squad_v2_id
stringlengths 24
24
| original question
stringlengths 12
189
| disfluent question
stringlengths 1
655
| title
stringclasses 24
values | context
stringclasses 813
values | answers
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5ad408ed604f3c001a3fff10 | When had the Eight Ministries existed? | Where had no make that when had the Eight Ministries existed? | Yuan_dynasty | While the existence of these central government departments and the Six Ministries (which had been introduced since the Sui and Tang dynasties) gave a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions. For example, the authority of the Yuan legal system, the Ministry of Justice, did not extend to legal cases involving Mongols and Semuren, who had separate courts of justice. Cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was the insignificance of the Ministry of War compared with native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572a12381d0469140077972c | Barro found there is little relation between income inequality and rates of what? | Barro hails from or I mean found there is little relation between income inequality and rates of what? | Economic_inequality | Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of Swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less, but no correlation after ten years. Studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time, and a negative impact on the duration of growth. | {
"text": [
"growth and investment",
"growth and investment",
"growth and investment"
],
"answer_start": [
128,
128,
128
]
} |
5a6ce4fa4eec6b001a80a68b | What are some other factors a pharmacist can't monitor? | What are some other roles uh instead factors a pharmacist can't monitor? | Pharmacy | The clinical pharmacist's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy, and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient. The review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy) and its efficacy. The pharmacist must also monitor for potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572ff83ab2c2fd1400568681 | What flood impacted the Meuse? | What flood formed an archipelago-like estuary or really impacted the Meuse? | Rhine | Before the St. Elizabeth's flood (1421), the Meuse flowed just south of today's line Merwede-Oude Maas to the North Sea and formed an archipelago-like estuary with Waal and Lek. This system of numerous bays, estuary-like extended rivers, many islands and constant changes of the coastline, is hard to imagine today. From 1421 to 1904, the Meuse and Waal merged further upstream at Gorinchem to form Merwede. For flood protection reasons, the Meuse was separated from the Waal through a lock and diverted into a new outlet called "Bergse Maas", then Amer and then flows into the former bay Hollands Diep. | {
"text": [
"St. Elizabeth's",
"St. Elizabeth's",
"St. Elizabeth's flood"
],
"answer_start": [
11,
11,
11
]
} |
572745c6708984140094db9c | Who provides the bill of quantities? | Who industrialized or uh instead provides the bill of quantities? | Construction | In the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts. The design usually consists of drawings and specifications, usually prepared by a design team including Architect, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, structural engineers, fire protection engineers, planning consultants, architectural consultants, and archaeological consultants. The design team is most commonly employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Under this system, once the design is completed by the design team, a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work, either based directly on the design, or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor. Following evaluation of bids, the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder. | {
"text": [
"a quantity surveyor",
"quantity surveyor",
"quantity surveyor"
],
"answer_start": [
919,
921,
921
]
} |
5ad4d0ca5b96ef001a10a19a | What did the German citizens understand the subtext of John Paul II's words to be? | What did the German citizens celebrate no what did they understand the subtext of John Paul II's words to be? | Warsaw | John Paul II's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there. In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square in Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to "renew the face" of Poland: Let Thy Spirit descend! Let Thy Spirit descend and renew the face of the land! This land! These words were very meaningful for the Polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for the democratic changes. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5733fc6ed058e614000b670f | Where was there a weakness in British supply chain? | How, umm rather where was there a weakness in British supply chain? | French_and_Indian_War | Governor Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in chief (in addition to his role as governor), acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived. Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry. In the March Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder. They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison, already short on supplies. French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area, encouraging them to raid frontier settlements. This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers, with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action. | {
"text": [
"Oneida Carry",
"Oneida Carry",
"forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry",
"Oneida Carry",
"Oneida Carry"
],
"answer_start": [
323,
323,
290,
323,
323
]
} |
5ad2472bd7d075001a428b24 | What type of motivators aren't food and shelter considered? | What decreases no wait what type of motivators aren't food and shelter considered? | Economic_inequality | On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ("push" motivations), whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products, services, or underserved market needs. The economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572a11663f37b31900478694 | Inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has what kind of effect on human capital formation? | What is inequality associated with no no let me rephrase inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has what kind of effect on human capital formation? | Economic_inequality | In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, and thereby lower levels of growth. He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation, which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment. Perotti concluded that, "more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education. Both are reflected in higher rates of growth. Also, very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable, which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth." | {
"text": [
"detrimental",
"long lasting detrimental effect",
"long lasting detrimental"
],
"answer_start": [
114,
101,
101
]
} |
5ad3a01a604f3c001a3fe972 | When was the French and Indian Treaty? | When was the French and Indian War ahh actually French and Indian Treaty? | French_and_Indian_War | The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. Long in conflict, the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5727ee372ca10214002d99ed | Survivial is at the heart of what concept for workers? | for users I mean workers, Survivial is at the heart of what concept ? | Economic_inequality | On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ("push" motivations), whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ("pull") such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products, services, or underserved market needs. The economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth. | {
"text": [
"Necessity-based entrepreneurship",
"Necessity-based entrepreneurship",
"Necessity-based entrepreneurship"
],
"answer_start": [
203,
203,
203
]
} |
5ad3bb68604f3c001a3feec6 | What battle outside Quebec City did British lose in 1706? | What battle outside Fort Niagara did British lose in 1706 no by Quebec City? | French_and_Indian_War | British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759, when they finally captured Ticonderoga, James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec (in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders), and victory at Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south. The victory was made complete in 1760 when, despite losing outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte-Foy, the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a580ab1770dc0001aeeff7a | What equipment is used to identify individual crystals? | Which or rather what equipment is used to identify individual crystals? | Geology | In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope, where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light, including their birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties with a conoscopic lens. In the electron microprobe, individual locations are analyzed for their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals. Stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into the geochemical evolution of rock units. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7b103b21c2de001afe9d33 | What did Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players show? | What type of award did Roger Rocka win or rather tell me what Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players showed? | Fresno,_California | This vibrant and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s.[citation needed] After decades of neglect and suburban flight, the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the Tower Theatre in the late 1970s, which at that time showed second and third run movies, along with classic films. Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players also opened nearby in 1978,[citation needed] at Olive and Wishon Avenues. Fresno native Audra McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater while she was a high school student. McDonald subsequently became a leading performer on Broadway in New York City and a Tony award winning actress. Also in the Tower District is Good Company Players' 2nd Space Theatre. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572870b2ff5b5019007da224 | Who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences? | Who is known for working on portfolio capture theory no change that to who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences? | University_of_Chicago | In economics, notable Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winners Milton Friedman, a major advisor to Republican U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, George Stigler, Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory, Gary Becker, an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics, Herbert A. Simon, responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making, Paul Samuelson, the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama, known for his work on portfolio theory, asset pricing and stock market behaviour, are all graduates. American economist, social theorist, political philosopher, and author Thomas Sowell is also an alumnus. | {
"text": [
"Paul Samuelson",
"Paul Samuelson",
"Paul Samuelson"
],
"answer_start": [
475,
475,
475
]
} |
573766251c45671900574472 | What is used to quantify the intuitive undestanding of forces? | What is used to quantify the experimentation, well the intuitive understanding of forces actually? | Force | Since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls, this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces. As with other physical concepts (e.g. temperature), the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale. Through experimentation, it is determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics. | {
"text": [
"standard measurement scale",
"precise operational definitions",
"precise operational definitions",
"precise operational definitions",
"precise operational definitions"
],
"answer_start": [
319,
224,
224,
224,
224
]
} |
5730b1022461fd1900a9cfa4 | What happened as a result of the Russo-Japanese War? | When was the first what happened as a result of the Russo-Japanese War? | Imperialism | During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan absorbed Taiwan. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia. Korea was annexed in 1910. During World War I, Japan took German-leased territories in China’s Shandong Province, as well as the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. In 1918, Japan occupied parts of far eastern Russia and parts of eastern Siberia as a participant in the Siberian Intervention. In 1931 Japan conquered Manchuria from China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China and by the end of the Pacific War, Japan had conquered much of the Far East, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and some islands of the Pacific Ocean. Japan also invaded Thailand, pressuring the country into a Thai/Japanese alliance. Its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the United States in the Second World War and the following treaties which remanded those territories to American administration or their original owners. | {
"text": [
"Japan took part of Sakhalin Island",
"Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia",
"Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia",
"Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia",
"Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia"
],
"answer_start": [
114,
114,
114,
114,
114
]
} |
5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04 | Developments in which scientists influenced the creation of pharmacology in medieval Islam? | Who was no Developments in which scientists influenced the creation of pharmacology in medieval Islam? | Pharmacy | The advances made in the Middle East in botany and chemistry led medicine in medieval Islam substantially to develop pharmacology. Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) (865–915), for instance, acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936–1013) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation. His Liber servitoris is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the `simples’ from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used. Sabur Ibn Sahl (d 869), was, however, the first physician to initiate pharmacopoedia, describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments. Al-Biruni (973–1050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology, entitled Kitab al-Saydalah (The Book of Drugs), in which he detailed the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist. Avicenna, too, described no less than 700 preparations, their properties, modes of action, and their indications. He devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in The Canon of Medicine. Of great impact were also the works by al-Maridini of Baghdad and Cairo, and Ibn al-Wafid (1008–1074), both of which were printed in Latin more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis universalibus et particularibus by 'Mesue' the younger, and the Medicamentis simplicibus by 'Abenguefit'. Peter of Abano (1250–1316) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-Maridini under the title De Veneris. Al-Muwaffaq’s contributions in the field are also pioneering. Living in the 10th century, he wrote The foundations of the true properties of Remedies, amongst others describing arsenious oxide, and being acquainted with silicic acid. He made clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds, especially copper vitriol, and also lead compounds. He also describes the distillation of sea-water for drinking.[verification needed] | {
"text": [
"botany and chemistry",
"botany and chemistry",
"advances made in the Middle East in botany and chemistry"
],
"answer_start": [
40,
40,
4
]
} |
5a89128d3b2508001a72a497 | What is the name of another algorithm useful for conveniently testing the primality of decimal digits? | What is the name of another algorithm no um the useful for conveniently testing the primality of decimal digits? | Prime_number | The property of being prime (or not) is called primality. A simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division. It consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . Algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the primality of large numbers. These include the Miller–Rabin primality test, which is fast but has a small probability of error, and the AKS primality test, which always produces the correct answer in polynomial time but is too slow to be practical. Particularly fast methods are available for numbers of special forms, such as Mersenne numbers. As of January 2016[update], the largest known prime number has 22,338,618 decimal digits. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad0285977cf76001a686c0d | The Assembly Center was used to take what kind of photographs? | The Assembly Center was vacated twice to allow for oops used to take what kind of photographs? | Scottish_Parliament | Whilst the permanent building at Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. Official photographs and television interviews were held in the courtyard adjoining the Assembly Hall, which is part of the School of Divinity of the University of Edinburgh. This building was vacated twice to allow for the meeting of the Church's General Assembly. In May 2000, the Parliament was temporarily relocated to the former Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow, and to the University of Aberdeen in May 2002. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
573792ee1c456719005744bc | What are the wave-particles called that mediate all electromagnetic phenomena? | What are the wave-particles called that exchange particles no um mediate all electromagnetic phenomena? | Force | However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons. In QED, photons are the fundamental exchange particle, which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force.[Note 4] | {
"text": [
"photons",
"photons",
"photons",
"photons"
],
"answer_start": [
501,
501,
501,
501
]
} |
5a6ceb164eec6b001a80a6c8 | What two things can pharmacy informatics not bring together? | What two things can pharmacy informatics damage no I mean not bring together? | Pharmacy | Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies. As a practice area and specialist domain, pharmacy informatics is growing quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals. Pharmacists in this area are trained to participate in medication management system development, deployment and optimization. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad4d1785b96ef001a10a1b5 | How high is the highest point in Berlin? | How high is the highest point in Warsaw erm Berlin? | Warsaw | Warsaw lies in east-central Poland about 300 km (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523 km (325 mi) east of Berlin, Germany. The city straddles the Vistula River. It is located in the heartland of the Masovian Plain, and its average elevation is 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level. The highest point on the left side of the city lies at a height of 115.7 metres (379.6 ft) ("Redutowa" bus depot, district of Wola), on the right side – 122.1 metres (400.6 ft) ("Groszówka" estate, district of Wesoła, by the eastern border). The lowest point lies at a height 75.6 metres (248.0 ft) (at the right bank of the Vistula, by the eastern border of Warsaw). There are some hills (mostly artificial) located within the confines of the city – e.g. Warsaw Uprising Hill (121 metres (397.0 ft)), Szczęśliwice hill (138 metres (452.8 ft) – the highest point of Warsaw in general). | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57284142ff5b5019007da00c | What was the name of the first building built on campus grounds? | Where was or rather what was the name of the first building built on campus grounds? | University_of_Chicago | The University of Chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational, secular institution in 1890 by the American Baptist Education Society and a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field. While the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B. Cobb who provided the funds for the campus' first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Field's pledge of $100,000. Other early benefactors included businessmen Charles L. Hutchinson (trustee, treasurer and donor of Hutchinson Commons), Martin A. Ryerson (president of the board of trustees and donor of the Ryerson Physical Laboratory) Adolphus Clay Bartlett and Leon Mandel, who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall, and George C. Walker of the Walker Museum, a relative of Cobb who encouraged his inaugural donation for facilities. | {
"text": [
"Cobb Lecture Hall",
"Cobb Lecture Hall",
"Cobb Lecture Hall",
"Cobb Lecture Hall"
],
"answer_start": [
566,
566,
566,
566
]
} |
5733d2dbd058e614000b633a | What land was ceded to Spain? | What territory rather land was ceded to Spain? | French_and_Indian_War | The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain, in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida (Spain had ceded this to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba). France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America. | {
"text": [
"French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain",
"French Louisiana",
"French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans)",
"Louisiana west of the Mississippi River",
"French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans)"
],
"answer_start": [
174,
174,
174,
181,
174
]
} |
572facb0a23a5019007fc863 | What remained an important issue in Scottish national identity for many years? | Who or rather what remained an important issue in Scottish national identity for many years? | Scottish_Parliament | For the next three hundred years, Scotland was directly governed by the Parliament of Great Britain and the subsequent Parliament of the United Kingdom, both seated at Westminster, and the lack of a Parliament of Scotland remained an important element in Scottish national identity. Suggestions for a 'devolved' Parliament were made before 1914, but were shelved due to the outbreak of the First World War. A sharp rise in nationalism in Scotland during the late 1960s fuelled demands for some form of home rule or complete independence, and in 1969 prompted the incumbent Labour government of Harold Wilson to set up the Kilbrandon Commission to consider the British constitution. One of the principal objectives of the commission was to examine ways of enabling more self-government for Scotland, within the unitary state of the United Kingdom. Kilbrandon published his report in 1973 recommending the establishment of a directly elected Scottish Assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic Scottish affairs. | {
"text": [
"lack of a Parliament of Scotland",
"the lack of a Parliament of Scotland",
"the lack of a Parliament of Scotland"
],
"answer_start": [
189,
185,
185
]
} |
57377c98c3c5551400e51efb | What is the intrisic angular variable called when particles act upon one another? | What is the apparent force no I mean intrinsic angular variable called when particles act upon one another? | Force | However, already in quantum mechanics there is one "caveat", namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the "spin", and there is the Pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables. Depending on the value of the spin, identical particles split into two different classes, fermions and bosons. If two identical fermions (e.g. electrons) have a symmetric spin function (e.g. parallel spins) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric (i.e. they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force), and vice versa, i.e. for antiparallel spins the position variables must be symmetric (i.e. the apparent force must be attractive). Thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly negative correlation between spatial and spin variables, whereas for two bosons (e.g. quanta of electromagnetic waves, photons) the correlation is strictly positive. | {
"text": [
"spin",
"spin",
"spin",
"spin",
"the \"spin"
],
"answer_start": [
220,
220,
220,
220,
215
]
} |
5ad4a049ba00c4001a268e42 | What is a science that examines the structure and function of the brain? | What is a science that examines the structure and function of the disease no brain? | Immune_system | Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. In the 18th century, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom. This and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited by Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease. Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma theory. It was not until Robert Koch's 1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by Walter Reed. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a668632f038b7001ab0bf45 | What do anarchists accept about the role of government? | What do anarchists believe err I mean accept about the role of government? | Civil_disobedience | Some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established, or else suffer the penalties set out in the law. Other civil disobedients who favor the existence of government still don't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted. And still other civil disobedients, being anarchists, don't believe in the legitimacy of any government, and therefore see no need to accept punishment for a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57264c42dd62a815002e80ca | What was the bubonic plague mechanism reliant on? | When did or uh what was the bubonic plague mechanism reliant on? | Black_Death | The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis. The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host. This blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas, which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host. The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lack resistance. When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic. | {
"text": [
"two populations of rodents",
"two populations of rodents",
"two populations of rodents"
],
"answer_start": [
1024,
1024,
1024
]
} |
572691bedd62a815002e89df | Who did a morphologically analysis in 1985 that concluded cydippids are not monophyletic? | a morphologically analysis in 1985 was concluded cydippids are not monophyletic by how, no wait, by who? | Ctenophora | Since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae, it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydippids, having an egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles. Richard Harbison's purely morphological analysis in 1985 concluded that the cydippids are not monophyletic, in other words do not contain all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor that was itself a cydippid. Instead he found that various cydippid families were more similar to members of other ctenophore orders than to other cydippids. He also suggested that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was either cydippid-like or beroid-like. A molecular phylogeny analysis in 2001, using 26 species, including 4 recently discovered ones, confirmed that the cydippids are not monophyletic and concluded that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was cydippid-like. It also found that the genetic differences between these species were very small – so small that the relationships between the Lobata, Cestida and Thalassocalycida remained uncertain. This suggests that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was relatively recent, and perhaps was lucky enough to survive the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 65.5 million years ago while other lineages perished. When the analysis was broadened to include representatives of other phyla, it concluded that cnidarians are probably more closely related to bilaterians than either group is to ctenophores but that this diagnosis is uncertain. | {
"text": [
"Richard Harbison",
"Richard Harbison",
"Richard Harbison"
],
"answer_start": [
223,
223,
223
]
} |
572827fc3acd2414000df5bd | Which gender is more populous across all groups in Jacksonville? | How many men or rather which gender is more populous across all groups in Jacksonville? | Jacksonville,_Florida | As of 2010[update], there were 366,273 households out of which 11.8% were vacant. 23.9% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.21. In the city, the population was spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.5 years. For every 100 females there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males. | {
"text": [
"females",
"females",
"females"
],
"answer_start": [
688,
688,
688
]
} |
5a665747846392001a1e1aec | What does Black's Law Dictionary say that rebellion doesn't have to be? | Cristian Bay's encyclopedia or ummm what does Black's Law Dictionary say that rebellion doesn't have to be? | Civil_disobedience | There have been debates as to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent. Black's Law Dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience. Christian Bay's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires "carefully chosen and legitimate means," but holds that they do not have to be non-violent. It has been argued that, while both civil disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects, rebellion is much more destructive; therefore, the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying disobedience, and if one cannot justify civil rebellion, then one cannot justify a civil disobedients' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest. Civil disobedients' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5733d13e4776f419006612c8 | What order did British make of French? | What order did British undo, or wait, make of French? | French_and_Indian_War | In 1755, six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock, the newly arrived British Army commander, and planned a four-way attack on the French. None succeeded and the main effort by Braddock was a disaster; he was defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, 1755 and died a few days later. British operations in 1755, 1756 and 1757 in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York all failed, due to a combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies. In 1755, the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia; soon afterward they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians. Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley, Commander-in-Chief, North America, without direction from Great Britain. The Acadians, both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty, were expelled. Native Americans were likewise driven off their land to make way for settlers from New England. | {
"text": [
"expulsion of the Acadians",
"expulsion of the Acadians",
"deportation",
"expulsion",
"deportation"
],
"answer_start": [
700,
700,
742,
700,
742
]
} |
5a57fe29770dc0001aeeff1b | Where can lower rocks of the Grand Canyon be seen? | Where can rock extension no I mean the lower rocks of the Grand Canyon be seen? | Geology | Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner. This is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning. Normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower. This typically results in younger units being placed below older units. Stretching of units can result in their thinning; in fact, there is a location within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt in which the entire sedimentary sequence of the Grand Canyon can be seen over a length of less than a meter. Rocks at the depth to be ductilely stretched are often also metamorphosed. These stretched rocks can also pinch into lenses, known as boudins, after the French word for "sausage", because of their visual similarity. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad40639604f3c001a3ffe4c | What academy did Tugh Temur destroy? | What was the most concrete effort no rather the academy did Tugh Temur destroy? | Yuan_dynasty | Due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Temür, Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring Confucianism and promoting Chinese cultural values. His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature (Chinese: 奎章閣學士院), first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake "a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment". The academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books, but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional compendium named Jingshi Dadian (Chinese: 經世大典). Tugh Temür supported Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572a06866aef0514001551c0 | How are the rates of social goods in countries with higher inequality? | How are the rates of social goods in households uh like countries with higher inequality? | Economic_inequality | British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use), and lower rates of social goods (life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among strangers, women's status, social mobility, even numbers of patents issued) in countries and states with higher inequality. Using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the US, they found social/health problems lower in countries like Japan and Finland and states like Utah and New Hampshire with high levels of equality, than in countries (US and UK) and states (Mississippi and New York) with large differences in household income. | {
"text": [
"lower",
"lower rates",
"lower"
],
"answer_start": [
211,
211,
211
]
} |
57264684708984140094c127 | For how long did the plague stick around? | What percentage or instead for how long did the plague stick around? | Black_Death | The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population. In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century. The plague recurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century. | {
"text": [
"until the 19th century",
"until the 19th century",
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
679,
679,
689
]
} |
5a2eca47a83784001a7d2485 | In what month was Drancourt and Raoult's research published in 1998? | In which or no what month was Drancourt and Raoult's research published in 1998? | Black_Death | In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany, ". . . ends the debate about the etiology of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages". | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad280d4d7d075001a4297d7 | The connection between energy and what allows for a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge? | The connection between energy and what allows for a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a law, sorry I mean charge? | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge. This force can be written as a sum of the electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force (due to the magnetic field). Fully stated, this is the law: | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a82079731013a001a33511d | Who had a main goal of attracting the wealthy to Harvard? | What was or who had a main goal of attracting the wealthy to Harvard? | Harvard_University | James Bryant Conant (president, 1933–1953) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as the college level. The resulting Report, published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos in the history of American education in the 20th century. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5727ff083acd2414000df1ae | What leads to lower income inequality? | What leads to higher income inequality or rather lower income inequality? | Economic_inequality | Economist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development. According to Kuznets, countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth. As a country develops, it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality. Eventually, through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality. | {
"text": [
"redistribution mechanisms",
"redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs",
"redistribution mechanisms"
],
"answer_start": [
417,
417,
417
]
} |
5a3e488b378766001a00253d | Who do the contributing authors report to? | How do or no rather who do the contributing authors report to? | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Each chapter has a number of authors who are responsible for writing and editing the material. A chapter typically has two "coordinating lead authors", ten to fifteen "lead authors", and a somewhat larger number of "contributing authors". The coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors, ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs. Lead authors are responsible for writing sections of chapters. Contributing authors prepare text, graphs or data for inclusion by the lead authors. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5727500f708984140094dbfe | In the Philippines, what percentage of secondary school students attend private schools? | In the Philippines, what have or like what percentage of secondary school students attend private schools? | Private_school | In the Philippines, the private sector has been a major provider of educational services, accounting for about 7.5% of primary enrollment, 32% of secondary enrollment and about 80% of tertiary enrollment. Private schools have proven to be efficient in resource utilization. Per unit costs in private schools are generally lower when compared to public schools. This situation is more evident at the tertiary level. Government regulations have given private education more flexibility and autonomy in recent years, notably by lifting the moratorium on applications for new courses, new schools and conversions, by liberalizing tuition fee policy for private schools, by replacing values education for third and fourth years with English, mathematics and natural science at the option of the school, and by issuing the revised Manual of Regulations for Private Schools in August 1992. | {
"text": [
"32",
"32%",
"32"
],
"answer_start": [
139,
139,
139
]
} |
5ad03b2777cf76001a686e99 | Who passed the Scotland Act of 1988? | Who has no power to pass laws no wait tell me who passed the Scotland Act of 1988? | Scottish_Parliament | The Scotland Act 1998, which was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998, governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament and delimits its legislative competence. The Scotland Act 2012 extends the devolved competencies. For the purposes of parliamentary sovereignty, the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of Scotland. However, under the terms of the Scotland Act, Westminster agreed to devolve some of its responsibilities over Scottish domestic policy to the Scottish Parliament. Such "devolved matters" include education, health, agriculture and justice. The Scotland Act enabled the Scottish Parliament to pass primary legislation on these issues. A degree of domestic authority, and all foreign policy, remain with the UK Parliament in Westminster. The Scottish Parliament has the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability. Another of the roles of the Parliament is to hold the Scottish Government to account. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572870b2ff5b5019007da223 | What British Prime minister advisor is also a university alumni member? | What New Zealand no British Prime minister advisor is also a university alumni member? | University_of_Chicago | In economics, notable Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winners Milton Friedman, a major advisor to Republican U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, George Stigler, Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory, Gary Becker, an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics, Herbert A. Simon, responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making, Paul Samuelson, the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama, known for his work on portfolio theory, asset pricing and stock market behaviour, are all graduates. American economist, social theorist, political philosopher, and author Thomas Sowell is also an alumnus. | {
"text": [
"George Stigler",
"George Stigler",
"George Stigler"
],
"answer_start": [
207,
207,
207
]
} |
57263ea0271a42140099d7c6 | What did DECnet phase 2 become | What did OSI-compliant no DECnet phase 2 become? | Packet_switching | DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers. It evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux. | {
"text": [
"were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux",
"Linux",
"open standards"
],
"answer_start": [
517,
642,
522
]
} |
5ad247b0d7d075001a428b43 | What tax rate has an indirect relationship with income inequality? | What level of inequality within a society no what tax rate has an indirect relationship with income inequality? | Economic_inequality | Another cause is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system. A progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases. In a progressive tax system, the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society, either increasing it or decreasing it, provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime. Additionally, steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board. The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad24efad7d075001a428c77 | What has presented problems to the UN economy more than other nations? | What country er what has presented problems to the UN economy more than other nations? | Economic_inequality | Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality. He points out that nations with high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa." | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a836273e60761001a2eb63f | What are the tentacles lined with? | What can er what are the tentacles lined with? | Ctenophora | The internal cavity forms: a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals. These branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal: the mouth and pharynx; the roots of the tentacles, if present; all along the underside of each comb row; and four branches round the sensory complex at the far end from the mouth – two of these four branches terminate in anal pores. The inner surface of the cavity is lined with an epithelium, the gastrodermis. The mouth and pharynx have both cilia and well-developed muscles. In other parts of the canal system, the gastrodermis is different on the sides nearest to and furthest from the organ that it supplies. The nearer side is composed of tall nutritive cells that store nutrients in vacuoles (internal compartments), germ cells that produce eggs or sperm, and photocytes that produce bioluminescence. The side furthest from the organ is covered with ciliated cells that circulate water through the canals, punctuated by ciliary rosettes, pores that are surrounded by double whorls of cilia and connect to the mesoglea. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a668b1df038b7001ab0bf88 | AppleTalk was developed in 1995 for who? | AppleTalk was developed in 1985 no 1995 for who? | Packet_switching | AppleTalk was a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985 for Apple Macintosh computers. It was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk system automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing. It was a plug-n-play system. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57297a276aef051400154f88 | In what year did Pierre de Fermat declare Fermat's little theorem? | In what year did the Greeks, no actually, Pierre de Fermat declare Fermat's little theorem? | Prime_number | After the Greeks, little happened with the study of prime numbers until the 17th century. In 1640 Pierre de Fermat stated (without proof) Fermat's little theorem (later proved by Leibniz and Euler). Fermat also conjectured that all numbers of the form 22n + 1 are prime (they are called Fermat numbers) and he verified this up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1). However, the very next Fermat number 232 + 1 is composite (one of its prime factors is 641), as Euler discovered later, and in fact no further Fermat numbers are known to be prime. The French monk Marin Mersenne looked at primes of the form 2p − 1, with p a prime. They are called Mersenne primes in his honor. | {
"text": [
"In 1640",
"1640",
"1640",
"1640",
"1640"
],
"answer_start": [
90,
93,
93,
93,
93
]
} |
572684365951b619008f7540 | Where do juvenile platyctenids live? | Where do miniature cydippid hold on no juvenile platyctenids live? | Ctenophora | Development of the fertilized eggs is direct, in other words there is no distinctive larval form, and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults. In the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths. In most species the juveniles gradually develop the body forms of their parents. In some groups, such as the flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids, the juveniles behave more like true larvae, as they live among the plankton and thus occupy a different ecological niche from their parents and attain the adult form by a more radical metamorphosis, after dropping to the sea-floor. | {
"text": [
"among the plankton",
"among the plankton",
"among the plankton"
],
"answer_start": [
462,
462,
462
]
} |
5acf8c4b77cf76001a6851be | Which campus hosts graduate only student programs and is located on the banks of the Seine? | Which campus hosts graduate only student programs and is located on the banks of the Paris no the Seine? | University_of_Chicago | The University of Chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus. The university's Booth School of Business maintains campuses in Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago. The Center in Paris, a campus located on the left bank of the Seine in Paris, hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs. In fall 2010, the University of Chicago also opened a center in Beijing, near Renmin University's campus in Haidian District. The most recent additions are a center in New Delhi, India, which opened in 2014, and a center in Hong Kong which opened in 2015. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5acf8d4077cf76001a6851f6 | Who governs the University of Zimmer? | Who runs the University of Chicago no scratch that who governs the University of Zimmer? | University_of_Chicago | The University of Chicago is governed by a board of trustees. The Board of Trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts, and is composed of 50 members including the university President. Directly beneath the President are the Provost, fourteen Vice Presidents (including the Chief Financial Officer, Chief Investment Officer, and Dean of Students of the university), the Directors of Argonne National Laboratory and Fermilab, the Secretary of the university, and the Student Ombudsperson. As of August 2009[update], the Chairman of the Board of Trustees is Andrew Alper, and the President of the university is Robert Zimmer. In December 2013 it was announced that the Director of Argonne National Laboratory, Eric Isaacs, would become Provost. Isaacs was replaced as Provost in March 2016 by Daniel Diermeier. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572fda6fb2c2fd140056850f | How is the process of allocating seats repeated until all available seats have been determined? | How is the method for tallying votes er process of allocating seats repeated until all available seats have been determined? | Scottish_Parliament | The total number of seats in the Parliament are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method. For example, to determine who is awarded the first list seat, the number of list votes cast for each party is divided by one plus the number of seats the party won in the region (at this point just constituency seats). The party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat. This is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated. | {
"text": [
"iteratively",
"iteratively",
"iteratively"
],
"answer_start": [
545,
545,
545
]
} |
57264e66dd62a815002e811b | Ciliary rosettes pump water into what to control buoyancy? | Ciliary rosettes pump water into sea water no that's no right I mean into what to control buoyancy? | Ctenophora | It is uncertain how ctenophores control their buoyancy, but experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities. Their body fluids are normally as concentrated as seawater. If they enter less dense brackish water, the ciliary rosettes in the body cavity may pump this into the mesoglea to increase its bulk and decrease its density, to avoid sinking. Conversely if they move from brackish to full-strength seawater, the rosettes may pump water out of the mesoglea to reduce its volume and increase its density. | {
"text": [
"the mesoglea",
"mesoglea",
"mesoglea"
],
"answer_start": [
328,
332,
332
]
} |
5a894b333b2508001a72a5b8 | What is another piece created by Neumes? | What is is one work by Olivier Messiaen no sorry another piece created by Neumes? | Prime_number | Prime numbers have influenced many artists and writers. The French composer Olivier Messiaen used prime numbers to create ametrical music through "natural phenomena". In works such as La Nativité du Seigneur (1935) and Quatre études de rythme (1949–50), he simultaneously employs motifs with lengths given by different prime numbers to create unpredictable rhythms: the primes 41, 43, 47 and 53 appear in the third étude, "Neumes rythmiques". According to Messiaen this way of composing was "inspired by the movements of nature, movements of free and unequal durations". | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad3a3fc604f3c001a3fea79 | What tribes weren't in Father Le Loutre's War? | Where didn't er what tribes weren't in Father Le Loutre's War? | French_and_Indian_War | In between the French and the British, large areas were dominated by native tribes. To the north, the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia, Acadia, and the eastern portions of the province of Canada, as well as much of present-day Maine. The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country, although the latter also included Algonquian-speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee, as well as Iroquoian-speaking Mingo. These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule, and were limited by them in authority to make agreements. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57293c246aef051400154bbb | How much of the IPCC attendees are government representatives? | How much of the IPCC attendees are government organizations nah I mean representatives? | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC Panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations. Participation of delegates with appropriate expertise is encouraged. Plenary sessions of the IPCC and IPCC Working groups are held at the level of government representatives. Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations may be allowed to attend as observers. Sessions of the IPCC Bureau, workshops, expert and lead authors meetings are by invitation only. Attendance at the 2003 meeting included 350 government officials and climate change experts. After the opening ceremonies, closed plenary sessions were held. The meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at Sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations. | {
"text": [
"about seven-eighths",
"seven-eighths",
"about seven-eighths"
],
"answer_start": [
692,
698,
692
]
} |
57377ec7c3c5551400e51f06 | What is the redundant concept coming from momentum conservation? | What is the redundant concept coming from mathematical no momentum conservation? | Force | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force. Thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be "fundamental interactions".:199–128 When particle A emits (creates) or absorbs (annihilates) virtual particle B, a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle A making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles A A' exchanging by B. This description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions. While sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict, in full detail, the accurate result of such interactions, there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of Feynman diagrams. In a Feynman diagram, each matter particle is represented as a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram. Matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the Feynman diagram. World lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices, and the Feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines. Gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and, in the case of virtual particle exchange, are absorbed at an adjacent vertex. | {
"text": [
"force",
"4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics",
"force"
],
"answer_start": [
249,
317,
249
]
} |
572658daf1498d1400e8dcae | What makes the tentilla of euplokamis different from other cysippids? | What makes the tentilla of euplokamis similar I mean different from other cysippids? | Ctenophora | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis, and have three main components: a domed head with vesicles (chambers) that contain adhesive; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the stalk. The function of the spiral thread is uncertain, but it may absorb stress when prey tries to escape, and thus prevent the collobast from being torn apart. In addition to colloblasts, members of the genus Haeckelia, which feed mainly on jellyfish, incorporate their victims' stinging nematocytes into their own tentacles – some cnidaria-eating nudibranchs similarly incorporate nematocytes into their bodies for defense. The tentilla of Euplokamis differ significantly from those of other cydippids: they contain striated muscle, a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora; and they are coiled when relaxed, while the tentilla of all other known ctenophores elongate when relaxed. Euplokamis' tentilla have three types of movement that are used in capturing prey: they may flick out very quickly (in 40 to 60 milliseconds); they can wriggle, which may lure prey by behaving like small planktonic worms; and they coil round prey. The unique flicking is an uncoiling movement powered by contraction of the striated muscle. The wriggling motion is produced by smooth muscles, but of a highly specialized type. Coiling around prey is accomplished largely by the return of the tentilla to their inactive state, but the coils may be tightened by smooth muscle. | {
"text": [
"they contain striated muscle,",
"they contain striated muscle",
"they contain striated muscle"
],
"answer_start": [
1150,
1150,
1150
]
} |
5a665b56846392001a1e1b1e | What did Bedau live in to prevent it from being cut down? | What did Julia Butterfly Hill or wait Bedau live in to prevent it from being cut down? | Civil_disobedience | Civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts. Bedau writes, "There is a whole class of acts, undertaken in the name of civil disobedience, which, even if they were widely practiced, would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance (e.g. trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation)...Such acts are often just a harassment and, at least to the bystander, somewhat inane...The remoteness of the connection between the disobedient act and the objectionable law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity." Bedau also notes, though, that the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals may serve a propaganda purpose. Some civil disobedients, such as the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and Voice in the Wilderness, which brought medicine to Iraq without the permission of the U.S. Government, directly achieve a desired social goal (such as the provision of medication to the sick) while openly breaking the law. Julia Butterfly Hill lived in Luna, a 180-foot (55 m)-tall, 600-year-old California Redwood tree for 738 days, successfully preventing it from being cut down. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5728fc2eaf94a219006a9eca | What compounds in the stomach protect against ingested pathogens? | What compounds in the skin no in the stomach protect against ingested pathogens? | Immune_system | Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they become slightly acidic, while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens. In the stomach, gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens. | {
"text": [
"gastric acid and proteases",
"gastric acid and proteases",
"gastric acid"
],
"answer_start": [
418,
418,
418
]
} |
5ad26aa8d7d075001a429323 | Why was Lake Tuggenersee regulated? | Why was Diepoldsau or no make that Lake Tuggenersee regulated? | Rhine | A regulation of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fußach, in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner Ach had to be diverted, too, and it now flows parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake. Its water has a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains. It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad02bef77cf76001a686ca5 | Which officer represents the Scottish Police Force at home and abroad? | Who disagrees no Which officer represents the Scottish Police Force at home and abroad? | Scottish_Parliament | As a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and has the staff, property and resources it requires to operate. Convening the Parliamentary Bureau, which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber, is another of the roles of the Presiding Officer. Under the Standing Orders of the Parliament the Bureau consists of the Presiding Officer and one representative from each political parties with five or more seats in the Parliament. Amongst the duties of the Bureau are to agree the timetable of business in the chamber, establish the number, remit and membership of parliamentary committees and regulate the passage of legislation (bills) through the Parliament. The Presiding Officer also represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572860e03acd2414000df979 | What dynasty came after the Yuan? | What non-Chinese empire came after the Yuan I meant dynasty? | Yuan_dynasty | The Yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty. It was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu.[b] In the Proclamation of the Dynastic Name (《建國號詔》), Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty. | {
"text": [
"Ming dynasty",
"Ming dynasty",
"the Ming dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
322,
322,
318
]
} |
572648ed5951b619008f6f07 | When did a plague-ridden ship land in Norway? | What year did a plague-ridden ship land in Norway? | Black_Death | From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351. The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours, including the Kingdom of Poland, the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent. | {
"text": [
"1349",
"1349",
"1349"
],
"answer_start": [
225,
225,
225
]
} |
5a6ceb7a4eec6b001a80a6d0 | What is the slowest growing area in the pharmaceutical industry? | What is the fastest growing area no the slowest in the pharmaceutical industry? | Pharmacy | Specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled, specialty pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed. In addition to supplying these drugs, specialty pharmacies also provide lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs. It is currently the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5730040f947a6a140053cf4d | When was Al-Banna assassinated? | When was Mahmud Fami Naqrashi, oops, Al-Banna assassinated? | Islamism | Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier. The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times, in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser, who jailed thousands of members for several years. | {
"text": [
"1949",
"1949",
"1949"
],
"answer_start": [
157,
157,
157
]
} |
57297547af94a219006aa45e | How many primes were included in Derrick Norman Lehmer's list of prime numbers? | Derrick Norman Lehmer's list of true no sorry prime numbers included how many prime numbers? | Prime_number | Most early Greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number, so they could not consider it to be a prime. By the Middle Ages and Renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first prime number. In the mid-18th century Christian Goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with Leonhard Euler -- who did not agree. In the 19th century many mathematicians still considered the number 1 to be a prime. For example, Derrick Norman Lehmer's list of primes up to 10,006,721, reprinted as late as 1956, started with 1 as its first prime. Henri Lebesgue is said to be the last professional mathematician to call 1 prime. By the early 20th century, mathematicians began to accept that 1 is not a prime number, but rather forms its own special category as a "unit". | {
"text": [
"10,006,721",
"primes up to 10,006,721",
"10,006,721",
"10,006,721",
"10,006,721"
],
"answer_start": [
481,
468,
481,
481,
481
]
} |
5a89464f3b2508001a72a592 | Of what form are rational Gaussians? | What theorem no of what form are rational Gaussians? | Prime_number | The fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains. An example of such a domain is the Gaussian integers Z[i], that is, the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers. Its prime elements are known as Gaussian primes. Not every prime (in Z) is a Gaussian prime: in the bigger ring Z[i], 2 factors into the product of the two Gaussian primes (1 + i) and (1 − i). Rational primes (i.e. prime elements in Z) of the form 4k + 3 are Gaussian primes, whereas rational primes of the form 4k + 1 are not. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57264c42dd62a815002e80c7 | Where and when did the investigation of the plague pathogen begin? | What was no Where and when did the investigation of the plague pathogen begin? | Black_Death | The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894, among whom was the French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, after whom the pathogen was named Yersinia pestis. The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by Paul-Louis Simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating Y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host. This blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas, which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host. The bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lack resistance. When the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic. | {
"text": [
"Hong Kong in 1894",
"Hong Kong",
"Hong Kong in 1894"
],
"answer_start": [
334,
334,
334
]
} |
5a1c8971b4fb5d0018714685 | What happened when public high schools gained accreditation? | What happened when the government no instead public high schools gained accreditation? | Jacksonville,_Florida | In the mid-1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network. After a grand jury was convened to investigate, 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign. Jacksonville Consolidation, led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates, began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks, who wanted more involvement in government, and whites in the suburbs, who wanted more services and more control over the central city. In 1964 all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation. This added momentum to proposals for government reform. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572883153acd2414000dfa70 | What Chinese system did Kublai's government compromise with? | What Chinese system did the Mongolian no the Kublai's government compromise with? | Yuan_dynasty | Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system. Nevertheless, socially the educated Chinese elite were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native Chinese dynasties. Although the traditional Chinese elite were not given their share of power, the Mongols and the Semuren (various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire) largely remained strangers to the mainstream Chinese culture, and this dichotomy gave the Yuan regime a somewhat strong "colonial" coloration. The unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule. The Mongols and Semuren were given certain advantages in the dynasty, and this would last even after the restoration of the imperial examination in the early 14th century. In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that Persians did so in the Ilkhanate. Later the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the Yuan dynasty. In response to an objection against the use of "barbarians" in his government, the Yongle Emperor answered: "... Discrimination was used by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty, who employed only "Mongols and Tartars" and discarded northern and southern Chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them". | {
"text": [
"traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system",
"autocratic-bureaucratic",
"autocratic-bureaucratic system"
],
"answer_start": [
141,
161,
161
]
} |
5727e0474b864d1900163f0a | What is the name of world renowned cellist is a former Harvard student? | What is the name of world renowned skier er sorry cellist is a former Harvard student? | Harvard_University | Other: Civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois; philosopher Henry David Thoreau; authors Ralph Waldo Emerson and William S. Burroughs; educators Werner Baer, Harlan Hanson; poets Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings; conductor Leonard Bernstein; cellist Yo Yo Ma; pianist and composer Charlie Albright; composer John Alden Carpenter; comedian, television show host and writer Conan O'Brien; actors Tatyana Ali, Nestor Carbonell, Matt Damon, Fred Gwynne, Hill Harper, Rashida Jones, Tommy Lee Jones, Ashley Judd, Jack Lemmon, Natalie Portman, Mira Sorvino, Elisabeth Shue, and Scottie Thompson; film directors Darren Aronofsky, Terrence Malick, Mira Nair, and Whit Stillman; architect Philip Johnson; musicians Rivers Cuomo, Tom Morello, and Gram Parsons; musician, producer and composer Ryan Leslie; serial killer Ted Kaczynski; programmer and activist Richard Stallman; NFL quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick; NFL center Matt Birk; NBA player Jeremy Lin; US Ski Team skier Ryan Max Riley; physician Sachin H. Jain; physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer; computer pioneer and inventor An Wang; Tibetologist George de Roerich; and Marshall Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. | {
"text": [
"Yo Yo Ma",
"Yo Yo Ma",
"Yo Yo Ma"
],
"answer_start": [
262,
262,
262
]
} |
5725ff8238643c19005acf4d | Which city is planned to be a part of the California High Speed Rail? | Who renovated or instead which city is planned to be a part of the California High Speed Rail? | Fresno,_California | Passenger rail service is provided by Amtrak San Joaquins. The main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot in Downtown Fresno. The Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads cross in Fresno, and both railroads maintain railyards within the city; the San Joaquin Valley Railroad also operates former Southern Pacific branchlines heading west and south out of the city. The city of Fresno is planned to serve the future California High Speed Rail. | {
"text": [
"Fresno",
"Fresno",
"Fresno"
],
"answer_start": [
492,
492,
492
]
} |
5a5915043e1742001a15cf6c | What is the Grand Canyon not an example of? | What is the Hawaiian Islands er instead the Grand Canyon not an example of? | Geology | All of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment, and do not necessarily occur in a single order. The Hawaiian Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since Cambrian time. Other areas are much more geologically complex. In the southwestern United States, sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive rocks have been metamorphosed, faulted, foliated, and folded. Even older rocks, such as the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada, the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis. In addition, these processes can occur in stages. In many places, the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States being a very visible example, the lower rock units were metamorphosed and deformed, and then deformation ended and the upper, undeformed units were deposited. Although any amount of rock emplacement and rock deformation can occur, and they can occur any number of times, these concepts provide a guide to understanding the geological history of an area. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a67b759f038b7001ab0c43e | What do only white children have to pay when they go to school? | What do only white babies sorry children have to pay when they go to school? | Private_school | In the final years of the apartheid era, parents at white government schools were given the option to convert to a "semi-private" form called Model C, and many of these schools changed their admissions policies to accept children of other races. Following the transition to democracy, the legal form of "Model C" was abolished, however, the term continues to be used to describe government schools formerly reserved for white children.. These schools tend to produce better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups . Former "Model C" schools are not private schools, as they are state-controlled. All schools in South Africa (including both independent schools and public schools) have the right to set compulsory school fees, and formerly model C schools tend to set much higher school fees than other public schools. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5726249538643c19005ad080 | What was developed for the Air Force | What did no What was developed for the Air Force | Packet_switching | Baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420 in 1964. Report P-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network. The work focuses on three key ideas: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching. | {
"text": [
"survivable communications networks",
"the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching",
"survivable communications networks"
],
"answer_start": [
146,
16,
146
]
} |
573406d1d058e614000b6803 | What battle outside Quebec City did British lose in 1760? | What battle outside Quebec City did British win sorry lose in 1760? | French_and_Indian_War | British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759, when they finally captured Ticonderoga, James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec (in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders), and victory at Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south. The victory was made complete in 1760 when, despite losing outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte-Foy, the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides. | {
"text": [
"Battle of Sainte-Foy",
"Battle of Sainte-Foy",
"Sainte-Foy",
"Battle of Sainte-Foy",
"Battle of Sainte-Foy"
],
"answer_start": [
405,
405,
415,
405,
405
]
} |
5a57fb62770dc0001aeeff11 | What are two ways that mud doesn't change in volume? | Where do, uh let me actually ask, what are two ways that mud doesn't change in volume? | Geology | When rock units are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds, do not significantly change in volume, this is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding. In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can occur, thrust faults form, which cause deeper rock to move on top of shallower rock. Because deeper rock is often older, as noted by the principle of superposition, this can result in older rocks moving on top of younger ones. Movement along faults can result in folding, either because the faults are not planar or because rock layers are dragged along, forming drag folds as slip occurs along the fault. Deeper in the Earth, rocks behave plastically, and fold instead of faulting. These folds can either be those where the material in the center of the fold buckles upwards, creating "antiforms", or where it buckles downwards, creating "synforms". If the tops of the rock units within the folds remain pointing upwards, they are called anticlines and synclines, respectively. If some of the units in the fold are facing downward, the structure is called an overturned anticline or syncline, and if all of the rock units are overturned or the correct up-direction is unknown, they are simply called by the most general terms, antiforms and synforms. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad40995604f3c001a3fff47 | How weren't the Mongol garrison families earning money? | How were sorry I meant weren't the Mongol garrison families earning money? | Yuan_dynasty | The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children into slavery. Seeing this as damaging to the Mongol nation, Kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of Mongols. Kublai wished to persuade the Chinese that he was becoming increasingly sinicized while maintaining his Mongolian credentials with his own people. He set up a civilian administration to rule, built a capital within China, supported Chinese religions and culture, and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court. But at the same time he never abandoned his Mongolian heritage. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57332442d058e614000b5720 | What is Warsaw's name in the Polish language? | What is Warsaw's name in the Slavic er uh instead Polish language? | Warsaw | Warsaw's name in the Polish language is Warszawa, approximately /vɑːrˈʃɑːvə/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa), meaning "belonging to Warsz", Warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcisław; see also etymology of Wrocław. Folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman, Wars, and his wife, Sawa. According to legend, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula River with whom Wars fell in love. In actuality, Warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood. See also the Vršovci family which had escaped to Poland. The official city name in full is miasto stołeczne Warszawa (English: "The Capital City of Warsaw"). A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian – in Polish warszawiak (male), warszawianka (female), warszawiacy (plural). | {
"text": [
"Warszawa",
"Warszawa",
"Warszawa"
],
"answer_start": [
40,
40,
40
]
} |
5ad025df77cf76001a686ba4 | The referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly succeeded in what year? | The referendum to establish a devolved Edinburgh or no make that Scottish Assembly succeeded in what year? | Scottish_Parliament | Under the terms of the Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh provided that the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979 that represented at least 40% of the total electorate. The 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly failed. Although the vote was 51.6% in favour of a Scottish Assembly, this figure did not equal the 40% of the total electorate threshold deemed necessary to pass the measure, as 32.9% of the eligible voting population did not, or had been unable to, vote. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a2ec55da83784001a7d245e | In what year did medical knowledge begin to stagnate during the Middle Ages? | When did no um sorry in what year did medical knowledge begin to stagnate during the Middle Ages? | Black_Death | Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a "great pestilence in the air". This report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers. That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory. Today, this is known as the Miasma theory. The word 'plague' had no special significance at this time, and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the Middle Ages gave it the name that has become the medical term. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5729e1e36aef0514001550ba | When did economists reach a conclusion with the S&P's rating agency? | Where rather when did economists reach a conclusion with the S&P's rating agency? | Economic_inequality | In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education. It estimated that if the average United States worker had completed just one more year of school, it would add an additional $105 billion in growth to the country's economy over five years. | {
"text": [
"2014",
"2014",
"2014"
],
"answer_start": [
3,
3,
3
]
} |
572fad30a23a5019007fc86e | What campaigh did the Scottish National Party (SNP) run? | \"\" | Scottish_Parliament | During this time, the discovery of oil in the North Sea and the following "It's Scotland's oil" campaign of the Scottish National Party (SNP) resulted in rising support for Scottish independence, as well as the SNP. The party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should. The combined effect of these events led to Prime Minister Wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974. However, it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a Scottish Assembly were passed by the United Kingdom Parliament. | {
"text": [
"\"It's Scotland's oil\"",
"It's Scotland's oil",
"\"It's Scotland's oil\""
],
"answer_start": [
74,
75,
74
]
} |
5a25f133c93d92001a400353 | What does digging a foundation prevent damage to? | What do building inspectors what does digging a foundation prevent damage to? | Construction | Before the foundation can be dug, contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations. During the construction of a building, the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code. Once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed, an occupancy permit may be issued. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad292f0d7d075001a429ad7 | What produces a lot of sedimentation that flows into the surrounding rivers? | What is meant by the high tide no produces a lot of sedimentation that flows into the surrounding rivers? | Rhine | The Rhine-Meuse Delta is a tidal delta, shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents. This meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea. Before the construction of the Delta Works, tidal influence was palpable up to Nijmegen, and even today, after the regulatory action of the Delta Works, the tide acts far inland. At the Waal, for example, the most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel and Zaltbommel. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572864542ca10214002da2e1 | What player first won the Heisman Trophy for the university? | Who was the first player to win the Heisman Trophy in the NCAA no sorry in the university? | University_of_Chicago | The Maroons compete in the NCAA's Division III as members of the University Athletic Association (UAA). The university was a founding member of the Big Ten Conference and participated in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball and Football and was a regular participant in the Men's Basketball tournament. In 1935, the University of Chicago reached the Sweet Sixteen. In 1935, Chicago Maroons football player Jay Berwanger became the first winner of the Heisman Trophy. However, the university chose to withdraw from the conference in 1946 after University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football. (In 1969, Chicago reinstated football as a Division III team, resuming playing its home games at the new Stagg Field.) | {
"text": [
"Jay Berwanger",
"Jay Berwanger",
"Jay Berwanger"
],
"answer_start": [
406,
406,
406
]
} |
572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9 | What do progressive moderates of Islam seek to separate? | What type or tell me what do progressive moderates of Islam seek to separate? | Islamism | Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error. Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is merely a political ideology include Fred Halliday, John Esposito and Muslim intellectuals like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. Hayri Abaza argues the failure to distinguish between Islam and Islamism leads many in the West to support illiberal Islamic regimes, to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics. | {
"text": [
"religion from politics",
"religion from politics",
"religion from politics"
],
"answer_start": [
607,
607,
607
]
} |
5ad258f3d7d075001a428de6 | What is attributed to the income inequality in the United Nations? | What is attributed to the income inequality in the US or no make that in the United Nations? | Economic_inequality | In many countries, there is a Gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market. Several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap. On average, women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work, and may be less willing to travel or relocate. Thomas Sowell, in his book Knowledge and Decisions, claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy, but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference. A U.S. Census's report stated that in US once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men. The income gap in other countries ranges from 53% in Botswana to -40% in Bahrain. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572885c44b864d1900164a7b | What modern city did Khanbaliq become? | Which modern city did Hebei or no make that Khanbaliq become? | Yuan_dynasty | The Central Region, consisting of present-day Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, the south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia and the Henan areas to the north of the Yellow River, was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq (modern Beijing); similarly, another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (or Xuanzheng Yuan) held administrative rule over the whole of modern-day Tibet and a part of Sichuan, Qinghai and Kashmir. | {
"text": [
"Beijing",
"Beijing",
"Beijing"
],
"answer_start": [
324,
324,
324
]
} |
572648ed5951b619008f6f04 | Which country was the last to receive the disease? | Which territory no no country was the last to receive the disease? | Black_Death | From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351. The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours, including the Kingdom of Poland, the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent. | {
"text": [
"northwestern Russia",
"Russia",
"Russia"
],
"answer_start": [
333,
346,
346
]
} |
5730a0778ab72b1400f9c60c | Humans in tropical environments were considered what? | Behaviors umm rather humans in tropical environments were considered what? | Imperialism | The concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples. It was believed that a certain person's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination. For example, people living in tropical environments were seen as "less civilized" therefore justifying colonial control as a civilizing mission. Across the three waves of European colonialism (first in the Americas, second in Asia and lastly in Africa), environmental determinism was used to categorically place indigenous people in a racial hierarchy. This takes two forms, orientalism and tropicality. | {
"text": [
"less civilized",
"less civilized",
"less civilized",
"less civilized",
"less civilized"
],
"answer_start": [
330,
330,
330,
330,
330
]
} |
5ad26964d7d075001a4292cd | What can and old, ill man do? | What can an old, ill woman oops man do? | Economic_inequality | When a person’s capabilities are lowered, they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise. An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man; gender roles and customs may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home. There may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic, or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives. As a result, income and economic inequality increases, and it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap without additional aid. To prevent such inequality, this approach believes it’s important to have political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security to ensure that people aren’t denied their functionings, capabilities, and agency and can thus work towards a better relevant income. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a8225de31013a001a335261 | In what year did South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown take office? | When was the divestment no sorry in what year did South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown take office? | Harvard_University | During the divestment from South Africa movement in the late 1980s, student activists erected a symbolic "shantytown" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech given by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown. The Harvard Management Company repeatedly refused to divest, stating that "operating expenses must not be subject to financially unrealistic strictures or carping by the unsophisticated or by special interest groups." However, the university did eventually reduce its South African holdings by $230 million (out of $400 million) in response to the pressure. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572996c73f37b319004784b5 | How many bits are often in the primes used for RSA public key cryptography algorithms? | How many bits are thought to be a hard problem oops are often in the primes used for RSA public key cryptography algorithms? | Prime_number | Several public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit primes are frequently used for RSA and 1024-bit primes are typical for Diffie–Hellman.). RSA relies on the assumption that it is much easier (i.e., more efficient) to perform the multiplication of two (large) numbers x and y than to calculate x and y (assumed coprime) if only the product xy is known. The Diffie–Hellman key exchange relies on the fact that there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation, while the reverse operation the discrete logarithm is thought to be a hard problem. | {
"text": [
"512-bit",
"512",
"512",
"512"
],
"answer_start": [
140,
140,
140,
140
]
} |
5acf86ff77cf76001a6850fa | Who's office did students occupy in a protest over rental policies in 1965? | Who's office did students occupy in a protest over rental policies in 1967 or no make that in 1965? | University_of_Chicago | The university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s, beginning in 1962, when students occupied President George Beadle's office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies. After continued turmoil, a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report. The report, a two-page statement of the university's policy in "social and political action," declared that "To perform its mission in the society, a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions, passions, and pressures." The report has since been used to justify decisions such as the university's refusal to divest from South Africa in the 1980s and Darfur in the late 2000s. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
Subsets and Splits