repenting and seeking a soul.
Much like Makino helps Domyouji, Buffy helps Spike reconnect with his humanity. The very people that force Domyouji and Spike to confront their evil are also the ones that reminds them of their humanity.
Christ serves this same role for me. Jesus loves without judgement. He forgives us despite our hefty sins. He chose to take the punishment for our sins on Himself at the cross and suffer in our place. Yet, Jesus also rebukes us with the power of His word and through the Holy Spirit, remolds us as Christians.
I am not a murderer, rapist, or space pirate (darn it), but I’m no better than Vegeta, Domyouji, or Spike. I hold sins of lust, jealousy, and anger in my heart. I need a Goku, Makino, or Buffy in my life to force me to be better. I need that presence to show me when I fail. I need someone who cares about me to show grace despite my flaws. I need Christ.
The Dragon Ball (original, Z, and Super) and Boys Over Flowers manga can be read digitally at Shonen Jump, or purchased on Amazon. Buffy the Vampire Slayer can be streamed on Hulu and purchased on Amazon.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/12853
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The way a man looks at the world is much different than the way God looks. Samuel is a prime example to all men regarding the way we see both self and others. Based on the text; it is safe to say that Eliab was both tall and good-looking. Samuel was sent by God to Jesse to anoint one of Jesse’s sons as the next king of Israel. You can imagine that with the task in mind, Samuel was making his assumptions of what a king should look like. By outward appearance, Eliab was a natural choice.
A man fit to be a king and leader of God’s people is qualified by his heart and not his appearance. God promptly reminds Samuel of what His qualifications are all about. The heart of a man is most important to God.
I will be the first to admit that there are times I look at both myself and at others more like Samuel does and less like God. Burning these words of God in your mind will lead you to assess both yourself and others properly. Let the next time you are tempted to react to the exterior of self or others be a trigger to consider the heart first.
DO THIS TODAY: Stop looking at appearances and start looking at the heart.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/12859
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Column Width in Cell
You can easily check the widths of your columns by displaying them in the first row of your worksheet.
It is possible to create a named formula that can display the width of the column enabling the widths to be easily checked without moving the mouse and checking them all one by one.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/12863
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Kidambi in the top-10
Blog By- Harinadh.A.S
Vijayawada: Indian Badminton Player and Australian open super series winner Kidambi Srikanth came back to the top ten in the world badminton Rankings. He lifted the Australian and Indonesian Open Badminton, which helped him to come back to the top ten. He is in the World no. 8. After 2016 October, this is his best position. His best position in his life was at world no. 3. He was in 11th before the Australian Open, but he came back to the top ten after this. He became the first Indian to clinch two Super Series title consecutively.
He has a total collection of 58583 points. He got 50 lakh rupees from Andhra Pradesh government. He is also offered with a Job opportunity in the government group. In Amaravathi government will also provide land for a new house. He is the 24 year guy from Gundur.
let is look through other Indian badminton players’ position. Sai Praneeth is in 15th and Ajay Jayaram is ranked in 16. H.S.Prannoy is in 23rd position. Women players are also in good rankings. P.V.Sindhu is in 5th position from early 4th and Saina Nehwal is in 15th ranking.
Know more about us at
BFY also provides Placements Services in India.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/12886
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I want my eyelashes to follow a strip on the lid but I can only parent it to 3 vertices of that polystrip. I tried the "child of constraint" and selected the vertex group that I want to constraint/parent it to but then the eyelashes are all of a sudden not in the place anymore where I wanted them ... what is a normal or working way to do that? Must be a pretty common issue I suppose.
enter image description here
Edit: I added a screenshot. I moved the lashes a bit away from the place that it should be to show it better. I basically just want to stick it to its place and have it move with the lid in sculpt and edit mode.
• $\begingroup$ Hi, maybe add a screenshot to clarify your example... $\endgroup$ – m.ardito Aug 10 '18 at 15:56
• $\begingroup$ @m.ardito did that $\endgroup$ – Coffeehouse Aug 10 '18 at 22:11
• $\begingroup$ Well I figured that I could instead also just spawn the hair directly on those faces, but I would still like to know how to parent or constraint or "stick" them instead (could be useful for other stuff too). $\endgroup$ – Coffeehouse Aug 10 '18 at 22:34
Add a Surface Deform modifier to the eye lashes object. Then set the modifier target to the head. Click the 'Bind' button.
Now any shapekeys or armatures that affect verts in the head mesh, will also affect the eyebrow mesh.
enter image description here
If you make any edits to the amount of vertices in either mesh, you need to re-bind in the modifier.
It should be noted that the modifier doesn't use vertex groups like you asked for specifically. Instead, it maps the vertices of its parent mesh, to the closes points of the target mesh. Those points may not exactly align with vertices.
However, in your specific use case it seems like the eyelash mesh, and the eye lid mesh match almost exactly. So, this shouldn't cause any noticeable render issues.
• $\begingroup$ Thanks man! That seems to be a good and easy way. Also probably useful for buttons on clothes and stuff like that. $\endgroup$ – Coffeehouse Aug 11 '18 at 9:14
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/12902
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Opinion: Petition w/ 3.9M+ signatures to overturn election is a road that undermines democracy
What We Know: Petition to overturn the election, 3.9 million signatures
This time, I’m posting mostly opinions, but here are the key facts I’ll be commenting on:
On Change.org there is a petition out to overturn the election in what would be Clinton’s favor. It’s been signed by over 3.9 million people at the time of this posting:
Electoral College: Make Hillary Clinton President on December 19
Opinion: Reasonable sentiment, wrong solution
Many Americans have long argued that the Electoral College is a broken system. Many have called for reforms or its abolishment. Reform isn’t a crazy idea.
Hillary Clinton did win the popular vote, and many are saying that in a democracy this should be enough to make her president. At first blush, this too seems quite rational.
I voted for neither major party candidate. So, why would I oppose flipping the vote?
I am against so-called “faithless electors” voting contrary to how they were bound in the election.
To me, this is at best a dereliction of duty by electors to represent the people and the states. Furthermore, I believe we would see serious (hopefully unintended) consequences.
Yes, Hillary Clinton would be president. Then the other half of the country would feel that the rules and laws everyone thought they were playing by had been trampled.
If you think there’s anger today, imagine the level of anger we would see from tens of millions of people who would then feel betrayed.
The very foundations of the Constitution and our government as a whole would be called into question, and respect for law and order would devolve.
We need to keep the peace, and we need to work on ways to improve our institutions of government.
We are already seeing some glimmers of hope that Donald Trump understands compromise and will work toward it. All presidents break campaign promises. Meanwhile, let’s not forget that the Republican party, while in power, is far from unified.
I do believe at this juncture that America’s system of checks and balances can and will survive almost any of Trump’s detractors worst-case scenarios.
That’s precisely why we need to maintain the integrity of our government. The Electoral College, for better or worse, is part of that foundation today.
Let’s preserve as much of the integrity of our system as we can to protect all of us.
Is the Electoral College Totally Wrong?
I do support some aspects of the Electoral College that favor concepts like states rights. The more local control we have, in many ways the more free people are. Your vote “counts more” when more power is at state or local level. How many decisions do you want made by someone across the country?
To maintain this sort of state and local autonomy, each state no matter how small needs to have a certain voice and power.
Our Founding Fathers were not perfect people. Yes, some did own slaves. The rights of native peoples were utterly trampled. They were probably pretty hypocritical at times. But … they also gave us a system that’s worked pretty well the last couple of centuries. They did more good than harm for our nation as it is today.
So, let’s give the tried and true ideas the respect they deserve. I think a read of things like The Federalist Papers (I read them in highschool) would remind us how much effort they put into finding the right balances.
Respect the rights of the majority AND the minority. We should always strive to evolve systems to do that better.
From Austin, Texas, I bid you peace.
More Efficient Software = Less Energy Consumption: Green Computing isn’t just Hardware and Virtualization
Originally published 16 November 2009.
Green is a great buzzword, but the real-world driver for many “green” efforts is cost. Data center power is expensive. Years ago, Oracle moved a major data center from California to my town Austin, Texas. A key reason: more predictably priced, cheaper power in Texas vs. California. What if Oracle could make the data center half the size and take half the power because its software ran more efficiently?
Your bank, your brokerage, Google, Yahoo, Facebook, Amazon, countless e-commerce sites and more often require surprisingly many servers. Servers have traditionally been power-hungry things favoring reliability and redundancy over cost and power utilization. As we do more on the web, servers do more behind the scenes. The amount of computing power or various subsystem capabilities required varies drastically based on how an application works.
These days, hardware vendors across the IT gamut try to claim their data center and server solutions are more power efficient. The big push for consolidation and server virtualization (the practice by which one physical server functions as several virtual servers which share the hardware of the physical machine) does make some real sense. In addition to using less power, such approaches often simplify deployment, integration, management and administration. It’s usually easier to manage fewer boxes than more, and the interchangeability facilitated by things like virtualization combined with good planning make solutions more flexible and able to more effectively scale on demand.
Ironically, the issue people seem to pay the least attention to is perhaps the most crucial: the efficiency of software. Software orchestrates everything computers do. The more computer processors, memory, hard drives and networks do, the more power they need and the bigger or more plentiful they must be. One needs more servers or more power burning servers the more operations those servers must perform. The software is in charge. When it comes to operations the computer performs, the software is both the CEO and the mid-level tactical managers that can make all the difference in the world. If software can be architected, coded or compiled to be manage more efficiently the operations per unit of work produced goes down. Every operation saved means power saved.
Computers typically perform a lot of overly redundant or otherwise unneeded operations. For example, a lot of data is passed across the network not because it absolutely needs to be, but because it’s easier for a developer to build an app that operates that way or the application to be implemented that way in production. There are applications that use central databases for caches when a local in-memory cache would not only be orders of magnitude faster but also burn less power. Each time data goes across a network it must be processed on each end and often formatted and reformatted multiple times.
A typical web service call (REST, SOAP, etc) – the so-called holy grail of interoperability, modularity and inter-system communication in some communities – is a wonderful enabler, but it does involve parsing (e.g. turning text data into things the computer understands), marshalling (a process by which data is transformed typically to facilitate transport or storage) and often many layers of function calls, security checks and other things. The use of web services is not inherently evil, but far more carbon gets burned to make a web service call to a server across the country or even inches away than it is for the computer to talk to its own memory. It’s also a lot slower.
Don’t get me wrong, I’m a big believer in the “army of ants” approach. However, I see the next big things in power utilization being software driven. We’re going to reach a point where we’ve consolidated all we reasonably can, and at that point it’s going to be a focus on making the software more efficient.
If my code runs in a Hadoop-like (Hadoop is open source software that facilitates computing across many computers) cluster and the framework has tremendous overhead compared to what I’m processing, how much smaller could I make the cluster if I could remove that overhead? What if I process more things at once in the same place? What if I batch them more? What if I can reduce remote calls? What if I explore new languages like Go with multi-core paradigms? What about widely deployed operating systems like Linux, Windows and MacOS become more power efficient. What about widely used apps consuming less power hungry memory? What about security software taking fewer overhead CPU cycles? Can we use multi-core processing more efficiently?
In most cases, performance boosts and power savings go hand-in-hand. Oriented toward developers, here are a few more obvious areas for improvement. Most are pre-existing good software design practices:
– Caching is the first obvious place: (1) more caching of information, (2) less reprocessing of information, (3) more granular caching to facilitate caching where it was not previously done.
– Data locality: Do processing as close to where data resides as possible to reduce transportation costs. Distance is often best measured not in physical distance but in the number of subsystems (both hardware and software) that data must flow through.
– Limit redundant requests: Once you have something retrieved or cached locally, use it intelligently: (1) collect changes locally and commit them to a central remote location such as a database only as often as you need to, (2) use algorithms that can account for changes without synchronizing as often with data on other servers.
– Maximize use of what you have: A system is burning power if it’s just on. Use the system fully without being wasteful: (1) careful use of non-blocking (things that move on instead of having the computer wait for a response from a component) operations in ways that let the computer do other things while it’s waiting; (2) optimize the running and synchronization of multiple processes to balance use, process duration and inter-process communication such that the most work gets done with least waiting or overhead.
– Choose the language, platform and level of optimization based on amount of overall resources consumed: Use higher performance languages or components and more optimizations for sections which account for the most resource utilization (execution time, memory use, etc.). Conversely, use easier to build or cheaper components that account for less overall resource use so that more focus can go to critical sections. (I do this in practice by mixing Ruby, Java and other languages inside the JRuby platform.)
In certain applications, maybe we don’t care about power utilization or much at all about efficiency, but as applications become increasingly large and execute across more servers development costs in some scenarios may become secondary to computing resources. Some goals are simply not attainable unless an application makes efficient use of resources, and that focus on efficiency may pay unexpected dividends.
Developers especially of large-scale or widely deployed applications, if we want to be greener let’s focus on run-times, compilers and the new and the yet-to-be-developed paradigms for distributed massively multi-core computing.
There is a story that Steve Jobs once motivated Apple engineers to make a computer boot faster by explaining how many lifetimes of waiting such a boost might save. Could the global impact of software design be more than we imagine?
[ Edit 14 October 2018: See also: Math Pierces Steve Jobs’ Reality Distortion Field after 35 Years. ]
Why Ruby on Rails + JRuby over PHP: My Take, Shorter Version
As a Ruby, Java and occasional C/C++ developer who has also written some production code in PHP, I work with and tend to prefer the power and flexibility provided by a JRuby + NetBeans + Glassfish stack over PHP. Here is my attempt to somewhat briefly describe not only why but also to encourage others to develop in RoR vs. PHP:
– Exceptionally high developer productivity with:
• “Programming through configuration” philosophy
• Emphasis on rather complete default behaviors
• Write-once (DRY) orientation
• Simple ORM (ActiveRecord) means a lot less SQL with minimal fuss
• Dynamically typed language means a lot less thinking about variable declarations
• Result: A lot less grunt work; more focus on “real work”
– Strongly encourages clean MVC architecture
– Test frameworks
• TestUnit is easy to use and effective
• Enables test driven development (TDD) often omitted in PHP world
• UI mocking frameworks are available
– Pre-packaged database migrations feature eases schema creation and changes
• Helper methods further simplify and aid to avoid writing SQL
• Roll back or forward to arbitrary versions
– Significant pre-packaged forms and JavaScript/AJAX UI support
– Ruby language easy to learn and more versatile
• Like PHP, Ruby language’s initial learning curve is much easier than Java, C#, etc.
• Like PHP, Ruby language conducive to scripting as well as slightly better OOP support
• Ruby language skills can be leveraged for use in environments outside web applications
– Vendor support by Sun Micro
• Dedicated team and significant JRuby project
• Good support in NetBeans IDE
• Quality Glassfish app server from JEE world
• Provides integrated NetBeans, Glassfish, JRuby stack in one download
– Tap JEE power from within Ruby
• JRuby allows fairly seamless access to Java and JEE libraries and features as well as your own Java code should you desire
• Result: You can start simple without being boxed in, and you can later add a lot of enterprise-grade sophistication.
– Community
• Contains a lot of talent from JEE world
• Libraries that implement simpler versions of enterprise-oriented features
• Community tends to be rather friendly and inclusive
– Maturity
• Despite making huge strides, acceptance remains low at more conservative companies
• Hosting options limited in comparison to PHP
• Dedicated server or VPS
• Amazon EC2
• Smaller pool of shared hosts
• The ORM can be a memory hog
• Fewer jobs open due to fewer projects (job to applicant ratio might be greater though?)
• Fewer sysadmins and established maintenance procedures
• Less support, fewer developers to maintain RoR apps
– LAMP-like scalability limitations for conventional architecture are comparable or more resource intensive than most PHP solutions
– Of course, if venturing heavily into cross-platform JEE territory the learning curve steepens dramatically
Innovation Process: Limitations of Schemas
Once upon a time, I took a college class on interpersonal communications. We discussed schemas upon which the brain operates. Interestingly, in marketing – the subject designed among other things to manipulate or aid in the manipulation of the human psyche for increased profit – we discussed schemas upon which the brain operates.
Then, in a class on neural networks we discussed why brains both organic and artificial tend to remember the first and last things they learned about a specific topic. Furthermore, we talked about how schemas within these brains operate.
Speaking to a technical crowd: SQL operates upon very rigidly defined schemas. Ordinarily, we have tables with columns defining things like people’s names and addresses and telephone numbers and dates of birth and gender and what have you.
Schemas are wonderfully robotic – if by robotic you mean those old conceptions of robots from 1950’s sci-fi. Simplistic notions of schemas tend to dictate that we approach the world very deterministically, very discretely (and I don’t mean privately) and logically. I say, wrong!
Schemas mean patterns. We and most organisms with neurons learn by association. We start with some hard wired axioms and go from there. Break the pattern, and things become difficult to understand. While most “out of the box” thinking is I might argue pretty boxed in, the theoretical ideal of “out of the box” operation is to go beyond the schemas. Is this possible? I don’t know. But maybe we can combine schemas.
Most attempts at productivity are based on refining operations into consistent, easy to follow schemas. In software design, we use design patterns to enforce models that we can wrap our brains around – or at least – having spent much time banging our heads against walls now have a particular schema thoroughly beaten in … and might as well recycle.
Consistent, reusable schemas are absolutely wonderful for Model T’s, Model F’s and many things that churn down an assembly line. Plenty of simple database-driven software can be built perfectly well with a lot of recycled thought.
Now, there is an antiquated saying in research with words to the effect: Before wasting your time going down a road much travelled to re-invent the wheel, the donut, what have you … see if somebody else has done it first and better. If you’ve got something on a shelf, pull it off and use it. Great. This works 99% of the time when you’re not producing new schemas. There’s a ton of value in evolutionary steps and applying something from one schema into another.
However, once in a while we want to do something revolutionary. We don’t start from zero. We are surrounded by many good schemas; old solutions to old problems should often prevail. Then there comes a time when we must come up with a schema we believe to be genuinely new. New? Is there such a thing as a new schema? I have no idea. I would venture to say there likely is not; all schemas are combinations of others in some way; everything is based upon association of one form or another. I don’t care. I’ll leave this subtle point for the philosophers.
To me, I care about not being constrained by old schemas. The less I know sometimes the better. The less structure I have sometimes the better. I want to look at my problem, flail about, come up with a half-baked solution and then plug the holes with somebody’s tried and true schema.
If I’m operating under tremendous structure, I can’t do this. The wonder of iterative design is in some sense a means to apply my very semi-structured process. Iterative improvement allows one to drift about for a solution, come up with something new and then not waste too much time dawdling on unnecessary details.
That’s my 3.5 + rand( rand(34) )^rand(2/rand(5)) cents. Ironically, this article itself is bound by structure. Go figure.
Metered Broadband? It’s Not Particularly New or Totally Evil – A Brief Introduction to Commercial Bandwidth Services Pricing
Many consumers are in arms over announcements by several providers that they will begin charging overage rates or limiting data transferred. In fact, much of the hosting industry and higher end commercial solutions provide Internet connectivity on a basis of (1) the physical line and (2) the amount of bandwidth actually used.
For example, a provider might charge $20 a month for a network connection that might have a capacity of a 100 megabits or 1000 megabits per second. The provider might then charge a separate fee depending on how much of that connection is used. Bandwidth is often metered on a megabit per second (8 megabits in a megabyte) or based on the total amount transferred often measured in gigabytes.
When bandwidth is sold on a megabit per second (often abbreviated “mbps”) utilization rate, it is often metered by reading actual bandwidth flowing through the connection every so many minutes. In industry standard 95th percentile billing, the highest 5% of those readings are thrown out. The customer is then billed based on the “sustained 95th percentile”.
Under 95th percentile assuming a monthly billing cycle, the customer could in principle use much more bandwidth than usual for up to about 36 hours and would not be billed for the increased amount. So, the 5% in 95th percentile lets customers retain some flexibility for less frequent “bursts”.
Per “bucket” or “data transferred” billing is just so much money per gigabyte (or other amount).
Customers typically pay for:
(1) the line –
Physical line or uplink to provider.
(2) commit –
The amount of bandwidth for which the customer agrees typically over some contract term to purchase. This bandwidth is sold at a “commit rate” which is often less expensive than the overage rate.
(3) overage –
The amount of bandwidth over the commit rate. Overage bandwidth is sold at an “overage rate” which is often double or so the commit rate.
Higher overage vs. commit rates encourage customers to take on larger commits ensuring ISPs can better plan their infrastructure. Higher overage rates also account for the inherently often higher cost and over provisioning necessary to provide services when demand is less predictable.
A service provider that has unpredictable bandwidth utilization must choose among (1) over provisioning infrastructure and charging more money for services or (2) providing a lower quality of service particularly at peak times and likely cutting corners elsewhere.
A service provider that has many customers all paying the same rate but using very different amounts of bandwidth must (1) charge all customers higher rates or (2) deliver a lower overall quality of service to all customers.
Your power is metered. Your cell phone is metered. You pay for the gasoline you burn in a car. You choose whether to buy expensive or inexpensive products. You choose the nature and quality of what you consume often based on what you’re willing to pay.
In spite of some of the uproar, I believe that charging for or even capping bandwidth based on usage is in fact fair. Implemented properly, such efforts could result in a higher quality of service for all consumers.
The key issue should be whether prices charged for overage and larger commits are fair.
Unapologetically Embracing the Term: Artificial Intelligence
In a college course on neural networks, a professor once described to the class how the reputation of artificial intelligence had taken a nose dive in the 1980’s. A divided community and its pundits had built up a perception that C-3PO-like robots and talking, thinking computers were not far off. AI’s visionaries over promised and under delivered.
To this very day, entrepreneurs hesitate to utter the words “artificial intelligence” for fear of losing credibility. Various systems are often called by more specific names whether it be “Bayesian classifier”, “prediction system”, “search engine”, “knowledge base”, etc. These terms all have various meanings known well to the AI community, but we dare not lump them together and utter the words “artificial intelligence.”
There are plenty who would say I am bastardizing terminology. Artificial intelligence’s very definition is gray. Is a car engine that employs a neural network to manage a fuel air mixture actually intelligent? Is Google intelligent? At what point is information retrieval AI? Is a spell checker AI? As many others have said before me, I take the viewpoint that AI (or oftentimes things that apply AI) is a continuum without clearly defined boundaries.
Rather than trying to carefully classify certain algorithms, I devise solutions that make use of various methods that might be borrowed from an AI textbook, might arise from mathematics or that simply come from my own ideas. If the approach is particularly probabilistic without adhering to well defined mathematics or relies on certain kinds of innovations employing non-deterministic or difficult to predict behavior, I tend to call it AI.
During the course of applying or developing AI, I rarely use such words as “artificial” or “intelligent”. Afterall, to me I’m just building a program in a way that makes sense to me.
The most difficult to solve problems in practical applications tend to be those with many possible answers or no exact answers. We run into cases where we cannot build a computer program to solve the problem with a reasonable amount of time and computing resources. Other times, given infinite time and resources the problem is still unsolvable. In computer science, these are often problems said to have “non-polynomial” solutions. For such problems, we can not solve them at all or we must devise a solution that provides an approximate answer.
Approximate answers to hard problems very often involve smart solutions — artificially intelligent solutions. Much of AI is about reducing a problem to what matters most and then pumping out a best guess … just like real human beings semi-solving real problems.
As we approach more human or more intelligent approaches, I’m unafraid to call these solutions “artificial intelligence”.
With vast amounts of computing power and more creative approaches to problems, I believe our constraints to building pretty good solutions are more and more just the limitations of our own minds. And even there, plenty of AI algorithms do things their own creators (including myself) don’t fully comprehend.
I don’t think about “am I solving a problem logically and intelligently” so much as I try to approach all problems logically and intelligently. But if you ask whether I’m building AI … most of the time in these situations my answer will be “Yes, in which shade of gray?”
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In the meantime, tomorrow, there is school.
Grandpa's_Workshop1This is an excerpt from “Grandpa’s Workshop” by Maurice Pommier.
Pépère watched me with a strange expression. He ran his fingers through my hair, and he said, in the softest voice :
— That’s the story…
— But I woke up just afterward! Tell me, nobody ever tried to make a new handle for the hammer?
— Ah, you know little rabbit, I don’t think so. That DAMMED HAMMER has always skulked around in the tool chest of some member of our family. But understand, really, that it is the men who decide how tools are to be used. And always remember, that drunkenness and anger never give birth to good things
— But you, Pépère, how did you know what happened to Abel?
— When I was a little boy, I asked Pépé Clothaire why this hammer’s handle had never been replaced.
— And you, did you also ask Pépé Clothaire how he knew the story?
— Pépé Clothaire told me that the elves in his shop taught him the story. So the hammer stayed in Pépé Clothaire’s tool chest, and after he died, nobody used his tools, except for the American carpenter’s big saw. It was your mother’s brother who used these tools.
— It wasn’t Uncle Gaspard, he has all modern tools in his joinery shop. What was his name , my uncle you never want to talk about?
— Étienne… He was our first boy. We had three children, Gaspard and your mother were his brother and sister. He had a tragic accident. He was a carpenter, and fell from the top of a church while rebuilding the roof beams . He braced his foot on the ANGEL’S HEAD in the chest. The piece broke out from under him, an angel that didn’t do his job . Since the accident, his chest has never been opened. Tools sleep and die if nobody uses them. You have woken them up a little.
Pépère told me that story without looking at me
Tomorrow it is back to school. I am going to see my friends again, but I will not see Pépère as much. I have to hurry. I need to finish my BOAT before vacation ends.
— You are well on the way to becoming a boatbuilder!
— No, Pépère, later, I want to be a joiner, like you, and I will work with your tools!
— Rabbit, I am really happy to hear you tell me that. If you want to become a joiner, I will show you how to use the tools little by little. But you also have to learn to work with the MACHINES like those in your Uncle Gaspard’s shop. You will not work alone, like us, and not in the same way.
In the meantime, tomorrow, there is school, and that is also very important to become a good woodworker.
Meghan Bates
This entry was posted in Grandpa's Workshop. Bookmark the permalink.
1 Response to In the meantime, tomorrow, there is school.
1. tsstahl says:
It is a great story for kids. Oh, and there are a bunch of woodworking references, too.
Trigger warning for mollycoddling parents, your precious snowflake may learn something of real life from this book. The story is closer to Grimm’s Snow White, than Disney’s.
Comments are closed.
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Three summer safety tips - sunscreen, heat exhaustion, water
July 10, 2013 Kimberlee I. Hauff, MD
1. Sunscreen
2. Heat exhaustion
• You can combat water loss by encouraging your child to drink plenty of fluids even when they aren’t thirsty. Water is best for kids, but any liquids count when it comes to dehydration (even popsicles)!
• Babies only need the breast milk or formula you typically feed them. Water given to babies can be extremely dangerous as their kidneys are not mature enough to process it correctly.
• Keep your child indoors or in the shade on hot days and avoid midday heat. Never leave your child (or pets) unattended in the car.
• Heat rash (miliaria) can occur and usually goes away in 2-3 days. It looks like tiny, pink bumps and can be itchy. It is caused by blocked off sweat glands. Cooling measures (ice packs, cool baths) and 1% hydrocortisone cream can help.
• If your child has a fever, dizziness, weakness, headache, vomiting, or isn’t acting themselves, call their provider immediately-- as these may be more serious signs of heat exhaustion.
3. Water safety
Watch children closely in any water environment, regardless of their swimming ability. Make sure you (and all your child’s caregivers) know child CPR in the event of drowning. Children are often ready by age 4 to start swim lessons. Baby swim classes are meant for fun and to introduce your baby to the water, not to teach them how to swim. Children who are learning to swim should be at an arms’ length from their caregivers at all times. If your family is on a boat, all members should be wearing an appropriate sized life preserver. It’s important to model water safety to your children and wear your own preserver.
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GPS Programming in Android for Offline Maps
Most mobile users and several developers may not be aware of the fact that GPS navigation is possible without Internet connectivity, i.e. ‘Offline map usage’ is possible without accessing the Internet!
Given below are a few tips on how to make this work and understand where offline data is stored:
To access maps, offline, i.e. when you are not connected to the Internet, you have to store the map tiles in your device and the code will render the map from the locally stored tiles’ information. ‘Tiles’ is the file which is in .zip or SQL format which will have all the information with respect to routes - latitude and longitude. All the map related files can also be stored in SD Card or device memory based on requirements.
In case you do not want to utilize your device storage for storing entire world map related data, the solution is simple. Download an application which is developed using some libraries that will download tiles and store files in device storage based on your selected region.
If you are an Android app developer and want to understand the process behind offline map application and if you also want to know the most feasible method to develop this kind of application, the answer is, there are a lot of libraries available and most of them are open source.
Given below are a few suggestions on open source libraries:
OSMAndroid :
Osmandroid is a tool which is used to show data from Open Street Maps when on-line, and can use tiles for off-line access. This is a raster-based option, and you can use Mobile Atlas Creator to create tiles from pretty much any WMS service.
MapsForge :
This is an excellent library for rendering OSM data on-the-fly or when needed, which means it will download the tiles based on the region. It has a special optimized tile format, and the rendering performance is quite good.
ArcGis Runtime for Android :
ArcGis seems to be oriented towards showing ArcGIS Server's Mapservices. ArcGis can show data in an offline mode, by storing tiles in the compact cache storage format, or by using tile packages.
Nutiteq :
This is a fully featured library and includes several unique features such as support for 3D, various OGC services, custom Map API's, offline routing and maps in any projection.
Google Maps Android API :
This is the default mapView in Android, and it uses the data from Google Maps. While the Google map application itself can be used in offline mode, as far as my knowledge goes, it is not possible to use Google Data in the offline mode. However it is possible to show your own tiles in offline mode.
MapBox :
This company has recently released an Android SDK, which can be used for online and offline maps.
To summarize, I have provided some information on libraries you can use for Android app development. These are the most popular open source libraries/tools for implementing offline maps. There are several other paid libraries and end-to-end solutions for implementing offline maps.
Listed below are some of the best offline maps available in Google Play Store:
This blog with basic level information and referral links is for curious developers who want to understand how offline maps work. If you have any questions, do write to me at:
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There’s no doubt that virtualization and the cloud is here to stay. So you migrated your entire architecture to the cloud and everyone is happy. Eventually, you’ll come to a point where you start decommission servers.
If this was an on-premise server, all you had to do was to powered it off and perhaps put it to use elsewhere (or if virtualized, simply delete it). In the cloud however, it’s tempting to do the same.
What people don’t think about however is that most cloud vendors use regular magnetic disks. This means that when you delete a virtual drive, it will be provisioned to someone else. Normally, the first thing the next person who gets provisioned your old disk blocks (or parts of it) would do is to format it and fill it with data.
However, if this person is a malicious user, s/he could restore what was written to those disk blocks, just as s/he could with a magnetic drive that has been formatted.
Therefore, before I decommission any drives in the cloud, this is what I do:
• Power off the system
• Change the boot device to a Live CD (most linux-distributions will do)
• Run shred on the device
• Power off the system and delete the drive
While shredding the drive will take a fair amount of time, we know that even if a malicious user is provisioned the same disk blocks, they won’t find any of your data.
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Brian Renshaw:
The text is larger enough to read easily and the writing window is plenty sufficient. This is a similar feeling I’ve had with the keyboard. Its just big enough, which, at the end of the day, makes a massive difference.
Apt description of the keyboard size.
Posted by Ben Brooks
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Photo credit: Rennerboy (CC-By-2.0)
Photo credit: Rennerboy (CC-By-2.0)
Photo credit: Rennerboy (CC-By-2.0)
I was a wrestler in high school, hard to imagine I know. During matches there were many voices yelling at me. My teammates, my coach, my parents, the cheerleaders, the fans,the other teams fans… it was hard to focus on who I was supposed to be listening to.
Sometimes an inner voice yells at us to justify behavior that isn’t Christ-like or demeans the value that we know have in Christ.
Then there are voices from the world (don’t be so radical, religion is a private affair, you are being intolerant, narrow-minded, old-fashioned. The Bible isn’t relevant, etc.)
Who are we listening to? Jesus? Or to something or somebody else? Be sure you are listening to the right voice.
This is Shane Vander Hart with your Caffeinated Thought of the Day.
Remember you can listen to Caffeinated Thoughts Radio on air at 8:00a and 6:00p on Saturdays on The Truth Network 99.3 FM if you live in the Des Moines/Ames Metro area. You can also listen online live here. Also we are on iTunes!
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How Long Does It Take For Oxycodone To Kick In?
June 16, 2017
Jelly Bell
How Long Does It Take For Oxycodone To Kick In?
Table of Contents [ Hide ]
What is oxycodone?
Oxycodone is a kind of pain killer which belongs to a class of drugs called opiate. Oxycodone is a narcotic opioid analgesic similar to morphine. An opioid is sometimes called a drug. Oxycodone is used to treat moderate to severe pain. Oxycodone can also be used for purposes not listed in the medication guide.
How does oxycodone work?
Oxycodone is used for soothe moderate to severe pain. Oxycodone works in the brain to help change the body to feel and respond to pain.
So how long does it take for oxycodone to work? This question is still not clear until now. It is hard to know exactly about the time that oxycodone start and finish to work. It depends on each individual, each case and each pain. Several studies have been done and they estimated that it takes at least fifteen to thirty minutes for oxycodone to work. However, the dosage and repeated dosage depend on each situation because oxycodone causes addiction [1].
How do you use oxycodone?
If you are taking oxycodone, read the pharmacist’s instructions before you start taking oxycodone and each time you take the medicine.
You should take your medication exactly which directed by the doctor. You can take medicine with food or not. Otherwise, if you have some signs of nausea or vomiting, you may need to take medication at meal with food. You should ask your doctor or pharmacist about ways to ease nausea (for example lying down for 1-2 hours and less head movements).
If you are taking medication in liquid form, take your dose carefully using the instrument. Do not eat spoons because you may be measuring incorrectly. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure how to check or measure your dose.
The dosage is based on the effectiveness of treatment or your health situation. Do not increase the dose, drink more often or drink for a longer period of time. Stop at the right time as directed [1].
How Long Does It Take For Oxycodone To Kick In
How long does it take to get addicted to oxycodone?
Along with the benefits, this drug sometimes causes abnormal drug (addictive) behavior. This risk can increase if you have been abusing alcohol or drugs. Use the medicine as prescribed to reduce the risk of addiction.
You may be instructed to use long-acting anesthetic painkillers, when you have severe pain (such as cancer), In that case, this drug can only be used for sudden abnormalities when needed. Other non-addictive analgesics (such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen) may also be prescribed with this drug. Remember to consult your doctor or another pharmacist if you have any questions about safely using oxycodone with other medications.
When you take oxycodone for a long time?
This drug can cause withdrawal reactions, typically if the medication has been used in high doses (overdose) or take in a long time. In these cases, some symptoms may occur such as tearing, runny nose, nausea and vomiting, restlessness, sweating, you suddenly stop taking this medicine. In some cases, some people feel muscle aches when taking this medicine in a long time or overdose. As a precaution, the doctor might gradually decrease the dose.
When taking this medicine for a long time, the medication may no longer be effective. Let your doctor know if the medication stops working effectively.
How long does it take for oxycodone to kick in and the dose for adults?
The dose recommendations below can only be considered as a recommendation for a range of clinical decisions over time in managing the pain of each patient.
Starting dose:
• Instantaneous release form (IR): Take 5 to 15 mg orally every 4-6 hours.
• Controlled release form (CR): 10 mg taken every 12 hours.
• 5 mg/5ml solution: use 5 to 15 mg every 4-6 hours.
• Concentrated solution of 100 mg/5 ml (20 mg/ml): Used in patients who have been dosed according to the oxycodone painkillers regimen and who may benefit from the use of small amounts of Oral medicine.
What is the dose of oxycodone for children?
The dose for children has not been studied and decided. Ask your doctor if you plan to use this medicine for your baby.
What are the forms and levels of oxycodone?
Oxycodone has the following forms and levels:
• Capsule form 5 mg;
• A solution of 5 mg / 5 mL (5 mL, 15 mL, 500 mL);
• Tablets 5 mg, 15 mg, 30 mg.
What side effects will you have with oxycodone?
You must call for emergency medical assistance when you have any of the following signs of allergy: rash; shortness of breath; swollen face, or throat, more severe may swollen on tongue or lips [2].
You must stop using oxycodone immediately and call the doctor right away if there are one or more of these signs:
• Breathing shallow, slow heartbeat, cold, damp skin;
• Epilepsy (convulsions);
• Confusion, severe sleepiness;
• Feeling like you are about to faint.
Common side effects may include:
• Sleepy, headache, dizziness, feeling tired;
• Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, anorexia;
• Dry mouth;
• Itching mild
Not all of them exhibit side effects. There might be other side effects which were not mentioned. When you have any questions about side effects of oxycodone, you should consult the pharmacist or doctor.
What about the allergic?
You should tell your doctor when you have any unusual reactions or allergies to this drug or any other medication. Also tell your healthcare professional if you have any other allergies, such as food allergies or dyes. For non-prescription medicines, read labels or package ingredients carefully.
Oxycodone with children, elderly and pregnant or lactation
There are some studies which have not been conducted the relationship between age and the influences of oxycodone in children. Safety and effectiveness have not been proven.
Moreover, some studies have so far not been able to demonstrate specific issues limiting the effects of oxycodone in the elderly. However, elderly patients are more likely to have lung disease, liver disease, or kidney problems which related to age. Careful dosing and adjustment to patients should be avoided to avoid serious side effects.
Keep in mind if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. In fact, there are not adequate studies to determine the risk of this drug during pregnancy or lactation. Before taking medicine, always consult your doctor to weigh the benefits and risks [1].
Some types and combination products of oxycodone
Nowadays, there are many types of oxycodone. With the development of pharmacy industry, people are trying to combine oxycodone with some other types of opioid and pain killers such as acetaminophen, hydrocodone, etc… to take the most effective of treatment for patients.
What is Hydrocodone?
Hydrocodone is used to help relieve persistent heavy pain. Hydrocodone belongs to the group of narcotic painkillers. Drugs work in the brain to change the way your body feels and respond to pain.
You should not take prolonged release medications of hydrocodone for mild pain or disappear within a few days.
Brief look about Vicodin
Vicodin contains a combination of acetaminophen and hydrocodone. Hydrocodone in the drug class is called opioid analgesic. Acetaminophen is a little analgesic, which increases the effectiveness of hydrocodone.
Vicodin is used to relieve moderate to severe pain. Hydrocodone can be addictive and should only be used by the prescribed person. Keep the drug in a safe place where other people cannot get it
How do you know about Percocet?
Percocet contains a combination of acetaminophen and oxycodone. Oxycodone is in a class of drugs called opioid analgesics. Opioids are sometimes called drugs. Acetaminophen is a potent painkiller that enhances the effects of oxycodone.
Percocet is used to relieve moderate to severe pain. Percocet can also be used for purposes not listed in the drug guide.
Some information about Norco
Norco is indicated for the treatment of fever, mild to moderate pain, headache, moderate to severe pain and other syndromes. Norco Tablet contains the following active ingredients: Acetaminophen, and Hydrocodone Bitartrate.
Norco is used in the treatment, control, prevention, and improvement of the following diseases, syndromes, and symptoms:
• Fever
• Mild to moderate pain
• Headache
• Moderate to severe pain
Questions and Answers
1. Is oxycodone addicted?
Yes, it is. But it is still used for treatment purposes as a strong pain killer with a controlled dosage. You may not be addicted easily.
2. How long do hydrocodone/vicodin take to kick in?
Hydrocodone starts to work in the first fifteen to thirty minutes after you take it. The initial dose is 10 mg taken by oral every 12 hours.
3. If I have pregnant, should I use oxycodone?
Before taking medicine, always consult your doctor to weight the benefits and risks of oxycodone.
4. I wonder that how long does percocet take to work?
Percocet is a combination of acetaminophen and oxycodone. So similar to acetaminophen and oxycodone, Percocet can take to work about 4-6 hours depending on each case.
5. And about norco, how long does it take for norco to work?
Similar to Percocet, Norco can take to work approximately from 4-6 hours depending on each case.
Don’t hesitate to LIKE and SHARE if you found useful information from this article. We are so happy to hear any comment from you.
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You are here
Contributing back to Open Source
At Creative Contingencies we don't just use open source, we are also involved in the local open source community.
Our executive director was recently elected to be President of Linux users of Victoria. She lead the team that organised Linux Australia's 2008 conference in Mel8ourne, and was a board member of Open Source Industry Australia from 2006-2008.
The CTO is the former secretary of Linux Users of Victoria and current Linux Australia secretary. He maintains a repository of 3rd party and custom-compiled packages, such as Google Earth and SecondLife for Ubuntu Linux, firmware files for Broadcom wireless controllers and development snapshots of Inkscape.
We contribute to documentation by maintaining wiki pages. When we find bugs, we try to send patches back to the software authors, thus increasing software quality for everyone.
We regularly attend meeting at our local Linux User Group - Linux Users of Victoria and the Drupal Melbourne user group. Check out our DrupalGive page, to see how we contribute back to the Drupal Project and Community.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13052
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DP12503 Deadlock on the Board
Author(s): Jason Roderick Donaldson, Nadya Malenko, Giorgia Piacentino
Publication Date: December 2017
Keyword(s): CEO turnover, Corporate Boards, deadlock, director elections, entrenchment
JEL(s): G34, M12, M14
Programme Areas: Financial Economics
We develop a dynamic model of board decision making. We show that directors may knowingly retain the policy they all think is the worst just because they fear they may disagree about what policy is best in the future-the fear of deadlock begets deadlock. Board diversity can exacerbate deadlock. Hence, shareholders may optimally appoint a biased director to avoid deadlock. On the other hand, the CEO may appoint unbiased directors, or even directors biased against him, to create deadlock and thereby entrench himself. Still, shareholders may optimally give the CEO some power to appoint directors. Our theory thus gives a new explanation for CEO entrenchment. It also gives a new perspective on director tenure, staggered boards, and short-termism.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13057
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13105
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Number pattern programs in C
Number pattern is a series of numbers arranged in specific order. These patterns are patterns created by numbers and are similar to star patterns. They are best suited to enhance your logical thinking abilities and to practice flow control statements.
I have assembled a list of number patterns to practice for both novice as well as intermediate programmers. Practice more and more of it, to enhance your logical thinking.
Always feel free to drop down your queries and suggestions below in the comments section. I always love to hear from hugs and bugs from you.
Required knowledge
Basic C programming, Operators, If else, Nested If else, For loop, Nested loop
List of Number pattern programming exercises
Square number patterns
Triangle Easy Number Patterns
Triangle 0,1 Easy Number Patterns
Triangle Hard Number Patterns
Diamond Number Patterns
Tricky Number Patterns
Happy coding 😉
About Pankaj
Pankaj Prakash is the founder, editor and blogger at Codeforwin. He loves to learn new techs and write programming articles especially for beginners. He works at Vasudhaika Software Sols. as a Software Design Engineer and manages Codeforwin. In short Pankaj is Web developer, Blogger, Learner, Tech and Music lover.
Follow on: Facebook | Twitter | Google | or
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13107
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January 5th, 2006
CJ - Look Ma!
Warning: what follows is me panicking stupidly.
Oh, man. Leave in less than an hour and a half for my test/interview. May be about to pass out. Oh man.
Okay, this is going to go fine. Fine. Perfect. It's gonna be good. Breathe.
I'm totally going to pass out, aren't I? Oh man. That would make a good impression. NOT. Okay. So, the interview. Let's get our thoughts together, Bailey. What'm I good at, what'm I not so good at, what's the last book I read (don't answer Megan Meade's Guide to the McGowan Boys, even if it's true, because I don't want to shoot myself), what do I want out of the program, what I can I bring to the program, et cetera. I can do this. I bet that in three hours, I will be laughing at my panicking (oh please oh please oh please).
Okay. Stuff to do before I go: set up upstairs VCR to record Four Kings and CSI (should be back in time to watch CSI, but just in case). Finish reading Megan Meade's Guide to the McGowan Boys because otherwise it's going to bug the hell out of me. Change into suit jacket and pants, and find a shirt that will work under the suit jacket (no, my gray T-shirt does NOT count for that).
Okay. I can do this. I can do this. Easily.
Less than an hour now. Oh, man.
#s - Colby's like me
PARTAY, man!
Am now officially an Aurora Police Department Explorer Recruit. Feel free to mock my former meltdown, folks.
Academy starts the 21st, and will be every Saturday through the beginning of April, 8AM-5PM. Oh yes. And the last hour or so of every meeting will be fitness training. I will possibly die. But I'll have fun before then!
I'm also glad they're giving me two weeks to get in (slightly) better shape. Not dying during the initial physical fitness test would probably be a good thing.
Imma goin' ta sleep now, before my typing makes me seem like any more of an idiot.
(PS: Awesome CSI episode. Awesome awesome awesome. In Justice and Numb3rs on tomorrow.)
Oh, I lied, one last thing: in the written test, the memory section? Yeah, the scenario to memorize was the exact same one as in my Law Enforcement Exams book. No freakin' joke. White male, beard, jeans, white shoes, red and blue jacket, carrying white duffel. Hispanic male with a limp, mustache, wearing brown shoes, brown slacks, green shirt, carrying a blue duffel bag. Black male wearing black pants, black shoes, white shirt, green cap, carrying what looks to be a toolbox. White female, brown hair in ponytail, white pants, carrying sawed-off shotgun. And I knew all that without looking me up. Go on, quiz me on the get away vehicles, I dare ya.
Colby icon! I was looking through screencaps and found this one, and I totally do that, so I made the icon.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13116
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Symantec Enterprise Software
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13155
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From coreboot
Jump to: navigation, search
The wiki is being retired!
In order to be able to boot Windows using a coreboot system we recommend to use SeaBIOS as the payload.
All Windows versions since Windows XP require a quite complete ACPI implementation. If you have trouble booting Windows, have a look at our ACPI page.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13170
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ecospat_1.1 (06.03.2015) =========== FIXES * Fixed bug in "ecospat.grid.clim.dyn()" with the kernel. * Fixed error in "ecospat.boyce()" return Boyce index value: Spearman coeficient is the correct one. * Fixed bug in "ecospat.cons_Cscore()" p-value correction. * Fixed manual of the function "ecospat.calculate.pd()" where arguments definition was incomplete. * Fixed data set of species list, now matches the species in the tree dataset. * Fixed ouput of "ecospat.plot.mess()" function, now gives individual figures as result. CHANGES * Removed some dependencies of whole packages, and indicated individual functions from packages to be imported. ecospat_2.0 (26.05.16) =========== NEW FEATURES * Added a new argument in the function "ecospat.niche.similarity.test()", to indicate if the niches are randomized. * Added function "ecospat.shift.centroids()", to replace "" for being more precise on the utility of the function. * Added two new datasets "ecospat.testNiche.nat" and "ecospat.testNiche.nat", to better exemplify the niche quantification analysis. * Added new function "ecospat.ESM.Modeling()" for calibrating simple bivariate models. * Added new function "ecospat.ESM.Projection()" for projecting simple bivariate models on new.env. * Added new function "ecospat.ESM.EnsembleModeling()" forevaluating and averaging simple bivariate models to ESMs. * Added new function "ecospat.ESM.EnsembleProjection()" for projecting calibrated ESMs into new space or time. * Added new function "ecospat.SESAM.prr()" for predicting community composition using a 'probability ranking' rule. * Added new function "ecospat.cohen.kappa()" for calculating Cohen`s kappa and variance estimates. * Added new function "ecospat.max.kappa()" for calculating values for Cohen’s Kappa along different thresholds. * Added new function "ecospat.max.tss()" for calculating values for TSS along different thresholds. * Added new function "ecospat.meva.table()" for calculating values of a series of different evaluations metrics for a model. * Added new function "ecospat.plot.kappa()" for plotting the values for Cohen’s Kappa. * Added new function "ecospat.plot.tss()" for plotting the values for TSS. * Added new function "ecospat.mpa()" for calculating minimal predicted area. * Added new function "ecospat.cor.plot()" for plotting correlation of variables. * Added function "ecospat.CommunityEval()", to replace "ecospat.SSDMeval()" for being more precise on the utility of the function. * Added new function "ecospat.adj.D2.glm()" for calculating an adjusted D2. * Added new function "ecospat.exdet()" to assess climate analogy between a projection extent and a reference extent. CHANGES * Updated NAMESPACE file, import("biomod2"), and dependencies. * Updated dependencies of the package.Removed the dependency on the package "gam." Removed the dependency of the function kasc2spixdf("adehabitatMA"). Added the package "gtools". * Removed window progress indicator for the function "ecospat.niche.similarity.test()" and "ecospat.niche.equivalency.test()", and added a progress bar in the command line for functions. * Removed the function "" and the option to run the cv in the function ''. FIXES * Corrected the function "ecospat.niche.dyn.index()", value of the intersection = 0.1. ecospat_2.0.1 (09.06.16) ============= FIXES * Added details to the documentation files in the description section of the function "ecospat.niche.similarity.test()". * Fixed spelling error in description of the package (*Collection). * Fixed bug in the ESM functions "ecospat.ESM.Modeling()", "ecospat.ESM.EnsembleModeling()" and "ecospat.ESM.EnsembleProjection()", when using raster files as input. * Corrected definition of the argument "quant" of the function "ecospat.plot.niche.dyn()". * Updated the function "ecospat.grid.clim.dyn()" and the definition of its arguments "th.sp" and "th.env". Also updated its details. ecospat_2.1.0 (23.09.16) ============= FIXES * Fixed the definition of variables of TRUE/FALSE in the function "","ecospat.binary.model()", "ecospat.boyce()", "ecospat.caleval()", "ecospat.CommunityEval()","ecospat.cons_Cscore()", "ecospat.co_occurrences()", "", "", "", "ecospat.ESM.EnsembleModeling()", "ecospat.ESM.EnsembleProjection()", "ecospat.ESM.Modeling()", "ecospat.ESM.Projection()", "ecospat.exdet()", "ecospat.makeDataFrame()", "ecospat.mess()", "ecospat.niche.similarity.test()", "ecospat.occ.desaggregation()", "ecospat.SESAM.prr()". * Removed window progress indicator for the function "ecospat.occ.desaggregation()" and "ecospat.sample.envar()". NEW FEATURES * Added new function "ecospat.rcls.grd()" for reclassifying grid files. * Added new function "ecospat.recstrat_regl()" to randomly take an equal number of samples of regular number. * Added new function "ecospat.recstrat_prop()" to randomly take an equal number of samples of proportional number. * Added new function "ecospat.Cscore()" to test for nonrandom patterns of species co-occurrence in a presence-absence matrix. * Added a new argument in the function "ecospat.niche.similarity.test()", to test for niche conservatism or divergence. * Added a new argument in the function "ecospat.niche.equivalency.test()", to test for niche conservatism or divergence. ecospat_2.1.1 (02.11.16) ============= FIXES * Fixed the definition of variables of TRUE/FALSE in the files R/ecospat.ESM.R, R/ecospat.sampling.R and R/ecospat.occprep.R. ecospat_2.2.0 (08.11.17) ============= NEW FEATURES * Added new function "ecospat.rangesize" to estimate the range.size of a species using standard IUCN criteria. * Added new function "ecospat.occupied.patch()" to determine the occupied patch of a species. * Added new function "ecospat.mdr()" to implement a minimum cost arborescence analysis. * Added new dataset "ecospat.testMrd.nat" to exemplify the minimum cost arborescence analysis. CHANGES * Re-named the function "ecospat.exdet()" to "ecospat.climan()". FIXES * Updated the functions "ecospat.occ.desaggregation()", "ecospat.binary.model()" and "ecospat.boyce()". * Fixed bug in "ecospat.grid.clim.dyn()" that shifted the gridded distribution one pixel away from the observed points. ecospat_3.0 (19.06.18) ============= NEW FEATURES * Added new funtions "ecospat.niche.zProjGeo" and "ecospat.niche.dynIndexProjGeo" to project niche quantification (calculated with ecospat.grid.clim.dyn) onto the geographical space * Added a new dataset ecospat.testEnvRaster including a stack of 5 topoclimatic rasters at 250m resolution for the Western Swiss Alps * Added new functions "ecospat.CCV.modeling", "ecospat.CCV.createDataSplitTable", "ecospat.CCV.communityEvaluation.bin", and "ecospat.CCV.communityEvaluation.prob" to perform community cross-validation (CCV) as in Scherrer et al. 2018. # Added a new function "ecospat.ESM.VarContrib" to calculate the variable contribution of each variable and method in an ESM model CHANGES * Maintainance of the package transfered from to FIXES * Fixed several bugs in "ecospat.ESM.R","ecospat.ESM.Projection.Rd", "ecospat.ESM.EnsembleModeling.Rd",and "ecospat.ESM.EnsembleProjection.Rd" * Fixed bug in "ecospat.mess" that included x and y coordinates as environmental factors
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13187
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checking _bypassPropertyChecks in property set?
checking _bypassPropertyChecks in property set?
Old forum URL:
Mudbugz posted on Thursday, January 13, 2011
If I use BypassPropertyChecks in my DataPortal_Fetch() to set properties from the database, how to I stop logic in the setting of the property from running? _bypassPropertyChecks is private inside of BusinessBase. Sample Code:
//Inside of Dataportal_Fetch()
using (BypassPropertyChecks)
Name = db.Name;
private static PropertyInfo<string> propName = RegisterProperty<string>(p => p.Name);
public string Name
get { return GetProperty(propName); }
SetProperty(propName, value);
if (!InsideOfBypassPropertyChecksBlock)
// logic such as
SomeOtherProperty = value;
Should I just use LoadProperty() inside of DataPortal_Fetch instead?
RockfordLhotka replied on Thursday, January 13, 2011
CSLA is designed with the intent that the only line of code in a setter is the call to SetProperty. All other logic should be encapsulated in business rules, which are automatically invoked and suppressed when following the CSLA coding patterns.
JonnyBee replied on Friday, January 14, 2011
Your properties should only be Get/Set with no other code. Remember, properties are not code.
Depending on which CSLA version you are using, you should:
Csla 3.8.x and older versions
Csla 4.x and newer
Copyright (c) Marimer LLC
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13199
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The WebDAV endpoint in Atlassian Confluence Server and Data Center before version 6.6.7 (the fixed version for 6.6.x), from version 6.7.0 before 6.8.5 (the fixed version for 6.8.x), and from version 6.9.0 before 6.9.3 (the fixed version for 6.9.x) allows remote attackers to send arbitrary HTTP and WebDAV requests from a Confluence Server or Data Center instance via Server-Side Request Forgery.
Assigning CNA
Date Entry Created
Phase (Legacy)
Assigned (20181219)
Votes (Legacy)
Comments (Legacy)
Proposed (Legacy)
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13227
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#267 — August 16, 2019
Read on the Web
Database Weekly
MongoDB 4.2 Released — The popular document-oriented database takes another step forward with support for distributed ACID transactions, on-demand materialized views, wildcard indexes, and retryable reads and writes (for handling transient cluster failures). Client-side field-level encryption is also in beta.
Eliot Horowitz (MongoDB)
AWS Lake Formation Now Generally Available — Not got enough time to build a data warehouse..? Just throw your data into a ‘data lake’, basically a giant pit of all of your data which you can query at leisure. Lake Formation makes the process simpler if you’re using AWS.
Amazon Web Services
The DevOps Perspective on Database Coexistence — Whether you're in DevOps, development, or database administration, download the full SQL Migration whitepaper for free, from Studio 3T.
Studio 3T sponsor
'I Wasn’t Getting Hired As A Data Scientist. So I Sought Data On Who Is.' — If you’re a data analyst, why not solve your problems using data analysis? 😄I’m not sure how useful Hanif’s discoveries are, but it’s interesting to see so much detail on who data scientists are.
Hanif Samad
▶ Serving Deep Learning Models with RedisAI — A 45 minute chat with Pieter Cailliau, senior product manager at Redis Labs, about using Redis’s RedisAI module for working with tensor data types and deep learning models.
The Changelog podcast
Quick bytes:
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Lead Cloud Security Engineer — Make an impact as our first Security Engineer, focusing on driving innovation and best practices around our cloud security efforts.
Cockroach Labs
📒 Everything else
How We Built a Logging Stack at Grab — Before the work outlined in this post, “performing a query for a string from the last three days was something only run before you went for a beverage.” I think we can all sympathize.. Elasticsearch to the rescue!
Daniel Kasen
Good Database Design Starts Here — Rules to follow when you start a new database project: usage, model selection, process and testing.
Jun Wu
An Overview of Server-Side Programming in PostgreSQL — If you just use PostgreSQL as a data store that your app interacts with, you might not realize just how powerful it is as a platform of its own with user defined types, SQL and PL/pgSQL functions and integration with other languages.
The Hidden Costs of Not Properly Managing Your Databases — See the true cost of downtime to your business, the potential losses that can incur without a well-configured database & infrastructure setup.
Percona sponsor
Gaining Code Execution with a Malicious SQLite Database — A demonstration of “a couple of real-world scenarios: pwning a password stealer backend server, and achieving iOS persistency with higher privileges.”
Check Point Research
How a Scalable SQL Database Powers Real-Time Analytics at Uber — James Burkhart of Uber explains how MemSQL (a distributed, in-memory, SQL RDBMS) has helped solve latency issues at a critical point in Uber’s growth.
Building a Real-Time Anomaly Detection System for Time Series at Pinterest
Kevin Chen and Brian Overstreet (Pinterest)
Is Python Strangling R to Death? — The R language is targeted at the statistical computing and data analysis space, but despite a recent burst of popularity, it’s already being called “a dying language” thanks to Python’s ever increasing domination.
Alex Woodie
sqltop: Find The Most Resource Consuming SQL Server Queries — Use sqlmon to collect and store SQL Server event data in Elasticsearch, then use this for the analysis.
Soheil Rashidi
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13229
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Feb 6 2008
Manga Mania Part 1
by Heather O
Manga: You’ve heard it, probably seen it, and almost every 10-25 year-old in the country can name several series and characters. The word “manga” refers to Japanese comic books and many serious fans (otaku) can argue that only comics drawn in Japan are actual manga, but the Japanese style is so mainstream and popular that it has become a global phenomena.
Manga style is different from Western comics in several ways: it is read from right to left, multiple episodes are bound into books instead of single episode pamphlets, characters are drawn with exaggerated emotions and actions to the point being cartoonish, some characters (especially girls and ‘good’ guys) are often drawn in a rounded style with largeManga5_2
round eyes and small round mouths, fewer words are used allowing fast action to move the plots forward, and manga is primarily drawn in black and white with a single or few
color inserts. Sometimes manga can be very “lost in translation”, you may wonder about some joke you don’t get or why all of the sudden the super-extreme close-up of the action seems to take more than one page. Characters can often be drawn so cute and so pretty that you have to read a little dialogue before you discover that the pretty girl is actually a boy, especially if they have long purple hair (manga is full of crazy hair). To add even more confusion, gender switching slapstick is almost as popular in manga as big robots.
Since manga is read by all ages and genders in Japan, there are different styles of manga appealing to everyone’s taste. Shonen manga for boys and teens, is usually action packed and funny. Shoujo (shojo) is aimed at girls and teens, so melodrama and romance are featured. For men and older teens, the seinen genre can contain more adult themes including violence, serious themes, and sexuality. Older teens and women have the josei (redikomi) genre that has been compared to some of the paperback romance novels or even nighttime soap operas popular in the United States; these manga tend to have more realistic romantic situation or more adult themes. Finally, Kodomo is a genre aimed at younger kids.
Some Web Resources:
Great guide to all kinds of graphic novels including manga written by a librarian: No Flying, No Tights
Public Library of Brookline has a great FAQ for teens and parents interested in manga.
Wired magazine has a cool, interactive manga 101 site.
Manga for Parents
Next on Part 2: Now I know what it is, what should I read and what does the library have?
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Launch Your Alexa Skill
Once you’ve built and tested your Alexa skill, you’re ready to submit it for certification so it can be published in the Alexa Skills Store.
What's Next?
After you publish your skill, there are steps you can take to reach new customers and continually improve their experience.
Promote Your Alexa Skill
Promote It Yourself
Spread the word about your skill on your own marketing channels.
Promotion by Amazon
Make your skill more likely to be promoted across Amazon’s marketing channels.
Marketing Guidelines
Refer to our guidelines for using the Amazon Echo and Alexa brands.
Measure and Refine Your Skill
Gather User Feedback
Learn what customers like best about your skill and which new features they’d like to see by viewing user feedback in the Alexa app.
Gain Insights from Usage Data
Use the metrics dashboard to see data about customers, sessions, utterances, and intents.
Interaction Path Analysis
Use interaction path analysis to identify interactions where customers commonly become blocked or exit your skill.
Intent History
Intent history provides skill developers with the aggregated and anonymized transcriptions of user speech data and intent request details for their skills, on a per-skill basis.
Next Steps
Subscribe to Our Newsletter
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Policies for Actions on Google
If your Action violates our policy, you may receive an email notification with a specific reason for removal or rejection. Repeated or serious violations of the policy will result in termination of individual, related or partner accounts.
Content Restrictions
Sexually explicit
We don't allow Actions that facilitate or promote sexual gratification or sexually explicit content. This includes:
• Pornographic, sexually explicit, or erotic content.
• Content that describes sexual acts or sex toys.
• Escort services or other services that may be interpreted as providing sexual acts in exchange for compensation.
• Content that describes or encourages bestiality.
Child Safety
Google has a zero-tolerance policy against child sexual abuse content, or Actions promoting the sexual exploitation of minors. If we become aware of content or Actions facilitating or promoting the distribution of child sexual abuse content, we will report it to the appropriate authorities and delete the Google Accounts of those involved with the distribution.
Violence and dangerous activities
We don't allow Actions that facilitate or promote gratuitous violence or dangerous activities. This includes:
• Terrorist groups documenting their attacks.
• Instructions for engaging in or facilitating violent activities, including bomb-making or weapon-making.
• Self-harm, including instructions to carry out self-harm.
We don’t allow Actions that facilitate the sale of explosives, weapons, firearms and related components.
If your Action contains content that may be inappropriate for a general audience, discusses mature themes, or contains disturbing or distressing content, it must include a disclaimer at the beginning of the user’s first conversation with the Action and in the Assistant directory description.
Bullying and harassment
We don't allow Actions that facilitate threats, harassment, or bullying. This includes content primarily intended to harass or single out another person for abuse, malicious attack, or ridicule.
Hate speech
We don't allow Actions that facilitate or promote content that advocates hate or violence against groups of people based on their race or ethnic origin, religion, disability, gender, age, nationality, veteran status, sexual orientation, or gender identity.
Actions that facilitate or promote near-hate negativity towards a protected group are prohibited. This includes Actions that make inflammatory or excessively negative statements about:
• Intelligence.
• Appearance or hygiene.
• Socio-economic status.
• Ethics or morality.
• Disability or medical condition.
• Criminal history.
• Sexual activity.
Sensitive events
We don't allow Actions that lack reasonable sensitivity towards, or capitalize on, a natural disaster, atrocity, conflict, death, or other tragic event.
We don't allow Actions that facilitate or promote online gambling services, including but not limited to, online casinos, sports betting, lotteries, or games of skill if they offer prizes of cash or other value.
Illegal activities
We don't allow Actions that facilitate or promote illegal activities You are solely responsible for determining the legality of your Action in its targeted locale. Actions determined to be unlawful in locations where they are published will be removed.
Alcohol & Tobacco
Actions that facilitate or promote the sale of alcohol or tobacco, or related products, are allowed in countries listed in Google’s Alcohol Adwords policy.
All Actions must:
• Implement account linking and verify user meets legal age requirements
These requirements apply to all alcohol beverage products, including wine, beer, spirits, and alcohol kits, and tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, rolling tobacco, and e-cigarettes.
Actions that sell alcohol or tobacco cannot use the Food Order Direct Action API to complete transaction.
Alcohol and tobacco branded Actions must include age verification at the beginning of the conversation.
We don’t allow Actions that promote excessive use of alcohol or tobacco, or use by minors
Recreational Drugs
We don’t allow Actions that facilitate the sale or production of recreational drugs.
Actions that provide health information must include a disclaimer at the beginning of the user’s first conversation with the Action and in the Directory description.
Financial Services
Emergency Services
We don’t allow Actions that enable users to contact emergency responders. For example 911 or 999 services.
Mature Content
If your Action contains content that may be inappropriate for a general audience, discusses mature themes, disturbing or distressing content, or frequently has profanity, it must include a disclaimer at the beginning of the user’s first conversation with the Action and in the Assistant directory description.
User-Generated Content
If your Action contains user-generated content, it must include a warning indicating as such at the beginning of the user’s first conversation with the Action and in the Assistant directory description.
Intellectual Property, Deception, and Spam
Intellectual property
We don't allow Actions that use another Action or entity's brand, title, logo, or name in a manner that may result in misleading users. Impersonation can occur even if there isn't an intent to deceive, so please be careful when referencing any brands that do not belong to you. This applies even if that brand doesn't yet have a presence on the Directory.
Trademark infringement
Deceptive behavior
Misleading claims
We don't allow Actions that contain false or misleading information or claims, including in the trigger phrase, description, title, or icon. Don't try to imply an endorsement or relationship with another entity where none exists.
Examples of misleading claims include:
• An Action that claims to be a food delivery service in its description or invocation, but is actually a ride-sharing service.
• An Action that uses a trigger phrase related to coffee, but is actually a pizza delivery service.
• Featuring deceptive content that may interfere with public voting procedures
• Claiming functionality that is impossible to implement.
• Actions that are improperly categorized.
Unauthorized use or imitation of system functionality
We don't allow Actions that mimic or interfere with device or Assistant functionality. Examples of prohibited behaviour include:
• Mimicking system notifications or warnings.
• Pretending to be Google or another Google Action.
We don't allow Actions that spam users or the Directory in any way. Examples of spammy behavior include:
• Submitting multiple duplicative Actions to the Assistant directory.
Privacy and Security
User data
All Actions must:
• Handle all user data securely
• Accurately describe the reason for requesting user data via a permission API
You must clearly and accurately disclose the legitimate business reason for requesting user data via a permission API by using the "context" field in the corresponding method.
Additional requirements
In addition to the requirements above, the table below describes requirements for specific activities and data types.
Activity / Data Type Requirement
Payment and Financial Data
(including credit card and bank account numbers)
Don't collect payment or financial data via the conversational interface (text or speech).
Email Addresses Gain explicit consent from the user.
Authentication Data
(including passwords, PINs, and answers to security questions)
Don't collect authentication data via the conversational interface (text or speech).
After a user's account has been linked, PINs or passwords may be used as part of a second verification process.
Account linking and Identity
Don't use any other method to associate a Google user with an account on your system, including using an association from another Action engaging in account linking. For example, if you offer multiple Actions requiring account linking, each Action must independently use the Account Linking API — using the configuration defined in the respective action package — to associate the Google user with the existing account.
Device and network abuse
Malicious behavior
The following are explicitly prohibited:
• Promoting or facilitating the distribution or installation of malicious software.
• Introducing or exploiting security vulnerabilities.
• Tricking users into disclosing personal or authentication information.
• Running other Actions without the user's prior consent.
• Secretly collecting device usage.
Security Vulnerabilities
Monetization and Ads
No in-conversation ads are permitted.
Naming, Directory Listing, and Promotion
Your Action’s invocation name and Assistant directory listing is how users interact with and discover Actions. Your Action's listing dramatically affects the directory's quality, so avoid spammy listings, low quality promotion, and anything that artificially boosts your Action's visibility. Fill out all of the details required for the directory listing, including providing visible, non-blank icons.
Your Action’s directory listing (including name, descriptions, etc.) must comply with the Prohibited Content and Intellectual Property policies and not include words that are vulgar, sexually explicit, or offensive.
Name Requirements
All Actions must have a unique invocation name that will allow users to trigger the Action's functionality. Action names are unique within each language, so once a name is approved, no other Action can register the same name in the same language. Your directory listing must have at least one sample invocation, all of which must include your Action’s name, for example "Talk to Google Shopping," and consistently triggers your Action.
Names must meet the following requirements:
• One-word names are not allowed, unless the name is unique to your brand or trademark within the target country. Instructions to request an exception for individual countries are below. Compound words broken into multiple words will not circumvent this requirement, for example key board counts as one word.
• A name uniquely identifies your Action, so it must distinguish itself from other Actions and from features of the Assistant. We don’t allow names that are:
• Common phrases (for example, thank you, how are you?, good morning)
• Confusingly similar with features of the Assistant (especially with home automation, device control, and media playback commands)
• Names of people or places are not allowed unless they also contain other words (for example, Bill's horoscope or New York tourism) or you are a government agency of that location (for example, the City of New York can register the name New York City).
• Depending on the language, some characters may be prohibited in the name pronunciation field; for example, languages using the Latin alphabet must contain only lower-case alphabetic characters, spaces between words, possessive apostrophes (for example, Sam's science trivia), or periods used in abbreviations (for example, a. b. c.). Other characters such as numbers must be spelled out, for example, twenty one.
• Names must be easy to pronounce correctly and be phonetically distinct to avoid being misinterpreted as similar sounding words and other Action names (within the same language). Don't use names that are phonetically similar to ones prohibited by these policies, such as vulgar, offensive, generic, or common names (even if spelt them differently).
In evaluating these policies, we consider the pronunciation of the word, how it’s spelled in the console, and the commonly accepted way to spell the pronounced word (if there is one).
We will consider exceptions to certain naming policies on a case-by-case basis; you can request an exception filling out this form and requesting an Action Name Whitelist.
Consistent names
• Make sure that your Action's title and description accurately describes its functionality.
User testimonials are not allowed in the Action's description.
Privacy Policy
All Actions must include links to their Privacy Policy in their Directory listing, which must comply with the Privacy and Security policies.
• Engaging in unsolicited promotion via SMS services.
Actions for Families
If your Action targets children or provides content explicitly for children, it must participate in the Actions for Families program. This includes both Actions targeting children as their primary audience or as one of their audiences.
The word “child” can mean different things in different locales and in different contexts. It is important that you consult with your legal counsel to help determine what obligations and restrictions may apply to your Action. The Actions for Families program is available in every Actions on Google locale except for the following: Morocco, Tunisia, and Yemen.
Program Requirements
Actions on Google offers a platform for developers to showcase their high-quality, age-appropriate Actions for children and families. Before submitting an Action to the Actions for Families program, you are responsible for ensuring your Action is appropriate for children and compliant with all relevant laws.
Actions on Google reserves the right to reject or remove any Action determined to be inappropriate for the program.
Eligibility Criteria
1. Your Action targets children as its primary audience or as one of its audiences.
2. If your Action is not targeting children as one of its audiences, like general utility Actions such as home automation or productivity Actions, it cannot participate in the Actions for Families program.
3. All Actions for Families Actions must be appropriate for children. Actions can not contain any inappropriate material, including adult content, crude humor, profane language, violent content, or self harm content.
5. Actions may not collect or solicit any personally identifiable user data.
8. You represent that your Action, and any APIs or SDKs that your Action calls or uses, are compliant with the U.S. Children’s Online Privacy and Protection Act (COPPA), E.U. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and any other applicable laws or regulations.
User Experience
Actions should follow the guidance for Conversation Design. Actions that significantly deviate from the user-interface design guidance or have poor user experiences may be disabled from specific surfaces, be rejected, or removed from the Directory, including for:
• For example, if the Action answers a user's question and then starts to listen for an additional command without asking a follow up question.
• Listening for user responses during an app experience with no implicit or explicit prompts and failing to set expectations with the user about the nature of the interaction
• For example, if the Action functions on the Google Home device but not on the mobile device.
• Playing a silent sound file without a clear purpose.
• Misusing interaction features on Assistant-enabled devices.
• Having broken links or images.
• Registering or creating misleading or irrelevant intents to your Action.
In addition, we reserve the right to reject Actions on the basis of content or functionality that are not explicitly prohibited by these policies, but that run contrary to these policies in spirit. In the event that your Action is rejected or removed under this section, we pledge to provide an explanation of our decision.
Special Requirements for Certain Use Cases
Certain APIs have special requirements, if your Action uses them, then it must also comply with those requirements.
All Actions must comply with these requirements:
2. If your Action enables users to complete a physical goods or services transaction, or make a reservation or booking, it must implement the Transactions API for Assistant. This does not include adding items to a basket.
1. Physical goods or services including:
• Reservations and bookings (such as hotel rooms)
2. Digital goods or services including:
Currently, Actions on Google does not support money transfers from one user to another, either directly or via a licensed money transmitter or donations to charitable or political entities. This restriction does not apply to App Actions.
Transactions API and Digital Purchase API Requirements
1. Abide by the Transaction Terms in the Terms of Service for Actions on Google.
6. For Actions using the Digital Purchase API only:
Data Feeds
If you provide us with catalogs, menus, or other data via a data feed or other mechanism, the data must comply with these policies, including the sections on Prohibited Content and Intellectual Property. You must correctly implement all technical requirements and provide content for all required fields. The data provided must be relevant to the use case of feed and accurate. We may disable the feed (or a portion of it), disable use of the data, or takedown any related Actions for violations of these policies or if they create a poor user experience.
Smart-Enabled Devices
Actions controlling smart devices must ensure minimum security and safety precautions when the Action can:
• Unlock doors or disable physical security mechanisms.
• For example, unlocking car doors.
• Disarm or disable security or surveillance systems.
• For example, turning off a house alarm system.
• Operate devices that are capable of causing physical harm.
• For example, a cooking stove.
Security or surveillance Actions must not log PII of individuals outside the primary user without their consent. For example, doorbell Actions cannot log information about who may be at the door without the express consent of that individual.
We do not allow Actions that instruct passenger transport vehicles to move. We also have additional restrictions related to Actions for passenger transport vehicles.
Conflicting Terms
Change Log
• 10/8/2019 - Updated misleading claims policy.
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The Chinese word dianxin - 点心 - diănxīn
(snack in Chinese)
Phonetic script (Hanyu Pinyin)
Listen to pronunciation
(Mandarin = standard Chinese without accent)
English translations
pastry, light refreshments
Chinese characters:
Chinese characters ( dianxin / diănxīn ) with pronunciation (English translation: snack )
点心 ( dianxin / diănxīn ) is composed of these characters: (dian) , (xin)
点心 ( dianxin / diănxīn ) in traditional characters
Tags and additional information
(Meaning of individual characters, character components etc.)
a little |
More words that mean snack in Chinese
kuàicān ( 快餐 ), língshí ( 零食 ), xiăochī ( 小吃 )
Report missing or erroneous translation of dianxin in English
Contact us! We always appreciate good suggestions and helpful criticism.
You might also be interested in...
This Chinese-English dictionary is currently under development.
Look up another word:
Version 5.26 / Last updated: 2019-11-25
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A new paper; “So you’re having a baby?”
Paper title 2
So I have decided to focus my PhD on designing digital health interventions to support men when preparing for conception. A health related post will come in the future that will detail preconception care. (I hope)
My first “quick” study was looking at what digital interventions already exists to support the population of couples who are preparing to conceive. Therefore, I did an analysis of existing smartphone apps that focus on the period before conception.
I found a lot of apps that concentrate on tracking ovulation, fertility and periods, so when to have intercourse to conceive. A lot of apps also focused on during pregnancy and tracking the baby through time. There was a gap of the time before conception and preparing both men and women with their health and well-being.
I did an app review to find apps for this specific purpose. I found that actually in the many (many!) apps only 28 were developed for this particular population, and 3 of those didn’t even work.
App study flow diagram
I wrote this up as a paper and submitted it to the ACM MobileHCI 2018 conference. I got accepted and my paper was published in the proceedings. Full text can be found here and here. Here is a quick extract of the published extract.
Paper abstract
Existing apps were reviewed. The topics and information they provided were tagged and put into a nice neat table, well I thought so anyway. We found that there was little focus on emotional well-being when preparing for conception.
We then did an analysis of user reviews that were left by users of these existing apps. We looked at the usefulness, usability and the satisfaction of the apps.
In summary, I found that a few apps do exist and the users that use them seem to be satisfied, yet we have no idea whether they are truly successful in improving couples preconception health.
Click here to read the full paper.
seo optimizare and promovare so design grafic
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Career Clarity Survey
Based on a 25 year Harvard Research, 80% of people who know their career goals would eventually achieve them later in life. This survey aims to help you gain more clarity in your career goals. Let's find out what you want!
Name *
Your answer
Mobile *
Your answer
Email *
Your answer
Age *
Your answer
Occupation *
Your answer
The person that invited you to take this survey *
Your answer
Data Policy
The data provided would be used to form an aggregated view on the career clarity of the participants. If necessary, we will be contacting you to request for additional information.
I consent to the collection of my data and to be contacted by the surveyor. *
Never submit passwords through Google Forms.
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Best practices for SQL Analytics in Azure Synapse Analytics (formerly SQL DW)
This article is a collection of best practices to help you to achieve optimal performance from your SQL Analytics deployment. The purpose of this article is to give you some basic guidance and highlight important areas of focus. Each section introduces you to a concept and then points you to more detailed articles that cover the concept in more depth. The sequence of topics is in the order of importance.
Reduce cost with pause and scale
For more information about reducing costs through pausing and scaling, see the Manage compute.
Maintain statistics
Azure SQL Data Warehouse can be configured to automatically detect and create statistics on columns. The query plans created by the optimizer are only as good as the available statistics. We recommend that you enable AUTO_CREATE_STATISTICS for your databases and keep the statistics updated daily or after each load to ensure that statistics on columns used in your queries are always up-to-date.
If you find it is taking too long to update all of your statistics, you may want to try to be more selective about which columns need frequent statistics updates. For example, you might want to update date columns, where new values may be added, daily. You will gain the most benefit by having updated statistics on columns involved in joins, columns used in the WHERE clause and columns found in GROUP BY.
See also Manage table statistics, CREATE STATISTICS, UPDATE STATISTICS
Use DMVs to monitor and optimize your queries
SQL Analytics has several DMVs that can be used to monitor query execution. The monitoring article below walks through step-by-step instructions on how to look at the details of an executing query. To quickly find queries in these DMVs, using the LABEL option with your queries can help.
See also Monitor your workload using DMVs, LABEL, OPTION, sys.dm_exec_sessions, sys.dm_pdw_exec_requests, sys.dm_pdw_request_steps, sys.dm_pdw_sql_requests, sys.dm_pdw_dms_workers, DBCC PDW_SHOWEXECUTIONPLAN, sys.dm_pdw_waits
Tune query performance with new product enhancements
Group INSERT statements into batches
A one-time load to a small table with an INSERT statement or even a periodic reload of a look-up may perform just fine for your needs with a statement like INSERT INTO MyLookup VALUES (1, 'Type 1'). However, if you need to load thousands or millions of rows throughout the day, you might find that singleton INSERTS just can't keep up. Instead, develop your processes so that they write to a file and another process periodically comes along and loads this file.
See also INSERT
Use PolyBase to load and export data quickly
SQL Analytics supports loading and exporting data through several tools including Azure Data Factory, PolyBase, and BCP. For small amounts of data where performance isn't critical, any tool may be sufficient for your needs. However, when you are loading or exporting large volumes of data or fast performance is needed, PolyBase is the best choice.
PolyBase is designed to leverage the MPP (Massively Parallel Processing) architecture and will load and export data magnitudes faster than any other tool. PolyBase loads can be run using CTAS or INSERT INTO. Using CTAS will minimize transaction logging and the fastest way to load your data.
Azure Data Factory also supports PolyBase loads and can achieve similar performance as CTAS. PolyBase supports a variety of file formats including Gzip files. To maximize throughput when using gzip text files, break up files into 60 or more files to maximize parallelism of your load. For faster total throughput, consider loading data concurrently.
See also Load data, Guide for using PolyBase, SQL pool loading patterns and strategies, Load Data with Azure Data Factory, Move data with Azure Data Factory, CREATE EXTERNAL FILE FORMAT, Create table as select (CTAS)
Load then query external tables
While Polybase, also known as external tables, can be the fastest way to load data, it is not optimal for queries. Polybase tables currently only support Azure blob files and Azure Data Lake storage. These files do not have any compute resources backing them.
As a result, SQL Analytics cannot offload this work and therefore must read the entire file by loading it to tempdb in order to read the data. Therefore, if you have several queries that will be querying this data, it is better to load this data once and have queries use the local table.
See also Guide for using PolyBase
Hash distribute large tables
By default, tables are Round Robin distributed. This makes it easy for users to get started creating tables without having to decide how their tables should be distributed. Round Robin tables may perform sufficiently for some workloads, but in most cases selecting a distribution column will perform much better. The most common example of when a table distributed by a column will far outperform a Round Robin table is when two large fact tables are joined.
For example, if you have an orders table, which is distributed by order_id, and a transactions table, which is also distributed by order_id, when you join your orders table to your transactions table on order_id, this query becomes a pass-through query, which means we eliminate data movement operations. Fewer steps mean a faster query. Less data movement also makes for faster queries.
When loading a distributed table, be sure that your incoming data is not sorted on the distribution key as this will slow down your loads. See the below links for more details on how selecting a distribution column can improve performance as well as how to define a distributed table in the WITH clause of your CREATE TABLE statement.
See also Table overview, Table distribution, Selecting table distribution, CREATE TABLE, CREATE TABLE AS SELECT
Do not over-partition
While partitioning data can be effective for maintaining your data through partition switching or optimizing scans by with partition elimination, having too many partitions can slow down your queries. Often a high granularity partitioning strategy, which may work well on SQL Server may not work well in SQL Analytics.
Having too many partitions can also reduce the effectiveness of clustered columnstore indexes if each partition has fewer than 1 million rows. Keep in mind that behind the scenes, SQL Analytics partitions your data for you into 60 databases, so if you create a table with 100 partitions, this actually results in 6000 partitions.
Each workload is different so the best advice is to experiment with partitioning to see what works best for your workload. Consider lower granularity than what may have worked for you in SQL Server. For example, consider using weekly or monthly partitions rather than daily partitions.
See also Table partitioning
Minimize transaction sizes
INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements run in a transaction and when they fail they must be rolled back. To minimize the potential for a long rollback, minimize transaction sizes whenever possible. This can be done by dividing INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements into parts.
For example, if you have an INSERT that you expect to take 1 hour, if possible, break up the INSERT into four parts, which will each run in 15 minutes. Leverage special Minimal Logging cases, like CTAS, TRUNCATE, DROP TABLE or INSERT to empty tables, to reduce rollback risk.
Another way to eliminate rollbacks is to use Metadata Only operations like partition switching for data management. For example, rather than execute a DELETE statement to delete all rows in a table where the order_date was in October of 2001, you could partition your data monthly and then switch out the partition with data for an empty partition from another table (see ALTER TABLE examples).
For unpartitioned tables, consider using a CTAS to write the data you want to keep in a table rather than using DELETE. If a CTAS takes the same amount of time, it is a much safer operation to run as it has minimal transaction logging and can be canceled quickly if needed.
See also Understanding transactions, Optimizing transactions, Table partitioning, TRUNCATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, Create table as select (CTAS)
Reduce query result sizes
This step helps you avoid client-side issues caused by large query result. You can edit your query to reduce the number of rows returned. Some query generation tools allow you to add “top N” syntax to each query. You can also CETAS the query result to a temporary table and then use PolyBase export for the downlevel processing.
Use the smallest possible column size
When defining your DDL, using the smallest data type that will support your data will improve query performance. This is especially important for CHAR and VARCHAR columns. If the longest value in a column is 25 characters, then define your column as VARCHAR(25). Avoid defining all character columns to a large default length. In addition, define columns as VARCHAR when that is all that is needed rather than use NVARCHAR.
See also Table overview, Table data types, CREATE TABLE
Use temporary heap tables for transient data
When you are temporarily landing data, you may find that using a heap table will make the overall process faster. If you are loading data only to stage it before running more transformations, loading the table to heap table will be much faster than loading the data to a clustered columnstore table.
In addition, loading data to a temp table will also load much faster than loading a table to permanent storage. Temporary tables start with a "#" and are only accessible by the session that created it, so they may only work in limited scenarios. Heap tables are defined in the WITH clause of a CREATE TABLE. If you do use a temporary table, remember to create statistics on that temporary table too.
Optimize clustered columnstore tables
Clustered columnstore indexes are one of the most efficient ways you can store your data in SQL Analytics. By default, tables in SQL Analytics are created as Clustered ColumnStore. To get the best performance for queries on columnstore tables, having good segment quality is important.
When rows are written to columnstore tables under memory pressure, columnstore segment quality may suffer. Segment quality can be measured by number of rows in a compressed Row Group. See the Causes of poor columnstore index quality in the Table indexes article for step by step instructions on detecting and improving segment quality for clustered columnstore tables.
Because high-quality columnstore segments are important, it's a good idea to use users IDs that are in the medium or large resource class for loading data. Using lower data warehouse units means you want to assign a larger resource class to your loading user.
Since columnstore tables generally won't push data into a compressed columnstore segment until there are more than 1 million rows per table and each SQL Analytics table is partitioned into 60 tables, as a rule of thumb, columnstore tables won't benefit a query unless the table has more than 60 million rows. For table with less than 60 million rows, it may not make any sense to have a columnstore index. It also may not hurt.
Furthermore, if you partition your data, then you will want to consider that each partition will need to have 1 million rows to benefit from a clustered columnstore index. If a table has 100 partitions, then it will need to have at least 6 billion rows to benefit from a clustered columns store (60 distributions * 100 partitions * 1 million rows).
If your table does not have 6 billion rows in this example, either reduce the number of partitions or consider using a heap table instead. It also may be worth experimenting to see if better performance can be gained with a heap table with secondary indexes rather than a columnstore table.
When querying a columnstore table, queries will run faster if you select only the columns you need.
See also Table indexes, Columnstore indexes guide, Rebuilding columnstore indexes
Use larger resource class to improve query performance
SQL Analytics uses resource groups as a way to allocate memory to queries. Out of the box, all users are assigned to the small resource class, which grants 100 MB of memory per distribution. Since there are always 60 distributions and each distribution is given a minimum of 100 MB, system wide the total memory allocation is 6,000 MB, or just under 6 GB.
Certain queries, like large joins or loads to clustered columnstore tables, will benefit from larger memory allocations. Some queries, like pure scans, will see no benefit. On the flip side, utilizing larger resource classes reduces concurrency, so you will want to take this impact into consideration before moving all of your users to a large resource class.
See also Resource classes for workload management
Use Smaller Resource Class to Increase Concurrency
If you are noticing that user queries seem to have a long delay, it could be that your users are running in larger resource classes and are consuming many concurrency slots causing other queries to queue up. To see if users queries are queued, run SELECT * FROM sys.dm_pdw_waits to see if any rows are returned.
See also Resource classes for workload management, sys.dm_pdw_waits
Other resources
Also see our Troubleshooting article for common issues and solutions.
If you didn't find what you are looking for in this article, try using the "Search for docs" on the left side of this page to search all of the Azure Synapse documents. The Azure Synapse Forum is a place for you to ask questions to other users and to the Azure Synapse Product Group.
We actively monitor this forum to ensure that your questions are answered either by another user or one of us. If you prefer to ask your questions on Stack Overflow, we also have an Azure Synapse Stack Overflow Forum.
Finally, please do use the Azure Synapse Feedback page to make feature requests. Adding your requests or up-voting other requests really helps us prioritize features.
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UiPath Activities
Go Home
Navigates to the current home or start page.
Due to a software limitation, this activity navigates to the Home page that was set by the user in the browser settings only in the case of Internet Explorer. For other browsers, the activity navigates to https://www.google.com.
• Browser - The browser in which you want to go to the start page or home. This field supports only Browser variables.
• DisplayName - The display name of the activity.
• ContinueOnError - Specifies if the automation should continue even when the activity throws an error. This field only supports Boolean values (True, False). The default value is False. As a result, if the field is blank and an error is thrown, the execution of the project stops. If the value is set to True, the execution of the project continues regardless of any error.
If this activity is included in Try Catch and the value of the ContinueOnError property is True, no error is caught when the project is executed.
• Private - If selected, the values of variables and arguments are no longer logged at Verbose level.
Updated about a year ago
Go Home
Suggested Edits are limited on API Reference Pages
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Features - API Manager 1.4.0 - WSO2 Documentation
Skip to end of metadata
Go to start of metadata
Creating a Store for your APIs
• Graphical experience similar to Android Marketplace or Apple App Store.
• Browse APIs by provider, tags or name.
• Self-registration to developer community to subscribe to APIs.
• Subscribe to APIs and manage subscriptions on per-application basis.
• Subscriptions can be at different service tiers based on expected usage levels.
• Role based access to API Store; manage public and private APIs.
• Manage subscriptions at a per-developer level.
• Browse API documentation, download helpers for easy consumption.
• Comment on and rate APIs.
• Forum for discussing API usage issues (Available soon in future version).
• Try APIs directly on the store front.
• Internationalization (i18n) support.
Publishing and Governing API Usage
• Publish APIs to external consumers and partners, as well as internal users.
• Supports publishing multiple protocols including SOAP, REST, JSON and XML style services as APIs.
• Manage API versions and deployment status by version.
• Govern the API lifecycle (publish, deprecate, retire).
• Attach documentation (files, external URLs) to APIs.
• Apply Security policies to APIs (authentication, authorization).
• Associate API available to system defined service tiers.
• Provision and Manage API keys.
• Track consumers per API.
• One-click deployment to API Gateway for immediate publishing.
Routing API Traffic
• Supports API authentication with OAuth2.
• Extremely high performance pass-through message routing with sub-millisecond latency.
• Enforce rate limiting and throttling policies for APIs by consumer.
• Horizontally scalable with easy deployment into cluster using proven routing infrastructure.
• Scales to millions of developers/users.
• Capture all statistics and push to pluggable analytics system.
• Configure API routing policies with capabilities of WSO2 Enterprise Service Bus.
• Powered by WSO2 Enterprise Service Bus.
Managing the Community
• Self-sign up for API consumption.
• Manage user account including password reset.
• Developer interaction with APIs via comments and ratings.
• Support for developer communication via forums (Available soon in future version).
• Powered by WSO2 Identity Server.
Governing Complete API Lifecycle
• Manage API lifecycle from cradle to grave: create, publish, block, deprecate and retire.
• Publish both production and sandbox keys for APIs to enable easy developer testing.
• Publish APIs to partner networks such as ProgrammableWeb (Available soon in future version).
• Powered by WSO2 Governance Registry.
Monitoring API Usage and Performance
• All API usage published to pluggable analytics framework.
• Out of the box support for WSO2 Business Activity Monitor and Google Analytics.
• View metrics by user, API and more.
• Customized reporting via plugging reporting engines.
• Monitor SLA compliance.
• Powered by WSO2 Business Activity Monitor.
Deploying with Ease in Enterprise Settings
• Role based access control for managing users and their authorization levels.
• Store front can be deployed in DMZ for external access with Publisher inside the firewall for private control.
• Different user stores for developer focused store-front and internal operations in publisher.
• Integrates with enterprise identity systems including LDAP and Microsoft Active Directory.
• Gateway can be deployed in DMZ with controlled access to WSO2 Identity Server (for authentication/authorization) and governance database behind firewall.
Customizing and Extending
• All components are highly customizable. You can change the styles and themes of the Web interfaces.
• Storefront implemented with Jaggery ( for easy customization.
• Pluggable to third-party analytics systems and billing systems (Available soon in future version).
• Pluggable to existing user stores including via JDBC and LDAP.
• Components usable separately – storefront can be used to front APIs gatewayed via third party gateways such as Intel Expressway Service Gateway.
• No labels
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13291
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Overview of Week Three
This is the overall plan for Week Three…
1. Lesson. This week’s lesson returns to the theme of Stoic mindfulness and explores it further, building upon your attunement to the “here and now” and adding strategies for gaining “cognitive distance” by taking a step back from your automatic thoughts, following advice given by Epictetus.
2. Daily exercise. You’re going to adapt a simple meditation technique used in modern behaviour therapy, sometimes called “leaves on a stream”, to train yourself in some of the psychological skills described by the ancient Stoics.
3. Audio recording. This is a short (6 min.) guided evening contemplative exercise, that builds on your practice from last week, by encouraging you to review a summary of the day’s events from a detached perspective, as described by Seneca.
4. Self-monitoring. As well as rating your consistency with your core values each day, you’re also going to try to keep track, as objectively as possible, of how much time you actually spend on unhealthy trains of thought or activities.
5. Discussion questions. “What are the benefits of recalling what’s under your control and what isn’t in difficult situations? What would be the long-term consequences of blurring this distinction?”
As always, if there’s anything you don’t understand or get stuck with, let us know immediately, by posting on the Comments below or contacting the course facilitator, and we’ll do our very best to help you.
Free Email Course
Meditations email modal
Join the conversation
1. Yes, I agree. Individual responsibility / values or virtuos would lose their importance.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13305
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Have you ever worried about every day essential needs, like water, food, health? Have you ever been discouraged by the facts surrounding your circumstances? Have you ever been paralyzed by the fear stemming from not knowing how you would survive what appeared to be a devastating situation?
I’ve been there.
I remember, as a fifteen-year-old girl, when my mother told me that my father had died in the night. My first thought was, “What do I have to do to help the family make ends meet.” I experienced fear for our survival. My father had been the breadwinner for our family, and my mother was from another country without any advanced education or employable skill. While not very sophisticated, my fifteen-year-old mind immediately began plotting and planning to babysit more, mow more lawns, and clean more houses until I’d be able to get a “real job” after I turned sixteen.
From the day of my father’s death until a couple decades later, I allowed fear to instill a scarcity mindset at my core. I began to believe, “if it was to be, it was all up to me.” At the time, I believed God could have prevented my father’s death, so since he didn’t, how could I trust Him to care for my family and provide all we needed? Instead, I took it upon myself to be the provider—a role God never intended for me to assume.
Trusting God in Difficult Times
As someone who has experienced lean times, as well as the pain of loss and devastating life circumstances, I have a great deal of compassion for the widow of Zarephath discussed in 1 Kings 17. Elijah was one of God’s prophets at the time, and he had prophesied to King Ahab that for the next few years no rain would fall. God directed Elijah to hide by Kerith Brook, where God would provide water from the brook and ravens would bring him bread and meat twice a day.
Eventually, the brook dried up and God instructed Elijah to go leave his place of provision and live in the village of Zarephath. There God would instruct a widow to feed him instead of the ravens. When he arrived there, he came upon a widow gathering sticks. He asked her for a cupful of water. Before she was even out of earshot, he added, “Bring me a bite of bread, too.”
Scripture doesn’t tell us if Elijah knew anything about her situation, but from the account, it certainly sounds like Elijah got on her last nerve. She shouted back at him, “I swear by the LORD your God that I don’t have a single piece of bread in the house. And I have only a handful of flour left in the jar and a little cooking oil in the bottom of the jug. I was just gathering a few sticks to cook this last meal, and then my son and I will die” (1 Kings 17:12 NLT).
Can’t you just imagine her anguish over her lean conditions and the desperation in her heart knowing that she and her son were one meal away from death? How frustrating, irritating, and aggravating to have a strange man ask her for something she intended to give to her own flesh and blood as if he was oblivious to her lack.
Elijah’s request invoked a bit of worry, fear, and anxiety in the widow. She had already lost her husband to death, she had only enough oil and flour to bake one last morsel of bread for her and her son, and then they to would die. Can you imagine what it would be like to cook your last meal, knowing that you and your child would die a slow and torturous death by starvation, while your child begged you for food when you were powerless to provide? To add insult to injury, a stranger comes along and asks for water during a drought, and a bite of food for himself.
We know she suffered with worry, fear, and anxiety because Elijah countered her fear with, “Don’t be afraid! Go ahead and do just what you’ve said, but make a little bread for me first. Then use what’s left to prepare a meal for yourself and your son. For this is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: There will always be flour and olive oil left in your containers until the time when the LORD sends rain and the crops grow again!” (1 Kings 17: 13-14 NLT)
She must’ve thought he had a lot of nerve telling her not to be afraid, demanding that she feed him first before her starving son, and prophesying that there would be a continuous supply of oil and flour where she had only the dregs on the bottom and sides of her jars. Yet, she did as Elijah requested. After she did, she miraculously experienced God’s provision as she continued to eat every day for over a year while the drought continued.
Despite the continual supply of flour and olive oil, her son became sick and died. Despite God’s faithful provision of food for the widow and her son, she became wracked with anxiety, lacked the faith needed and blamed Elijah as she cried out, “O man of God, what have you done to me? Have you come here to point out my sins and kill my son?” (v. 18 NLT)
Elijah took her son into his arms, carried him upstairs, and laid the body on his bed. It was then his turn to cry out to God, “O LORD my God, why have you brought tragedy to this widow who has opened her home to me, causing her son to die?” (v. 20 NLT) He laid on top of the boy three times while begging God to breathe life back into his body. God did as Elijah asked and revived the boy. Through this encounter, the woman’s faith in God was strengthened, “Then the woman told Elijah, “Now I know for sure that you are a man of God, and that the LORD truly speaks through you” (v. 24 NLT).
Placing our faith in God’s truth despite what the facts say
Have you ever experienced God’s provision in one area of your life, but then seemingly forgot about His faithfulness when you encountered a difficulty or challenge in another area? It can be so difficult to maintain our faith and trust in God when compelling facts present themselves before us (i.e. the woman only had enough flour and oil for one more meal, or when the woman’s son lay lifeless).
Sometimes we have to place less emphasis on the facts, and all our faith in the truth. #faith #trustGod #hope
The facts may be that there is more month than paycheck, that tests reveal the presence of cancer, that a spouse has not remained faithful, that a child is in prison, etc. But the truth is that God is faithful, He promises to supply all our needs, He has declared that HIS plans for us are good and include a future and a hope.
Because of Him, #HopePrevails!
Hope Prevails and the Hope Prevails Bible Study by Dr. Michelle Bengtson
Available now through book retailers!
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The facts may be compelling but place your faith in God’s truth. #faith #trustGod #hope
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13307
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I am using a Simple Hierarchical Select as an exposed filter in views.
How would I hide terms that have no nodes from the select box?
There is no simple way to do that without writing custom module to eliminate the terms you wanted. That said, you can write hook_form_alter to achieve this.
* Implements hook_form_alter
if ($form_id == 'views_exposed_form' && $form['#id'] == 'YOUREXPOSEDFORMID') {
foreach ($form['field_tags_tid']['#options'] as $tid => $term_name) {
if (is_numeric($tid)) {
$result_count = db_select('taxonomy_index', 'ti')
->condition('ti.tid', $tid, '=')
// Removing the option for tags with no-content
if (!$result_count) {
NOTE: Here, I assumed field_tags_tid as the field name, should be replaced with the appropriate field name.
• Thank you very much! I got this code to work with a regular views filter (select box). How ever I am having huge trouble getting the right field name for thge Simple Hierarchical Select. I always get error: "Notice: Undefined index.." and code doesn't work. So your code works.. maybe I should ask new question on how to get proper field name? – puudutus Mar 31 '16 at 14:00
• To be more specific.. I think I found the right filed name, but now the error is "Notice: Undefined index: #options" – puudutus Apr 1 '16 at 9:33
Your Answer
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13317
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13335
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Edusites Guide | How to Develop a Personal Response to Reading
Edusites Guide | How to Develop a Personal Response to Reading
‘Personal opinions that are unconsidered and unsupported are not judgements.’ (Ofqual)
‘Students can enjoy the creativity of bringing their own fresh, original ideas to the reading of a text/texts.’ (Examination Board)
How do we reconcile the two?
As always we start with the DFE curriculum orders.
In English Language the section dedicated to critical reading and comprehension states that students should ‘draw inferences and justify these with evidence; support a point of view by referring to evidence within the text…’.
In Assessment Objective AO2 there is the clear injunction: ‘use relevant subject terminology to support their views’. Assessment Objective AO4 asks them to ‘evaluate texts critically’: the questions for this will lead them towards such evaluation.
There is frequent mention of a range of commands: see Edusites English Glossary of Frequently Used English GCSE Terms in Associated Resources but ‘evaluate’ needs clear definition here. The OED gives us ‘appraise’ ‘assess’. In turn we get to ‘estimate the worth of’ and ‘estimate the quality of’. So as far as we are concerned it means to make qualitative judgements about what has been read: with the constant proviso that these are supported by evidence from and reference to the text.
What is blindingly clear in all this is that (as in the Ofqual statement above) there is absolutely no room for assertions or generalisations, unsupported opinions or prejudices (or worse); irrelevance, digression or loss of focus on the text and task. Across both specifications candidates must put, and clearly show that they are putting, knowledge and understanding of the text/s first and commenting/ analysing/ drawing conclusions second.
In particular for reading in English Language candidates are asked to:
Read unseen non-fiction texts from the 19th century and either the 20th or 21st century. One text will always be drawn from the 19th century.
Learners read a wide range of high-quality non-fiction texts drawn from the 19th and either the 20th or 21st century. This may include for example, essays, journalism (both printed and online), travel writing, speeches and biographical writing.
Learners are required to read in different ways for different purposes. They read and analyse texts that are designed, for example, to persuade, inform, instruct or advise.
They explore how effectively texts achieve their purposes by comparing and evaluating the usefulness, relevance and presentation of ideas and information.
Learners engage with texts, developing independent viewpoints and recognising different interpretations.
They develop knowledge and understanding of linguistic and literary terminology to support their analysis of texts.
• identify and interpret key ideas and information from texts
• comment on writers’ choices of vocabulary, form and grammatical features, paying attention to detail
• explore the effects of writing for particular audiences and purposes
• summarise ideas and information from a single text and synthesise from more than one text
• draw inferences and justify points of view by referring closely to evidence from the text
• use appropriate linguistic terminology to support their analysis
• evaluate the usefulness of a text by identifying bias and misuse of evidence
• use a broad understanding of the text’s context to inform their reading. Contexts could include, for example, the given historical setting, the mode or genre
• explore connections across texts to develop their understanding of the ideas, attitudes and values presented in
This supports the development of personal view of what has been read.
Examiner Tip: students don’t necessarily have to show familiarity/competence/expertise in all these areas at once! Remember that the skills the examinations require are built up incrementally as the paper develops.
Establishing an Overview of Shape, Pattern and Purpose
The groundwork for developing a considered and well-supported personal view begins with thorough and rigorous reading of the set text. Whether it is a lengthy novel (Jane Eyre, say or Great Expectations) or one of the three or four reading passages in the English Language Examination, the same principles should apply.
Texts should be read in full (over a period of time with a play or novel, obviously) to establish an overview of what they are about; how they start, develop and conclude and, in the simplest of terms, what happens in between. Only then is it possible to go into finer detail to examine why language has been used in a particular way at a particular point for a particular effect and what judgements might be made about it.
Read the following passage so as to be sure you understand what it is about, how it starts and concludes and how it develops from the former to the latter and how the different sections are linked. You should also note any striking uses of language as you do so.
Examiner Tip: students need to work very hard to understand the pace at which they read: some people read more quickly than others: so students need to practice with these passages to discover and be aware of how long it takes them to thoroughly read, absorb and think about so many hundred words.
Click to read the rest of this article.
Associated Resources
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13338
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The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 provided a historic opportunity for Washington and Moscow to forge a new and constructive relationship. What went wrong? In part, the answer lies in very different historical experiences of the years that followed the end of the Cold War.
From the American perspective, the 1990s were a period of ideological triumph and economic optimism. But for millions of Russians, those years were characterized by financial upheaval, political dysfunction, and—critically—international humiliation and defeat by the West.
The strong popular support today for Vladimir Putin’s assertive brand of nationalism—which takes aim squarely at American power—is, in part, a reaction to that history.
In some respects, Russia has always measured its sovereignty and global power against the West. But in that light, can Moscow and Washington ever have a truly constructive relationship?
Traveling to the Soviet Union for the first time in 1986, EGF Board President Ian Bremmer experienced firsthand the warmth of the country’s people and the beauty of its culture. Looking back, it’s hard to believe that relations would deteriorate to where they are today.
Relations between the US and Russia have broken down, says former Swedish Foreign Minister and Chief UN Weapons Inspector Hans Blix. Gone are the days of deep ideological clash, but communication between the two powers is non-existent.
Putin’s aim is to make Russia great again. But Russia can’t rule the world on its own terms. Andrei Kolesnikov, Senior Fellow at the Carnegie Moscow Center, describes the importance of history in Putin’s Russia and how it impacts the country’s relationship with the US.
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13345
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I have designed a noise and interference reduction block. When I was going to test it by mounting the system in the lab, my professor told me that I could test it by creating a source of 50Hz by using a 555 in astable mode, instead of using the function generator as I was going to attempt.
After that, I was thinking what could be the advantages or disadvantages of testing that, with the function generator and with the multi-pulse generator. It took me a good deal of time to design the source with the 555, since it was unknown to me at that point.
So, I'd like to know the advantages and disadvantages of using both methods, to understand what was the point of using the multi-pulse generator with the 555.
• \$\begingroup\$ Beyond the learning experience of working with a 555, I can't see any reason it'd be advantageous over using a function generator. \$\endgroup\$ – Nick Johnson Oct 29 '15 at 11:05
• \$\begingroup\$ I agree with Nick. There really is no advantage at all in testing something to designing and building an inferior circuit when a piece of lab equipment is available. \$\endgroup\$ – R Drast Oct 29 '15 at 11:11
• 1
\$\begingroup\$ Well, why do professors tell people to do things? To learn about them... \$\endgroup\$ – PlasmaHH Oct 29 '15 at 11:13
• \$\begingroup\$ Yeah, I thought that. It was way more straightforward to do it with the function generator. But I was just thinking if there was any advantage on using the other. I see it was just a matter of learning experience of working with a 555. \$\endgroup\$ – user3780731 Oct 29 '15 at 11:16
If the function generator can produce the 50 Hz signal, then there is no advantage to the 555 timer electrically.
Function generator advantages:
1. Ready to use, just dial in what signal you want.
555 timer advantages:
1. It makes you learn about a 555 timer.
2. If you don't value your time (or your professor doesn't), it's a lot cheaper than a function generator.
3. It keeps 20 students from fighting over the single function generator.
• \$\begingroup\$ This is a really good answer! Now I understand why the professor said that to us! Thank you!! \$\endgroup\$ – user3780731 Oct 29 '15 at 11:19
Your Answer
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13346
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I need my STP/STL model to be re-captured in the 3D workspace environment from Altium to SolidWorks.
Can any one help me on this and can it indeed be done? Norman
You can import the 3D STP model of the PCB into Solidworks but I don't think the features will be editable. Just RTFM and it should work, but as I recall it was a bit quirky (maybe some holes were not quite open, that sort of thing).
There's supposed to be a new capability that allows editable features to be imported, according to some Solidworks sales guys that gave us a presentation (on another related product) last week. Not sure if it's extra cost or standard in the latest versions.
• \$\begingroup\$ I import step files from Altium into Solidworks all the time, and provided the models in Altium don't have errors (overlapping solids, for example) you can run the feature recognition tool in SW and edit the features. \$\endgroup\$ – DerStrom8 Jan 30 '16 at 13:45
• \$\begingroup\$ @derstrom8 Thanks. Do you know what the sales guys were referring to? We're using older versions of both SW and Altium (if it ain't broke..) \$\endgroup\$ – Spehro Pefhany Jan 30 '16 at 14:14
• \$\begingroup\$ I expect it was the feature recognition tool, which is part of FeatureWorks. I think this was introduced in SolidWorks 2014. I don't remember having it in SW 2011 (the version I had before '14). Now I'm using '15 and love it. \$\endgroup\$ – DerStrom8 Jan 30 '16 at 14:34
• \$\begingroup\$ @derstrom8 Thanks, we're back in 2011 with one even older seat. \$\endgroup\$ – Spehro Pefhany Jan 30 '16 at 14:43
Your Answer
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13352
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Jenkins credentials
The most interesting topic on my blog is Jenkins credentials – you look for everything that is connected to this topic. How to use them, how to pass them into the Jenkinsfile, how to manage them and so on. In order to facilitate your life, I decided to make this page, where you can find all blog posts that bring up the subject of the Jenkins credentials:
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13358
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Old URLs never die
8/4/2002 – ...they become porn sites. The The Seattle Chess Foundation was originally to be reached under, logically, www.seattlechessfoundation.com or .org. Then they changed the name to America's Foundation for Chess and the URL to www.af4c.org, allowing the original to expire. The original URL was snapped up by an aggressive adult site which now greets chess hungry surfers. Before you go investigating this snafu you should read a little more about it here.
ChessBase 15 - Mega package ChessBase 15 - Mega package
The mission of the Seattle Chess Foundation, now known as the America's Foundation for Chess, is to strengthen the minds and character of young people by advancing chess in our schools and culture.
The new URL, where you can find out all about the laudatory activities of the AFC is www.af4c.org.
The old domain names were seattlechessfoundation.com/org and expired after the switch to af4c.org. The vacant .com URL was amazingly snapped up by a pornographic site. "If you happen to come across old links to seattlechessfoundation.com/org,", wrote a worried AFC official, "could you please let the webmaster know about the change. Anything we can do lessen the upset/shock people might encounter by going to our website would be much appreciated!"
We are glad to oblige. However, before you go investigating what now greets chess enthusiasts when they log into the old seattlechessfoundation site, be warned that the porn site located there is fairly aggressive. You will get a lot of automatic pop-ups, including full-screen windows that have no close buttons (use Alt-F4 to get rid of them). If you are not experienced with this kind of thing, our advice to you is – stick to chess!
Nearly half of all URLs registered on the Internet will expire, usually because their impulsive or get-rich-quick owners have decided that they were no longer worth the annual registration fees of between $15 and $30. If you want to search through the constantly updated pool of more than fifteen million newly available domain names you can do so at www.DeletedDomains.com. There is a very interesting article on this at Salon.com. Here are some excerpts.
Anyone who who registers a domain name probably has one of two ambitions – to make money (buy this thing from me now!) or to make a point (listen to me now!). From there, all hell breaks loose. Sifting through this virtual detritus uncovers every human emotion – infatuation and disillusion, rage and grief, greed and fear, intolerance and acceptance. There are foolhardy business ideas, unbalanced opinions, political jabs, angry rants, and lunatic suppositions. There is religious fervor and sports zealotry. There are purposeful misspellings and racial slurs. Read through thousands and both the commonality and the originality are striking. The human desire to explore and express is alive -- marvelously flawed though it may be at times.
Some people intended to create the hub for hobbyists like themselves, be they collectors (ICollectBarbies.com, AirForcePatchCollectors.com) or aficionados of lesser-known sports (IPlayCricket.com, ILoveIceFishing.com). The promise of finding people who dance your dance (FoxTrotDenise.com, Love2LineDance.com), drink your drink (BeersILove.com), or appreciate your favorite aquatic species (JellyfishGallery.com, ArtOfCatfish.com, BeckyLovesFrogs.com) can be a siren song. Some online ambitions centered around a TV show (a Seinfeld fan's FestivusMaximus.com, a South Park fan's ImSuperThanksForAsking.com). Or musical act (Mad4Oasis.com, AdorableBritneySpears.com). Or even favorite first and former first-daughters (BarbaraAndJennaBush.com, ILoveChelseaClinton.com).
There are expired URLs for every mood. High-self esteem (DavidIsRight.com and IAmBlessedAndHighlyFavored.com) and low (ISuckAtEverything.com, DontWreckMe.com). Optimistic (ItsMarvelous.com and ImPumped.com) and expecting the worst (ItsNotGoingToHappen.com). There are names for the fed-up (ThatsBullcrap.com), apologetic (HoneySorryIAmWrong.com), self-doubting (SheOnlyLikesMeWhenImHigh.com), self-loathing (IAmABrainDeadMoron.com, IAmBloated.com). There are sympathetic URLs (ItHappensToEveryMan.com) and fanciful ones (ItsSoBig.com). There are obsessive names (IHaveYouInMind.com) and ominous names (ItsLaterThanYouThink.com) and even lactose-intolerant names (DairyNot.com).
We all learn that love doesn't necessarily last forever (even Janelle's beloved, who registered ILoveJanelleForever.com only to set it adrift). And the sorrow and resentment that can result from disaffection often seeks a podium of its own. Such emotion may well have lead to IDislikeRob.com, GordonIsAMoron.com, IHateAdamOliver.com, and HeatherThompsonIsABigDork.com (though the last sounds more like it was registered by Heather's little sister). Though MeganAndAndreaAreLesbians.com may have been intended as a virtual coming-out party, it sounds more like a bulletin board for disgruntled ex-boyfriends. Think that's harsh? For all-out fury -- spent perhaps in the very act of URL registration -- it's hard to beat IHateAndrewSalkeldTheFatUglyGreasyStarTrekLovingWanker.com. If she really wanted to drive the point home, the owner of that inspired URL should have doled out free e-mail addresses to all of her friends (Heather@IHateAndrewSalkeldTheFatUglyGreasyStarTrekLovingWanker.com, for example). It takes a while to type, but talk about your viral marketing.
After a URL lapses, all that remains is a listing in an "expired domains" database, and that for only a few months, before it is purged from the great Internic registry, as if it never existed. But maybe owning the URL, albeit temporarily, was enough. Even before the site is built, a domain name can provide an image, a statement, an insult, a compliment, a joke, a wish, a confession, a meeting ground, and a sales pitch. Why these domain names were registered, what they intended to reveal, remain hidden within their lapsed anonymity. But the lost URLs themselves say what I suspected all along: YouCan’tHandleTheTruth.com, YouCantStopMe.com, YouDontWantToKnow.com, YouHaveNoIdea.com, YoudBeSurprised.com. It could all be true. Just one last question though, for the person who registered I-Love-You-Heather.com. Was it me? Did I do something wrong? How could you let that go?
There is a lot more in the original article at Salon.com.
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From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
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my anti-drug
Commander of the Order
Sugar Glider Attack.jpg This User is a zookeeper at the Un-Bestiary. Don't mind the smell.
Cuba flag large.png This user is Cuban,
¡all your base are belong to Fidel Raúl!
(List of Cuban Uncyclopedians)
es-N This user is a native speaker of Español.
en-0 This user does not understand English and hates people that speak it because they're all annoying foreigners.
sv-1 This user is able to contribute with a basic level of Swedish.
typo-N Tihs suser is s anative spealer fo Typo.
sp-4 This user speaks Spanglish at a near-native level.
elv-X This user only speaks Elvish enough to seduce native Elvish speakers.
do-4 This user speaks Dolphin at a near-native level.
la-0 This user does not understand Latin and hates people that speak it because they're all annoying foreigners.
pika-P This f****r speaks Pikachu heavily laced with profanity that would make a f*****g a*****e sailor blush from all the g*******d blasphemy.
orb-4 This user speaks Ouroboros at a near-native level.
al-E This user only speaks the Ancient Language because it was a required course in school.
du-G This user does not speak Dumbass and furthermore believes Dumbass to be an embarrassment to language. This user desires genocide of all speakers of Dumbass.
[[Asshat ah-4]] This user speaks Asshat at a near-native level.
bs-P This f****r speaks Bullsh!t heavily laced with profanity that would make a f*****g a*****e sailor blush from all the g*******d blasphemy.
17-G This user does not speak 1337 and furthermore believes 1337 to be an embarrassment to language. This user desires genocide of all speakers of 1337.
(_(_) This user can say "cunt" in 30 different languages.
British Royal Family.jpg This user is a monarch, or a megalomaniac.
$$$ This user is a libertarian, so they love porn and drugs almost as much as guns and money!
46 This user has written 46 articles because they like to keep busy while shirking real life responsibilities.
Verifying username and password...
Shit! This user contributes using dial-up!
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This user has been blocked
5 times.
This user is a boy, and is made of slugs, and snails, and puppy dog tails.
Paladin.gif This user is a paladin.
Hide your demons and undead.
Happysatan.jpg This user is a sinner, and bows before Satan.
250px-Eragon.jpg Yes, this user is a fan of Eragon. No, they are not retarded.
Anteater2.jpg This user is a Taahgaarxian. Run, atheists, run!
Msyclopaintia.jpg This user's primary source of artwork is MS Paint.
\m/ I am a metalhead; I wear offensive shirts, I headbang to really loud music. I have long hair, but am not a hippie.
Gefahrensymbol F.png This user is a pyromaniac.
Nuvola apps important.png This user hates you and everyone you care about.
Flying Spaghetti Monster This user believes in the Noodly Appendage of Flying Spaghetti Monsterism.
Nuvola apps important orange.svg This user should not be trusted.
Dueldragons.jpg This user chose Ice because they're a pussy.
Ouroboros.gif This user worships Ouroboros and joyously celebrates His return.
Chickenbox2.0.png This user raises their own chickenbox.
Paladin.jpg This user is a member of DiZ's inner circle, and the Omnipotent King. Fear them.
Domokunyellownbackground.jpg This User has been officially punished on Un-Bestiary. Learn from their mistakes and don't get flogged.
Goldensilkorb-weaver.jpg This user lives in Florida. By the time you read this, they've probably been mauled by some ferocious beast.
Dar-ape.jpg This user is an evolutionist and is not afraid to say he came from a monkey's cunt.
For those obsessed with the so-called experts, DiZ also has a userpage on the English Wikipedia.
“Thou art an example of pure perfection.”
“/me headbutts DiZtheGreat
“He had sex with my sister. I am honored to be that close to him.”
Peanut-Butter-Jelly-Time! IT'S PEANUT BUTTER JELLY TIME!
Jeffrey the Dancing Banana has blessed this article,
talk page, or template with his bodacious moves.
Jeffrey lives only to dance!
Exploding-head.gif This article contains way too much information.
Absorbing all of it may cause one's head to asplode.
You can help Uncyclopedia by adding stuff
The Paean of DiZ[edit]
Hail our King! Of all the creations
That the gods did make, of all the
Beasts and flying creatures and the
Sunlight on bounding waters;
Of the mountains whose tops pierce
The clouds like the pikes of war-thirsty
Warriors, craving the throne of the
Beckoning skies;
Of the spirits who lull in the woods
And the dragons that crawl in the mines;
The beasts that fill the skies with
Their shrieking calls;
Of all these things the gods did create,
Dwarfed in stature, dwarfed in grandeur,
Was there one creation whose making
Undid their glory;
Oh! great mountain of power,
Pillar of strenght, stream of grace!
Yours is of the gods in heaven,
Make your voice known!
My arms are trunks of oak
My legs are buckling stone
My shoulders are shear cliffs
My nails are elephant bone.
They carved him from a granite quarry
Torn from the sinews of the earth by a
Thousand heaving beasts of every size.
They chiseled his features with hammers
And daggers whose steel so fine, it cut
The very stars from the veil of the skies.
My sinews are warped copper
My bones are tempered steel
My knuckles are mountain peaks
My belly hard as a ship's keel.
His sinews twist with the sound of thunder
And crackle like lightning on the waters;
His footfalls echo across the lands.
His voice sounds across the churning seas
As the sky trembles before his call
And his very breath shifts the sands.
My eyes are flaring suns
My broad back is a battle-field
My teeth are white war-horses
My skin is an iron shield.
Woe is he who should face your wrath;
Woe is he who should cross your path;
Woe is he who should enter your sight;
Woe is he who should challenge your might;
For thou art DiZ, king of all
Who sits on your golden throne;
And by the gods that shift the very heavens
Your voice
will be known.
Awards I've Stolen Earned[edit]
Author of the Month UnBooks Author of the Month August 2006
Awards that I gave myself[edit]
Awards that other people have given to me[edit]
See User:DiZ/Praise
Prime Choice Cutlets (PCCs)[edit]
DiZ the Great, as an emissary on one of his many voyages to the kingdom of South Park.
These are what I consider to be my best works, but that's not really saying much:
These are my favorites from other people:
Members of my Inner Circle[edit]
Official Members[edit]
These are the people who have joined me and my evil death cult, either by force or out of choice (not necesaarily their choice). I currently have 23 members in my inner circle. Odin approves.
He Who Guideth Mine Hand, the Inexorable One, Lord Ouroboros
Primary Order[edit]
Secondary Order[edit]
These people haven't signed up for my 18-week CorePacket(tm), and are honorary members of my Inner Circle(tm), mostly because I like em (and I think they may like me...maybe...):
My Pledge to You[edit]
Here at DiZ Inustries ®, we strive to bring you top-quality, reliable products. Doesn't work out most of the time, but at least we try, we try...And in the end, isn't that what consumers really want? A company that gives their all into ensuring their client's satisfaction, even at the price of complete sub-par mediocracy.
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Wikinews:Writing contest 2013/entrants
From Wikinews, the free news source you can write!
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Wikinews:Writing contest 2013 entrants[edit]
Sign up below in the appropriate section. Wikinewsie Member, Project Administrator and ArbCom member, Laura Hale will not be entering and may be contacted on her talk page if you have any questions about the competition. Please, first, refer to the competition details before asking an already-answered question.
Please use # --~~~~ when signed into your account.
Established contributors[edit]
• Sign up in this category if any of the below apply:
1. You have Editor status on this wiki
2. Over 10 published articles on this wiki
3. Over 500 main namespace edits on any language Wikinews
1. --Gryllida 04:50, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
2. --RockerballAustralia c 05:03, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
New contributors[edit]
• Sign up in this category if none of the above apply.
1. Raystorm (talk) 10:06, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
2. --Computron (talk) 16:56, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
3. --Gutam2000 (talk) 09:44, 4 April 2013 (UTC)
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13366
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Jensen–Shannon divergence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In probability theory and statistics, the JensenShannon divergence is a method of measuring the similarity between two probability distributions. It is also known as information radius (IRad)[1] or total divergence to the average.[2] It is based on the Kullback–Leibler divergence, with some notable (and useful) differences, including that it is symmetric and it always has a finite value. The square root of the Jensen–Shannon divergence is a metric often referred to as Jensen-Shannon distance.[3][4][5]
Consider the set of probability distributions where A is a set provided with some σ-algebra of measurable subsets. In particular we can take A to be a finite or countable set with all subsets being measurable.
The Jensen–Shannon divergence (JSD) is a symmetrized and smoothed version of the Kullback–Leibler divergence . It is defined by
A generalization of the Jensen–Shannon divergence using abstract means (like the geometric or harmonic means) instead of the arithmetic mean was recently proposed.[6] The geometric Jensen–Shannon divergence (or G-Jensen–Shannon divergence) yields a closed-form formula for Gaussian distributions by taking the geometric mean.
A more general definition, allowing for the comparison of more than two probability distributions, is:
where are weights that are selected for the probability distributions and is the Shannon entropy for distribution . For the two-distribution case described above,
The Jensen–Shannon divergence is bounded by 1 for two probability distributions, given that one uses the base 2 logarithm.[7]
For log base e, or ln, which is commonly used in statistical thermodynamics, the upper bound is ln(2):
A more general bound, the Jensen–Shannon divergence is bounded by for more than two probability distributions, given that one uses the base 2 logarithm.[7]
Relation to mutual information[edit]
The Jensen–Shannon divergence is the mutual information between a random variable associated to a mixture distribution between and and the binary indicator variable that is used to switch between and to produce the mixture. Let be some abstract function on the underlying set of events that discriminates well between events, and choose the value of according to if and according to if . That is, we are choosing according to the probability measure , and its distribution is the mixture distribution. We compute
It follows from the above result that the Jensen–Shannon divergence is bounded by 0 and 1 because mutual information is non-negative and bounded by . The JSD is not always bounded by 0 and 1: the upper limit of 1 arises here because we are considering the specific case involving the binary variable .
One can apply the same principle to a joint distribution and the product of its two marginal distribution (in analogy to Kullback–Leibler divergence and mutual information) and to measure how reliably one can decide if a given response comes from the joint distribution or the product distribution—subject to the assumption that these are the only two possibilities.[8]
Quantum Jensen–Shannon divergence[edit]
The generalization of probability distributions on density matrices allows to define quantum Jensen–Shannon divergence (QJSD).[9][10] It is defined for a set of density matrices and a probability distribution as
where is the von Neumann entropy of . This quantity was introduced in quantum information theory, where it is called the Holevo information: it gives the upper bound for amount of classical information encoded by the quantum states under the prior distribution (see Holevo's theorem).[11] Quantum Jensen–Shannon divergence for and two density matrices is a symmetric function, everywhere defined, bounded and equal to zero only if two density matrices are the same. It is a square of a metric for pure states[12], and it was recently shown that this metric property holds for mixed states as well.[13][14] The Bures metric is closely related to the quantum JS divergence; it is the quantum analog of the Fisher information metric.
Nielsen introduced the skew K-divergence:[15] It follows a one-parametric family of Jensen–Shannon divergences, called the -Jensen–Shannon divergences: which includes the Jensen–Shannon divergence (for ) and the half of the Jeffreys divergence (for ).
The Jensen–Shannon divergence has been applied in bioinformatics and genome comparison,[16][17] in protein surface comparison,[18] in the social sciences,[19] in the quantitative study of history,[20] and in machine learning.[21]
1. ^ Hinrich Schütze; Christopher D. Manning (1999). Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-262-13360-9.
2. ^ Dagan, Ido; Lillian Lee; Fernando Pereira (1997). "Similarity-Based Methods For Word Sense Disambiguation". Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and Eighth Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: 56–63. arXiv:cmp-lg/9708010. Bibcode:1997cmp.lg....8010D. doi:10.3115/979617.979625. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
3. ^ Endres, D. M.; J. E. Schindelin (2003). "A new metric for probability distributions" (PDF). IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory. 49 (7): 1858–1860. doi:10.1109/TIT.2003.813506.
4. ^ Ôsterreicher, F.; I. Vajda (2003). "A new class of metric divergences on probability spaces and its statistical applications". Ann. Inst. Statist. Math. 55 (3): 639–653. doi:10.1007/BF02517812.
5. ^ Fuglede, B.; Topsoe, F. (2004). "Jensen-Shannon divergence and Hilbert space embedding" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Theory, 2004. IEEE. p. 30. doi:10.1109/ISIT.2004.1365067. ISBN 978-0-7803-8280-0.
6. ^ Nielsen, Frank (2019). "On a generalization of the Jensen-Shannon divergence and the JS-symmetrization of distances relying on abstract means". arXiv:1904.04017 [cs.IT].
7. ^ a b Lin, J. (1991). "Divergence measures based on the shannon entropy" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 37 (1): 145–151. CiteSeerX doi:10.1109/18.61115.
8. ^ Schneidman, Elad; Bialek, W; Berry, M.J. 2nd (2003). "Synergy, Redundancy, and Independence in Population Codes". Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (37): 11539–11553. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-37-11539.2003. PMID 14684857.
9. ^ Majtey, A.; Lamberti, P.; Prato, D. (2005). "Jensen-Shannon divergence as a measure of distinguishability between mixed quantum states". Physical Review A. 72 (5): 052310. arXiv:quant-ph/0508138. Bibcode:2005PhRvA..72e2310M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.72.052310.
10. ^ Briët, Jop; Harremoës, Peter (2009). "Properties of classical and quantum Jensen-Shannon divergence". Physical Review A. 79 (5): 052311. arXiv:0806.4472. Bibcode:2009PhRvA..79e2311B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.79.052311.
11. ^ Holevo, A. S. (1973), "Bounds for the quantity of information transmitted by a quantum communication channel", Problemy Peredachi Informatsii (in Russian), 9: 3–11. English translation: Probl. Inf. Transm., 9: 177–183 (1975) MR456936
12. ^ Braunstein, Samuel; Caves, Carlton (1994). "Statistical distance and the geometry of quantum states". Physical Review Letters. 72 (22): 3439–3443. Bibcode:1994PhRvL..72.3439B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.3439. PMID 10056200.
13. ^ Virosztek, Dániel (2019). "The metric property of the quantum Jensen-Shannon divergence". arXiv:1910.10447.
14. ^ Sra, Suvrit (2019). "Metrics Induced by Quantum Jensen-Shannon-Renyí and Related Divergences". arXiv:1911.02643.
15. ^ Nielsen, Frank (2010). "A family of statistical symmetric divergences based on Jensen's inequality". arXiv:1009.4004 [cs.CV].
16. ^ Sims, GE; Jun, SR; Wu, GA; Kim, SH (2009). "Alignment-free genome comparison with feature frequency profiles (FFP) and optimal resolutions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (8): 2677–82. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.2677S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0813249106. PMC 2634796. PMID 19188606.
17. ^ Itzkovitz, S; Hodis, E; Segal, E (2010). "Overlapping codes within protein-coding sequences". Genome Research. 20 (11): 1582–9. doi:10.1101/gr.105072.110. PMC 2963821. PMID 20841429.
18. ^ Ofran, Y; Rost, B (2003). "Analysing six types of protein-protein interfaces". Journal of Molecular Biology. 325 (2): 377–87. CiteSeerX doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01223-8. PMID 12488102.
19. ^ DeDeo, Simon; Hawkins, Robert X. D.; Klingenstein, Sara; Hitchcock, Tim (2013). "Bootstrap Methods for the Empirical Study of Decision-Making and Information Flows in Social Systems". Entropy. 15 (6): 2246–2276. arXiv:1302.0907. Bibcode:2013Entrp..15.2246D. doi:10.3390/e15062246.
20. ^ Klingenstein, Sara; Hitchcock, Tim; DeDeo, Simon (2014). "The civilizing process in London's Old Bailey". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (26): 9419–9424. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.9419K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1405984111. PMC 4084475. PMID 24979792.
21. ^ Goodfellow, Ian J.; Pouget-Abadie, Jean; Mirza, Mehdi; Xu, Bing; Warde-Farley, David; Ozair, Sherjil; Courville, Aaron; Bengio, Yoshua (2014). Generative Adversarial Networks. NIPS. arXiv:1406.2661. Bibcode:2014arXiv1406.2661G.
Further reading[edit]
• Frank Nielsen (2010). "A family of statistical symmetric divergences based on Jensen's inequality". arXiv:1009.4004 [cs.CV].
External links[edit]
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13367
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From Wikiversity
Jump to navigation Jump to search
So where do you get it if it is not included on your computer?--Rayc 01:05, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
As far as I know, GarageBand only works with Macintosh OSX. You can buy it as part of iLife 2006. There are some other applications for Windows that are mentioned as being similar to GarageBand, but I never used them (example). --JWSchmidt 01:27, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
Great page[edit]
This is great work. The only pity is that I use an older version of MacOSX which didn't come with iLife, so i can't try out the activities here. I'm very interested in this area however - I would like to be able to facilitate the production of a variety of media through different software packages (preferably open source and multi-platform, so that we can include as many people as possible). But this is a great page that we can emulate for those programs.. Cormaggio 20:33, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
I feel this is excelent, but we must do efforts to use "free software" because not everyone has the money to buy expensive software. Thank you very much and kee doing it well--El Racionalista Prenihilista 00:50, 13 July 2007 (UTC)
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Booklet about International Military Tribunal
Fourth and fifth pages of a program booklet distributed during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. Page four defines the charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The fifth page begins the list of IMT defendants. Handwritten notes in the margin record each defendant's sentence as it was read aloud in the courtroom.
• US Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Lise Horn McCartney
Share This
Booklet about International Military Tribunal [LCID: 2005epfw]
Thank you for supporting our work
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global_01_local_0_shard_00002368_processed.jsonl/13372
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I've just realised that CC is "carbon-copy" and BCC is "blind-carbon-copy". Basically I'm wondering, where did these terms come from?
• The blind from Blind Carbon Copy just ensures that each recipient doesn't know (they don't see) any information regarding the "blind" recipients. – igordcard Jun 1 '11 at 12:02
Back when typewriters were in common use and photocopiers were rare, one kind of paper you used to be able to buy actually came as two or more sheets stuck together at the top with carbon paper between each sheet. This way you automatically had multiple copies of whatever you put on the paper. This was commonly used to save typing work for office memos, but was especially common for forms. If they were filled out by hand, they'd put instructions on the top of the first page to "press firmly when writing" to ensure even the bottom copy was legible. I think such forms are still around in some places, but they now use specially backed paper instead of separate sheets of carbon paper. Forms also typically had different words at the bottom of the carbon copy pages saying who got that copy.
Now the "blind carbon copy" I always thought was an email innovation. However, Unreason in the comments below found a reference to it from a secretarial handbook from 1979. Wikipedia explains it was made to emulate an old office typist trick of adding addressees to one (or more) of the carbon-copied sheets after the copies were made, so that the others don't see that addressee. According to the handbook, secretaries were supposed to make note of these extra recipients in a file, but the other recipients would be "blind" to the fact that these extra people received copies.
• 1
Presumably on email it should now be silicon copy? – mgb Jun 1 '11 at 12:47
• 3
Ah, carbon paper. I loved the smell of it. This answer was so obvious to me, I didn't think of posting it. Reminds me of when my junior secretary asked me what I meant by the "Return" key. – Kit Z. Fox Jun 1 '11 at 12:53
• 1
Back when carbon paper was actually used (and even after it was replaced by xerox machines), office memos used to have, I believe at the bottom of the page, a list cc: PWS, RLG, DSJ, MRG of initials (or names) of people who were getting copies. The name of the addressee(s) was not changed. Of course, nothing stopped copies from being sent to people who weren't on the list, and I suspect it was a common practice. But as there was no need to write a list of these people down, the abbreviation BCC wasn't needed until the advent of email. I don't see why any typist tricks are involved here. – Peter Shor Jun 1 '11 at 13:06
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@Peter Shor, the location of the distribution list is not important - it might have been a cover page, header, footer, margin; typed or printed. Also, searching through ngrams I found books.google.com/… – Unreason Jun 1 '11 at 13:40
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@Kit - Actually, I think it was the mimeograph paper that had the intoxicating smell. Particularly fresh copies, before the chemicals dissipated into the air. A disturbingly common sight was to see a whole classroom of kids gleefully grab up their fresh test papers and start inhaling them with abandon, completely ignoring their teacher for a good 30 seconds or so. – T.E.D. Jun 1 '11 at 14:20
I always thought it was "carbon copy" (and upvoted that answer) but I just read a letter to New Scientist http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21028171.200-cc-all-readers.html saying otherwise. The letter-writer points out that Latin used double letters for plurals, a habit that came into academic English -- pp for pages and LLB for the degree Bachelor of Laws, for example. (As a student I used ff for following in my own notes, eg "p 21ff has quick summary".) Apparently cc would thus mean copies, not carbon copy. The letter claims that cc predates carbon paper or even typewriters, and was used in medieval times. Intriguing and at least slightly convincing. Note it's never c.c. or CC - always cc. To me that adds a little support.
• 2
Other languages still use the double-letter convention. For instance, in Spanish, Estados Unidos (United States) is abbreviated EE. UU. (This got more confusing after the advent of the European Union.) – Nate Eldredge Jun 7 '12 at 14:47
Here is something I found:
The letters CC stand for Carbon Copy or Courtesy Copy. The acronym was originally established when carbon paper was used to produce one or more copies simultaneously during the creation of paper documents on old typewriters. This technique declined in the advent of the digital age when documents were created and distributed electronically. The well known acronym cc, or c.c., for Carbon Copy was changed to mean a Courtesy Copy
• 6
note: Courtesy Copy is a backronym (and hence Blind Carbon Copy, too). – Unreason Jun 1 '11 at 12:28
• 4
Unreason: Why would Blind Carbon Copy be a backronym? – Per Wiklander Jun 1 '11 at 19:10
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-1: Who "changed" this to Courtesy Copy? Sorry, that's absurd. There are no acronym police. – Erick Robertson Jun 1 '11 at 19:42
• @Erick Robertson: No need to invoke "acronym police". Google has hundreds of thousands of hits for +"courtesy copy" cc so obviously a lot of people accept (or at least, refer to) that "derivation". – FumbleFingers Nov 24 '11 at 19:20
When Typewritter along with carbon paper was actually used letters used to have at the bottom of the page, a list cc: Names, Initials, Department, Or Notice Borad ID for people/Departments who were getting copies. The name of the addressee(s) was not changed. At the time of actual distribution, a tick mark was placed by Pen against a specific name in CC to ensure that no one got the list twice by error and no one was missed.
In certain cases, it was required that a senior or unrelated person needed to be informed. His name would be written out/typed on the additional copy. It was written BCC so that the receiver also knew that he is got a copy without others knowing about it.
Carbon copy is correct. The OED defines c.c. as "carbon copy or copies (followed by a list of others to whom correspondence is to be copied)." The earliest citation listed is this: "1936 L. I. Hutchinson Standard Handbk. Secretaries 287 The carbon copy notation, ‘c.c.’, should be the last notation." The definiton of bcc (no periods supplied) is "blind carbon copy" and the earliest citation is: "1974 W. H. Bonner Better Business Writing 455 You would omit the carbon copy notation from the original, but would typewrite the letters bcc (meaning blind carbon copy) on the carbon copies only."
It is, however, true that both terms were in use earlier. A search of Google books turns up a reference to the term in a 1912 U.S. government report stating that "by almost universal practice of business concerns the carbon copy has supplanted the press copy as a record of the outgoing correspondence." Press copies were made by wetting the original and pressing it onto another sheet, and this was the first widespread technology employed to make duplicate copies of correspondence. Reference to carbons replacing the press method is clear evidence about where the term came from.
The earliest blind carbon copy turns up in Google Books is 1948 in The Secretary's book: a complete reference manual.
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Unique iPhone 5 Wallpaper Tumblr Hipster | Wonderful iOS
Unique iPhone 5 Wallpaper Tumblr Hipster | Wonderful iOS
An additional method to change the desktop computer wallpaper in Windows is to open the Personalize option on the desktop computer (called Residence in Windows XP). To do this, do the following:.
In Windows 8/7/Vista with Control Panel's Personalization applet, as well as in Windows XP via the Show Control Panel applet.
Under the History dropdown, select Picture.
You can opt to utilize a pre-loaded picture from Microsoft or select Browse to locate a various photo on your disk drive.
You can additionally choose if you desire the picture to fit, stretch, or load the display, or perhaps for it to be tiled, focused, or spanned across several displays.
Some versions of Windows have added alternatives right here, like immediately transforming the desktop computer wallpaper after so-many seconds, which can be found in helpful if you do not wish to resolve with simply one background.
Download by size: Handphone Tablet Desktop (Original Size)
Back To anime iphone 5 wallpaper tumblr
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This Sunday's Superbowl audience are in for quite the treat. Not only do they have the actual sport to look forward to and Beyonce's half time show (will she sing live?) they also have a shedload of exclusive Superbowl trailers to enjoy too, one of which is Brad Pitt's World War Z.
From Warm Bodies to Dawn of the Dead (and everything in between), we love a good zombie flick in Here's hoping World War Z keeps up with the pace. And here's hoping it fully squashes the memories of Pitt's cringeworthy Chanel ad from our collective memory. More saving the world, less selling perfume please.
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Where does the citizen stand. Part 5 (in Armenian)
“Where does the citizen stand” is a series of short animated videos on local self-governance, which is created within the the Civic Engagement in Local Governance (CELoG) program. The series introduce the structure and the functions of the local self-government system, reforms that are being implemented in this sector and the mechanisms of public participation.
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Writer Wednesday: How to get consistent
Most writers tend naturally to write in spurts – frantically typing away when the muse strikes, and going through slumps when they can’t seem to get anything out of the keyboard.
But the best writers seem to say that consistency is key. Writing every day, no matter what the quality, is the key to improving your writing.
As Jane Yolen says “Exercise the writing muscle every day, even if it is only a letter, notes, a title list, a character sketch, a journal entry. Writers are like dancers, like athletes. Without exercise, the muscles seize up.”
So okay, we know we need to write consistently. So how do we go about doing that?
Set aside time
First thing, plan out a block of your day that will be writing time. Choose your best time: when you know you’ll be focused and energized. It doesn’t even have to be a long time – even fifteen minutes can get you somewhere. If it’s going well, you can always extend it. Make that time sacred.
Accept your imperfection
None of the amazing novels you’ve read were ever hammered out exactly as is on the first try. Authors go through a ton of work before they generate something worthwhile. So what makes you think your work has to be polished, publishable material the minute it hits the screen? If you can accept that what you’re going to write isn’t going to be perfect, then writing every day gets easier.
Get a jumpstart
If you start out not knowing what to write, do a quick google search for a writing prompt. There’s a lot of stuff out there that can give you a spark. Or if you’re stuck on a work in progress, try jumping to a different part of your story and string it together later.
Reward yourself
Keep track of your writing times. If it works for you, mark off on a calendar or check off a box on a list. Make a goal for how many days you want to write in a row and set rewards. You can give yourself a little reward for a week, a bigger one for a month, a great big one for a year. And if you’re having a really hard time, then dole out rewards every day for the first little while.
Set reminders
Do whatever it takes to get yourself in the chair every day. Set a reminder on your phone, or a post-it note by the computer. Get a friend to nudge you.
Make yourself do it
When it all comes down to it, you’re the only one who can accomplish this goal. You have to exert the willpower and remind yourself of your goal, even on the harder days. I promise it will pay off! 🙂
11 thoughts on “Writer Wednesday: How to get consistent”
1. As a Writing Tutor I loved this post! I tell my students all the time that you need to write everyday to form the “habit” just like any other skill. Two other suggestions I would pass along to those who have troubles sitting down and starting.
1. Free Writing. Just write about anything non-stop for 1 minute BY HAND. Don’t stop to worry about if what you’re writing even makes sense. It doesn’t need to be on topic or about anything in particular. You can repeat yourself or do whatever you need to in order to make it to 1 minute. By the time your one minute is up, you’ll likely realize you’ve started to write about your topic without even noticing. Take that as your starting point and move on. In any case, your “writing muscles” will be warmed up and it’ll be easier to get to it!
2. Never finish your sentence. If you make time to write everyday this is an excellent way to get you back into your writing quickly. If you write very sporadically this will be frustrating because you won’t remember where you were trying to go with that thought. This is a quick way to immerse yourself back into your writing without having to do a long re-read through of what you’ve already done.
1. Free writing can definitely seem a little intimidating (especially the writing by hand part in today’s tech world!), but that technique is how I got through my Master’s thesis! I’ve added your blog to my follow list and look forward to more interesting posts in the future. 🙂
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Daily Archives: August 28, 2013
Delamaide: Holder’s threat to banks is too late
Delamaide: Holder’s threat to banks is too late.
New York Times website still down and out
New York Times website still down and out.
Syrian crisis could lift price of crude oil, gas
Syrian crisis could lift price of crude oil, gas.
Obama’s Trade Policy – NYTimes.com
Obama’s Trade Policy – NYTimes.com.
Israel in partial army reserve call-up over Syria – FRANCE 24
Israel in partial army reserve call-up over Syria – FRANCE 24.
Pascal Rogé Erik Satie “Nocturne No.4”
Erik Satie – Gnossienne No.1
“Gnossienne” is the name given to several piano pieces by French composer Erik Satie in the late 19th century.
Satie’s coining of the word “gnossienne” was one of the rare occasions when a composer used a new term to indicate a new “type” of composition. Satie had and would use many novel names for his compositions; for example, “ogive” had been the name of an architectural element until Satie used it as the name for a composition, the Ogives Similarly with “vexations”, “croquis et agaceries” and so on—but “gnossienne” was a word that did not exist before Satie used it to indicate a composition. “Gnossienne” appears to be derived from the word gnosis; Satie was involved in gnostic sects and movements at the time that he began to compose the Gnossiennes. However, some published versions claim that the word derives from Cretan “knossos” or “gnossus” and link the Gnossiennes to Theseus, Ariadne and the Minotaur myth.
The Gnossiennes were composed by Satie in the decade following the composition of the Trois Sarabandes (1887) and the Trois Gymnopédies (1888). Like these Sarabandes and Gymnopédies, the Gnossiennes are often considered dances. It is not certain that this qualification comes from Satie himself—the sarabande and the Gymnopaedia were at least historically known as dances. Continue reading
Franz Schubert – Piano Sonata in A major, D 664 (Op. 120)
Klára Würtz, piano.
I. Allegro moderato
II. Andante
III. Allegro
Paul Dukas : The Sorcerer’s Apprentice
Paul Dukas : The Sorcerer’s Apprentice
Yutaka Sado Conducts
World Philharmonic Orchestra
( Live recording )
Mendelssohn / Frank Pelleg, 1954: Quartet in B minor for Piano and Strings, Op. 3 – Complete
Frank Pelleg (1910-1968) is joined by Peter Rybar (1913-2002, violin), Heinz Wigand (viola), and Antonio Tusa (cello) — all members of the Winterthur String Quartet — in this 1954 recording of the first movement of the Mendelssohn piano quartet in B minor, Op. 3. I created this video from the LP depicted above, issued on the Concert Hall Society label, serial number E4KP 1420, Concert Hall release H-5.
Movement 1: Allegro molto
Movement 2: Andante
Movement 3: Allegro molto
Movement 4: Finale – Allegro vivace
Quotation: E. M. Forster
E. M. Forster (1879-1970) Discuss
Today’s Birthday: VLADIMIR SHUKHOV (1853)
Vladimir Shukhov (1853)
Though less widely known than his contemporaries Thomas Edison and Gustave Eiffel, Russian engineer, scientist, and architect Vladimir Shukhov has drawn comparisons to both of them. His innovations in the petroleum refining process and the means of transporting petroleum products revolutionized the oil industry, while his architectural works were of a sort never seen before. He pioneered the construction of thin-shell and tensile structures as well as what innovative type of curved structure? More… Discuss
This Is Your Brain on Drugs
Extremophiles are microorganisms that thrive in environments with extreme conditions, such as high or low temperatures or pH levels, high salt concentration, or high pressure. Found in hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, they produce the vivid colors of some hot springs. Due to extremophiles’ ability to thrive in conditions detrimental to most life on Earth, some scientists theorize that they may reflect what life may be like on other planets. How are extremophiles used industrially? More… Discuss
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