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572fbf21a23a5019007fc939 | What words are inscribed on the mace of parliament? | Where does er uh what words are inscribed on the mace of parliament? | Scottish_Parliament | In front of the Presiding Officers' desk is the parliamentary mace, which is made from silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers and inscribed with the words: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity. The words There shall be a Scottish Parliament, which are the first words of the Scotland Act, are inscribed around the head of the mace, which has a formal ceremonial role in the meetings of Parliament, reinforcing the authority of the Parliament in its ability to make laws. Presented to the Scottish Parliament by the Queen upon its official opening in July 1999, the mace is displayed in a glass case suspended from the lid. At the beginning of each sitting in the chamber, the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass, to symbolise that a full meeting of the Parliament is taking place. | {
"text": [
"Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity",
"Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity",
"Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity"
],
"answer_start": [
173,
173,
173
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} |
572a0b0b6aef0514001551f8 | What is a chemical secreted by tumors that suppresses the immune response? | What receptors do tumor cells often have reduced concentrations of no cancel that and tell me a chemical secreted by tumors that suppresses the immune response? | Immune_system | Clearly, some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers. Tumor cells often have a reduced number of MHC class I molecules on their surface, thus avoiding detection by killer T cells. Some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response; for example by secreting the cytokine TGF-β, which suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes. In addition, immunological tolerance may develop against tumor antigens, so the immune system no longer attacks the tumor cells. | {
"text": [
"cytokine TGF-β",
"cytokine TGF-β",
"cytokine TGF-β"
],
"answer_start": [
302,
302,
302
]
} |
5acff5b077cf76001a68662b | Who besides the Russians are often included in the colonialism debat? | Who besides the Russians are often defined no included in the colonialism debat? | Imperialism | The term "imperialism" is often conflated with "colonialism", however many scholars have argued that each have their own distinct definition. Imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people. Robert Young writes that while imperialism operates from the center, is a state policy and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons, colonialism is simply the development for settlement or commercial intentions. Colonialism in modern usage also tends to imply a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the imperial power. Particularly, Edward Said distinguishes the difference between imperialism and colonialism by stating; "imperialism involved 'the practice, the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory', while colonialism refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory.' Contiguous land empires such as the Russian or Ottoman are generally excluded from discussions of colonialism.:116 Thus it can be said that imperialism includes some form of colonialism, but colonialism itself does not automatically imply imperialism, as it lacks a political focus.[further explanation needed] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
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572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f | Where is the aboral organ located? | What is no Where is the aboral organ located? | Ctenophora | The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia. A ctenophore does not automatically try to keep the statolith resting equally on all the balancers. Instead its response is determined by the animal's "mood", in other words the overall state of the nervous system. For example, if a ctenophore with trailing tentacles captures prey, it will often put some comb rows into reverse, spinning the mouth towards the prey. | {
"text": [
"at the opposite end from the mouth",
"the opposite end from the mouth",
"opposite end from the mouth"
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"answer_start": [
56,
59,
63
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} |
572ff86004bcaa1900d76f65 | What exists between fundamentalist Islamism and reformist Islamism? | Who or umm rather what exists between fundamentalist Islamism and reformist Islamism? | Islamism | Another major division within Islamism is between what Graham E. Fuller has described as the fundamentalist "guardians of the tradition" (Salafis, such as those in the Wahhabi movement) and the "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" centered around the Muslim Brotherhood. Olivier Roy argues that "Sunni pan-Islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century" when the Muslim Brotherhood movement and its focus on Islamisation of pan-Arabism was eclipsed by the Salafi movement with its emphasis on "sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions," and rejection of Shia Islam. Following the Arab Spring, Roy has described Islamism as "increasingly interdependent" with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world, such that "neither can now survive without the other." While Islamist political culture itself may not be democratic, Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy. At the same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups. | {
"text": [
"major division",
"major division",
"division"
],
"answer_start": [
8,
8,
14
]
} |
573312fcd058e614000b56e6 | Who ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world? | Who ranked Paris oops I mean Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world? | Warsaw | In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central Europe. Today Warsaw is considered an "Alpha–" global city, a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Warsaw's economy, by a wide variety of industries, is characterised by FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing. The city is a significant centre of research and development, BPO, ITO, as well as of the Polish media industry. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is one of the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security, has its headquarters in Warsaw. It has been said that Warsaw, together with Frankfurt, London, Paris and Barcelona is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the European Union. Warsaw has also been called "Eastern Europe’s chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and serious restaurants". | {
"text": [
"Economist Intelligence Unit",
"Economist Intelligence Unit",
"Economist Intelligence Unit"
],
"answer_start": [
12,
12,
12
]
} |
5a55106f134fea001a0e18b0 | Why was Appletalk considered plug-n-play? | Why was Appletalk considered inter-network no plug-n-play? | Packet_switching | AppleTalk was a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985 for Apple Macintosh computers. It was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk system automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing. It was a plug-n-play system. | {
"text": [],
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5733eb34d058e614000b65cc | What was William Johnson's role in British military? | What was Chief Hendrick a member no William Johnson's role in British military? | French_and_Indian_War | The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York. The British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond, Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey, meaning "He who does great things." He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area. In 1746, Johnson was made a colonel of the Iroquois. Later he was commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia. They met at Albany, New York with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies. Mohawk Chief Hendrick, Speaker of their tribal council, insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion. When Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction, Chief Hendrick said that the "Covenant Chain", a long-standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown, was broken. | {
"text": [
"British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond",
"British Superintendent for Indian Affairs",
"British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond",
"British Superintendent for Indian Affairs",
"British Superintendent for Indian Affairs"
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83,
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83,
83
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5a838f74e60761001a2eb7d1 | What do the juveniles behave like in the genus Beroe? | What do the ecological niche no the juveniles behave like in the genus Beroe? | Ctenophora | Development of the fertilized eggs is direct, in other words there is no distinctive larval form, and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults. In the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths. In most species the juveniles gradually develop the body forms of their parents. In some groups, such as the flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids, the juveniles behave more like true larvae, as they live among the plankton and thus occupy a different ecological niche from their parents and attain the adult form by a more radical metamorphosis, after dropping to the sea-floor. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
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5729f799af94a219006aa708 | The function of long-lived memory cells is an example of what kind of immune response? | The function of long-lived memory cells is an example of which or no make that what kind of immune response? | Immune_system | When B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. This is "adaptive" because it occurs during the lifetime of an individual as an adaptation to infection with that pathogen and prepares the immune system for future challenges. Immunological memory can be in the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory. | {
"text": [
"adaptive",
"adaptive",
"strong response"
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5733d5704776f4190066130f | Where were French North Americans settled? | When did no where were French North Americans settled? | French_and_Indian_War | The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia (present-day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia, including Île Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island)). Fewer lived in New Orleans, Biloxi, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama and small settlements in the Illinois Country, hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women. Traders married daughters of chiefs, creating high-ranking unions. | {
"text": [
"heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia",
"along the St. Lawrence River valley",
"St. Lawrence River valley",
"along the St. Lawrence River valley"
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5733d7cbd058e614000b63ab | In between French and British, what groups controlled land? | In between French and British, who dominated no what groups controlled land? | French_and_Indian_War | In between the French and the British, large areas were dominated by native tribes. To the north, the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia, Acadia, and the eastern portions of the province of Canada, as well as much of present-day Maine. The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country, although the latter also included Algonquian-speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee, as well as Iroquoian-speaking Mingo. These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule, and were limited by them in authority to make agreements. | {
"text": [
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"native tribes",
"native tribes",
"native tribes",
"native tribes"
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573403394776f419006616e0 | What impact did this loss have on Abercrombie? | What stopped or rather what impact did this loss have on Abercrombie? | French_and_Indian_War | The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon, in which 3,600 Frenchmen famously and decisively defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies outside the fort the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga. Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac, including caches of supplies destined for New France's western forts and furs destined for Europe. Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg. | {
"text": [
"recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.",
"Abercrombie was recalled and replaced",
"was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst",
"recalled and replaced",
"Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst,"
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572fca7eb2c2fd1400568477 | Who has the role of holding the Scottish Government to account? | Who has the role of holding the United Kingdom or no make that the Scottish government to account? | Scottish_Parliament | The Scotland Act 1998, which was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998, governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament and delimits its legislative competence. The Scotland Act 2012 extends the devolved competencies. For the purposes of parliamentary sovereignty, the Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of Scotland. However, under the terms of the Scotland Act, Westminster agreed to devolve some of its responsibilities over Scottish domestic policy to the Scottish Parliament. Such "devolved matters" include education, health, agriculture and justice. The Scotland Act enabled the Scottish Parliament to pass primary legislation on these issues. A degree of domestic authority, and all foreign policy, remain with the UK Parliament in Westminster. The Scottish Parliament has the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability. Another of the roles of the Parliament is to hold the Scottish Government to account. | {
"text": [
"Scottish Parliament",
"Parliament",
"the Parliament"
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"answer_start": [
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572683f95951b619008f7528 | This person proposed explanations for the origins of earthquakes and the formation of mountains, what was his name? | This person proposed explanations for the origins of geology, oops I mean, earthquakes and the formation of mountains, what was his name? | Geology | Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of India, hypothesizing that the Indian subcontinent was once a sea. Drawing from Greek and Indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the Muslim conquests, the Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 981–1037) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains, the origin of earthquakes, and other topics central to modern geology, which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science. In China, the polymath Shen Kuo (1031–1095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt. | {
"text": [
"Ibn Sina",
"Ibn Sina",
"Ibn Sina"
],
"answer_start": [
514,
514,
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5ad3b4e8604f3c001a3fed9a | Who was appointed as second in command to Lor Loudoun in 1765? | Who was appointed as second in command to Lor Loudoun in 1756, no it was actually in 1765? | French_and_Indian_War | Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers France sent to North America. French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756, led by Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François-Charles de Bourlamaque, all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession. During that time in Europe, on May 18, 1756, England formally declared war on France, which expanded the war into Europe, which was later to be known as the Seven Years' War. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad3aedc604f3c001a3fec52 | Minister Robert Dinwiddie had an investment in what significant company? | Minister Robert Dinwiddie claimed no had an investment in what significant company? | French_and_Indian_War | Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company, which stood to lose money if the French held their claim. To counter the French military presence in Ohio, in October 1753 Dinwiddie ordered the 21-year-old Major George Washington (whose brother was another Ohio Company investor) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory. Washington left with a small party, picking up along the way Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter; Christopher Gist, a company surveyor working in the area; and a few Mingo led by Tanaghrisson. On December 12, Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
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5ad3a7ef604f3c001a3feade | What wasn't extent of Celeron's expedition? | What wasn't extent of Celeron's business, sorry, expedition? | French_and_Indian_War | Céloron's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians. The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749. It went up the St. Lawrence, continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario, crossed the portage at Niagara, and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie. At the Chautauqua Portage (near present-day Barcelona, New York), the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River, which it followed to the site of present-day Pittsburgh. There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country. Whenever he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5acfe8e777cf76001a686424 | What year did Iqbal leave Lahore? | What year did Iqbal return Lahore or rather what year did Iqbal leave Lahore? | Islamism | While studying law and philosophy in England and Germany, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India Muslim League. He came back to Lahore in 1908. While dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in World War I and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Muhammad Ali Johar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress. Iqbal's seven English lectures were published by Oxford University press in 1934 in a book titled The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
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5a837549e60761001a2eb73a | What shape are tentilla typically? | What size or no umm shape are tentilla typically? | Ctenophora | The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis, and have three main components: a domed head with vesicles (chambers) that contain adhesive; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the stalk. The function of the spiral thread is uncertain, but it may absorb stress when prey tries to escape, and thus prevent the collobast from being torn apart. In addition to colloblasts, members of the genus Haeckelia, which feed mainly on jellyfish, incorporate their victims' stinging nematocytes into their own tentacles – some cnidaria-eating nudibranchs similarly incorporate nematocytes into their bodies for defense. The tentilla of Euplokamis differ significantly from those of other cydippids: they contain striated muscle, a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora; and they are coiled when relaxed, while the tentilla of all other known ctenophores elongate when relaxed. Euplokamis' tentilla have three types of movement that are used in capturing prey: they may flick out very quickly (in 40 to 60 milliseconds); they can wriggle, which may lure prey by behaving like small planktonic worms; and they coil round prey. The unique flicking is an uncoiling movement powered by contraction of the striated muscle. The wriggling motion is produced by smooth muscles, but of a highly specialized type. Coiling around prey is accomplished largely by the return of the tentilla to their inactive state, but the coils may be tightened by smooth muscle. | {
"text": [],
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5a2eccc9a83784001a7d24a0 | What is Samuel K. Cohn Jr.'s career? | What was Shrewsbury's conclusion no sorry what is Samuel K. Cohn Jr.'s profession? | Black_Death | The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague, leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations. In 1984 zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly, and his doubts about the identity of the Black Death have been taken up by a number of authors, including Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. (2002), David Herlihy (1997), and Susan Scott and Christopher Duncan (2001). | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
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5728f9882ca10214002dab5b | For most organisms, what is the dominant system of defense? | When damaged no sorry for most organisms, what is the dominant system of defense? | Immune_system | Microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system. The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms, or when damaged, injured or stressed cells send out alarm signals, many of which (but not all) are recognized by the same receptors as those that recognize pathogens. Innate immune defenses are non-specific, meaning these systems respond to pathogens in a generic way. This system does not confer long-lasting immunity against a pathogen. The innate immune system is the dominant system of host defense in most organisms. | {
"text": [
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656,
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5ad40d89604f3c001a4000d1 | What region of Japan is Hebei part of? | What region of Mongolia no Japan is Hebei part of? | Yuan_dynasty | The Central Region, consisting of present-day Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, the south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia and the Henan areas to the north of the Yellow River, was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq (modern Beijing); similarly, another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (or Xuanzheng Yuan) held administrative rule over the whole of modern-day Tibet and a part of Sichuan, Qinghai and Kashmir. | {
"text": [],
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57265e97708984140094c3c3 | Which species are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals? | How long, ack no, which species of planktonic animal are ribbon-shaped and how do they swim? | Ctenophora | The Cestida ("belt animals") are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals, with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon. There is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge, and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge, which stream back across most of the wing-like body surface. Cestids can swim by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows. There are two known species, with worldwide distribution in warm, and warm-temperate waters: Cestum veneris ("Venus' girdle") is among the largest ctenophores – up to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) long, and can undulate slowly or quite rapidly. Velamen parallelum, which is typically less than 20 centimeters (0.66 ft) long, can move much faster in what has been described as a "darting motion". | {
"text": [
"The Cestida",
"Cestida",
"Cestida"
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0,
4,
4
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5a8949463b2508001a72a5a5 | What does geometry ramification seek to achieve? | What are er what does geometry ramification seek to achieve? | Prime_number | Prime ideals are the points of algebro-geometric objects, via the notion of the spectrum of a ring. Arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion, and many concepts exist in both geometry and number theory. For example, factorization or ramification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field, a basic problem of algebraic number theory, bears some resemblance with ramification in geometry. Such ramification questions occur even in number-theoretic questions solely concerned with integers. For example, prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields can be used in proving quadratic reciprocity, a statement that concerns the solvability of quadratic equations | {
"text": [],
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572ff430a23a5019007fcbab | What is the largest port in Europe called? | What is the largest region or uh port in Europe called? | Rhine | The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia. Its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized, in particular the agglomerations Cologne, Düsseldorf and Ruhr area. Here the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in Germany, the Rhine-Ruhr region. One of the most important cities in this region is Duisburg with the largest river port in Europe (Duisport). The region downstream of Duisburg is more agricultural. In Wesel, 30 km downstream of Duisburg, is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route, the Wesel-Datteln Canal, which runs parallel to the Lippe. Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in Germany, crosses the 400 m wide river. Near Krefeld, the river crosses the Uerdingen line, the line which separates the areas where Low German and High German are spoken. | {
"text": [
"Duisport",
"Duisport",
"Duisburg"
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369,
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321
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57286f373acd2414000df9dd | Who mentored Buyantu? | Who mentored Kublai no dang it Buyantu? | Yuan_dynasty | The fourth Yuan emperor, Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada), was a competent emperor. He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite. He had been mentored by Li Meng, a Confucian academic. He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the Department of State Affairs (Chinese: 尚書省), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials. Starting in 1313 the traditional imperial examinations were reintroduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge on significant historical works. Also, he codified much of the law, as well as publishing or translating a number of Chinese books and works. | {
"text": [
"Li Meng",
"Li Meng",
"Li Meng"
],
"answer_start": [
256,
256,
256
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} |
5a551a65134fea001a0e191d | What was sold to foreign PTTs? | What was sold to foreign DATAPAC, sorry to foreign PTTs? | Packet_switching | There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPAC were initially implemented with an X.25 external interface. Some older networks such as TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide a X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes. DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research which was a joint venture of Bell Canada (a common carrier) and Northern Telecom (a telecommunications equipment supplier). Northern Telecom sold several DATAPAC clones to foreign PTTs including the Deutsche Bundespost. X.75 and X.121 allowed the interconnection of national X.25 networks. A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address.[citation needed] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
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5a678f35f038b7001ab0c2c6 | What kind of education is offered in public schools in Australia? | What power is available blast it kind of education is offered in public schools in Australia? | Private_school | Private schools in Australia may be favoured for many reasons: prestige and the social status of the 'old school tie'; better quality physical infrastructure and more facilities (e.g. playing fields, swimming pools, etc.), higher-paid teachers; and/or the belief that private schools offer a higher quality of education. Some schools offer the removal of the purported distractions of co-education; the presence of boarding facilities; or stricter discipline based on their power of expulsion, a tool not readily available to government schools. Student uniforms for Australian private schools are generally stricter and more formal than in government schools - for example, a compulsory blazer. Private schools in Australia are always more expensive than their public counterparts.[citation needed] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb | Who created the nation's first aviation community? | the nation's first aviation community was created by who? | Fresno,_California | Formed in 1946, Sierra Sky Park Airport is a residential airport community born of a unique agreement in transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads. Sierra Sky Park was the first aviation community to be built[citation needed] and there are now numerous such communities across the United States and around the world. Developer William Smilie created the nation's first planned aviation community. Still in operation today, the public use airport provides a unique neighborhood that spawned interest and similar communities nationwide. | {
"text": [
"William Smilie",
"William Smilie",
"William Smilie"
],
"answer_start": [
370,
370,
370
]
} |
572a0b0b6aef0514001551f7 | What receptors do tumor cells often have reduced concentrations of? | What receptors do tumor cells often have developed no reduced concentrations of? | Immune_system | Clearly, some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers. Tumor cells often have a reduced number of MHC class I molecules on their surface, thus avoiding detection by killer T cells. Some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response; for example by secreting the cytokine TGF-β, which suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes. In addition, immunological tolerance may develop against tumor antigens, so the immune system no longer attacks the tumor cells. | {
"text": [
"MHC class I molecules",
"MHC class I",
"MHC class I molecules"
],
"answer_start": [
117,
117,
117
]
} |
5ad2467ad7d075001a428af7 | When there are many workers competing for a many jobs its considered as what? | What has the tendency er when there are many workers competing for a many jobs its considered as what? | Economic_inequality | A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) will result in a low wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service. Competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions (high demand), will result in high wages for that job. This is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage. Examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills, rare abilities, or a high level of risk. Competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job, since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position. Professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members. Members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572f5875947a6a140053c89e | What is expected with the continuous input of sediment into the Dornbirner Ach? | What is expected with the continuous input of water errr, sorry, sediment into the Dornbirner Ach? | Rhine | A regulation of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fußach, in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner Ach had to be diverted, too, and it now flows parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake. Its water has a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains. It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee. | {
"text": [
"silt",
"silt up the lake",
"the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake",
"silt up the lake"
],
"answer_start": [
502,
502,
450,
502
]
} |
5728e715ff5b5019007da917 | What goal do many of these protests have? | What goal do many of these sit-ins or rather the protests have? | Civil_disobedience | Some forms of civil disobedience, such as illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins, make it more difficult for a system to function. In this way, they might be considered coercive. Brownlee notes that "although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue, nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table." The Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB Waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes. | {
"text": [
"engage in moral dialogue",
"get their issue onto the table",
"get their issue onto the table",
", make it more difficult for a system to function"
],
"answer_start": [
367,
472,
472,
148
]
} |
5a1c850fb4fb5d001871464c | What caused Jacksonville tourism to be less desirable during the 1900s? | What caused an increase in Jacksonville's tourism in the latter half of the 19th century ahh actually what caused a drop in Jacksonville's tourism during the 1900s? | Jacksonville,_Florida | During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism, however, was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas. From 1893 to 1938 Jacksonville was the site of the Florida Old Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Home with a nearby cemetery. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a2eb95ca83784001a7d242d | What is the term for a disease that is not commonly present? | What is the term for an economic recovery or I mean disease that is not commonly present? | Black_Death | The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda. Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic, from which it could easily have spread to China and India. In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China. In China, the 13th century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading. However, economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century. In the 1330s a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331, with a deadly plague arriving soon after. Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7b456121c2de001afe9e2b | When was State Route 99 built? | Where does State Route 99 no wait When was State Route 99 built? | Fresno,_California | Fresno is the largest U.S. city not directly linked to an Interstate highway. When the Interstate Highway System was created in the 1950s, the decision was made to build what is now Interstate 5 on the west side of the Central Valley, and thus bypass many of the population centers in the region, instead of upgrading what is now State Route 99. Due to rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding, much discussion has been made to upgrade it to interstate standards and eventually incorporate it into the interstate system, most likely as Interstate 9. Major improvements to signage, lane width, median separation, vertical clearance, and other concerns are currently underway. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad40a41604f3c001a3fff8d | What modern math concept did Zhu Shijie do work different from? | What modern math concept did Pascal or no make that did Zhu Shijie do work different from? | Yuan_dynasty | Advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician Zhu Shijie (1249–1314) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices. Zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown. His method is described in the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303. The opening pages contain a diagram of Pascal's triangle. The summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5733d68ed058e614000b6380 | Where did British settlers live? | Where did Newfoundlanders uh no British settlers live? | French_and_Indian_War | British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent, from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south. Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west, as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time their provincial charters were granted. While their population centers were along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior. Nova Scotia, which had been captured from France in 1713, still had a significant French-speaking population. Britain also claimed Rupert's Land, where the Hudson's Bay Company traded for furs with local tribes. | {
"text": [
"from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south",
"eastern coast of the continent",
"eastern coast of the continent,",
"eastern coast",
"from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south"
],
"answer_start": [
136,
104,
104,
104,
136
]
} |
572881d34b864d1900164a5c | When was the Office of Western Medicine founded? | When was the Office of Chinese Medicine oops I meant western medicine founded? | Yuan_dynasty | Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai. Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court. Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine. No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine. | {
"text": [
"1263",
"1263",
"1263"
],
"answer_start": [
241,
241,
241
]
} |
572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbe | What caused Jacksonville's tourism to become less desirable at the latter half of the 19th century? | How did no what caused Jacksonville's tourism to become less desirable at the latter half of the 19th century? | Jacksonville,_Florida | During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism, however, was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas. From 1893 to 1938 Jacksonville was the site of the Florida Old Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Home with a nearby cemetery. | {
"text": [
"yellow fever outbreaks",
"yellow fever outbreaks",
"yellow fever outbreaks"
],
"answer_start": [
468,
468,
468
]
} |
5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4 | Which group keep the eggs are fertilized and kept inside the parent's body until they hatch? | How quickly or uh which group keep the eggs are fertilized and kept inside the parent's body until they hatch? | Ctenophora | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times. Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids' eggs are fertilized inside their parents' bodies and kept there until they hatch. The young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids, gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow. The exceptions are the beroids, whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles, and the platyctenids, whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size, but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form. In at least some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape. The combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate. | {
"text": [
"platyctenids",
"platyctenids",
"platyctenids"
],
"answer_start": [
372,
372,
372
]
} |
57293e983f37b3190047818b | When was the joint statement on climate change issued? | When was the joint statement on meterology or uh onclimate change issued? | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In 2001, 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Canada, the Caribbean Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the French Academy of Sciences, the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina, the Indian National Science Academy, the Indonesian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Irish Academy, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Italy), the Academy of Sciences Malaysia, the Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society (UK). The statement, also published as an editorial in the journal Science, stated "we support the [TAR's] conclusion that it is at least 90% certain that temperatures will continue to rise, with average global surface temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels by 2100". The TAR has also been endorsed by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, and European Geosciences Union (refer to "Endorsements of the IPCC"). | {
"text": [
"2001",
"2001",
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
3,
3,
3
]
} |
5ad4de4c5b96ef001a10a4db | What kind of immunity do prokaryotes not have? | What kind of immunity do lymphocytes not have no prokaryotes? | Immune_system | It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5727e6cbff5b5019007d97ee | What percentage of global assets does the richest 1% of people have? | What percentage of global assets does the richest 10% of people have no rather the richest 1% not 10%? | Economic_inequality | A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000. The three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined. The combined wealth of the "10 million dollar millionaires" grew to nearly $41 trillion in 2008. A January 2014 report by Oxfam claims that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50% of the world's population, or about 3.5 billion people. According to a Los Angeles Times analysis of the report, the wealthiest 1% owns 46% of the world's wealth; the 85 richest people, a small part of the wealthiest 1%, own about 0.7% of the human population's wealth, which is the same as the bottom half of the population. More recently, in January 2015, Oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016. An October 2014 study by Credit Suisse also claims that the top 1% now own nearly half of the world's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession. In October 2015, Credit Suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase, and that half of the world's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile, whose assets each exceed $759,900. A 2016 report by Oxfam claims that the 62 wealthiest individuals own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined. Oxfam's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology used: by using net wealth (adding up assets and subtracting debts), the Oxfam report, for instance, finds that there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in China (due to a greater tendency to take on debts).[unreliable source?][unreliable source?] Anthony Shorrocks, the lead author of the Credit Suisse report which is one of the sources of Oxfam's data, considers the criticism about debt to be a "silly argument" and "a non-issue . . . a diversion." | {
"text": [
"40%",
"40%",
"40%",
"40"
],
"answer_start": [
145,
145,
145,
145
]
} |
5a57fb62770dc0001aeeff12 | What happens because younger rock is deeper? | What are thrust faults formed I mean happens because younger rock is deeper? | Geology | When rock units are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds, do not significantly change in volume, this is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding. In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can occur, thrust faults form, which cause deeper rock to move on top of shallower rock. Because deeper rock is often older, as noted by the principle of superposition, this can result in older rocks moving on top of younger ones. Movement along faults can result in folding, either because the faults are not planar or because rock layers are dragged along, forming drag folds as slip occurs along the fault. Deeper in the Earth, rocks behave plastically, and fold instead of faulting. These folds can either be those where the material in the center of the fold buckles upwards, creating "antiforms", or where it buckles downwards, creating "synforms". If the tops of the rock units within the folds remain pointing upwards, they are called anticlines and synclines, respectively. If some of the units in the fold are facing downward, the structure is called an overturned anticline or syncline, and if all of the rock units are overturned or the correct up-direction is unknown, they are simply called by the most general terms, antiforms and synforms. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57268f05dd62a815002e8992 | Which genus is considered the "aunt" of ctenophores? | When was or actually which genus is considered the \"aunt\" of ctenophores? | Ctenophora | The early Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris, from China's Chengjiang lagerstätte and dated to about 515 million years ago, is very similar to Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period. De-Gan Shu, Simon Conway Morris et al. found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia, used for filter feeding. They suggested that Stromatoveris was an evolutionary "aunt" of ctenophores, and that ctenophores originated from sessile animals whose descendants became swimmers and changed the cilia from a feeding mechanism to a propulsion system. | {
"text": [
"Stromatoveris",
"Stromatoveris",
"Stromatoveris"
],
"answer_start": [
346,
346,
346
]
} |
57282358ff5b5019007d9de1 | What is Jacksonville's hottest month on average? | What is Jacksonville's hottest temperature I mean month on average? | Jacksonville,_Florida | Mean monthly temperatures range from around 53 F in January to 82 F in July. High temperatures average 64 to 92 °F (18 to 33 °C) throughout the year. High heat indices are common for the summer months in the area, with indices above 110 °F (43.3 °C) possible. The highest temperature recorded was 104 °F (40 °C) on July 11, 1879 and July 28, 1872. It is common for thunderstorms to erupt during a typical summer afternoon. These are caused by the rapid heating of the land relative to the water, combined with extremely high humidity. | {
"text": [
"July",
"July",
"July"
],
"answer_start": [
71,
315,
71
]
} |
5729fe5c3f37b31900478631 | Where are the specialized cells that eliminate cells that recognize self-antigens located? | Which are the or no make that where are the specialized cells that eliminate cells that recognize the self-antigens located? | Immune_system | Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the functions of specialized cells (located in the thymus and bone marrow) is to present young lymphocytes with self antigens produced throughout the body and to eliminate those cells that recognize self-antigens, preventing autoimmunity. | {
"text": [
"thymus and bone marrow",
"thymus and bone marrow",
"thymus and bone marrow"
],
"answer_start": [
366,
366,
366
]
} |
572686ac5951b619008f75ad | What was the memoir entitled which was submitted to the American Philosophical Society? | In what year did William Maclure begin the process what was the memori entitled which was submitted to the American Philosophical Society? | Geology | The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society in a memoir entitled Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map, and published in the Society's Transactions, together with the nation's first geological map. This antedates William Smith's geological map of England by six years, although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks. | {
"text": [
"Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map",
"Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map",
"Observations on the Geology of the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
420,
420,
420
]
} |
5728ebcb3acd2414000e01dc | Which reason is given sometimes to plead not guilty involving these matters? | Which reason is given sometimes to plead no contest involving these matters no no sorry to plead not guilty in these matters? | Civil_disobedience | An important decision for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty. There is much debate on this point, as some believe that it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law, while others believe that defending oneself in court will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law. It has also been argued that either choice is compatible with the spirit of civil disobedience. ACT-UP's Civil Disobedience Training handbook states that a civil disobedient who pleads guilty is essentially stating, "Yes, I committed the act of which you accuse me. I don't deny it; in fact, I am proud of it. I feel I did the right thing by violating this particular law; I am guilty as charged," but that pleading not guilty sends a message of, "Guilt implies wrong-doing. I feel I have done no wrong. I may have violated some specific laws, but I am guilty of doing no wrong. I therefore plead not guilty." A plea of no contest is sometimes regarded as a compromise between the two. One defendant accused of illegally protesting nuclear power, when asked to enter his plea, stated, "I plead for the beauty that surrounds us"; this is known as a "creative plea," and will usually be interpreted as a plea of not guilty. | {
"text": [
"Guilt implies wrong-doing",
"Guilt implies wrong-doing",
"guilty of doing no wrong",
"Guilt implies wrong-doing",
"I may have violated some specific laws, but I am guilty of doing no wrong",
"I may have violated some specific laws, but I am guilty of doing no wrong"
],
"answer_start": [
776,
776,
881,
776,
832,
832
]
} |
5a23565482b03a001a4aa78f | Who has a classification system for all North American companies? | Who has a subsector no the classification system for all North American companies? | Construction | The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction. To recognize the differences of companies in this sector, it is divided into three subsectors: building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers (firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project). | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a2ecbe9a83784001a7d2496 | Who wrote the study published in Nature in October 2011? | Who wrote the study published in Haensch, oops I mean, in Nature in October 2011? | Black_Death | The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist." A study published in Nature in October 2011 sequenced the genome of Y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572f5875947a6a140053c89d | After the Dornbirner Ach was diverted, where does the Rhine flow now? | After the Dornbirner Ach was diverted, how was no where does the Rhine flow now? | Rhine | A regulation of the Rhine was called for, with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fußach, in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta. The Dornbirner Ach had to be diverted, too, and it now flows parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake. Its water has a darker color than the Rhine; the latter's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains. It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake. This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee. | {
"text": [
"parallel to the canalized Rhine",
"the canalized Rhine",
"parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake.",
"into the lake"
],
"answer_start": [
266,
278,
266,
298
]
} |
5ad25f42d7d075001a428f75 | Where are health and social problems least common? | Which characteristics I mean in which countries can you find the least health and social problems? | Economic_inequality | In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems "more common in countries with bigger income inequalities", and more common among states in the US with larger income inequalities. Other studies have confirmed this relationship. The UNICEF index of "child well-being in rich countries", studying 40 indicators in 22 countries, correlates with greater equality but not per capita income. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572ff5fcb2c2fd140056865b | What part of the Rhine flows west at Katwijk? | What part of the Rhine flows west at Katwijk, sorry make that North? | Rhine | The name Rijn, from here on, is used only for smaller streams farther to the north, which together formed the main river Rhine in Roman times. Though they retained the name, these streams no longer carry water from the Rhine, but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders. From Wijk bij Duurstede, the old north branch of the Rhine is called Kromme Rijn ("Bent Rhine") past Utrecht, first Leidse Rijn ("Rhine of Leiden") and then, Oude Rijn ("Old Rhine"). The latter flows west into a sluice at Katwijk, where its waters can be discharged into the North Sea. This branch once formed the line along which the Limes Germanicus were built. During periods of lower sea levels within the various ice ages, the Rhine took a left turn, creating the Channel River, the course of which now lies below the English Channel. | {
"text": [
"Old Rhine",
"Oude Rijn",
"Oude Rijn"
],
"answer_start": [
456,
444,
444
]
} |
5ad4f28c5b96ef001a10a730 | What type of city has Berlin been for as long as it's been a city? | What type of city has Warsaw no Berlin been for as long as it's been a city? | Warsaw | Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5730bc308ab72b1400f9c73d | Who reigned over the Ottoman empire when it was at its most powerful. | Who reigned over Southeast Europe uh no the Ottoman empire when it was at its most powerful? | Imperialism | The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a powerful multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries. | {
"text": [
"Suleiman the Magnificent",
"Suleiman the Magnificent",
"Suleiman the Magnificent",
"Suleiman the Magnificent",
"Suleiman the Magnificent,"
],
"answer_start": [
168,
168,
168,
168,
168
]
} |
5ad4d55f5b96ef001a10a276 | What building from the 19th century was destroyed between the 1930s and 1940s? | What did Warsaw um building from the 19th century was destroyed between the 1930s and 1940s? | Warsaw | Warsaw's mixture of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of the city and country. During the Second World War, Warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction. After liberation, rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled PRL. Most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed. However, some of the buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s (e.g. Leopold Kronenberg Palace). Mass residential blocks were erected, with basic design typical of Eastern bloc countries. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5727d4922ca10214002d977c | What is the duration of Harvard Academic year? | how long is the Harvard Academic year? | Harvard_University | Harvard's academic programs operate on a semester calendar beginning in early September and ending in mid-May. Undergraduates typically take four half-courses per term and must maintain a four-course rate average to be considered full-time. In many concentrations, students can elect to pursue a basic program or an honors-eligible program requiring a senior thesis and/or advanced course work. Students graduating in the top 4–5% of the class are awarded degrees summa cum laude, students in the next 15% of the class are awarded magna cum laude, and the next 30% of the class are awarded cum laude. Harvard has chapters of academic honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa and various committees and departments also award several hundred named prizes annually. Harvard, along with other universities, has been accused of grade inflation, although there is evidence that the quality of the student body and its motivation have also increased. Harvard College reduced the number of students who receive Latin honors from 90% in 2004 to 60% in 2005. Moreover, the honors of "John Harvard Scholar" and "Harvard College Scholar" will now be given only to the top 5 percent and the next 5 percent of each class. | {
"text": [
"beginning in early September and ending in mid-May",
"beginning in early September and ending in mid-May",
"beginning in early September and ending in mid-May"
],
"answer_start": [
59,
59,
59
]
} |
5ad3a16d604f3c001a3fe9e5 | What order didn't British make of French? | Which orders were made to the French by the British or i guess which ones weren't? | French_and_Indian_War | In 1755, six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock, the newly arrived British Army commander, and planned a four-way attack on the French. None succeeded and the main effort by Braddock was a disaster; he was defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, 1755 and died a few days later. British operations in 1755, 1756 and 1757 in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York all failed, due to a combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies. In 1755, the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia; soon afterward they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians. Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley, Commander-in-Chief, North America, without direction from Great Britain. The Acadians, both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty, were expelled. Native Americans were likewise driven off their land to make way for settlers from New England. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572881704b864d1900164a50 | How many schools of medicine were recognized in China? | From where was the Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan inherited I mean how many schools of medicine did they have? | Yuan_dynasty | The Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan had "Four Great Schools" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty. All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine. Under the Mongols, the practice of Chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire. Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols as they expanded towards the west. Chinese medical techniques such as acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the Middle East and the rest of the empire. Several medical advances were made in the Yuan period. The physician Wei Yilin (1277–1347) invented a suspension method for reducing dislocated joints, which he performed using anesthetics. The Mongol physician Hu Sihui described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise. | {
"text": [
"four",
"Four",
"Four"
],
"answer_start": [
117,
47,
47
]
} |
5ad03b7977cf76001a686eac | Who did the Ottoman empire ally with in WWII? | Who did the Mediterranean uh erm Ottoman empire ally with in WWII? | Imperialism | With Istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of World War I, leading to the emergence of the new state of Turkey in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland, as well as the creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states, thus ending Turkish colonial ambitions. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5acff4b177cf76001a686617 | Which is less costly, formal, or informal imperialism? | Which is containing perceivable kinds of dominance no um which still less costly, formal, or informal imperialism? | Imperialism | The definition of imperialism has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers, or simply, general-purpose aggressiveness. Further on, some writers[who?] used the term imperialism, in slightly more discriminating fashion, to mean all kinds of domination or control by a group of people over another. To clear out this confusion about the definition of imperialism one could speak of "formal" and "informal" imperialism, the first meaning physical control or "full-fledged colonial rule" while the second implied less direct rule though still containing perceivable kinds of dominance. Informal rule is generally less costly than taking over territories formally. This is because, with informal rule, the control is spread more subtly through technological superiority, enforcing land officials into large debts that cannot be repaid, ownership of private industries thus expanding the controlled area, or having countries agree to uneven trade agreements forcefully. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572881d34b864d1900164a5a | What was huihui? | What was the philosophy no the huihui? | Yuan_dynasty | Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai. Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court. Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine. No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine. | {
"text": [
"Muslim medicine",
"Muslim medicine",
"Muslim medicine"
],
"answer_start": [
136,
136,
136
]
} |
5ad3af4e604f3c001a3fec73 | Who uninvited Washington to dine with him? | Who uninvited Washington to fight or wait dine with him? | French_and_Indian_War | Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, who succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after the latter died on October 29, invited Washington to dine with him. Over dinner, Washington presented Saint-Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country. Saint-Pierre said, "As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it." He told Washington that France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British, since René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a835482e60761001a2eb597 | What connections bind sponge cells? | What connections bind animal uh more specifically sponge cells? | Ctenophora | Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs. Ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts, which are sticky and adhere to prey, although a few ctenophore species lack them. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a6ce4fa4eec6b001a80a688 | What is not an example of what a clinical pharmacist's duties entail? | What are er what is not an example of what a clinical pharmacist's duties entail? | Pharmacy | The clinical pharmacist's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy, and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient. The review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy) and its efficacy. The pharmacist must also monitor for potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57275409708984140094dc36 | How do academic results in former Model C schools compare to other schools? | How do fees not that I mean academic results in former Model C schools compare to other schools? | Private_school | In the final years of the apartheid era, parents at white government schools were given the option to convert to a "semi-private" form called Model C, and many of these schools changed their admissions policies to accept children of other races. Following the transition to democracy, the legal form of "Model C" was abolished, however, the term continues to be used to describe government schools formerly reserved for white children.. These schools tend to produce better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups . Former "Model C" schools are not private schools, as they are state-controlled. All schools in South Africa (including both independent schools and public schools) have the right to set compulsory school fees, and formerly model C schools tend to set much higher school fees than other public schools. | {
"text": [
"better",
"better",
"produce better academic results"
],
"answer_start": [
467,
467,
459
]
} |
5733140a4776f419006606e4 | Why did Warsaw gain the title of the "Phoenix City"? | Why did the city uhm Warsaw gain the title of the \"Phoenix City\". | Warsaw | The first historical reference to Warsaw dates back to the year 1313, at a time when Kraków served as the Polish capital city. Due to its central location between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's capitals of Kraków and Vilnius, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596. After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Warsaw was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars, the city became the official capital of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, a puppet state of the First French Empire established by Napoleon Bonaparte. In accordance with the decisions of the Congress of Vienna, the Russian Empire annexed Warsaw in 1815 and it became part of the "Congress Kingdom". Only in 1918 did it regain independence from the foreign rule and emerge as a new capital of the independent Republic of Poland. The German invasion in 1939, the massacre of the Jewish population and deportations to concentration camps led to the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto in 1943 and to the major and devastating Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944. Warsaw gained the title of the "Phoenix City" because it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history. Most notably, the city required painstaking rebuilding after the extensive damage it suffered in World War II, which destroyed 85% of its buildings. On 9 November 1940, the city was awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari, during the Siege of Warsaw (1939). | {
"text": [
"survived many wars, conflicts and invasions",
"it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions",
"because it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history"
],
"answer_start": [
1250,
1243,
1235
]
} |
5a6cb7ce4eec6b001a80a638 | Who is not required to oversee a Pharmacy Technician in the UK? | Who is not allowed ermm rather required to oversee a Pharmacy Technician in the UK? | Pharmacy | A Pharmacy Technician in the UK is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians. In the UK the role of a PhT has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consultants spending more time working with patients and in research. A pharmacy technician once qualified has to register as a professional on the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register. The GPhC is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a8930573b2508001a72a503 | Of what form are Mersenne tests? | Of what form are Mersenne primes oh I mean tests? | Prime_number | are prime. Prime numbers of this form are known as factorial primes. Other primes where either p + 1 or p − 1 is of a particular shape include the Sophie Germain primes (primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime), primorial primes, Fermat primes and Mersenne primes, that is, prime numbers that are of the form 2p − 1, where p is an arbitrary prime. The Lucas–Lehmer test is particularly fast for numbers of this form. This is why the largest known prime has almost always been a Mersenne prime since the dawn of electronic computers. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57300200b2c2fd140056872a | Maududi believed that Islam needed what to be established? | Maududi believed that Sharia ermm rather Islam needed what to be established? | Islamism | Maududi also believed that Muslim society could not be Islamic without Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state. This state should be a "theo-democracy," based on the principles of: tawhid (unity of God), risala (prophethood) and khilafa (caliphate). Although Maududi talked about Islamic revolution, by "revolution" he meant not the violence or populist policies of the Iranian Revolution, but the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or da'wah. | {
"text": [
"an Islamic state",
"an Islamic state",
"an Islamic state"
],
"answer_start": [
119,
119,
119
]
} |
5a2eced7a83784001a7d24b5 | How long did it take to travel across Europe using primitive transport systems? | How many um i mean how long did it take to travel across Europe using primitive transport systems? | Black_Death | In addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic, sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the Black Death are not unique (and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague); that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance; and that the DNA results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere, despite extensive samples from other mass graves. Other arguments include the lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries; temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas; that, despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague; that mortality rates of the Black Death appear to be very high; that, while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease, the Black Death indiscriminately struck urban and rural areas; and that the pattern of the Black Death, with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years, differs from modern bubonic plague—which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare-ups. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad2866ed7d075001a4298e6 | What forces can be modeled using ideal friction strings? | What do er uh what forces can be modeled using ideal friction strings? | Force | Tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable. They can be combined with ideal pulleys, which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction. Ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string, any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object. By connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys, the tension force on a load can be multiplied. For every string that acts on a load, another factor of the tension force in the string acts on the load. However, even though such machines allow for an increase in force, there is a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load. These tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5737958b1c456719005744c6 | How is the Pauli exclusion priciple manifested in the macro world? | How is the quantum mechanic principle manifested in the macro world, oh actually, it's the Pauli exclusion principle? | Force | It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states. This means that it takes energy to pack them together. While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force, it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states. | {
"text": [
"as a structural force",
"as a structural force",
"a structural force",
"macroscopically as a structural force"
],
"answer_start": [
657,
657,
660,
641
]
} |
572fe92204bcaa1900d76e98 | What does the word Rheinrinne translate to? | How does or no make that what does the word Rheinrinne translate to? | Rhine | The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water. The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau. The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee. A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake Überlingen. Most of the water flows via the Constance hopper into the Rheinrinne ("Rhine Gutter") and Seerhein. Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake. | {
"text": [
"Rhine Gutter",
"Rhine Gutter",
"Rhine Gutter"
],
"answer_start": [
652,
652,
652
]
} |
5ad40515604f3c001a3ffe07 | Who refused Buyantu? | What did er who refused Buyantu? | Yuan_dynasty | The fourth Yuan emperor, Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada), was a competent emperor. He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite. He had been mentored by Li Meng, a Confucian academic. He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the Department of State Affairs (Chinese: 尚書省), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials. Starting in 1313 the traditional imperial examinations were reintroduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge on significant historical works. Also, he codified much of the law, as well as publishing or translating a number of Chinese books and works. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad3b567604f3c001a3fedb3 | Where wasn't there a weakness in British supply chain? | Where wasn't there a weakness in French uh rather British supply chain? | French_and_Indian_War | Governor Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in chief (in addition to his role as governor), acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived. Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry. In the March Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder. They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison, already short on supplies. French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area, encouraging them to raid frontier settlements. This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers, with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad040d977cf76001a686ef9 | The Second Minister chooses whom? | The Scottish Minister chooses whom, actually that'd be the Second Minister? | Scottish_Parliament | The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament forms the Scottish Government. In contrast to many other parliamentary systems, Parliament elects a First Minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term (after a general election). Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister, and a vote is taken by all members of Parliament. Normally, the leader of the largest party is returned as First Minister, and head of the Scottish Government. Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland and sit in the Scottish cabinet, but such ministers are, in practice, appointed to their roles by the First Minister. Junior ministers, who do not attend cabinet, are also appointed to assist Scottish ministers in their departments. Most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected MSPs, with the exception of Scotland's Chief Law Officers: the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General. Whilst the First Minister chooses the ministers – and may decide to remove them at any time – the formal appointment or dismissal is made by the Sovereign. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a667761846392001a1e1c3a | What is special about communication sessions with packet switching? | What is special about communication messages, no I mean sessions with packet switching? | Packet_switching | Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services, such as cellular communication services, circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572941273f37b319004781b0 | What was the topic of the error? | Who or rather what was the topic of the error? | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson has said "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened". Martin Parry, a climate expert who had been co-chair of the IPCC working group II, said that "What began with a single unfortunate error over Himalayan glaciers has become a clamour without substance" and the IPCC had investigated the other alleged mistakes, which were "generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment". | {
"text": [
"Himalayan glaciers",
"Himalayan glaciers"
],
"answer_start": [
417,
417
]
} |
573735e8c3c5551400e51e74 | How long did it take to improve on Sir Isaac Newton's laws of motion? | Who develped er how long did it take to improve on Sir Isaac Newton's laws of motion? | Force | Philosophers in antiquity used the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines, but thinkers such as Aristotle and Archimedes retained fundamental errors in understanding force. In part this was due to an incomplete understanding of the sometimes non-obvious force of friction, and a consequently inadequate view of the nature of natural motion. A fundamental error was the belief that a force is required to maintain motion, even at a constant velocity. Most of the previous misunderstandings about motion and force were eventually corrected by Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton. With his mathematical insight, Sir Isaac Newton formulated laws of motion that were not improved-on for nearly three hundred years. By the early 20th century, Einstein developed a theory of relativity that correctly predicted the action of forces on objects with increasing momenta near the speed of light, and also provided insight into the forces produced by gravitation and inertia. | {
"text": [
"nearly three hundred years",
"nearly three hundred years",
"nearly three hundred years",
"nearly three hundred years",
"nearly three hundred years",
"three hundred years"
],
"answer_start": [
727,
727,
727,
727,
727,
734
]
} |
5a5810c4770dc0001aeeffb9 | What experiments are used to reconstruct rock fabric? | What experiments are used to understand umm rather reconstruct rock fabric? | Geology | Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks. They also plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orientations of faults and folds in order to reconstruct the history of rock deformation in the area. In addition, they perform analog and numerical experiments of rock deformation in large and small settings. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57300a25a23a5019007fcc97 | What was the name of the time the Upper Rhine form a border between France and Germany? | What was the source of, oh my bad, what was the name of the time the Upper Rhine form a border between France and Germany? | Rhine | Since the Peace of Westphalia, the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France and Germany. Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine was a long-term goal of French foreign policy, since the Middle Ages, though the language border was – and is – far more to the west. French leaders, such as Louis XIV and Napoleon Bonaparte, tried with varying degrees of success to annex lands west of the Rhine. The Confederation of the Rhine was established by Napoleon, as a French client state, in 1806 and lasted until 1814, during which time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the First French Empire. In 1840, the Rhine crisis, prompted by French prime minister Adolphe Thiers's desire to reinstate the Rhine as a natural border, led to a diplomatic crisis and a wave of nationalism in Germany. | {
"text": [
"Peace of Westphalia",
"Peace of Westphalia",
"Peace of Westphalia"
],
"answer_start": [
10,
10,
10
]
} |
572fad30a23a5019007fc86d | Which sea was oil discovered in? | Which sea was formed no was oil discovered in? | Scottish_Parliament | During this time, the discovery of oil in the North Sea and the following "It's Scotland's oil" campaign of the Scottish National Party (SNP) resulted in rising support for Scottish independence, as well as the SNP. The party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should. The combined effect of these events led to Prime Minister Wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974. However, it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a Scottish Assembly were passed by the United Kingdom Parliament. | {
"text": [
"North",
"North Sea",
"the North Sea"
],
"answer_start": [
46,
46,
42
]
} |
5a5929d33e1742001a15cfc5 | What are well logs? | What type of, well how about, what are well logs? | Geology | In the laboratory, stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field, such as those from drill cores. Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs can be combined to produce a better view of the subsurface, and stratigraphers often use computer programs to do this in three dimensions. Stratigraphers can then use these data to reconstruct ancient processes occurring on the surface of the Earth, interpret past environments, and locate areas for water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a2ecfb1a83784001a7d24c9 | Who discovered Y. pestis? | How was no who discovered Y. pestis? | Black_Death | A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to Ebola. Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the Y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argues that transmission must have been person to person. However, no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance. Many scholars arguing for the Y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections. In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicemic (a type of "blood poisoning") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of the plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms. In 2014, scientists with Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572fe288a23a5019007fcad9 | What is the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name of the Rhine? | Where does the name Rhine hold on What is the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name of the Rhine? | Rhine | The variant forms of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name Rēnos, which was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Greek Ῥῆνος (Rhēnos), Latin Rhenus.[note 3] The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin is due to the influence of Greek orthography, while the vocalisation -i- is due to the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as *Rīnaz, via Old Frankish giving Old English Rín, Old High German Rīn, Dutch Rijn (formerly also spelled Rhijn)). The diphthong in modern German Rhein (also adopted in Romansh Rein, Rain) is a Central German development of the early modern period, the Alemannic name Rī(n) retaining the older vocalism,[note 4] as does Ripuarian Rhing, while Palatine has diphthongized Rhei, Rhoi. Spanish is with French in adopting the Germanic vocalism Rin-, while Italian, Occitan and Portuguese retain the Latin Ren-. | {
"text": [
"Rīnaz",
"Rīnaz",
"Rīnaz",
"Rīnaz",
"Rīnaz"
],
"answer_start": [
430,
430,
430,
430,
430
]
} |
5ad4e7eb5b96ef001a10a5f5 | What cell binds to vitamin C? | What vitamin er what cell binds to vitamin C? | Immune_system | When a T-cell encounters a foreign pathogen, it extends a vitamin D receptor. This is essentially a signaling device that allows the T-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin D, the steroid hormone calcitriol. T-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin D. Not only does the T-cell extend a vitamin D receptor, in essence asking to bind to the steroid hormone version of vitamin D, calcitriol, but the T-cell expresses the gene CYP27B1, which is the gene responsible for converting the pre-hormone version of vitamin D, calcidiol into the steroid hormone version, calcitriol. Only after binding to calcitriol can T-cells perform their intended function. Other immune system cells that are known to express CYP27B1 and thus activate vitamin D calcidiol, are dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572750e8dd62a815002e9af3 | What are malum prohibitum considerations? | How are no actually what are malum prohibitum considerations? | Construction | The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations, or things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district. An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community). | {
"text": [
"things that are a matter of custom or expectation",
"things that are a matter of custom or expectation",
"things that are a matter of custom or expectation"
],
"answer_start": [
372,
372,
372
]
} |
5a6cefd64eec6b001a80a706 | What are the two symbols that signify pharmacy in non-English-speaking countries? | What are the two symbols that signify pharmacy in English-speaking countries or rather in non-English speaking countries? | Pharmacy | The two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in English-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text. The show globe was also used until the early 20th century. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as the Bowl of Hygieia which is often used in the Netherlands, conical measures, and caduceuses in their logos. Other symbols are common in different countries: the green Greek cross in France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India, the increasingly rare Gaper in the Netherlands, and a red stylized letter A in Germany and Austria (from Apotheke, the German word for pharmacy, from the same Greek root as the English word 'apothecary'). | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad26103d7d075001a428fef | Who argued that objects retain their velocity even when acted on by a force? | Who was influenced by early Medieval ideas or better yet tell me who argued that objects retain their velocity even when acted on by a force? | Force | The shortcomings of Aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. Galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century. He showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force, for example friction. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a7b054521c2de001afe9cd1 | What valley is Los Angeles located in? | Where is What valley is Los Angeles located in? | Fresno,_California | Fresno (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh), the county seat of Fresno County, is a city in the U.S. state of California. As of 2015, the city's population was 520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the 34th-largest in the nation. Fresno is in the center of the San Joaquin Valley and is the largest city in the Central Valley, which contains the San Joaquin Valley. It is approximately 220 miles (350 km) northwest of Los Angeles, 170 miles (270 km) south of the state capital, Sacramento, or 185 miles (300 km) south of San Francisco. The name Fresno means "ash tree" in Spanish, and an ash leaf is featured on the city's flag. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad295d4d7d075001a429afe | Between which years did the Mediterranean Sea flow into the Tethys sea? | Between which years did the Triassic Period flow into the Tethys sea no the Mediterranean Sea? | Rhine | In southern Europe, the stage was set in the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, with the opening of the Tethys Ocean, between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates, between about 240 MBP and 220 MBP (million years before present). The present Mediterranean Sea descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea. At about 180 MBP, in the Jurassic Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor, causing it to be subducted under Eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the Alpine Orogeny of the Oligocene and Miocene Periods. Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally, generating the individual features of Mediterranean geography: Iberia pushed up the Pyrenees; Italy, the Alps, and Anatolia, moving west, the mountains of Greece and the islands. The compression and orogeny continue today, as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1c883cb4fb5d0018714672 | By how much did Jacksonville's Hispanic white population decline? Call | By how much did Jacksonville's building projects no um Hispanic white population decline? | Jacksonville,_Florida | Jacksonville, like most large cities in the United States, suffered from negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after World War II. The construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs. After World War II, the government of the city of Jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war. Mayor W. Haydon Burns' Jacksonville Story resulted in the construction of a new city hall, civic auditorium, public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride. However, the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class "white flight" left Jacksonville with a much poorer population than before. The city's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, declined from 75.8% in 1970 to 55.1% by 2010. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
573009a004bcaa1900d77051 | The Rhine flowed through Swabia, Franconia and what other location in the 10th Century? | The Rhine flowed through Swabia, Franconia and what other location in the 15th no I mean 10th Century? | Rhine | By the 6th century, the Rhine was within the borders of Francia. In the 9th, it formed part of the border between Middle and Western Francia, but in the 10th century, it was fully within the Holy Roman Empire, flowing through Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine. The mouths of the Rhine, in the county of Holland, fell to the Burgundian Netherlands in the 15th century; Holland remained contentious territory throughout the European wars of religion and the eventual collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, when the length of the Rhine fell to the First French Empire and its client states. The Alsace on the left banks of the Upper Rhine was sold to Burgundy by Archduke Sigismund of Austria in 1469 and eventually fell to France in the Thirty Years' War. The numerous historic castles in Rhineland-Palatinate attest to the importance of the river as a commercial route. | {
"text": [
"Lower Lorraine",
"Lower Lorraine",
"Lower Lorraine"
],
"answer_start": [
248,
248,
248
]
} |
5a25fa34c93d92001a400371 | What is one thing that can prevent non-fatal injuries? | What is one thing that can cause non-fatal injuries no prevent? | Construction | Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the European Union. In 2009, the fatal occupational injury rate among construction workers in the United States was nearly three times that for all workers. Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry. Other major causes of fatalities in the construction industry include electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57378c9b1c456719005744a7 | What is the law named that defines a charge moving through a magnetic field? | What is the law named that defines a vector or uh, a charge moving through a magnetic field? | Force | Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge. This force can be written as a sum of the electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force (due to the magnetic field). Fully stated, this is the law: | {
"text": [
"Lorentz's Law",
"Lorentz's Law",
"Lorentz's Law",
"Lorentz's Law"
],
"answer_start": [
139,
139,
139,
139
]
} |
5ad3bd87604f3c001a3fef23 | Where did no Spanish Catholic move after British takeover in Florida? | When did Where did no Spanish Catholic move after British takeover in Florida? | French_and_Indian_War | For many native populations, the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession. The Ohio Country was particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement due to the construction of military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes. Although the Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory (which was not completed until 1769) had modest repercussions, the British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of tribes that did not want to do business with the British, and a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek, historic enemies whose divisions the British at times exploited. The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave. Most went to Cuba, including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine, although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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