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5a67a492f038b7001ab0c3c8 | How many affiliates are connected to the ACG New Zealand International College? | What denomination er how many affiliates are connected to the ACG New Zealand International College? | Private_school | Private schools are often Anglican, such as King's College and Diocesan School for Girls in Auckland, St Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and St Margaret's College in Christchurch; or Presbyterian, such as Saint Kentigern College and St Cuthbert's College in Auckland, Scots College and Queen Margaret College in Wellington, and St Andrew's College and Rangi Ruru Girls' School in Christchurch. Academic Colleges Group is a recent group of private schools run as a business, with schools throughout Auckland, including ACG Senior College in Auckland’s CBD, ACG Parnell College in Parnell, and international school ACG New Zealand International College. There are three private schools (including the secondary school, St Dominic's College) operated by the Catholic schismatic group, the Society of St Pius X in Wanganui. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5733fc6ed058e614000b6712 | What plans of the British did this attach on Oneida Carry set back? | How much no make that what plans of the British did this attach on Oneida Carry set back? | French_and_Indian_War | Governor Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in chief (in addition to his role as governor), acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived. Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry. In the March Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder. They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison, already short on supplies. French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area, encouraging them to raid frontier settlements. This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers, with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action. | {
"text": [
"hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison",
"campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison",
"campaigns on Lake Ontario",
"campaigns on Lake Ontario",
"hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario"
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"answer_start": [
502,
512,
512,
512,
502
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5ad4d2d65b96ef001a10a1fa | What are killer T cells dis-activated by? | What type of organism is no scratch that what are killer T cells are dis-activated by? | Immune_system | Helper T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's CD4 co-receptor, which recruits molecules inside the T cell (e.g., Lck) that are responsible for the T cell's activation. Helper T cells have a weaker association with the MHC:antigen complex than observed for killer T cells, meaning many receptors (around 200–300) on the helper T cell must be bound by an MHC:antigen in order to activate the helper cell, while killer T cells can be activated by engagement of a single MHC:antigen molecule. Helper T cell activation also requires longer duration of engagement with an antigen-presenting cell. The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines that influence the activity of many cell types. Cytokine signals produced by helper T cells enhance the microbicidal function of macrophages and the activity of killer T cells. In addition, helper T cell activation causes an upregulation of molecules expressed on the T cell's surface, such as CD40 ligand (also called CD154), which provide extra stimulatory signals typically required to activate antibody-producing B cells. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5727515f708984140094dc11 | What South African law recognized two types of schools? | What South African missionaries or uh law recognized two types of schools? | Private_school | Some of the oldest schools in South Africa are private church schools that were established by missionaries in the early nineteenth century. The private sector has grown ever since. After the abolition of apartheid, the laws governing private education in South Africa changed significantly. The South African Schools Act of 1996 recognises two categories of schools: "public" (state-controlled) and "independent" (which includes traditional private schools and schools which are privately governed[clarification needed].) | {
"text": [
"South African Schools Act",
"South African Schools Act",
"South African Schools Act"
],
"answer_start": [
296,
296,
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5730aa52069b531400832221 | By when did most of France's Colonies gain independence? | By when did most of Algeria, oh sorry, make that France's Colonies, gain their independence? | Imperialism | In World War II, Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France. However after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the Empire. France fought and lost a bitter war in Vietnam in the 1950s. Whereas they won the war in Algeria, the French leader at the time, Charles de Gaulle, decided to grant Algeria independence anyway in 1962. Its settlers and many local supporters relocated to France. Nearly all of France's colonies gained independence by 1960, but France retained great financial and diplomatic influence. It has repeatedly sent troops to assist its former colonies in Africa in suppressing insurrections and coups d’état. | {
"text": [
"1960",
"1960",
"1960",
"1960",
"1960"
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525,
525,
525,
525,
525
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57293e983f37b3190047818d | Which journal was the joint statement published in? | What or rather which journal was the joint statement published in? | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In 2001, 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Canada, the Caribbean Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the French Academy of Sciences, the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina, the Indian National Science Academy, the Indonesian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Irish Academy, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Italy), the Academy of Sciences Malaysia, the Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society (UK). The statement, also published as an editorial in the journal Science, stated "we support the [TAR's] conclusion that it is at least 90% certain that temperatures will continue to rise, with average global surface temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels by 2100". The TAR has also been endorsed by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, and European Geosciences Union (refer to "Endorsements of the IPCC"). | {
"text": [
"Science",
"Science",
"Science"
],
"answer_start": [
787,
787,
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} |
572a0bafaf94a219006aa769 | What will a society with more equality have? | What does or instead what will a society with more equality have? | Economic_inequality | Following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic. A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced "distributive efficiency" within society, that decreases marginal utility of wealth and thus the sum total of personal utility. An additional dollar spent by a poor person will go to things providing a great deal of utility to that person, such as basic necessities like food, water, and healthcare; while, an additional dollar spent by a much richer person will very likely go to luxury items providing relatively less utility to that person. Thus, the marginal utility of wealth per person ("the additional dollar") decreases as a person becomes richer. From this standpoint, for any given amount of wealth in society, a society with more equality will have higher aggregate utility. Some studies have found evidence for this theory, noting that in societies where inequality is lower, population-wide satisfaction and happiness tend to be higher. | {
"text": [
"higher aggregate utility",
"population-wide satisfaction and happiness",
"satisfaction and happiness"
],
"answer_start": [
925,
1053,
1069
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} |
5733cff84776f419006612b4 | Where was war fought? | Where did war erupt or rather where was it fought? | French_and_Indian_War | The war was fought primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies, from Virginia in the South to Nova Scotia in the North. It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, called the Forks of the Ohio, and the site of the French Fort Duquesne and present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754, during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old George Washington ambushed a French patrol. | {
"text": [
"primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies",
"between New France and the British colonies",
"frontiers between New France and the British colonies",
"along the frontiers",
"Virginia in the South to Nova Scotia in the North"
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572a04d51d046914007796d0 | Melatonin during sleep can actively counteract the production of what? | Melatonin during sleep can actively counteract the stress uh instead production of what? | Immune_system | In contrast, during wake periods differentiated effector cells, such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens. As well during awake active times, anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines, peak. There are two theories as to why the pro-inflammatory state is reserved for sleep time. First, inflammation would cause serious cognitive and physical impairments if it were to occur during wake times. Second, inflammation may occur during sleep times due to the presence of melatonin. Inflammation causes a great deal of oxidative stress and the presence of melatonin during sleep times could actively counteract free radical production during this time. | {
"text": [
"free radical production",
"free radical",
"free radical production"
],
"answer_start": [
739,
739,
739
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} |
5a1c6d30b4fb5d0018714623 | Where did Ribault erect the flag claiming the land for France? | When did no wait Where did Ribault erect the flag claiming the land for France? | Jacksonville,_Florida | French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a stone column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, on the St. Johns near the main village of the Saturiwa. Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20, 1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, and killed nearly all the French soldiers defending it. The Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustine's position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964. | {
"text": [],
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572fda6fb2c2fd140056850b | How are the total numbers of seats allocated to parties? | How are the total numbers of votes no rather seats allocated to parties? | Scottish_Parliament | The total number of seats in the Parliament are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method. For example, to determine who is awarded the first list seat, the number of list votes cast for each party is divided by one plus the number of seats the party won in the region (at this point just constituency seats). The party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat. This is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated. | {
"text": [
"proportionally to the number of votes received",
"proportionally to the number of votes received",
"proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method"
],
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5ad4d91d5b96ef001a10a384 | What does the loss of the thymus at an early age prevent? | What kind of disorders I mean to say the loss of theymus at an early age prevents what? | Immune_system | Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence. In developed countries, obesity, alcoholism, and drug use are common causes of poor immune function. However, malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries. Diets lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity, complement activity, phagocyte function, IgA antibody concentrations, and cytokine production. Additionally, the loss of the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to infection. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572ff7ab04bcaa1900d76f51 | At Millingen aan de Rijn where the Rhine splits, what does it change it's name to? | At Millingen aan de Rijn where the Waal no Rhine splits, what does it change it's name to? | Rhine | The shape of the Rhine delta is determined by two bifurcations: first, at Millingen aan de Rijn, the Rhine splits into Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal, which changes its name to Nederrijn at Angeren, and second near Arnhem, the IJssel branches off from the Nederrijn. This creates three main flows, two of which change names rather often. The largest and southern main branch begins as Waal and continues as Boven Merwede ("Upper Merwede"), Beneden Merwede ("Lower Merwede"), Noord River ("North River"), Nieuwe Maas ("New Meuse"), Het Scheur ("the Rip") and Nieuwe Waterweg ("New Waterway"). The middle flow begins as Nederrijn, then changes into Lek, then joins the Noord, thereby forming Nieuwe Maas. The northern flow keeps the name IJssel until it flows into Lake IJsselmeer. Three more flows carry significant amounts of water: the Nieuwe Merwede ("New Merwede"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Boven to Beneden Merwede; the Oude Maas ("Old Meuse"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Beneden Merwede into Noord, and Dordtse Kil, which branches off from Oude Maas. | {
"text": [
"Nederrijn at Angeren",
"Nederrijn at Angeren",
"Nederrijn at Angeren"
],
"answer_start": [
173,
173,
173
]
} |
57297bc9af94a219006aa4c9 | Trial division involves dividing n by every integer m greater than what? | Trial division involves dividing n by every integer m less than what or rather greater that what? | Prime_number | The most basic method of checking the primality of a given integer n is called trial division. This routine consists of dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n. If the result of any of these divisions is an integer, then n is not a prime, otherwise it is a prime. Indeed, if is composite (with a and b ≠ 1) then one of the factors a or b is necessarily at most . For example, for , the trial divisions are by m = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. None of these numbers divides 37, so 37 is prime. This routine can be implemented more efficiently if a complete list of primes up to is known—then trial divisions need to be checked only for those m that are prime. For example, to check the primality of 37, only three divisions are necessary (m = 2, 3, and 5), given that 4 and 6 are composite. | {
"text": [
"greater than 1",
"1",
"1",
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"1"
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154,
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572a0c541d046914007796f4 | What political leaning does the Cato Institute have? | What political leaning does the CBO I mean the Cato Institute have? | Economic_inequality | Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the measure of inequality, and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US. Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that "the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality," and consumption is more important than income. According to Johnson, Smeeding, and Tory, consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986. The debate is summarized in "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor" by journalist Thomas B. Edsall. Other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality, and the CBO's study found consumption data not "adequately" capturing "consumption by high-income households" as it does their income, though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income. | {
"text": [
"libertarian",
"libertarian",
"libertarian"
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261,
261,
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5a582cfa770dc0001aef0014 | What did Charles Darwin publish in 1830? | Who did What did Charles Darwin publish in 1830? | Geology | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring today. In contrast, catastrophism is the theory that Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter. Though Hutton believed in uniformitarianism, the idea was not widely accepted at the time. | {
"text": [],
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5ad40762604f3c001a3ffe98 | What type of practices did the Yuan introduce in government? | What religion or oh what type of practices did the Yuan introduce in government? | Yuan_dynasty | Western musical instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to Islam, by Muslims of Central Asia, of growing numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest. Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration. Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism) flourished, although Taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government. Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the Classics, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society. Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad4d2855b96ef001a10a1dc | What is the axis of Vistula which divides it into two parts? | What is the axis of Warsaw no Vistula which divides it into two parts? | Warsaw | Warsaw is located on two main geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces. The Vistula River is the specific axis of Warsaw, which divides the city into two parts, left and right. The left one is situated both on the moraine plateau (10 to 25 m (32.8 to 82.0 ft) above Vistula level) and on the Vistula terraces (max. 6.5 m (21.3 ft) above Vistula level). The significant element of the relief, in this part of Warsaw, is the edge of moraine plateau called Warsaw Escarpment. It is 20 to 25 m (65.6 to 82.0 ft) high in the Old Town and Central district and about 10 m (32.8 ft) in the north and south of Warsaw. It goes through the city and plays an important role as a landmark. | {
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5a3e4e57378766001a002566 | Who do states and governments often work in lockstep with? | When do excuse me Who do states and governments often work in lockstep with? | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC process on climate change and its efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global warming). In case of the Ozone depletion global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol has been successful, in case of Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol failed. The Ozone case was used to assess the efficiency of the IPCC process. The lockstep situation of the IPCC is having built a broad science consensus while states and governments still follow different, if not opposing goals. The underlying linear model of policy-making of more knowledge we have, the better the political response will be is being doubted. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5733d68ed058e614000b6381 | Where were populations centered in colonies? | Where did British soldiers live or rather where were populations centered in the colonies? | French_and_Indian_War | British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent, from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south. Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west, as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time their provincial charters were granted. While their population centers were along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior. Nova Scotia, which had been captured from France in 1713, still had a significant French-speaking population. Britain also claimed Rupert's Land, where the Hudson's Bay Company traded for furs with local tribes. | {
"text": [
"along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior",
"along the coast",
"along the coast",
"along the coast",
"along the coast"
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426,
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57332f81d058e614000b577a | What list was Warsaw's Old Town inscribed onto in 1980? | What building pardon no I mean list was Warsaw's Old Town inscribed onto in 1980? | Warsaw | After World War II, under a Communist regime set up by the conquering Soviets, the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign was initiated, and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the housing shortage, along with other typical buildings of an Eastern Bloc city, such as the Palace of Culture and Science, a gift from the Soviet Union. The city resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of political and economic life. Many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches were restored to their original form. In 1980, Warsaw's historic Old Town was inscribed onto UNESCO's World Heritage list. | {
"text": [
"UNESCO's World Heritage list",
"UNESCO's World Heritage",
"UNESCO's World Heritage"
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"answer_start": [
612,
612,
612
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572faf74b2c2fd1400568347 | Where was Parliament's temporary home whilst the permanent building was being built? | Where was Parliament's temporary home whilst the parliament was in its temporary building ahem the permanent building was being built? | Scottish_Parliament | Whilst the permanent building at Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. Official photographs and television interviews were held in the courtyard adjoining the Assembly Hall, which is part of the School of Divinity of the University of Edinburgh. This building was vacated twice to allow for the meeting of the Church's General Assembly. In May 2000, the Parliament was temporarily relocated to the former Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow, and to the University of Aberdeen in May 2002. | {
"text": [
"General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland",
"General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland",
"the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland"
],
"answer_start": [
105,
105,
101
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} |
572a13841d0469140077973f | What does Piketty feel was the biggest factors in reducing inequality between 1914 to 1945? | What does Piketty feel was the biggest factors in reducing inequality between 1914 to 1948 no rather 1945? | Economic_inequality | Studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states that with economic development, inequality first increases, then decreases. Economist Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and "violent economic and political shocks" reduced inequality. Moreover, Piketty argues that the "magical" Kuznets curve hypothesis, with its emphasis on the balancing of economic growth in the long run, cannot account for the significant increase in economic inequality throughout the developed world since the 1970s. | {
"text": [
"wars and \"violent economic and political shocks\"",
"violent economic and political shocks",
"wars and \"violent economic and political shocks\""
],
"answer_start": [
281,
291,
281
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57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6 | Who were two of Kublai's Chinese advisers? | What kind or uh who were two of Kublai's Chinese advisers? | Yuan_dynasty | The system of bureaucracy created by Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire, including that of the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists. While the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native Chinese dynasties, the Yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures. The Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties. Chinese advisers such as Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign. This government adopted the traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices, including the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs, the Privy Council (Chinese: 樞密院) to manage military affairs, and the Censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection. The actual functions of both central and local government institutions, however, showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions, due to the Mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance. Nevertheless, such a civilian bureaucracy, with the Central Secretariat as the top institution that was (directly or indirectly) responsible for most other governmental agencies (such as the traditional Chinese-style Six Ministries), was created in China. At various times another central government institution called the Department of State Affairs (Shangshu Sheng) that mainly dealt with finance was established (such as during the reign of Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong), but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards. | {
"text": [
"Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu",
"Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu",
"Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu"
],
"answer_start": [
565,
565,
565
]
} |
5ad041c477cf76001a686f0e | Before the statement is delivered, who is questioned? | Before the cabinet can deliver dang it before the statement is delivered, who is questioned? | Scottish_Parliament | Several procedures enable the Scottish Parliament to scrutinise the Government. The First Minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question. For example, at the beginning of each parliamentary year, the First Minister delivers a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year. After the statement has been delivered, the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister on issues related to the substance of the statement. | {
"text": [],
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5a67978ef038b7001ab0c308 | What kind of diploma is given when graduating from a Sonderungsverbot? | What do er uh what kind of diploma is given when graduating from a Sonderungsverbot? | Private_school | Ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools, which are run by private individuals, private organizations or religious groups. These schools offer the same types of diplomas as public schools. Ersatzschulen lack the freedom to operate completely outside of government regulation. Teachers at Ersatzschulen must have at least the same education and at least the same wages as teachers at public schools, an Ersatzschule must have at least the same academic standards as a public school and Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz, also forbids segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents (the so-called Sonderungsverbot). Therefore, most Ersatzschulen have very low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships, compared to most other Western European countries. However, it is not possible to finance these schools with such low tuition fees, which is why all German Ersatzschulen are additionally financed with public funds. The percentages of public money could reach 100% of the personnel expenditures. Nevertheless, Private Schools became insolvent in the past in Germany. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57264586f1498d1400e8dac8 | Who else did DATNET 1 refer to | #VALUE! | Packet_switching | Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom (now known as KPN). Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041), the name also referred to the public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049). And because the main Videotex service used the network and modified PAD devices as infrastructure the name Datanet 1 was used for these services as well. Although this use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion. | {
"text": [
"public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049",
"the public PAD service Telepad",
"public PAD service Telepad"
],
"answer_start": [
258,
254,
258
]
} |
5acfe78477cf76001a6863e7 | What did some of the Islamist groups supported by the East later become to be seen as? | What did some of the Islamist groups supported by the West rather East later become to be seen as? | Islamism | During the 1970s and sometimes later, Western and pro-Western governments often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies. Islamists were considered by Western governments bulwarks against—what were thought to be at the time—more dangerous leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition, which Islamists were correctly seen as opposing. The US spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the Soviet Union, and non-Afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige, "experience, ideology, and weapons", and had considerable impact. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
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5acfe99177cf76001a686456 | What is the French translation of tawhid? | What did Maududi mean by Islamic revolution or what is the French translation of tawhid? | Islamism | Maududi also believed that Muslim society could not be Islamic without Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state. This state should be a "theo-democracy," based on the principles of: tawhid (unity of God), risala (prophethood) and khilafa (caliphate). Although Maududi talked about Islamic revolution, by "revolution" he meant not the violence or populist policies of the Iranian Revolution, but the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or da'wah. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572756265951b619008f8871 | What is the upper range of annual fees for non-boarding students in British public schools? | What is the highest range of annual fees for non-boarding students in British public schools? | Private_school | Private schools generally prefer to be called independent schools, because of their freedom to operate outside of government and local government control. Some of these are also known as public schools. Preparatory schools in the UK prepare pupils aged up to 13 years old to enter public schools. The name "public school" is based on the fact that the schools were open to pupils from anywhere, and not merely to those from a certain locality, and of any religion or occupation. According to The Good Schools Guide approximately 9 per cent of children being educated in the UK are doing so at fee-paying schools at GSCE level and 13 per cent at A-level.[citation needed] Many independent schools are single-sex (though this is becoming less common). Fees range from under £3,000 to £21,000 and above per year for day pupils, rising to £27,000+ per year for boarders. For details in Scotland, see "Meeting the Cost". | {
"text": [
"£21,000",
"£21,000",
"£21,000"
],
"answer_start": [
782,
782,
782
]
} |
5a8944653b2508001a72a57a | What does the word component generally suggest? | What is an no actually what does the word component generally suggest? | Prime_number | The concept of prime number is so important that it has been generalized in different ways in various branches of mathematics. Generally, "prime" indicates minimality or indecomposability, in an appropriate sense. For example, the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0 and 1. It is either Q or the finite field with p elements, whence the name. Often a second, additional meaning is intended by using the word prime, namely that any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components. For example, in knot theory, a prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots. Any knot can be uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots. Prime models and prime 3-manifolds are other examples of this type. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1c8c34b4fb5d00187146b7 | High altitude as well as what contributes to Jacksonville's lack of cold-weather question work | Low or no make that high altitude as well as what contributes to Jacksonville's lack of cold-weather? | Jacksonville,_Florida | Like much of the south Atlantic region of the United States, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild weather during winters and hot and humid weather during summers. Seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the warmest months from May through September, while the driest months are from November through April. Due to Jacksonville's low latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny. Summers can be hot and wet, and summer thunderstorms with torrential but brief downpours are common. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572995d46aef051400154fea | According to Wilson's theorem, what factorial must be divisible by p if some integer p > 1 is to be considered prime? | According to Giuga um uh Wilson's theorem, what factorial must be divisible by p if some integer p > 1 is to be considered prime? | Prime_number | Giuga's conjecture says that this equation is also a sufficient condition for p to be prime. Another consequence of Fermat's little theorem is the following: if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always a recurring decimal, whose period is p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1. The fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q (rather than base 10) has similar effect, provided that p is not a prime factor of q. Wilson's theorem says that an integer p > 1 is prime if and only if the factorial (p − 1)! + 1 is divisible by p. Moreover, an integer n > 4 is composite if and only if (n − 1)! is divisible by n. | {
"text": [
"(p − 1)! + 1",
"(p − 1)! + 1",
"(p − 1)! + 1",
"(p − 1)! + 1",
"(p − 1)! + 1"
],
"answer_start": [
495,
495,
495,
495,
495
]
} |
57281edd3acd2414000df4ee | What was the name of the approved measure that helped cover the cost of major city projects? | When was no what was the name of the approved measure that helped cover the cost of major city projects? | Jacksonville,_Florida | When a consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan. On October 1, 1968, the governments merged to create the Consolidated City of Jacksonville. Fire, police, health & welfare, recreation, public works, and housing & urban development were all combined under the new government. In honor of the occasion, then-Mayor Hans Tanzler posed with actress Lee Meredith behind a sign marking the new border of the "Bold New City of the South" at Florida 13 and Julington Creek. The Better Jacksonville Plan, promoted as a blueprint for Jacksonville's future and approved by Jacksonville voters in 2000, authorized a half-penny sales tax. This would generate most of the revenue required for the $2.25 billion package of major projects that included road & infrastructure improvements, environmental preservation, targeted economic development and new or improved public facilities. | {
"text": [
"Better Jacksonville Plan",
"The Better Jacksonville Plan",
"The Better Jacksonville Plan"
],
"answer_start": [
496,
492,
492
]
} |
573361404776f4190066093d | When was St. John's Cathedral constructed? | When was Gunpowder Tower instead when was St. John's Cathedral constructed? | Warsaw | Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style, St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower (after 1379) and the Royal Castle Curia Maior (1407–1410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of Baryczko merchant family (1562), building called "The Negro" (early 17th century) and Salwator tenement (1632). The most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626) at Old Town. Among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are St. Hyacinth's Church (1603–1639) and Sigismund's Column (1644). | {
"text": [
"14th century",
"14th century",
"14th century"
],
"answer_start": [
168,
168,
168
]
} |
5ad268a9d7d075001a42927f | What is the delta delimited in the South by? | What is the delta delimited in the West by, oh make that the South? | Rhine | The mouth of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta. The delta is delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section. Most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gaißau, Höchst and Fußach. The natural Rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments. In the local Alemannic dialect, the singular is pronounced "Isel" and this is also the local pronunciation of Esel ("Donkey"). Many local fields have an official name containing this element. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572885c44b864d1900164a7a | Where was the Central Secretariat based? | What did the Central Secretariat no wait where was the Central Secretariat based? | Yuan_dynasty | The Central Region, consisting of present-day Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, the south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia and the Henan areas to the north of the Yellow River, was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq (modern Beijing); similarly, another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (or Xuanzheng Yuan) held administrative rule over the whole of modern-day Tibet and a part of Sichuan, Qinghai and Kashmir. | {
"text": [
"Khanbaliq",
"Khanbaliq",
"Khanbaliq"
],
"answer_start": [
306,
306,
306
]
} |
5a8241e631013a001a335363 | How many stories doe the Lavietes Pavillion have? | How many rooms ah I mean stories doe the Lavietes Pavillion have? | Harvard_University | Harvard has several athletic facilities, such as the Lavietes Pavilion, a multi-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the "MAC", serves both as the university's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for several varsity sports. The five-story building includes two cardio rooms, an Olympic-size swimming pool, a smaller pool for aquaerobics and other activities, a mezzanine, where all types of classes are held, an indoor cycling studio, three weight rooms, and a three-court gym floor to play basketball. The MAC offers personal trainers and specialty classes. It is home to Harvard volleyball, fencing and wrestling. The offices of several of the school's varsity coaches are also in the MAC. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad02a9777cf76001a686c62 | The two former deputies of Parliament are whom? | Who is elected using an open ballot or wait who are the two former deputies of Parliament? | Scottish_Parliament | After each election to the Scottish Parliament, at the beginning of each parliamentary session, Parliament elects one MSP to serve as Presiding Officer, the equivalent of the speaker (currently Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott). The Presiding Officer and deputies are elected by a secret ballot of the 129 MSPs, which is the only secret ballot conducted in the Scottish Parliament. Principally, the role of the Presiding Officer is to chair chamber proceedings and the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body. When chairing meetings of the Parliament, the Presiding Officer and his/her deputies must be politically impartial. During debates, the Presiding Officer (or the deputy) is assisted by the parliamentary clerks, who give advice on how to interpret the standing orders that govern the proceedings of meetings. A vote clerk sits in front of the Presiding Officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad3b567604f3c001a3fedb6 | How much gun powder was saved? | How much was destroyed no how much gun powder was saved? | French_and_Indian_War | Governor Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in chief (in addition to his role as governor), acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived. Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry. In the March Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder. They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison, already short on supplies. French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area, encouraging them to raid frontier settlements. This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers, with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad279e5d7d075001a4295c4 | Who demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through two consistent theories? | Who formed the universal theory of gravitation no sorry tell me who demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through two consistent theories? | Force | The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation. Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through one consistent theory of electromagnetism. In the 20th century, the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces (all except gravity) are manifestations of matter (fermions) interacting by exchanging virtual particles called gauge bosons. This standard model of particle physics posits a similarity between the forces and led scientists to predict the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces in electroweak theory subsequently confirmed by observation. The complete formulation of the standard model predicts an as yet unobserved Higgs mechanism, but observations such as neutrino oscillations indicate that the standard model is incomplete. A Grand Unified Theory allowing for the combination of the electroweak interaction with the strong force is held out as a possibility with candidate theories such as supersymmetry proposed to accommodate some of the outstanding unsolved problems in physics. Physicists are still attempting to develop self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything. Einstein tried and failed at this endeavor, but currently the most popular approach to answering this question is string theory.:212–219 | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572869b84b864d19001649b2 | Who would have been the lowest-ranked class? | What administrative division no who would have been the lowest-ranked class? | Yuan_dynasty | Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects. He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron. He restored the Imperial Secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties unchanged. However, Kublai rejected plans to revive the Confucian imperial examinations and divided Yuan society into three, later four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank. Kublai's Chinese advisers still wielded significant power in the government, but their official rank was nebulous. | {
"text": [
"Han Chinese",
"Han Chinese",
"the Han Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
601,
601,
597
]
} |
573011de04bcaa1900d770f9 | Whose ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment? | Whose ideas became increasingly radical during his renounced violence no imprisonment? | Islamism | While Qutb's ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966, the leadership of the Brotherhood, led by Hasan al-Hudaybi, remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism. Fringe or splinter movements inspired by the final writings of Qutb in the mid-1960s (particularly the manifesto Milestones, a.k.a. Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq) did, however, develop and they pursued a more radical direction. By the 1970s, the Brotherhood had renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals. | {
"text": [
"Qutb's",
"Qutb",
"Qutb's"
],
"answer_start": [
6,
6,
6
]
} |
5a582cfa770dc0001aef0015 | What did Charles Darwin successfully promote? | What did Charles Darwin successfully publicize um rather promote? | Geology | Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring today. In contrast, catastrophism is the theory that Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter. Though Hutton believed in uniformitarianism, the idea was not widely accepted at the time. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a57d668770dc0001aeefde6 | What principle helps find the difference between a normal or thrust fault? | What fault rather principle helps find the difference between a normal or thrust fault? | Geology | The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault. Finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572ff83ab2c2fd1400568683 | Where did the Meuse flow before the flood? | What year or where did the Meuse flow before the flood? | Rhine | Before the St. Elizabeth's flood (1421), the Meuse flowed just south of today's line Merwede-Oude Maas to the North Sea and formed an archipelago-like estuary with Waal and Lek. This system of numerous bays, estuary-like extended rivers, many islands and constant changes of the coastline, is hard to imagine today. From 1421 to 1904, the Meuse and Waal merged further upstream at Gorinchem to form Merwede. For flood protection reasons, the Meuse was separated from the Waal through a lock and diverted into a new outlet called "Bergse Maas", then Amer and then flows into the former bay Hollands Diep. | {
"text": [
"Merwede-Oude Maas",
"Merwede-Oude Maas",
"North Sea"
],
"answer_start": [
85,
85,
110
]
} |
5ad4e4cf5b96ef001a10a588 | What antigens present differently than viral antigens? | What antigens are complexed with MHC class I molecules oops present differently than viral antigens? | Immune_system | The main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells, sometimes with the assistance of helper T cells. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens. This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells also kill tumorous cells in a similar way, especially if the tumor cells have fewer MHC class I molecules on their surface than normal; this is a common phenomenon with tumors. Sometimes antibodies are generated against tumor cells allowing for their destruction by the complement system. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57287c2bff5b5019007da26e | What has the highest impact on wealth accumulation and the resulting income inequality? | What tends or uh what has the highest impact on wealth accumulation and the resulting income inequality? | Economic_inequality | Wealth concentration is a theoretical[according to whom?] process by which, under certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities. According to this theory, those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth, thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society. Thomas Piketty in his book Capital in the Twenty-First Century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital (r) than economic growth (g), and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [pp. 384 Table 12.2, U.S. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return] | {
"text": [
"greater return of capital",
"wealth condensation",
"wealth condensation"
],
"answer_start": [
648,
423,
423
]
} |
572872822ca10214002da376 | Who were later Yuan emperors isolated from? | Who were later Kublai Khan's successors no um Yuan emperors isolated from? | Yuan_dynasty | The final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace. In time, Kublai Khan's successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese. Gradually, they lost influence in China as well. The reigns of the later Yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries. Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace, and China was torn by dissension and unrest. Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies. | {
"text": [
"both the army and the populace",
"army and the populace",
"the army and the populace"
],
"answer_start": [
455,
464,
460
]
} |
5ad2434fd7d075001a4289d9 | What did the richest 40 Americans have as children that helped them be successful adults? | What did the Institute for Policy Studies no richest 40 Americans have as children that helped them be successful adults? | Economic_inequality | According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans "have more wealth than half of all Americans combined." According to the New York Times on July 22, 2014, the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent". Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start". In September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies, "over 60 percent" of the Forbes richest 400 Americans "grew up in substantial privilege". | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572982e66aef051400154f94 | the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, what was the prize for finding a prime with at least 10 million digits? | In what year the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, what was the prize for finding a prime with at least 10 million digits? | Prime_number | The following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types. Some of these primes have been found using distributed computing. In 2009, the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search project was awarded a US$100,000 prize for first discovering a prime with at least 10 million digits. The Electronic Frontier Foundation also offers $150,000 and $250,000 for primes with at least 100 million digits and 1 billion digits, respectively. Some of the largest primes not known to have any particular form (that is, no simple formula such as that of Mersenne primes) have been found by taking a piece of semi-random binary data, converting it to a number n, multiplying it by 256k for some positive integer k, and searching for possible primes within the interval [256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) − 1].[citation needed] | {
"text": [
"US$100,000",
"US$100,000",
"US$100,000",
"$100,000",
"US$100,000"
],
"answer_start": [
213,
213,
213,
215,
213
]
} |
57263ea0271a42140099d7c3 | What is DECnet | Why does no what does DECnet stand for? | Packet_switching | DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers. It evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux. | {
"text": [
"a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation",
"a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation",
"suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation"
],
"answer_start": [
10,
10,
12
]
} |
5a665002846392001a1e1ab4 | What else does an agency have a relationship with under the civil disobedience definition? | What else does an agency have a relationship with under the constitutional impasse I mean civil disobedience definition? | Civil_disobedience | Civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict. For instance, if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country's highest court, it would not be civil disobedience, since the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57379829c3c5551400e51f3d | What does the W and Z boson exchange create? | What does the Big Bang oh no the W and Z boson exchange create? | Force | The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang. | {
"text": [
"weak force",
"weak force",
"weak force",
"weak force"
],
"answer_start": [
4,
4,
4,
4
]
} |
5a7b402121c2de001afe9e10 | Asians represent what fraction of Hmong? | How many people, uh no, Asians represent what fraction of Hmong? | Fresno,_California | As of the census of 2000, there were 427,652 people, 140,079 households, and 97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km²). There were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles (3,698 km2). The racial makeup of the city was 50.2% White, 8.4% Black or African American, 1.6% Native American, 11.2% Asian (about a third of which is Hmong), 0.1% Pacific Islander, 23.4% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39.9% of the population. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad4bcc45b96ef001a109e9d | What is FMCG's economy characterized by? | What is BPO oh no instead FMCG's economy characterized by? | Warsaw | In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central Europe. Today Warsaw is considered an "Alpha–" global city, a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Warsaw's economy, by a wide variety of industries, is characterised by FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing. The city is a significant centre of research and development, BPO, ITO, as well as of the Polish media industry. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is one of the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security, has its headquarters in Warsaw. It has been said that Warsaw, together with Frankfurt, London, Paris and Barcelona is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the European Union. Warsaw has also been called "Eastern Europe’s chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and serious restaurants". | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5acfeae177cf76001a68649f | Mohammad Iqbal was what type of enemy to the State of Pakistan? | Mohammad Iqbal was what type of enemy to the Iranian Revolution no the State of Pakistan? | Islamism | The views of Ali Shariati, ideologue of the Iranian Revolution, had resemblance with Mohammad Iqbal, ideological father of the State of Pakistan, but Khomeini's beliefs is perceived to be placed somewhere between beliefs of Sunni Islamic thinkers like Mawdudi and Qutb. He believed that complete imitation of the Prophet Mohammad and his successors such as Ali for restoration of Sharia law was essential to Islam, that many secular, Westernizing Muslims were actually agents of the West serving Western interests, and that the acts such as "plundering" of Muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against Islam by the Western governments. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a1c60f0b4fb5d0018714612 | What are some of the minor factors in the local economy? | What are some of the major no minor factors in the local economy? | Jacksonville,_Florida | Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port. Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay form the third largest military presence in the United States. Significant factors in the local economy include services such as banking, insurance, healthcare and logistics. As with much of Florida, tourism is also important to the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf. People from Jacksonville may be called "Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons" (also spelled "Jaxons"). | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5733faaf4776f41900661631 | What proposed attacks did Shirley plan? | Who or no make that what proposed attacks did Shirley plan? | French_and_Indian_War | Following the death of Braddock, William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America. At a meeting in Albany in December 1755, he laid out his plans for 1756. In addition to renewing the efforts to capture Niagara, Crown Point and Duquesne, he proposed attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec. Bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others, including William Johnson and New York's Governor Sir Charles Hardy, Shirley's plan had little support. | {
"text": [
"capture Niagara, Crown Point and Duquesne, he proposed attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario",
"Fort Frontenac",
"Fort Frontenac",
"Fort Frontenac",
"Fort Frontenac"
],
"answer_start": [
213,
279,
279,
279,
279
]
} |
5a1c861fb4fb5d0018714655 | When was the fire that destroyed 146 buildings in Jacksonville? | When was the Confederate Monument in Hemming Park no fire that destroyed 146 buildings in Jacksonville? | Jacksonville,_Florida | On May 3, 1901, downtown Jacksonville was ravaged by a fire that started as a kitchen fire. Spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabling the fire to spread rapidly. In just eight hours, it swept through 146 city blocks, destroyed over 2,000 buildings, left about 10,000 homeless and killed 7 residents. The Confederate Monument in Hemming Park was one of the only landmarks to survive the fire. Governor Jennings declare martial law and sent the state militia to maintain order. On May 17 municipal authority resumed in Jacksonville. It is said the glow from the flames could be seen in Savannah, Georgia, and the smoke plumes seen in Raleigh, North Carolina. Known as the "Great Fire of 1901", it was one of the worst disasters in Florida history and the largest urban fire in the southeastern United States. Architect Henry John Klutho was a primary figure in the reconstruction of the city. The first multi-story structure built by Klutho was the Dyal-Upchurch Building in 1902. The St. James Building, built on the previous site of the St. James Hotel that burned down, was built in 1912 as Klutho's crowning achievement. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5728683b3acd2414000df9af | In what month is the university's scavenger hunt? | In what month is the teams uh ok instead university's scavenger hunt? | University_of_Chicago | Every May since 1987, the University of Chicago has held the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt, in which large teams of students compete to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list. Since 1963, the Festival of the Arts (FOTA) takes over campus for 7–10 days of exhibitions and interactive artistic endeavors. Every January, the university holds a week-long winter festival, Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko, which include early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops. The university also annually holds a summer carnival and concert called Summer Breeze that hosts outside musicians, and is home to Doc Films, a student film society founded in 1932 that screens films nightly at the university. Since 1946, the university has organized the Latke-Hamantash Debate, which involves humorous discussions about the relative merits and meanings of latkes and hamantashen. | {
"text": [
"May",
"May",
"May"
],
"answer_start": [
6,
6,
6
]
} |
5733f309d058e614000b6648 | Upon learning of a French scounting party in the area, what did Washington do? | Upon learning of a French scounting party in the area, what did Duquesne or wait Washington do? | French_and_Indian_War | After Washington had returned to Williamsburg, Dinwiddie ordered him to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work. While en route, Washington learned of Trent's retreat. Since Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British, Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with the Mingo leader. Learning of a French scouting party in the area, Washington, with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen. They killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk. The historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships. One of Tanaghrisson's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire. | {
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572a20816aef0514001552e5 | What is the usual form of the government's wealth redistribution? | How were some what is the usual form of the government's wealth redistribution? | Economic_inequality | Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force. However, Nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities were the result of forceful taking of property, and a certain amount of redistribution would be justified to compensate for this force but not because of the inequalities themselves. John Rawls argued in A Theory of Justice that inequalities in the distribution of wealth are only justified when they improve society as a whole, including the poorest members. Rawls does not discuss the full implications of his theory of justice. Some see Rawls's argument as a justification for capitalism since even the poorest members of society theoretically benefit from increased innovations under capitalism; others believe only a strong welfare state can satisfy Rawls's theory of justice. | {
"text": [
"taxation",
"taxation",
"taxation"
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"answer_start": [
91,
91,
91
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} |
572f57c704bcaa1900d76870 | In local Alemannic dialect, what is the the singular form of the names of the islands formed by the Rhine? | What is the delta in the Rhine delimited in the oh really in local Alemannic dialect, what is the the singular form of the names of the islands formed by the Rhine? | Rhine | The mouth of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta. The delta is delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section. Most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gaißau, Höchst and Fußach. The natural Rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments. In the local Alemannic dialect, the singular is pronounced "Isel" and this is also the local pronunciation of Esel ("Donkey"). Many local fields have an official name containing this element. | {
"text": [
"Isel",
"Isel",
"\"Isel\"",
"Isel"
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"answer_start": [
474,
474,
473,
474
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} |
5a8913713b2508001a72a4a0 | What type of behavior in chosens is it possible to determine? | What type of behavior in primes is it possible to determine or rather what type of behavior in chosens is it possible to determine? | Prime_number | There are infinitely many primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC. There is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behaviour of primes in the large, can be modelled. The first result in that direction is the prime number theorem, proven at the end of the 19th century, which says that the probability that a given, randomly chosen number n is prime is inversely proportional to its number of digits, or to the logarithm of n. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad50fe55b96ef001a10ab4d | Where is Kampinos Forest located? | Where is Masovian uh instead tell me where Kampinos Forest is located? | Warsaw | The flora of the city may be considered very rich in species. The species richness is mainly due to the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas (natural forests, wetlands along the Vistula) as well as arable land, meadows and forests. Bielany Forest, located within the borders of Warsaw, is the remaining part of the Masovian Primeval Forest. Bielany Forest nature reserve is connected with Kampinos Forest. It is home to rich fauna and flora. Within the forest there are three cycling and walking trails. Other big forest area is Kabaty Forest by the southern city border. Warsaw has also two botanic gardens: by the Łazienki park (a didactic-research unit of the University of Warsaw) as well as by the Park of Culture and Rest in Powsin (a unit of the Polish Academy of Science). | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae | When imperialism impacts social norms of a state, what is it called? | When Cultural Imperialism no just imperialism impacts social norms of a state, what is it called? | Imperialism | Cultural imperialism is when a country's influence is felt in social and cultural circles, i.e. its soft power, such that it changes the moral, cultural and societal worldview of another. This is more than just "foreign" music, television or film becoming popular with young people, but that popular culture changing their own expectations of life and their desire for their own country to become more like the foreign country depicted. For example, depictions of opulent American lifestyles in the soap opera Dallas during the Cold War changed the expectations of Romanians; a more recent example is the influence of smuggled South Korean drama series in North Korea. The importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes, fighting such influence with bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes etc. Nor is such a usage of culture recent, as part of Roman imperialism local elites would be exposed to the benefits and luxuries of Roman culture and lifestyle, with the aim that they would then become willing participants. | {
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572ff07304bcaa1900d76ef7 | Which of the tributaries in Germany contributes most? | Which of the tributaries in France, oh that's not right, Germany contributes most? | Rhine | The Rhine is the longest river in Germany. It is here that the Rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries, such as the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle, which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s). Northeastern France drains to the Rhine via the Moselle; smaller rivers drain the Vosges and Jura Mountains uplands. Most of Luxembourg and a very small part of Belgium also drain to the Rhine via the Moselle. As it approaches the Dutch border, the Rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s) and an average width of 400 m (1,300 ft). | {
"text": [
"Moselle",
"Neckar",
"Neckar"
],
"answer_start": [
160,
127,
127
]
} |
5728f7774b864d1900165132 | Antigens bind to what in order to elicit a response of the immune system? | Self molecules or no make that antigens bind to what in order to elicit a response of the immune system? | Immune_system | Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules. One class of non-self molecules are called antigens (short for antibody generators) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response. | {
"text": [
"specific immune receptors",
"receptors",
"specific immune receptors"
],
"answer_start": [
475,
491,
475
]
} |
57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f7 | What language is used in Chinese primary schools in Malaysia? | What system no language is used in Chinese primary schools in Malaysia? | Private_school | After Malaysia's independence in 1957, the government instructed all schools to surrender their properties and be assimilated into the National School system. This caused an uproar among the Chinese and a compromise was achieved in that the schools would instead become "National Type" schools. Under such a system, the government is only in charge of the school curriculum and teaching personnel while the lands still belonged to the schools. While Chinese primary schools were allowed to retain Chinese as the medium of instruction, Chinese secondary schools are required to change into English-medium schools. Over 60 schools converted to become National Type schools. | {
"text": [
"Chinese",
"Chinese",
"Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
497,
497,
497
]
} |
5728705c2ca10214002da35d | Who was thought to have killed Tugh Temur? | Who was thought to take the throne after Kusala's death no to have killed Tugh Temur? | Yuan_dynasty | When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328, Tugh Temür was recalled to Khanbaliq by the Qipchaq commander El Temür. He was installed as the emperor (Emperor Wenzong) in Khanbaliq, while Yesün Temür's son Ragibagh succeeded to the throne in Shangdu with the support of Yesün Temür's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah. Gaining support from princes and officers in Northern China and some other parts of the dynasty, Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the War of the Two Capitals. Afterwards, Tugh Temür abdicated in favour of his brother Kusala, who was backed by Chagatai Khan Eljigidey, and announced Khanbaliq's intent to welcome him. However, Kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with Tugh Temür. He was supposedly killed with poison by El Temür, and Tugh Temür then remounted the throne. Tugh Temür also managed to send delegates to the western Mongol khanates such as Golden Horde and Ilkhanate to be accepted as the suzerain of Mongol world. However, he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official El Temür during his latter three-year reign. El Temür purged pro-Kusala officials and brought power to warlords, whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty. | {
"text": [
"El Temür",
"El Temür"
],
"answer_start": [
795,
795
]
} |
5ad4d91d5b96ef001a10a383 | What do diets with too much protein cause? | What do diets with diminished no um too much protein cause? | Immune_system | Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence. In developed countries, obesity, alcoholism, and drug use are common causes of poor immune function. However, malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries. Diets lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity, complement activity, phagocyte function, IgA antibody concentrations, and cytokine production. Additionally, the loss of the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to infection. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5728fc9e1d04691400778f12 | When the law is a direct target of the protest, what is this called? | What is violating no When the law is a direct target of the protest, what is this called? | Civil_disobedience | Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience: "Indirect civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the object of protest, whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence of a particular law by breaking that law." During the Vietnam War, courts typically refused to excuse the perpetrators of illegal protests from punishment on the basis of their challenging the legality of the Vietnam War; the courts ruled it was a political question. The necessity defense has sometimes been used as a shadow defense by civil disobedients to deny guilt without denouncing their politically motivated acts, and to present their political beliefs in the courtroom. However, court cases such as U.S. v. Schoon have greatly curtailed the availability of the political necessity defense. Likewise, when Carter Wentworth was charged for his role in the Clamshell Alliance's 1977 illegal occupation of the Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant, the judge instructed the jury to disregard his competing harms defense, and he was found guilty. Fully Informed Jury Association activists have sometimes handed out educational leaflets inside courthouses despite admonitions not to; according to FIJA, many of them have escaped prosecution because "prosecutors have reasoned (correctly) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters, the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence." | {
"text": [
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"direct civil disobedience",
"direct civil disobedience",
"direct civil disobedience",
"direct civil disobedience"
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"answer_start": [
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174,
174,
174
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} |
5a7b093b21c2de001afe9d0b | What is the Pacific Southwest Building currently known as? | Which one of Fresno's hotels make that the Pacific Southwest Building currently known as what? | Fresno,_California | Between the 1880s and World War II, Downtown Fresno flourished, filled with electric Street Cars, and contained some of the San Joaquin Valley's most beautiful architectural buildings. Among them, the original Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Water Tower, the Bank of Italy Building, the Pacific Southwest Building, the San Joaquin Light & Power Building (currently known as the Grand 1401), and the Hughes Hotel (burned down), to name a few. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a83894de60761001a2eb78d | What does the large pharynx do in the Beroe when its not feeding? | What does the, oh actually, what does the large pharynx do in the Beroe when its not feeding? | Ctenophora | The Beroida, also known as Nuda, have no feeding appendages, but their large pharynx, just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body, bears "macrocilia" at the oral end. These fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to "bite" off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow whole – almost always other ctenophores. In front of the field of macrocilia, on the mouth "lips" in some species of Beroe, is a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that "zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding, by forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip. This tight closure streamlines the front of the animal when it is pursuing prey. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad026a777cf76001a686bc8 | Demand for a Scottish Parliament declined in what year? | What year was the Scottish Constitutional Convention held no wait tell me the year when demand for a Scottish Parliament declined? | Scottish_Parliament | Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, demand for a Scottish Parliament grew, in part because the government of the United Kingdom was controlled by the Conservative Party, while Scotland itself elected relatively few Conservative MPs. In the aftermath of the 1979 referendum defeat, the Campaign for a Scottish Assembly was initiated as a pressure group, leading to the 1989 Scottish Constitutional Convention with various organisations such as Scottish churches, political parties and representatives of industry taking part. Publishing its blueprint for devolution in 1995, the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
572a1dbb3f37b319004786f5 | How are the certain costs which are difficult to avoid shared? | What are or rather how are the certain costs which are difficult to avoid shared? | Economic_inequality | Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the costs of housing, pensions, education and health care. If the state does not provide these services, then for those on lower incomes, the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to manage their finances. Secondly, aspirational consumption describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts and one method of achieving this aspiration is by taking on debt. The result leads to even greater inequality and potential economic instability. | {
"text": [
"by everyone",
"by everyone"
],
"answer_start": [
61,
61
]
} |
5726ea985951b619008f8263 | What are some large pharmacy management companies? | Which or rather what are some large pharmacy management companies? | Pharmacy | Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings. Traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners, though in the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica). This trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients, primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services. | {
"text": [
"Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica",
"Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica",
"Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica"
],
"answer_start": [
463,
463,
463
]
} |
5727c69d3acd2414000dec14 | In what year did Harvard and Radcliffe admissions merge? | When did or no rather in what year did Harvard and Radcliffe admissions merge? | Harvard_University | Women remained segregated at Radcliffe, though more and more took Harvard classes. Nonetheless, Harvard's undergraduate population remained predominantly male, with about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe. Following the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe admissions in 1977, the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States. Harvard's graduate schools, which had accepted females and other groups in greater numbers even before the college, also became more diverse in the post-World War II period. | {
"text": [
"1977",
"1977",
"1977"
],
"answer_start": [
305,
305,
305
]
} |
5728284e3acd2414000df5d1 | What year did the the case go before the supreme court? | When was no what year did the the case go before the supreme court? | Civil_disobedience | In cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech, civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech. An example would be WBAI's broadcasting the track "Filthy Words" from a George Carlin comedy album, which eventually led to the 1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation. Threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies. For example, Joseph Haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors stating, "Wise up or die." | {
"text": [
"1978",
"1978",
"1978",
"1978",
"1978"
],
"answer_start": [
260,
260,
260,
260,
260
]
} |
572944e03f37b319004781e5 | What problem did some tree ring data have? | What problem did some graphs showing 12 proxy based temperature what problem did some tree ring data have? | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al. 1998 and Briffa 2000 had both been calibrated by newer studies. In addition, analysis of the Medieval Warm Period cited reconstructions by Crowley & Lowery 2000 (as cited in the TAR) and Osborn & Briffa 2006. Ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer. Most reconstructions shared some data series, particularly tree ring data, but newer reconstructions used additional data and covered a wider area, using a variety of statistical methods. The section discussed the divergence problem affecting certain tree ring data. | {
"text": [
"divergence",
"divergence problem",
"divergence"
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"answer_start": [
740,
740,
740
]
} |
5727cebc2ca10214002d96f3 | When was the color crimson adopted at Harvard as official color? | When was the color crimson distinguished at Harvard as official color no adopted? | Harvard_University | Harvard's 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors instruct 7,200 undergraduates and 14,000 graduate students. The school color is crimson, which is also the name of the Harvard sports teams and the daily newspaper, The Harvard Crimson. The color was unofficially adopted (in preference to magenta) by an 1875 vote of the student body, although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858, when Charles William Eliot, a young graduate student who would later become Harvard's 21st and longest-serving president (1869–1909), bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta. | {
"text": [
"1875",
"1875",
"1875"
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"answer_start": [
309,
309,
309
]
} |
5a667f50846392001a1e1c6a | Who did Davies tell about Baran's work? | Who developed the same technology as Baran no sorry tell me who Davies told about Baran's work? | Packet_switching | Starting in 1965, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK. He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, after which a person from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) told him about Baran's work. A member of Davies' team (Roger Scantlebury) met Lawrence Roberts at the 1967 ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles and suggested it for use in the ARPANET. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57377ec7c3c5551400e51f07 | What is more fundamental than force in quanton field theory? | Which is or no rather what is more fundamental than force in quantum field theory? | Force | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force. Thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be "fundamental interactions".:199–128 When particle A emits (creates) or absorbs (annihilates) virtual particle B, a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle A making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles A A' exchanging by B. This description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions. While sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict, in full detail, the accurate result of such interactions, there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of Feynman diagrams. In a Feynman diagram, each matter particle is represented as a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram. Matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the Feynman diagram. World lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices, and the Feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines. Gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and, in the case of virtual particle exchange, are absorbed at an adjacent vertex. | {
"text": [
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"conservation of momentum",
"conservation of momentum",
"the currently known fundamental forces"
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"answer_start": [
409,
409,
409,
580
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} |
5ad031cf77cf76001a686deb | Other member do not normally contribute to what? | What debate lasts for 55 minutes no forget that and tell me what other members do not normally contribute to? | Scottish_Parliament | Immediately after Decision Time a "Members Debate" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes. Members Business is a debate on a motion proposed by an MSP who is not a Scottish minister. Such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time. As well as the proposer, other members normally contribute to the debate. The relevant minister, whose department the debate and motion relate to "winds up" the debate by speaking after all other participants. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5729d609af94a219006aa661 | What do capitalist firms substitute equipment for in a Marxian analysis? | In Marxian analysis, capitalist firms substitute capital equipment for what kind of inputs? | Economic_inequality | In Marxian analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits. Over the long-term, this trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment (the "reserve army of labour"). This process exerts a downward pressure on wages. The substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class. | {
"text": [
"labor inputs",
"labor inputs (workers)",
"labor inputs"
],
"answer_start": [
84,
84,
84
]
} |
572ff430a23a5019007fcbad | How wide is the Rhine in Germany? | How wide is the Rhine in France no no Germany? | Rhine | The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia. Its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized, in particular the agglomerations Cologne, Düsseldorf and Ruhr area. Here the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in Germany, the Rhine-Ruhr region. One of the most important cities in this region is Duisburg with the largest river port in Europe (Duisport). The region downstream of Duisburg is more agricultural. In Wesel, 30 km downstream of Duisburg, is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route, the Wesel-Datteln Canal, which runs parallel to the Lippe. Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in Germany, crosses the 400 m wide river. Near Krefeld, the river crosses the Uerdingen line, the line which separates the areas where Low German and High German are spoken. | {
"text": [
"400 m wide",
"400 m",
"400 m"
],
"answer_start": [
711,
711,
711
]
} |
5729727baf94a219006aa43b | What is the name of one algebraic generalization prime numbers have inspired? | What is the name of one algebraic generalization conjecture no um prime numbers have inspired? | Prime_number | Many questions regarding prime numbers remain open, such as Goldbach's conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes), and the twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2). Such questions spurred the development of various branches of number theory, focusing on analytic or algebraic aspects of numbers. Primes are used in several routines in information technology, such as public-key cryptography, which makes use of properties such as the difficulty of factoring large numbers into their prime factors. Prime numbers give rise to various generalizations in other mathematical domains, mainly algebra, such as prime elements and prime ideals. | {
"text": [
"prime ideals",
"prime elements",
"prime elements",
"prime elements"
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"answer_start": [
726,
707,
707,
707
]
} |
5ad278add7d075001a429572 | In which century was the Grand Canal d'Alsace ended? | What carries er in which century was the Grand Canal d'Alsace ended? | Rhine | The Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century. The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly. Dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply. On the French side, the Grand Canal d'Alsace was dug, which carries a significant part of the river water, and all of the traffic. In some places, there are large compensation pools, for example the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5a67a492f038b7001ab0c3c4 | How is St Andrew's College run? | How is King's College instead tell me how St Andrew's College is run? | Private_school | Private schools are often Anglican, such as King's College and Diocesan School for Girls in Auckland, St Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and St Margaret's College in Christchurch; or Presbyterian, such as Saint Kentigern College and St Cuthbert's College in Auckland, Scots College and Queen Margaret College in Wellington, and St Andrew's College and Rangi Ruru Girls' School in Christchurch. Academic Colleges Group is a recent group of private schools run as a business, with schools throughout Auckland, including ACG Senior College in Auckland’s CBD, ACG Parnell College in Parnell, and international school ACG New Zealand International College. There are three private schools (including the secondary school, St Dominic's College) operated by the Catholic schismatic group, the Society of St Pius X in Wanganui. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5ad4a682ba00c4001a268ecd | What do self molecules bind to? | What happens or first what do self molecules bind to? | Immune_system | Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules. One class of non-self molecules are called antigens (short for antibody generators) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
57268527708984140094c8c2 | What was the main idea of James Hutton's paper? | What was the core I meant the main idea of James Hutton's paper? | Geology | James Hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist. In 1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his paper, he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea, which in turn were raised up to become dry land. Hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in 1795 (Vol. 1, Vol. 2). | {
"text": [
"Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed",
"Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed",
"the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed"
],
"answer_start": [
200,
200,
196
]
} |
57274d9bf1498d1400e8f5f8 | What language is used in Chinese secondary schools in Malaysia? | What government is used in Chinese secondary schools in Malaysia no I meant language? | Private_school | After Malaysia's independence in 1957, the government instructed all schools to surrender their properties and be assimilated into the National School system. This caused an uproar among the Chinese and a compromise was achieved in that the schools would instead become "National Type" schools. Under such a system, the government is only in charge of the school curriculum and teaching personnel while the lands still belonged to the schools. While Chinese primary schools were allowed to retain Chinese as the medium of instruction, Chinese secondary schools are required to change into English-medium schools. Over 60 schools converted to become National Type schools. | {
"text": [
"English",
"English",
"English"
],
"answer_start": [
589,
589,
589
]
} |
5acf879f77cf76001a68511d | When were plans for the Harris Friedman Institute announced? | When did the university so sorry when were plans for the Harris Friedman Institute announced? | University_of_Chicago | From the mid-2000s, the university began a number of multimillion-dollar expansion projects. In 2008, the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the Milton Friedman Institute which attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students. The institute will cost around $200 million and occupy the buildings of the Chicago Theological Seminary. During the same year, investor David G. Booth donated $300 million to the university's Booth School of Business, which is the largest gift in the university's history and the largest gift ever to any business school. In 2009, planning or construction on several new buildings, half of which cost $100 million or more, was underway. Since 2011, major construction projects have included the Jules and Gwen Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, a ten-story medical research center, and further additions to the medical campus of the University of Chicago Medical Center. In 2014 the University launched the public phase of a $4.5 billion fundraising campaign. In September 2015, the University received $100 million from The Pearson Family Foundation to establish The Pearson Institute for the Study and Resolution of Global Conflicts and The Pearson Global Forum at the Harris School of Public Policy Studies. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5729da0faf94a219006aa675 | What does many workers willing to work for a lot of time competing for a job that only requires a few workers result in? | How does uh what does many workers willing to work for a lot of time competing for a job that only requires a few workers result in? | Economic_inequality | A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) will result in a low wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service. Competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions (high demand), will result in high wages for that job. This is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage. Examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills, rare abilities, or a high level of risk. Competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job, since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position. Professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members. Members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption. | {
"text": [
"low wage",
"competition",
"low wage"
],
"answer_start": [
155,
194,
155
]
} |
572871bd3acd2414000dfa04 | What Chinese-style name did Rinchinbal use? | Which or no make that what Chinese-style name did Rinchinbal use? | Yuan_dynasty | After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequent death of Rinchinbal (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Toghun Temür (Emperor Huizong), the last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan, was summoned back from Guangxi and succeeded to the throne. After El Temür's death, Bayan became as powerful an official as El Temür had been in the beginning of his long reign. As Toghun Temür grew, he came to disapprove of Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied himself with Bayan's nephew Toqto'a, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan by coup. With the dismissal of Bayan, Toghtogha seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. He also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345. Yet, Toghtogha resigned his office with the approval of Toghun Temür, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349. | {
"text": [
"Emperor Ningzong",
"Emperor Ningzong",
"Emperor Ningzong"
],
"answer_start": [
74,
74,
74
]
} |
5ad03a8a77cf76001a686e84 | Who besides Woodrow Wilson himself did not have the idea for the inquiry? | Who besides Bowman no make that Woodrow Wilson did not have the idea for the inquiry? | Imperialism | One key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as American Empire, was a geographer named Isiah Bowman. Bowman was the director of the American Geographical Society in 1914. Three years later in 1917, he was appointed to then President Woodrow Wilson's inquiry in 1917. The inquiry was the idea of President Wilson and the American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference. The point of this inquiry was to build a premise that would allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order. As a result of his role in the inquiry, Isiah Bowman would come to be known as Wilson's geographer. | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
5727b8df3acd2414000dea9a | What liberal succeeded Joseph Willard as president? | What no sorry which liberal succeeded Joseph Willard as president? | Harvard_University | Throughout the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas of the power of reason and free will became widespread among Congregationalist ministers, putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist, Calvinist parties.:1–4 When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, a struggle broke out over their replacements. Henry Ware was elected to the chair in 1805, and the liberal Samuel Webber was appointed to the presidency of Harvard two years later, which signaled the changing of the tide from the dominance of traditional ideas at Harvard to the dominance of liberal, Arminian ideas (defined by traditionalists as Unitarian ideas).:4–5:24 | {
"text": [
"Samuel Webber",
"Samuel Webber",
"Samuel Webber"
],
"answer_start": [
490,
490,
490
]
} |
5729e02f1d0469140077963c | What index is an indicator of the effects of taxes applied to social spending? | What system or maybe the word is like index is an indicator of the effects of taxes applied to social spending? | Economic_inequality | Another cause is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system. A progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases. In a progressive tax system, the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society, either increasing it or decreasing it, provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime. Additionally, steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board. The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation. | {
"text": [
"the Gini index",
"Gini",
"Gini"
],
"answer_start": [
671,
613,
613
]
} |
57293e983f37b3190047818f | How much did the statement predict global surface temperature would increase by 2100? | How much did the statement predict global surface temperature would increase by 2001 no 2100? | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In 2001, 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Canada, the Caribbean Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the French Academy of Sciences, the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina, the Indian National Science Academy, the Indonesian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Irish Academy, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Italy), the Academy of Sciences Malaysia, the Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society (UK). The statement, also published as an editorial in the journal Science, stated "we support the [TAR's] conclusion that it is at least 90% certain that temperatures will continue to rise, with average global surface temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels by 2100". The TAR has also been endorsed by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, and European Geosciences Union (refer to "Endorsements of the IPCC"). | {
"text": [
"between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels",
"1.4 and 5.8 °C",
"between 1.4 and 5.8 °C"
],
"answer_start": [
976,
984,
976
]
} |
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