squad_v2_id
stringlengths 24
24
| original question
stringlengths 12
189
| disfluent question
stringlengths 1
655
| title
stringclasses 24
values | context
stringclasses 813
values | answers
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5726356938643c19005ad300 | How are packets normally forwarded | What is or how are packets normally forwarded | Packet_switching | Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers). Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket. In case of a shared physical medium (such as radio or 10BASE5), the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme. | {
"text": [
"by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing",
"intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering",
"asynchronously"
],
"answer_start": [
152,
155,
182
]
} |
572fd1c4947a6a140053cd02 | What is the final stage of a bill in the Scottish Parliament? | What are the two parts of the final stage what is the final stage of a bill in the Scottish Parliament? | Scottish_Parliament | Stage 3 is the final stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole Parliament. This stage comprises two parts: consideration of amendments to the bill as a general debate, and a final vote on the bill. Opposition members can table "wrecking amendments" to the bill, designed to thwart further progress and take up parliamentary time, to cause the bill to fall without a final vote being taken. After a general debate on the final form of the bill, members proceed to vote at Decision Time on whether they agree to the general principles of the final bill. | {
"text": [
"Stage 3",
"Stage 3",
"Stage 3"
],
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
0
]
} |
572f5533a23a5019007fc55c | Where does the Rhine empty? | Where does the European sorry the Rhine empty? | Rhine | The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein border, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands. The biggest city on the river Rhine is Cologne, Germany with a population of more than 1,050,000 people. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about 1,230 km (760 mi),[note 2][note 1] with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s (100,000 cu ft/s). | {
"text": [
"North Sea",
"the North Sea in the Netherlands",
"North Sea",
"North Sea"
],
"answer_start": [
344,
340,
344,
344
]
} |
5a836273e60761001a2eb640 | What can the mesoglea be closed by? | What can the pharynx or no make that the mesoglea be closed by? | Ctenophora | The internal cavity forms: a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals. These branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal: the mouth and pharynx; the roots of the tentacles, if present; all along the underside of each comb row; and four branches round the sensory complex at the far end from the mouth – two of these four branches terminate in anal pores. The inner surface of the cavity is lined with an epithelium, the gastrodermis. The mouth and pharynx have both cilia and well-developed muscles. In other parts of the canal system, the gastrodermis is different on the sides nearest to and furthest from the organ that it supplies. The nearer side is composed of tall nutritive cells that store nutrients in vacuoles (internal compartments), germ cells that produce eggs or sperm, and photocytes that produce bioluminescence. The side furthest from the organ is covered with ciliated cells that circulate water through the canals, punctuated by ciliary rosettes, pores that are surrounded by double whorls of cilia and connect to the mesoglea. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
573382d24776f41900660c3a | How much of Poland's national income does Warsaw produce? | What was uh how much of Poland's national income does Warsaw produce? | Warsaw | Warsaw, especially its city centre (Śródmieście), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2006, 304,016 companies were registered in the city. Warsaw's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally, regionally, and nationally. MasterCard Emerging Market Index has noted Warsaw's economic strength and commercial center. Moreover, Warsaw was ranked as the 7th greatest emerging market. Foreign investors' financial participation in the city's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650 million euro. Warsaw produces 12% of Poland's national income, which in 2008 was 305.1% of the Polish average, per capita (or 160% of the European Union average). The GDP per capita in Warsaw amounted to PLN 94 000 in 2008 (c. EUR 23 800, USD 33 000). Total nominal GDP of the city in 2010 amounted to 191.766 billion PLN, 111696 PLN per capita, which was 301,1 % of Polish average. Warsaw leads the region of East-Central Europe in foreign investment and in 2006, GDP growth met expectations with a level of 6.1%. It also has one of the fastest growing economies, with GDP growth at 6.5 percent in 2007 and 6.1 percent in the first quarter of 2008. | {
"text": [
"12%",
"12%",
"12%"
],
"answer_start": [
620,
620,
620
]
} |
573083dc2461fd1900a9ce71 | Imperialism and colonialism both assert a states dominance over what? | Imperialism and colonialism both assert a development no states dominance over what? | Imperialism | The term "imperialism" is often conflated with "colonialism", however many scholars have argued that each have their own distinct definition. Imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people. Robert Young writes that while imperialism operates from the center, is a state policy and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons, colonialism is simply the development for settlement or commercial intentions. Colonialism in modern usage also tends to imply a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the imperial power. Particularly, Edward Said distinguishes the difference between imperialism and colonialism by stating; "imperialism involved 'the practice, the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory', while colonialism refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory.' Contiguous land empires such as the Russian or Ottoman are generally excluded from discussions of colonialism.:116 Thus it can be said that imperialism includes some form of colonialism, but colonialism itself does not automatically imply imperialism, as it lacks a political focus.[further explanation needed] | {
"text": [
"person or group of people",
"a person or group of people",
"a person or group of people",
"person or group of people"
],
"answer_start": [
257,
255,
255,
257
]
} |
57339dd94776f41900660ece | When is the Wianki festival held? | What will uh when is the Wianki festival held? | Warsaw | Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom. By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today. The city council organize concerts and other events. Each Midsummer’s Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, looking for the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank. | {
"text": [
"Midsummer’s Night",
"Midsummer’s Night",
"Midsummer’s Night"
],
"answer_start": [
117,
117,
117
]
} |
572ffa79a23a5019007fcbed | What pushed up the Pyrenees? | What pushed up the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era no the um Pyrenees? | Rhine | In southern Europe, the stage was set in the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, with the opening of the Tethys Ocean, between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates, between about 240 MBP and 220 MBP (million years before present). The present Mediterranean Sea descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea. At about 180 MBP, in the Jurassic Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor, causing it to be subducted under Eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the Alpine Orogeny of the Oligocene and Miocene Periods. Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally, generating the individual features of Mediterranean geography: Iberia pushed up the Pyrenees; Italy, the Alps, and Anatolia, moving west, the mountains of Greece and the islands. The compression and orogeny continue today, as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes. | {
"text": [
"Iberia",
"Iberia",
"Iberia"
],
"answer_start": [
722,
722,
722
]
} |
5ad02be477cf76001a686c9c | What did Basset analyze after coming to his conclusions? | How did or no rather what did Basset analyze after coming to his conclusion? | Imperialism | To better illustrate this idea, Bassett focuses his analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps during the "scramble for Africa". He states that maps "contributed to empire by promoting, assisting, and legitimizing the extension of French and British power into West Africa". During his analysis of nineteenth-century cartographic techniques, he highlights the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory. This provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers to obtain "information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps". | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad3b08b604f3c001a3fecb2 | When did Washington learn about Trent's advance? | What were no when did Washington learn about Trent's advance? | French_and_Indian_War | After Washington had returned to Williamsburg, Dinwiddie ordered him to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work. While en route, Washington learned of Trent's retreat. Since Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British, Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with the Mingo leader. Learning of a French scouting party in the area, Washington, with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen. They killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk. The historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships. One of Tanaghrisson's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
573312fcd058e614000b56e9 | What exchange in Warsaw is one of the most important for Central and Eastern Europe? | What exchange in Warsaw is one of the most important for the BPO and the ITO no the Central and Eastern Europe? | Warsaw | In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central Europe. Today Warsaw is considered an "Alpha–" global city, a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Warsaw's economy, by a wide variety of industries, is characterised by FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing. The city is a significant centre of research and development, BPO, ITO, as well as of the Polish media industry. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is one of the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security, has its headquarters in Warsaw. It has been said that Warsaw, together with Frankfurt, London, Paris and Barcelona is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the European Union. Warsaw has also been called "Eastern Europe’s chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and serious restaurants". | {
"text": [
"Stock",
"Warsaw Stock Exchange",
"Warsaw Stock Exchange"
],
"answer_start": [
611,
604,
604
]
} |
5ad4cc135b96ef001a10a0f4 | When did the Red Army Uprising begin? | Where did or no make that when did the Red Army Uprising begin? | Warsaw | By July 1944, the Red Army was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw. Knowing that Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland, the Polish government-in-exile in London gave orders to the underground Home Army (AK) to try to seize control of Warsaw from the Germans before the Red Army arrived. Thus, on 1 August 1944, as the Red Army was nearing the city, the Warsaw Uprising began. The armed struggle, planned to last 48 hours, was partially successful, however it went on for 63 days. Eventually the Home Army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate. They were transported to PoW camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled. Polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5729f9953f37b3190047861f | Hormones can alter the sensitivity of the immune system, so they can be referred to as what? | Hormones can alter the sensitivity of the immune system, so they can be referred when or actually to as what? | Immune_system | Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. By contrast, male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably prolactin, growth hormone and vitamin D. | {
"text": [
"immunomodulators",
"immunomodulators",
"immunomodulators"
],
"answer_start": [
20,
20,
20
]
} |
5ad2bcdfd7d075001a42a0b0 | What year was the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat found? | When was er what year was the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat found? | Rhine | Until 1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres (764 miles). In 1932 the German encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon stated the length as 1,320 kilometres (820 miles), presumably a typographical error. After this number was placed into the authoritative Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, it became generally accepted and found its way into numerous textbooks and official publications. The error was discovered in 2010, and the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat confirms the length at 1,232 kilometres (766 miles).[note 1] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57274a1edd62a815002e9a9b | The prospect of what event compelled the protection of German private schools? | The prospect of which or no make that what event compelled the protection of German private schools? | Private_school | The right to create private schools in Germany is in Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz and cannot be suspended even in a state of emergency. It is also not possible to abolish these rights. This unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools from a second Gleichschaltung or similar event in the future. Still, they are less common than in many other countries. Overall, between 1992 and 2008 the percent of pupils in such schools in Germany increased from 6.1% to 7.8% (including rise from 0.5% to 6.1% in the former GDR). Percent of students in private high schools reached 11.1%. | {
"text": [
"second Gleichschaltung",
"a second Gleichschaltung",
"a second Gleichschaltung"
],
"answer_start": [
289,
287,
287
]
} |
5a564c956349e2001acdcd1d | How were messages delivered before implementation? | What concept er uh how were messages delivered before implementation? | Packet_switching | Baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks, first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420 in 1964. Report P-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network. The work focuses on three key ideas: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets, and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a2ed525a83784001a7d2504 | How many times did the plague visit Baghdad? | In what year or uh how many times did the plague visit Baghdad? | Black_Death | The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world. Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691, and 1740–42. Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800. Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5733eb34d058e614000b65cd | What was William Johnson's Iroquois name? | What was William Johnson's role no his name in Iroquois? | French_and_Indian_War | The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York. The British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond, Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey, meaning "He who does great things." He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area. In 1746, Johnson was made a colonel of the Iroquois. Later he was commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia. They met at Albany, New York with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies. Mohawk Chief Hendrick, Speaker of their tribal council, insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion. When Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction, Chief Hendrick said that the "Covenant Chain", a long-standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown, was broken. | {
"text": [
"Warraghiggey, meaning \"He who does great things.\"",
"Warraghiggey",
"Warraghiggey",
"Warraghiggey",
"Warraghiggey"
],
"answer_start": [
197,
197,
197,
197,
197
]
} |
5a7b0ec521c2de001afe9d21 | Kings Canyon Avenue is on the southeast side of what? | Chestnut Avenue or no make that Kings Canyon Avenue is on the southeast side of what? | Fresno,_California | The neighborhood of Sunnyside is on Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue. Although parts of Sunnyside are within the City of Fresno, much of the neighborhood is a "county island" within Fresno County. Largely developed in the 1950s through the 1970s, it has recently experienced a surge in new home construction. It is also the home of the Sunnyside Country Club, which maintains a golf course designed by William P. Bell. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57268882f1498d1400e8e306 | First published by Sir Charles Lyell in 1830 this book was called what? | First published by Charles Darwin in 1830 this book was called what no wait which book was published by Sir Charles Lyell in 1830? | Geology | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring today. In contrast, catastrophism is the theory that Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter. Though Hutton believed in uniformitarianism, the idea was not widely accepted at the time. | {
"text": [
"Principles of Geology",
"Principles of Geology",
"Principles of Geology"
],
"answer_start": [
51,
51,
51
]
} |
57337ea24776f41900660bd0 | What was Warsaw the most diverse of in Poland? | What percentage oh uh what was Warsaw the most diverse of in Poland? | Warsaw | Demographically, it was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants. In addition to the Polish majority, there was a significant Jewish minority in Warsaw. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (around 34% percent). Warsaw's prewar Jewish population of more than 350,000 constituted about 30 percent of the city's total population. In 1933, out of 1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500 were of Polish mother tongue. World War II changed the demographics of the city, and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of Warsaw's history. Most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation. | {
"text": [
"city",
"Demographically",
"city"
],
"answer_start": [
41,
0,
41
]
} |
5ad3bc28604f3c001a3feedf | When did the North American French and Indian War begin? | Where did or no rather when did the North American French and Indian War begin? | French_and_Indian_War | The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763, and war in the European theatre of the Seven Years' War was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763. The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which had been occupied by the British. France chose to cede the former, but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along with fishing rights in the area. They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent. The contemporaneous French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow. The British, for their part, were happy to take New France, as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue and also because they already had ample places from which to obtain sugar. Spain, which traded Florida to Britain to regain Cuba, also gained Louisiana, including New Orleans, from France in compensation for its losses. Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad4ef8b5b96ef001a10a6b9 | What are the least powerful anti-inflammatory drugs? | What drugs wait tell me what are the least powerful anti-inflammatory drugs? | Immune_system | Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation. Glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs; however, these drugs can have many undesirable side effects, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and their use must be tightly controlled. Lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in conjunction with cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or azathioprine. Cytotoxic drugs inhibit the immune response by killing dividing cells such as activated T cells. However, the killing is indiscriminate and other constantly dividing cells and their organs are affected, which causes toxic side effects. Immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin prevent T cells from responding to signals correctly by inhibiting signal transduction pathways. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5727502f708984140094dc09 | Who studies the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process? | What is rather who studies the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process? | Construction | Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process. Cost engineers and estimators apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation. Cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs, which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid. | {
"text": [
"Accountants",
"Accountants",
"Accountants"
],
"answer_start": [
360,
360,
360
]
} |
572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60 | What protects the statocyst? | What features or uh protects the statocyst? | Ctenophora | The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia. A ctenophore does not automatically try to keep the statolith resting equally on all the balancers. Instead its response is determined by the animal's "mood", in other words the overall state of the nervous system. For example, if a ctenophore with trailing tentacles captures prey, it will often put some comb rows into reverse, spinning the mouth towards the prey. | {
"text": [
"a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia",
"a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia",
"transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia"
],
"answer_start": [
303,
303,
305
]
} |
572871bc4b864d1900164a06 | What conservative international relations scholar is also a university alumni? | What fossil no conservative international relations scholar is also a university alumni? | University_of_Chicago | Other prominent alumni include anthropologists David Graeber and Donald Johanson, who is best known for discovering the fossil of a female hominid australopithecine known as "Lucy" in the Afar Triangle region, psychologist John B. Watson, American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Innis, chess grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington. | {
"text": [
"Samuel P. Huntington",
"Samuel P. Huntington",
"Samuel P. Huntington"
],
"answer_start": [
523,
523,
523
]
} |
57264d58f1498d1400e8db7a | What is the mortality rate of the modern bubonic plague? | What is the mortality rate of the septicemic no modern bubonic plague? | Black_Death | Other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists. The modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75% and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic plague, 80 percent die within eight days. Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent. Symptoms include fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum. As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free flowing and bright red. Septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%. Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation). In cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague, the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes. | {
"text": [
"30–75%",
"30–75%",
"30–75%"
],
"answer_start": [
115,
115,
115
]
} |
57264845f1498d1400e8db0e | What contributed to the severity of the plague? | Who contributed no wait What contributed to the severity of the plague? | Black_Death | Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants. The Genoese traders fled, taking the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe, whence it spread north. Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death. | {
"text": [
"war, famine, and weather",
"war, famine, and weather",
"war, famine, and weather"
],
"answer_start": [
527,
527,
527
]
} |
573786b51c45671900574490 | What is included along with gravitational acceration, and mass of the Earth in a formula about rotation about the Earth? | What is included along with gravitational acceleration proportional to what is included along with gravitational acceleration and mass of the EArth in a formula about rotation about the Earth? | Force | Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, Newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body. Combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass () and the radius () of the Earth to the gravitational acceleration: | {
"text": [
"radius () of the Earth",
"the radius () of the Earth",
"radius"
],
"answer_start": [
495,
491,
495
]
} |
5726385e271a42140099d797 | What does each packet includ in connectionless mode | What does each packet label include in connectionless mode or rather each packet? | Packet_switching | In connectionless mode each packet includes complete addressing information. The packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery. Each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet. This precludes the need for a dedicated path to help the packet find its way to its destination, but means that much more information is needed in the packet header, which is therefore larger, and this information needs to be looked up in power-hungry content-addressable memory. Each packet is dispatched and may go via different routes; potentially, the system has to do as much work for every packet as the connection-oriented system has to do in connection set-up, but with less information as to the application's requirements. At the destination, the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number. Thus a virtual connection, also known as a virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol, although intermediate network nodes only provides a connectionless network layer service. | {
"text": [
"each packet includes complete addressing information",
"complete addressing information",
"complete addressing information"
],
"answer_start": [
23,
44,
44
]
} |
5733dab4d058e614000b640b | What was normal British defense? | What was normal French sorry British defense? | French_and_Indian_War | At the start of the war, no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops. New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine, companies of colonial regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed. Most British colonies mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces. | {
"text": [
"mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.",
"local militia companies",
"local militia companies",
"militia support",
"local militia companies"
],
"answer_start": [
348,
357,
357,
297,
357
]
} |
572feddda23a5019007fcb5e | What happened with the ground water level with the Rhine straightening program? | What happened with the ground water level with the Grand Canal d'Alsace or rather the Rhine straightening program? | Rhine | The Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century. The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly. Dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply. On the French side, the Grand Canal d'Alsace was dug, which carries a significant part of the river water, and all of the traffic. In some places, there are large compensation pools, for example the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace. | {
"text": [
"fell significantly",
"fell significantly",
"level fell"
],
"answer_start": [
161,
161,
155
]
} |
5725cb33271a42140099d1df | What does ctenophore use to capture prey? | What does ctenophore use to adhere or uh capture prey? | Ctenophora | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs. Ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts, which are sticky and adhere to prey, although a few ctenophore species lack them. | {
"text": [
"colloblasts",
"colloblasts",
"colloblasts"
],
"answer_start": [
456,
456,
456
]
} |
5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5 | Which group has young that are born with no tentacles and a large mouth? | How do rather which group has young that are born with no tentacles and a large mouth? | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times. Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch. The young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids, gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow. The exceptions are the beroids, whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles, and the platyctenids, whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size, but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form. In at least some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape. The combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate. | {
"text": [
"beroids",
"beroids",
"beroids"
],
"answer_start": [
634,
634,
634
]
} |
572a1dbb3f37b319004786f9 | When people take on debt, it leads potentially to what? | When people take on debt, how are the certain costs oof it leads potentially to what? | Economic_inequality | Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the costs of housing, pensions, education and health care. If the state does not provide these services, then for those on lower incomes, the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to manage their finances. Secondly, aspirational consumption describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts and one method of achieving this aspiration is by taking on debt. The result leads to even greater inequality and potential economic instability. | {
"text": [
"economic instability",
"greater inequality and potential economic instability",
"greater inequality and potential economic instability"
],
"answer_start": [
629,
596,
596
]
} |
57264cfa708984140094c1c6 | What direction do ctenophore swim? | What direction do predators uh actually I mean ctenophore swim? | Ctenophora | The outer surface bears usually eight comb rows, called swimming-plates, which are used for swimming. The rows are oriented to run from near the mouth (the "oral pole") to the opposite end (the "aboral pole"), and are spaced more or less evenly around the body, although spacing patterns vary by species and in most species the comb rows extend only part of the distance from the aboral pole towards the mouth. The "combs" (also called "ctenes" or "comb plates") run across each row, and each consists of thousands of unusually long cilia, up to 2 millimeters (0.079 in). Unlike conventional cilia and flagella, which has a filament structure arranged in a 9 + 2 pattern, these cilia are arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern, where the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function. These normally beat so that the propulsion stroke is away from the mouth, although they can also reverse direction. Hence ctenophores usually swim in the direction in which the mouth is pointing, unlike jellyfish. When trying to escape predators, one species can accelerate to six times its normal speed; some other species reverse direction as part of their escape behavior, by reversing the power stroke of the comb plate cilia. | {
"text": [
"in the direction in which the mouth is pointing,",
"the direction in which the mouth is pointing",
"direction in which the mouth is pointing"
],
"answer_start": [
941,
944,
948
]
} |
57297ed93f37b31900478462 | What is the name of one impressive continuation of the Fermat primality test? | What is the random test no the name of one impressive continuation of the Fermat primality test? | Prime_number | A particularly simple example of a probabilistic test is the Fermat primality test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np≡n (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number. If we have a number b that we want to test for primality, then we work out nb (mod b) for a random value of n as our test. A flaw with this test is that there are some composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers) that satisfy the Fermat identity even though they are not prime, so the test has no way of distinguishing between prime numbers and Carmichael numbers. Carmichael numbers are substantially rarer than prime numbers, though, so this test can be useful for practical purposes. More powerful extensions of the Fermat primality test, such as the Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests, are guaranteed to fail at least some of the time when applied to a composite number. | {
"text": [
"Baillie-PSW",
"Baillie-PSW",
"Baillie-PSW",
"Baillie-PSW",
"Baillie-PSW,"
],
"answer_start": [
739,
739,
739,
739,
739
]
} |
5733fd66d058e614000b6738 | What disagreement did Montcalm and Indians have? | What disagreement did Oswego no Montcalm and Indians have? | French_and_Indian_War | The new British command was not in place until July. When he arrived in Albany, Abercrombie refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them. Montcalm took bold action against his inertia. Building on Vaudreuil's work harassing the Oswego garrison, Montcalm executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga, as if to presage another attack along Lake George. With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany, Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August. In the aftermath, Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects. The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables, which angered the Indians. | {
"text": [
"disposition of prisoners' personal effects",
"the disposition of prisoners' personal effects",
"about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects",
"disposition of prisoners' personal effects",
"the disposition of prisoners' personal effects"
],
"answer_start": [
592,
588,
582,
592,
588
]
} |
5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da | How are pharmacists regulated in most jurisdictions? | What body no how are pharmacists regulated in most jurisdictions? | Pharmacy | In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments. However, the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere. 7 to 10 percent of American physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own. | {
"text": [
"separately from physicians",
"separately from physicians",
"separately from physicians"
],
"answer_start": [
77,
77,
77
]
} |
573361404776f4190066093c | What type of architecture is represented in the majestic churches? | Which type or no rather what type of architecture is represented in the majestic churches? | Warsaw | Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style, St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower (after 1379) and the Royal Castle Curia Maior (1407–1410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of Baryczko merchant family (1562), building called "The Negro" (early 17th century) and Salwator tenement (1632). The most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626) at Old Town. Among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are St. Hyacinth's Church (1603–1639) and Sigismund's Column (1644). | {
"text": [
"Gothic",
"Gothic",
"Gothic"
],
"answer_start": [
0,
0,
0
]
} |
5acff00c77cf76001a6865b5 | What department in the U.S. spearheaded the efforts to support Islamism? | What government, well what department in the U.S. spearheaded the efforts to support Islamism? | Islamism | The U.S. government has engaged in efforts to counter Islamism, or violent Islamism, since 2001. These efforts were centred in the U.S. around public diplomacy programmes conducted by the State Department. There have been calls to create an independent agency in the U.S. with a specific mission of undermining Islamism and jihadism. Christian Whiton, an official in the George W. Bush administration, called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of "political warfare" aimed at undermining the ideology. U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates called for establishing something similar to the defunct U.S. Information Agency, which was charged with undermining the communist ideology during the Cold War. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad28861d7d075001a429940 | What is the the old south branch of the Rhine called? | What is the the old north no the old south branch of the Rhine called? | Rhine | The name Rijn, from here on, is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine in Roman times. Though they retained the name, these streams no longer carry water from the Rhine, but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders. From Wijk bij Duurstede, the old north branch of the Rhine is called Kromme Rijn ("Bent Rhine") past Utrecht, first Leidse Rijn ("Rhine of Leiden") and then, Oude Rijn ("Old Rhine"). The latter flows west into a sluice at Katwijk, where its waters can be discharged into the North Sea. This branch once formed the line along which the Limes Germanicus were built. During periods of lower sea levels within the various ice ages, the Rhine took a left turn, creating the Channel River, the course of which now lies below the English Channel. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a668e55f038b7001ab0bfcd | What job was Kemney given at GE? | What job was Phoenix no Kemney given at GE? | Packet_switching | In 1965, at the instigation of Warner Sinback, a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers (Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago, and Phoenix) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service, apparently the world's first commercial online service. (In addition to selling GE computers, the centers were computer service bureaus, offering batch processing services. They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around. He decided that a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable. Warner was right.) | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5729f12e3f37b319004785e2 | The adaptive immune system recognizes non-self antigens during a process called what? | The adaptive immune system recognizes non-self pathogens fiddle sticks I meant to say antigens during a process called what? | Immune_system | The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by "memory cells". Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. | {
"text": [
"antigen presentation",
"antigen presentation",
"antigen presentation"
],
"answer_start": [
325,
325,
325
]
} |
572a0c541d046914007796f5 | When was consumption inequality lower than it had been in 1986? | When was inequality no the consumption inequality lower than it had been in 2001 no 1986? | Economic_inequality | Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the measure of inequality, and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US. Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that "the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality," and consumption is more important than income. According to Johnson, Smeeding, and Tory, consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986. The debate is summarized in "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor" by journalist Thomas B. Edsall. Other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality, and the CBO's study found consumption data not "adequately" capturing "consumption by high-income households" as it does their income, though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income. | {
"text": [
"2001",
"2001",
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
583,
583,
583
]
} |
5acfab5077cf76001a6857d4 | Who was a political philosopher, mathematician, author and also former faculty member? | What Nobel er who was a political philosopher, mathematician, author and also former faculty member? | University_of_Chicago | Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, mathematician Alberto Calderón, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard Kuiper, one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics Edward Sapir, and the founder of McKinsey & Co., James O. McKinsey. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572fc659b2c2fd1400568449 | Why are debates on proposed motions by an MSP conducted? | How are or no rather why are debates on proposed motions by an MSP conducted? | Scottish_Parliament | Immediately after Decision Time a "Members Debate" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes. Members Business is a debate on a motion proposed by an MSP who is not a Scottish minister. Such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time. As well as the proposer, other members normally contribute to the debate. The relevant minister, whose department the debate and motion relate to "winds up" the debate by speaking after all other participants. | {
"text": [
"not a Scottish minister",
"may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency",
"issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency"
],
"answer_start": [
155,
213,
200
]
} |
572f5875947a6a140053c89b | What is the lower canal regulation of the Rhine? | What is the lower canal regulation of the Dornbirner Ach or uh the Rhine? | Rhine | A regulation of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fußach, in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner Ach had to be diverted, too, and it now flows parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake. Its water has a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains. It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee. | {
"text": [
"Fußach",
"Fußach",
"Fußach",
"Fußach"
],
"answer_start": [
99,
99,
99,
99
]
} |
5a3e307f378766001a0024d8 | What organization does climate related research? | Which or no rather what organization does climate related research? | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources. According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the "grey literature"), provided that they are of sufficient quality. Examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals. Each subsequent IPCC report notes areas where the science has improved since the previous report and also notes areas where further research is required. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57293e221d046914007791d6 | What do increased greenhouse gases cause? | What do decreased no rather increased greenhouse gases cause? | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence that CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect. They predict that under a "business as usual" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century. They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more. | {
"text": [
"additional warming of the Earth's surface",
"warming of the Earth's surface",
"additional warming of the Earth's surface"
],
"answer_start": [
247,
258,
247
]
} |
5727f16c3acd2414000df05c | How much potential economic growth could the United States amass if everyone went through more schooling? | How much of a wealth gap oh no potential economic growth could the United States amass if everyone went through more schooling? | Economic_inequality | In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education. It estimated that if the average United States worker had completed just one more year of school, it would add an additional $105 billion in growth to the country's economy over five years. | {
"text": [
"$105 billion",
"$105 billion",
"$105 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
505,
505,
505
]
} |
5acfe8e777cf76001a686425 | Who was Iqbal a supporter of? | Who was Johar um ... no Iqbal a supporter of? | Islamism | While studying law and philosophy in England and Germany, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India Muslim League. He came back to Lahore in 1908. While dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in World War I and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Muhammad Ali Johar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress. Iqbal's seven English lectures were published by Oxford University press in 1934 in a book titled The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5725fabc89a1e219009ac128 | How many people lived in Fresno in 2000, according to the Census Bureau? | What population of people or rather how many people lived in Fresno in 2000, according to the Census Bureau? | Fresno,_California | As of the census of 2000, there were 427,652 people, 140,079 households, and 97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km²). There were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles (3,698 km2). The racial makeup of the city was 50.2% White, 8.4% Black or African American, 1.6% Native American, 11.2% Asian (about a third of which is Hmong), 0.1% Pacific Islander, 23.4% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39.9% of the population. | {
"text": [
"427,652",
"427,652",
"427,652"
],
"answer_start": [
37,
37,
37
]
} |
5acf8bbd77cf76001a6851b4 | What was Eero Saarinen contracted to develop in 2011? | What was Eero Saarinen contracted to develop in what decade oops in 2011? | University_of_Chicago | After the 1940s, the Gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles. In 1955, Eero Saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan, which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the Midway, including the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle (a complex designed by Saarinen); a series of arts buildings; a building designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the university's School of Social Service Administration;, a building which is to become the home of the Harris School of Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone, and the Regenstein Library, the largest building on campus, a brutalist structure designed by Walter Netsch of the Chicago firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Another master plan, designed in 1999 and updated in 2004, produced the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center (2003), the Max Palevsky Residential Commons (2001), South Campus Residence Hall and dining commons (2009), a new children's hospital, and other construction, expansions, and restorations. In 2011, the university completed the glass dome-shaped Joe and Rika Mansueto Library, which provides a grand reading room for the university library and prevents the need for an off-campus book depository. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad25c56d7d075001a428e9d | What is a higher rate of social goods an effect of? | Why does a, well no, what is a higher rate of social goods an effect of? | Economic_inequality | Effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption. For the top 21 industrialised countries, counting each person equally, life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries (r = -.907). A similar relationship exists among US states (r = -.620). | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572a0a686aef0514001551ee | Under Elie Metchnikoff's cellular theory, what cells were responsible for immune response? | Under Elie Metchnikoff's cellular theory, who was the main proponent I mean what cells were responsible for immune response? | Immune_system | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held, among others, by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells. | {
"text": [
"phagocytes",
"phagocytes",
"phagocytes"
],
"answer_start": [
488,
488,
488
]
} |
57309446396df919000961bb | When did the age of imperialism end? | When did the \ | Imperialism | The Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1700, saw (generally European) industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power.[citation needed] Although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years, the term "Age of Imperialism" generally refers to the activities of European powers from the early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century, for example, the "The Great Game" in Persian lands, the "Scramble for Africa" and the "Open Door Policy" in China. | {
"text": [
"middle of the 20th century",
"20th century",
"20th century",
"middle of the 20th century",
"20th century,"
],
"answer_start": [
446,
460,
460,
446,
460
]
} |
57264684708984140094c126 | When did the world's population finally recover from the black death? | When did the world's population reduce because of the black death no wait when did it recover from the black death? | Black_Death | The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population. In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century. The plague recurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century. | {
"text": [
"the 17th century",
"17th century",
"17th century"
],
"answer_start": [
618,
622,
622
]
} |
5a83acb4e60761001a2eb862 | What kind of analysis did Harbison conclude in 2001 about the Lobata? | What kind of analysis did Harbison conclude in 2001 about Cestida no sorry the Lobata? | Ctenophora | Since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae, it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydippids, having an egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles. Richard Harbison's purely morphological analysis in 1985 concluded that the cydippids are not monophyletic, in other words do not contain all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor that was itself a cydippid. Instead he found that various cydippid families were more similar to members of other ctenophore orders than to other cydippids. He also suggested that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was either cydippid-like or beroid-like. A molecular phylogeny analysis in 2001, using 26 species, including 4 recently discovered ones, confirmed that the cydippids are not monophyletic and concluded that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was cydippid-like. It also found that the genetic differences between these species were very small – so small that the relationships between the Lobata, Cestida and Thalassocalycida remained uncertain. This suggests that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was relatively recent, and perhaps was lucky enough to survive the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 65.5 million years ago while other lineages perished. When the analysis was broadened to include representatives of other phyla, it concluded that cnidarians are probably more closely related to bilaterians than either group is to ctenophores but that this diagnosis is uncertain. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad02f4977cf76001a686d75 | Invitations to address the House of Commons are determined by whom? | Invitations to address faith groups I mean the House of Commons are determined by whom? | Scottish_Parliament | The first item of business on Wednesdays is usually Time for Reflection, at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes, sharing a perspective on issues of faith. This contrasts with the formal style of "Prayers", which is the first item of business in meetings of the House of Commons. Speakers are drawn from across Scotland and are chosen to represent the balance of religious beliefs according to the Scottish census. Invitations to address Parliament in this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau. Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572a02483f37b3190047864d | What is the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells referred to? | Which no um what is the complex \"two-signal\" activation of T cells referred to? | Immune_system | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential. | {
"text": [
"histocompatibility",
"histocompatibility",
"histocompatibility"
],
"answer_start": [
514,
514,
514
]
} |
5ad405f0604f3c001a3ffe2e | What was the civil war against Ragibagh never called? | What was the civil war against Ragibagh called no not called? | Yuan_dynasty | When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328, Tugh Temür was recalled to Khanbaliq by the Qipchaq commander El Temür. He was installed as the emperor (Emperor Wenzong) in Khanbaliq, while Yesün Temür's son Ragibagh succeeded to the throne in Shangdu with the support of Yesün Temür's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah. Gaining support from princes and officers in Northern China and some other parts of the dynasty, Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the War of the Two Capitals. Afterwards, Tugh Temür abdicated in favour of his brother Kusala, who was backed by Chagatai Khan Eljigidey, and announced Khanbaliq's intent to welcome him. However, Kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with Tugh Temür. He was supposedly killed with poison by El Temür, and Tugh Temür then remounted the throne. Tugh Temür also managed to send delegates to the western Mongol khanates such as Golden Horde and Ilkhanate to be accepted as the suzerain of Mongol world. However, he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official El Temür during his latter three-year reign. El Temür purged pro-Kusala officials and brought power to warlords, whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7b11bb21c2de001afe9d46 | When did Hilliard, Taylor, and Wheeler work? | What did no actually when did Hilliard, Taylor and Wheeler work? | Fresno,_California | The area is also known for its early twentieth century homes, many of which have been restored in recent decades. The area includes many California Bungalow and American Craftsman style homes, Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture, Mediterranean Revival Style architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many Storybook houses designed by Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler. The residential architecture of the Tower District contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl in north and east areas of Fresno. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad02aff77cf76001a686c7d | Early Western texts referencing the North describe the people as being what? | Early Western texts reference the East scratch that I mean reference the North describe the people as being what? | Imperialism | Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed an imaginative geography of the East. This imaginative geography relies on an essentializing discourse that represents neither the diversity nor the social reality of the East. Rather, by essentializing the East, this discourse uses the idea of place-based identities to create difference and distance between "we" the West and "them" the East, or "here" in the West and "there" in the East. This difference was particularly apparent in textual and visual works of early European studies of the Orient that positioned the East as irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive West. Defining the East as a negative vision of itself, as its inferior, not only increased the West’s sense of self, but also was a way of ordering the East and making it known to the West so that it could be dominated and controlled. The discourse of Orientalism therefore served as an ideological justification of early Western imperialism, as it formed a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social, cultural, political, and economic control of other territories. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a8943753b2508001a72a570 | What type of insect employs the use of Magicicadas in its evolutionary strategy? | What type of insect employs the use of predators, no, the use of Magicicadas in its evolutionary strategy? | Prime_number | The evolutionary strategy used by cicadas of the genus Magicicada make use of prime numbers. These insects spend most of their lives as grubs underground. They only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7, 13 or 17 years, at which point they fly about, breed, and then die after a few weeks at most. The logic for this is believed to be that the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on Magicicadas. If Magicicadas appeared at a non-prime number intervals, say every 12 years, then predators appearing every 2, 3, 4, 6, or 12 years would be sure to meet them. Over a 200-year period, average predator populations during hypothetical outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas would be up to 2% higher than during outbreaks of 13- and 17-year cicadas. Though small, this advantage appears to have been enough to drive natural selection in favour of a prime-numbered life-cycle for these insects. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57377aac1c4567190057447d | What notion keeps it's meaning through both Netonian and Schrodinger physics equations? | What notion keeps it's meaning through both Newtonian no um Netonian and Schrodinger physics equations? | Force | The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized", i.e. they appear in discrete portions. This is, of course, difficult to imagine in the context of "forces". However, the potentials V(x,y,z) or fields, from which the forces generally can be derived, are treated similar to classical position variables, i.e., . | {
"text": [
"force",
"force",
"force",
"force",
"The notion \"force\""
],
"answer_start": [
12,
12,
12,
12,
0
]
} |
5ad3ad01604f3c001a3febd3 | What was the South American portion of War of Austrian Succession? | When a, mmm no, what was the South American portion of War of Austrian Succession? | French_and_Indian_War | The War of the Austrian Succession (whose North American theater is known as King George's War) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The treaty was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe. The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve, but it reached no decision. Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides. The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean, where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0 | What does the euplokamis use the three types of movement for? | What does the cnidaria ugh no I mean the euplokamis use the three types of movement for? | Ctenophora | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis, and have three main components: a domed head with vesicles (chambers) that contain adhesive; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the stalk. The function of the spiral thread is uncertain, but it may absorb stress when prey tries to escape, and thus prevent the collobast from being torn apart. In addition to colloblasts, members of the genus Haeckelia, which feed mainly on jellyfish, incorporate their victims' stinging nematocytes into their own tentacles – some cnidaria-eating nudibranchs similarly incorporate nematocytes into their bodies for defense. The tentilla of Euplokamis differ significantly from those of other cydippids: they contain striated muscle, a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora; and they are coiled when relaxed, while the tentilla of all other known ctenophores elongate when relaxed. Euplokamis' tentilla have three types of movement that are used in capturing prey: they may flick out very quickly (in 40 to 60 milliseconds); they can wriggle, which may lure prey by behaving like small planktonic worms; and they coil round prey. The unique flicking is an uncoiling movement powered by contraction of the striated muscle. The wriggling motion is produced by smooth muscles, but of a highly specialized type. Coiling around prey is accomplished largely by the return of the tentilla to their inactive state, but the coils may be tightened by smooth muscle. | {
"text": [
"capturing prey",
"capturing prey",
"capturing prey"
],
"answer_start": [
1410,
1410,
1410
]
} |
5727aec03acd2414000de991 | What is the major US city that the is the university located? | Where is uh tell me what is the major US city that the is the university located? | Harvard_University | The University is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area: its 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston and the medical, dental, and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area. Harvard's $37.6 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. | {
"text": [
"Boston metropolitan area",
"Boston",
"Boston"
],
"answer_start": [
154,
154,
154
]
} |
57268c01dd62a815002e8914 | When was ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi introduced into The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov? | When was small crustacean or like uh sorry ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi introduced into The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov? | Ctenophora | On the other hand, in the late 1980s the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea and Sea of Azov via the ballast tanks of ships, and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish. Mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories (although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the Black Sea), as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities. The impact was increased by chronic overfishing, and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost, causing the Mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal – and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores. Mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata, and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism. However the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-Mnemiopsis levels. | {
"text": [
"in the late 1980s",
"the late 1980s",
"late 1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
19,
22,
26
]
} |
572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1 | What does a 2013 report on Nigeria suggest it's growth has done? | What does a 1955 i meant 2013 report on Nigeria suggest it's growth has done? | Economic_inequality | Some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development. According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality. Some theories popular from the 1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development. Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading because it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth. IMF economists found a strong association between lower levels of inequality in developing countries and sustained periods of economic growth. Developing countries with high inequality have "succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years" but "longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution." | {
"text": [
"risen with increased income inequality",
"risen",
"risen"
],
"answer_start": [
328,
328,
328
]
} |
5a581bda770dc0001aef0003 | What was the theory the Royal Society presented? | What was the theory that sediment no the Royal Society presented? | Geology | James Hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist. In 1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his paper, he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea, which in turn were raised up to become dry land. Hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in 1795 (Vol. 1, Vol. 2). | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572fbfa504bcaa1900d76c76 | How much does it cost to gain entry to a parliament meeting? | Which month is the first how much does it cost to gain entry to a parliament meeting? | Scottish_Parliament | Parliament typically sits Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from early January to late June and from early September to mid December, with two-week recesses in April and October. Plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place on Wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm and on Thursdays from 9:15 am to 6 pm. Chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public. Entry is free, but booking in advance is recommended due to limited space. Meetings are broadcast on the Parliament's own channel Holyrood.tv and on the BBC's parliamentary channel BBC Parliament. Proceedings are also recorded in text form, in print and online, in the Official Report, which is the substantially verbatim transcript of parliamentary debates. | {
"text": [
"free",
"free",
"free"
],
"answer_start": [
393,
393,
393
]
} |
5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2f | What should the punishment rely on instead in a just society? | What should the deterrence no the punishment rely on instead in a just society? | Civil_disobedience | Along with giving the offender his "just deserts", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment. Brownlee argues, "Bringing in deterrence at the level of justification detracts from the law’s engagement in a moral dialogue with the offender as a rational person because it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law." Leonard Hubert Hoffmann writes, "In deciding whether or not to impose punishment, the most important consideration would be whether it would do more harm than good. This means that the objector has no right not to be punished. It is a matter for the state (including the judges) to decide on utilitarian grounds whether to do so or not." | {
"text": [
"moral reasons to follow this law",
"whether it would do more harm than good",
"whether it would do more harm than good",
"whether it would do more harm than good",
"whether it would do more harm than good"
],
"answer_start": [
383,
542,
542,
542,
542
]
} |
57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067 | When did the German army reoccupy Rhineland? | When would the occupation of allies leave Rhineland no no tell me when the German army reoccupied the Rhineland? | Rhine | At the end of World War I, the Rhineland was subject to the Treaty of Versailles. This decreed that it would be occupied by the allies, until 1935 and after that, it would be a demilitarised zone, with the German army forbidden to enter. The Treaty of Versailles and this particular provision, in general, caused much resentment in Germany and is often cited as helping Adolf Hitler's rise to power. The allies left the Rhineland, in 1930 and the German army re-occupied it in 1936, which was enormously popular in Germany. Although the allies could probably have prevented the re-occupation, Britain and France were not inclined to do so, a feature of their policy of appeasement to Hitler. | {
"text": [
"1936",
"1936",
"1936"
],
"answer_start": [
477,
477,
477
]
} |
572ffabf04bcaa1900d76fa0 | What does a writer for the International Crisis Group think the concept of political Islam is a creation of? | What does a writer for the International Crisis Group create um no think the concept of political Islam is a creation of? | Islamism | Islamists have asked the question, "If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, political, economic, and political spheres of life are not Muslims, but Islamists and believe in Islamism, not [just] Islam?" Similarly, a writer for the International Crisis Group maintains that "the conception of 'political Islam'" is a creation of Americans to explain the Iranian Islamic Revolution and apolitical Islam was a historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970", and it is quietist/non-political Islam, not Islamism, that requires explanation. | {
"text": [
"Americans",
"Americans",
"Americans"
],
"answer_start": [
393,
393,
393
]
} |
5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2c | Which areas were least vulnerable to disease? | What kind of areas were least vulnerable to disease? | Black_Death | The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third. The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population. Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand inhabitants in 1338 down to 50 thousand in 1351. At least 60% of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished, and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well. Interestingly while contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead, recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in Central London found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated, evenly spaced graves, suggesting at least some pre-planning and Christian burials at this time. Before 1350, there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany, and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450. In 1348, the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins, about a third of the European population had already perished. In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die. The disease bypassed some areas, and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion. Monks and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the Black Death. | {
"text": [
"most isolated areas",
"isolated areas",
"isolated"
],
"answer_start": [
1284,
1289,
1289
]
} |
5a1c8e0bb4fb5d00187146c8 | Hurricane Dora caused a minor what? | Hurricane Fay or no make that Hurricane Dora caused a minor what? | Jacksonville,_Florida | Jacksonville has suffered less damage from hurricanes than most other east coast cities, although the threat does exist for a direct hit by a major hurricane. The city has only received one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871; however, Jacksonville has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than a dozen times due to storms crossing the state from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean, or passing to the north or south in the Atlantic and brushing past the area. The strongest effect on Jacksonville was from Hurricane Dora in 1964, the only recorded storm to hit the First Coast with sustained hurricane-force winds. The eye crossed St. Augustine with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph (180 km/h), making it a strong Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Jacksonville also suffered damage from 2008's Tropical Storm Fay which crisscrossed the state, bringing parts of Jacksonville under darkness for four days. Similarly, four years prior to this, Jacksonville was inundated by Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne, which made landfall south of the area. These tropical cyclones were the costliest indirect hits to Jacksonville. Hurricane Floyd in 1999 caused damage mainly to Jacksonville Beach. During Floyd, the Jacksonville Beach pier was severely damaged, and later demolished. The rebuilt pier was later damaged by Fay, but not destroyed. Tropical Storm Bonnie would cause minor damage in 2004, spawning a minor tornado in the process. On May 28, 2012, Jacksonville was hit by Tropical Storm Beryl, packing winds up to 70 miles per hour (113 km/h) which made landfall near Jacksonville Beach. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572fac17947a6a140053cb55 | What act set out the Parliament's powers as a devolved legislature? | Which act set out Scotland or no make that the Parliament's powers as a developed legislature? | Scottish_Parliament | Following a referendum in 1997, in which the Scottish electorate voted for devolution, the current Parliament was convened by the Scotland Act 1998, which sets out its powers as a devolved legislature. The Act delineates the legislative competence of the Parliament – the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are "reserved" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster. The British Parliament retains the ability to amend the terms of reference of the Scottish Parliament, and can extend or reduce the areas in which it can make laws. The first meeting of the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999. | {
"text": [
"Scotland Act 1998",
"Scotland Act 1998",
"Scotland Act"
],
"answer_start": [
130,
130,
130
]
} |
572f5703a23a5019007fc574 | How long is the section of the Rhine near Chur? | How long is the section of the Graub\\u00fcnden no no the Rhine near Chur? | Rhine | Near Tamins-Reichenau the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. It flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal). Near Sargans a natural dam, only a few metres high, prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley and then through Lake Walen and Lake Zurich into the river Aare. The Alpine Rhine begins in the most western part of the Swiss canton of Graubünden, and later forms the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East. | {
"text": [
"86 km long,",
"86 km",
"86 km long",
"86 km",
"86 km"
],
"answer_start": [
172,
172,
172,
172,
172
]
} |
57263fd138643c19005ad37b | What was Warner Sinback | What was Schenectady no scratch that and tell me what Warner Sinback was? | Packet_switching | In 1965, at the instigation of Warner Sinback, a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers (Schenectady, Phoenix, Chicago, and Phoenix) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service, apparently the world's first commercial online service. (In addition to selling GE computers, the centers were computer service bureaus, offering batch processing services. They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around. He decided that a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable. Warner was right.) | {
"text": [
"a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers",
"a data network",
"a data network"
],
"answer_start": [
47,
47,
47
]
} |
572a18a4af94a219006aa7df | When were theories developed suggesting inequality may have some positive effect on economic development? | When were figures or uh theories developed suggesting inequality may have some positive effect on economic development? | Economic_inequality | Some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development. According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality. Some theories popular from the 1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development. Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading because it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth. IMF economists found a strong association between lower levels of inequality in developing countries and sustained periods of economic growth. Developing countries with high inequality have "succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years" but "longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution." | {
"text": [
"the 1970s",
"1970s",
"1970s"
],
"answer_start": [
27,
31,
31
]
} |
5733d5704776f4190066130e | What was French population in North America? | How many people lived in no no make that what was French population in North America? | French_and_Indian_War | The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia (present-day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia, including Île Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island)). Fewer lived in New Orleans, Biloxi, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama and small settlements in the Illinois Country, hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women. Traders married daughters of chiefs, creating high-ranking unions. | {
"text": [
"about 75,000",
"75,000",
"75,000",
"75,000",
"75,000"
],
"answer_start": [
31,
37,
37,
37,
37
]
} |
5a5817e3770dc0001aeefff0 | What do geochronologists look for in drill cores? | How do or make that what do geochronologists look for in drill cores? | Geology | In the laboratory, biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them. These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition. Magnetic stratigraphers look for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units within the drill cores. Other scientists perform stable isotope studies on the rocks to gain information about past climate. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572fe92204bcaa1900d76e96 | What island does the cold water flow of the Rhine and Lake Constance flow to? | What lake I mean island does the Rhine and Lake Constance's cold water flow to? | Rhine | The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water. The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau. The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee. A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake Überlingen. Most of the water flows via the Constance hopper into the Rheinrinne ("Rhine Gutter") and Seerhein. Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake. | {
"text": [
"Lindau",
"Lindau",
"Mainau"
],
"answer_start": [
417,
417,
552
]
} |
5ad4ca605b96ef001a10a0cd | When was the Royal University of Prussia established? | When was the Royal University of Warsaw or no make that of Prussia established? | Warsaw | Warsaw remained the capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1796, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia to become the capital of the province of South Prussia. Liberated by Napoleon's army in 1806, Warsaw was made the capital of the newly created Duchy of Warsaw. Following the Congress of Vienna of 1815, Warsaw became the centre of the Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with Imperial Russia. The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a580d05770dc0001aeeff96 | What do petrologists use to understand magma chamber crystallization? | How do or no make that what do petrologists use to understand magma chamber crystallization? | Geology | Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes. This research can be extrapolated to the field to understand metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks. This work can also help to explain processes that occur within the Earth, such as subduction and magma chamber evolution. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad2990cd7d075001a429b5e | What caused the Rhine to extend its watershed northward? | What caused the Lake Constance er uh Rhine to extend its watershed northward? | Rhine | Through stream capture, the Rhine extended its watershed southward. By the Pliocene period, the Rhine had captured streams down to the Vosges Mountains, including the Mosel, the Main and the Neckar. The northern Alps were then drained by the Rhone. By the early Pleistocene period, the Rhine had captured most of its current Alpine watershed from the Rhône, including the Aar. Since that time, the Rhine has added the watershed above Lake Constance (Vorderrhein, Hinterrhein, Alpenrhein; captured from the Rhône), the upper reaches of the Main, beyond Schweinfurt and the Vosges Mountains, captured from the Meuse, to its watershed. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5acf9bcf77cf76001a68547b | The university has masters programs in visual arts, music and what other subjects? | The university has bachelors, nope not that but masters programs in visual arts, music and what other subjects? | University_of_Chicago | The UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre, the Oriental Institute, the Smart Museum of Art, the Renaissance Society, University of Chicago Presents, and student arts organizations. The university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies, contemporary art criticism, and film history. It has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in Cinema & Media studies since 2000, a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track (2000). It has bachelor's degree programs in visual arts, music, and art history, and, more recently, Cinema & Media studies (1996) and theater & performance studies (2002). The College's general education core includes a “dramatic, music, and visual arts” requirement, requiring students to study the history of the arts, stage desire, or begin working with sculpture. Several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes. UChicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the Compass Players student comedy troupe evolved into The Second City improv theater troupe in 1959. The Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts opened in October 2012, five years after a $35 million gift from alumnus David Logan and his wife Reva. The center includes spaces for exhibitions, performances, classes, and media production. The Logan Center was designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien. This building is actually entirely glass. The brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind. The architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a8937553b2508001a72a52d | What does it mean when a Basel series diverges? | What does it mean when a harmonic or rather a Basel series diverges? | Prime_number | The zeta function is closely related to prime numbers. For example, the aforementioned fact that there are infinitely many primes can also be seen using the zeta function: if there were only finitely many primes then ζ(1) would have a finite value. However, the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... diverges (i.e., exceeds any given number), so there must be infinitely many primes. Another example of the richness of the zeta function and a glimpse of modern algebraic number theory is the following identity (Basel problem), due to Euler, | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572f60f4947a6a140053c8ee | How wide is the Upper Rhine Plain? | What is the width oh wait How wide is the Upper Rhine Plain? | Rhine | In the centre of Basel, the first major city in the course of the stream, is located the "Rhine knee"; this is a major bend, where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North. Here the High Rhine ends. Legally, the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine. The river now flows North as Upper Rhine through the Upper Rhine Plain, which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide. The most important tributaries in this area are the Ill below of Strasbourg, the Neckar in Mannheim and the Main across from Mainz. In Mainz, the Rhine leaves the Upper Rhine Valley and flows through the Mainz Basin. | {
"text": [
"40 km wide",
"40 km wide",
"40 km"
],
"answer_start": [
403,
403,
403
]
} |
5ad50bb95b96ef001a10aab0 | Who was Vrisovci? | What does no Who was Vrisovci? | Warsaw | Warsaw's name in the Polish language is Warszawa, approximately /vɑːrˈʃɑːvə/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa), meaning "belonging to Warsz", Warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcisław; see also etymology of Wrocław. Folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman, Wars, and his wife, Sawa. According to legend, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula River with whom Wars fell in love. In actuality, Warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood. See also the Vršovci family which had escaped to Poland. The official city name in full is miasto stołeczne Warszawa (English: "The Capital City of Warsaw"). A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian – in Polish warszawiak (male), warszawianka (female), warszawiacy (plural). | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc | What body has stated that physicians can also dispense drugs under specific conditions? | Who has stated that physicians can also dispense drugs under specific conditions? | Pharmacy | In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments. However, the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere. 7 to 10 percent of American physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own. | {
"text": [
"the American Medical Association (AMA)",
"American Medical Association",
"American Medical Association (AMA)"
],
"answer_start": [
334,
338,
338
]
} |
5ad278c3d7d075001a42957c | What can be indirectly derived from the symmetry of space? | What diagrams or what can be indirectly derived from the symmetry of space? | Force | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force. Thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be "fundamental interactions".:199–128 When particle A emits (creates) or absorbs (annihilates) virtual particle B, a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle A making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles A A' exchanging by B. This description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions. While sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict, in full detail, the accurate result of such interactions, there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of Feynman diagrams. In a Feynman diagram, each matter particle is represented as a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram. Matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the Feynman diagram. World lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices, and the Feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines. Gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and, in the case of virtual particle exchange, are absorbed at an adjacent vertex. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572ff56304bcaa1900d76f2f | How much of the Rhine flow does Ijssel carry? | How much of the Pannerdens Kanaal or uh the Rhine flow does Ijssel carry? | Rhine | The other third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn. The IJssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer (a former bay), while the Nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the Waal. However, at Wijk bij Duurstede, the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek. It flows farther west, to rejoin the Noord River into the Nieuwe Maas and to the North Sea. | {
"text": [
"one ninth",
"one ninth",
"one ninth"
],
"answer_start": [
138,
138,
138
]
} |
57293f353f37b3190047819c | What did Lindzen criticize about the Summary for Policymakers? | What did John Houghton no um what was his name, oh Lindzen criticize about the Summary for Policymakers? | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | IPCC author Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR. Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report. For example, Lindzen states that the SPM understates the uncertainty associated with climate models. John Houghton, who was a co-chair of TAR WGI, has responded to Lindzen's criticisms of the SPM. Houghton has stressed that the SPM is agreed upon by delegates from many of the world's governments, and that any changes to the SPM must be supported by scientific evidence. | {
"text": [
"does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report",
"understates the uncertainty associated with climate models",
"does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report"
],
"answer_start": [
157,
249,
157
]
} |
572f6c85947a6a140053c941 | Where are a bulk of factories concentrated along the Rhine? | What are the, no sorry i mean, Where are a bulk of factories concentrated along the Rhine? | Rhine | Until the early 1980s, industry was a major source of water pollution. Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland, it is along the Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated, as the river passes the major cities of Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg. Duisburg is the home of Europe's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp and Amsterdam. The Ruhr, which joins the Rhine in Duisburg, is nowadays a clean river, thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls, a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures, such as the reforestation of Slag and brownfields. The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water. It contributes 70 m3/s (2,500 cu ft/s) to the Rhine. Other rivers in the Ruhr Area, above all, the Emscher, still carry a considerable degree of pollution. | {
"text": [
"Switzerland",
"Lower Rhine",
"Lower Rhine"
],
"answer_start": [
143,
172,
172
]
} |
57297ed93f37b31900478461 | What type of numbers demonstrate a flaw with the Fermat primality test? | Which type no sorry wait What type of numbers demonstrate a flaw with the Fermat primality test? | Prime_number | A particularly simple example of a probabilistic test is the Fermat primality test, which relies on the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that np≡n (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number. If we have a number b that we want to test for primality, then we work out nb (mod b) for a random value of n as our test. A flaw with this test is that there are some composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers) that satisfy the Fermat identity even though they are not prime, so the test has no way of distinguishing between prime numbers and Carmichael numbers. Carmichael numbers are substantially rarer than prime numbers, though, so this test can be useful for practical purposes. More powerful extensions of the Fermat primality test, such as the Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests, are guaranteed to fail at least some of the time when applied to a composite number. | {
"text": [
"composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers)",
"Carmichael",
"Carmichael",
"Carmichael numbers",
"Carmichael numbers"
],
"answer_start": [
355,
378,
378,
378,
378
]
} |
57265d08708984140094c398 | Which parts of the Earth are included in the lithosphere? | What was no Which parts of the Earth are included in the lithosphere? | Geology | In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which is called the asthenosphere. There is an intimate coupling between the movement of the plates on the surface and the convection of the mantle: oceanic plate motions and mantle convection currents always move in the same direction, because the oceanic lithosphere is the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle. This coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the Earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics. | {
"text": [
"the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle",
"crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle",
"crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle",
"crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle"
],
"answer_start": [
143,
147,
147,
147
]
} |
5a8913713b2508001a72a4a2 | When was the random number theorem proven? | When was the primes no the random number theorem proven? | Prime_number | There are infinitely many primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC. There is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled. The first result in that direction is the prime number theorem, proven at the end of the 19th century, which says that the probability that a given, randomly chosen number n is prime is inversely proportional to its number of digits, or to the logarithm of n. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.