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[ "Rudy Van Gelder", "Early career" ]

[ "Van Gelder is a Dutch toponymic surname meaning \"from/of Guelders\", a county and later duchy in the Low Countries. People with the name include:\n\nAnna van Gelder (1614–1687), wife of the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter\nArne Van Gelder (born 1997), Belgian acrobatic gymnast\nCornelia van Gelder (1904–1969), Dutch swimmer\nDavid van Gelder (born 1940), Israeli fencer\nDora van Gelder (1904–1999), Dutch-born American writer, psychic, alternative healer\nEdwin van Gelder (born 1978), Dutch graphic designer and art director\nGeert Jan van Gelder (born 1947), Dutch Arabist\nGordon Van Gelder (born 1966), American science fiction editor\nHendrik Arend van Gelder (1825–1899), Dutch Mennonite teacher and minister\nJ.H. van Gelder (1887–1969), Dutch pediatrician and art collector\nJack van Gelder (born 1950), Dutch sports commentator and television presenter\nJan Gerrit van Gelder (1903–1980), Dutch art historian\nJulie Van Gelder (born 1993), Belgian acrobatic gymnast\nLawrence Van Gelder (1933–2016), American journalist and magazine editor\nLeslie Van Gelder (born 1969), American archaeologist and writer\n (1872-1943), Dutch impresario\nMax van Gelder (1924–2019), Dutch water polo player\nNicolaes van Gelder (1636–1676), Dutch still life painter\nPeter van Gelder (born 1940), sitarist and educator\nRichard Van Gelder (1928–1994), American mammalogist and museum curator\nRudy Van Gelder (1924–2016), American music recording engineer\nTim van Gelder (born 1960s), Australian software engineer\nTinus van Gelder (1911–1991), Dutch track cyclist\nYuri van Gelder (born 1983), Dutch gymnast\n\nSee also\nVan Galder, surname\nGelder (disambiguation)\n, Dutch company that has manufactured paper since 1685\nVan Gelder Studio, recording studio in New Jersey established by Rudy Van Gelder\nVan Gelder's bat, Central American bat discovered by Richard Van Gelder\nHNLMS Jan van Gelder, Dutch navy vessel\nVan Gelderen, Dutch surname of the same origin\n\nReferences\n\nDutch-language surnames\nSurnames of Dutch origin\nToponymic surnames\n\nde:Van Gelder\nnl:Van Gelder", "The Van Gelder Studio is a recording studio at 445 Sylvan Avenue, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, United States. Following the use of his parents' home at 25 Prospect Avenue, Hackensack, New Jersey, for the original studio, Rudy Van Gelder (1924–2016) moved to the new location for his recording studio in July 1959. It has been used to record many albums released by jazz labels such as Blue Note, Prestige, Impulse!, Verve and CTI.\n\nBackground\nFrom around 1952, beginning with a session led by Gil Melle that was sold to Blue Note, recordings were made by Van Gelder for commercial release in the living room of his parents' house at 25 Prospect Avenue in Hackensack, a house that had been built with the intention of doubling as a recording studio (the area was later subsumed by the Hackensack University Medical Center). In July 1959, Van Gelder moved to a new facility in Englewood Cliffs. The last recording session at Hackensack and the first at Englewood Cliffs were both led by Ike Quebec and are contained in From Hackensack to Englewood Cliffs, a collection of singles recorded by the saxophonist in July 1959.\n\nImportant recordings made at Hackensack include Miles Davis' Workin' and Steamin' (1956); solo debuts by Hank Mobley (Hank Mobley Quartet, 1955) and Johnny Griffin (Introducing Johnny Griffin, 1956).\n\nVan Gelder's recording techniques were closely guarded, to the extent that microphones were moved when photography of bands was taking place in order to disguise his means of recording.\n\nThe new structure with a 39-foot ceiling and fine acoustics, designed by the architect David Henken and inspired by the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, resembles a chapel. The critic Ira Gitler describes the studio in liner notes for the saxophonist Booker Ervin's The Space Book (1964): \"In the high-domed, wooden-beamed, brick-tiled, spare modernity of Rudy Van Gelder's studio, one can get a feeling akin to religion.\" \"When I started making records, there was no quality recording equipment available to me,\" Van Gelder recalled in 2005. \"I had to build my own mixer. The only people who had quality equipment were the big companies. They were building their own electronics.\"\n\nAmong many significant recordings made at Englewood Cliffs are John Coltrane's A Love Supreme (1964), Sonny Rollins' Sonny Rollins on Impulse! (1965), Stanley Turrentine's Cherry (1972) and Don't Mess with Mister T (1973), Andrew Hill's Point of Departure (1964), Freddie Hubbard's Red Clay (1970) and Hank Mobley's Soul Station (1960).\n\nList of recording sessions\nThe following table lists recording sessions for albums held at the studio.\n\n1950s\n\n1960s\n\n1970s\n\n1980s\n\n1990s\n\n2000s\n\nSee also\nList of US recording studios\n\nReferences\n\nCompanies based in Bergen County, New Jersey\nRecording studios in the United States\nMass media in New Jersey\n \n1959 establishments in New Jersey\nEnglewood Cliffs, New Jersey" ]

[ "Rudy Van Gelder", "Early career", "When did Van Gelder begin recording?", "He became a full-time recording engineer in 1959." ]

[ "Lars Jönsson (born 27 June 1970) is a former tennis player from Sweden, who turned professional in 1988. He did not win any ATP title (singles and/or doubles) during his career, best result was a singles final in Wellington. The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 7 October 1991, when he became ranked 67th in the world.\n\nCareer finals\n\nSingles (1 loss)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n1970 births\nLiving people\nSwedish male tennis players\nSportspeople from Gothenburg", "Vladimír Kos (31 March 1936 – 17 September 2017) was a former Czech football player.\n\nDuring his club career he played for ČKD Praha. He was part of the second-placed team at the 1962 FIFA World Cup, but did not win any caps for Czechoslovakia.\n\nReferences \n\n1940 births\n2017 deaths\nCzech footballers\nCzechoslovak footballers\n1962 FIFA World Cup players\nBohemians 1905 players\nAC Sparta Prague players\nAssociation football midfielders" ]

[ "Rudy Van Gelder", "Early career", "When did Van Gelder begin recording?", "He became a full-time recording engineer in 1959.", "Did he win any awards during his early career?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Peter Hammarström (born 23 March 1969, in Stockholm, Sweden) is a former professional Swedish ice hockey player.\n\nHe played during his career for four teams in the Swedish Elite League, AIK (1987–1993 and 1996–1999), HV71 (1993–1996 and 2005–2006), Färjestads BK (2001–2004) and Malmö Redhawks (2004–2005). He also played to seasons (1999–2001) with DEL team Eisbären Berlin. He won two Swedish Championships during his career, in 1995 with HV71 and 2002 with Färjestads BK. After his retirement in 2006 did he start to work as a color commentator for Canal+.\n\nExternal links \n\n1969 births\nFärjestad BK players\nLiving people\nMalmö Redhawks players\nSwedish expatriate sportspeople in Germany\nSwedish ice hockey right wingers", "Robert Dewees \"Cutty\" Cutshall (December 29, 1911 – August 16, 1968) was an American jazz trombonist.\n\nCutshall was born in Huntington Co., Pennsylvania, on December 29, 1911. He played in Pittsburgh early in his career, making his first major tour in 1934 with Charley Dornberger. He joined Jan Savitt's orchestra in 1938, then played with Benny Goodman in the early 1940s. Later in the decade he worked frequently with Billy Butterfield and did some freelance work in New York City. He started working with Eddie Condon in 1949, an association which lasted over a decade. Cutshall was touring with Condon in Toronto when the trombonist died of a heart attack in his hotel room on August 16, 1968.\n\nCutshall's credits include work with Peanuts Hucko, Bob Crosby, Ella Fitzgerald, and Louis Armstrong.\n\nDiscography\nWith Eddie Condon\nThat Toddlin' Town (Warner Bros., 1959)\nWith Bobby Hackett\nCreole Cookin' (Verve, 1967)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Cutty Cutshall recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.\n\n1911 births\n1968 deaths\nAmerican jazz trombonists\nMale trombonists\n20th-century American musicians\n20th-century trombonists\n20th-century American male musicians\nAmerican male jazz musicians\nWorld's Greatest Jazz Band members" ]

[ "Rudy Van Gelder", "Early career", "When did Van Gelder begin recording?", "He became a full-time recording engineer in 1959.", "Did he win any awards during his early career?", "I don't know.", "Who did he work with during his early career?", "Alfred Lion, a producer for Blue Note Records," ]

[ "Pedro Gomez (born c. 1963) is a Salsa dance instructor from Cuba.\n\nBiography\nAfter Gomez was born, his parents decided to abandon Cuba, perhaps to allow his son to live under better economic conditions.\n\nThe Gomez family arrived in Puerto Rico. Salsa music had been popularized in Cuba by Celia Cruz, Olga Guillot and others, and, in Puerto Rico, it shared the general public's top spot among favorite types of music with American rock and pop music. Such stars such as El Gran Combo and Eddie Santiago were famous during the 1980s there. Gomez started to become interested in this type of music since he was a child, demonstrating ability to dance it from his early years.\n\nGomez tried to continue learning and practicing his dance moves as a teenager, after he had moved to Miami. Later, he went into the army and was stationed in Germany. After getting out of the Army, he worked for a while in Germany until he eventually settled in Rome, Italy.\n\nSalsa is a growing music genre in Europe; Andy Montañez, another Puerto Rican star of the 1970s and 1980s, toured Belgium, Spain and other countries, for example. Gomez, basking in Salsa's new popularity in that continent, set a dancing school there.\n\nSoon, Gomez became one of the best known dancing teachers in Europe, in part because people from Italy and other countries wanted to learn how to dance Salsa.\n\nGomez has popularized the Puerto Rican and New York City dancing styles, among others, in Italy as well as in other countries such as England and Denmark. He has also taught at schools in Muslim countries (particularly in northern Africa) as well as in South Africa.\n\nExternal links\n\n1963 births\nLiving people\nGomez,Pedro", "Elixier is a German musical that premiered in 1997 in Leipzig, Germany under the direction of Horst Königstein. The music was written by Tobias Künzel and Wolfgang Lenk (Die Prinzen), with lyrics by Kati Naumann.\n\nPlot\nThe musical is set in 1978. In East Germany, in an industrial city, a young chemist, David, sits working. He lives only for science. He must find a formula for the acquisition of eternal youth. He does not notice how his friend Hagen uses and deceives him. Then David meets and falls in love with the dancer, Betti. Hagen also is interested in Betti, but the girl is fascinated by David's intelligence and innocence and returns his love. David searches for the elixir now to ensure that Betti's youth and beauty will never fade. When David encounters surprising research results, he is ready to try the potion together with Betti. But the potion fails, their problems overwhelm them, and they lose sight of each other.\n\nAlmost twenty years later, much has changed in the city. The clever Hagen has become the chief partner in the chemistry enterprise. David is his employee, and the partners and employees are set against each other. A youthful Betti appears, and the old charm is again there. But the mysterious Betti disappears again, as quickly as she had arrived. David sinks into his memories of earlier times. Hagen has also recognized Betti. Did the elixir work? Will Betti forgive David or choose Hagen?\n\nExternal links\nthe Musical's website, in German\nCast recording available \nOriginal cast recording\n\n1997 musicals\nGerman musicals\nPlays set in Germany" ]

[ "Rudy Van Gelder", "Early career", "When did Van Gelder begin recording?", "He became a full-time recording engineer in 1959.", "Did he win any awards during his early career?", "I don't know.", "Who did he work with during his early career?", "Alfred Lion, a producer for Blue Note Records,", "How did he become interested in music?", "his uncle, for whom Rudy was named, had been the drummer for Ted Lewis's band in the mid-1930s" ]

[ "\"What Else Is There?\" is the third single from the Norwegian duo Röyksopp's second album The Understanding. It features the vocals of Karin Dreijer from the Swedish electronica duo The Knife. The album was released in the UK with the help of Astralwerks.\n\nThe single was used in an O2 television advertisement in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia during 2008. It was also used in the 2006 film Cashback and the 2007 film, Meet Bill. Trentemøller's remix of \"What Else is There?\" was featured in an episode of the HBO show Entourage.\n\nThe song was covered by extreme metal band Enslaved as a bonus track for their album E.\n\nThe song was listed as the 375th best song of the 2000s by Pitchfork Media.\n\nOfficial versions\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Album Version) – 5:17\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Radio Edit) – 3:38\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Jacques Lu Cont Radio Mix) – 3:46\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Vocal Version) – 8:03\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Dub Version) – 7:51\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Mix) – 8:25\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Edit) – 4:50\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Remix) (Radio Edit) – 3:06\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Trentemøller Remix) – 7:42\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Vitalic Remix) – 5:14\n\nResponse\nThe single was officially released on 5 December 2005 in the UK. The single had a limited release on 21 November 2005 to promote the upcoming album. On the UK Singles Chart, it peaked at number 32, while on the UK Dance Chart, it reached number one.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video was directed by Martin de Thurah. It features Norwegian model Marianne Schröder who is shown lip-syncing Dreijer's voice. Schröder is depicted as a floating woman traveling across stormy landscapes and within empty houses. Dreijer makes a cameo appearance as a woman wearing an Elizabethan ruff while dining alone at a festive table.\n\nMovie spots\n\nThe song is also featured in the movie Meet Bill as characters played by Jessica Alba and Aaron Eckhart smoke marijuana while listening to it. It is also part of the end credits music of the film Cashback.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2005 singles\nRöyksopp songs\nAstralwerks singles\nSongs written by Svein Berge\nSongs written by Torbjørn Brundtland\n2004 songs\nSongs written by Roger Greenaway\nSongs written by Olof Dreijer\nSongs written by Karin Dreijer", "\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" is a 2010 science fiction/magical realism short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It was first published in Realms of Fantasy.\n\nPlot summary\nA scientist creates a tiny man. The tiny man is initially very popular, but then draws the hatred of the world, and so the tiny man must flee, together with the scientist (who is now likewise hated, for having created the tiny man).\n\nReception\n\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" won the 2010 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, tied with Kij Johnson's \"Ponies\". It was Ellison's final Nebula nomination and win, of his record-setting eight nominations and three wins.\n\nTor.com calls the story \"deceptively simple\", with \"execution (that) is flawless\" and a \"Geppetto-like\" narrator, while Publishers Weekly describes it as \"memorably depict(ing) humanity's smallness of spirit\". The SF Site, however, felt it was \"contrived and less than profound\".\n\nNick Mamatas compared \"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" negatively to Ellison's other Nebula-winning short stories, and stated that the story's two mutually exclusive endings (in one, the tiny man is killed; in the other, he becomes God) are evocative of the process of writing short stories. Ben Peek considered it to be \"more allegory than (...) anything else\", and interpreted it as being about how the media \"give(s) everyone a voice\", and also about how Ellison was treated by science fiction fandom.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAudio version of ''How Interesting: A Tiny Man, at StarShipSofa\nHow Interesting: A Tiny Man, at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\nNebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works\nShort stories by Harlan Ellison" ]

[ "Rudy Van Gelder", "Early career", "When did Van Gelder begin recording?", "He became a full-time recording engineer in 1959.", "Did he win any awards during his early career?", "I don't know.", "Who did he work with during his early career?", "Alfred Lion, a producer for Blue Note Records,", "How did he become interested in music?", "his uncle, for whom Rudy was named, had been the drummer for Ted Lewis's band in the mid-1930s", "What else is interesting about his early career?", "Within a few years Van Gelder was in demand by many other independent labels based around New York City," ]

[ "Mission Records was created by Glenn Frey and Peter Lopez in 1998 as an independent record label. The company is distributed by Navarre Corp. Its first album was One Planet, One Groove by Max Carl & Big Dance, released January 20, 1998. The company was originally intended as an outlet for Frey's solo records due to his dissatisfaction with the bigger labels; however, he did not release any of his own work on it, and the label is now inactive.\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\n List of record labels\n\nRecord labels established in 1998\nDefunct record labels of the United States\nVanity record labels", "Threshold House is one of several record labels created by Coil to release their own work and that of affiliated projects. Associated labels include Eskaton and Chalice. It is also the name for the official Coil website.\n\nThe label was initially a vanity label of sorts, as all releases were manufactured and distributed by other labels, most prominently World Serpent Distribution. Following the bankruptcy of World Serpent, the label continued independently.\n\nThe logo for Threshold House is a castle-like building, possibly what Coil have referred to as \"The East Tower\" in past interviews, and a moon. It is also very similar to artist recreations of the buildings at Catalhoyuk.\n\nAfter the death of John Balance and the disbanding of Coil, Peter Christopherson started a solo effort, The Threshold HouseBoys Choir, based on the name Threshold House.\n\nReleases\n\nLOCI\nThe series of \"LOCI\" were released when Coil resided in England.\n\nTHRESH & THBKK\nThe \"THRESH\" and \"THBKK\" series began with Peter Christopherson's relocation to Bangkok, Thailand.\n\nSee also\n List of record labels\n List of electronic music record labels\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Threshold House\n\nElectronic music record labels\nVanity record labels\nBritish record labels\nRecord labels established in 1987" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf" ]

[ "California Concordia College existed in Oakland, California, United States from 1906 until 1973.\n\nAmong the presidents of California Concordia College was Johann Theodore Gotthold Brohm Jr.\n\nCalifornia Concordia College and the Academy of California College were located at 2365 Camden Street, Oakland, California. Some of the school buildings still exist at this location, but older buildings that housed the earlier classrooms and later the dormitories are gone. The site is now the location of the Spectrum Center Camden Campus, a provider of special education services.\n\nThe \"Academy\" was the official name for the high school. California Concordia was a six-year institution patterned after the German gymnasium. This provided four years of high school, plus two years of junior college. Years in the school took their names from Latin numbers and referred to the years to go before graduation. The classes were named:\n\n Sexta - 6 years to go; high school freshman\n Qunita - 5 years to go; high school sophomore\n Quarta - 4 years to go; high school junior\n Tertia - 3 years to go; high school senior\n Secunda - 2 years to go; college freshman\n Prima - 1 year to go; college sophomore\n\nThose in Sexta were usually hazed in a mild way by upperclassmen. In addition, those in Sexta were required to do a certain amount of clean-up work around the school, such as picking up trash.\n\nMost students, even high school freshmen, lived in dormitories. High school students were supervised by \"proctors\" (selected high school seniors in Tertia). High school students were required to study for two hours each night in their study rooms from 7:00 to 9:00 pm. Students could not leave their rooms for any reason without permission. This requirement came as quite a shock to those in Sexta (freshmen) on their first night, when they were caught and scolded by a proctor when they left their study room to go to the bathroom without permission. Seniors (those in Tertia) were allowed one night off where they did not need to be in their study hall.\n\nFrom 9:00 to 9:30 pm all students gathered for a chapel service. From 9:30 to 10 pm, high school students were free to roam, and sometimes went to the local Lucky Supermarket to purchase snacks. All high school students were required to be in bed with lights out by 10:00 pm. There were generally five students in each dormitory room. The room had two sections: a bedroom area and (across the hallway) another room for studying. Four beds, including at least one bunk bed, were in the bedroom, and four or five desks were in the study room\n\nA few interesting words used by Concordia students were \"fink\" and \"rack.\" To \"fink\" meant to \"sing like a canary\" or \"squeal.\" A student who finked told everything he knew about a misbehavior committed by another student. \"Rack\" was actually an official term used by proctors and administrators who lived on campus in the dormitories with students. When students misbehaved they were racked (punished). Proctors held a meeting once a week and decided which students, if any, deserved to be racked. If a student were racked, he might be forbidden from leaving the campus grounds, even during normal free time School hours were from 7:30 am to 3:30 pm. After 3:30 pm and until 7:00 pm, students could normally explore the local area surrounding the school, for example, to go to a local store to buy a snack. However, if a student were racked for the week, he could not do so.\n\nProctors made their rounds in the morning to make sure beds were made and inspected rooms in the evening to ensure that students were in bed by 10:00 pm. Often after the proctors left a room at night, the room lights would go back on and students enjoyed studying their National Geographic magazines. Student might be racked if they failed to make their beds or did not make them neatly enough.\n\nAlthough California Concordia College no longer exists, it does receive some recognition by Concordia University Irvine. This is also the location of its old academic records.\n\nSources\n\nExternal links \n Photos of old campus\n\nEducational institutions disestablished in 1973\nDefunct private universities and colleges in California\nEducational institutions established in 1906\n1906 establishments in California\n1973 disestablishments in California\nUniversities and colleges affiliated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod", "Where Did We Go Wrong may refer to:\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (Dondria song), 2010\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (Toni Braxton and Babyface song), 2013\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a song by Petula Clark from the album My Love\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a song by Diana Ross from the album Ross\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a 1980 song by Frankie Valli" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "Where did he go to college?", "Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship" ]

[ "The Diocese of Mauriana () is a suppressed and titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.\n\nDuring the Roman Empire the seat of the diocese was Mauriana, a Roman town of the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis. The Roman town is now lost to history but flourished in late antiquity though it did not last long after the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. An exact location for that town is not known but Mauriana, was in what is today Algeria.\n\nKnown bishops\nTwo bishops are known to us from antiquity, and five from the 20th century.\nLuciano (fl. 337 circa)\nSecondo (fl.484)\n Johannes Gerardus Maria Willebrands (1964–1969)\n Pio Laghi (1969–1991\n Petar Šolic (1991–1992)\n Juan Carlos Maccarone (1993–1996)\n Nicholas Anthony DiMarzio (1996–1999)\n Aurel Percă, (1999–current)\n\nHistory\nSecond, who took part in the synod assembled in Carthage in 484 by the Arian King Huneric of the Vandal Kingdom, after which he was exiled. Morcelli also assigned to Mauriana the bishop Luciano, who would attend a council in Rome in 337; According to Mesnage however, he must have been from another bishopric, because he can not understand how a dark bishop of Mauritania Cesariense could attend a synod in Rome in the first half of the fourth century.\n\nToday Mauriana survives as a titular bishopric and the current bishop is Aurel Percă, auxiliary bishop of Iaşi.\n\nReferences\n\nCatholic titular sees in Africa", "The 2016 Formula D season is the thirteenth season of the Formula D Pro Championship series and third season of the Pro2 series. The Pro Championship series began on April 8 at Long Beach and ended on October 8 at Irwindale Speedway with Chris Forsberg winning his third Pro Championship. The Pro2 series began on May 5 at Road Atlanta and ended on October 1 at Wild Horse Motorsports Park with Marc Landreville winning the series.\n\nSchedule and results\n\nCalendar changes & notes\n The Super Drift Challenge took place on April 15 & 16 at the Streets of Long Beach course, with Matt Field beating Michael Essa in the final round.\n\nEntries\n\nPro championship\n\nPro 2\n\nResults and standings\n\nPro championship\n\nStandings\nEvent winners in bold.\n\nNotes:\nX — Did not attend event\n\nManufacturer Cup\n\nTire Cup\n\nPro 2\n\nStandings\n\nNotes:\nX — Did not attend event\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nFormula D seasons\nFormula D" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "Where did he go to college?", "Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship", "How long did he attend?", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years." ]

[ "Lennie Clements (born January 20, 1957) is an American professional golfer.\n\nClements was born in Cherry Point, North Carolina. He played college golf at San Diego State University where he was a three-time All-American. He was inducted into the San Diego State Aztec Hall of Fame in 1999.\n\nClements turned professional in 1980. He played on the PGA Tour from 1981 to 1998. His best finish was a T-2 at the 1994 Bob Hope Chrysler Classic. His best finish in a major was a T-9 at the 1987 U.S.Open. He also played a few events on the Ben Hogan Tour in 1991 and 1992, winning at the 1992 Ben Hogan Greater Ozarks Open.\n\nAmateur wins (2)\n1979 California State Amateur, Southwestern Amateur\n\nProfessional wins (4)\n\nBen Hogan Tour wins (1)\n\nBen Hogan Tour playoff record (1–0)\n\nOther wins (3)\n1982 Timex Open\n1983 Sahara Nevada Open\n1988 Spalding Invitational\n\nResults in major championships\n\nCUT = missed the half-way cut\n\"T\" = tied\n\nSummary\n\nMost consecutive cuts made – 5 (1984 U.S. Open – 1987 U.S. Open)\nLongest streak of top-10s – 1\n\nSee also\n1984 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates\n1989 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates\n1992 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nAmerican male golfers\nSan Diego State Aztecs men's golfers\nPGA Tour golfers\nGolfers from North Carolina\nPeople from Cherry Point, North Carolina\nGolfers from San Diego\n1957 births\nLiving people", "Sandra Spuzich (April 3, 1937 – October 6, 2015) was an American professional golfer who played on the LPGA Tour in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.\n\nSpuzich was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, of Polish, Serbian, Macedonian and Lebanese descent. She was an amateur golfer and elementary school teacher when she decided to turn professional in 1962. Her first win came at the 1966 U.S. Women's Open by one stroke over Carol Mann and two strokes over Mickey Wright. The tournament was held at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota – the first major championship played there.\n\nIn 1982 at the age of 45, Spuzich became the oldest player to win two LPGA Tour events in the same year when she won the Corning Classic followed by the Mary Kay Classic.\n\nSpuzich died in Indianapolis on October 6, 2015. Her life partner was fellow LPGA golfer Joyce Kazmierski.\n\nProfessional wins\n\nLPGA Tour wins (7)\n\nLPGA Tour playoff record (2–2)\n\nOther wins (1)\n1966 Haig & Haig Scotch Foursome (with Jack Rule, Jr.)\n\nMajor championships\n\nWins (1)\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican female golfers\nIndiana Hoosiers women's golfers\nLPGA Tour golfers\nWinners of LPGA major golf championships\nGolfers from Indiana\nLGBT sportspeople from the United States\nLGBT people from Indiana\nLGBT golfers\nLesbian sportswomen\nSportspeople from Indianapolis\nAmerican people of Polish descent\nAmerican people of Serbian descent\nAmerican people of Macedonian descent\nAmerican people of Lebanese descent\nSportspeople of Lebanese descent\n1937 births\n2015 deaths" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "Where did he go to college?", "Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship", "How long did he attend?", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years.", "Was there any other major golfers from that school?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Brent Franklin (born December 16, 1965) is a former Canadian professional golfer.\n\nEarly life\nFranklin was born in Barrie, Ontario. He was coached in golf by Jack McLaughlin as a youth, and first came to prominence when he won the 1981 Vancouver City Match Play Championship as a 15-year-old amateur, to become the youngest champion ever in that event. The tournament is open to all professionals and top amateurs in the Lower Mainland region.\n\nCareer \nFranklin won the 1983 and 1984 Canadian Junior Championships. He earned a golf scholarship to Brigham Young University. He won the 1985 Alberta Amateur Championship.\n\nFranklin then won three straight Canadian Amateur Championships, from 1985 to 1987. He was a member of the Canadian team which won the 1986 Eisenhower Trophy, the World Amateur Team Championship, in Venezuela, along with Warren Sye, Jack Kay Jr., and Mark Brewer.\n\nFranklin earned three All-American selections in golf at BYU: 1985 Honorable Mention, 1986 First Team, and 1987 Second Team.\n\nFranklin turned professional, and won the 1988 Canadian PGA Championship. That gave him a national championship in Canada at ever-rising levels for seven consecutive seasons. He was selected as Rookie of the Year on the 1988 Canadian Professional Golf Tour, and many thought he would become the next Canadian star on the PGA Tour.\n\nFranklin then moved to the Japan Golf Tour for several years, and posted several strong finishes, including four runner-up results, earning very good prize money. He played 112 Japanese events between 1989 and 1995, and won a total of ¥140,307,935. He did not win a tournament. He lost a playoff to Masashi \"Jumbo\" Ozaki at the 1992 Dunlop Open.\n\nFranklin was planning to move to the PGA Tour after 1995. But, when cycling in Vancouver, he was hit by a transport truck, and was seriously injured. Franklin was able to recover, and for a time played on the Canadian Professional Golf Tour, trying to regain his earlier form, but was never able to approach the level he had shown earlier.\n\nFranklin was inducted into the Canadian Golf Hall of Fame in 2010.\n\nFranklin currently works as a club professional in Colorado.\n\nAmateur wins\n1983 Canadian Junior Amateur, British Columbia Junior Boys, Vancouver and District Junior, Vancouver Match Play\n1984 Canadian Junior Amateur, British Columbia Junior Boys\n1985 Canadian Amateur Championship, Alberta Amateur\n1986 Canadian Amateur Championship\n1987 Canadian Amateur Championship\n\nProfessional wins (2)\n1988 Canadian PGA Championship\n1989 Blue Light Pro-Am\n\nPlayoff record\nJapan Golf Tour playoff record (0–1)\n\nTeam appearances\nthis list may be incomplete\n\nAmateur\nEisenhower Trophy (representing Canada): 1986 (winners)\n\nProfessional\nWorld Cup (representing Canada): 1988, 1992\nDunhill Cup (representing Canada): 1992\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCanadian male golfers\nBYU Cougars men's golfers\nJapan Golf Tour golfers\nGolfing people from Ontario\nGolfing people from British Columbia\nSportspeople from Barrie\nSportspeople from Vancouver\nSportspeople from Calgary\n1965 births\nLiving people", "John \"Jack\" Burns (7 January 1859 – 18 December 1927), a native of St Andrews, was a Scottish professional golfer for part of his life. He was the son of an Irish labourer, and started earning his living as a plasterer. However, there is reference to him being a professional golfer in the minutes of the St Andrews Golf Club in October 1885.\n\nBurns moved to Warwick, England in 1887 to become the golf professional and greenskeeper at the newly formed Warwickshire Golf Club (now known as Warwick Golf Centre), the first golf club in Warwickshire. Burns returned to Scotland in October 1888 to become the winner of the Open Championship, which was held at the Old Course at St Andrews. The £8 prize of his major championship title accomplishment did not make him a fortune. He returned to his job in Warwick and was involved in the creation of the neighbouring golf course in Kenilworth in 1890.\n\nHe moved back to St Andrews in 1891 to work on the railways, but he carried on caddying. When he died in 1927, his profession was listed as a plasterer again.\n\nMajor championships\n\nWins (1)\n\nResults timeline\n\nNote: Burns only played in The Open Championship.\nDNP = Did not play\nCUT = missed the half-way cut\n\"T\" indicates a tie for a place\nGreen background for wins. Yellow background for top-10\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nDetails of the 1888 Open from the official site\n\nScottish male golfers\nWinners of men's major golf championships\nBritish golf instructors\nPlasterers\nGolfers from St Andrews\n1859 births\n1927 deaths" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "Where did he go to college?", "Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship", "How long did he attend?", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years.", "Was there any other major golfers from that school?", "I don't know.", "When did he move on to professional golf?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "Where did he go to college?", "Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship", "How long did he attend?", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years.", "Was there any other major golfers from that school?", "I don't know.", "When did he move on to professional golf?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990." ]

[ "This page details tournament performances pertaining to Tiger Woods.\n\nFor a list of his career achievements see List of career achievements by Tiger Woods. All tournaments are PGA Tour tournaments unless otherwise stated.\n\n1992\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\nNotes\nParticipated in his first PGA Tour event at the Nissan Los Angeles Open. Woods did not make the cut, which was at 1 under-par. He played on February 27 and February 28, and was 16 years and 59 days old when he first played on the PGA Tour.\n\n1993\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n1994\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\nNotes\n\nShot his first under-par round in a PGA Tour event at the Buick Classic. Woods shot a 70 (−1).\n\n1995\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\nNotes\n\nMade his first cut in a PGA Tour event at The Masters. Woods was the highest finishing amateur at the event. He was also the highest finishing amateur at the Motorola Western Open.\n\n1996\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\nNotes\nWoods debuted as a professional at the Greater Milwaukee Open on September 1, 1996. He did not earn money before then due to his amateur status.\nHighest finishing amateur at The Open Championship. This was also the last event Woods played in as an amateur. \nTurned professional in August 1996. In his first event as a professional, Woods finished tied for 60th at the Greater Milwaukee Open.\nWon his first title on the PGA Tour at the Las Vegas Invitational which was a five-round event. Woods won the Walt Disney World/Oldsmobile Classic two weeks later which is the first four-round event that he won.\n\n1997\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\nNotes\nWon his first major at the 1997 Masters. He won at the age of 21 years and 104 days old making him the youngest Masters winner ever. He also set the scoring record in the Masters by shooting a 270 (−18).\n\n1998\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n1999\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2000\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2001\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2002\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2003\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2004\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2005\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2006\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2007\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2008\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2009\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2010\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n*Because Woods withdrew from The Players Championship after having made the cut, it counts as a cut made.\n\n2011\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2012\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2013\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2013−14\n\nTournaments\n\n*Because Woods withdrew from The Honda Classic after having made the cut, it counts as a cut made.\n\nSummary\n\n2014−15\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2015−16\nWoods missed the entire season recovering from surgery.\n\nSummary\n\n2016−17\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2017−18\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2018−19\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\n2019−20\n\nTournaments\n\nJCo-sanctioned by the Japan Golf Tour\n\nSummary\n\n2020−21\n\nTournaments\n\nSummary\n\nOther PGA Tour\n\nPerformance at the WGC-Match Play\nThe WGC-Match Play is one of the annual World Golf Championships.\n\nNote: Switched to three rounds of group play followed by 16 player knockout in 2015.\n\nPerformance at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf\nThe PGA Grand Slam of Golf was the world's most exclusive golf tournament. It was an annual off-season golf tournament contested by the year's winners of the four major championships of regular men's golf, which are the Masters Tournament, the U.S. Open, The Open Championship (British Open), and the PGA Championship.\n\nThe event was match play in 1998 and 1999. It was stroke play in all other years. Woods won in seven consecutive appearances.\n\nPerformance at the World Challenge\nThe World Challenge is an off-season tournament which is hosted by Woods. It is played in December.\n\nEuropean Tour\nWoods first tournament win as a professional on the European Tour was at the Johnnie Walker Classic in 1998. He did not earn any money before that due to his amateur status. World Golf Championships and major events (all British Opens and U.S.-based majors since 1998) are also considered European Tour events but they are covered in the PGA Tour section.\n\nWoods is not a European Tour member and therefore does not qualify to count his winnings towards the career money list. He is third on the all-time wins list.\n\nTournaments\n\nAsCo-sanctioned by the Asian Tour\nAuCo-sanctioned by the PGA Tour of Australasia\nSCo-sanctioned by the Sunshine Tour\n\nSummary\n\nNote: Woods' 1997 Masters win is included here but not the money earned.\n*Those tournaments listed above.\n^Those majors and WGCs that are also official PGA Tour events.\n\nJapan Golf Tour\nWoods has participated in six events on the Japan Golf Tour. He has played in the Casio World Open once, the Dunlop Phoenix Tournament four times, and the Zozo Championship once (an event co-sanctioned by the PGA Tour).\n\nTournaments\n\nPCo-sanctioned by the PGA Tour\n\nSummary\n\nSource\n\nAsian Tour\n\nECo-sanctioned by the European Tour\nSCo-sanctioned by the Sunshine Tour\nACo-sanctioned by the PGA Tour of Australasia\n\nSummary\n\nPGA Tour of Australasia\n\nECo-sanctioned by the European Tour\nACo-sanctioned by the Asian Tour\nSCo-sanctioned by the Sunshine Tour\n\nSummary\n\nUnofficial money events earning OWGR points\nAll tournaments listed above were official money events on one or more tours (unless noted) and earned Official World Golf Ranking (OWGR) points except the 1997 Asian Honda Classic, which did not carry OWGR points. Woods competed in other events that were tour-sanctioned, earned unofficial money, and earned OWGR points. These were:\n1998 Cisco World Match Play Championship (2nd place, US$150,000)\n1998 Million Dollar Challenge (2nd place, US$250,000)\nAll World Challenge events beginning in 2010\n\nTeam events\n\nRyder Cup\nAll records are in Win–Loss–Tie format.\n\nPresidents Cup\nAll records are in Win–Loss–Tie format.\n\nNotes and references\nAll information is from golfstats.com and pgatour.com.\n\nWoods, Tiger\nTiger Woods", "The Paul Keres Memorial Tournament is a chess tournament played in honour of chess grandmaster Paul Keres (1916–1975). It usually takes place in Vancouver, Canada and Tallinn, Estonia.\n\nAn annual international chess tournament has been held in Tallinn every other year since 1969. Keres won this tournament in 1971 and 1975. Starting in 1977 after Keres' death, it has been called the Paul Keres Memorial Tournament. From 1991, the tournament has been held yearly and changed into a rapid event. From 1999 this tournament also had a women's section. In the past twenty years, apart from this rapid tournament, several other memorial tournaments have been played in honour of Keres.\n\nIn 1975, Keres won a tournament in Vancouver. It was his last tournament he would ever play in, as on his way back to his native Estonia, he died from a heart attack. There has been an annual memorial tournament in Vancouver ever since.\n\nTallinn\n\nTallinn International\nThe Tallinn International has been held every other year from 1969 to 1989. It was named after Keres from 1977.\n \n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n! # !! Year !! Winner \n|-\n| 1||1969||Leonid Stein\n|-\n| 2||1971||Mikhail Tal Paul Keres\n|-\n| 3||1973||Mikhail Tal\n|-\n| 4||1975||Paul Keres\n|-\n| 5||1977||Mikhail Tal\n|-\n| 6||1979||Tigran Petrosian\n|-\n| 7||1981||Mikhail Tal\n|-\n| 8||1983||Mikhail Tal Rafael Vaganian\n|-\n| 9||1985||Sergey Dolmatov\n|-\n| 10||1987||Mikhail Gurevich\n|-\n| 11||1989||Georgy Timoshenko Lembit Oll Jaan Ehlvest\n|}\n\nTallinn Rapid\nFrom 1991 the Tallinn international has been replaced by an annual rapid tournament. From 1999, the tournament has had a separate women's section.\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n! # !! Year !! Winner !! Women's section\n|-\n| 1||1991||Anto Remmel\n|-\n| 2||1992||Leonid Yudasin\n|-\n| 3||1993||Jaan Ehlvest\n|-\n| 4||1994||Viktor Korchnoi\n|-\n| 5||1995||Lembit Oll\n|-\n| 6||1996||Vassily Ivanchuk\n|-\n| 7||1997||Viktor Gavrikov\n|-\n| 8||1998||Suat Atalık Lembit Oll\n|-\n| 9||1999||Viktor Gavrikov || Tatiana Stepovaia\n|-\n| 10||2000||Vassily Ivanchuk || Tatiana Stepovaia\n|-\n| 11||2001||Jan Timman || Viktorija Čmilytė\n|-\n| 12||2002||Viktor Gavrikov || Dana Reizniece\n|- \n| 13||2003||Alexander Morozevich|| Pia Cramling\n|-\n| 14||2004||Alexei Shirov||Maia Chiburdanidze\n|-\n| 15||2005||Alexei Shirov||Ekaterina Kovalevskaya\n|-\n| 16||2006||Vassily Ivanchuk Anatoly Karpov Rustam Kasimdzhanov||Ilze Bērziņa\n|-\n| 18||2008||Vladimir Malakhov|| Ilze Bērziņa Viktorija Čmilytė\n|-\n| 19||2009||Alexey DreevVasily Yemelin||Elisabeth Pähtz\n|-\n| 20||2011||Alexei Shirov\n|-\n| 21||2012||Alexei Shirov\n|-\n| 22||2013||Alexei Shirov\n|-\n| 23||2014||Igor Kovalenko\n|-\n| 24||2015||Sergei Tiviakov\n|-\n| 25||2016||Igor Kovalenko\n|-\n|}\n\nKeres Memorial Festival\nIn the 1990s there have been several Keres memorials in Tallinn which were played at regular time control. These tournaments seem to have been held irregularly. At present there is an annual Keres Memorial Festival which started in 2004 with a special rapid tournament, where Viswanathan Anand emerged as a winner, followed by a regular tournament. The winners of the regular tournament for 2004 and subsequent years are listed below. The field of these tournaments has been notably weaker than that of the rapid tournaments.\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n! Year !! Winner \n|-\n|2004\t||Kaido Külaots Artem Smirnov\n|-\n|2005\t||Meelis Kanep\n|-\n|2006\t||Mikhail Rytshagov\n|-\n|2007\t||Georgy Timoshenko\n|-\n|2008\t||Vasily Yemelin\n|-\n|2010 ||Olav Sepp\n|-\n|2014 ||Alexandre Danin\n|-\n|}\n\nVancouver\nThe tournament in Vancouver has been played ever since Keres won it in 1975. It was Keres' final tournament, as he died shortly thereafter.\n\nReferences\n\nChess in Canada\nChess competitions\nChess in Estonia\nChess memorial tournaments" ]

[ "Phil Mickelson", "College golf", "Where did he go to college?", "Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship", "How long did he attend?", "Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years.", "Was there any other major golfers from that school?", "I don't know.", "When did he move on to professional golf?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990.", "Has he ever won any other tournaments?", "Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments." ]

[ "Allen R. Dyer is professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences with the George Washington University. He is a distinguished life fellow of the American Psychiatric Association.\n As of January 2017 he is the sole surviving member of the committee that formulated the Goldwater rule of the American Psychiatric Association.\n\nEducation\nDyer is a graduate of Brown University and did his MD and PhD (religion/biomedical ethics) at Duke University.\n\nSelected publications\n Ethics and Psychiatry: Toward Professional Definition. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, D.C., 1988.\n One More Mountain to Climb: What My Illness Taught me about Health\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Allen_Dyer\n\nAmerican psychiatrists\nGeorge Washington University faculty\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nDuke University School of Medicine alumni\nBrown University alumni", "Kelle Cruz is an astrophysicist who specializes in studying brown dwarfs. She currently works as an associate professor at Hunter College in New York City. With her study of brown dwarfs, Cruz hopes to better understand planets outside the Solar System and map out the universe, saying, \"I hope that what I’m doing in our little bit of the galaxy is similar to what the explorers did by discovering and mapping the New World and North America.\"\n\nFurther reading\n\nPublications\n 2MASS 22344161+4041387AB: A Wide, Young, Accreting, Low-mass Binary in the LkHa233 Group \n Measuring Tiny Mass Accretion Rates Onto Young Brown Dwarfs. \n Young L. Dwarfs Identified in the Field: A Preliminary Low-Gravity, Optical Spectral Sequence from L0 to L5. \n A Sample of Very Young Field L Dwarfs and Implications for the Brown Dwarf \"Lithium Test\" at Early Ages \n The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP)I. Proper Motions and Tangential Velocities for a Large Sample of Late-type M, L, and T Dwarfs\n\nAwards and honors\n Spitzer Fellowship, 2007 \n NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship, 2004 \n NSF Graduate Research Fellowship, 2001 \n NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (Honorable Mention), 2000 \n APS Corporate Minority Scholar, 1998 & 1999\n\nSee also\n List of astronomers (includes astrophysicists)\n\nReferences\n\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nAmerican astrophysicists\nWomen astronomers\nWomen astrophysicists" ]

[ "Robin Thicke", "Songwriting and producing" ]

[ "J.Sheon (born 24 December 1985) is a Taiwanese rapper, singer and producer. J.Sheon debuted with his self-titled album J.Sheon街巷 in May 2017. In 2018, he won the Billboard Radio China Top New Artist Awards 2017.\n\nCareer\nJ.Sheon, an alumnus of Queensborough Community College, moved to New York at the age of 19 and spent eight years there. According to him, he started to produce music because he was bored. However, his time in New York exposed him to different genres of western music which helped him to create songs of his own unique Hip-Hop style. Also as an independent artist, he had to do all the jobs a label or record company does, such as write songs, do remaking and shoot the music video.\n\nIn 2012 or 2013, he suddenly decided to take his music career more serious and moved back to Taiwan. He did cover See You Again in Mandarin on YouTube which became popular.\n\nHe signed up with Sony Music Taiwan and in 2017 debuted with his self-titled album J.Sheon街巷.\n\nIn 2018, he won the Billboard Radio China Top New Artist Awards 2017.\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbum \n J.Sheon街巷 (May 2017)\n The Alley巷子內 (November 2019)\n\nReferences \n\n1985 births\nLiving people\nTaiwanese male singers\nTaiwanese singer-songwriters", "\"'N Everything\" is an Al Jolson song by songwriters B.G. \"Buddy\" DeSylva and Gus Kahn. Jolson adapted the song with improvisation as performances of Sinbad progressed, leading Jolson to eventually be given co-lyricist credit on the song. The success of \"N' Everything\" prompted Jolson to ask DeSylva for further songs. And DeSylva complied with his request to write some songs, including \"I'll Say She Does\", again with Kahn and Jolson listed as his collaborators.\n\nHistory\nJolson recorded '\"N' Everything\" in 1917 and then interpolated the song into Sinbad at New York's Winter Garden Theatre in 1918.\n\nReferences\n\n1917 songs\nAl Jolson songs\nSongs with lyrics by Gus Kahn\nSongs with lyrics by Buddy DeSylva" ]

[ "Robin Thicke", "Songwriting and producing", "Does he write his own songs?", "In total, albums on which Thicke has been credited for his work (in capacities including writer, producer, arranger, vocalist, and musician)" ]

[ "\"Faded Love\" is a Western swing song written by Bob Wills, his father John Wills, and his brother, Billy Jack Wills. The tune is considered to be an exemplar of the Western swing fiddle component of American fiddle. \n\nThe melody came from an 1856 ballad, \"Darling Nelly Gray\", which John Wills knew as a fiddle tune. \"Faded Love\" is a sentimental song about lost love. The name comes from the refrain that follows each verse: \"I remember our faded love\".\n\nThe song was a major hit for Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys (MGM 10786) reaching number eight on the Country charts in 1950. It became one of his signature songs.\n\nOther versions\n\nLeon McAuliffe had two Top 40 hits with \"Faded Love\", both reaching number 22 (Cimarron 4057, 1962, and MGM 14249, 1971). The former was an instrumental version, and the latter rendition was a collaboration with Tompall & the Glaser Brothers. Also in 1962, it was a modest hit for Jackie DeShannon, reaching number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100.\n\nThe song had greater success when Patsy Cline covered it in 1963. Her version became a hit, reaching number seven on the U.S. Country charts and number 96 on the Billboard Hot 100. Due to the airplane crash that ended Cline's life, her version was never released on a studio album. Instead, it was belatedly released on Patsy Cline's Greatest Hits, a compilation album in 1967. Cline's version was originally intended to be the title cut for a planned album, and was made at what turned out to be the last recording session before her death.\n\nA recording made by Ray Price and Willie Nelson was the biggest hit version from a chart standpoint. Their duet version — which featured Crystal Gayle singing harmony on the chorus — reached number three on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in October 1980. The song, which came out at a time when Nelson was country music's biggest superstar, gave Price his first top 10 hit in more than five years and biggest hit in seven years.\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\nMcWhorter, Frankie. Cowboy Fiddler in Bob Wills' Band. University of North Texas Press, 1997. \nWhitburn, Joel. The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits. Billboard Books, 2006. \n\n1950 songs\n1950 singles\nBob Wills songs\n1963 singles\n1980 singles\nPatsy Cline songs\nElvis Presley songs\nLeon McAuliffe songs\nWillie Nelson songs\nRay Price (musician) songs\nTompall & the Glaser Brothers songs\nDottie West songs\nWestern swing songs\nJackie DeShannon songs\nSongs written by Bob Wills\nSymbols of Oklahoma", "Samuelle Prater, known simply as Samuelle, is an American R&B singer who is a former member of the R&B group Club Nouveau. He was the lead singer on Club Nouveau's #1 Pop and Dance and #2 R&B hit remake of the Bill Withers classic, \"Lean on Me\".\n\nHe released his first and only solo album entitled, Living in Black Paradise on October 30, 1990 on Atlantic Records, which reached number 37 on the Billboard R&B Albums chart. This album featured his biggest solo hit, \"So You Like What You See\", which was accompanied by a music video featuring Tyra Banks. In October 2004, \"So You Like What You See\" appeared on the popular videogame Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, playing on new jack swing radio station CSR 103.9.\n\nReferences\n\nLiving people\nAmerican contemporary R&B singers\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Robin Thicke", "Songwriting and producing", "Does he write his own songs?", "In total, albums on which Thicke has been credited for his work (in capacities including writer, producer, arranger, vocalist, and musician)", "What was his biggest hit?", "Confessions would go on to sell 20 million copies worldwide and win the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album in 2005." ]

[ "Elegant Slumming is the second album by the British dance band M People. It was released on 4 October 1993 charting and peaking at number 2 on the UK Album Chart and spent 87 weeks in the Top 75. It re-entered the chart three times in October 1996 and March and September 1997. Its overall sales stand at 759,000 as of September 2020.\n\nThe four singles released from the album were all UK Top 10 hits: \"One Night in Heaven\" (#6) and \"Moving on Up\" (#2), as well as a cover version of the Dennis Edwards and Siedah Garrett song \"Don't Look Any Further\", which reached No. 9 in the UK. A fourth hit, \"Renaissance\", reached No. 5 in the same chart.\n\nThe US version was released in 1994 in a separate deal on the Epic label, and replaces 3 tracks with 3 hits from their debut album Northern Soul, which did not have a US release. The album was well received, and \"One Night in Heaven\" and \"Moving on Up\" were Billboard No. 1 hits on Hot Dance Club Play.\n\nThe original British album won the 1994 UK Mercury Music Prize.\n\nTrack listing\nAll songs written by Mike Pickering and Paul Heard except where noted.\n\nUS version\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\n1993 albums\nM People albums\nMercury Prize-winning albums", "This article lists some of the sales and charts records and achievements of Michael Jackson (1958–2009), an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Jackson's success during his peak in the 1980s and 1990s included a number of notable statistical accomplishments. He is the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music and is recognized as the \"Most Successful Entertainer of All Time\" by Guinness World Records selling an estimated 1 billion records around the world.\n\nData for U.S. sales comes largely from Billboard magazine and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).\n\nSelected countries\n\nUS chart records and achievements\n\n Jackson (aged 11 years, 155 days or 11 years, 5 months, and 2 days) is the youngest vocalist ever to top the Hot 100. As part of the Jackson 5, he topped the charts with \"I Want You Back\" on the week of January 31, 1970.\nJackson's Thriller (1982) remained at the top on the Billboard 200 album chart for thirty-seven weeks, setting a record for the longest run at number one by a studio album. It is only one of two albums to have sold more copies in the United States than any other in two separate years, topping the sales charts in 1983 and 1984.\nThriller is currently the second best-selling album of all time in the United States and the second most certified album after the Eagles' Their Greatest Hits (1971-1975), with total units of 33 million sold to date.\nJackson's Bad (1987) remained at top 5 on the Billboard 200 album chart for thirty-eight weeks, setting a record for the longest run at top five by an album from a male solo artist.\n In July 2009, three of Jackson's albums (Number Ones, The Essential Michael Jackson and Thriller) claimed the top three positions on Billboard's Top Pop Catalog Albums and Top Comprehensive Albums charts in the week following the singer's death. marking the first time any catalog album outsold the number one album on the Billboard 200. Additionally, eight of the top nine positions on Top Pop Catalog Albums were owned by Jackson, with a ninth held by a Jackson 5 hits collection. This made Jackson the only solo artist to achieve such feat.\n Jackson was the first artist to launch seven top ten singles off one album.\n Jackson's Bad is only one of two albums where five singles off one album topped the Billboard Hot 100.\n Jackson became the first recording artist to land number one singles in three decades after \"Black or White\" topped the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1991. His first number-one single, \"Ben\", topped the Billboard Hot 100 in October 1972.\n Jackson became the first artist to simultaneously top Billboard's album chart and the number one single on both the pop and R&B charts, with Thriller and \"Billie Jean\" in the week of March 5, 1983.\n Jackson had more number-one singles than any other recording artist in the 1980s with ten singles.\n Jackson's \"You Are Not Alone\" made him the first artist to have a song debut atop the Billboard Hot 100 in September 1995.\n Jackson holds the record of longest span of number ones for a male act in the Billboard Hot 100 with a span of 25 years and seven months. \n Jackson has had 13 number-one singles on Billboard's Hot 100, making him the male artist with most No. 1 Hits in the Hot 100 era. Including Pre- Hot 100, Jackson follows Elvis Presley for the most number ones by a male artist and ranks fifth overall. \n Jackson has 30 top ten singles on the Billboard Hot 100, with Drake, Madonna, the Beatles, and Rihanna having more.\n Jackson currently holds a record for the longest span of top forty singles on the Billboard Hot 100 in a span of 46 years and eight months, with his debuting solo single, \"Got to Be There\", entering the chart on November 6, 1971, and his posthumous duet with Drake, \"Don't Matter to Me\", first charting on July 14, 2018.\n Jackson is the only act to have top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 across five consecutive decades (1970s–2010s) and six consecutive decades including his work with the Jackson 5 (1960s–2010s) when \"I Want You Back\" charted at No. 8 on the week of December 27, 1969, in the Billboard Hot 100.\n At the 1984 Grammys, Thriller earned Michael 7 Grammy awards with Jackson winning an eighth for his contribution to the E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial soundtrack, the most won by an artist in a single year.\n Jackson currently holds the record for the most wins by a male artist at the American Music Awards with 26.\n\nJackson's US number ones\nMichael Jackson had 13 number one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 charts.\n\nJackson's US Top 10 Hits\nMichael Jackson had 30 Top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 charts while living, and to date has two posthumous Top 10 entries.\n\nJackson's US R&B number ones\nMichael Jackson had 16 number one hits on the Billboard R&B charts.\n\nUK chart records and achievements\n Jackson had the most Top 40 hits in the UK Singles Chart in one year, 19 in 2006. Each of the 19 songs was collectors' rereleases of previous Jackson hits, issued weekly as part of a 20-single promotion (the first of the singles was ineligible to chart due to its packaging). Of these singles, \"Billie Jean\" reached the highest position on the UK chart (#11), and \"Jam\" remained on the chart for the longest stretch (13 weeks).\n Jackson had 44 Top 10 hits in the UK Singles Chart. Elvis Presley has the most, with 77.\n Jackson's Thriller and Bad are the two highest-selling albums by a male solo artist in UK history. Besides Jackson, only Queen, with the 1st- and 7th-best-selling albums, has multiple entries in the top twenty.\n Jackson is the only male solo artist to have 2 albums (Thriller and Bad) certified 10x Platinum or more in the UK.\n Bad was the fastest-selling album in the UK with sales of 350,000 copies during the first week of its release (it is now the eleventh). \n In the second week following his death, Jackson had 13 songs in the UK Top 40, and 5 albums in the Top 10, including the top-selling album.\n\nJackson's UK number ones\nMichael Jackson had nine number one hits on the UK Singles Charts.\n\nFrench chart records and achievements\n Invincible, released in 2001, had the highest first week of sales for a foreign album in France, selling 166,000 copies.\n Jackson had four diamond albums in France. They are Thriller, Bad, Dangerous, and HIStory.\n Jackson had 22 top ten hits on the French Top 100 Singles charts.\n Jackson had 36 top 40 hits on the Top 100 Singles charts.\n\nJackson's French number ones\nMichael Jackson had eight number one hits on the Top 100 Singles charts.\n\nSpanish chart records and achievements\n Jackson had 35 top 20 hits on the Top 20 Singles charts.\n Jackson had 29 top ten hits on the Top 20 Singles charts.\n\nJackson's Spanish number ones\nMichael Jackson had 21 number one hits on the Top 20 Singles charts.\n\nCanadian chart records and achievements\n Jackson had five number one albums in Canada: Thriller, Bad, HIStory, Number Ones and This Is It.\n Jackson had three singles that earned at least one platinum certification in Canada: \"Billie Jean,\" \"Beat It,\" and \"Say Say Say.\"\n Jackson's Thriller is the highest-selling album in Canada music history. To date, a resultsit remains the only album by a male artist to obtain Double Diamond certification. \n Jackson had 29 top 20 hits on the Top 50 Singles charts.\n Jackson had 20 top ten hits on the Top 50 Singles charts.\n\nJackson's Canadian number ones\nMichael Jackson had five number one hits on the Top 50 Singles charts.\n\nAustralian chart records and achievements\n Jackson had eight albums in Australia that earned platinum or multi-platinum certifications: Off the Wall, Thriller, Bad, Dangerous, HIStory, Invincible, Number Ones, and The Essential Michael Jackson.\n Jackson had 27 top 20 hits on the Top 100 Singles charts.\n Jackson had 20 top ten hits on the Top 100 Singles charts.\n\nJackson's Australian number ones\nMichael Jackson had four number one hits on the Top 100 Singles charts.\n\nNorwegian chart records and achievements\n Jackson had three singles that earned a gold certification in Norway: \"Earth Song,\" \"They Don't Care About Us,\" and \"You Rock My World.\"\n Jackson had 21 top ten hits on the Top 20 Singles charts.\n\nJackson's Norwegian number ones\nMichael Jackson had five number one hits on the Top 20 Singles charts.\n\nSwiss chart records and achievements\n Jackson had 24 top ten hits on the Top 100 Singles chart.\n Jackson had 21 top ten hits on the Top 20 Singles charts.\n\nJackson's Swiss number ones\nMichael Jackson had four number one hits on the Top 100 Singles charts.\n\nNew Zealand chart records and achievements\n Jackson had 24 top ten hits on the Top 100 Singles charts.\n\nJackson's New Zealand number ones\nMichael Jackson had eight number one hits on the Top 100 Singles charts.\n\nIrish chart records and achievements\n Jackson had 70 chart entries on the Top 100 Singles charts.\n\nJackson's Irish number ones\nMichael Jackson had 10 number one hits on the Top 100 Singles charts, more than any other solo artist.\n\nOther records and achievement worldwide\nJackson has sold over 1 billion records worldwide and he is one of three recording artists (along with Paul McCartney and Phil Collins) and the first American artist who have sold over 100 million records worldwide both as solo artists and (separately) as principal members of a band.\n Jackson is the most successful entertainer in history, according to the Guinness Book of World Records \n To date, Jackson is the first and only artist to have five of his solo albums sell over 20 million copies worldwide: Off The Wall (20+ million), Thriller (66 million), Bad (35+ million), Dangerous (32+ million) and HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (20 million) result, Jackson holds the record for artist with highest number of best-selling albums worldwide\n Thriller is the best-selling album of all time with claimed sales of 70 million.\n Jackson has been credited with supporting more charities than any other artist – 39 charitable organisations – either with monetary donations through sponsorships of their projects or participation in their activities.\n Jackson is the Highest-Paid Commercial Spokesperson ever; Pepsi Cola paid Jackson $12 million to do 4 TV commercials in March 1988.\n David O. Selznick's 1940 Best Film Oscar for Gone with the Wind (USA, 1939) was bought by Jackson for $1,542,000 on June 12, 1999, at Sotheby's, New York City. The Academy Awards no longer permits such sales, all but ensuring that it will remain the most expensive Oscar.\n In 1995, Jackson financed the most expensive music video: \"Scream\". The clip, which co-starred sister Janet Jackson, reportedly cost over US$7 million.\n On November 14, 1991, the debut of Michael Jackson's music video Black or White was broadcast simultaneously in 27 countries, to the largest audience in television history for a music video premiere: an estimated 500 million people.\n Jackson has the two best-selling VHS music videos ever released: \"Moonwalker\" (1988), and \"The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller (1984).\nJackson's Bad world tour (1987–1989) was the second highest-grossing tour of the 1980s behind Pink Floyd's A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour, with a gross of $125 million. His 1996–97 HIStory tour grossed $165 million, becoming one of the top five highest-grossing tours of the 1990s and became his highest-grossing concert tour to date. At the time, Jackson had the two highest-grossing tours ever given by a solo artist.\n While the bulk of his sales achievements have come in the fields of pop music and R&B, Jackson has also had success in subgenres. His Dangerous (1991) album (32 million sales worldwide) has been cited as the top-selling new jack swing album, while his Blood on the Dance Floor (6 million sales worldwide) is the biggest selling remix collection.\n Jackson's double album HIStory is the top-selling multiple disc album of all time by a male solo artist. Though estimates of its worldwide sales total range as high as 30 million copies (60 million discs).\n Jackson was once one of the wealthiest artists in the world, with an estimated fortune of more than $750 million. In 2007, the Jackson estate's assets were calculated to be $1,360,839,979, with 85% of that total being Jackson's stake in the Sony/ATV Music Publishing song catalog that includes most of the Beatles' songs. Jackson also had sizeable debts that far outstripped his liquid cash total, which was just .05% of his net worth.\n Following his death, Jackson became the first artist to sell more than 2 million downloads in a week.\n Michael Jackson's This Is It is the top-grossing concert film and the documentary film of all time. The posthumous movie has earned over $260 million worldwide to date. It also set a record for concert films with $103.9 million in worldwide ticket sales in its first five days of release. \n On March 16, 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a record-breaking $250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017 and release seven posthumous albums—some of which will feature unreleased material—over the next decade.\n In August 2010, Jackson became the 44th dancer/choreographer inducted into the National Museum of Dance Hall of Fame, and the hall's first inductee from the world of rock and roll.\n\nSee also\n List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson\n List of best-selling music artists in the United Kingdom in singles sales\n List of most expensive music videos\n List of best-selling albums\n List of best-selling albums in the United States\n Philanthropy of Michael Jackson\n\nReferences\n\nMichael Jackson\nJackson, Michael" ]

[ "Robin Thicke", "Songwriting and producing", "Does he write his own songs?", "In total, albums on which Thicke has been credited for his work (in capacities including writer, producer, arranger, vocalist, and musician)", "What was his biggest hit?", "Confessions would go on to sell 20 million copies worldwide and win the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album in 2005.", "Did he have any hits in the top 10?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Mama Drama is the third studio album released by American rapper Mia X, which was released on October 27, 1998, on No Limit Records, distributed by Priority Records and EMI, and featured production from Master P and Beats By the Pound. Many of the guests who appeared on the previous album returned for guest appearances on the album including Fat Joe and Charlie Wilson. It sold 404,000 units in the US.\n\nBackground and singles\nThe album was Mia X's most successful album commercially and critically, charting at number 7 on the Billboard 200 and number 3 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. The first single, \"What'cha Wanna Do\", found success, reaching number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 4 on the Hot Rap Tracks and number 32 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. The second single was \"Imma Shine\".\n\nTrack listing\n\"Bring It On\" – 5:10 (featuring Fiend, Mac, Skull Duggery, C-Murder & Mystikal) [produced by KLC]\n\"What'cha Wanna Do\" – 4:40 (featuring Charlie Wilson) [produced by KLC & Craig B)\n\"Don't Start No Shit\" – 3:55 (featuring Master P & C-Murder) [produced by Craig B]\n\"Mama Drama\" – 2:56 (featuring Fiend) [produced by KLC]\n\"Imma Shine\" – 4:03 (featuring O'Dell) [prod. by Craig B]\n\"I Think Somebody\" – 3:03 (featuring Fiend) [produced by KLC]\n\"Mama's Tribute\" – 3:59 (produced by KLC)\n\"What's Ya Point\" – 4:19 (featuring Fat Joe & Snoop Dogg) [produced by Craig B]\n\"Thugs Like Me\" – 3:57 (produced by KLC)\n\"Ride or Run\" – 3:20 (featuring Big Ed & Steady Mobb'n) [produced by Carlos]\n\"Tru Bitches\" – 3:07 (produced by Craig B)\n\"Puttin' It Down\" – 3:55 (featuring Fiend, Mystikal, Mac and Kane & Abel) [produced by KLC]\n\"Ghetto Livin'\" – 4:03 (featuring Ghetto Commission & O'Dell) [produced by Carlos]\n\"Play Wit Pussy\" – 3:47 (featuring Fiend) [produced by KLC]\n\"Don't Blame Me\" – 4:08 (featuring C-Murder & Mr. Serv-On) [produced by Carlos]\n\"Daddy\" – 4:12 (produced by O'dell)\n\"Like Dat\" – 3:58 (produced by Craig B)\n\"Sex Ed.\" – 4:44 (featuring Silkk the Shocker) [produced by O'dell]\n\"Flip & Rip\" – 3:18 (featuring Mac) [produced by KLC]\n\"Fallen Angels\" (Dear Jil)\" – 3:10 (produced by O'dell)\n\nCredits and personnel\nMia X – vocals, rapping\nCraig B. – producer\nBig Ed – guest artist, performer, primary artist\nBig Man – vocals\nBoz – vocals\nCarlos – producer\nC-Murder composer, guest artist, performer, primary artist\nByron Dollioli – primary artist\nFat Joe – guest artist, performer, primary artist\nFiend – featured artist, guest artist, performer, primary artist\nGhetto Commission – guest artist, performer, primary artist\nLeslie Henderson – photography\nK Lou – bass\nKane & Abel -performer, primary artist\nKLC – producer\nM.A.C. – guest artist, primary artist\nMac – primary artist\nLarry Mac – composer\nMaster P – executive producer, guest artist, performer, primary artist\nMr. Serv-On – guest artist, performer, primary artist\nMystikal – featured artist, guest artist, performer, primary artist\nO'Dell – primary artist, producer, vocals\nPorsha – vocals\nOliver Scott – composer\nCarol Sheridan – photography\nSilkk the Shocker – guest artist, primary artist, vocals\nSkull Duggrey – performer, primary artist\nSnoop Dogg – composer, guest artist, performer, primary artist\nSteady Mobb'n – composer, performer, primary artist\nAnita Thomas – vocals\nMark Trentecosta – guitar\nWendy Weary – primary artist, vocals\nRonnie Wilson – composer\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n1998 albums\nMia X albums\nNo Limit Records albums\nPriority Records albums\nEMI Records albums", "Xtended Play Version 3.13 is the third studio album by Detroit-based hip hop duo Frank n Dank, released on October 24, 2006. The album features production from the likes of J Dilla, Oh No and Rich Kidd, and includes guest appearances from Brick & Lace, Kardinal Offishall, Saukrates, Jeru the Damaja and more.\n\nTrack listing\n\nBonus DVD\n\n The Frank N Dank Story\n McNasty Filth (Music video)\n M.C.A. (Music video)\n What Up (Music video)\n FND (Live)\n\nSingles\n\nPersonnel\nCredits for Xtended Play Version 3.13 adapted from AllMusic.\n\nFrank n Dank — Primary Artist\nBrick & Lace — Featured Artist\nBuddah Brothas — Producer\nP. Cauz — Producer\nJeru the Damaja — Featured Artist\nJ Dilla — Producer\nDJ Dopey — Featured Artist\nThe 2 Swift Household — Producer\nDJ Kemo — Producer, Featured Artist\nRich Kidd — Producer\nScott \"Watson\" Lake — Mastering\nLancecape — Producer\nTone Mason — Producer\nOh No — Producer\nKardinal Offishall — Featured Artist, Producer\nLindo P — Featured Artist\nReign — Featured Artist\nSaukrates — Featured Artist, Producer\nBrett Zilahi — Mastering\n\nReferences\n\n2006 albums\nFrank n Dank albums\nAlbums produced by J Dilla\nAlbums produced by Tone Mason\nAlbums produced by Kardinal Offishall\nAlbums produced by Oh No (musician)\nAlbums produced by Saukrates" ]

[ "Nikki Sixx", "Personal life" ]

[ ", son of Konoe Iehiro and adopted son of Takatsukasa Kanehiro, was a kugyō or Japanese court noble of the Edo period (1603–1868). He did not hold regent positions sesshō and kampaku. He and his wife did not have a son, but they adopted one Hisasuke.\n\nReferences\n \n\n1710 births\n1730 deaths\nFujiwara clan\nTakatsukasa family", "Christopher Martin (c. 1582-1621)\n\nIn 1920, at the three-hundredth anniversary of the Mayflower sailing, a plaque was unveiled in the United Reformed Church in Billericay, Essex, England, to commemorate the Martin family, Mayflower emigrants from that town. The plaque names Christopher Martin, Marie Martin, Solomon Prower and John Langerman.\n\nServants traveling with the Christopher Martin family on the Mayflower \n\nSolomon Prowe. Servant and step-son of Christopher Martin. He did not sign the Mayflower Compact indicating he had not yet reached the age of twenty-one, possibly being born between 1600 and 1606. He seems to have been from Essex, from where the Martin family probably originated. All members of the Martin family died during the first few months the Mayflower was in the New World. Solomon Prower died on December 24, 1620, just days before the exploration of Plymouth Harbor for the Pilgrim settlement.\nJohn Langemore. Servant to Christopher Martin. Probably in his teens as he did not sign the Mayflower Compact. Almost nothing is known of his ancestry although he may have come with the Martin family from Essex. He died the first winter, as did all members of the Martin family.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \nRobert C. Anderson. The Great Migration Begins. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995.\nRobert C. Anderson. The Pilgrim Migration. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2004.\nR. J. Carpenter. Christopher Martin, Great Burstead and The Mayflower. Chelmsford, Essex, 1982.\n\nMayflower passengers\n1580s births\n1620s deaths\nYear of birth uncertain\nBurials at Cole's Hill Burial Ground (Plymouth)" ]

[ "Nikki Sixx", "Personal life", "Did he have a family?", "From May 1989 to November 1996, Sixx was married to his first wife, Playboy Playmate Brandi Brandt; they have three children:" ]

[ "is a manga series by Japanese author Stu-Hiro. It tells about a young 26-year-old otaku, who is suddenly visited by a young girl claiming to be his daughter. It was first serialized in Fujimi Shobo's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Dragon Age in 2006.\nThe last chapter has been released in the 11th issue of Monthly Dragon Age on October 8, 2011.\n\nCharacters\n\nKouta Morisaki is a young man with stereotypical otaku interests. He works as an assistant manga artist for Sousuke Morita for a living. In highschool, he slept with Nozomi Yukimura and lost contact with her ever since. He eventually discovers she had given birth to his daughter, Kanau Yukimura, when she appears at his doorstep. As they live together, Kouta begins to place her above his otaku interests and develops as a father and discarding some of his otaku hobbies.\nKouta is attracted to Taeko Morita and confesses his feelings to her only to discover she is married to Sousuke Morita. With support from his daughter and Sousuke, Kouta aims for a career as a professional manga artist.\n\nKanau Yukimura is the 10 (recently 9) year old daughter of Kouta Morisaki and Nozomi Yukimura (though her birthday is on Feb 29, making her technically still 2). She begins living with her father after her mother began hiding from debt collectors. Initially disheartened with her father's hobbies, she begins to accept him for who he is and pushes him to try more ordinary things. She also has a strong desire to gain the autographs of famous people.\nLater in the series, Kanau adopts a homeless samoyed who is named by the tenants; His name is based on the manga series Maison Ikkoku. It is also revealed she has a little half-brother named Tsukamu.\n\nTaeko Morita is the manager of the Higansou apartment. She is a well-endowed, thick-headed, 19-year-old high school student who is usually mistaken to be in her late twenties. She studies the otaku hobbies of her tenants so that she can relate to them better. She resents her mother after witnessing her kiss with Sousuke Morita and was a delinquent in the past due to this reason.\nIt was later revealed that she was adopted by Sousuke after her grandfather's death, and eventually marries him.\n\nHaruka is an assistant manga artist for Sousuke Morita and resides in the Higansou apartment. She goes to the same school as Taeko whom she is very close to. Haruka has an inferiority complex with her sister who is a successful manga artist. Struggling to free herself from her sister's shadow, she quit high school in order to focus on her career as a manga artist under the pen name .\nInitially disliking Kouta Morisaki, she begins to develop feelings for him as well. Soon, she develops more confidences in herself and her work.\n\n \nChihiro Nitta is a residence of the Higansou apartment and is friends with Kouta Morisaki since highschool. A dedicated lolicon with no interest in older women, he has targeted Kanau Yukimura many times before. He jumps from job to job, usually working in a profession near children. Whenever he consumes sweets, his libido is eliminated completely rendering him harmless.\nDespite his lunacy, Chihiro is very insightful of people.\nHe was secretly in contact with Kanau's mother, Nozomi Yukimura, whom he grew up in an orphanage with.\n\nSousuke Morita is a famous manga artist known under his pen name . He was inspired to become a manga artist after Taeko Morita commented on one of his works which he drew to cheer her up. Despite being married, it was confirmed that he is still a virgin.\n\nNozomi Yukimura is Kanau Yukimura's mother. She is a year older than Kouta, and was the one who seduced him in highschool. After acquiring a large debt, she sends Kanau to live with Kouta and has been on the run while working off her debt.\nIt is later revealed that Nozomi initially sent Kanau to be with Tsukamu's father, until Kanau insisted she wanted to meet her own father. Therefore, Nozomi had no intention of ever telling Kouta about her and if it weren't for Kanau, he would have never known he had a daughter.\nShe is secretly in contact with Chihiro Nitta to gather information on her daughter.\nShe is revealed to be an orphan after the deaths of his parents in a car accident. It is later revealed she did not love Kouta, and only used him to make Chihiro jealous, as she was in love with him since childhood, but could never get his attention due to the fact that he was a lolicon.\n\n Kimiko Asou is Taeko Morita's mother who works as a hostess. She often appears after work, still wearing a Hostess fantasy costume. She becomes bored with things easily, which seems to be the reason for her promiscuity. Even though she and Taeko are not on good terms, she still sends her money in child support in an attempt to fulfill her role as a parent.\nIn her past, her mother left her with her father whom neglected her since childhood. When Kimiko became pregnant with Taeko, she attempted to commit suicide, forcing her father to realize the consequence of his neglect. In order to repent for it, he offers to raise Taeko for her.\n\nMami Kitamura is Kouta Morisaki's sister who is married to Kitamura Kenya. She works as a model and continued to model even when pregnant. She later gives birth to a girl named Saori. She is very nosey and has good eye for detail allowing her to instantly discern Kanau to be Kouta's daughter.\nShe is also ecologically minded, knowing that the price tag doesn't determine an item's quality.\n\nSerio\nShe is friends with Kanau, whom she met at the Comiket, and became quick friends due to their father's similarities. She is often portrayed with a stoic expression and was the person who bought Haruka's doujin many years prior to the series. She is skilled at making cosplay outfits and is able to get someone's measurements just by hugging them.\n\nList of Otaku no Musume-san volumes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n2006 manga\nFujimi Shobo manga\nShōnen manga\nWorks about parenting", "Kangaroo care also called skin-to-skin contact (SSC), is a technique of newborn care where babies are kept chest-to-chest and skin-to-skin with a parent, typically their mother (occasionally their father).\n\nKangaroo care, named for the similarity to how certain marsupials carry their young, was initially developed in the 1970s to care for preterm infants in countries where incubators were either unavailable or unreliable. More recently, the term skin-to-skin care is also used to describe the technique of placing full-term newborns immediately after birth on the bare chest of their mother or father. There is evidence that it is effective in reducing infant mortality, the risk of hospital-acquired infection, increasing weight gain, increasing rates of breastfeeding, and other advantages for both mother and baby.\n\nMedical uses\nOriginally babies who were eligible for kangaroo care included pre-term infants weighing less than , and breathing independently. Cardiopulmonary monitoring, oximetry, supplemental oxygen or nasal (continuous positive airway pressure) ventilation, intravenous infusions, and monitor leads do not prevent kangaroo care. In fact, babies who are in kangaroo care tend to be less prone to apnea and bradycardia and have stabilization of oxygen needs.\n\nDuring the early 1990s, the concept was advocated in North America for premature babies in neonatal intensive care units and later for full term babies. Research has been done in developed countries but there is a lag in implementation of kangaroo care due to ready access of incubators and technology.\n\nRestrictions for eligibility to receive skin-to-skin contact are becoming fewer, the main constraint has probably been caregiver confidence and experience.\n\nEvidence\n\nWhile kangaroo care initially generally implied care of low birth weight and preterm infants, skin-to-skin contact should be regarded as normal and basic for all newly born humans. An early study (1979) showed increased breastfeeding rates when skin-to-skin contact started at birth, and when early breastfeeding was encouraged every two hours. A randomized controlled trial published in 2004 reported that babies born between 1200 and 2200g became physiologically stable in skin-to-skin contact starting from birth, compared to similar babies in incubators. In another randomized controlled trial conducted in Ethiopia, survival improved when skin-to-skin contact was started before 6 hours of age.\n\nIn the 1990s studies began to note a series of innate behaviors in full term infants when placed in SSC with their mothers. One 2011 study described a sequence of nine innate behaviors as:\n It is believed that \n\nA Cochrane review on \"Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy babies\", updated in 2015, provided clinical support for the scientific rationale but looked at evidence for early skin-to-skin contact for healthy babies. The available evidence showed that early skin-to-skin contact was associated with increased rates of breastfeeding, and some evidence of improved physiological outcomes (early stability of the heart rate and breathing) for the babies.\n \nIn 2016 a Cochrane review, \"Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants\", was published bringing together data from 21 studies including 3042 low birth-weight babies (less than at birth). This review showed that babies receiving kangaroo care had a reduced risk of death, hospital-acquired infection, and low body temperature (hypothermia); was also associated with increased weight gain, growth in length, and rates of breastfeeding.\n\nBenefits\n\nPre-term and low-birth-weight infants\nKangaroo care \"is an effective and safe alternative to conventional neonatal care for LBW infants, mainly in resource-limited countries.\" Kangaroo Mother Care reduces mortality, and also morbidity in resource limited settings, though further studies are needed.\n\nKangaroo care arguably offers the most benefits for pre-term and low-birth-weight infants, who experience more normalized temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, increased weight gain, and fewer hospital-acquired infections. Additionally, studies suggest that preterm infants who experience kangaroo care have improved cognitive development, decreased stress levels, reduced pain responses, normalized growth, and positive effects on motor development. Kangaroo care also helps to improve sleep patterns of infants, and may be a good intervention for colic. Earlier discharge from hospital is also a possible outcome Finally, kangaroo care helps to promote frequent breastfeeding, and can enhance mother-infant bonding. Evidence from a recent systematic review supports the use of kangaroo mother care as a substitute for conventional neonatal care in settings where resources are limited.\"\n\nFor parents\nKangaroo care is beneficial for parents because it promotes attachment and bonding, improves parental confidence, and helps to promote increased milk production and breastfeeding success.\n\nA 2017 study found that the psychological benefits of kangaroo care for parents of preterm infants are fairly extensive. Research shows that the use of kangaroo care is linked to lower parental anxiety levels. It was shown to decrease anxiety scores in both mothers and fathers, unrelated to parents’ marital status. Kangaroo care has also been shown to lead to greater confidence in parenting skills. Parents who used kangaroo care displayed higher confidence in their ability to care for their child. It has been shown to positively impact breastfeeding as well, with mothers producing larger amounts of milk for longer periods of time.\n\nFor fathers\n\nBoth preterm and full term infants benefit from skin to skin contact (SSC) for the first few weeks of life with the baby's father as well. The new baby is familiar with the father's voice and it is believed that contact with the father helps the infant to stabilize and promotes father to infant bonding. If the infant's mother had a caesarean birth, the father can hold their baby in skin-to-skin contact while the mother recovers from the anesthetic.\n\nA 2016 study looked at international literature reviews of early (SSC) benefits for infants and fathers. Their findings for infants included:\n\n Swedish and Germany reviews found that father SSC is as effective as mother SSC in raising a baby's temperature and there is no difference between father and mother skin-to-skin on biophysical measures of the baby's expenditure of energy. \n A Swedish review found that babies experiencing father SSC had significantly higher blood glucose levels than babies who were placed in an incubator. A higher glucose level protects a baby from cold temperatures.\n A Swedish review found that babies who experienced father SSC showed lower levels of salivary cortisol when handled, which indicates a lower stress response. \n A Swedish review found that babies receiving father SSC were more easily comforted and stopped crying more quickly than babies that had been separated from a parent. \n A Swedish review found that pre-feeding behaviours, such as rooting and sucking, were less frequent among the infants who received father SSC. Infants receiving father SSC started breastfeeding a little later than those receiving SSC only from their mothers.\n\nLooking at the review, researchers found that SSC was of benefit to fathers as well. Their findings included:\n\n An India study found that fathers who provided SSC to preterm infants exhibited more caring behaviours and developed a more sensitive approach to their infants.\n A Colombia review found that after a pre-term birth, father SSC was linked to better cognitive development of the infant and more engagement by the father when the couple returned to their home.\n Reviews done in the USA and Sweden showed that fathers who provided SSC felt less stress, were less anxious, and had a better relationship with the mother.\n Reviews done in Denmark and Sweden found that father SSC, like mother SSC, promotes verbal interaction between infant and parent within minutes of the birth. The review also found that fathers who have experienced SSC participated more in infant care and felt more in control when handling unexpected situations.\n\nFollowing Caesarean section birth\n\nAlthough WHO and UNICEF recommend that infants born by Caesarean section should also have skin-to-skin contact (SSC) as soon as the mother is alert and responsive, a 2014 review of medical literature found that many hospitals were not providing SSC following a C-section. Immediate SSC following a spinal or epidural anesthetic is possible because the mother remains alert; however, after a general anesthetic the father or other family member may provide SSC until the mother is able.\n \nIt is known that during the hours of labor before a vaginal birth a woman's body begins to produce oxytocin which aids in the bonding process, and the authors believe that SSC can be of special importance following a C-section birth. Indeed, women reported that they felt that SSC had helped them to feel close to and bond with their infant. The review reported comments made by mothers such as \"My baby calms down right away when I put him to my chest. I don't know if it's related to holding him skin‐to‐skin during the cesarean – but I think it is.\" Newborns were also found to cry less and relax quicker when they had SSC with their father as well. There is evidence that women who give birth by C-section are less likely to breastfeed and those that do have increased difficulties in establishing breastfeeding. However the review found that immediate or early SSC increased the likelihood of successful breastfeeding.\n\nPromotes breastfeeding \n\nAccording to some authorities there is a growing body of evidence that suggests that early skin-to-skin contact of mother and baby stimulates breast feeding behavior in the baby. Newborn infants who are immediately placed on their mother's skin have a natural instinct to latch on to the breast and start nursing, typically within one hour of being born. It is thought that immediate skin-to-skin contact provides a form of imprinting that makes subsequent feeding significantly easier. The World Health Organization reports that in addition to more successful breastfeeding, skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her newborn baby immediately after delivery also reduces crying, improves mother to infant interaction, and keeps baby warm. According to studies quoted by UNICEF, babies have been observed to naturally follow a unique process which leads to a first breastfeed. After birth, babies who are placed skin to skin on their mothers chest will:\n\n Initially babies cry briefly – a very distinctive birth cry\n Then they will enter a stage of relaxation, recovering from the birth\n Then the baby will start to wake up\n Then begin to move, initially little movements, perhaps of the arms, shoulders and head\n As these movements increase the baby will actually start to crawl towards the breast\n Once the baby has found the breast and therefore the food source, there is a period of rest. Often this can be mistaken as the baby is not hungry or wanting to feed\n After resting, the baby will explore and get familiar with the breast, perhaps by nuzzling, smelling and licking before attaching\n\nProviding that there are no interruptions, all babies are said to follow this process and it is suggested that trying to rush the process or interruptions such as removing the baby to weigh or measure is counter-productive and may lead to problems at subsequent breastfeeds.\n\nFor mothers with low milk supply, increasing skin-to-skin contact is recommended, as it promotes more frequent feeding and stimulates the milk ejection reflex, prompting the body to produce more milk.\n\nPain control \nSkin-to-skin contact is effective in reducing pain in infants during painful procedures. There appears to be no difference between mothers and others who provide skin-to-skin contact during medical treatments.\n\nFor institutions\nKangaroo care often results in reduced hospital stays, reduced need for expensive healthcare technology, increased parental involvement and teaching opportunities, and better use of healthcare dollars.\n\nTechnique \n\nKangaroo care seeks to provide restored closeness of the newborn with family members by placing the infant in direct skin-to-skin contact with one of them. This ensures physiological and psychological warmth and bonding. The parent's stable body temperature helps to regulate the neonate's temperature more smoothly than an incubator, and allows for readily accessible breastfeeding when the mother holds the baby this way.\n\nWhile this model of infant care is substantially different from the typical Western neonatal intensive-care unit procedures, the two are not mutually exclusive, and it is estimated that more than 200 neonatal intensive care units practice kangaroo care. One survey found that 82 percent of neonatal intensive care units use kangaroo care in the United States.\n\nIn kangaroo care, the baby wears only a small diaper and a hat and is placed in a flexed (fetal position) with maximum skin-to-skin contact on parent's chest. The baby is secured with a wrap that goes around the naked torso of the adult, providing the baby with proper support and positioning (maintain flexion), constant containment without pressure points or creases, and protecting from air drafts (thermoregulation). If it is cold, the parent may wear a shirt or hospital gown with an opening to the front and a blanket over the wrap for the baby.\n\nThe tight bundling is enough to stimulate the baby: vestibular stimulation from the parent's breathing and chest movement, auditory stimulation from the parent's voice and natural sounds of breathing and the heartbeat, touch by the skin of the parent, the wrap, and the natural tendency to hold the baby. All this stimulation is important for the baby's development.\n\n\"Birth Kangaroo Care\" places the baby in kangaroo care with the mother within one minute after birth and up to the first feeding. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends this practice, with minimal disruption for babies that don't require life support. The baby's head must be dried immediately after birth and then the baby is placed with a hat on the mother's chest. Measurements, etc. are performed after the first feeding. According to the US Institute of Kangaroo Care, healthy babies should maintain skin-to-skin contact method for about 3 months so that both baby and mother are established in breastfeeding and have achieved physiological recovery from the birth process.\n\nFor premature babies, this method can be used continuously around the clock or for sessions of no less than one hour in duration (the length of one full sleep cycle.) It can be started as soon as the baby is stabilized, so it may be at birth or within hours, days, or weeks after birth.\n\nKangaroo care is different from the practice of babywearing. In kangaroo care, the adult and the baby are skin-to-skin and chest-to-chest, securing the position of the baby with a stretchy wrap, and it is practiced to provide developmental care to premature babies for 6 months and full-term newborns for 3 months. In babywearing the adult and the child are fully clothed, the child may be in the front or back of the adult, can be done with many different types of carriers and slings, and is commonly practiced with infants and toddlers.\n\nRationale\nIn primates, early skin-to-skin contact is part of a universal reproductive behaviour, and early separation is used as a research modality to test the harmful effects on early development. Research suggests that for all mammals, the maternal environment (or place of care) is the primary requirement for regulation of all physiological needs (homeostasis), maternal absence leads to dysregulation and adaptation to adversity.\n\nIn mainstream clinical medicine, Kangaroo Mother Care is used as an adjunct to advanced technology that requires maternal infant separation. However, skin-to-skin contact may have a better scientific rationale than the incubator. All other supportive technology can be provided as part of care to extremely low birth weight babies during skin-to-skin contact, and appears to produce a better effect.\n\nBased on the scientific rationale, it has been suggested that skin-to-skin contact should be initiated immediately, to avoid the harmful effects of separation (Bergman Curationis). In terms of classification and proper defining for research purposes, the following aspects that categorise and define skin-to-skin contact have been proposed:\n\n Initiation time, (minutes, hours from birth), ideal is zero separation.\n Dose of skin-to-skin contact, (hours per day, or as percentage of day), ideal >90%.\n Duration, (measured in days or weeks from birth), ideally until infant refuses.\n\nSafe technique should ensure that obstructive apnoea cannot occur. Since the mother must be able to sleep to provide adequate dose, this requires keeping the airway safely open, and close containment to mother's bare chest using a garment, various of these are described in the WHO guidelines.\n\nMother should be the primary provider of skin-to-skin contact, as only she can breastfeed. However, it is almost always necessary that father should also provide skin-to-skin contact to achieve adequate dose; other family members can also be used. Since skin-to-skin contact is basic to early bonding and attachment, it should probably not be done by hospital staff and other surrogates.\n\nTerminology\nKangaroo Care is likely the most widely used term in the United States for skin-to-skin contact. Gene Cranston Anderson may have been the first to coin the term Kangaroo Care in the USA. The defining feature of this is however for skin-to-skin contact, commonly abbreviated as SSC, also STS. This is used synonymously with \"skin-to-skin care\". Dr Nils Bergman, one of the founders of the Kangaroo Mother Care Movement, argues that since skin-to-skin contact is a place of care, not a kind of care in itself, skin-to-skin contact should be the preferred term.\n\nKangaroo Mother Care is a broader package of care defined by the World Health Organization. Kangaroo Mother Care originally referred only to care of low birth weight and preterm infants, and is defined as a care strategy including three main components: kangaroo position, kangaroo nutrition and kangaroo discharge.\nKangaroo position means direct skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby, but can include father, other family member or surrogate. The infant should be upright on the chest, and the airway secured with safe technique. (The term Kangaroo Mother Care is commonly used to mean skin-to-skin contact, despite its definition from the WHO as including a broader strategy). Kangaroo nutrition implies exclusive breastfeeding, with additional support as required but with the aim of achieving ultimately exclusive breastfeeding. Kangaroo discharge requires that the infant is sent home early, meaning as soon as the mother is breastfeeding and able to provide all basic care herself. In Colombia in 1985 this took place at weights around 1000g, with oxygen cylinders for home use; the reason was that overcrowding in their hospital meant that three babies in an incubator would result in potentially lethal cross-infections. An essential part of this is close follow-up, and access to daily visits.\n\nHistory \nAn early example of skin-to-skin infant care is the traditional Inuit woman's garment, the amauti, had a large pouch at the back where the baby would sit against the mother's bare back.\n\nPeter de Chateau in Sweden first described studies of \"early contact\" with mother and baby at birth in 1976, articles do not describe specifically that this was skin-to-skin contact. Klaus and Kennell did very similar work in the US, more well known in the context of early maternal-infant bonding. The first reported use of the term \"skin-to-skin contact\" is by Thomson in 1979 and quotes the work of de Chateau in its rationale. This is contemporary or even precedes the origins of Kangaroo Mother Care in Bogota, Colombia. This latter did however make the concept more widely known.\n\nIn 1978, due to increasing morbidity and mortality rates in the Instituto Materno Infantil NICU in Bogotá, Colombia, Dr. Edgar Rey Sanabria, Professor of Neonatology at Department of Paediatry - Universidad Nacional de Colombia, and Dr. Hector Martinez Gomez, introduced a method to alleviate the shortage of caregivers and lack of resources. They suggested that mothers have continuous skin-to-skin contact with their low birth weight babies to keep them warm and to give exclusive breastfeeding as needed. This freed up overcrowded incubator space and care givers.\n\nAnother feature of kangaroo care was early discharge in the kangaroo position despite prematurity. It has proven successful in improving survival rates of premature and low birth weight newborns and in lowering the risks of nosocomial infection, severe illness, and lower respiratory tract disease. It also increased exclusive breastfeeding and for a longer duration and improved maternal satisfaction and confidence.\n\nDr Rey and Dr Martinez published their results in 1981 in Spanish, and used the term Kangaroo Mother Method. This was brought to the attention of English speaking health professionals in an article by Whitelaw and Sleath in 1985. Gene Cranston Anderson and Susan Ludington were instrumental in introducing this to North America.\n\n\"Kangaroo Mother Care\" as a term was first defined at a meeting of some 30 interested researchers, attending a meeting convened by Dr Adriano Cattaneo and colleagues in November 1996 in Trieste, Italy, together with the WHO represented by Dr Jelka Zupan.\n \nAn International Network of Kangaroo Mother Care (INK) was convened at the Trieste meeting and has overseen workshops and conferences every two years. After Trieste, meetings were held in Bogota Colombia 1998, Yogyakarta Indonesia 2000, Cape Town South Africa 2002, Rio de Janeiro Brazil 2004, Cleveland USA 2006, Uppsala Sweden 2008, Quebec Canada 2010, Ahmedabad India 2012, and Kigali Rwanda 2014; the meeting in 2016 planned for Trieste Italy.\n\nAn informal steering committee coordinates these meetings: (alphabetically, current) Nils Bergman, Adriano Cattaneo, Nathalie Charpak, Kerstin Hedberg-Nyqvist, Ochi Ibe, Susan Ludington, Socorro Mendoza, Mantoa Mokrachane, Juan Gabriel Ruiz, Réjean Tessier, Rekha Udani.\n \nSusan Ludington maintains a \"KC BIB\" (bibliography) on behalf of INK, endeavouring to be a complete inventory of any and all publications relevant to Kangaroo Mother Care. This is also broken down in an analysis of 120 charts, in which specific outcomes are collated.\n\nThe International Kangaroo Care Awareness Day has been celebrated worldwide on May 15 since 2011. It is a day to increase awareness to enhance the practice of Kangaroo Care in NICUS, Post Partum, Labor and Delivery, and any hospital unit that has babies up to 3 months of age.\n\nSociety and culture \n\nThe International Kangaroo Care Awareness Day is celebrated on May 15 since 2011. It is a day to increase awareness, education, and celebration to enhance the practice of kangaroo care/skin to skin contact globally. Healthcare professionals, parents, volunteers around the world show their support, in their own way, for improving Kangaroo Care practice to benefit babies, parents, and society at large.\n\nControversy\nThe main controversy among proponents of Kangaroo Mother Care relates to eligibility to initiate kangaroo position: in the original Rey & Martinez model and as described in the WHO guidelines, the infant should be stable to \"tolerate skin-to-skin contact\". From a biological and neuroscience perspective, others argue that it is separation from mother that causes the instability.\n\nRegarding ‘kangaroo nutrition’ there is little controversy, with accumulating evidence for the benefits of breastfeeding as such, and evidence that even preterm infants can exclusively breastfeed.\n\nFurther controversy concerns the ‘early discharge’, which is defended by the Fundación Canguro, in Bogota, Colombia, and reported in evidence from a Cochrane review.\n\nSee also\n Babywearing\n Infant massage\n Swaddling\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low-birth-weight infants, WHO\n United States Institute for Kangaroo Care\n International Kangaroo Care Awareness Day\n\nInfancy\nBabywearing\nAmerican inventions\nColombian inventions\nMetaphors referring to animals\nBabycare" ]

[ "Nikki Sixx", "Personal life", "Did he have a family?", "From May 1989 to November 1996, Sixx was married to his first wife, Playboy Playmate Brandi Brandt; they have three children:", "Is he in contact with his mother?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Jo Chale To Jaan Se Guzar Gaye is a Pakistani drama television serial premiered on Geo TV on 19 September 2011. The serial is directed by Nadeem Siddiqi, written by Maha Malik, and produced by Asif Raza Mir & Babar Javed under their banner A&B Entertainment.\n\nPlot\nThe story of Jo Chale To Jaan Se Guzar Gaye revolves around Zufishan (Saba Qamar) who is from a middle-class background. She has been engaged to her cousin Azar (Sami Khan) and is strongly in love with him. All of a sudden Sayed Alim Shah (Noman Ijaz) a landlord saw her and fell in love with her. He forced Zufishan to marry him, but she refuses as she is engaged to her cousin.\n\nSayed Alam Shah kidnapped Azar and blackmail Zufishan to marry him. After all Zufishan decided to marry Sayed Alam Shah and he releases Azar. She did not even tell the whole story to Azar and marry Alam Shah while Azay was out of country. In an accident Alam Shah loses his legs. With the passage of time Zufishan starts loving her husband and story moves on. When Azar gets the real facts about her marriage, he gets shocked and asks Zulfishan to get divorce from him but she refuses. At the end, Alam shah suicided by taking poison and azar got zulfishan again.\n\nCast\n Noman Ijaz as Sayed Alam Shah\n Sami Khan as Azar\n Saba Qamar as Zufishan\n Qavi Khan \n Kashif Mehmood \n Jana Malik\n Farhana Maqsood\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nPakistani drama television series\nUrdu-language television shows\nGeo TV original programming", "I Told You So is a 1970 Ghanaian movie. The movie portrays Ghanaians and their way of life in a satirical style. It also gives insight into the life of a young lady who did not take the advice of her father when about to marry a man, she did not know anything about the man she was going to marry, but rather took her mother's and uncle's advice because of the wealth and power the man has.\n\nThe young lady later finds out that the man she is supposed to marry was an armed robber. She was unhappy of the whole incident. When her dad ask what had happened, she replied that the man she was supposed to marry is an armed robber; her father ended by saying \"I told you so\".\n\nCast\nBobe Cole\nMargret Quainoo (Araba Stamp)\nKweku Crankson (Osuo Abrobor)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n I TOLD YOU SO GHANAIAN MOVIE\n\n1970 films\nGhanaian films" ]

[ "Nikki Sixx", "Personal life", "Did he have a family?", "From May 1989 to November 1996, Sixx was married to his first wife, Playboy Playmate Brandi Brandt; they have three children:", "Is he in contact with his mother?", "I don't know.", "Did he marry again?", "One month after the divorce from Brandt, Sixx married his second wife, another Playboy Playmate, actress Donna D'Errico." ]

[ "Donna Jeanette D'Errico (born March 30, 1968) is an American actress and model. She posed for Playboy as its Playmate of the Month for September 1995 and had a starring role (1996–1998) on the television series Baywatch. She continues to act in films and on television.\n\nCareer\nBefore appearing in Playboy, D'Errico had a Las Vegas-based limousine company. When Playboy chose her as its Playmate of the Month for September 1995, her centerfold was photographed by Richard Fegley.\n\nShe was chosen for a starring role on the television series Baywatch, as \"Donna Marco\" for two seasons, from 1996 to 1998. One installment of the program dealt with her Playboy layout. She was also a host of the show Battlebots and starred in Candyman: Day of the Dead. For a time, she owned Zen Spa, a day spa in Calabasas, California. After leaving Baywatch, she appeared in independent films, including Intervention, Inconceivable, and The Making of Plus One alongside Andie MacDowell, Jennifer Tilly, Colm Feore, and Elizabeth McGovern.\n\nPersonal life\n\nD'Errico divorced rock musician Nikki Sixx in 2007, after 11 years of marriage. Together they had one daughter born in 2001. D'Errico also has a son, Rhyan, born in 1993. D'Errico supports animal rights and is a vegan.\n\nMount Ararat expedition\nIn 2011, D'Errico said she was in training to fulfill a long-held dream of climbing Mount Ararat in Turkey in search of the frozen remains of Noah's ark. D'Errico climbed Mount Ararat in mid-2012, returning home to the U.S. in August, having suffered injuries from a fall near the end of the climb.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1968 births\nAmerican film actresses\nAmerican people of Italian descent\nAmerican television actresses\nLiving people\nActors from Columbus, Georgia\nPeople from Dothan, Alabama\n1990s Playboy Playmates\n20th-century American actresses\n21st-century American actresses\nActresses from Alabama\nActresses from Georgia (U.S. state)\nCatholics from Alabama\nCatholics from Georgia (U.S. state)\nMount Ararat", "The Making of Plus One is a 2010 British-Canadian comedy film about the independent filmmaking industry. The film was set and shot at the Cannes Film Festival and takes a satirical look at the film industry's obsession with celebrity. It was written and directed by Mary McGuckian and stars Michael Eklund, Suzan-Lori Parks, Lothaire Bluteau, Geraldine Chaplin, Donna D'Errico, Jordi Mollà and Jennifer Tilly.\n\nPlot\nThe production team of a new film, headed by hopeful director (Parks) and a conniving producer Dave Dallas (Eklund) hold several meetings at the Cannes Film Festival with the hope of achieving financial backing for their film.\n\nCast\nMichael Eklund as Dave Dallas\nSuzan-Lori Parks as Skye Brown - the director\nLothaire Bluteau as Gil - the production designer\nGeraldine Chaplin as Geri - the casting director\nDonna D'Errico as Frances Money - the lawyer\nJordi Mollà as Victor - the D.O.P.\nAmanda Plummer as Kim Owens - the accountant\nJohn Sessions as Derek - the line producer\nSara Stockbridge as Rusty Robinson - the writer\nJennifer Tilly as Amber\nKatie Boland as Starlet\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n2010 films\nCanadian comedy films\nEnglish-language Canadian films\nCanadian films\nBritish comedy films\nBritish films\nFilms about filmmaking\n2010 comedy films" ]

[ "Nikki Sixx", "Personal life", "Did he have a family?", "From May 1989 to November 1996, Sixx was married to his first wife, Playboy Playmate Brandi Brandt; they have three children:", "Is he in contact with his mother?", "I don't know.", "Did he marry again?", "One month after the divorce from Brandt, Sixx married his second wife, another Playboy Playmate, actress Donna D'Errico.", "Did he have any kids with Donna D'Errico?", "Sixx and D'Errico have one daughter," ]

[ "Married at First Sight is an American reality television series that first aired on July 8, 2014, on FYI (and later, Lifetime).\n\nThe series is based on a Danish series titled that first aired on September 4, 2013, on DR3. The original Danish series format has been sold to broadcasters throughout the world.\n\nProduction and broadcast\nThe series first aired in the United States on FYI. Beginning with season two, it aired in simulcast on sister network A&E. The series features three to five couples, paired up by relationship experts, who agree to marry when they first meet. For the first three seasons, the experts were clinical psychologist Dr. Joseph Cilona, sexologist Dr. Logan Levkoff, sociologist Dr. Pepper Schwartz, and humanist chaplain Greg Epstein. Starting with the fourth season, the experts were Schwartz, pastor and marriage counselor Calvin Roberson, and communication and relationship expert Rachel DeAlto. Rachel DeAlto was replaced with Dr. Jessica Griffin beginning with the sixth season. Dr. Griffin stayed until the ninth season and was replaced by Dr. Viviana Coles in seasons ten and eleven. The couples spend their wedding night in a hotel before leaving for a honeymoon. Upon returning home, they live together as a married couple for the remainder of the eight weeks. Thereafter they must choose to divorce or stay married. On October 25, 2016, FYI renewed the show for a fifth season. In 2017, for its fifth season, the show moved to sister network Lifetime. The following year, two spinoffs were announced to premiere that October, Married at First Sight: Honeymoon Island and Married at First Sight: Happily Ever After.\n\nSynopsis\nOver the thirteen completed seasons of MAFS, 49 couples have been matched. 29 of them (59%) chose to stay married on Decision Day, out of which more than half have since divorced, filed for divorce, or announced their divorce. As of December 2021, this left only 12 couples married, making for a current overall success rate of 24%.\n\nSeason 1\nThe first season took place in New York City and northern New Jersey. This season premiered July 8, 2014. The couples were:\n\nIn March 2019, Courtney and Jason divorced after five years of marriage. Since their divorce, Courtney and Jason have both moved on. Jason married actress Roxanne Pallett in January 2020. In June 2021, they announced they were expecting their first child together. Courtney married Sherm, an accountant, in October 2020. In April 2021, they announced they were expecting their first child together. In October 2021, Courtney gave birth to her and Sherm's first child, a baby boy.\n\nJamie and Doug are now a family of four. The couple lost their first son, Jonathan Edward, at 17 weeks gestation in July 2016, before going on to have daughter Henley Grace in August 2017. They have spoken about subsequent struggles to conceive, experiencing a chemical pregnancy in 2018 and a miscarriage at 10 weeks along in 2019. Their son, Hendrix Douglas, was born in May 2020.\n\nSeason 2\nThe second season, just like the first, took place in New York City and Northern New Jersey. This season premiered March 17, 2015. The couples were:\n\nConcluding Jaclyn's and Ryan's marriage, Jaclyn entered into another relationship in 2018 and announced she was expecting a child in 2019. She had a daughter in November 2019. As of 2021, Ryan is still single.\n\nDavina is now married with a son named Hudson. As of 2021, Sean is married with a daughter.\n\nJessica Castro and Ryan DeNino had a contentious relationship, with Ryan threatening to harm Jessica on multiple occasions. Jessica filed a restraining order against him in June 2015. As of 2021, Jessica Castro is in a relationship and has a son with him. As of 2021, Ryan's status is unknown.\n\nSeason 3\n\nThe third season took place in Atlanta, Georgia. This season premiered on December 1, 2015. The couples were:\n\nVanessa and Tres got divorced within six months of Decision Day. Vanessa appeared on Married At First Sight: Second Chances in 2017 and married Andre Forbes. Their marriage also ended in divorce. As of 2020, Tres was in a \"complicated\" relationship. As of 2021, Vanessa appeared to be single.\n\nAfter divorcing David, Ashley learned that he had a history of misdemeanors. In 2019, Ashley shared a photo from her wedding. In 2020, Ashley announced that she was pregnant and gave birth to a son in April 2021.\n\nIn April 2018, Samantha married Chris Wise and in September gave birth to a daughter. Samantha and Neil are still friends. In April 2020, Neil revealed that he is in a relationship.\n\nSeason 4\nThe fourth season of Married at First Sight premiered on Tuesday, July 26, 2016. The setting was South Florida (particularly Miami) and in this season, two new specialists joined along with sociologist Dr. Pepper Schwartz: communication and relationship expert Rachel DeAlto, and marriage counselor Pastor Calvin Roberson. Doctors Joseph Cilona and Logan Levkoff exited the series after season three. The couples were:\n\n1 Heather and Derek left in the middle of the experiment.\n\nSonia and Nick divorced after about a year of marriage. That same year, Nick announced that he was in a relationship and they were expecting twins. In 2019, Nick was in a work accident that left him partially paralyzed. He has recovered from the incident. Sonia has started a podcast and as of 2021 is still single.\n\nHeather and Derek left the show ten days after they got married.\n\nTom and Lillian announced their divorce in May 2017. As of 2021, Lillian was single. In 2019, Tom announced that he was engaged to Michelle, and they were married three months later. Tom is a step-father to Michelle's two children from a previous marriage.\n\nSeason 5\nThe fifth season of Married at First Sight was renewed on October 25, 2016. For this season, the show moved to the Lifetime channel. The first episode aired on April 20, 2017 and featured couples in Chicago. The couples were:\n\nAshley Petta and Anthony D'Amico are now a family of four. They announced they were expecting their first child in August 2018. They welcomed their first child, daughter Mila Rose, in January 2019. In July 2020, they announced they were expecting their second child, which was later revealed to be another girl. In February 2021, their second daughter, Vaeda Marie, was born.\n\nAs of October 2021, Cody is in a relationship. Danielle is still single.\n\nAs of October 2021, Nate is in a relationship, and has his own business. Sheila's status is unknown.\n\nSeason 6\nThe sixth season of Married at First Sight was renewed on the Lifetime channel. The first of the episodes aired on January 2, 2018 and featured couples in Boston. Relationship expert Dr. Jessica Griffin joined the show as a specialist, replacing Rachel DeAlto who left after Season 5. The couples were:\n\nShawniece Jackson and Jephte Pierre welcomed their first child, a baby girl named Laura Denise Pierre, in August 2018.\n\nJonathan Francetic and relationship expert Dr. Jessica Griffin revealed they had struck up a romance following his time on the show when Griffin announced she would not be returning to Married At First Sight as an expert for Season 9. They began dating more than five months after the season wrapped. The pair became engaged in April 2019. Their original wedding date was set for October 2020 but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\nIn September 2020, Jaclyn got married to Dane, who she had been in a relationship with since late 2018. As of 2021, Ryan is still single.\n\nSeason 7\nThe seventh season of Married at First Sight was renewed on the Lifetime channel, and featured couples from Dallas, with the first episode airing on July 10, 2018. The couples were:\n\nDanielle Bergman-Dodd and Bobby Dodd have two children together. Their first child, daughter Olivia Nicole, was born in February 2019. Their son, Bobby Dodd IV, was born in December 2020.\n\nIn July 2020, Tristan married Rachel, who he had been in a relationship with since early 2019. In March 2021, they welcomed their first child together, a baby boy named Phoenix. As of 2021, Mia is still single.\n\nAs of 2021, both Dave and Amber are still single.\n\nSeason 8\nThe eighth season of Married at First Sight featured couples from Philadelphia, was the first season that a fourth couple were added, and premiered on January 1, 2019. The couples were:\n\nStephanie and AJ are still married. In 2021, after 3 years of marriage, the couple relocated to Key West, Florida.\n\nKristine and Keith are still married. In April 2019, after 8 months of marriage, the couple bought a house.\n\nJasmine is now in a relationship, though her marital status in unknown. She welcomed her first child, a baby boy, in December 2020. As of 2021, Will is still single.\n\nAs of 2021, Kate is still single. In early 2021, Luke was in a relationship, however, due to lack of social media posts in recent months, the status of that relationship is currently unknown.\n\nSeason 9\nThe ninth season of Married at First Sight featured couples from Charlotte, North Carolina and premiered on June 12, 2019. Dr. Jessica Griffin did not return after revealing she was in a relationship with Season 6 cast member Jon Francetic, with the couple later getting engaged and going into business together. She was replaced by relationship expert Dr. Viviana Coles. The couples were:\n\nIn September 2020, Deonna McNeill and Greg Okotie announced that they are expecting their first child together. In February 2021, Deonna give birth to their son, Declan.\n\nElizabeth Bice and Jamie Thompson are still married. After decision day, the couple relocated to California.\n\nSeason 10\nThe tenth season of Married at First Sight featured couples from the suburbs outside of Washington, D.C., particularly Arlington and Alexandria, Virginia. This was the first season that a fifth couple was added. The first episode aired on January 1, 2020. The couples were:\n\nIn July 2021, Austin and Jessica revealed that they are expecting their first child, due in November 2021. In October 2021, Austin and Jessica revealed that their first child would be a boy. Their son, Westin Paul, was born in November 2021.\n\nWhile the season is marketed as taking place in DC and features shots in the tourist-heavy sections of the District, the majority of the show takes place in Northern Virginia with some areas in Montgomery County, Maryland. However, the weddings take place in the District neighborhood of Georgetown.\n\nSeason 11\nThe eleventh season of Married at First Sight featured couples from New Orleans. The first episode premiered on July 15, 2020. The couples were:\n\nMiles and Woody made Married At First Sight history by being the first best friends to apply together and be selected at the same time.\n\nSeason 12\nThe twelfth season of Married at First Sight takes place in Atlanta. It is the first to feature a divorced candidate. The first episode premiered January 13, 2021. The couples are:\n\nAnother first occurred in this season when Chris' former fiancée contacted him while he was on his honeymoon to let him know she was pregnant.\n\nSeason 13\nThe thirteenth season of Married at First Sight will feature couples from Houston and to be first aired on July 21, 2021.\n\nSeason 14\nThe fourteenth season of Married at First Sight will feature couples from Boston.\n\nTimeline of cast\n\nSpinoffs\nMarried at First Sight has had eight spinoffs:\nMarried at First Sight: The First Year\nMarried Life\nMarried at First Sight: Second Chances\nJamie and Doug Plus One\nMarried at First Sight: Honeymoon Island\nMarried at First Sight: Happily Ever After\nMarried at First Sight: Couples' Cam\nMarried at First Sight: Unmatchables\n\nMarried at First Sight: The First Year\nMarried at First Sight: The First Year follows the lives of the two Season 1 couples that remained married from the six-month mark to the one-year anniversary and beyond. The couples are Jamie Otis-Hehner and Doug Hehner, and Courtney Hendrix-Carrion and Jason Carrion. The first episode premiered on January 13, 2015. A total of two seasons have been shown for this spinoff.\n\nMarried Life\nMarried Life continues to follow the daily lives of two married couples from Season 1, Jamie Otis-Hehner and Doug Hehner and Courtney Hendrix-Carrion and Jason Carrion. The first season premiered May 5, 2015. The second season premiered January 24, 2017.\n\nMarried at First Sight: Second Chances\nTwo participants from Season 3, Vanessa Nelson and David Norton, both took part in the first season of the second spinoff Married at First Sight: Second Chances. Both David and Vanessa selected from a group of men (for Nelson) and women (for Norton) to date in a format similar to that of The Bachelor or The Bachelorette, ultimately ending with each of them choosing someone to marry. The groups were narrowed down from one hundred (in a speed dating-like situation) to twenty-five, to ten. After Vanessa and David each picked their top ten, they eliminated one person each episode (with the exception of one week's double elimination) until finding 'the one'. The first season premiered on 27 April 2017 and concluded on 6 July 2017 with Vanessa becoming engaged to Andre, although they ultimately ended their relationship, and David choosing to marry no one.\n\nJamie and Doug Plus One\nJamie and Doug Plus One continues to follow the lives of Jamie Otis-Hehner and Doug Hehner from the time right before the birth of their daughter Henley, through the first months of new parenthood. The series shows the couple's struggles with caring for their newborn while trying to maintain intimacy in their marriage.\n\nMarried at First Sight: Honeymoon Island\nMarried at First Sight: Honeymoon Island is an eight-episode series about sixteen singles on an exotic island attempting to match themselves. Casting includes unmatched singles from earlier seasons of the original, fan favorites, and new candidates. Married at First Sight: Honeymoon Island premiered on October 23, 2018, and the participants are:\n\nAt the end of the season, the following participants remain:\n\nMarried at First Sight: Happily Ever After\nMarried at First Sight: Happily Ever After follows the lives of couples from previous seasons who still remain married and are expecting children, including Ashley Petta and Anthony D'Amico from Season 5, Shawniece Jackson and Jephte Pierre from Season 6, and Danielle Bergman and Bobby Dodd from season 7. The first episode premiered on October 30, 2018.\n\nMarried at First Sight: Couples' Cam\nMarried at First Sight: Couples' Cam premiered on May 20, 2020.\n\nMarried at First Sight: Unmatchables\nMarried at First Sight: Unmatchables will premiere in 2021.\n\nInternational versions\nThe format created in Denmark has been adapted in several countries.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n2010s American reality television series\n2014 American television series debuts\n2020s American reality television series\nAmerican television series based on Danish television series\nFYI (American TV channel) original programming\nLifetime (TV network) original programming\nAmerican dating and relationship reality television series\nTelevision shows filmed in New York City\nTelevision shows filmed in New Jersey\nTelevision shows filmed in Georgia (U.S. state)\nTelevision shows filmed in Florida\nTelevision shows filmed in Illinois\nTelevision shows filmed in Boston\nTelevision shows filmed in Texas\nTelevision shows filmed in Pennsylvania\nTelevision shows filmed in North Carolina\nTelevision shows filmed in Washington, D.C.\nTelevision shows filmed in Virginia\nTelevision shows filmed in New Orleans\nWedding television shows", "Umuanigo is a kindred in Owellemba Village in Umana Ndiuno, which is in Ezeagu LGA of Enugu State in eastern Nigeria. Umuanigo has five major families: Umu-Ndida, Umu-Eze, Umu-Aboshi, Umu-Ngwu and Umu-Ani. These families are believed to be the descendants of a man who has five sons and went on to have their own families. These five major families are known as Umuanigo. Today, people from Umuanigo still keep trace of their roots and each individual knows which of the 5 families they belong to.\n\nHistory\nThe use of the word \"Umu\", which means \"children of\" in English, make it possible for one from Umuanigo to be able to trace one's family lineage.\n\nThe modern Umu-Ani have 5 families these are Aniakor, Mgbachi, Nweke, Ozoaham and Ozoanikwe. These five families expanded to 11 families and are still expanding. The same pattern of family expansion in Umu-Ani also took place in Umu-Ndida, Umu-Eze, Umu-Aboshi and Umu-Ngwu, making Umuanigo one big family that has different races and tribes being married into the family. Today, the new generation of Umuanigo has children born of mix culture, nationality and race.\n\nThe people of Umuanigo still recognize the fact that they are one big family; their internal problems are resolved within the family. They do not marry each other as they consider themselves as brothers and sisters.\n\nEzeagu,People of Umuanigo" ]

[ "Nikki Sixx", "Personal life", "Did he have a family?", "From May 1989 to November 1996, Sixx was married to his first wife, Playboy Playmate Brandi Brandt; they have three children:", "Is he in contact with his mother?", "I don't know.", "Did he marry again?", "One month after the divorce from Brandt, Sixx married his second wife, another Playboy Playmate, actress Donna D'Errico.", "Did he have any kids with Donna D'Errico?", "Sixx and D'Errico have one daughter,", "Are they still married?", "They separated again on April 27, 2006 and divorced in June 2007, with D'Errico claiming irreconcilable differences." ]

[ "Jo Chale To Jaan Se Guzar Gaye is a Pakistani drama television serial premiered on Geo TV on 19 September 2011. The serial is directed by Nadeem Siddiqi, written by Maha Malik, and produced by Asif Raza Mir & Babar Javed under their banner A&B Entertainment.\n\nPlot\nThe story of Jo Chale To Jaan Se Guzar Gaye revolves around Zufishan (Saba Qamar) who is from a middle-class background. She has been engaged to her cousin Azar (Sami Khan) and is strongly in love with him. All of a sudden Sayed Alim Shah (Noman Ijaz) a landlord saw her and fell in love with her. He forced Zufishan to marry him, but she refuses as she is engaged to her cousin.\n\nSayed Alam Shah kidnapped Azar and blackmail Zufishan to marry him. After all Zufishan decided to marry Sayed Alam Shah and he releases Azar. She did not even tell the whole story to Azar and marry Alam Shah while Azay was out of country. In an accident Alam Shah loses his legs. With the passage of time Zufishan starts loving her husband and story moves on. When Azar gets the real facts about her marriage, he gets shocked and asks Zulfishan to get divorce from him but she refuses. At the end, Alam shah suicided by taking poison and azar got zulfishan again.\n\nCast\n Noman Ijaz as Sayed Alam Shah\n Sami Khan as Azar\n Saba Qamar as Zufishan\n Qavi Khan \n Kashif Mehmood \n Jana Malik\n Farhana Maqsood\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nPakistani drama television series\nUrdu-language television shows\nGeo TV original programming", "I Told You So is a 1970 Ghanaian movie. The movie portrays Ghanaians and their way of life in a satirical style. It also gives insight into the life of a young lady who did not take the advice of her father when about to marry a man, she did not know anything about the man she was going to marry, but rather took her mother's and uncle's advice because of the wealth and power the man has.\n\nThe young lady later finds out that the man she is supposed to marry was an armed robber. She was unhappy of the whole incident. When her dad ask what had happened, she replied that the man she was supposed to marry is an armed robber; her father ended by saying \"I told you so\".\n\nCast\nBobe Cole\nMargret Quainoo (Araba Stamp)\nKweku Crankson (Osuo Abrobor)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n I TOLD YOU SO GHANAIAN MOVIE\n\n1970 films\nGhanaian films" ]

[ "Nikki Sixx", "Personal life", "Did he have a family?", "From May 1989 to November 1996, Sixx was married to his first wife, Playboy Playmate Brandi Brandt; they have three children:", "Is he in contact with his mother?", "I don't know.", "Did he marry again?", "One month after the divorce from Brandt, Sixx married his second wife, another Playboy Playmate, actress Donna D'Errico.", "Did he have any kids with Donna D'Errico?", "Sixx and D'Errico have one daughter,", "Are they still married?", "They separated again on April 27, 2006 and divorced in June 2007, with D'Errico claiming irreconcilable differences.", "Did he marry again?", "Nikki revealed to the public that he proposed to Courtney while vacationing in St. Barts. They were married on March 15, 2014." ]

[ "Tidbits (styled TidBITS) is an electronic newsletter and web site dealing primarily with Apple Inc. and Macintosh-related topics.\n\nInternet publication\nTidbits has been published weekly since April 16, 1990, making it the longest running Internet technology publication and the second-oldest Internet-only publication of any sort. In July 1992, Tidbits launched the first Internet advertising program, based on the PBS sponsorship model.\n\nTidBITS is published by Adam C. Engst, author of a number of computer books, including four editions of Internet Starter Kit for Macintosh, Eudora for Windows & Macintosh Visual Quickstart Guide, and five editions of iPhoto for Mac OS X: Visual QuickStart Guide, along with a number of books in the Take Control series.\n\nStaff\nThe senior staff of Tidbits are:\n Adam C. Engst, publisher\n Tonya Engst, editor in chief\n Josh Centers, managing editor\n\nElectronic books\nFrom 2003 to 2017, Tidbits also published a series of electronic books in Adobe Acrobat (PDF), EPUB and Mobipocket (Kindle) formats that cover issues related to Mac OS X and the digital lifestyle. The \"Take Control Books\" series first appeared in October 2003 with the publication of Take Control of Upgrading to Panther which was issued at the same moment as the official launch of Mac OS X version 10.3 \"Panther\". Excerpts of the Take Control books can be downloaded free of charge, and some have been published in Macworld magazine.\n\nThe series includes many books for using and upgrading the various versions of Mac OS X and iPhone software; applications such as Apple Mail and iTunes; and general technology such as wireless security and choosing a digital camera.\n\nThere are also some wider lifestyle titles such as Take Control of Thanksgiving Dinner as well as more highly technical titles such as Take Control of Mac OS X Server by Charles Edge. Reviewers have described Take Control titles as \"thoughtful\" and \"loaded with useful tips and humor\".\n\nIn 2017, Tidbits sold the Take Control Books imprint to alt concepts, a company run by the author Joe Kissell.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Take Control Books\n\nComputer magazines published in the United States\nOnline magazines published in the United States\nWeekly magazines published in the United States\nMacintosh magazines\nMagazines established in 1990\nNewsletters\nOnline computer magazines", "Geographic Messaging Service, or GMS for short, is a new form of messaging for cell phones. It is a message associated with a geographic region that is delivered to a subscriber when they are in that region. This form of messaging extends traditional Short Messaging Service (SMS) and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), by allowing subscribers to leave and receive SMS or MMS where they matter. Similar to SMS and MMS, GMS can be the vehicle for peer-to-peer communications—for example, someone leaving a shopping list around the store as a reminder—as well as for other content and marketing services. For example, a tourist organization can leave tidbits about interesting locations in New York City and have them delivered to visitors when they are nearby those locations. And, a store can send coupons over GMS just to those subscribers that are in the vicinity of the store.\n\nThe technology underlying GMS is called geofencing—detecting when a cellphone crosses a virtual geographic fence. The term GMS was coined by researchers at Bell Laboratories.\n\nMobile telecommunications standards" ]

[ "Nikki Sixx", "Personal life", "Did he have a family?", "From May 1989 to November 1996, Sixx was married to his first wife, Playboy Playmate Brandi Brandt; they have three children:", "Is he in contact with his mother?", "I don't know.", "Did he marry again?", "One month after the divorce from Brandt, Sixx married his second wife, another Playboy Playmate, actress Donna D'Errico.", "Did he have any kids with Donna D'Errico?", "Sixx and D'Errico have one daughter,", "Are they still married?", "They separated again on April 27, 2006 and divorced in June 2007, with D'Errico claiming irreconcilable differences.", "Did he marry again?", "Nikki revealed to the public that he proposed to Courtney while vacationing in St. Barts. They were married on March 15, 2014.", "Are there any other interesting tidbits about his personal life?", "In 1987, Denise \"Vanity\" Matthews claimed she was engaged to Sixx." ]

[ "Nikki Sixx (born Frank Carlton Serafino Feranna Jr.; December 11, 1958) is an American musician who is the co-founder, bassist, and primary songwriter of the rock band Mötley Crüe. Prior to forming Mötley Crüe, Sixx was a member of Sister before going on to form London with his Sister bandmate Lizzie Grey. In 2000, he formed side project group 58 with Dave Darling, Steve Gibb and Bucket Baker issuing one album, Diet for a New America, the same year while, in 2002, he formed the hard rock supergroup Brides of Destruction with L.A. Guns guitarist Tracii Guns. Formed in 2006, initially to record an audio accompaniment to Sixx's autobiography The Heroin Diaries: A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star, his side band Sixx:A.M. features songwriter, producer, and vocalist James Michael and guitarist DJ Ashba.\n\nSixx has also worked with a number of artists and groups, co-writing and/or producing songs, such as Sex Pistols's guitarist Steve Jones, Lita Ford, Alice Cooper, Meat Loaf, Marion Raven, Drowning Pool, Saliva and The Last Vegas, among others.\n\nSixx launched the clothing line \"Royal Underground\" in 2006 with Kelly Gray, formerly the co-president and house model of St. John. Initially the label concentrated on men's clothing before expanding into women's while in 2010, Premiere Radio Networks launched nationally syndicated Rock/alternative music radio programs \"Sixx Sense\" and \"The Side Show Countdown\" with both based in Dallas, Texas and hosted by Sixx and co-hosted by Jenn Marino.\n\nEarly life\nFrank Carlton Serafino Feranna Jr. was born on December 11, 1958, in San Jose, California. He is of Italian descent on his father's side, from Prato, Tuscany. Sixx was partially raised by his single mother, Deana Richards, and by his grandparents after his father left the family. Feranna later moved in with his grandparents after his mother abandoned him. Feranna relocated several times while living with his grandparents. Feranna's uncle, husband of Deana's sister Sharon, is Don Zimmerman, producer and president of Capitol Records. Feranna had one full biological sister, Lisa (born with Down syndrome; died circa 2000) and has one (half) brother Rodney Anthony Feranna (born 1966) and a half-sister Ceci.\n\nFeranna grew up listening to Deep Purple, Harry Nilsson, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Elton John, Queen, and Black Sabbath; he later discovered T. Rex, David Bowie, and Slade. While living in Jerome, Idaho, Feranna's youth was troubled; he became a teenage vandal, broke into neighbors' homes, shoplifted, and was expelled from school for selling drugs. His grandparents sent him to live with his mother, who had moved to Seattle. Feranna lived there for a short time and learned how to play the bass guitar, having bought his first instrument with money gained from selling a guitar he had stolen.\n\nCareer\n\nEarly career, Sister, London (1975–1979)\n\nAt the age of 17, Feranna moved to Los Angeles and worked menial jobs such as working at a liquor store and selling vacuum cleaners over the phone while he auditioned for bands. He eventually joined the band Sister, led by Blackie Lawless, after answering an ad in The Recycler for a bass player. Soon after recording a demo, Feranna was fired from Sister along with bandmate Lizzie Grey.\n\nFeranna and Grey formed the band London soon afterward, in 1978. During this time, Feranna legally changed his name to Nikki Sixx. After a number of lineup changes, London added former Mott the Hoople singer Nigel Benjamin to the group, and recorded a 16-track demo in Burbank. After the departure of Benjamin, along with the failure to find a replacement, Sixx departed London. The group would go on to feature Sixx's former Sister bandmate Blackie Lawless (later of W.A.S.P.), Izzy Stradlin (then of Hollywood Rose, later of Guns N' Roses) and drummer Fred Coury (later of Cinderella). In 2000, a number of the London demos recorded with Sixx were included on London Daze by Spiders & Snakes, led by former London guitarist Lizzie Grey.\n\nMötley Crüe (1981–2015)\n\nIn 1981, Sixx founded Mötley Crüe alongside drummer Tommy Lee. They were later joined by guitarist Mick Mars through an ad in the local newspaper, and singer Vince Neil, with whom Lee had attended high school. The band self-recorded their debut album, Too Fast for Love, which was subsequently released in November 1981 on the band's own Leathür Records label. After signing with Elektra Records, they re-released the same album. The band then went on to record and release Shout at the Devil, raising the band to national fame. They issued three more albums during the 1980s, Theatre of Pain in 1985, Girls, Girls, Girls in 1987, and Dr. Feelgood in 1989. The latter ended up being their most successful record, staying in the charts for 114 weeks after its release.\n\nDuring his time with Mötley Crüe, Sixx became addicted to heroin. He is quoted in The Heroin Diaries as saying: \"Alcohol, acid, cocaine... they were just affairs. When I met heroin it was true love.\" He estimates he overdosed \"about half a dozen times\". On December 23, 1987, Sixx overdosed on heroin and was reportedly declared clinically dead for two minutes before a paramedic revived him with two syringes full of adrenaline.\n\nAfter releasing the compilation album Decade of Decadence in 1991, Neil left the group, and was replaced by John Corabi, who formerly served with The Scream. They released one self titled album with Corabi, in 1994, before firing him in 1996. Afterwards, they reunited with Neil, with whom they released Generation Swine in 1997.\n\nSixx had become controversial for an incident during a Mötley Crüe concert at Greensboro Coliseum on October 30, 1997, in which he used racial epithets while goading the audience to physically attack a black security guard for repeatedly attacking a female fan. In May 2001, Sixx addressed the issue, and claimed he had apologized to the victim of the incident.\n\nIn 1999, Tommy Lee left the group to form Methods of Mayhem. He was replaced by former Ozzy Osbourne drummer Randy Castillo, with whom they released the album New Tattoo in 2000. The group went on hiatus soon afterward before reuniting in 2004, during which Sixx declared himself sober. A 2001 autobiography entitled The Dirt packaged the band as \"the world's most notorious rock band\". The book made the top ten on The New York Times Best Seller list and spent ten weeks there.\n\nIn 2006, Mötley Crüe completed a reunion tour, featuring all four original members, and embarked on a co-headlining tour with Aerosmith, called The Route of All Evil. In April 2008, the band announced the first Crüe Fest, a summer tour, that featured Sixx's side project Sixx:A.M., Buckcherry, Papa Roach and Trapt. On June 24, 2008, Mötley Crüe released their ninth and final studio album, Saints of Los Angeles, with Sixx credited as either writer or co-writer on all tracks. The band officially retired in 2015.\n\nSixx wrote most of Mötley Crüe's material, including tracks such as \"Live Wire\", \"Home Sweet Home\", \"Girls, Girls, Girls\", \"Kickstart My Heart\", \"Wild Side\", \"Hooligan's Holiday\" and \"Dr. Feelgood\". In the 1990s, all four members began contributing to the material on the albums.\n\n58 (2000)\n\nIn 2000, Sixx formed the internet-based side project 58 with producer Dave Darling, guitarist Steve Gibb (formerly of Black Label Society and Crowbar) and drummer Bucket Baker. They released one single, titled \"Piece of Candy\", and their debut album, Diet for a New America, also in 2000 through Sixx's Americoma label and Beyond Records. The group did not tour, and was described by Sixx as \"strictly an artistic thing.\"\n\nBrides of Destruction (2002–2004)\n\nBrides of Destruction were formed by Sixx and Tracii Guns in Los Angeles 2002 initially with the name Cockstar after Mötley Crüe went on hiatus and Guns left L.A. Guns. Sixx also invited former Beautiful Creatures guitarist DJ Ashba to join the group however he declined to focus on his solo band, ASHBA. Ashba would eventually join Sixx in Sixx:A.M.\n\nAfter a few lineup changes, that included Sixx's former Mötley Crüe bandmate John Corabi, keyboardist Adam Hamilton and drummer Kris Kohls of Adema, the group was composed of Sixx, Guns, singer London LeGrand and drummer Scot Coogan formerly of Ednaswap and Annetenna.\n\nThey were advised by radio programmers that the name Cockstar would not be announced on air. They briefly adopted the moniker Motordog before settling on Brides of Destruction.\n\nThey entered the studio with producer Stevo Bruno to begin recording what would become Here Come the Brides. The Brides played their first show opening for Mudvayne and Taproot on November 14, 2002, at the Ventura Theatre in California.\n\nAfter signing a deal with Sanctuary Records, the group released Here Come the Brides in 2004, with the album debuting at number 92 on the Billboard 200 selling over 13,000 copies. A tour of the US, Europe, including an appearance at Download Festival in the United Kingdom, and Australia followed.\n\nOn October 25, 2004, it was announced that the group were to go on hiatus while Sixx reunited with Mötley Crüe for a reunion tour. The group continued without Sixx, however, with Guns adding former Amen bassist Scott Sorry to the group as Sixx's replacement. The second Brides of Destruction album, titled Runaway Brides, released in 2005 featured three songs co-written by Sixx during the Here Come the Brides sessions.\n\nSixx:A.M. (2006–2017)\n\nSixx formed his own group Sixx:A.M. in 2006, to record an audio accompaniment to his autobiography The Heroin Diaries: A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star, with friends producer/songwriter James Michael and guitarist DJ Ashba (Guns N' Roses, formerly of Beautiful Creatures and BulletBoys). They recorded and released The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack in August 2007 through Eleven Seven. The single, \"Life Is Beautiful\", received a high ratio of radio and video play peaking at number 2 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks.\n\nThe band made their live debut at the Crash Mansion on July 16, 2007. They performed five songs from the album, with former Beautiful Creatures drummer Glen Sobel filling in on the drums. On April 15, 2008, Sixx:A.M. announced they would be touring as part of Mötley Crüe's Crüe Fest. The tour began on July 1, 2008, in West Palm Beach, Florida. During Crüe Fest, Papa Roach drummer Tony Palermo served as a touring drummer for the band. A deluxe tour edition of The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack was released on November 25, 2008, which included a bonus live EP entitled Live Is Beautiful, which features recorded performances from the band's summer tour.\n\nIn April 2009, both Sixx and Michael confirmed that the band was in the studio, recording new material. Sixx added that the new material was \"inspiring. it feels like we may have topped ourselves on this album coming up, and can't wait for you to hear what it sounds like.\"\n\nIn 2010, the group continued recording the album with plans to release it by the late 2010/early 2011 with the group bringing in Paul R. Brown to shoot the video for the album's first single. During an interview in July 2010, Sixx stated that the album was almost finished. This Is Gonna Hurt, the band's second studio album, was released on May 3, 2011. A third studio album, Modern Vintage, was released in 2014. Prayers for the Damned and Prayers for the Blessed were released in 2016.\n\nThe band went on hiatus in 2017, with other members DJ Ashba and James Michael forming a new band, Pyromantic.\n\nIn 2021, the band released a greatest HITS album to coincide with Nikki's fourth novel, THE FIRST 21.\n\nOther work\nIn 1989, Sixx was a featured guest artist on the album Fire and Gasoline by Steve Jones, formerly of the Sex Pistols. Sixx co-wrote and performed on the song, \"We're No Saints\". In 1991, Sixx played bass on \"Feed My Frankenstein\" on Alice Cooper's Hey Stoopid album. Sixx co-wrote the track \"Die For You\", along with Cooper and Mötley Crüe guitarist Mick Mars. In 2002, Sixx played on Butch Walkers first solo album \"Left of Self Centered\". In 2005, he collaborated with the Norwegian singer Marion Raven on two songs, \"Heads Will Roll\" and \"Surfing the Sun\", for Raven's debut album, Here I Am. A new version of \"Heads Will Roll\" appeared on Raven's 2006 EP Heads Will Roll and on her 2007 U.S. debut album, Set Me Free. In 2006, he was one of the songwriters for Meat Loaf's long-awaited album, Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose.\n\nIn September 2007, Sixx released a book titled The Heroin Diaries: A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star, a collection of his journal entries from 1986 and 1987 (when his heroin addiction was at its most dangerous). Written with British journalist Ian Gittins, it presents the present-day viewpoints of his bandmates, friends, ex-lovers, caretakers, business associates and family as they respond to specific passages. The book debuted at #7 on The New York Times Best Seller list. Along with Big & Rich (John Rich and Big Kenny Alphin), and James Otto, Sixx co-wrote \"Ain't Gonna Stop\" for Otto's 2008 Sunset Man CD on Warner Bros/Raybaw Records.\n\nIn May 2021, it was announced that Sixx along with Rob Zombie, John 5, and Tommy Clufetos formed a supergroup called L.A. Rats. Their debut track, \"I've Been Everywhere\", is from the soundtrack to the Liam Neeson film The Ice Road.\n\nEquipment\n\nSignature basses\nSixx is most often seen playing Gibson Thunderbird basses. Between 2000 and 2003 Gibson produced the Nikki Sixx Signature Blackbird. The Gibson Blackbird was for all intents and purposes a standard Thunderbird bass, but with a satin black finish, Iron Crosses on the fretboard instead of dots, an Iron Cross behind the classic Thunderbird logo, and Nikki Sixx's 'opti-grab' (a metal loop installed behind the bridge for hooking the little finger onto while playing). What also made this bass interesting was the lack of volume or tone controls, being replaced by a single on/off switch. Although subtle, this helped give this Blackbird more tone and a higher output. This model was discontinued in 2003, but has recently been put back in production as the Epiphone Nikki Sixx Blackbird. Cosmetically the Epiphone Blackbird is identical to the Gibson original, but with a bolt-on single ply neck, solid mahogany body, different pickups and lower grade parts and manufacturing. The Epiphone model still kept the 'opti-grab,' designed and made first by his bass technician Tim Luzzi, and single on/off switch of the Gibson original. In 2008, Gibson announced a 'limited run' new Nikki Sixx signature bass. Like the original it features a neck through design made of mahogany and walnut, with maple 'wings' to form the body. Unlike the original 'Blackbird' bass, a clear 'satin black cherry' finish is given to the instrument, with red 'slash' X's on the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 12th frets. A mirror pickguard is also applied, with a red signature and two X's (6 x's on the whole bass) is also a new addition. Unlike the Gibson Blackbird, the new signature featured volume and tone controls, the 'opti-grab', and an on/off switch.\n\nPersonal life\n\nSixx was engaged to Denise \"Vanity\" Matthews in 1987. In his autobiography, The Heroin Diaries: A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star, Sixx described his toxic relationship with Matthews. \"Vanity came and went during different periods of my addiction. She was a wild black chick who had sung with Prince: she'd also been his lover for a while. At the time I thought of Vanity as a disposable human being, like a used needle. Once its purpose was fulfilled it was ready for the trash, only to be dug up if you were really desperate…We became drug buddies: sometimes, you could even just about call us boyfriend and girlfriend. Vanity also taught me how to really freebase: the first time I based was with Tommy when Mötley just started and only a few times after that. So up until then, I'd been mostly snorting or injecting. But as soon as she showed me the real ins and outs of cooking up a good rock…it was love. Not her. The drug.\"\n\nFrom May 1989 to November 1996, Sixx was married to his first wife, Playboy Playmate Brandi Brandt; they have three children: Gunner Nicholas Sixx (born January 25, 1991), Storm Brieann Sixx (born April 14, 1994), and Decker Nilsson Sixx (born May 23, 1995).\n\nOne month after the divorce from Brandt, Sixx married his second wife, another Playboy Playmate, actress Donna D'Errico. Sixx and D'Errico have one daughter, Frankie-Jean Mary Sixx (born January 2, 2001). D'Errico has a son, Rhyan Jacob (born 1993), from a previous relationship. They separated shortly after their daughter's birth, and reconciled months later when Sixx completed rehab. They separated again on April 27, 2006, and divorced in June 2007, with D'Errico claiming irreconcilable differences.\n\nSixx dated tattoo artist Kat Von D from 2008 to 2010. A few months after their breakup, Sixx and Von D were spotted back together. Sixx was featured on an episode of Von D's reality television show LA Ink in 2008, in which Von D gave him a tattoo of Mick Mars, lead guitarist of Mötley Crüe. On August 25, 2010, Sixx issued a statement that their relationship had dissolved. It was reported on October 19, 2010, that Nikki and Kat had gotten back together. On October 27, 2010 Kat Von D confirmed to USA Today that indeed she and West Coast Choppers owner Jesse James were still together, debunking original reports that she and Sixx had reconciled. On November 4, 2010, Sixx was spotted at the Call of Duty: Black Ops Launch Party in Santa Monica, California with Courtney Bingham. On November 26, 2012, Nikki revealed to the public that he proposed to Courtney while vacationing in St. Barts. They were married on March 15, 2014.\n\nBingham gave birth to their first child together, Ruby Sixx on July 27, 2019. Sixx announced the birth through social media.\n\nSixx practices Transcendental Meditation, as he considers it an important self-help technique.\n\nDuring an interview with Wall of Sound, Nikki revealed he's working on a children’s book with his wife and a coffee table poetry/photography book.\n\nRadio shows\nLaunched on February 8, 2010, Sixx Sense with Nikki Sixx broadcasts Monday through Friday from 7 p.m. to midnight local time on rock/alternative music stations. Each night, host Nikki Sixx discusses music and lifestyle topics as he gives listeners a backstage look at the world and mind of a rock star. Sixx was joined by co-host Kerri Kasem, from its first episode until March 28, 2014. On April 2, it was announced that radio personality Jenn Marino would be joining the show in Kasem's place. The show is based in Dallas, Texas in a studio in the Northpark Center.\n\nStarting on May 7, 2012, KEGL in Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas moved the show to mornings, making it the only station to carry the show in the mornings at 6 to 10 AM local time instead of the evening's time slot. The show is customized for the Dallas/Fort Worth listeners for broadcast in the mornings on KEGL. Sixx said that bringing Sixx Sense to mornings \"has always been our goal. Who better to start your morning with than a rock star and a hot chick? It's a dream come true to have a morning show on one of America's best rock stations.\" however, one year later, Sixx Sense returned to evenings at KEGL. In addition, recent episodes of \"Sixx Sense\" air 24/7 on its own iHeartRadio streaming page.\n\nThe Side Show with Nikki Sixx is a two-hour original weekend program. Airing Saturday or Sunday between 6 a.m. and midnight local time, Nikki Sixx will air top-charting songs, showcase new and emerging artists, and welcome guests from the worlds of music and entertainment. In October 2017 Sixx announced he would step down from Sixx Sense on December 31, 2017.\n\nRunning Wild in the Night\nWith the formation of Sixx:A.M. and the release of The Heroin Diaries, Nikki Sixx teamed up with an already existing charity known as the Covenant House and created his own branch called Running Wild in the Night. In addition to partially funding the services the Covenant House provides on its own, Sixx's division also provides a creative arts and music program. Sixx has negotiated with people in his industry to provide the program with musical instruments and software.\n\nA Portion of the profits from Sixx:A.M.'s album The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack and his autobiography, The Heroin Diaries: A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star is donated to help the Covenant House. He continues to auction off personal items to fund Running Wild in the Night. As of April 2009, he had raised over $100,000.\n\nDiscography\n\nProduction and songwriting credits\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n Official Sixx:A.M. website\n Official Cruefest 2009 Tour website\n Official Sixx Sense website\n Mötley Crüe videos\n\n1958 births\n20th-century American musicians\n20th-century American non-fiction writers\n21st-century American musicians\n21st-century American non-fiction writers\nAmerican fashion designers\nAmerican heavy metal bass guitarists\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\nAmerican memoirists\nAmerican people of Italian descent\nGlam metal musicians\nLiving people\nMötley Crüe members\nMusicians from San Jose, California\nPhotographers from California\nRadio personalities from Los Angeles\nSixx:A.M. members\nSongwriters from California\nWriters from Los Angeles\nWriters from San Jose, California\nGuitarists from Los Angeles\n20th-century American guitarists\nBrides of Destruction members\nAmerican male bass guitarists\n20th-century American male writers\n21st-century American male writers", "Live: Entertainment or Death is the first official live album by American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe. Released on November 23, 1999, it is a compilation of recordings from 1982 to 1999. However, it contains no songs from the band's self-titled 1994 album, nor 1997's Generation Swine. \"We picked the stuff that sounded the best without having to touch it up,\" Nikki Sixx observed in 2000. \"We still play some of those songs [from Generation Swine] in the set; they just didn't make the final tracklisting.\"\n\nThe album charted at number 133 on the Billboard 200.\n\nControversy\nIn a review of the album at the time of its release, hard rock/heavy metal website Metal Sludge revealed that vocals on a small percentage of the tracks had been \"redone\" or \"touched up\" in the studio, calling into question how much of the record was a genuine live document. The website provided dates and suggested that side-by-side audio comparisons to bootlegs from shows from which the tracks for the album were culled form the basis for their claim. Mötley Crüe remained silent on the issue.\n\nTrack listing\nDisc 1\n \"Looks That Kill\" – 6:06 (recorded 11/25/85) (Nikki Sixx)\n \"Knock 'Em Dead, Kid\" – 3:35 (recorded 3/14/84) (Sixx, Vince Neil)\n \"Too Young to Fall in Love\" – 3:57 (recorded 3/14/84) (Sixx)\n \"Live Wire\" – 4:19 (recorded 3/14/84) (Sixx)\n \"Public Enemy #1\" – 4:53 (recorded 11/19/82) (Sixx, Lizzie Grey)\n \"Shout at the Devil\" – 4:19 (recorded 3/14/84) (Sixx)\n \"Merry-Go-Round\" – 3:22 (recorded 11/19/82) (Sixx)\n \"Ten Seconds to Love\" – 4:46 (recorded 12/2/98) (Sixx, Neil)\n \"Piece of Your Action\" – 4:06 (recorded 11/19/82) (Sixx, Neil)\n \"Starry Eyes\" – 4:37 (recorded 11/19/82) (Sixx)\n \"Helter Skelter\" – 4:17 (recorded 11/19/82) (John Lennon, Paul McCartney)\n\nDisc 2\n \"Smokin' in the Boys Room\" – 5:18 (recorded 11/25/85) (Cub Koda, Michael Lutz)\n \"Don't Go Away Mad (Just Go Away)\" – 4:14 (recorded 7/31/90) (Sixx, Mick Mars)\n \"Wild Side\" – 5:52 (recorded 3/10/99)(Sixx, Tommy Lee, Neil)\n \"Girls, Girls, Girls\" – 4:50 (recorded 12/2/98) (Sixx, Lee, Mars)\n \"Dr. Feelgood\" – 5:13 (recorded 3/10/99) (Sixx, Mars)\n \"Without You\" – 3:05 (recorded 7/31/90) (Sixx, Mars)\n \"Primal Scream\" – 5:42 (recorded 12/2/98) (Sixx)\n \"Same Ol' Situation (S.O.S.)\" – 4:33 (recorded 3/10/99) (Lee, Sixx, Neil, Mars)\n \"Home Sweet Home\" – 4:06 (recorded 12/2/98) (Sixx, Neil, Lee)\n \"Kickstart My Heart\" – 5:39 (recorded 3/10/99) (Sixx)\n \"Wild Side\" [Video] [Bonus Track]\n\nPersonnel\nVince Neil – vocals; guitar (all tracks from 1990 & 1998)\nMick Mars – lead guitar\nNikki Sixx – bass\nTommy Lee – drums, piano on \"Home Sweet Home\"\n\nReferences\n\nMötley Crüe live albums\n1999 live albums\nSelf-released albums" ]

[ "Nikki Sixx", "Personal life", "Did he have a family?", "From May 1989 to November 1996, Sixx was married to his first wife, Playboy Playmate Brandi Brandt; they have three children:", "Is he in contact with his mother?", "I don't know.", "Did he marry again?", "One month after the divorce from Brandt, Sixx married his second wife, another Playboy Playmate, actress Donna D'Errico.", "Did he have any kids with Donna D'Errico?", "Sixx and D'Errico have one daughter,", "Are they still married?", "They separated again on April 27, 2006 and divorced in June 2007, with D'Errico claiming irreconcilable differences.", "Did he marry again?", "Nikki revealed to the public that he proposed to Courtney while vacationing in St. Barts. They were married on March 15, 2014.", "Are there any other interesting tidbits about his personal life?", "In 1987, Denise \"Vanity\" Matthews claimed she was engaged to Sixx.", "What does Sixx have to say about that?", "he describes his relationship with her, \"Vanity came and went during different periods of my addiction. She was a wild black chick who had sung with Prince:" ]

[ "Freaky Eaters is an observational British documentary programme produced by independent television production company betty for BBC Three from 2007 to 2009. Series 1 was narrated by the actress Jill Halfpenny and series 2 by Sharon Horgan. In Australia it is shown on ABC2 and titled Eataholics.\n\nSynopsis\nThe programme follows a different person each episode who has an eating disorder such as a selective eating disorder (an extremely restricted diet, often to the point of avoiding entire food groups), or food neophobia. With the help of a team of experts, a number of techniques are employed to help the person overcome their problems and develop more healthy diets.\n\nThe first series was presented by nutritionist Natalie Savona and psychological coach Benjamin Fry. For the second series, psychologist Dr. Stephen Briers took over from Benjamin Fry. In series 3, Charlotte Watts takes over as nutritionist and Felix Economakis as the psychological coach. Dr. Pixie McKenna is the doctor across all three series.\n\nEpisodes\n\nSeries 1\n\nAddicted to Crisps and Pizza (Kevin Johnson)\nAddicted to Chips (Sarah Dolby)\nAddicted to Cheese (Dave Nunley)\nAddicted to Spaghetti hoops (Adrian England)\nAddicted to Chocolate (Rachel Renton)\nAddicted to Junk Food (Debbie Ezeogu)\nAddicted to Junk Food 2 (Martyn Sadd)\n\nSeries 2\nAddicted to Burnt Sausages (Natalie Holland)\nAddicted to Junk Food (radio presenter Chris Hawkins)\nAddicted to Meat (Pete Turner)\nAddicted to Bread (Joanne Stappard)\nAddicted to Meat and Potatoes (Kerry Singleton)\nAddicted to Biscuits (Andrew Forster)\nAddicted to Potatoes (Joanne Adams)\nAddicted to Pasta (Helen Tree)\nAddicted to Cheese (Kate Silk)\n\nSeries 3\nAddicted to Bacon and burgers (Niquita Hartchley)\nAddicted to Cheese (Vicki Zukiewicz)\nAddicted to Beans and chips (Tom Bull)\nAddicted to Brown sauce (Jamie Davidson)\nAddicted to Chips (Dave Wheatley)\nAddicted to Diet cola (Katie Walker)\nAddicted to Yorkshire puddings (Aaron Saunders)\nAddicted to Meat (Richard Smart)\n\nCancellation\nThe show was cancelled by BBC in April 2010. On the Richard Bacon BBC Radio 5 Live show in December 2010, Harry Hill, who had regularly lampooned Freaky Eaters on Harry Hill's TV Burp, stated he had been told by a producer of Freaky Eaters that his coverage of the show was the reason it had been commissioned for a second and third series.\n\nAmerican version\nFreaky Eaters spawned an American version that aired on TLC from September 2010 to June 2011.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n betty tv\n \n\n2007 British television series debuts\n2009 British television series endings\nBBC high definition shows\nBBC television documentaries\nEnglish-language television shows\nTelevision series by All3Media", "\"Addicted to You\" was the entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002, performed in English by Laura Voutilainen as \"Laura\".\n\nThe song was one of three competing numbers in the Finnish national preliminary round for the Eurovision Song Contest 2002, with music written by Maki Kolehmainen of the band Aikakone. The lyrics for \"Addicted to You\" were written by Kolehmainen's frequent collaborator alongside Janina Frostell, a model who was attempting a singing career: Frostell's album Impossible Love comprised songs she and Lipp co-wrote and \"Addicted to You\" was in fact written for Frostell's Impossible Love, her version being either never recorded and/or released once the potential of having a high-profile Finnish singer such as Laura Voutilainen make a Eurovision bid with the song was recognized.\n\n\"Addicted to You\" is sung from the perspective of a woman telling her lover how she feels about him. She seems amazed at the depth of her own feelings, telling him \"if you were a drug, I'd be addicted to you\" and \"every time that we say 'goodbye', I just die a little inside\".\n\nFinland had last participated in Eurovision at Eurovision 2000 where the eighteenth place showing of Nina Åström with \"A Little Bit\" had resulted in a one-year Eurovision relegation for Finland. The Finnish preliminary round for Eurovision 2002 was the first to feature no songs in Finnish: in an effort to ensure international favor at Eurovision 2002, eleven of the twelve competing songs in the national final were English-language numbers with the twelfth competing song having Italian lyrics.\n\n\"Addicted to You\" easily won the national selection round for Eurovision 2002 receiving 46 points from the jury and 36% of the popular vote. The song was heavily promoted – reportedly more so than any previous Finnish Eurovision entrant – with Voutilainen showcasing her entry in several European countries, and expectations were high for its placing at Eurovision 2002 as exemplified by the contention by veteran Finnish singer Marion Rung – who had sung Finland's two highest scoring Eurovision entrants – that the final placing of \"Addicted to You\" at Eurovision 2002 would be higher than the sixth and seventh Eurovision placings earned by Rung with respectively \"Tipi-tii\" at Eurovision 1962 and \"Tom Tom Tom\" at Eurovision 1973 and that consequently \"Addicted to You\" would afford Finland a new Eurovision best.\n\nPerforming thirteenth on the night of the Eurovision 2002 final, following 's Afro-dite with \"Never Let It Go\" and preceding 's Malene with \"Tell Me Who You Are\", Voutilainen was dressed in the colours of the Finnish flag, in a blue top and white trousers. The vocal quartet who supported Voutilainen included , who had placed sixth in the Finnish national preliminary for Eurovision 2002 with \"Make the Rain\".\n\nAt the close of voting, \"Addicted to You\" had received 24 points, placing 20th in a field of 24, thus disqualifying Finland from participation in the 2003 Contest. Pictures of a weeping Voutilainen accompanied the singer's post-contest interview, in which she opined: \"Everybody thought that I should have won... I don't see what could [have been] done better... Can Finland ever win Eurovision if [it didn't when] everything went exactly as it should?\"\n\nWhile \"Addicted to You\" did not score high at the Eurovision final, among the contestants themselves it was voted the best song in the contest. \"Addicted to You\" was also voted the best 2002 Eurovision entrant by the Eurovision Fanclub.\n\n\"Addicted to You\" was succeeded as Finnish representative at the 2004 contest by Jari Sillanpää with \"Takes 2 to Tango\".\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nReferences\n\n Official Eurovision Song Contest site, history by year\n Lyrics, from Diggiloo Thrush\n\nEurovision songs of Finland\nEurovision songs of 2002\n2002 songs" ]

[ "Nikki Sixx", "Personal life", "Did he have a family?", "From May 1989 to November 1996, Sixx was married to his first wife, Playboy Playmate Brandi Brandt; they have three children:", "Is he in contact with his mother?", "I don't know.", "Did he marry again?", "One month after the divorce from Brandt, Sixx married his second wife, another Playboy Playmate, actress Donna D'Errico.", "Did he have any kids with Donna D'Errico?", "Sixx and D'Errico have one daughter,", "Are they still married?", "They separated again on April 27, 2006 and divorced in June 2007, with D'Errico claiming irreconcilable differences.", "Did he marry again?", "Nikki revealed to the public that he proposed to Courtney while vacationing in St. Barts. They were married on March 15, 2014.", "Are there any other interesting tidbits about his personal life?", "In 1987, Denise \"Vanity\" Matthews claimed she was engaged to Sixx.", "What does Sixx have to say about that?", "he describes his relationship with her, \"Vanity came and went during different periods of my addiction. She was a wild black chick who had sung with Prince:", "What was he addicted to?", "Vanity also taught me how to really freebase:" ]

[ "The Book of Drugs is a 2012 memoir by the musician and songwriter Mike Doughty. The book details Doughty's struggles with drug addiction, his musical career, both before and during his time with the band Soul Coughing and during his solo career.\n\nThe book was noted for its acerbic take on Doughty's Soul Coughing bandmates, as well as its unflinching look at the damage caused by addiction.\n\nThe book covers Doughty's experiences growing up in a military family, his education, first experiences with drugs such as alcohol, his friendship with Jeff Buckley, and his antagonism with his (unnamed) fellow Soul Coughing band members. It also covers his experience with 12-step programs, his travels to Ethiopia and Cambodia, his experience with bipolar disorder, and his post-Soul Coughing solo career.\n\nThe book received a generally positive reception for its unflinching narrative and engaging writing. The Village Voice review called it a \"quickly paced, finely observed, and often mordantly funny read\"—though some reviewers wondered, as Jay Trachtenberg of the Austin Chronicle did, why \"...if the atmosphere was so rancid, Doughty stuck around.\"\n\nReferences\n\nMemoirs about drugs\nDrug rehabilitation\nSubstance dependence\n2012 non-fiction books\nMusic autobiographies", "Television addiction is a proposed addiction model associated with maladaptive or compulsive behavior associated with watching television programming.\n\nAnalysis\nThe most recent medical review on this model concluded that pathological television watching behavior may constitute a true behavioral addiction, but indicated that much more research on this topic is needed to demonstrate this. The compulsion can be extremely difficult to control in many cases. The television addiction model has parallels to other forms of behavioral addiction, such as addiction to drugs or gambling, which are also forms of compulsive behavior.\n\nRecognition\nTelevision addiction is not a diagnosable condition of DSM-IV.\n\nSee also\nAddiction\nSocial aspects of television\nTelevision consumption\nVideo game addiction\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nArticle by Michael D. Pollock \"How I Overcame TV Addiction, Reclaimed My Life and Gained Two Extra Months Per Year\"\nScientific American Article \"No Mere Metaphor\"\nReader's Digest Article\n\nBehavioral addiction\nAddiction\nAddiction\nDigital media use and mental health\n\nde:Verhaltenssucht" ]

[ "Nikki Sixx", "Personal life", "Did he have a family?", "From May 1989 to November 1996, Sixx was married to his first wife, Playboy Playmate Brandi Brandt; they have three children:", "Is he in contact with his mother?", "I don't know.", "Did he marry again?", "One month after the divorce from Brandt, Sixx married his second wife, another Playboy Playmate, actress Donna D'Errico.", "Did he have any kids with Donna D'Errico?", "Sixx and D'Errico have one daughter,", "Are they still married?", "They separated again on April 27, 2006 and divorced in June 2007, with D'Errico claiming irreconcilable differences.", "Did he marry again?", "Nikki revealed to the public that he proposed to Courtney while vacationing in St. Barts. They were married on March 15, 2014.", "Are there any other interesting tidbits about his personal life?", "In 1987, Denise \"Vanity\" Matthews claimed she was engaged to Sixx.", "What does Sixx have to say about that?", "he describes his relationship with her, \"Vanity came and went during different periods of my addiction. She was a wild black chick who had sung with Prince:", "What was he addicted to?", "Vanity also taught me how to really freebase:", "Did this addiction interfere with his career?", "I don't know." ]

[ "A vanity label (see related topic on vanity press) is an informal name given sometimes to a record label founded as a wholly or partially owned subsidiary of another, larger and better established (at least at the time of the vanity label's founding) record label, where the subsidiary label is (at least nominally) controlled by a successful recording artist, designed to allow this artist to release music by other artists they admire. The parent label handles the production and distribution and funding of the vanity label, but the album is usually released with the vanity label brand name prominent. Usually, the artist/head of the vanity label is signed to the parent label, and this artist's own recordings will be released under the vanity label's brand name. Creating a vanity label can be an attractive idea for the parent label primarily as a \"perk\" to keep a successful artist on the label's roster happy and a venue to bring fellow artists to the public's attention.\n\nProminent vanity labels\n\nReferences\n\n\"Vanity labels: good business or an ego boost?\" New York Times, 5/10/92\n\"Vanity Labels\" \"SoundShots\", 29/12/2020", "Vanity height is defined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) as the height difference between a skyscraper's pinnacle and the highest usable floor (usually observatory, office, restaurant, retail or hotel/residential). Because the CTBUH ranks the world's tallest buildings by height to pinnacle, a number of buildings appear higher in the rankings than they otherwise would due to extremely long spires.\n\nThe controversy began when the Petronas Towers were named as the world's tallest buildings in 1998, despite having a roof 63.4 m (208 ft) lower than that of the Willis Tower. The current world's tallest building, Burj Khalifa, is officially 828 meters tall, but its highest usable floor is 585m above ground. Therefore, its vanity height is defined as 244 meters, or 29% of the building's total height.\nWithout this vanity height the Burj Khalifa would still be the tallest building in the world, but only by a mere 2 meters over the Shanghai Tower. \n\nThe next potential tallest building, the Jeddah Tower, could be over 1,000 meters tall but its highest floor is 630m above ground. The top 370m (equivalent to an 85-story building) or 37% of the building's total height is unusable. When vanity height is excluded, the height progression of the world's tallest buildings looks much more modest in comparison.\n\nThe CTBUH requires a structure's vanity height to be under 50% to be defined as a \"building.\" Otherwise, it is considered a communications tower and ineligible for the rankings.\n\nSee also\n List of tallest buildings\n\nReferences\n\nSkyscrapers\nArchitectural design" ]

[ "Wasim Akram", "Legacy" ]

[ "2017 is the first year in the history of Legacy Fighting Alliance, a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United States.\n\nEvent list\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 1: Peterson vs. Higo\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 1: Peterson vs. Higo was the inaugural event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on January 13, 2017 after the merger of Legacy Fighting Championship and Resurrection Fighting Alliance. It aired on AXS TV.\n\nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 2: Richman vs. Stojadinovic\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 2: Richman vs. Stojadinovic was the second event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on January 20, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 3: Spann vs. Giles\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 3: Spann vs. Giles was the third event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on February 10, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 4: Aguilar vs. Jackson\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 4: Aguilar vs. Jackson was the fourth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on February 17, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 5: Edwards vs. Townsend\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 5: Edwards vs. Townsend was the fifth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on February 24, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 6: Junior vs. Rodriguez\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 6: Junior vs. Rodriguez was the sixth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on March 10, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 7: Sanchez vs. Mai\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 7: Sanchez vs. Mai was the seventh event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on March 24, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 8: Hamilton vs. Bazzi\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 8: Hamilton vs. Bazzi was the eighth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on April 7, 2017 at the TD Convention Center. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 9: Dennis vs. Marques\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 9: Dennis vs. Marques was the ninth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on April 14, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 10: Heinisch vs. Rota\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 10: Heinisch vs. Rota was the tenth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on April 21, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance Fight Night 1: Sioux Falls\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance Fight Night 1: Sioux Falls was the eleventh event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on April 29, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 11: Frincu vs. Mendonça\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 11: Frincu vs. Mendonça was the twelfth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on May 5, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 12: Krantz vs. Neumann\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 12: Krantz vs. Neumann was the thirteenth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on May 19, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 13: Millender vs. Holland\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 13: Millender vs. Holland was the fourteenth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on June 2, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 14: Allen vs. Anders\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 14: Allen vs. Anders was the fifteenth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on June 23, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 15: Odoms vs. Vanderaa\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 15: Odoms vs. Vanderaa was the sixteenth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on June 30, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 16: Bedford vs. Flick\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 16: Bedford vs. Flick was the seventeenth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on July 14, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 17: Moisés vs. Watley\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 17: Moisés vs. Watley was the eighteenth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on July 21, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 18: Aguilar vs. Rader\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 18: Aguilar vs. Rader was the nineteenth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on August 4, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 19: Michaud vs. Rodrigues\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 19: Michaud vs. Rodrigues was the twentieth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on August 18, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 20: Curry vs. Barnes\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 20: Curry vs. Barnes was the twenty-first event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on August 25, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 21: Noblitt vs. Branjão\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 21: Noblitt vs. Branjão was the twenty-second event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on September 1, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 22: Heinisch vs. Perez\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 22: Heinisch vs. Perez was the twenty-third event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on September 8, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 23: Krantz vs. Nakashima\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 23: Krantz vs. Nakashima was the twenty-fourth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on September 22, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 24: Frincu vs. Millender\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 24: Frincu vs. Millender was the twenty-fifth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on October 13, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 25: Cochrane vs. Rodrigues\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 25: Cochrane vs. Rodrigues was the twenty-sixth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on October 20, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 26: Odoms vs. Hughes\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 26: Odoms vs. Hughes was the twenty-seventh event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on November 3, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 27: Watley vs. Wilson\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 27: Watley vs. Wilson was the twenty-eighth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on November 10, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 28: Jackson vs. Luna\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 28: Jackson vs. Luna was the twenty-ninth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on December 8, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 29: Camus vs. Simon\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 29: Camus vs. Simon was the thirtieth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took on December 15, 2017. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nhttp://www.lfafighting.com\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance\n2017 in mixed martial arts", "2018 is the second year in the history of Legacy Fighting Alliance, a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United States.\n\nEvent list\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 30: Millender vs. Barnes\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 30: Millender vs. Barnes was the thirty-first event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on January 12, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 31: Moffett vs. Le\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 31: Moffett vs. Le was the thirty-second event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on January 19, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 32: Allen vs. Hernandez\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 32: Allen vs. Hernandez was the thirty-third event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on January 26, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 33: Willis vs. Stewart\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 33: Willis vs. Stewart was the thirty-fourth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on February 16, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 34: Watley vs. Jenkins\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 34: Watley vs. Jenkins was the thirty-fifth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on March 2, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 35: Newell vs. Luque\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 35: Newell vs. Luque was the thirty-sixth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on March 9, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 36: Simon vs. Zani\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 36: Simon vs. Zani was the thirty-seventh event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on March 23, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 37: Bice vs. Perez\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 37: Bice vs. Perez was the thirty-eighth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on April 20, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 38: Hughes vs. Greene\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 38: Hughes vs. Greene was the thirty-ninth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on April 27, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 39: Heinisch vs. Checco\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 39: Heinisch vs. Checco was the fortieth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on May 4, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 40: Aguilar vs. Le\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 40: Aguilar vs. Le was the forty-first event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on May 25, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 41: Moisés vs. Peterson\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 41: Moisés vs. Peterson was the forty-second event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on June 1, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 42: Krantz vs. Kayne\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 42: Krantz vs. Kayne was the forty-third event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on June 8, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 43: Allen vs. Crowe\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 43: Allen vs. Crowe was the forty-fourth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on June 22, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 44: Frincu vs. Aguilera\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 44: Frincu vs. Aguilera was the forty-fifth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on June 29, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 45: Silva vs. Barnes\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 45: Silva vs. Barnes was the forty-sixth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on July 20, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 46: Nakashima vs. Stewart\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 46: Nakashima vs. Stewart was the forty-seventh event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on July 27, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 47: Jackson vs. Jennerman\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 47: Jackson vs. Jennerman was the forty-eighth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on August 10, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 48: Stots vs. Lilley\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 48: Stots vs. Lilley was the forty-ninth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on September 7, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 49: Brady vs. Urbina\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 49: Brady vs. Urbina was the fiftieth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on September 14, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 50: Allen vs. Hiley\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 50: Allen vs. Hiley was the fifty-first event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on September 21, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 51: Gibson vs. Erak\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 51: Gibson vs. Erak was the fifty-second event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on September 28, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 52: Rodriguez vs. Gutierrez\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 52: Rodriguez vs. Gutierrez was the fifty-third event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on October 19, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 53: Royval vs. Kenney\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 53: Royval vs. Kenney was the fifty-fourth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on November 9, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 54: Mazo vs. Yariwaki\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 54: Mazo vs. Yariwaki was the fifty-fifth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on November 16, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 55: Johns vs. Yanez\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 55: Johns vs. Yanez was the fifty-sixth event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on November 30, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 56: Hubbard vs. Mota\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance 56: Hubbard vs. Mota was the fifty-seventh event of Legacy Fighting Alliance and took place on December 7, 2018. It aired on AXS TV.\n \nResults\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nhttp://www.lfafighting.com\n\nLegacy Fighting Alliance\n2018 in mixed martial arts" ]

[ "Wasim Akram", "Legacy", "What was Akrams legacy?", "Akram was a man possessed of accurate control of line and length," ]

[ "Stephen Biesty (born 27 January 1961) is a British illustrator. Biesty is considered a master of cross section. He frequently collaborates with Richard Platt, who writes the text for the majority of his books, which have covered a wide range of informative cross sections aimed at adults and children, all published by Dorling Kindersley.\n\nBiesty's work has found great success, notably his Incredible Cross Sections (1992) is an international bestseller with over one million copies in print worldwide. Other Biesty books written by Platt include Man-of-War (1993), Castle (1994), Incredible Pop-Up Cross-Sections (1995), Incredible Explosions (1996), Incredible Everything (1997), Incredible Body (1998) and Absolutely Best Cross-Sections Book Ever (1999). Since 1999 he has also illustrated the Millennium Dome Pop-up Book (1999), Gold: A Treasure Hunt through Time (Meredith Hooper) (2002), and Rome (Andrew Solway, Stephen Biesty) (2003). Castle was later made into the educational video game Castle Explorer, as was Man-of-War which was made into Stowaway! A tour of an 18th century Man-of-War. Some have compared Biesty's Incredible Cross Sections to fellow British illustrator Martin Handford's Where's Wally? series; for instance in Man-of-War there is the challenge of spotting the stowaway. \n \nBiesty uses paper, pen, ink and water colour paints. He never uses a ruler, drawing everything freehand.\n\nBiesty describes his work as follows:\n\nThere's really no end to the amount of detail you can include. I don't use a computer and I don't think I ever will. I draw with a pencil initially and then I work on top of that with ink, usually a Rotring needle-point pen, but sometimes I use a fine brush which gives the line a little variety, a little texture. Then of course I add colour and atmosphere with watercolour washes.\n\nI always put figures in. As an illustrator you quickly catch on to the fact that nobody's going to look at it if there's no human interest. When you start including figures, you can begin to create a sense of atmosphere. You can show how people relate to a space and you can explore the realities and practicalities of the place, how people lived, how they adapted to their surroundings, how they slept, how they ate.\n\nPersonal life\nHe was born in Coventry and grew up in Leicestershire. \n\nIn 1979 he joined Loughborough College of Art and Design where he did an arts foundation course. In 1980 he moved to Brighton Polytechnic to gain a BA Hons in Graphic Design specialising in illustration, focusing on historical and architectural drawings. After graduating from Brighton with a first class degree, Biesty went on to gain an MA in Graphic Design at the City of Birmingham Polytechnic, working further in historical reconstruction.\n\nBiesty now lives in Somerset with his wife and son.\n\nBibliography\n1991: Explore the World of Man-made Wonders (Simon Adams)\n\n1992: Exploring the Past: Ancient Egypt (George Hart)\n\n1992: Incredible Cross-Sections (Richard Platt)\n\n1993: Man-of-War (Richard Platt)\n\n1994: Castle (Richard Platt)\n\n1996: Incredible Explosions (Richard Platt)\n\n1998: Incredible Body (Richard Platt)\n\n1999: Absolutely Best Cross-Sections Book Ever (Richard Platt)\n\n1999: Millennium Dome Pop-up Book\n\n2001: The Coolest Cross-Sections Ever! (Richard Platt)\n\n2002: Gold: A Treasure Hunt through Time (Meredith Hooper)\n\n2003: Rome (Andrew Solway)\n\n2005: Egypt (Stewart Ross)\n\n2006: Greece (Stewart Ross)\n\n2008: Ancient World: Egypt, Rome, and Greece\n\n2014: The Story of Buildings, Walker Books. \n\n2014: Castles (Meredith Hooper)\n\n2014: Giant Vehicles (Rod Green)\n\n2014: Into the Unknown: How Great Explorers Found Their Way by Land, Sea, and Air (Stewart Ross)\n\n2015: To the Rescue (Rod Green)\n\n2015: Emergency Vehicles (Rod Green)\n\n2017: Trains (Ian Graham)\n\n2017: Exploring Space: From Galileo to the Mars Rover and Beyond (Martin Jenkins)\n\n2018: Flying Machines (Ian Graham)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n \n\n1961 births\nAlumni of Birmingham Institute of Art and Design\nBritish children's book illustrators\nLiving people", "Free and Equal is a live album by English saxophonist John Surman featuring American drummer Jack DeJohnette and the London Brass recorded in Queen Elizabeth Hall in London in 2001 and released on the ECM label.\n\nReception\nThe Allmusic review by Alain Drouot awarded the album 3½ stars, stating, \"Free and Equal finds its place somewhere between John Surman's past collaborations with Jack DeJohnette and his Brass Project with composer Peter Warren. Less atmospheric than the duos with the drummer and less jazzy than the latter, it still bears the inimitable stamp of the British reed player. It harks back to his pastoral and even medieval leanings and his arranging skills certainly capture the spotlight, his lyrical and often fragile compositions soaring with incredible grace\".\n\nTrack listing\nAll compositions by John Surman.\n\n \"Preamble\" – 4:11 \n \"Groundwork\" – 9:33 \n \"Sea Change\" – 10:14 \n \"Back and Forth\" – 11:51 \n \"Fire\" – 6:47 \n \"Debased Line\" – 5:02 \n \"In the Shadow\" – 6:56 \n \"Free and Equal\" – 8:47 \n \"Epilogue\" – 3:42\n\nPersonnel\nJohn Surman – soprano saxophone, baritone saxophone, bass clarinet\nJack DeJohnette – drums, piano\nLondon Brass – trumpet, flugelhorn, horn, trombone, euphonium, tuba\n\nReferences\n\nECM Records live albums\nJohn Surman live albums\nJack DeJohnette live albums\n2003 live albums\nAlbums produced by Manfred Eicher" ]

[ "Wasim Akram", "Legacy", "What was Akrams legacy?", "Akram was a man possessed of accurate control of line and length,", "Did he have any incredible achievements with his line and length skills", "With a very quick bowling action, he could bowl equally well from both sides of the wicket." ]

[ "John Michael Mills (27 July 1921 – 8 November 2014) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Cambridge University and Warwickshire between 1946 and 1948.\n\nMichael Mills was a right-handed lower-order batsman and a right-arm leg-break and googly bowler. Educated at Oundle School and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Mills went to Cambridge University after war service. He hit an unbeaten 65 and took five wickets in the freshmen's trial match and thereafter provided the only spin bowling in the 1946 university cricket side. In his second first-class match, he took seven Yorkshire first innings wickets for 69 runs, and these remained the best bowling figures of his career. Against Somerset at Bath he took the first six wickets to fall, and only seven fell in all; they included Harold Gimblett, who hit 114 in 95 minutes and accounted for some of the 100 runs that Mills' wickets cost. He was not successful in the 1946 University Match in which he won the first of his three consecutive Blues for cricket. At the end of the university cricket season, Mills played in four matches for Warwickshire; with England leg-spin bowler Eric Hollies in the side, his bowling opportunities were limited and in the game against Nottinghamshire he did not bowl at all in the first innings when Hollies took all 10 Nottinghamshire wickets for 49 runs.\n\nMills continued to play for Cambridge University in the 1947 and 1948 seasons, winning his Blue in both years, but did not play any further games for Warwickshire. He captained Oxford in 1948. His bowling became more expensive and his batting, though often useful, did not develop: he had a career average, over 50 completed first-class innings, of almost 15 runs per innings, but his highest score was only 44. He did not play any further first-class cricket after leaving Cambridge University. He also won Blues for squash and fives.\n\nHe returned to Oundle School as a housemaster, and ran the cricket there for 12 years. His son, Peter Mills, played for Cambridge University and for Northamptonshire between 1979 and 1982.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n1921 births\n2014 deaths\nEnglish cricketers\nCambridge University cricketers\nWarwickshire cricketers\nPeople educated at Oundle School\nAlumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge", "The 2004 NCAA Bowling Championship was the first annual tournament to determine the national champion of women's NCAA collegiate ten-pin bowling. The tournament was played at Emerald Bowl in Houston, Texas during April 2004. \n\nNebraska defeated Central Missouri State in the championship match, 4 games to 2, to win their first national title. The Cornhuskers were coached by Bill Straub.\n\nThe awards for Most outstanding bowler and All-tournament team were not given out until 2005.\n\nQualification\nSince there is only one national collegiate championship for women's bowling, all NCAA bowling programs (whether from Division I, Division II, or Division III) were eligible. A total of 8 teams were invited to contest the inaugural championship.\n\nTournament bracket \nSite: Houston, Texas\n\nSee also\n Pre–NCAA Women's Bowling Championship (United States Bowling Congress)\n\nReferences\n\nNCAA Bowling Championship\nNCAA Bowling Championship\n2004 in bowling" ]

[ "Wasim Akram", "Legacy", "What was Akrams legacy?", "Akram was a man possessed of accurate control of line and length,", "Did he have any incredible achievements with his line and length skills", "With a very quick bowling action, he could bowl equally well from both sides of the wicket.", "Did he win any awards for his bowling", "Together Wasim and Waqar, known as \"the two Ws\" of the Pakistani team, were one of the most successful bowling partnerships in cricket." ]

[ "Floretta \"Doty\" McCutcheon (July 22, 1888 – February 2, 1967) was a professional bowler and activist. She is widely regarded for her professional achievements as well as work in popularizing bowling among women.\n\nIn her early years, McCutcheon competed on the local women's volleyball team at her YWCA. McCutcheon originally started bowling because she was advised to be more physically active by her doctor. Eventually, she married bowling enthusiast Robert McCutcheon. It wasn’t until 1923 that she bowled her first game. In 1923, her husband formed a bowling league and added her to the roster without permission. Her technique was originally to throw the bowling ball as far as she possibly could. Eventually this changed in 1926 as she focused specifically on controlling her delivery. In 1927, she challenged world champion, Jimmy Smith to a three-game set and beat him 704 to 697. A year later she became employed by the Brunswick Corporation, as an instructor.\n\nBowling schools\nMcCutcheon was inspired to open bowling schools, which was an idea stemmed from popular cooking schools in the era. 1931 marked the opening of the first McCutcheon School of Bowling. That same year, almost 3,500 women attended. Focused on popularizing the sport among women, at one point she was the only instructor focusing on teaching women specifically. Ultimately, during her career as an instructor, she taught over 300,000 women.\n\nLegacy\nIn 1956, she was inducted to the Bowling Hall of Fame and in 1973, the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame. McCutcheon decided to write her own bowling booklets and then proceeded to create her own organized bowling leagues. After a long career, McCutcheon decided to retire in South Pasadena, California. McCutcheon was inducted into the Iowa Sports Hall of Fame in 1988.\n\nReferences \n\n1888 births\n1967 deaths\nAmerican sports coaches\nAmerican ten-pin bowling players\nPeople from Ottumwa, Iowa", "Bowling Brook (foaled 1895) was a British-bred American-trained Thoroughbred racehorse.\n\nBackground\nHis sire, Ayrshire, won two of the British Classic Races, the 1888 Epsom Derby and 2,000 Guineas. Grandsire Hampton was the Leading sire in Great Britain & Ireland in 1887, and the Champion broodmare sire in 1901 and 1905. Bowling Brook was out of the American mare Vacation who was sired by the 1875 Preakness Stakes winner, Tom Ochiltree. He was bred by John A. Morris who died the year he was foaled but was raced by his sons Alfred and Dave.\n\nBowling Brook was trained by future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee, R. Wyndham Walden. He was given the name of his trainer's Bowling Brook Farm at Middleburg in Carroll County, Maryland.\n\nRacing career\nRacing as a juvenile, his best result in a major race was as runner-up in the Tremont Stakes. As a three-year-old, at Morris Park Racecourse in The Bronx, New York, Bowling Brook handily won the 1898 Metropolitan Handicap then three weeks later at the same track, jockey Fred Littlefield rode him to victory in the 1 3/8 miles Belmont Stakes. Bowling Brook won on a muddy track by six lengths over the Mike Dwyer-owned and Tod Sloan-ridden colt Previous with Hamburg approximately another ten lengths back in third place. Owned by Marcus Daly and ridden by Fred Taral, future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Hamburg had been the betting favorite to win.\n\nStud career\nRetired to stud duty, Bowling Brook met with limited success as a sire.\n\nReferences \n\n1895 racehorse births\nRacehorses bred in the United Kingdom\nRacehorses trained in the United States\nBelmont Stakes winners\nThoroughbred family 23-b" ]

[ "Wasim Akram", "Legacy", "What was Akrams legacy?", "Akram was a man possessed of accurate control of line and length,", "Did he have any incredible achievements with his line and length skills", "With a very quick bowling action, he could bowl equally well from both sides of the wicket.", "Did he win any awards for his bowling", "Together Wasim and Waqar, known as \"the two Ws\" of the Pakistani team, were one of the most successful bowling partnerships in cricket.", "How long was his bowling career", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"Anything\" is a song performed by Eric Burdon & the Animals in 1967. It was featured on their psychedelic rock album Winds of Change. While the singles \"San Franciscan Nights\", \"Good Times\" and the album were released, \"Anything\" was also released as a single, peaking #80 on the United States pop singles chart. Allmusic critic Bruce Eder described it as a \"relatively straightforward, brooding, moody rocker.\" Billboard described the single as an \"intriguing rock ballad with an equally compelling lyric.\" Cash Box said it was \"slow rock with a tasteful touch of soul\" with \"stunning string lines\" and a \"melancholy Burdon vocal.\"\n\nThe song is credited to Vic Briggs, Eric Burdon, Barry Jenkins, Danny McCulloch and John Weider. In a 2010 interview, Burdon identified it as one that he was proud of writing. He described it as a \"love-generation song\". He explained; \"It's more than just a song about a love for your woman; it's about love for everything, from the Earth, to your friends, and even your enemies.\"\n\nReferences\n\n1967 singles\nSongs written by Eric Burdon\nThe Animals songs\nSong recordings produced by Tom Wilson (record producer)\nMGM Records singles\n1967 songs", "\"Was There Anything I Could Do?\" is a song by the Australian alternative rock band The Go-Betweens that was issued as the second single from their sixth album 16 Lovers Lane. The song was released 3 October 1988 by Beggars Banquet Records in the UK and Mushroom Records in Australia but failed to chart in either region. It was released as a promotional single in the US by Capitol Records and charted on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks charts in the United States, peaking at No. 16.\n\n\"Was There Anything I Could Do?\" was not necessarily the unanimous choice by all members of the band, with claims by some that they wanted Forster's \"Clouds\" whilst McLennan pushed for the song as it was more driving and anthemic.\n\nCover versions \nThe song was covered by Maxïmo Park and included on a limited edition compilation album, released in July 2008 to celebrate the launch of Independents Day.\n\nIn 2010 a cover of the song by The Buzzards, was included on a Go-Betweens tribute album, Right Here.\n\nFranz Ferdinand in November 2013 covered the song on Triple J's Like a Version programme.\n\nIn 2014 a cover of the song by Missy Higgins was included on her album, Oz.\n\nTrack listing\n\nOriginal 7\" Vinyl release\n \"Was There Anything I Could Do?\" - 3:06\n \"Rock and Roll Friend\" - 3:30\n\nOriginal 12\" Vinyl release\n \"Was There Anything I Can Do?\" - 3:06\n \"Rock and Roll Friend\" - 3:30\n \"Mexican Postcard\" - 2:13\n\nOriginal CD single release\n \"Was There Anything I Can Do?\" - 3:06\n \"Rock and Roll Friend\" - 3:30\n \"Mexican Postcard\" - 2:13\n \"Bye Bye Pride\" - 4:06\n\nRelease history\n\nNotes\nA. :The US release was a 12\" promotional release with \"Was There Anything I Could Do?\" on each side.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n [ \"Was There Anything I Could Do?\"] @ AllMusic\n \"Was There Anything I Could Do?\" @ MusicBrainz\n \"Was There Anything I Could Do?\" @ Discogs\n Video\n Alternate Video\n\n1988 singles\nThe Go-Betweens songs\n1988 songs\nMushroom Records singles\nBeggars Banquet Records singles\nSongs written by Grant McLennan\nSongs written by Robert Forster (musician)" ]

[ "Wasim Akram", "Legacy", "What was Akrams legacy?", "Akram was a man possessed of accurate control of line and length,", "Did he have any incredible achievements with his line and length skills", "With a very quick bowling action, he could bowl equally well from both sides of the wicket.", "Did he win any awards for his bowling", "Together Wasim and Waqar, known as \"the two Ws\" of the Pakistani team, were one of the most successful bowling partnerships in cricket.", "How long was his bowling career", "I don't know.", "Was there anything particularly intriguing about his legacy", "earned him the nickname of one of the \"Sultans of Swing\", the other one being Waqar Younis." ]

[ "\"Sultans of Swing\" is a song by British rock band Dire Straits, written by frontman Mark Knopfler. The demo of the song was recorded at Pathway Studios, North London, in July 1977 and quickly acquired a following after it was put in rotation on BBC Radio London. Its popularity soon reached record executives, and Dire Straits were offered a contract with Phonogram Records. The song was then re-recorded in February 1978 at Basing Street Studios for the band's eponymous debut album.\n\nThe B-side, \"Eastbound Train\", is a live track that otherwise only appears on the Live at the Hope & Anchor Front Row Festival album. The single would go on to reach the top 5 in Canada, South Africa, and the United States as well as the top 10 in Australia, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.\n\nThe song has since largely remained a staple of classic rock radio, and is one of the band's most recognizable songs.\n\nBackground and composition\n\"Sultans of Swing\" was composed by Mark Knopfler on a National Steel guitar in open tuning. He thought the song was \"dull\" until he bought his first Stratocaster in 1977: \"It just came alive as soon as I played it on that '61 Strat ... the new chord changes just presented themselves and fell into place.\"\n\nThe lyrics were inspired by a performance of a jazz band playing in the corner of an almost empty pub in Deptford, South London. At the end of their performance, the lead singer announced their name, the Sultans of Swing; Knopfler found the contrast between the group's dowdy appearance and surroundings and their grandiose name amusing. \n\nThe song is set in common time, with a tempo of 149 beats per minute. It is in the key of D minor with Knopfler's vocal range spanning G2 to D4. It uses a chord progression of Dm–C–B–A for the verses, and F–C–B for the choruses. The riff uses triads, particularly second inversions. The song employs the Andalusian cadence or diatonic phrygian tetrachord. All the chords are compatible with a D natural minor scale, except for the A major triad, which suggests a D harmonic minor scale. Knopfler used similar triads on \"Lady Writer\".\n\nRecording\nShortly after Dire Straits formed in 1977, they recorded a five-song demo tape at Pathway Studios, including \"Sultans of Swing\". They took the tape to the influential DJ Charlie Gillett, presenter of Honky Tonk on BBC Radio London, hoping for advice. Gillett liked the music and put \"Sultans of Swing\" on his rotation. Two months later, Dire Straits signed a recording contract with Phonogram Records.\n\n\"Sultans of Swing\" was re-recorded in February 1978 at Basing Street Studios for the debut album Dire Straits, produced by Muff Winwood. Knopfler used the guitar technique of finger picking on the recording.\n\nCritical reception\nKen Tucker of Rolling Stone singled out \"Sultans of Swing\" as a highlight of the album for its \"inescapable hook\" and compared Knopfler's vocal stylings to those of Bob Dylan. Cash Box said that \"the phrasing of the vocals is reminiscent of Lou Reed\" and that \"the arrangement of moderate beat and excellent guitar work are exceptionally fluid and engaging.\" The New Rolling Stone Album Guide called the song \"an insinuating bit of bar-band mythmaking\" whose lyrics \"paint a vivid picture of an overlooked and underappreciated pub combo\". The Spokane Chronicle's Jim Kershner wrote that \"Sultans of Swing\" is \"remarkable, both for its lyrics that made fun of hip young Londoners and the phenomenal guitar sound of Knopfler\", which \"sounded like no other guitar on radio\". Jon Marlowe of The Palm Beach Post called it \"an infectious, sounds-damn-good-on-the-car-radio ode to every bar band who has ever done four sets a night, seven nights a week\".\n\nWriting in 2013 on the impact of the song, Rick Moore of American Songwriter reflected:\n\nRecord Mirror named \"Sultans of Swing\" the tenth-best song of 1978. In 1992, Life named it one of the top five songs of 1979. In 1993, Paul Williams included it in his book Rock and Roll: The 100 Best Singles. The song is on The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll list, Dire Straits' only appearance. In 2006, Mojo included it in a list of the 50 best British songs. Guitar World ranked its guitar solo at the 22nd greatest, and Rolling Stone named it the 32nd greatest guitar song.\n\nChart performance\nThe song was originally released in May 1978, but it did not chart at the time. Following its re-issue in January 1979, the song entered the American music pop chart. Unusually, the success of this single release came more than six months after the relatively unheralded release of the band's debut album in October 1978. BBC Radio was initially unwilling to play the song due to its high lyrical content but after it became a U.S. hit, their line softened. The song reached the top 10 in both the UK and the U.S., reaching No. 8 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and helped drive sales of the album, which also became a hit.\n\n\"Sultans of Swing\" was re-issued again as a single in November 1988, a month after it appeared on the band's greatest hits album Money for Nothing, when it peaked at No. 62. It was also included on Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits and The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations.\n\nOther versions\nKnopfler has improvised and expanded the solo during live performances. The coda of the live recording on the 1984 album Alchemy stretches the song to nearly 11 minutes. Another live version of the song came at the 1988 Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert in London when Eric Clapton teamed up with the band to play the song, providing rhythm guitar. In 2018, Leo Moracchioli made a heavy metal cover of the song, and has reached over 30 million views on YouTube.\n\nCharts\n\nCertifications\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHuitar World: 100 Greatest Guitar Solos - Sultans of Swing\n\n1978 debut singles\n1979 singles\nDire Straits songs\nSongs written by Mark Knopfler\n1977 songs\nVertigo Records singles\nWarner Records singles\nSong recordings produced by Muff Winwood\nEric Clapton songs\nSongs about music\nPub rock (United Kingdom) songs", "\"Lady Writer\" is a 1979 song by Dire Straits, which appears on the band's second album Communiqué.\n\nOverview\nWhen asked what the song was about, lead singer Mark Knopfler said that he was watching TV one day, and there was a lady writer on the TV, and that's basically where the idea for the song came from. Because the song says the writer is \"talking about the Virgin Mary\", some have speculated that the writer in question is Marina Warner, a view shared by Warner herself.\n\nReception\nBillboard described the song as a \"hypnotic rocker\" with \"sizzling instrumentation\" and \"distinctive vocals.\" Cash Box described it as being \"very similar musically to ['Sultans of Swing'], with guitarist/singer Knopfler's invigoratingly unique picking and vocal style.\" Smash Hits said, \"This is SO like \"Sultans of Swing\" it's not true. Look, the only way you'll want this is if you've got (a) more money than sense, and (b) a memory like a sieve.\" Ultimate Classic Rock agreed it was, \"a fast and nimble piece that matches 'Sultans of Swing'.\"\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n1979 singles\n1979 songs\nDire Straits songs\nSongs written by Mark Knopfler" ]

[ "Wasim Akram", "Legacy", "What was Akrams legacy?", "Akram was a man possessed of accurate control of line and length,", "Did he have any incredible achievements with his line and length skills", "With a very quick bowling action, he could bowl equally well from both sides of the wicket.", "Did he win any awards for his bowling", "Together Wasim and Waqar, known as \"the two Ws\" of the Pakistani team, were one of the most successful bowling partnerships in cricket.", "How long was his bowling career", "I don't know.", "Was there anything particularly intriguing about his legacy", "earned him the nickname of one of the \"Sultans of Swing\", the other one being Waqar Younis.", "How did he get the nickname \"sultans of swing\"", "His mastery of reverse swing with the cricket ball meant he was at his most dangerous towards a bowling innings," ]

[ "Henry W. How (September 29, 1919 – February 1, 2001) was a Canadian politician. He represented the electoral district of Kings South in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1970 to 1983. He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia.\n\nBorn in 1919 in Granville Ferry, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, How was a graduate of the University of New Brunswick. How was a resident of Wolfville when he entered provincial politics in the 1970 election, being elected MLA for Kings South. He was re-elected in the 1974, 1978, and 1981 elections.\n\nOn October 5, 1978, How was appointed to the Executive Council of Nova Scotia as Attorney General and Provincial Secretary. He held the positions until November 1983, when he retired from politics and was appointed Chief Judge of the Provincial Court of Nova Scotia. Prior to the 1993 election, How returned to provincial politics and defeated incumbent MLA Derrick Kimball for the Progressive Conservative nomination in his old riding of Kings South. In the general election, Liberal Robbie Harrison defeated How by 128 votes, while Kimball who ran as an independent finished third. How briefly returned to political life in 2000 when he joined the Canadian Alliance, and campaigned against federal Progressive Conservative leader Joe Clark in the September 2000 Kings—Hants byelection.\n\nHow died in Kentville on February 1, 2001.\n\nReferences\n\n1919 births\n2001 deaths\nProgressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs\nMembers of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia\nPeople from Annapolis County, Nova Scotia\nPeople from Kings County, Nova Scotia\nUniversity of New Brunswick alumni\nJudges in Nova Scotia", "Sir Friston Charles How, CB (17 September 1897 – 15 January 1990) was a British senior civil servant.\n\nBiography \nHow was born on 17 September 1897, the only child of Charles Friston How, of Leytonstone, and his wife Jane Ethel How. After attending Leyton County High School for Boys, he went to the University of London, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree (BSc) in 1917. He entered the Honourable Artillery Company in 1916 and was commissioned into the Royal Marines the following year, serving out the remainder of World War I in France.\n\nIn 1920, How joined the Exchequer and Audit Department, and became one of His Majesty's Inspectors of Taxes until 1937. In the meantime, he was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1927. He was posted in the Air Ministry between 1937 and 1940, and then the Ministry of Aircraft Production until 1945, when he joined the Ministry of Supply. In 1954 he was appointed Secretary of the Atomic Energy Office, serving until 1959, when he retired. The Office had been established in 1954 to assist the Prime Minister and Lord President of the Council in discharging their duties with regards to atomic energy, but was disbanded in 1959 and its functions merged into the Office of the Minister for Science. While retired from the Civil Service, he was a member of the Air Transport Advisory Council from 1960 to 1961 and a member of the Air Transport Licensing Board from 1960 to 1970. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1948 and a Knight Bachelor in 1958. He had married Ann Stewart, daughter of Alexander Chisholm Hunter of Aberdeen, in 1932; they had no children and she died in 1985. Sir Friston How died on 15 January 1990, having retired to live in Aberdeenshire.\n\nReferences \n\n1897 births\n1990 deaths\nBritish civil servants\nAlumni of the University of London\nCompanions of the Order of the Bath\nKnights Bachelor" ]

[ "Wasim Akram", "Legacy", "What was Akrams legacy?", "Akram was a man possessed of accurate control of line and length,", "Did he have any incredible achievements with his line and length skills", "With a very quick bowling action, he could bowl equally well from both sides of the wicket.", "Did he win any awards for his bowling", "Together Wasim and Waqar, known as \"the two Ws\" of the Pakistani team, were one of the most successful bowling partnerships in cricket.", "How long was his bowling career", "I don't know.", "Was there anything particularly intriguing about his legacy", "earned him the nickname of one of the \"Sultans of Swing\", the other one being Waqar Younis.", "How did he get the nickname \"sultans of swing\"", "His mastery of reverse swing with the cricket ball meant he was at his most dangerous towards a bowling innings,", "how old was he when he retired", "I don't know." ]

[ "Tom Bacher is a former Danish badminton player. He was a Danish international from the mid 1960s until the mid 1970s. \nHis greatest achievement was winning the 1970 All England Badminton Championships doubles title with Poul Petersen.\n\nMedal Record at the All England Badminton Championships\n\nReferences\n\nDanish male badminton players", "Andrew Dwyer (born 4 November 1956) is a former English professional squash player.\n\nDwyer was born on 4 November 1956 and lived in Hove, Sussex. He started playing at Withdean and was capped by England in 1977. His greatest achievement was being part of the winning England team during the 1979 World Team Squash Championships, the last world amateur championship before the game went open.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nEnglish male squash players\n1956 births\nLiving people" ]

[ "Wasim Akram", "Legacy", "What was Akrams legacy?", "Akram was a man possessed of accurate control of line and length,", "Did he have any incredible achievements with his line and length skills", "With a very quick bowling action, he could bowl equally well from both sides of the wicket.", "Did he win any awards for his bowling", "Together Wasim and Waqar, known as \"the two Ws\" of the Pakistani team, were one of the most successful bowling partnerships in cricket.", "How long was his bowling career", "I don't know.", "Was there anything particularly intriguing about his legacy", "earned him the nickname of one of the \"Sultans of Swing\", the other one being Waqar Younis.", "How did he get the nickname \"sultans of swing\"", "His mastery of reverse swing with the cricket ball meant he was at his most dangerous towards a bowling innings,", "how old was he when he retired", "I don't know.", "What was his greatest achievement", "His batting was also valuable sometimes to the Pakistan ODI side, such as in the Nehru Cup in 1989, when needing six runs and two balls to win the match," ]

[ "The 9th annual Genie Awards were held March 22, 1988, and honoured Canadian films released in 1987. The ceremony was held at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre and was co-hosted by Megan Follows and Gordon Pinsent.\n\nThe awards were dominated by Night Zoo (Un zoo la nuit), which won a still unmatched thirteen awards. The film garnered 14 nominations overall; the film's only nomination that failed to translate into a win was Gilles Maheu's nod for Best Actor, as he lost to the film's other Best Actor nominee, Roger Lebel. The female acting awards were won by Sheila McCarthy and Paule Baillargeon for the film I've Heard the Mermaids Singing, the only other narrative feature film to win any Genie awards that year; only the Documentary and Short Film awards, in which neither Night Zoo nor I've Heard the Mermaids Singing were even eligible for consideration, were won by any other film.\n\nWinners and nominees\n\nReferences\n\n09\nGenie\nGenie\nGenie", "Le Cousin is a 1997 French film directed by Alain Corneau.\n\nPlot \nThe film deals with the relationship of the police and an informant in the drug scene.\n\nAwards and nominations\nLe Cousin was nominated for 5 César Awards but did not win in any category.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1997 films\n1997 crime films\nFilms about drugs\nFilms directed by Alain Corneau\nFrench crime films\nFrench films\nFrench-language films" ]

[ "Muhammad Ali", "Early career" ]

[ "Maciej Zień (Maciej Zień; born April 24, 1979 in Lublin, Poland) is a Polish fashion designer.\n\nBiography\nZień’s career started when as a teenager he presented his collection Provocations in Lublin. He admits that he had a lot of luck. “But what counts most is stubbornness...putting your heart into what you’re doing.”\n\nMaciej Zień has made a brilliant career—his clothes were worn by former First Lady of Poland Jolanta Kwaśniewska, soprano Ewa Małas-Godlewska, Polish pop singer Kayah and businesswoman Anna Starak. “Fashion has always been my great passion,” says Zień. “I decided what I wanted to do in life when I opened my atelier. It was created with single, expensive creations in mind, but it started to develop after a while.” Zień is also preparing a less expensive pret-a-porter collection and gradually creating a network of boutiques. Garments with a Mat Alex or Maciej Zień label can be bought in London and Geneva, and will soon appear in Monte Carlo.\n\nZień is the only Polish designer whose work has been shown at the National Museum. “My biggest success was working with Patricia Kaas. I went to her concert in Riga; we started to talk and this is how it all started.” Zień has also designed a VIP room for the club Utopia, and costumes for a play. His passion is designing interiors and accessories.\n\nReferences\nInfo\n \n\nPolish fashion designers\n1979 births\nLiving people\nLGBT people from Poland\nLGBT fashion designers", "Fabricio Bassa (born 2 August 1979 in Uruguay) is a Uruguayan football manager who last worked as director of Atlas in Mexico.\n\nCareer\n\nBassa started his managerial career with Sportivo Iteño. In 2015, he was appointed head coach of Club Guaraní in the Paraguayan Primera División, a position he held until 2016.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Fabricio Bassa: \"What project are you talking about if you get coaches to the third game\" \n \"Record in dismissal of technicians\" \n Fabricio Bassa is already preparing what will be his entry into big football\n Who is Fabricio Bassa? Aboriginal DT Profile\n Fabricio Bassa: \"Rafael Márquez was a fundamental piece for the arrival of reinforcements\" \n\n1979 births\nLiving people\nUruguayan football managers\nUruguayan expatriate football managers\nExpatriate football managers in Paraguay\nClub Guaraní managers" ]

[ "Muhammad Ali", "Early career", "What started his career?", "winning a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker." ]

[ "This is a list, in chronological order, of present and past offences to which the Roman Catholic Church has attached the penalty of excommunication; the list is not exhaustive. In most cases these were \"automatic excommunications\", wherein the violator who knowingly breaks the rule is considered automatically excommunicated from the church regardless of whether a bishop (or the pope) has excommunicated them publicly. However, in a few cases a bishop would need to name the person who violated the rule for them to be excommunicated. \n\nExcommunication is an ecclesiastical penalty placed on a person to encourage the person to return to the communion of the church. An excommunicated person cannot receive any sacraments or exercise an office within the church until the excommunication is lifted by a valid authority in the church (usually a bishop). Previously, other penalties could also be attached. In cases where excommunication is reserved for the apostolic see, only the bishop of Rome (the pope) has the power to lift the excommunication. Before 1869, the church distinguished \"major\" and \"minor\" excommunication; a major excommunication was often marked by simply writing, \"Let them be anathema\" in council documents. Only offences from the 1983 Code of Canon Law still have legal effect in the church.\n\nFirst Council of Nicaea (325 AD)\n Any clergy or deacons who leave their church recklessly can be excommunicated if they fail to return to their dioceses.\n\nCouncil of Saragossa (380)\n Anyone who continued to receive Holy Communion by hand.\n\nFirst Council of Constantinople (381)\n All who follow the following heresies: Eunomians, Anomoeans, Arians, Eudoxians, Semi-Arians, Pneumatomachi, Sabellians, Marcellians, Photinians and Apollinarians.\n\nCouncil of Ephesus (431)\n Any laity who seek to upset the decisions of the council of Ephesus.\n Anyone who does not confess that Jesus is God and Mary is the Mother of God.\n Anyone who does not confess that the Word from God the Father has become flesh in Jesus Christ and is God and man in one flesh.\n Anyone who divides the hypostatic union of Christ and claims that the two aspects (divine and human) are not united.\n Anyone who asserts that some aspects of Jesus belong to his human part and others to his divine part, rather than belonging to both together.\n Anyone who says that Jesus was a God-bearing man and not God in Truth.\n Anyone who says that the Word from God was the master of Christ and not the same person.\n Anyone who says that Jesus as a man was activated by the Word of God and clothed with the glory of God, as though it was separate from him.\n Anyone who says that Jesus ought to be worshipped with the Divine Word.\n Anyone who says that Jesus' miracles and exorcism were done by the Holy Spirit as an alien power working through him, and not by Jesus' own spirit.\n Anyone who says that Jesus became our High Priest, but the Word of God did not become our High Priest, or that Jesus' sacrifice was for himself also.\n Anyone who says that the body of Christ is not the Word of God and is not life-giving.\n Anyone who does not confess that the Word of God became flesh, suffered, died and was resurrected.\n Any layperson who composes a new creed, different from the Nicene Creed, for the benefit of converting people.\n Any laity who follow the teachings of Nestorius or Charisius regarding the nature of Christ.\n Any laity in the region of Pamphylia who failed to sign the anathema against the Euchites.\n\nCouncil of Chalcedon (451)\n People who found monasteries in dioceses without the bishop's approval, monks who do not obey the local bishop's authority or monasteries who accept slaves as monks without receiving permission from the slave's master.\n Religious and laity who run monasteries, martyrs' shrines or almshouses who do not obey the local bishop's authority.\n Monks or nuns who marry.\n If a bishop receives a priest into his diocese who belongs to another diocese, both the priest and the bishop are excommunicated.\n Those who concoct two natures of the Lord before the union but imagine a single one after the union.\n Religious or laity who attempt to produce another creed.\n Religious or laity who assist in a simoniacal ordination (i.e., buying the sacrament of holy orders).\n Priests or religious who go into military service or politics.\n Religious or laity who carry off girls under the pretext of cohabitation or who assist in this.\n\nSecond Council of Constantinople (553)\n All who support the works anathematized by the council.\n If anyone will not confess that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit have one nature or substance, that they have one power and authority, that there is a consubstantial Trinity, one Deity to be adored in three persons, let him be anathema.\n If anyone will not confess that the Word of God has two nativities, that which is before all ages from the Father, outside time and without a body, and secondly that nativity of these latter days when the Word of God came down from the heavens and was made flesh of holy and glorious Mary, mother of God and ever-virgin, and was born from her, let him be anathema.\n If anyone declares that the [Word] of God who works miracles is not identical with the Christ who suffered, or alleges that God the Word was with the Christ who was born of woman, or was in him in the way that one might be in another, but that our lord Jesus Christ was not one and the same, the word of God incarnate and made man, and that the miracles and the sufferings which he voluntarily underwent in the flesh were not of the same person, let him be anathema. \n If anyone declares that it was only in respect of grace, or of principle of action, or of dignity or in respect of equality of honour, or in respect of authority, or of some relation, or of some affection or power that there was a unity made between the Word of God and the man, or if anyone alleges that it is in respect of good will, as if God the Word was pleased with the man, because he was well and properly disposed to God, as Theodore claims in his madness; or if anyone says that this union is only a sort of synonymity, as the Nestorians allege, who call the Word of God Jesus and Christ, and even designate the human separately by the names \"Christ\" and \"Son\", discussing quite obviously two different persons, and only pretending to speak of one person and one Christ when the reference is to his title, honour, dignity or adoration; finally, if anyone does not accept the teaching of the holy fathers that the union occurred of the Word of God with human flesh which is possessed by a rational and intellectual soul, and that this union is by synthesis or by person, and that therefore there is only one person, namely the lord Jesus Christ, one member of the holy Trinity, let him be anathema.\n If anyone understands by the single subsistence of our lord Jesus Christ that it covers the meaning of many subsistences, and by this argument tries to introduce into the mystery of Christ two subsistences or two persons, and having brought in two persons then talks of one person only in respect of dignity, honour or adoration, as both Theodore and Nestorius have written in their madness; if anyone falsely represents the holy synod of Chalcedon, making out that it accepted this heretical view by its terminology of \"one subsistence\", and if he does not acknowledge that the Word of God is united with human flesh by subsistence, and that on account of this there is only one subsistence or one person, and that the holy synod of Chalcedon thus made a formal statement of belief in the single subsistence of our lord Jesus Christ, let him be anathema. \n If anyone declares that it can be only inexactly and not truly said that the holy and glorious ever-virgin Mary is the mother of God, or says that she is so only in some relative way, considering that she bore a mere man and that God the Word was not made into human flesh in her, holding rather that the nativity of a man from her was referred, as they say, to God the Word as he was with the man who came into being; if anyone misrepresents the holy synod of Chalcedon, alleging that it claimed that the virgin was the mother of God only according to that heretical understanding which the blasphemous Theodore put forward; or if anyone says that she is the mother of a man or the Christ-bearer, that is the mother of Christ, suggesting that Christ is not God, and does not formally confess that she is properly and truly the mother of God, because he who before all ages was born of the Father, God the Word, has been made into human flesh in these latter days and has been born to her, and it was in this religious understanding that the holy synod of Chalcedon formally stated its belief that she was the mother of God, let him be anathema. \n If anyone, when speaking about the two natures, does not confess a belief in our one lord Jesus Christ, understood in both his divinity and his humanity, so as by this to signify a difference of natures of which an ineffable union has been made without confusion, in which neither the nature of the Word was changed into the nature of human flesh, nor was the nature of human flesh changed into that of the Word (each remained what it was by nature, even after the union, as this had been made in respect of subsistence); and if anyone understands the two natures in the mystery of Christ in the sense of a division into parts, or if he expresses his belief in the plural natures in the same lord Jesus Christ, God the Word made flesh, but does not consider the difference of those natures, of which he is composed, to be only in the onlooker's mind, a difference which is not compromised by the union (for he is one from both and the two exist through the one) but uses the plurality to suggest that each nature is possessed separately and has a subsistence of its own, let him be anathema. \n If anyone confesses a belief that a union has been made out of the two natures divinity and humanity, or speaks about the one nature of God the Word made flesh, but does not understand these things according to what the fathers have taught, namely that from the divine and human natures a union was made according to subsistence, and that one Christ was formed, and from these expressions tries to introduce one nature or substance made of the deity and human flesh of Christ, let him be anathema. \n Those who divide (or split up) the mystery of the divine dispensation of Christ and those who introduce into that mystery some confusion are equally rejected and anathematized by the church of God. \n If anyone says that Christ is to be worshipped in his two natures, and by that wishes to introduce two adorations, a separate one for God the Word and another for the man; or if anyone, so as to remove the human flesh or to mix up the divinity and the humanity, monstrously invents one nature or substance brought together from the two, and so worships Christ, but not by a single adoration God the Word in human flesh along with his human flesh, as has been the tradition of the church from the beginning, let him be anathema. \n If anyone does not confess his belief that our lord Jesus Christ, who was crucified in his human flesh, is truly God and the Lord of glory and one of the members of the holy Trinity, let him be anathema. \n If anyone does not anathematize Arius, Eunomius, Macedonius, Apollinarius Nestorius, Eutyches and Origen, their heretical books and all other heretics who have already been condemned and anathematized by the holy, catholic and apostolic church and by the four holy synods which have already been mentioned, and also all those who have thought or now think in the same way as the aforesaid heretics and who persist in their error even to death, let him be anathema. \n If anyone defends the heretical Theodore of Mopsuestia, who said that God the Word is one, while quite another is Christ, who was troubled by the passions of the soul and the desires of human flesh, was gradually separated from that which is inferior, and became better by his progress in good works, and could not be faulted in his way of life, and as a mere man was baptized in the name of the Father and the Son and the holy Spirit, and through this baptism received the grace of the holy Spirit and came to deserve sonship and to be adored, in the way that one adores a statue of the emperor, as if he were God the Word, and that he became after his resurrection immutable in his thoughts and entirely without sin. Furthermore, this heretical Theodore claimed that the union of God the Word to Christ is rather like that which, according to the teaching of the Apostle, is between a man and his wife: The two shall become one. Among innumerable other blasphemies he dared to allege that, when after his resurrection the Lord breathed on his disciples and said, Receive the holy Spirit, he was not truly giving them the holy Spirit, but he breathed on them only as a sign. Similarly he claimed that Thomas's profession of faith made when, after his resurrection, he touched the hands and side of the Lord, namely My Lord and my God, was not said about Christ, but that Thomas was in this way extolling God for raising up Christ and expressing his astonishment at the miracle of the resurrection. This Theodore makes a comparison which is even worse than this when, writing about the acts of the Apostles, he says that Christ was like Plato, Manichaeus, Epicurus and Marcion, alleging that just as each of these men arrived at his own teaching and then had his disciples called after him Platonists, Manichaeans, Epicureans and Marcionites, so Christ found his teaching and then had disciples who were called Christians. If anyone offers a defence for this more heretical Theodore, and his heretical books in which he throws up the aforesaid blasphemies and many other additional blasphemies against our great God and saviour Jesus Christ, and if anyone fails to anathematize him and his heretical books as well as all those who offer acceptance or defence to him, or who allege that his interpretation is correct, or who write on his behalf or on that of his heretical teachings, or who are or have been of the same way of thinking and persist until death in this error, let him be anathema. \n If anyone defends the heretical writings of Theodoret which were composed against the true faith, against the first holy synod of Ephesus and against holy Cyril and his Twelve Chapters, and defends what Theodoret wrote to support the heretical Theodore and Nestorius and others who think in the same way as the aforesaid Theodore and Nestorius and accept them or their heresy and if anyone, because of them, shall accuse of being heretical the doctors of the church who have stated their belief in the union according to subsistence of God the Word; and if anyone does not anathematize these heretical books and those who have thought or now think in this way, and all those who have written against the true faith or against holy Cyril and his twelve chapters, and who persist in such heresy until they die, let him be anathema. \n If anyone defends the letter which Ibas is said to have written to Mari the Persian, which denies that God the Word, who became incarnate of Mary the holy mother of God and ever-virgin, became man, alleging that he was only a man born to her, whom it describes as a temple, as if God the Word was one and the man someone quite different; which condemns holy Cyril as if he were a heretic, when he gives the true teaching of Christians, and accuses holy Cyril of writing opinions like those of the heretical Apollinarius; which rebukes the first holy synod of Ephesus, alleging that it condemned Nestorius without going into the matter by a formal examination; which claims that the twelve chapters of holy Cyril are heretical and opposed to the true faith; and which defends Theodore and Nestorius and their heretical teachings and books. If anyone defends the said letter and does not anathematize it and all those who offer a defence for it and allege that it or a part of it is correct, or if anyone defends those who have written or shall write in support of it or the heresies contained in it, or supports those who are bold enough to defend it or its heresies in the name of the holy fathers of the holy synod of Chalcedon, and persists in these errors until his death, let him be anathema.\n\nThird Council of Constantinople (680-681)\nAny religious or laity who attempt to produce another faith, to make or teach or support a new creed, or who use new definitions or novelties or terminology that somehow cancels what has been defined by the council.\n\nSecond Council of Nicaea (787)\n All religious or laity who follow heretics mentioned at the council in rejecting church tradition, all who devise innovations, who spurn the things trusted to the church, who fabricate evil prejudices against the church's tradition, or who secularize sacred objects or holy monasteries.\n Any who are in communion with a bishop who acquires his diocese through the help of secular rulers.\n Any ruler who prevents the required canonical gatherings of bishops to take place.\n Any laity or religious who is found to be hiding writings composed against the venerable icons.\n Any laity or religious who had seized certain houses belonging to the church referred to in the council and failed to return them.\n Anyone who follows the teachings of Arius.\n Anyone who follows the teachings of Nestorius.\n Anyone who follows the teachings of Severus of Antioch and Peter the Fuller.\n Anyone who follows the teachings of Sergius I of Constantinople, Pyrrhus of Constantinople, Pope Honorius I, Cyrus of Alexandria, and Macarius I of Antioch.\n If anyone does not confess that Christ our God can be represented in his humanity, let him be anathema.\n If anyone does not accept representation in art of evangelical scenes, let him be anathema.\n If anyone does not salute such representations as standing for the Lord and his saints, let him be anathema.\n If anyone rejects any written or unwritten tradition of the church, let him be anathema.\n Any laity or religious who assist in a simoniacal purchase of ordination.\n\nFourth Council of Constantinople (869-870)\n Any religious or lay person who fails to obey the decrees of several popes named by the council is excommunicated.\n Any lay person who invites a person excommunicated by the council to paint sacred images or to teach is himself excommunicated.\n Any lay person who fails to observe the council's decrees concerning the voiding of contracts made by Photius is excommunicated.\n Any emperor or powerful person who mocks holy things in the manner described by the council or who allows such mockery to take place of things proper to priests, is excommunicated unless he repents quickly.\n All others who engage in the same crime as described above are punished with a three-year excommunication.\n Any metropolitan bishop who refuses to come to his patriarch when summoned unless delayed by pagan invasion or genuine illness, or if he pretends to have no knowledge of the summoning (when he does) or hides in some way, is excommunicated.\n Any archbishop or metropolitan who, under the pretext of an official visitation, visits other dioceses and greedily consumes what belongs the other dioceses, is excommunicated.\n Any bishop who grants the property of a diocese other than his own as a gift to someone or who installs priests in another diocese is excommunicated.\n Anyone who rejects the council's directive that a metropolitan can only be judged by a patriarch and not by another metropolitan is excommunicated.\n All who follow the teachings of Arius are excommunicated.\n All who claim that the Divine Word came about and existed by fantasy and supposition.\n All religious and lay people who reject the council's condemnation of Photius or support him are excommunicated.\n All who are not disposed to venerate the icons of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, the angels or saints are excommunicated.\n All who act \"deceitfully and fraudulently and falsifies the word of truth and goes through the motions of having false vicars or composes books full of deceptions and explains them in favour of his own designs\" are excommunicated.\n All who believe that the human being has two souls, rather than one, are excommunicated.\n Whoever buys (or acquires) property belonging to the church, when the bishop selling or giving this property did not have the right to sell or give it, and who fails to return this property after buying or acquiring it, is excommunicated.\n Any secular person who removes goods or privileges from the church by force is excommunicated.\n Any secular ruler who attempts to use force to expel the pope or a patriarch is excommunicated.\n Any secular ruler or lay person who attempts to act against the proper legal process in a canonical election for a bishop is excommunicated.\n\nFirst Lateran Council (1123)\n All who carry off or violate the family or property of crusaders while they are on crusade. \n All laity who take offerings from the altars or crosses from any church.\n Any person who violates a truce and fails to listen to a bishop's admonition to make reparation when the admonition is given three times.\n Any military person who seizes the city of Benevento (a papal possession).\n Anyone who harms churches or people who work in them.\n\nSicut Judaeis\n All who violate the bull's rules concerning the protection of Jews and the forbidding of their forced conversion are excommunicate.\n\nSecond Lateran Council (1139)\n Any person who violently attacks a cleric or monk is subject to excommunication (reserved to the apostolic see).\n Women who are not following the rule of Benedict, Basil or Augustine, and pose as nuns and receive guests and secular persons in violation of good morals. \n Canons of the episcopal see who prevent new elections of bishops from taking place in vacant dioceses.\n Crossbowmen and archers who fight against Christians.\n Anyone who illicitly seizes the goods of a deceased bishop.\n Laypeople in possession of churches who fail to restore them to bishops.\n A person who ignores warnings of a bishop three times to follow a Christian truce.\n Anyone who lays hands on someone who flees to a church or cemetery.\n Anyone who engages in arson or who assists an arsonist.\n\nThird Lateran Council (1179)\n Laity who appoint or dismiss clerics from churches, or who seize, tax or distribute church property according to their own will.\n People who impose unjust burdens on churches and who seize the goods of the church.\n Christians who share the same household with Jews or Muslims.\n Those who accept the testimony of Jewish witnesses over the testimony of Christian witnesses in legal cases.\n All who support, receive or trade with Cathars.\n Those who claim to be Pope and their supporters, after an election which fails to reach the required two-thirds majority.\n Anyone who acts against the council's decree regarding the return of property taken by schismatics.\n Any layperson who transfers their tithe to other lay persons.\n Any layperson who engages in the \"unnatural vice\" for which the wrath of God came upon Sodom and Gomorrah\n A person who ignores warnings of a bishop three times to follow a Christian truce.\n Anyone who sells wood, weapons or other materials to Muslims which can be used to fight wars with Christians, or who hires himself out to be a captain or pilot of a Muslim warship (the same decree also called on Catholics to confiscate their possessions and enslave the person who was caught doing this). \n Those who rob Romans or other Christians who sail for trade or honourable purposes.\n Those who rob shipwrecked Christians.\n Any Christian prince who seizes or fails to return the possessions of Jews who have converted to Christianity.\n Anyone who molests a crusader fighting against the Cathars.\n\nFourth Lateran Council (1215)\n All heretics.\n All who are held suspect of heresy and who fail to prove their innocence.\n All temporal rulers who do not expel heretics from their lands after they have been instructed by the church to do so.\n Catholics who receive, defend or support heretics.\n Any who refuse to avoid contact with heretics pointed out by the church and branded as infamous.\n All who become preachers of the gospel without church approval.\n Any in the Greek Church who wash altars after they have been used by Latin Catholics in order to cleanse them, or who re-baptize people already baptized by Latin Catholics.\n Any bishop who violates the rules the council set down for a diocese that has believers with different languages and rites.\n Those who presume to impose taxes on the church.\n Crusaders who refuse to carry out vows they made to go on crusade. \n Those who fail to carry out the duties the council set on them for raising money for the crusade.\n Any Christians who engage in dealings with Jews who practise usury. \n All corsairs and pirates of the Mediterranean Sea.\n All Christians who supply timber for ships, iron or arms to Muslims (the same decree also called on Christians to enslave people who did this).\n Those who engage in tournaments from 1215-1218.\n Christians who failed to observe universal peace in Christendom between 1215 and 1219.\n All physicians who provide treatment to help a person's body which is a danger to the person's soul.\n\nFirst Council of Lyons (1245)\n All who offer \"advice, help or favour\" to excommunicated Emperor Frederick II are automatically excommunicated.\n Any Christian ruler who uses assassins to kill people with the intention of catching them in a state of mortal sin when killed (so the assassinated persons are punished with eternal damnation in hell) incurs automatic excommunication.\n Any who are guilty in deceit with regard to the measures intended to help fund the crusade called for by the council are automatically excommunicated.\n All Christians who engage in dealings with Jews who are usurers.\n Corsairs and pirates on the Mediterranean, their principal helpers and supporters.\n Christians who sold iron, timber for ships or arms to Muslims.\n All who engage in tournaments from 1245 to 1248.\n Christians who failed to observe universal peace in Christendom from 1245 to 1249.\n All Christians who take their ships to Muslim ports from 1245 to 1249.\n\nSecond Council of Lyons (1274)\n \"All who knowingly offer hindrance, directly or indirectly, publicly or secretly, to the payment\" for the crusade proposed at the council.\n Corsairs and pirates on the Mediterranean, their principal helpers and supporters.\n Christians who engage in business dealings with pirates and corsairs on the Mediterranean (the decree called for these people to be enslaved).\n Christians who sold iron, timber for ships or arms to Muslims.\n Christians who failed to observe a universal peace in Christendom from 1274 to 1280.\n All Christians who take their ships to Muslim ports from 1274 to 1280.\n Anyone outside of a papal conclave who attempts to send a message or communicate with a cardinal in a conclave received a latae sententiae excommunication.\n Civil authorities in control of a town or city in which a papal conclave is taking place who commit fraud with regard to their obligations towards the conclave received a latae sententiae excommunication.\n Anyone who oppresses clerics or other ecclesiastical persons, because they did not elect the person that the oppressor desired elected or for other reasons, received a latae sententiae excommunication.\n All who attempt to unlawfully take offices or dignities during a vacancy, along with anyone who helps them, received a latae sententiae excommunication.\n All who use force or fear to get an ecclesiastical authority to lift an excommunication from someone are themselves excommunicated.\n All who unlawfully seize church property received a latae sententiae excommunication.\n Those who violated what the council set down in Article 23 regarding religious houses are excommunicated.\n Lay people who rent houses to usurers or fail to expel them are excommunicated.\nThose who engage in \"reprisals\" against ecclesiastical persons receive a latae sententiae excommunication.\n Anyone who, using someone else's excommunication as a pretext, decides to kill, molest or otherwise harm the excommunicated person or his goods because he is excommunicated, is himself excommunicated; those who persist longer than two months receive an excommunication reserved to the apostolic see.\n\nCouncil of Vienne (1311)\n All who fail to follow the council's instructions regarding the suppression of the Knights Templar.\n All who attempt to enter the Templars, wear their habit or act as though they are a Templar.\n All who knowingly give counsel, aid or favour to those occupying or detaining property belonging to the Knights Hospitaller.\n Hospitallers who publicly receive excommunicated persons, those under interdict, notorious usurers, those who give them Catholic burials, the sacraments or solemnize their marriages.\n\nCouncil of Constance (1414-1418)\n\nCouncil of Basel–Ferrara–Florence (1431-1445)\nSince theological historians have doubts about the ecumenical character of council sessions, the session number and location of each ruling are included:\n (Session 4 - Basel) All who fail to obey the council's command to call on the Pope to attend the council and to revoke his previous dissolution of the council.\n (Session 4 - Basel) All who attempt to go against what the council commanded in saying that should the papal office become vacant during the council, the new election for a pope would be held at the council.\n (Session 8 - Basel) All who attempt to convoke a rival council at Bologna or anywhere else while this council was taking place.\n (Session 12- Basel) All who take part in simoniacal elections (i.e., making someone pope or bishop through bribery) receive an automatic excommunication reserved to the Holy See.\n (Session 19- Basel) Anyone who vexes or makes an issue out of property that a convert unjustly held but had given to the church, and which the church then put to pious use.\n (Session 2 -Ferrara) All who directly or indirectly attempt to molest people attending the Council receive an automatic excommunication reserved to the Holy See.\n (Session 31-Ferrara) All who continue to hold council at Basel while the Council of Ferrara is convoked are automatically excommunicated.\n (Session 31-Ferrara) All civil authorities at Basel who fail to expel those attending the Council of Basel after 30 days.\n (Session 31-Ferrara) All who continue to travel to Basel or trade there, if the members of the Council of Basel continue to meet there after 30 days.\n (Session 31-Ferrara) All merchants doing business in Basel who fail to leave while the Council of Basel continues to take place.\n (Session 11-Florence) All who reject the Council's teaching concerning the Trinity.\n (Session 14-Florence) All who claim that Chaldean or Maronite Catholics are heretics.\n\nFifth Lateran Council (1512-1517)\n Any cardinal who engages in a simoniacal papal election (i.e., electing someone to the papacy through bribery) incurs a latae sententiae excommunication reserved to the apostolic see.\n Whoever violated the terms of the bull, Pastoralis officii, incurs a latae sententiae excommunication reserved to the Apostolic See.\n Those who were called to the council and do not attend without legitimate excuse incur excommunication.\n Any cleric who wears multicoloured clothing not in keeping with his clerical status, whose clothes are not at least ankle-length, or any head of a cathedral, Catholic college or chaplain to a cardinal who fails to wear a head covering in public, or clerics who pay too much attention to their hair or beards, or clerics who use silk and velvet instead of cloth and leather for their horses or mules, receives excommunication if he continues to do so after receiving a legitimate warning.\n Any cardinal who participated in a consistory who reveals the votes cast there, or who reveals what was said or done during a consistory if this information was meant to be kept secret or could be damaging to the church or a participant at the conclave, receives a penalty of latae sententiae excommunication reserved to the Apostolic See.\n Secular rulers who seize church property and fail to return it receive a latae sententiae excommunication.\n Secular rulers who exact tithes or taxes from clerics, even if the clerics freely agree to it, are excommunicated.\n Those who provide help or advice to rulers attempting to do the above are also excommunicated.\n Priests who freely give church property to civil authorities without permission from the pope are also automatically excommunicated.\n Laypeople who engage in sorcery are excommunicated.\n Anyone who attempts to rashly make commentaries or interpretations of the constitutions of the council without permission receive a penalty of automatic excommunication.\n All religious or clergy who preach or argue against the council's decision on the reform of credit organizations are subject to automatic excommunication.\n Church authorities who do not give the required written warrants for publishing books freely and without delay are excommunicated.\n Any publisher who acts against the church's rules concerning punishments for printing banned books is excommunicated.\n Anyone who fails to observe the council's commands regarding visions and revelations (that they are to be first subject to examination by the pope, or the local ordinary if the pope is not available, before being publicized) receive a penalty of latae sententiae excommunication reserved to the apostolic see.\n Those who act contrary to the council's decisions regarding the pragmatic sanction are punished with an automatic excommunication.\n Procurators, business agents and workers assisting excommunicated persons trying to enter a mendicant order are themselves excommunicated.\n Anyone who attempts to interpret or gloss what was done in the council without permission is automatically excommunicated.\n\nCouncil of Trent (1545-1563)\n\nIn eminenti apostolates (1738)\nCatholics who join masonic lodges or who take part in their meetings are excommunicated.\n\nApostolicae Sedis Moderationi (1869)\nall who fight duels, or challenge to a duel or accept such challenge; as well as against all who are accessory to the or who in any way abet or encourage the same; and finally against those who are present at a duel as spectators [de industria spectantes], or those who permit the same, or do not prevent it, whatever their rank, even if they were kings or emperors\n\nFirst Vatican Council (1869-1870)\n If anyone denies the one true God, creator and lord of things visible and invisible, let him be anathema.\n If anyone is so bold as to assert that there exists nothing besides matter, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that the substance or essence of God and all things are one and the same, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that finite things corporal and spiritual or, at any rate, spiritual, emanated from the divine substance; or that the divine essence, by the manifestation and evolution of itself becomes all things or, finally, that God is a universal or indefinite being which by self-determination establishes the totality of things distinct in genera, species and individuals, let him be anathema.\n If anyone does not confess that the world and all things which are contained in it, both spiritual and material, were produced according to their whole substance out of nothing by God; or holds that God did not create by his will free from all necessity, but as necessarily as he necessarily loves himself; or denies that the world was created for the glory of God, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that the one true God, our creator and lord, cannot be known with certainty from the things that have been made by the natural light of human reason, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that it is impossible (or not expedient) that human beings should be taught by means of divine revelation about God and the worship that should be shown him, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that a human being cannot be divinely elevated to a knowledge and perfection which exceeds the natural but, of himself, can (and must) reach finally the possession of all truth and goodness by continual development, let him be anathema.\n If anyone does not receive as sacred and canonical the complete books of sacred scripture with all their parts (as the holy council of Trent listed them) or denies that they were divinely inspired, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that human reason is so independent that faith cannot be commanded by God, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that divine faith is not to be distinguished from natural knowledge about God and moral matters and, consequently, that for divine faith it is not required that revealed truth should be believed because of the authority of God who reveals it, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that divine revelation cannot be made credible by external signs and that, therefore, men and women ought to be moved to faith only by each one's internal experience or private inspiration, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that all miracles are impossible and, therefore, all reports of them (even those contained in sacred scripture) are to be set aside as fables or myths; or that miracles can never be known with certainty, nor the divine origin of the Christian religion be proved from them, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that the assent to Christian faith is not free, but is necessarily produced by arguments of human reason; or that the grace of God is necessary only for living faith which works by charity, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that the condition of the faithful and those who have not yet attained to the only true faith is alike, so that Catholics may have a just cause for calling in doubt (by suspending their assent) the faith which they have already received from the teaching of the church until they have completed a scientific demonstration of the credibility and truth of their faith, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that in divine revelation there are contained no true mysteries properly so-called, but all dogmas of the faith can be understood and demonstrated by properly-trained reason from natural principles, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that human studies are to be treated with such liberty that their assertions may be maintained as true even when they are opposed to divine revelation and they may not be forbidden by the church, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that it is possible that at some time, given the advancement of knowledge, a sense may be assigned to the dogmas propounded by the church which is different from that which the church has understood and understands, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that blessed Peter the apostle was not appointed by Christ the lord as prince of all the apostles and visible head of the whole church militant; or that it was a primacy of honour only and not true and proper jurisdiction which he directly and immediately received from our lord Jesus Christ himself, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that it is not by the institution of Christ the lord himself (that is to say, by divine law) that blessed Peter should have perpetual successors in primacy over the whole church; or that the Roman pontiff is not the successor of blessed Peter in this primacy, let him be anathema.\n If anyone says that the Roman pontiff has merely an office of supervision and guidance and not the full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the whole church, and this not only in matters of faith and morals but also in those which concern the discipline and government of the church dispersed throughout the whole world; or that he has only the principal part, but not the absolute fullness, of this supreme power; or that this power of his is not ordinary and immediate over the churches, the pastors and the faithful, let him be anathema.\n [We] define as a divinely revealed dogma that when the Roman pontiff speaks ex cathedra [...] such definitions of the Roman pontiff are of themselves, and not by the consent of the church, irreformable. [S]hould anyone, which God forbid, have the temerity to reject this definition of ours: let him be anathema.\n\n1917 Code of Canon Law\n\nThe first unified code of canon law was produced in 1917, and it replaced all previous rules regarding excommunication which had come from councils and papal documents. The 1983 Code of Canon Law replaced the 1917 code. Therefore, only the 1983 code still has legal standing with regard to excommunicable offences.\n\nDecree Against Communism (1949)\n\n Catholics who defend or promote materialistic Communist doctrine incur excommunication.\n\n1983 Code of Canon Law\n\nCanon 1364 - An apostate from the faith, a heretic, or a schismatic incurs a latae sententiae excommunication.\nCanon 1367 - A person who throws away consecrated species, or takes (or retains) them for a sacrilegious purpose, incurs a latae sententiae excommunication reserved to the apostolic see.\nCanon 1370 - A person who uses physical force against the Roman pontiff incurs a latae sententiae excommunication reserved to the apostolic see.\nCanon 1378 - A priest who acts against the prescript of Canon 977 incurs a latae sententiae excommunication reserved to the apostolic see. (Canon 977 prohibits a priest from giving absolution to someone with whom he has had unlawful carnal relations).\nCanon 1379 § 3 - Both a person who attempts to confer a sacred order on a woman, and the woman who attempts to receive the sacred order.\nCanon 1382 - A bishop who consecrates a bishop without a pontifical mandate, and the person who receives the consecration, incur a latae sententiae excommunication reserved to the apostolic see.\nCanon 1388 - A confessor who directly violates the sacramental seal incurs a latae sententiae excommunication reserved to the apostolic see.\nCanon 1398 - A person who procures a completed abortion incurs a latae sententiae excommunication.\n\nCanon 1324 includes a number of exceptions from excommunicable offences:\nBy a person who had only the imperfect use of reason;\nBy a person who lacked the use of reason because of drunkenness or similar culpable disturbance of mind;\nFrom grave heat of passion which did not precede (and hinder) all deliberation of mind and consent of will, provided that the passion itself had not been stimulated or fostered voluntarily;\nBy a minor who has not yet completed the age of sixteen years;\nBy a person who was coerced by grave fear (even if only relatively-grave), or due to necessity or grave inconvenience if the delict is intrinsically evil or tends to the harm of souls;\nBy a person who acted without due moderation against an unjust aggressor for the sake of legitimate self-defense or defense of another;\nAgainst someone who gravely and unjustly provokes the person;\nBy a person who thought (in culpable error) that one of the circumstances mentioned in Canon 1323, numbers 4 or 5 was present;\nBy a person who, without negligence, did not know that a penalty was attached to a law or precept;\nBy a person who acted without full imputability, provided that the imputability was grave.\n\nAccording to Canon 1329, unnamed accomplices may receive the same penalty when an excommunicable act is committed.\n\nSee also\n\nList of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church\n1917 Code of Canon Law\nCouncil of Chalcedon\nCouncil of Constance\nCouncil of Ephesus\nCouncil of Florence\nCouncil of Trent\nCouncil of Vienne\nFifth Council of the Lateran\nFirst Council of Constantinople\nFirst Council of the Lateran\nFirst Council of Lyon\nFirst Council of Nicaea\nFirst Vatican Council\nFourth Council of Constantinople\nFourth Council of the Lateran\nPeace and Truce of God\nSecond Council of Constantinople\nSecond Council of the Lateran\nSecond Council of Lyon\nSecond Council of Nicaea\nSicut Judaeis\nThird Council of Constantinople\nThird Council of the Lateran\nTournament (medieval)\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nCatholic theology and doctrine\nL\nE", "The phrase \"Anyone for tennis?\" (also given as \"Tennis, anyone?\") is an English language idiom primarily of the 20th century. The phrase is used to invoke a stereotype of shallow, leisured, upper-class toffs (tennis was, particularly before the widespread advent of public courts in the later 20th century, seen as a posh game for the rich, with courts popular at country clubs and private estates). It's a stereotypical entrance or exit line given to a young man of this class in a superficial drawing-room comedy.\n\nA close paraphase of the saying, was used in George Bernard Shaw's 1914 drawing-room comedy Misalliance, in which Johnny Tarleton asks \"Anybody on for a game of tennis?\" (An 1891 story in the satirical magazine Punch put a generally similar notion in the mouth of a similar type of character: \"I’m going to see if there’s anyone on the tennis-court, and get a game if I can. Ta-ta!\".)\n\n\"Anyone for tennis?\" is particularly associated with the early career of Hollywood star Humphrey Bogart, and he is cited as the first person to use the phrase on stage. At the start of his career, in the 1920s and early 1930s, Bogart appeared in many Broadway plays in what Jeffrey Meyers characterized as \"charming and fatuous roles – in [one of] which he is supposed to have said 'Tennis, anyone?'\".\n\nIf Bogart ever did speak the line, it would have presumably been in the 1925 play Hell's Bells, set at the Tanglewood Lodge in New Dauville, Connecticut. Bogart claimed that his line in the play was \"It's forty-love outside. Anyone care to watch?\", and that indeed is what is printed in the script. However, according to Darwin Porter, director John Hayden crossed out that line and replaced it with \"Tennis anyone?\" before opening night. And several observers have asserted that he did say it, reportedly including Louella Parsons and Richard Watts Jr. Erskine Johnson, in a 1948 interview, reports Bogart as saying \"I used to play juveniles on Broadway and came bouncing into drawing rooms with a tennis racket under my arm and the line: 'Tennis anybody?' It was a stage trick to get some of the characters off the set so the plot could continue.\" But Bogart's usual stance was denial of using that precise phrase (\"The lines I had were corny enough, but I swear to you, never once did I have to say 'Tennis, anyone?'\"), although averring that it did characterize generally some of his early roles.\n\nThe phrase continued to drift through media in the 20th century and, to a diminished extent, into the 21st, often at random or just because tennis generally is the subject, rather than specifically to invoke or mock vapid toffs. It appears in the lyric of the \"Beautiful Girl Montage\" in the classic 1952 musical movie Singin' in the Rain,, in the Daffy Duck cartoons Rabbit Fire, Drip-Along Daffy and The Ducksters (1950-1951),, and in the lyric and title of the 1968 song \"Anyone for Tennis\" by the British rock band Cream, which was the theme song of the film The Savage Seven. William Holden's shallow rich playboy character jokes \"tennis, anyone?\" when flirting with Joan Vohs's in the 1954 film Sabrina (in which Bogart plays another character). The television series Anyone for Tennyson? (1976–1978) riffs on the name, as does the 1981 stage play Anyone for Denis? \"Anyone for Tennis\" is the title of the B-side instrumental for Men at Work's 1981 single Who Can It Be Now?. And so forth.\n\nThe phrase also occurs in Monty Python's spoof sketch Sam Peckinpah's \"Salad Days\".\n\nReferences \n\nEnglish phrases\nTennis culture\nQuotations from literature\nMetaphors referring to sport" ]

[ "Muhammad Ali", "Early career", "What started his career?", "winning a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker.", "Did he have anyone who influenced him?", "His provocative and outlandish behavior in the ring was inspired by professional wrestler \"Gorgeous George\" Wagner." ]

[ "Jaspal Singh is an Indian singer who lent his voice to various Bollywood actors of 1970's and 1980's. He was born in Amritsar and during his school and colleges days, he used to sing in various singing competitions. To further pursue his passion for singing he went to Mumbai where his sister used to stay. His talent was first and foremost recognised by well known female singer Usha Khanna during 1968. He was provided a chance to sing at a Professional level, however he did not get the recognition which he deserved. He struggled to make a career in singing and would often visit Amritsar, Delhi and Mumbai time and again. Due to pressure from his father he started practising law and started living in Mumbai. In spite of the hardships he never gave up. And then, a well known Music Composer, Ravindra Jain gave him the big break for a song in the movie called 'Geet Gata Chal' of 1975. After this song, he became a household name. His voice was unique and was unlike any other and he sang for hit movies like 'Nadiya ke paar', Ankhiyon ke jharokhon se','Sawan ko aane do' amongst others.\n\nSongs\nHere is list of Jaspal Singh hit songs from Indian films\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nLiving people\nIndian male singers\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nPlace of birth missing (living people)\nIndian Sikhs", "Books and Authors was an Australian television series which aired from December 1956 to 1 September 1957. Broadcast live on Sydney station ATN-7 in a 15-minute time-slot on Sundays, as the title suggests the series focused on the authors of books. It is not known if any of the episodes were kinescoped.\n\nFormat\nIn each episode, Colin Simpson interviewed a different author.\n\nReception\nThe Australian Women's Weekly gave the magazine 2/4, with reviewer R.C. Packer saying that \"although the show is a good one, I can't help wondering why people would want to spend 15 minutes discussing a book or author when they can get just as much out of a book review in five minutes\"\n\nTime-slot\nThe time-slot changed several times during the run of the series. For example, on 3 February 1957 the series aired at 6:45PM, with competition in the time-slot consisting of U.S. western series Hopalong Cassidy on TCN-9, as ABN-2 did not offer any programs between 6:00PM to 7:00PM during that period. By 1 September 1957 Books and Authors aired at 5:45PM, competition in the time-slot consisting of U.S. series Florian Zabach on ABN-2 and locally produced series The N.R.M.A Show on TCN-9.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nBooks and Authors at IMDb\n\nSeven Network original programming\n1956 Australian television series debuts\n1957 Australian television series endings\nAustralian non-fiction television series\nAustralian live television series\nBlack-and-white Australian television shows\nEnglish-language television shows" ]

[ "Muhammad Ali", "Early career", "What started his career?", "winning a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker.", "Did he have anyone who influenced him?", "His provocative and outlandish behavior in the ring was inspired by professional wrestler \"Gorgeous George\" Wagner.", "Did he get any recognition during this time period?", "Clay amassed a record of 19-0 with 15 wins by knockout." ]

[ "The Baymed Cup was a knockout cup competition for South Africa's 2nd-level football (soccer) clubs sponsored by Baymed Medical Scheme. The competition was to be played from August to October of each year and to include the 16 teams that make up the Mvela Golden League. The prize money for the winner was R1-million.\n\nIt was only ever played once.\n\nFirst round\n\nQuarter finals\n\nSemi finals\n\nFinal\n\nExternal links\nBaymed Cup at rsssf.com\n\nBaymed Cup\nBaymed Cup, 2006", "Al Zerbarini (died 2 May 2012) was an American gasser drag racer.\n\nZerbarini drove an Oldsmobile-powered 1940 Willys dubbed Bee Line, sponsored by Bee-Line Automotive of Stamford, Connecticut, beginning in 1960.\n\nHe won NHRA's first ever A/Gas Altered (A/GA) national title at Detroit Dragway in 1960. His winning pass was 12.61 seconds at .\n\nZerbarini continued racing until 1968 but won no other NHRA gasser titles.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nDavis, Larry. Gasser Wars, North Branch, MN: Cartech, 2003, pp. 180–6.\n\nDragster drivers\nAmerican racing drivers\n2012 deaths" ]

[ "Muhammad Ali", "Early career", "What started his career?", "winning a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker.", "Did he have anyone who influenced him?", "His provocative and outlandish behavior in the ring was inspired by professional wrestler \"Gorgeous George\" Wagner.", "Did he get any recognition during this time period?", "Clay amassed a record of 19-0 with 15 wins by knockout.", "Was he ever sponsored?", "I don't know." ]

[ "This is the list of episodes for the Nickelodeon promotion, Wrestling Association of Championship Krushers.\n\nWeb Videos\nWhen the WACK website launched, two sets of web-only videos were included in each wrestler's profile. They were called \"Behind the WACK\" and \"Signature Moves Videos\". However, the \"Signature Moves\" videos have never been released.\n\nBehind the WACK\n\"Behind the WACK\" videos contain each wrestler's history, how they joined the league, and a few minor facts about them. They are around two minutes long.\n\nSignature Moves\nAlong with the \"Behind the WACK\" videos, the profiles on the WACK website also come with signature moves videos. Although they haven't been released on the website, they were filmed at the same time as the \"Behind-the-WACK\" videos and why they were not released is unknown.\n\nEpisodes\n\nLists of comedy television series episodes", "This is a list of Portuguese football transfers for the summer of 2009. The summer transfer window opened on 1 July and closed at midnight on 31 August. Players may have been bought before the transfer windows opens, but may only joined their new club on 1 July. Only moves involving Primeira Liga clubs are listed. Additionally, players without a club may join a club at any time.\n\nTransfers\n\n A player who signed with a club before the opening of the summer transfer window, will officially join his new club on 1 July. While a player who joined a club after 1 July will join his new club following his signature of the contract.\n\nReferences\n\n2009–10 in Portuguese football\nFootball transfers summer 2009\nLists of Portuguese football transfers" ]

[ "Muhammad Ali", "Early career", "What started his career?", "winning a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker.", "Did he have anyone who influenced him?", "His provocative and outlandish behavior in the ring was inspired by professional wrestler \"Gorgeous George\" Wagner.", "Did he get any recognition during this time period?", "Clay amassed a record of 19-0 with 15 wins by knockout.", "Was he ever sponsored?", "I don't know.", "Did he have any signature moves?", "In each of these fights, Clay vocally belittled his opponents and vaunted his abilities." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Muhammad Ali", "Early career", "What started his career?", "winning a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker.", "Did he have anyone who influenced him?", "His provocative and outlandish behavior in the ring was inspired by professional wrestler \"Gorgeous George\" Wagner.", "Did he get any recognition during this time period?", "Clay amassed a record of 19-0 with 15 wins by knockout.", "Was he ever sponsored?", "I don't know.", "Did he have any signature moves?", "In each of these fights, Clay vocally belittled his opponents and vaunted his abilities.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "These early fights were not without trials. Clay was knocked down" ]

[ "A series of destructive tornadoes struck North Dakota and Iowa as part of a much larger severe weather event that took place on June 27, 1953. The worst tornado was a violent F5 tornado that obliterated farmlands east of Anita, Iowa. In all, five tornadoes touched down, killing one, injuring five, and causing $305,000 (1953 USD) in damage. Several other casualties also occurred from non-tornadic events that day as well.\n\nMeteorological synopsis\nA large area of severe thunderstorms formed over an area stretching from Colorado to Iowa, producing wind, hail, flooding, and lightning. The tornado activity was confined to a small zone in Central Iowa as well as Eastern North Dakota. North Dakota had a single tornado touch down while Iowa saw one supercell produce a family of four tornadoes over a four hour and 15 minute period. The severe activity spread eastward over the next two days, bringing additional severe weather impacts all the way to the East Coast of the United States.\n\nConfirmed tornadoes\n\nJune 27 event\n\nNon-tornadic events\nA severe squall line pushed through the southern part of Iowa, causing a long swath of widespread wind damage and power outages. Two people were injured in Indianola while another was injured in Ottumwa. Seven hereford cows were also killed by lightning in Mt. Vernon as well. Another severe squall line moved through Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with high winds damaging buildings and vehicles. One person drowned after their sailboat was overturned and three others were injured elsewhere throughout the city. In Missouri, a boy was injured in Linneus and seven Holstein cows were killed in Savannah due to lightning. Several farms and towns in Kansas also suffered damage due to lightning, strong winds, and hail the size of golf balls.\n\nSee also\nList of F5 and EF5 tornadoes\nList of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks\nAugust 2020 Midwest derecho\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nTornadoes of 1953\nTornadoes in North Dakota\nTornadoes in Iowa\nF5 tornadoes", "A long-lived, destructive tornado outbreak sequence caused widespread damage and numerous casualties across the United States during mid- to late-May and early June. Over the course of 19 days, 198 tornadoes touched down across 25 states from California to Connecticut. There were 66 significant (F2+) tornadoes during the event, including 15 F3 tornadoes and four F4 tornadoes. In addition to the tornadoes, storms across the region produced destructive straight-line winds, large hail, heavy rainfall that led to flash flooding, and frequent lightning. Overall, the outbreak sequence caused three fatalities, 168 injuries, and caused $36.275 million in damage. There were additional casualties that occurred as a result of non-tornadic weather events as well.\n\nMeteorological synopsis\nA persistent weather pattern brought almost daily severe and tornadic storms to the Great Plains as multiple low-pressure systems moved northward through the region due to a ridge to the east. In Nebraska and South Dakota, multiple strong tornadoes moved over the same areas on different days with Nebraska also seeing a violent tornado. One particularly devastating F3 tornado injured 32 in Mitchell, South Dakota. May 22 also saw a fatality when an F2 tornado struck Iowa City, Iowa. In the Northeastern United States, several stray tornadoes touched down and caused minor to major damage. Connecticut saw the most casualties from one tornado when an F3 tornado struck the northern suburbs of Waterbury, causing near-F4 damage, killing one, and injuring 50. Oklahoma and Texas saw three of the four violent tornadoes from the outbreak during the latter part of May. May 25, saw an F4 tornado injure nine in Dill City, Oklahoma while an F3 tornado killed one and injured another in Radium, Texas. Although the worst tornadoes happened during the outbreak sequence, the active period of daily tornadoes did not officially end until June 25. In addition to the tornadoes, widespread non-tornadic impacts occurred with lightning and flooding causing most of the non-tornadic casualties.\n\nConfirmed tornadoes\n\nBurton–Mills, Nebraska/Bonesteel, South Dakota\n\nThis massive, intense, long-tracked F3 tornado touched down well northwest of Springview and southeast of Naper, Nebraska and moved northeast, striking the towns Burton and Mills. Nine farmsteads were obliterated, six others were partially destroyed, and one other one was damaged heavily damaged. Four of the farms had every building including the home swept away. In all, 10 homes were destroyed with debris from them scattered up to away. The tornado then crossed the state line and struck Bonesteel, South Dakota before dissipating. It traveled and was wide. It injured eight and caused $250,000 in damage. The tornado track may have been much longer as possible tornado damage was observed all the way to Carthage, South Dakota, a total distance of about .\n\nSouthern Corsica–Mitchell–Forestburg–Huron, South Dakota\n\nThis massive, intense, long-tracked F3 tornado was a possible continuation of the earlier large F3 tornado in Nebraska. It is officially labeled to have touched down south of Corsica and moved northeast, before turning almost due north while passing northwest of Ethan, striking Mitchell, Forestburg, Huron, and Morningside before dissipating east of Broadland. It traveled , was wide, and injured two. Despite the destruction, no monetary damage value was given.\n\nCloster−Tilden–Hartington–Wynot, Nebraska\n\nLong-tracked, large F3 tornado family touched down just north-northwest of Closter and moved north-northeast, strengthening as it struck Tilden. There was major damage in the town with some areas being completely destroyed. Six people were injured in Tilden with losses totaling at least $1 million. Turning northeast, the tornado weakened and may have lifted temporarily, with a funnel cloud being spotted aloft just southwest of McLean and east of Osmond. Damage was sporadic and of varying intensities until the tornado touched down solidly again as it approached Hartington. Major damage occurred in the town as walls and roofs being blown off of businesses and homes with losses totaling at least $100,000. One person was also injured. The tornado continued northeast, barely missing St. James and Wynot to the east before dissipating over the Missouri River just before crossing into South Dakota.\n\nThe tornado was on the ground for at least an hour and 10 minutes, traveled , and was wide. Seven people were injured and losses totaled $10 million. Gusty winds and hail accompanied the tornado as well.\n\nMitchell, South Dakota\n\nThis devastating F3 tornado may have started just north Armour, where a farm place was demolished with the house swept from its foundation and other buildings ripped to pieces. A tornado was also reported west of Ethan before the tornado is said to have officially touched down on the west side of Mitchell and proceeded northeast, causing catastrophic damage. A home on West 4th Avenue \"exploded\" into pieces, tossing its occupants down the street, including two children that were miraculously found safe after the tornado dropped them a block away, with nothing more than a few cuts and bruises. Their parents were also injured with the father sustaining a severe head injury that he never recovered from, dying five years later, although it was not officially counted. Further northeast at Herbie's Diner, two employees took cover in a walk-in cooler just as the café was being obliterated. Five people were trapped under the debris at the diner and three of the women had been burned by the hot water from the coffeemaker. They were all rescued, and not were seriously injured. Eight people were spared as they had jumped inside a car parked inside a nearby gas station as the tornado hit. A roar like a large freight train was heard as the tornado struck the café as well. The tornado then caused more destruction on the north side of Mitchell. Several other homes were destroyed or extensively damaged and a trailer in the area was blown away. A police car with two Mitchell police officers was picked up and tossed across a street with a 4-by-4 post being driven through the back window. Both officers survived thanks to the metal grate that separates the back and front seats. Many other cars and trucks were demolished and, in some extreme cases, strands of straw were propelled through car radiators. Huge, wide trees up to tall were uprooted and many roads were blocked by downed trees and other debris. The tornado weakened and dissipated shortly after exiting the city.\n\nThe tornado traveled and was wide. A total of 15 businesses were demolished and several buildings were reduced to rubble, causing parts of Mitchell to look like it had been bombed. A total of 32 people were injured and damage was estimated at $2.5 million. It was the worst tornado to hit the region until May 30, 1998, when an F4 tornado destroyed the small town of Spencer, killing six people and injuring 150 others.\n\nIowa City, Iowa\n\nA large and destructive F2 tornado touched down within the city limits of Iowa City, Iowa and moved northeast, striking the southern and eastern part of town. It first struck the Iowa City Trailer Park, where three trailers were damaged by falling trees. An wind gust was measured at the Iowa City Airport as the storm passed just barely to the southeast. The tornado then crossed over the Iowa River and struck the national guard armory. A quarter of the roof of the block-long building was ripped off with most of it landing in a pile that looked like kindling wood in the front yard. Further along the path, a large tree fell on a two-story home while another large tree fell on and obliterated a garage while damaging the car inside it. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted as the tornado continued northeastward and numerous power and transmission lines were downed before it dissipated.\n\nThe tornado tracked and was wide. Although it not immediately deemed as such, a damage survey, as well as an eyewitness's account of seeing a lowering followed by \"two tails\" hanging below as it moved through the city, confirmed that a tornado had taken place. One person was killed and damage was estimated at $250,000.\n\nBunker Hill–Fairmount–Waterville–Wolcott–Southington, Connecticut\n\nThis highly destructive and deadly F3 tornado touched down along Middlebury Road (US 6A) (present-day Route 64) near Hillcrest in the extreme northeastern part of Middlebury. It moved erratically and slowly in a general east to northeastwardly path as it moved first along and then over the Straits Turnpike (Route 63) and through the south side of Watertown at only . Several walls at the new Engineered Plastics plant that was under construction on Commercial Street, the road that runs parallel to Straits Turnpike, were knocked down, a nearby construction shed was flattened, and dozens of trees and power lines were blown down on this part of the path. It then struck Dion's Restaurant, where it blew out windows, knocked down a sign, and tossed a car in the air before depositing it upside-down in a field. A well-digging rig located at the State Dairy property was blown over and windows at Pioneer Volkswagen were blown out. The tornado then moved through a wooded area before it strengthened to near peak intensity as it moved through Bunker Hill at F3 intensity before strengthening to peak as it struck Fairmount and Waterville at high-end F3 intensity north of Waterbury. At all three locations, homes were flattened or had their roofs torn completely away with the residential area of Fairmount being completely destroyed at \"near-F4\" intensity. At nearby Waterville, part of the residential area and the most of industrial area was completely destroyed. Half of the Waterville Bible Church was destroyed, the roof of the Sprague School gym was blown off, and a lumber company and a corrugated cardboard manufacturer were obliterated with pieces of the buildings being tossed into the Naugatuck River. A man within this part of the damage path between Bunker Hill and Waterville was attempting to seek shelter in his home when he was struck by a large tree limb, killing him instantly.\n\nThe tornado then weakened some, but remained strong as it continued eastward in the direction of Wolcott and Woodtick. Several homes along a wide swath suffered major damage before the tornado crossed Route 69 (Wolcott Road), lifting an Armour Inc. refrigeration truck off the ground and dumping it into the Mad River, although the driver escaped with only minor injuries. A utility pole was also knocked down, cutting off power to the region. It then moved down a hill, taking out several homes and businesses, including Town and Country Cleaners, Jerri's Snack Bar, and Wolcott Insurance Agency. The tornado then moved up another hill, ripping the roof of the garage of a home and tossing it about while a tree fell on top of the car parked in the garage. A 150-year-old home nearby had half of its roof torn off and scattered as far as away. The tornado then skipped over a few houses before removing another roof off of a house and damaging several more homes as it passed just south of Wolcott and north of Woodtick. On a farm in this area, a fire broke out less than from a dynamite storage plant, although this was quickly extinguished by the fire department. A cow barn was obliterated and a small log cabin lost its roof before the tornado accelerated to about as it moved through a meadow toward Southington, leaving behind a path through it. It restrengthened back to high-end F3 intensity and again caused \"near-F4\" damage to numerous homes and other buildings in Plantsville before it weakened for the final time as it passed through Southington. It dissipated northeast of town shortly thereafter, although the funnel was still seen depositing debris as far east as Manchester.\n\nThe tornado was on the ground for at least 30 minutes, traveled , and was wide (Storm Data says the tornado was between wide). A total of 70 structures were destroyed, 175 others were heavily damaged, and 600 more were moderately damaged, with all the contents in the buildings being partially or totally demolished. Utilities were severely disrupted and hundreds of trees were knocked down as well. One person was killed, 50 others were injured, and damage was estimated at $5 million. Debris from the storm, which generated a swath of hail between in diameter, was found as far away as Rhode Island and Massachusetts.\n\nDill City, Oklahoma\n\nThis large, violent, multi-vortex F4 tornado reportedly touched down onto two farms west of Dill City and immediately became intense, destroying buildings and killing 400 turkeys. As the twister moved eastward toward Dill City, it began to display characteristics of not having a full condensation funnel, which was confirmed by observers who claimed the tornadic funnel lifted briefly into the air by about . The tornado was spotted by a Highway Patrol Unit at around 6:20 pm west of the city. The storm was described by witnesses as having two distinct vortices rotating within the main tornado circulation. The tornado was observed with a full condensation funnel as it approached the west edge of town at 6:28 pm. The tornado cut a damage swath of destruction across eight blocks of the northern part of Dill City before continuing east, causing destruction to farms for another before it veered to the north. The tornado then traveled across SH-152, about west of Cordell, and headed northeast. It continued for after that, demolishing all the buildings on a farm before dissipating.\n\nThe tornado was on the ground for at least 18 minutes, traveled , and was anywhere between wide. A total of 29 homes (including two trailer homes) were destroyed while 12 more homes received major damage and 13 others had minor damage while seven additional farm buildings were also destroyed. A total of 60 families were affected by the damage. A total of 35 vehicles were lost, trees were snapped, and 26 utility poles downed. Nine people were injured from the storm, although no serious injuries were reported, and losses totaled $250,000.\n\nRandlett–Cookietown, Oklahoma\n\nThis large, violent F4 tornado first touched south of Randlett, where it heavily damaged a farmstead. It then bounced north-northeastward and struck another farm, leveling the home and the outbuildings, destroying a car, and even ripping the door clean off of the storm cellar where the family was taking shelter. After lifting briefly and streaming debris to the northeast, the tornado turned northeastward, damaging a home and destroying other buildings and machinery. A nearby cemetery had two-thirds of its grave headstones blown over. The tornado then crossed a local road, lifting and moving an unoccupied house over before placing it down completely intact in a pasture. The tornado then turned north, leveling buildings on three adjacent farms. An owner of one of the damaged farms sustained badly cut hands as he fought to hold the storm cellar door down against the tornado above him. His pickup truck, which was loaded with 65 bushels of wheat, was hurled and crushed. The storm continued on northeastward, damaging two more buildings, and destroying timber along West Cache Creek before lifting east of Cookietown.\n\nThe tornado traveled and was wide. In all, four farms were leveled while other were badly damaged, ten head of cattle were killed while others were injured, and some crop damage was reported. One person was injured and losses totaled $250,000.\n\nHaskell, Texas tornadoes\n\nA violent severe thunderstorm produced three tornadoes, which were followed by high winds and hail, that struck the town of Haskell, damaging almost every structure in town. The tornadoes were rated F4, F1, and F2 and they touched down southwest, west and northwest of town before moving eastward. Several businesses and numerous residences were obliterated with debris being scattered over to the east. In all, 95% of the homes in town sustained roof damage while 85% of them suffered window damage. The worst damage was to a large, steel-reinforced, concrete block elementary school building that were leveled and destroyed on its north and south side. 150 homes were damaged while 15 others were destroyed. Damages from the F4 tornado were estimated at $2.5 million, although the injury recorded may have actually been because of hail. Hailstones in the area were described as being as large as a saucer or softball as well with the largest measuring . Adequate warning allowed for a minimal number of casualties.\n\nNon-tornadic impacts\nThroughout the period, there were 442 report of large hail and strong winds, including five reports of winds stronger than and nine reports of hail greater than in diameter. The highest wind gust report came on May 24 when a gust was recorded at Will Rogers Field in Southwestern Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The largest hail report came two days later southeast of Palco, Kansas, where a hailstone of was observed. Widespread lightning and flooding damage occurred as well.\n\nMay 14\nSouthern California was bombarded by two days of heavy rain, strong winds, hail, frequent lightning, snow and sleet to the region. There were four injuries across the region.\n\nMay 15\nSevere thunderstorms caused wind, hail, and lightning damage in the Western Piedmont of North Carolina with the Winston-Salem Airport recording a wind gust of . Winds blew down trees and caused some structural damage, hail damaged crops, and lightning injured a woman in her home in Chatham County while setting several homes and other buildings on fire.\n\nMay 16\nThat afternoon, severe thunderstorms pushed through Huntsville, Alabama, with hail covering the ground and lightning setting fire to a bakery. In the southern part of the state, a severe windstorm went through the heart of Mobile with winds reaching with gusts to . Widespread damage occurred, a warehouse was destroyed, and one person was injured. In Georgia, a large area of severe thunderstorms bought heavy rain, damaging winds, large hail, and frequent lightning to the central and southern parts of the state that afternoon, damaging crops and roofs, blowing down power lines, and uprooting trees. The worst storm struck the Augusta, where heavy rains damaged street, lightning struck several houses, and electrical and telephone services were disrupted. Two people were injured in the city; one from flying glass and the other from lightning. That evening in Duncansville, Pennsylvania, a father and son were killed when the tree they were standing under was struck by lightning. Further to the west, a man was burned and left unconscious after lightning struck his Saint Edward, Nebraska home while he was on the telephone. The South Plains of Texas were also bombarded by hail and wind storms. of rain fell in Plainview with falling in one hour, although no serious flooding took place. Four people were injured near Roberston after wind blew over their farm house. A shed was also blown over by in Littlefield and hail damaged farm fields across the region. That evening near Clarendon, a downpour of of rain fell in just 45 minutes, triggering a flash flood. A wall of water smashed over a highway, sweeping away a pickup truck and carrying it . The elderly brother and sister inside the vehicle drowned with one of the bodies being found downstream.\n\nMay 17\nA severe thunderstorm moved through Jonesboro, Arkansas, bringing wind damage, hail, and heavy rain to the area. One man was also killed when he was struck by lightning. In Stoddard County, Missouri, lightning strikes killed a farmer driving a tractor and a lady in her front yard.\n\nMay 18\nIn North Carolina, lightning injured four men on a golf course in Buncombe County while also burning a house in Caswell County. Near McMinnville, Tennessee, two men were struck by lightning while using a garden tractor to spray peach trees, killing one and injuring the other. In Iowa, lightning killed four more people in Manning, Woden, Iowa City, and Tiffin. In Scott County, Missouri, there was wind damage to homes and farm buildings and a home was burned to the ground after being struck by lightning. Widespread severe thunderstorms and frequent lightning also caused major damage in central and south-central Minnesota. A man was injured by flying glass in the Minneapolis suburb of St. Louis Park, lightning destroyed a barn and killed livestock in Janesville, and was recorded in and around St. Cloud. Storms in Sullivan County, New Hampshire caused major wind, lightning, and hail damage as well.\n\nMay 19\nWidespread strong to severe thunderstorms impacted the state of Massachusetts, bringing damaging winds, heavy rain, large hail, frequent lightning and flooding. Damage was widespread, with numerous homes, farm buildings, roadways, driveways, signs, TV antennas, and cellars and other structures damaged or destroyed by wind, falling trees, flooding rains and fire. On the Quabbin Reservation, one person a man was killed and his companion was injured when the tree they were sheltering under was struck by lightning. Two women were also injured by lightning in Hubbardston. Lightning also caused widespread damage occurred in Lower Michigan, damaging homes, destroying a barn, and causing power outages by striking power lines. A lady and her son were injured after lightning struck their home. Storms in Sullivan County, New Hampshire caused major wind, lightning, and hail damage for the second straight day. Severe thunderstorms also impacted New York and a boy was killed by lightning in Schroon Lake. In Virginia, a man was killed by lightning in Roanoke County while a church in Somerset was also hit by lightning, sparking a fire that burned the structure.\n\nMay 20\nLightning strikes in Florida injured a person on a fishing pier in Atlantic Beach, killed cattle, and destroyed a home due to a fire. Severe thunderstorms also formed in Western North Texas before impacting the western and central parts of Oklahoma. Strong winds overturned two trailers and caused heavy sand damage to cars in Coachella Valley in California. Multiple hailstorms caused major damage in Sullivan County, New Hampshire. Hail was up to in diameter in West Lebanon while news outlets described hail as big as \"snowballs\".\n\nMay 21\nStrong winds blew a tree down onto a trailer home in Grass Valley, California, killing one and injuring three. Large hail and lightning damaged gardens, dented parked cars, and burned a barn to the ground in Seymour, Indiana. Later, multiple severe thunderstorms moved through Indianapolis, Indiana, causing minor property while frequent lightning from the storms also injured three. Meanwhile, in Sanford, Florida, a fisherman was killed on the St. Johns River due to lightning while high winds damaged an aircraft moored at the Leesburg Regional Airport in Leesburg. In Iowa, lightning injured one in Inwood while a windstorm injured two in Sheldon. A man working on a ranch in Twodot, Minnesota was injured when he was struck by lightning. A woman was also injured after touching a lightning-charged switch in Croydon, New Hampshire.\n\nMay 22\nIn Carroll County, Missouri, thunderstorms caused wind damage to farm buildings, homes, and a trailer home with the trailer being blown over, injuring a woman and her two children. In Iowa, lightning injured two in New Hampton while windstorms injured one in Chickasaw County and another in Clear Lake. Widespread severe thunderstorms affected Minnesota, bringing up to winds, hail, and rain in 15 minutes. These storms congealed into two squall lines that struck West Central Wisconsin, causing extensive wind damage and injuring one.\n\nMay 23\nFour lightning fatalities took place on this day: One occurred in Jacksonville, Florida when a boy was struck and killed while fishing on a dock. The same complex of storms that produced the F1 tornado in Aurora, Ohio that day also caused a fatality when a man was struck by lightning in Wapakoneta, Ohio. Another lightning death occurred in Springfield, Georgia when a railroad bridge foreman was struck and one final one took place in Bourbon County, Kentucky when a tenant farmer tending to a tobacco field was hit. Central Kentucky also saw damage from diameter hail. Multiple hailstorms also impacted Eastern Oklahoma, although little to no damage took place or no casualties were reported. High winds, hail, and lightning also affected Southern Lower Michigan. hail was observed in Flint, hail was observed in Detroit, and a new home under construction was destroyed by high winds in Ypsilanti.\n\nMay 24\nA fierce line of severe thunderstorms pushed through Southwestern Oklahoma's wheat belt eastward through Southern Oklahoma, causing widespread destruction to crops, buildings, and utilities mostly due to flooding, hail, and strong straight-line winds, although there was some tornado activity. The worst damage occurred in Altus and the nearby Altus Air Force Base, where, in addition to the tornadoes that touched down, the storms produced hail that reached up to in diameter as well as wind gusts up to . The winds knocked down 72 power poles north of the city, ripped the roof of a house, destroyed a new house under construction, flipped over 15 trailers while demolishing another, damaged seven homes while pushing them off their foundations, double bent a transmitter tower on the west edge of town, destroyed two light planes and heavily damaged a third at the Altus Municipal Airport, and overturned three cars. A total of 25 people were injured by flying debris with six of them requiring hospitalization. Another injury also occurred as a result of a lightning strike. Total damages from the storms were estimated to be at least $2 million. Gusty winds behind the storms bought localized wind damage and gusts as high as . Severe and tornadic thunderstorms also impacted mainly Eastern Kansas, where at least 23 funnel clouds were confirmed along with numerous reports of wind and hail damage. Unusually severe weather also impacted New York and a farmer in Chittenango was killed by lightning.\n\nMay 25\nKentucky state police reported golf-ball sized hail in Upton, Kentucky. A third consecutive severe weather outbreak impacted parts of Oklahoma bringing all types of severe weather impacts to all areas of the state except the panhandle, causing widespread damage, although no casualties took place. Near Bernie, Missouri, a man driving a tractor was killed when he was struck by lightning. Severe thunderstorms also brought wind and hail damage to Western North Carolina with a wind gust being recorded at the Winston-Salem Airport. A boy was injured by a falling tree.\n\nMay 26\nA squall line pushed through Central and Northeastern Kentucky, producing large hail and locally damaging winds along the way. One person was killed while he struck by lightning while fishing in Maysville. Two others were injured by lightning; one on a golf course in Frankfort and the other in their home yard in Worthington. A hailstorm battered Boulder, Colorado, causing $100,000 in damage to roofs with additional damage to signs and windows. In Oklahoma, widespread severe thunderstorms formed for the fourth straight day, bringing large hail up to , damaging winds up to , heavy rainfall of up to , flooding, funnel clouds, and frequent lighting that affected all, but the panhandle and the northwestern parts of the state. Vehicles, buildings, homes, roads, and other structures were damaged, destroyed, burned, and/or washed out. A man was killed in Hobart when he was struck by lightning in his backyard while a person a mere away from him was left unharmed.\n\nMay 27\nA hailstorm struck Orlando, Florida with hailstones reaching up to in diameter. In Northeastern Kansas, severe winds and hail caused damage in multiple towns and one person was injured. There were also some possible tornado activity, although no tornadoes were counted from the area that day. A hailstorm also bought hailstones to Logan County, Kansas, damaging crops, cars, roofs, and livestock.\n\nMay 28\nIn Iowa, a person was injured by lightning in Pierson while another was killed after driving into a bridge washout in Fairfax. The entire state of Oklahoma, excluding the panhandle, was also subjected to another severe weather outbreak just two days after the previous one. Four soldiers at the Fort Sill rifle range were injured by lightning.\n\nMay 29\nIn Tennessee, a boy in Hickory Cove and a young man in Knoxville were both hospitalized after being struck by lightning. Heavy damage occurred in Northeastern Arkansas when severe thunderstorms bought rain, wind, and hail to the area, injuring five. In a bizarre case in Southern Lower Michigan, a Detroit women was electrocuted by a lightning-charged steel fence, killing her. Lightning also caused a fire that destroyed a large business building in Downtown Monroe while lightning and windstorms caused more damage across the region as well.\n\nMay 30\nLightning struck and killed a person on a beach in New Port Richey, Florida. A shower in Rose Hill, Kansas produced a lightning strike that injured a man and a woman who were opening the door to their car. In North Carolina, Buncombe, Burke, and Catawba Counties saw afternoon storms that produced frequent lightning, which caused scattered damage to power and communication lines. In Morganton, lightning struck a softball field, instantly killing a player. Several others were knocked down, but not injured.\n\nMay 31\nEastern Logan County, Colorado was heavily damaged by heavy rain and large hail. Hail mowed down wheat fields while rain flooded roads and even drowned livestock. Some structural damage to buildings also occurred. Statewide severe thunderstorms bought wind, hail, heavy rain, and frequent lightning to Massachusetts. Multiple communities sustained heavy damage from lightning-induced fires, street flooding and washouts, and loss of power and communications. A man reportedly died in one of the fires, although it was not officially counted. Downed trees, tree limbs, and power lines and wires littered this state, including one instance where a tree limb injured a girl in North Cambridge when she became pinned underneath it. In North Carolina, severe storms struck Buncombe, Durham, Gaston, and Wake Counties. Lightning-set fires destroyed one home and damaged several others while strong winds and rain damaged tobacco crops.\n\nJune 1\nA severe storm in Center, Colorado flooded streets and business house in and around town. A women in the area was injured and knocked unconscious when lightning struck and set fire to her home while she was ironing. A hailstorm with hailstones ranging from in diameter damaged crops near Preston, Idaho while another hailstorm with hailstones south of Kirby, Montana caused hail drifts of up to over roadways while heavy rainfall was unofficially recorded at . Texas also saw hailstorms occur in Burnet and Edwards Counties with livestock being lost in the latter county. Severe storms also bought hail and of rain to areas west of Lagrange, Wyoming. Heavy rainfall also pummeled the Northern Witchita suburb of Park City, Kansas with of rain that resulted in flash flooding, which covered major highways, caused major damage to six homes, and caused some damage to 65 others. Strong storms in the Northeastern United States bought frequent lightning and widespread damage. Massachusetts, especially the western section of the state, was hit hard with numerous fires, downed trees and limbs on power lines, which resulted in power outages, and damaged houses across the state. In Rangeley, Maine, the main building of a summer lodging establishment was destroyed when lightning struck it and started a fire. In Pennsylvania, a man was killed when lightning struck him on a golf course near Selinsgrove while a church in Sassamansville near Pottstown was destroyed by a lightning-induced fire. A waterspout and a funnel cloud were also spotted over Lake Pontchartrain near New Orleans, Louisiana. Another funnel cloud and waterspout were seen in rural Kemper County, Mississippi and the Mississippi Sound respectively. Widespread severe thunderstorms impacted Central and Eastern Oklahoma, bringing, large hail, damaging winds, heavy rainfall, flash flooding, and frequent lightning to the region. In Apache, a woman was severely burned when lightning struck the telephone line while she was using the phone. A Tulsa newspaper boy, who was crouching underneath a tree to wait out a storm, was also struck by lightning and killed. A woman in Muskogee was hospitalized overnight after lightning struck her through an open window around 6:00 pm CDT.\n\nAftermath\nFollowing the Pecos, Texas F2 tornado, power outages lasted for about an hour due to downed power lines.\n\nIn the aftermath of the Mitchell, South Dakota F3 tornado, volunteers from other cities, counties and the state sent crews in to assist in the clean-up. When the effort waned due to the massive size of debris left behind, Mitchell Mayor Charles \"C.W.\" Klingaman had to urge people to get back to work and finish the job. The flattened businesses, including the Mitchell Boat Company, which was just a year old, was rebuilt and a state highway maintenance shop was replaced. The city reported over $2 million in new construction during 1962.\n\nThere were numerous downed power lines in the aftermath of the Iowa City, Iowa F2 tornado. Police and firefighters spent an hour and a half keeping people away from the hot wires.\n\nMany people in Waterbury were caught off guard by the high-end F3 tornado in Waterbury, Connecticut, despite a tornado warning being issued for the city, which saw hail fall before the tornado moved through. Off-duty police and firefighters were called in, as were the National Guard and the Red Cross. In a surprising move President John F. Kennedy expressed his concern, but never declared Waterbury a federal disaster area. Despite this, rebuilding started within days of the storm. In nearby Wolcott, the destruction of a utility pole caused the utility company to shut off power to the rest of the town to prevent fires. Connecticut Governor John S. Dempsey conferred with town officials and Police Chief George Ranslow to check on the situation in the town the evening of the tornado. Town officials told the Governor that the situation was under control and they would call him if they needed help. The next morning, Superintendent of Schools, Augustus Keane, cancelled school at Wolcott High School due to lack of power; but all the elementary schools remained open.\n\nSee also\n List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks\n 1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak\n Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2019\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The Forgotten 20th Century Connecticut Tornado\n Tornado rips through Waterbury Connecticut Newsreel Public Domain Footage PublicDomainFootage.com\n Waterbury Tornado – Today in History: May 24\n May 21, 1962 - Waterbury Tornado\n Early Spring Tornadoes in Connecticut\n\nTornadoes of 1962\nF4 tornadoes\n1962 in Nebraska\n1962 in Oklahoma\n1962 in Colorado\n1962 in Ohio\n1962 in California\n1962 in South Dakota\n1962 in Texas\n1962 in Kansas\n1962 in Vermont\n1962 in Oregon\n1962 in Montana\n1962 in New Mexico\n1962 in Pennsylvania\n1962 in New Jersey\n1962 in Connecticut\n1962 in Minnesota\n1962 in South Carolina\n1962 in Iowa\n1962 in Wyoming\n1962 in Illinois\n1962 in Indiana\n1962 in Kentucky\n1962 in Missouri\n1962 in Florida\n1962 in Virginia\nTornadoes in Nebraska\nTornadoes in Oklahoma\nTornadoes in Colorado\nTornadoes in Ohio\nTornadoes in California\nTornadoes in South Dakota\nTornadoes in Texas\nTornadoes in Kansas\nTornadoes in Vermont\nTornadoes in Oregon\nTornadoes in Montana\nTornadoes in New Mexico\nTornadoes in Pennsylvania\nTornadoes in New Jersey\nTornadoes in Connecticut\nTornadoes in Minnesota\nTornadoes in South Carolina\nTornadoes in Iowa\nTornadoes in Wyoming\nTornadoes in Illinois\nTornadoes in Indiana\nTornadoes in Kentucky\nTornadoes in Missouri\nTornadoes in Florida\nTornadoes in Virginia" ]

[ "Muhammad Ali", "Early career", "What started his career?", "winning a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker.", "Did he have anyone who influenced him?", "His provocative and outlandish behavior in the ring was inspired by professional wrestler \"Gorgeous George\" Wagner.", "Did he get any recognition during this time period?", "Clay amassed a record of 19-0 with 15 wins by knockout.", "Was he ever sponsored?", "I don't know.", "Did he have any signature moves?", "In each of these fights, Clay vocally belittled his opponents and vaunted his abilities.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "These early fights were not without trials. Clay was knocked down", "Was he injured in a severe manner?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Someone Else may refer to:\nSomeone Else (film), a 2006 British film\nSomeone Else (album), a 2004 album by Ira Losco\n\"Someone Else\", a song by Miley Cyrus from the album Bangerz\n\"Someone Else\" (song), a 2020 song by Duncan Laurence\n\"Someone Else\", a song by Steve Angello from Wild Youth\n\"Someone Else\", a song by The Rasmus from Into\n\nSee also\n\"Someone Else Not Me\", a song by Duran Duran\nSomebody Else, Not Me, a 1980 album by Dave Van Ronk", "\"Someone Else's Eyes\" is a 2009 song by French singer Amanda Lear and Italian singer Deadstar. It was released by the independent label Just Good Music for Your Ears as the lead single from Lear's album Brief Encounters.\n\nSong information \n\"Someone Else's Eyes\" is a vocal duet between Lear and Enrico Petrelli, better known under his stage name Deadstar, who has also written and produced the track. It is a mid-tempo pop song with jazz elements, arranged by Nerio Poggi, including a saxophone solo by Fabio Tullio. The lyrics of the song, also written by Deadstar, tell about a relationship breakup.\n\nAmanda Lear and Deadstar met in summer 2008 – their first meeting took place in a café in the 16th arrondissement of Paris where they both live. They started recording the song in November that year in Rome and Paris. The track was then previewed at Midem in 2009 to positive reaction and subsequently chosen as the lead single from Lear's album Brief Encounters. It was released through Deadstar's own independent label Just Good Music for Your Ears, also including the ballad \"Secret Lover\". A limited edition of the single was released with copies of one of Amanda's sketches that she did during recording sessions. The song was then remixed by Boy George and Kinky Roland, and released as a maxi single on 24 May 2010 to promote the reissue Brief Encounters Reloaded. A remix of \"Doin' Fine\" was included as a bonus track.\n\nMusic video \nThe official music video for the track was filmed in April 2009 in Rome, Italy by Fabio Tibaldi at Studio 154. It pictures Amanda Lear and Deadstar performing the song in front of a white background. A video for the Boy George/Kinky Roland remix was also made in 2010.\n\nTrack listing \nCD Single (2009)\n \"Someone Else's Eyes\" – 4:08\n \"Secret Lover\" – 2:03\nvideo: \"Someone Else's Eyes\" – 4:08\n\nCD Promo Single (2009)\n \"Someone Else's Eyes\" (Radio Edit) – 2:54\n \"Someone Else's Eyes\" (All Eyes on the Dance Floor Remix Radio Edit) – 3:31\n\nCD Maxi Single (2010)\n \"Someone Else's Eyes\" (Boy George & Kinky Roland Mix) – 5:50\n \"Someone Else's Eyes\" (All Eyes on the Dance Floor Mix) – 6:45\n \"Someone Else's Eyes\" (Visionary Mix) – 4:05\n \"Someone Else's Eyes\" (Fully Loaded NRG Mix) – 7:33\n \"Doin' Fine\" (Devil's Desire Radio Mix) – 3:36\n\nReferences \n\nSongs about eyes\n2009 singles\n2009 songs\nAmanda Lear songs\nVocal duets" ]

[ "Once (film)", "Box office performance and awards" ]

[ "The Orplid Mystery or Epilogue () is a 1950 West German thriller film directed by Helmut Käutner and starring Horst Caspar, Bettina Moissi, and O.E. Hasse. The film did not perform well at the box office on its release.\n\nIt was made at the Spandau Studios of CCC Films. The film's sets were designed by the art director Emil Hasler.\n\nCast\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1950 films\n1950s spy thriller films\nGerman spy thriller films\nWest German films\nGerman-language films\nFilms directed by Helmut Käutner\nSeafaring films\nGerman black-and-white films\nFilms shot at Spandau Studios", "The Alex Cross film series is an American film series of three thriller films, based on the fictional character Alex Cross, who originally appeared in a series of novels of the same name by James Patterson. In the film series, Morgan Freeman and Tyler Perry have portrayed Alex Cross.\n\nFilms\n\n Kiss the Girls (1997)\n Along Came a Spider (2001)\n Alex Cross (2012)\n\nCancelled sequel\nPrior to the film Alex Cross (2012) release, it was announced that Double Cross would be adapted into a film, with Tyler Perry reprising the role. However, the film was cancelled after Alex Cross did not perform well at the box office.\n\nCast\n\nCrew\n\nReception\n\nBox office performance\n\nCritical and public response\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nFilm series\nFilm series introduced in 1997\nTrilogies" ]

[ "Once (film)", "Box office performance and awards", "How did Once perform at the box office?", "As of 28 March 2009, Once has grossed nearly $9.5 million in North America and over $20 million worldwide." ]

[ "Ireland has been traditionally devoutly Catholic throughout most of its modern history.\n\nChurch attendance is declining in Ireland, and currently they rank in the Top 10 Atheist Populations in a survey which questioned 50,000 people from 57 countries across the globe.\n\nIreland is currently ranked 115th by the International Humanist and Ethical Union in a list of best countries to live in as an atheist.\n\nStatistics \nA 2006 Dentsu poll found that 7% of Ireland had no religion. According to Greeley (2003), 5% of those in Ireland do not believe in God, but only 2% accept the self-identification of “atheist.” According to Ingelhart et al. (2004) and Davie (1999), 4% of the Irish do not believe in God.\n\nIn a 2007-2008 Gallup Poll, 42% of Ireland answered no to the question \"Does religion occupy an important place in your life?\" and in the 2011 Gallup, 53% of Ireland answered no.\n\nA 2010 Bishops Conference survey found that 10.1% of Irish Roman Catholics did not believe in God.\n\nAccording to a 2012 WIN-Gallup International poll, Ireland had the 2nd highest decline in religiosity from 69% in 2005 to 47% in 2012, while those who considered themselves not a religious person increased from 25% in 2005 to 44% in 2012. The poll also showed that 10% of Ireland now consider themselves convinced atheists, which is a vast increase from 2005. This number is thought to be higher due to citizens describing themselves as \"cultural Catholics\".\n\nAccording to the 2016 Irish Census, approximately 9.5% of Irish citizens are irreligious.\n\nOrganisations \nThe Humanist Association of Ireland represents the non-religious in Ireland, as well as specifically those who identify as humanists. It received the ability to conduct legal marriages in 2012. As of 2018, it conducts more marriages in Ireland than the Church of Ireland, but less than the Catholic Church.\n\nAtheist Ireland is a group representing atheists in Ireland. It has advocated for a repeal of blasphemy laws, non-denominational schools, an end to discrimination against atheists and secular charities.\n\nSee also\n Irreligion in the United Kingdom\n Irreligion in Europe\n\nReferences\n\nReligion in the Republic of Ireland\nIreland\nIrreligion in Ireland", "The Migraine Disability Assessment Test (MIDAS) is a test used by doctors to determine how severely migraines affect a patient's life. Patients are asked questions about the frequency and duration of their headaches, as well as how often these headaches limited their ability to participate in activities at work, at school, or at home.\n\nThe test was evaluated by the professional journal Neurology in 2001; it was found to be both reliable and valid.\n\nQuestions\nThe MIDAS contains the following questions:\n\n On how many days in the last 3 months did you miss work or school because of your headaches?\n How many days in the last 3 months was your productivity at work or school reduced by half or more because of your headaches? (Do not include days you counted in question 1 where you missed work or school.)\n On how many days in the last 3 months did you not do household work because of your headaches?\n How many days in the last three months was your productivity in household work reduced by half of more because of your headaches? (Do not include days you counted in question 3 where you did not do household work.)\n On how many days in the last 3 months did you miss family, social or leisure activities because of your headaches?\n\nThe patient's score consists of the total of these five questions. Additionally, there is a section for patients to share with their doctors:\n\nWhat your Physician will need to know about your headache:\n\nA. On how many days in the last 3 months did you have a headache?\n(If a headache lasted more than 1 day, count each day.)\t\n\nB. On a scale of 0 - 10, on average how painful were these headaches? \n(where 0 = no pain at all and 10 = pain as bad as it can be.)\n\nScoring\nOnce scored, the test gives the patient an idea of how debilitating his/her migraines are based on this scale:\n\n0 to 5, MIDAS Grade I, Little or no disability \n\n6 to 10, MIDAS Grade II, Mild disability\n\n11 to 20, MIDAS Grade III, Moderate disability\n\n21+, MIDAS Grade IV, Severe disability\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMigraine Treatment\n\nMigraine" ]

[ "Once (film)", "Box office performance and awards", "How did Once perform at the box office?", "As of 28 March 2009, Once has grossed nearly $9.5 million in North America and over $20 million worldwide.", "How did it do in Ireland?", "received the audience awards" ]

[ "Stargate Atlantis is an American-Canadian military science fiction television series and part of MGM's Stargate franchise. The series was created by Robert C. Cooper and Brad Wright as a spin-off series to Stargate SG-1. The series aired for five seasons and 100 episodes on the US Sci Fi Channel. Stargate Atlantis premiered on SCI FI on July 16, 2004; its final episode aired on January 9, 2009.\n\nSince 2005, Stargate Atlantis was nominated for various awards during its five-year run. Among them, the series has been nominated for four Emmy Awards, eleven Gemini Awards (two were won), 27 Leo Awards (ten were won), one Nebula Award, one People's Choice Award which was won, and two Visual Effects Society Awards. Out of the total 62 nominations, Stargate Atlantis won 19 awards.\n\nCanadian Screenwriting Awards\nStargate Atlantis was nominated for two Canadian Screenwriting Awards.\n\nChicago International Film Festival\nStargate Atlantis was nominated for one Silver Plaque in the Chicago International Film Festival, 2005.\n\nConstellation Awards\nThe series was nominated for two Constellation Awards.\n\nDGC Craft Awards\nStargate Atlantis was nominated for one DGC Craft Award by the Directors Guild of Canada.\n\nEmmy Awards\nStargate Atlantis was nominated for four Emmy Awards. From those, they were nominations for \"Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series\" twice, and one each for \"Outsdanding Main Title Theme Music\" and \"Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Dramatical Underscore)\".\n\nGemini Awards\nStargate Atlantis was nominated for sixteen Gemini Awards. They were nominated for four awards in 2005, one in 2006, two in 2007, four in 2008, and five in 2009. In total, they won four awards.\n\nLeo Awards\nStargate Atlantis was nominated for a total of 27 Leo Awards, ten of which were for 2005, while the other 17 were for 2009.\n\nNebula Awards\nThe series was nominated for a Nebula Award in 2009.\n\nNew York Film Festival\nStargate Atlantis won a Bronze Worldmedal in the New York Film Festival in 2005.\n\nPeople's Choice Awards\nIn 2008, Stargate Atlantis was nominated for \"Best Sci-Fi Show\" for the 34th People's Choice Awards, where it was up against Battlestar Galactica and Doctor Who.\n\nSaturn Awards\nThe series was nominated for two Saturn Awards in 2005, and for one in 2006.\n\nVisual Effects Society Awards\nTwo episodes were nominated for Visual Effects Society Awards. One was nominated in 2005, while the other was nominated in 2008. Both were nominated for \"Outstanding Visual Effects in a Broadcast Series\".\n\nWorldFest-Houston International Film Festival\nStargate Atlantis was nominated for a First Place Platinum in the 2005 WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival.\n\nSee also\nList of Stargate SG-1 awards and nominations\nList of Stargate Universe awards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Awards for Stargate Atlantis at IMDB\n\nStargate\nStargate", "Stargate SG-1 is an American-Canadian military science fiction television series and part of MGM's Stargate franchise. The show was created by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner, based on the 1994 feature film Stargate by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich. The first five seasons of the television series were broadcast by Showtime before the series moved to the Sci Fi Channel for its last five seasons. Stargate SG-1 premiered on Showtime on July 27, 1997; its final episode aired on Sky1 in the United Kingdom on March 13, 2007. Stargate SG-1 was nominated for and won numerous awards in its ten-season run.\n\nCableACE Awards\nStargate SG-1 was nominated for one CableACE Award.\n\nConstellation Awards\nStargate SG-1 won two Constellation Awards.Emmy AwardStargate SG-1 was nominated for eight Emmys in the \"Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series\" category and one Emmy for \"Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore)\".\n\nGemini AwardStargate SG-1 won two Gemini Awards out of 28 nominations.\n\nGolden Reel AwardsStargate SG-1 was nominated for 2 Golden Reel Awards by the Motion Picture Sound Editors.\n\nHugo AwardsStargate SG-1 was nominated for 2 Hugo awards.\n\nLeo AwardsStargate SG-1 won twelve Leo Awards out of 53 nominations.\n\nSaturn AwardsStargate SG-1 won six Saturn Awards out of thirty nominations:\n\nSFX AwardsStargate SG-1 was nominated for three SFX Awards.\n\nVisual Effects Society AwardsStargate SG-1'' was nominated for two VES Awards.\n\nSee also\nList of Stargate Atlantis awards and nominations\nList of Stargate Universe awards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Awards for Stargate SG-1 at IMDB\n\nStargate\nStargate" ]

[ "Once (film)", "Box office performance and awards", "How did Once perform at the box office?", "As of 28 March 2009, Once has grossed nearly $9.5 million in North America and over $20 million worldwide.", "How did it do in Ireland?", "received the audience awards", "Was it nominated for any awards?", "it won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Foreign Film." ]

[ "James Galloway (February 16, 1928 – November 13, 1996) was a film editor who was nominated at the 46th Academy Awards. He was nominated for the film Jonathan Livingston Seagull. This was in the category of Best Film Editing.\n\nHe also has been nominated for multiple Emmy awards for made for TV films. He also contributed to TV shows like Remington Steele. Galloway died in 1996.\n\nPartial filmography\nAnnie: A Royal Adventure! (1995)\nQueen (1993)\nSwitched at Birth (1991)\nThe Taking of Flight 847: The Uli Derickson Story (1988)\nJonathan Livingston Seagull (1973)\nGargoyles (1972)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nFilm editors\nPlace of birth missing\n1928 births\n1996 deaths\nPlace of death missing", "Demi Lovato has won 66 awards from 222 nominations for their work in music, film, and television. Lovato starred in the lead role on Camp Rock (2008), for which they were nominated for Best Performance in a TV Movie – Leading Young Actress at the 30th Young Artist Awards. They also played the titular role in the Disney Channel original series Sonny with a Chance (2009–2011), for which they won Choice TV – Breakout Star Female at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards and Favorite TV Actress – Leading Role in a Comedy at the 2011 ALMA Awards.\n\nIn 2009, Lovato released their second studio album Here We Go Again. The album reached No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 chart and was nominated for Choice Pop Album at the 2010 Teen Choice Awards. In 2011, their third studio album Unbroken followed, featuring two singles \"Skyscraper\" and \"Give Your Heart a Break\". At the 29th annual MTV Video Music Awards, \"Skyscraper\" won Best Video with a Message and Choice Music: Summer Song at the 2011 Teen Choice Awards. \"Give Your Heart a Break\" was nominated for two awards at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards: Choice Summer Song and Choice Love Song. In 2013, Lovato's fourth studio album Demi was released along with four singles: \"Heart Attack\", \"Made in the USA\", \"Neon Lights\" and \"Really Don't Care\". \"Heart Attack\" was nominated for Best Female Video at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards and won International Video of the Year - Artist at the 2013 MuchMusic Video Awards. \"Made in the USA\" won Favorite Roadtrip Song at the 2014 Radio Disney Music Awards and \"Really Don't Care\" was nominated for Best Lyric Video at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards.\n\nLovato's fifth studio album Confident followed in 2015. The lead single \"Cool for the Summer\" was nominated for Song of Summer at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards. The album was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards. In 2017, they released their sixth studio album Tell Me You Love Me, featuring lead single \"Sorry Not Sorry\". The single was nominated for two awards at the MTV Video Music Awards: once for Song of Summer at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards and again for Best Pop at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards. It was also nominated for Best Pop at the 2017 MTV Europe Music Awards. Lovato was nominated for three awards at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards, including Top Female Artist, and received a nomination for Favorite Social Artist at the 2018 American Music Awards. Lovato was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards for the song \"Fall in Line\" with Christina Aguilera. Among other awards, Lovato has received four ASCAP Awards and four BMI Awards for songwriting and composing the singles \"Heart Attack\", \"Neon Lights\", \"Cool for the Summer\", \"Sorry Not Sorry\" and \"Tell Me You Love Me\". Lovato has received numerous awards for their activism and philanthropic work, including the Acuvue Inspire Award at the 2011 Teen Choice Awards, the GLAAD Vanguard Award and the Young Luminary Award at the unite4:humanity gala. Lovato was nominated for two VMAs at the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards for \"I Love Me\".\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nAwards\nLovato" ]

[ "Once (film)", "Box office performance and awards", "How did Once perform at the box office?", "As of 28 March 2009, Once has grossed nearly $9.5 million in North America and over $20 million worldwide.", "How did it do in Ireland?", "received the audience awards", "Was it nominated for any awards?", "it won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Foreign Film.", "Was it nominated at any other awards shows?", "The song \"Falling Slowly\" won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Original Song." ]

[ "\"Nobody Else\" is a song by New Zealand musician brothers Tex Pistol (Ian Morris) and Rikki Morris. It was the follow-up single to Tex Pistol's cover of Wayne Fontana's \"The Game of Love\", which reached number one in New Zealand in 1987. \"Nobody Else\", an original song, also charted at number one.\n\nBackground \nAfter Tex Pistol had a number-one single in 1987 with \"The Game of Love\", Pagan Records head Trevor Reekie convinced Ian Morris to release \"Nobody Else\" as the follow-up single. It was a romantic ballad written and sung by Morris' younger brother Rikki. The song peaked at number one and charted for 16 weeks, twice as long as \"The Game of Love\".\n\nAwards \nAt the 1988 New Zealand Music Awards, \"Nobody Else\" was nominated for Single of the Year, with Ian Morris also nominated for Producer of the Year for the same song while Rikki Morris won Songwriter of the Year.\n\nTrack listing \n7-inch single\nA. \"Nobody Else\"\nB. \"Wilf\"\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences \n\n1988 singles\n1988 songs\nNew Zealand songs\nNumber-one singles in New Zealand", "Stephen Tenenbaum is a film producer.\n\nOn January 24, 2012, he was nominated for an Academy Award for the 2011 movie Midnight in Paris.\n\nFilmography\n The Curse of the Jade Scorpion (2001) (executive producer)\n Hollywood Ending (2002) (executive producer)\n Anything Else (2003) (executive producer)\n Melinda and Melinda (2004) (executive producer)\n Match Point (2005) (executive producer)\n Scoop (2006) (executive producer)\n Cassandra's Dream (2007)\n Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008)\n Whatever Works (2009)\n You Will Meet A Tall Dark Stranger (2010)\n Midnight in Paris (2011)\n To Rome with Love (2012)\n Blue Jasmine (2013)\n Magic in the Moonlight (2014)\n Irrational Man (2015)\n Café Society (2016)\n Wonder Wheel (2017)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nLiving people\nAmerican film producers\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nPlace of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Orson Scott Card", "Science fiction" ]

[ "Life, the Universe, & Everything: The Marion K. \"Doc\" Smith Symposium on Science Fiction and Fantasy is an academic conference held annually since 1983 in Provo, Utah. It is the longest-running science fiction and fantasy convention in Utah, and one of the largest and longest-running academic science fiction conferences. An annual proceedings volume, Deep Thoughts (named after the computer Deep Thought from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy), publishes the academic papers and main addresses given at the event. The symposium was named, jokingly, after the Douglas Adams novel Life, the Universe and Everything.\n\nHistory\nThe roots of the Life, the Universe, & Everything (LTUE) and other science fiction efforts at Brigham Young University (BYU) began with a one-day symposium on science fiction held on January 20, 1976. Four years later, Orson Scott Card gave a speech in 1980 at the university about morality in writing, which showed some of the students and faculty that a serious, academic forum for discussion of science fiction writing was a possibility at BYU, but there weren't enough students interested in trying to make things work at that time.\n\nThis changed in February 1982 when Ben Bova was invited to speak at a university forum event. The English Department assigned Marion Smith, the professor whose name is now part of the title of the symposium, to take care of Bova while he wasn't speaking. He and a handful of his writing students (including M. Shayne Bell) got together and held a discussion with Bova. This inspired those students to try to create something like that the following year, when they invited Card back to be the first guest of honor. The first official symposium was held in 1983.\n\nFrom 1982 through 2011, the symposium was held at BYU. In 2012, it was held at Utah Valley University, and in 2013, it moved to the Provo Marriott Hotel and Conference Center in downtown Provo.\n\nThe Leading Edge science fiction and fantasy magazine was started by these same students, all members of a 1980 creative writing class at BYU.\n\nGuests\nThis is a list of Guests of Honor (in bold) and notable Special Guests.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\n1983 establishments in Utah\nBrigham Young University\nProvo, Utah\nScience fiction conventions in the United States\nRecurring events established in 1983", "Orson Scott Card (born August 24, 1951) is an American writer known best for his science fiction works. He is currently the only person to win both a Hugo Award and a Nebula Award in consecutive years, winning both awards for both his novel Ender's Game (1985) and its sequel Speaker for the Dead (1986) back-to-back. A feature film adaptation of Ender's Game, which Card co-produced, was released in 2013. Card also wrote the Locus Fantasy Award-winning series The Tales of Alvin Maker (1987–2003).\n\nCard's works were influenced by classic literature, popular fantasy, and science fiction; he often uses tropes from genre fiction. His background as a screenwriter has helped Card make his works accessible. Card's early fiction is original but contains graphic violence. His fiction often features characters with exceptional gifts who make difficult choices with high stakes. Card has also written political, religious, and social commentary in his columns and other writing. Card's opposition to homosexuality has provoked public criticism and in 2013 it prompted a boycott of the film Ender's Game.\n\nCard, who is a great-great-grandson of Brigham Young, was born in Richland, Washington, and grew up in Utah and California. While he was a student at Brigham Young University (BYU), his plays were performed on stage. He served in Brazil as a missionary for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and headed a community theater for two summers. Card had twenty-seven short stories published between 1978 and 1979, and won the John W. Campbell Award for best new writer in 1978. He earned a master's degree in English from the University of Utah in 1981 and wrote novels in science fiction, fantasy, non-fiction, and historical fiction genres in the 1980s. Card continued to write prolifically, and published over 50 novels and over 45 short stories.\n\nCard teaches English at Southern Virginia University; he has written two books on creative writing and serves as a judge in the Writers of the Future contest. He is a practicing member of LDS Church and has taught many successful writers at his \"literary boot camps.\" Mormon fiction writers Stephenie Meyer, Brandon Sanderson, and Dave Wolverton have cited his works as a major influence.\n\nLife\n\nChildhood and education\n\nOrson Scott Card was born on August 24, 1951, in Richland, Washington. He is the son of Peggy Jane (née Park) and Willard Richards Card, and is the third of six children and the older brother of composer and arranger Arlen Card. Card's family has Mormon pioneer heritage. His direct ancestors include Brigham Young, Charles Ora Card, Zina P. Young Card, Zina Young Card Brown and Hugh B. Brown.\n\nWhen Card was one month old, his family moved to San Mateo, California, so Willard Card could begin a sign-painting business. When he was three years old, the family moved to Salt Lake City, Utah, so his father could finish his bachelor's degree. The family moved to Santa Clara, California, when Card was six; they stayed there for seven years while his father completed his master's degree and worked as a professor at San Jose State College. In school, Card took classes for gifted students but he was more interested in studying music—he played clarinet and French horn. He read widely, including historical fiction, nonfiction, and literary classics. At age ten, he wrote his first story, which was about an intelligent child who is assaulted by bullies and sustains brain damage. Ender's confrontation with Stilson in Ender's Game is based on this story.\n \nIn 1964, Card and his family moved to Mesa, Arizona, where he participated in mock debates in junior high school. In 1967, the family moved to Orem, Utah, where his father worked at Brigham Young University (BYU). Card attended BYU's laboratory school, where he took both high school and early college-level classes before graduating in one year. When beginning his college studies he intended to major in anthropology, but after becoming increasingly more interested in theater, he began script-writing, writing ten original plays and rewriting other students' plays. Most of his plays were based on Mormon history and scriptures; one was science fiction. By watching the body language of an audience, he could tell when an audience was interested in his scripts. During his studies as a theater major, he began doctoring scripts, adapting fiction for reader's theater production, and writing one-act and full-length plays, several of which were produced by faculty directors at BYU. Charles W. Whitman, Card's play-writing professor, encouraged his students to write plays with LDS themes. Card studied poetry with Clinton F. Larson at BYU. He also wrote short stories, which were later published together in The Worthing Saga.\n\nBefore graduating, Card served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Brazil starting in 1971. During his mission, he wrote a play called Stone Tables. He returned from his mission in 1973 and graduated from BYU in 1975, receiving a bachelor's degree with distinction in theater. After graduation, he started the Utah Valley Repertory Theatre Company, which for two summers produced plays at \"the Castle\", a Depression-era outdoor amphitheater. After going into debt with the community theatre's expenses,Card took part-time employment as a proofreader at BYU Press, moving on to full-time employment as a copy editor. In 1981, Card completed his master's degree in English at the University of Utah where he studied with François Camoin and Norman Council. He began a doctoral program at the University of Notre Dame but dropped out to pursue his more lucrative writing projects.\n\nPersonal life\nIn 1977, Card married Kristine Allen, who is the daughter of Mormon historian James B. Allen. The two met when Kristine was in the chorus of a roadshow Card directed before his mission. They courted after Card's mission, and Card was impressed with her intellectual rigor.\n\nAfter their marriage they had five children; their son Charles had cerebral palsy and died aged 17; their daughter Erin died the day she was born. Card's short story, Lost Boys, is highly autobiographical, but contains the death of a fictional child. One of Card's workshop readers, Karen Fowler, said that Card had pretended to experience the grief of a parent who has lost a child. In response, Card realized that the story expressed his grief and difficulty in accepting Charles's disability. Card stated that he rarely discusses Charles and Erin because his grief has not faded over time.\n\nCard and his wife live in Greensboro, North Carolina; their daughter Emily, along with two other writers, adapted Card's short stories Clap Hands and Sing, Lifeloop, and A Sepulchre of Songs for the stage in Posing as People. Card suffered a mild stroke on January 1, 2011, and made a full recovery.\n\nWorks\n\nEarly work\nIn 1976 Card became an assistant editor at the LDS Church's magazine Ensign and moved to Salt Lake City. While working at Ensign, Card published his first piece of fiction, a short story called Gert Fram, which appeared in the July 1977 issue of Ensign under the pseudonym Byron Walley. Between 1978 and 1988, Card wrote over 300 half-hour audioplays on LDS Church history, the New Testament, and other subjects for Living Scriptures in Ogden, Utah.\n\nCard started writing science fiction short stories because he felt he could sell short stories in that genre more easily than others. His first short story The Tinker was initially rejected by Analog Science Fiction and Fact. Ben Bova, the editor of Analog, rejected a rewrite of the story but asked Card to submit a science fiction piece. In response, Card wrote the short story Ender's Game, which Ben Bova published in the August 1977 issue of Analog. Card left The Ensign in 1977 and began his career as a freelance writer in 1978. Ben Bova continued to work with Card to publish his stories and his wife Barbara Bova became Card's literary agent, a development that drew criticism of a possible conflict of interest. Nine of Card's science fiction stories, including Malpractice, Kingsmeat, and Happy Head, were published in 1978.\n\nCard modeled Mikal's Songbird on Ender's Game, both of which include a child with special talents who goes through emotional turmoil when adults seek to exploit his ability. Mikal's Songbird was a Nebula Award finalist in 1978 and a Hugo finalist in 1979—both in the \"novelette\" category. Card won the John W. Campbell Award for best new writer in 1978 for his stories published that year; the award helped Card's stories sell internationally. Unaccompanied Sonata was published in 1979 issue of Omni and was nominated for both the Hugo and Nebula awards for a short story. Eighteen Card stories were published in 1979.\n\nCard's first published book, \"Listen, Mom and Dad...\": Young Adults Look Back on Their Upbringing (1977) is about child-rearing. He received advances for the manuscripts of Hot Sleep and A Planet Called Treason, which were published in 1979. Card later called his first two novels \"amateurish\" and rewrote both of them later. A publisher offered to buy a novelization of Mikal's Songbird, which Card accepted; the finished novel is titled Songmaster (1980). Card edited fantasy anthologies Dragons of Light (1980) and Dragons of Darkness (1981), and collected his own short stories in Unaccompanied Sonata and Other Stories (1981). In the early 1980s, Card focused on writing longer works, only publishing ten short stories between 1980 and 1985. He published a few non-fiction works that were aimed at an LDS audience; these include a satirical dictionary called Saintspeak, which resulted in him being temporarily banned from publishing in church magazines. Card wrote the fantasy-epic Hart's Hope (1983) and a historical novel, A Woman of Destiny (1984), which was later republished as Saints and won the 1985 award from the Association for Mormon Letters for best novel. He rewrote the narrative of Hot Sleep and published it as The Worthing Chronicle (1983), which replaced Hot Sleep and the short-story collection set in the same universe, Capitol (1979). The recession of the early 1980s made it difficult to get contracts for new books so Card returned to full-time employment as the book editor of Compute! magazine that was based in Greensboro, North Carolina, for nine months in 1983. In October of that year, Tom Doherty offered a contract for Card's proposed Alvin Maker series, which allowed him to return to creative writing full-time.\n\nLate 1980's: Ender's Game and short stories\n\nCard's 1977 novella Ender's Game is about a young boy who undergoes military training for space war. Ender believes he is controlling simulated spaceships but is actually controlling real spaceships. Card expanded the story into a novel with the same title and told the backstory of the adult Ender in Speaker for the Dead. In contrast to the fast-paced Ender's Game, Speaker for the Dead is about honesty and maturity. Ender's Game and Speaker for the Dead were both awarded the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award, making Card the first author to win both of science fiction's top prizes in consecutive years. According to Card, some members of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) resented his receiving of the Nebula award while editing the Nebula Awards Report. Subsequently, Card left the SFWA. Card attended many science fiction conventions in the late 1980s. He held several \"Secular Humanist Revival Meetings\" at the conventions, satirizing Evangelical revival meetings.\n\nCard continued to write short stories and columns and published two short story collections: Cardography (1987) and The Folk of the Fringe (1989). The novella Eye for Eye was republished with another novella by Tor and won the Hugo Award for best novella in 1988. Between 1987 and 1989, Card edited and published a short science fiction review magazine called Short Form. He also wrote Characters & Viewpoint (1988) and How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy (1990). Card also offered advice about writing in an interview in Leading Edge #23 in 1991. He wrote the script for an updated Hill Cumorah Pageant in 1988.\n\nInspired by Spenser's Faerie Queene, Card composed the long poem Prentice Alvin and the No-Good Plow, which uses colloquial language and diction common to Joseph Smith's time. The poem, along with the novelette \"Hatrack River,\" became the basis for Seventh Son (1987), the first book in The Tales of Alvin Maker series, a fantasy retelling of the Joseph Smith story. In the alternate history novel, Alvin Maker, the seventh son of a seventh son, is born with unusual magical abilities that make him a \"Maker.\" Alvin has many similarities to Joseph Smith. Following Seventh Son, he wrote Red Prophet, and Prentice Alvin, which focus on settlers' interactions with indigenous peoples and slaves, respectively. The series has sustainable environmental ethics as a main theme, addressing ways humans affect the environment in the Americas. Alvin Maker's life has many parallels with Joseph Smith's. Seventh Son won the 1988 Mythopoeic Fantasy award, and the two following books were nominees. The awards are given to books that exemplify \"the spirit of The Inklings\". Critics praised Seventh Son for creating an American mythology from American experience and belief. According to literary critic Eugene England, the series brings up questions about what, exactly, the mission of a religious prophet is. The series also questions the difference between a prophet and magician, religion and magic.\n\nIn the 1980s, Card also wrote Wyrms (1987), a novel about colonizing a planet, and revised A Planet Called Treason, which was published as Treason. He also novelized James Cameron's film The Abyss.\n\nWorks from the 1990s \nCard wrote prolifically in the 1990s, including many books and the short story omnibus Maps in a Mirror (1990). Card continued the Ender's Game series with Xenocide (1991) and Children of the Mind (1996), which focus on Jane, an artificial intelligence that develops self-awareness. These books were considered inferior to their predecessors and were, according to science fiction critic Gary Westfahl, \"overly prolonged\".\n\nWhile Children of the Mind concluded the initial Ender's Game series, Card started another series of books and continued writing in The Tales of Alvin Maker series. The Homecoming Saga is a science-fiction adaptation of The Book of Mormon. The series' volumes; The Memory of Earth, The Call of Earth, The Ships of Earth, Earthfall, and Earthborn were published between 1992 and 1995. Alvin Journeyman (1995), the fourth book in The Tales of Alvin Maker series, won a Locus Award and Heartfire (1998) was a nominee for the same award.\n\nCard wrote several stand-alone novels in the 1990s. Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus (1996) examines time travel and Christopher Columbus. Card collaborated with Star Wars artist Doug Chiang on Robota and with Kathryn H. Kidd on Lovelock. Lost Boys (1992) is a horror story with a semi-autobiographical background. Treasure Box (1996) and Homebody (1998) represent Card's foray in horror. Enchantment (1999) is a fantasy novel based on the Russian version of Sleeping Beauty. It deals with a couple who learn to love each other after they marry. Card stated: \"I put all my love for my wife into [Enchantment].\"\n\nShadow series and later writings \nIn 1999, Card started a spin-off \"shadow\" series in the Ender's Game universe that is told from the point of view of other characters. These novels are Ender's Shadow, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets, Shadow of the Giant and Shadows in Flight, the latter serving as a bridge to a planned final book The Last Shadow, which will also be a sequel to Children of the Mind. Westfahl praised the Shadow series, stating they were \"executed with panache and skill\". Card wrote other spin-offs: a series of shorter stories, First Meetings in the Enderverse, and novels A War of Gifts, and Ender in Exile. Aaron Johnston and Card conceptualized the stories that make up the prequel to Ender's Game, realizing many of them would work best in novel format but first publishing the comics through Marvel. The Burning Earth and Silent Strike comic series were published in 2011 and 2012. Card and Johnston co-wrote the novels in the series between 2012 and 2019; these are Earth Unaware, Earth Afire, Earth Awakens, The Swarm, and The Hive. Children of the Fleet is the first novel in a new sequel series, called Fleet School.\n\nWhile Card was writing books in the Shadow series, he also wrote a series of books focused on women in the Bible, novellas, and other novels. Card's The Women of Genesis series includes Sarah (2000), Rebekah (2002), and Rachel and Leah (2004). Card wrote three novellas in the 2000s; Space Boy (2007) is a children's story, Hamlet's Father (2008) is a retelling of Shakespeare's Hamlet, and Stonefather (2008) is the first story set in the Mithermages universe. The Crystal City (2003), is the sixth book in The Alvin Maker series.\n\nCard wrote two young-adult fantasy trilogies in the 2010s. Mithermages is about a teenager growing up on a magical estate in rural Virginia; it includes The Lost Gate (2011), The Gate Thief (2013), and Gatefather (2015). The Pathfinder trilogy consists of Pathfinder (2010), Ruins (2012), and Visitors (2014), and follows a young man who can change the past. Card has also written several urban fantasies, including Magic Street (2005) and Lost and Found (2019), both of which are about teenagers with special powers.\n\nCard wrote the Christmas novel Zanna's Gift (2004), which was originally published under a pseudonym. A Town Divided by Christmas and a \"Hallmark Christmas movie in prose\" were published in 2018. Invasive Procedures (2007), a medical thriller co-written with Aaron Johnston, is based on a screenplay Johnston wrote, which is based on Card's novel Malpractice.\n\nVideo games, comic books and television\n\nIn the 1990s, Card contributed dialogue to the point-and-click adventure video games The Secret of Monkey Island, The Dig, and NeoHunter, an early first-person shooter. His collaboration on videogame scripts continued in the 2000s, when he worked with Cameron Dayton on Advent Rising and outlined the story for Shadow Complex, a prequel to the events in his novels Empire and Hidden Empire. The novels and game are about a near-future civil war in the United States that occurs after civilians resist a left-wing coup in the White House.\n\nCard has written scripts for the two-volume comic-book series Ultimate Iron Man. He collaborated with his daughters Emily and Zina on the graphic novel Laddertop, and with Aaron Johnston to write a series of six Dragon Age comics. In 2017, Card wrote, produced, and co-created a television series called Extinct for BYU TV that ran for one season before it was canceled.\n\nAdaptations\n\nMany of Card's works have been adapted into comic books. Dabel Brothers Productions published comic-book adaptations of Red Prophet and Wyrms in 2006. Aaron Johnston wrote comic-book versions of Ender in Exile and Speaker for the Dead. Marvel published two Ender's Game miniseries, which were collected in the graphic novel version of Ender's Game; Christ Yost wrote the script and Pasqual Ferry was the artist. Two sets of comic miniseries were adapted by Mike Carey for Ender's Shadow and the comics collected in Ender's Shadow Ultimate Collection. A series of one-shots, some of which are based on Card's Enderverse short stories, were collected in Ender's Game: War of Gifts.\n\nSince Ender's Game was published in 1985, Card was reluctant to license film rights and artistic control for the novel. He had two opportunities to sell the rights of Ender's Game to Hollywood studios, but refused when creative differences became an issue. Card announced in February 2009 that he had completed a script for Odd Lot Entertainment, and that they had begun assembling a production team. On April 28, 2011, it was announced that Summit Entertainment had picked up the film's distribution and Digital Domain joined Odd Lot Entertainment in a co-production role. Card wrote many versions of the script for the movie, but ultimately director Gavin Hood wrote the screenplay. Card was a co-producer of the film. On Rotten Tomatoes, the critical consensus states: \"If it isn't quite as thought-provoking as the book, Ender's Game still manages to offer a commendable number of well-acted, solidly written sci-fi thrills.\"\n\nNewspaper columns\nSince 2001, Card's commentary includes the political columns \"War Watch\", \"World Watch\", and \"Uncle Orson Reviews Everything\", which were published in the Greensboro Rhinoceros Times until 2019. \"Uncle Orson Reviews Everything\" features personal reviews of films and commentary on other topics. The column also appears on Card's website, which is titled \"Hatrack River\". From 2008 to 2015, Card wrote a column of Latter-day Saint devotional and cultural commentary for the Nauvoo Times, which was published through Hatrack River.\n\nInfluences and style\n\nInfluences\nDuring his childhood, Card read widely. He read children's classics and popular novels. His favorite book was Mark Twain's The Prince and the Pauper and he read his family's World Book Encyclopedia in its entirety. He read science fiction stories in anthologies and science fiction novels. He especially credits Tunesmith by Lloyd Biggle Jr. as having a large effect on his life. Card often refers to works by Robert A. Heinlein and J. R. R. Tolkien as sources of inspiration. Card credits C. S. Lewis's apologetic fiction in the Chronicles of Narnia and The Screwtape Letters as influences that shaped his life and career. In 2014, Card stated that Isaac Asimov and Ray Bradbury were conscious influences on his writing, along with Early Modern English from the King James Version of the Bible and the works of William Shakespeare. As a college student, Card read classic literature, science fiction, and fantasy. Spenser's poetry inspired the original Prentice Alvin and the No-Good Plow. Influences from Portuguese and Brazilian Catholicism, which Card learned about during his LDS mission to Brazil, are evident in his Shadow and Speaker novels. Card stated his writing improved after teaching writing workshops with Jay Wentworth and from Algis Budrys's workshops at Writers of the Future.\n\nCard's membership of the LDS Church has been an important influence on his writing, though he initially tried to keep his religious beliefs separate from his fiction. Susanne Reid, a science fiction scholar, stated Card's religious background is evident in his frequent messiah protagonists and the \"moral seriousness\" in his works. Card's science-fiction books do not reference the LDS religion directly but \"offer careful readers insights that are compelling and moving in their religious intensity\". Non-LDS readers of A Planet Called Treason did not remark on religious themes, however, LDS reviewer Sandy Straubhaar disliked the novel's explicit violence and sex, and stated LDS connections were \"gratuitous\". Dick Butler criticized A Planet Called Treason for its lack of Gospel themes and ideas, and two other LDS reviewers defended Card. According to Michael Collings, a critic who acknowledges his \"unabashed appreciation\" of Card, knowledge of Mormon theology is vital to completely understanding Card's works, stating the life stages of the \"piggies\" in Speaker for the Dead correspond to phases of life in the LDS's plan of salvation.In an article in Sunstone, Christopher C. Smith also noticed this parallel, noting that the \"piggies\" procreate \"more or less eternally\" in the last stage of their development. Ender's Game and Speaker for the Dead deal with religious themes common in LDS theology but without many surface references to the religion. The Alvin Maker series does not try to explain Mormon history but uses it to examine his characters' relationships with God. Card stated that his church membership influences his communitarian values, specifically, making personal sacrifices for the good of a community. Individuals making sacrifices for their community is a theme in his work.\n\nCard's Homecoming Saga is a dramatization of Book of Mormon.Eugene England called the first five novels \"good literature\". Card received criticism from members of the LDS church for \"plagiarizing\" the Book of Mormon and using it irreverently. He defended his choices and said speculative fiction is the genre best suited to exploring theological and moral issues. Also in the Homecoming Saga, Card imagines backstories and explanations for \"anomalies\" in the Book of Mormon, making the fictional work function as a work of Mormon apologetics. While women are not prominent in the Book of Mormon, Card makes them prominent in his retelling. One non-LDS critic described the saga as \"readable\" but lacking in new ideas. Unaware of its relation to the Book of Mormon, another critic said it is similar to the Bible.\n\nStyle\nBecause Card began his writing career in screenplays, his early work is considered accessible and fast-paced with good characters, but also stylistically unremarkable. According to biographer Richard Bleiler, a number of critics described his tone as emotionless or conversely, as nonjudgmental, leaving readers to come to their own conclusions about how to feel about a story. Though Card was initially classified as a hard science fiction writer for publishing in Analog, his science fiction focuses more on his characters than on the details of future technology. One critic said Card is poor at characterization, stating the characters Peter and Valentine in Ender's Game are \"totally unbelievable\". While noticing that some of Card's early stories were formulaic, Westfahl praised many of Card's early stories as showing \"conspicuous originality\". The graphic violence in his early fiction was controversial; frequent appearances of naked men and boys raised \"questions about homoerotic imagery\" according to Westfahl. Collings stated that the early stories are \"essential steps in the development of Card's fiction\". Card uses a technique common in pulp fiction when he refers to characters by a quirk of their appearance or personality. Card's fantasy stories also use tropes that are common to fantasy.\n\nCard cites the Book of Mormon as an important influence on his writing; his habit of beginning sentences with conjunctions comes from the book. Literary devices in Hot Sleep parallel those of the Book of Mormon. Collings said Hot Sleep mimicry of Book of Mormon language makes it an \"inherently\" Mormon novel. Card combined several Worthing stories and revised Hot Sleep to create The Worthing Chronicle, which does not mirror the language of the Book of Mormon as much as Hot Sleep does.\n\nThemes\n\nChild-genius savior\nOne theme in Card's works is that of a precocious child who is isolated from others but is uniquely positioned to help or save their community. These characters with exceptional abilities achieve their destiny \"through discipline and suffering\". Often, his gifted protagonists are introspective children. Card's work features children and adults working together, which is unusual. His characters feel \"real\" and must grow and take on responsibilities, and often sacrifice themselves to improve their own societies. This sacrifice is a difficult choice in which none of the options are obviously good. These protagonists have unusual abilities that are both a blessing and a curse. The protagonists, who are isolated from family and friends, relate better to adults than to other young people; when they grow up, they often mentor other precocious youths. Alvin Maker follows this pattern; his magical abilities are very unusual and he uses them to redeem his people.\n\nAccording to Collings, Card's protagonists are \"lonely and manipulative Messiah-figures\" who make sacrifices that can be interpreted as a declaration of principles. Family and community problems arise when individuals are not fully accepted or when communities do not work with others in larger units. Often one group tries to kill or enslave another group but their conflict is alleviated when they try to understand each other. Protagonists make choices that save a person or a group of people. In The Porcelain Salamander, a girl is saved by a magical salamander; this action restores her ability to move but she takes on some attributes of the salamander. In Kingsmeat the Shepherd painlessly excises meat from humans to save them from being completely eaten by their alien overlords. The violence of removing parts of people is like the violence of repentance. Collings states part of this story \"could serve as an epigram of all Card's fictions; trapped within a circle of opposing forces, one focal character must decide whether or not to become, like Ender Wiggin, 'something of a savior, or a prophet, or at least a martyr'.\"\n\nThe original short story Ender's Game is reminiscent of Heinlein's young adult novels because it is about a young person with impressive gifts who is guided by a stern mentor whose choices affect all of humanity. The situations and choices in the Ender series invoke a number of philosophical topics, including the rules of war, embodiment psychology, the ethics of anthropology and xenology, and the morality of manipulating children. Though Card described Happy Head (1978) as an embarrassment, it anticipated cyberpunk fiction with an investigator judge who can experience memories with witnesses. Both A Thousand Deaths (1978) and Unaccompanied Sonata feature protagonists who rebel against the dystopias they inhabit.\n\nAmerican politics\nIn a May 2013 essay called \"Unlikely Events\", which Card presented as an experiment in fiction-writing, Card described an alternative future in which President Barack Obama ruled as a \"Hitler- or Stalin-style dictator\" with his own national police force of young unemployed men; Obama and his wife Michelle would have amended the U.S. Constitution to allow presidents to remain in power for life, as in Nigeria, Zimbabwe, and Nazi Germany. In the essay, first published in The Rhinoceros Times, Card attributed Obama's success to being a \"black man who talks like a white man (that's what they mean by calling him \"articulate\" and a \"great speaker\").\" The essay drew criticism from journalists for its allusions to Obama's race and its reference to \"urban gangs\". Vice author Dave Schilling featured the article in his \"This Week in Racism\" roundup several months after its publication.\n\nEmpire (2006) is a novel about civil war between progressive and conservative extremists in America. It was a finalist for the Prometheus Award, an award given by the Libertarian Futurist Society. Publishers Weekly stated that \"right-wing rhetoric trumps the logic of story and character\" in the novel. Another review from Publishers Weekly noted that \"Card's conservative bias seeps into\" the novel. At SFReviews, Thomas Wagner took further issue with Card's tendency to \"smugly pretend[...] to be above it all,\" or claiming to be moderate while espousing conservative views of news media. In an interview with Mythaxis Review in April 2021, Card stated that he writes fiction \"without conscious agenda.\"\n\nHomosexuality\nIn Card's fiction writing, homosexual characters appear in contexts that some critics have interpreted as homophobic. Writing for Salon, Aja Romano lists the \"homophobic subtext\" of characters in four of Card's books. In Songmaster, a man falls in love with a 15-year-old castrato in a pederastic society. Their sexual union has \"creepy overtones\" that makes the teenager \"unable to have sex again.\" On the topic of Songmaster, Card wrote that he was not trying to show homosexual sex as beautiful. Romano wrote that the book's \"main plot point revolve[d] around punishing homosexual sex.\" In the Homecoming series, a gay male character, Zdorab, marries and procreates for the good of society. Romano notes that Zdorab does not stop being gay after his marriage, but that procreation is paramount in the book's society. Eugene England defends Zdorab, arguing that he is a sympathetic character who discovered that his homosexuality was determined by his mother's hormone levels during pregnancy. Therefore, Card acknowledges that homosexuality is not a character trait that can be erased or reversed. While Zdorab marries and has children, he sees his choice to become a father as very deliberate and not \"out of some inborn instinct.\" \n\nCard's 2008 novella Hamlet's Father re-imagines the backstory of Shakespeare's play Hamlet. In the novella, Hamlet's friends were sexually abused as children by his pedophilic father and subsequently identify as homosexual adults. The novella prompted public outcry and its publishers were inundated with complaints. Trade journal Publishers Weekly criticized Card's work, stating its main purpose was to attempt to link homosexuality with pedophilia. Card responded that he did not link homosexuality with pedophilia, stating that in his book, Hamlet's father was a pedophile that shows no sexual attraction to adults of either sex.\n\nViews\n\nPolitics\nCard became a member of the U.S. Democratic Party in 1976 and has on multiple occasions referred to himself as a Moynihan or Blue Dog Democrat, as recently as 2020. Card supported Republican presidential candidate John McCain in 2008 and Newt Gingrich in 2012. In 2016 he followed the \"hold your nose, vote Trump\" hashtag and voted accordingly. According to Salon, Card's views are close to neoconservative. Card has described himself as a moral conservative, Card was a vocal supporter of the U.S.'s War on Terror. In a 2020 interview with Ben Shapiro, Card stated that he was not a conservative because he has beliefs that do not align with typical conservative platforms, including desiring liberal immigration laws, gun control, and abolishing the death penalty. In 2000, Card said he believed government has a duty to protect citizens from capitalism.\n\nHomosexuality\nCard has publicly declared his support of laws against homosexual activity and same-sex marriage. Card's 1990 essay \"A Changed Man: The Hypocrites of Homosexuality\" was first published in Sunstone and republished in his collection of non-fiction essays, A Storyteller in Zion. In the essay, he argued that laws against homosexual behavior should not be \"indiscriminately enforced against anyone who happens to be caught violating them, but [used only] when necessary to send a clear message [to] those who flagrantly violate society's regulation\". Card also questioned in a 2004 column the notion that homosexuality was a purely innate or genetic trait, and asserted that a range of environmental factors also contributed to its development, including abuse. In an introduction to a reprint of his essay, Card wrote that since 2003, when the US Supreme Court had ruled those laws unconstitutional, he has \"no interest in criminalizing homosexual acts\". \n\nCard has stated there is no need to legalize same-sex marriage and that he opposes efforts to do so. In 2008, he wrote in an opinion piece in the Deseret News that relationships between same-sex couples would always be different from those between opposite-sex couples, and that if a government were to say otherwise, \"married people\" would \"act to destroy\" it as their \"mortal enemy\". In 2012, Card supported North Carolina Amendment 1, a ballot measure to outlaw same-sex marriage in North Carolina, saying the legalization of gay marriage was a slippery slope upon which the political left would make it \"illegal to teach traditional values in the schools\". In 2009, Card joined the board of directors of the National Organization for Marriage, a group that campaigns against same-sex marriage. Card resigned from the board in mid-2013. In July 2013, one week after the U.S. Supreme Court issued rulings in two cases that were widely interpreted as favoring recognition of same-sex marriages, Card published in Entertainment Weekly a statement saying the same-sex marriage issue is moot because of the Supreme Court's decision on the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA).\n\nCard's views have had professional repercussions. In 2013, he was selected as a guest author for DC Comics's new Adventures of Superman comic book series, but controversy over his views on homosexuality led illustrator Chris Sprouse to leave the project. An online petition to drop the story received over 16,000 signatures and DC Comics put Card's story on hold indefinitely. A few months later, an LGBT non-profit organization Geeks OUT proposed a boycott of the movie adaptation of Ender's Game, calling Card's views \"anti-gay\" and causing the movie studio Lionsgate to publicly distance itself from Card's opinions.\n\nAwards and legacy\nCard won the ALA Margaret Edwards Award, which recognizes one writer and a particular body of work for \"significant and lasting contributions to young adult literature\", in 2008 for his contribution in writing for teenagers; his work was selected by a panel of YA librarians. Card said he was unsure his work was suitable for the award because it was never marketed as \"young adult\". In the same year, Card won the Lifetime Achievement Award for Mormon writers at the Whitney Awards.\n\nIn 1978, the Harold B. Lee Library acquired the Orson Scott Card papers, which include Card's works, writing notes, and letters. The collection was formally opened in 2007. Stephenie Meyer, Brandon Sanderson, and Dave Wolverton have cited Card's works as a major influence. In addition, Card inspired Lindsay Ellis's novel Axiom's End.\n\nCard has also won numerous awards for single works: \n 1978 John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer from the World Science Fiction Convention, citing the Ender's Game novelette\n 1984 Saints: Book of the Year by the Association for Mormon Letters\n 1985 Ender's Game: Nebula Award, 1985; Hugo Award, 1986;\n 1986 Speaker for the Dead; Nebula Award, 1986, Hugo Award, 1987; Locus Award, 1987; SF Chronicle Readers Poll Award 87\n 1987 \"Eye for Eye\": Hugo Award, 1988; Seiun Award, 1989\n 1987 \"Hatrack River\": Nebula nominee, 1986, Hugo nominee, 1987, World Fantasy Award (WFA) winner - novella, 1987\n 1988 Seventh Son: Hugo and WFA nominee, 1988; Mythopoeic Society Award 1988; Locus Award winner, 1988\n 1989 Red Prophet: Hugo nominee, 1988; Nebula Nominee, 1989; Locus winner, 1989\n 1991 How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy (Writer's Digest Books, 90): Hugo Award\n 1995 Alvin Journeyman: Locus Award winner, 1996\n2002 Shadow of the Hegemon: ALA Best Books for Young Adults\n\nOther activities\nSince 1994, Card has served as a judge for Writers of the Future, a science fiction and fantasy story contest for amateur writers. In late 2005, Card launched Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show, an online fantasy and science fiction magazine. In 2005, Card accepted a permanent appointment as \"distinguished professor\" at Southern Virginia University in Buena Vista, Virginia, a small liberal arts college. Card has served on the boards of a number of organizations, including public television station UNC-TV (2013–present) and the National Organization for Marriage (2009–2013).\n\nCard taught a course on novel-writing at Pepperdine University, which was sponsored by Michael Collings. Afterwards, Card designed his own writing courses called \"Uncle Orson's Writing Course\" and \"literary boot camp\". Eric James Stone, Jamie Ford, Brian McClellan, Mette Ivie Harrison and John Brown have attended Card's literary boot camp. Luc Reid, founder of the Codex Writers Group is also a literary book camp alumnus. Card has been a Special Guest and/or Literary Guest of Honor and Keynote Speaker at the Life, the Universe, & Everything professional science fiction and fantasy arts symposium, on at least six separate occasions: 1983, 1986, 1987, 1997, 2008, 2014.\n\nSee also\n \n Orson Scott Card bibliography\n LDS fiction\n Descendants of Brigham Young\n\nReferences\n\nWorks cited\n\nFurther reading\n Card Catalogue: The Science Fiction and Fantasy of Orson Scott Card, Michael R. Collings, Hypatia Press, 1987, \n The Work of Orson Scott Card: An Annotated Bibliography and Guide, Michael R. Collings and Boden Clarke, 1997\n Storyteller: The Official Guide to the Works of Orson Scott Card, Michael R. Collings, Overlook Connection Press, 2001,\n\nExternal links\n\n Official website\n \n \n Orson Scott Card at the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction\n Orson Scott Card at the Encyclopedia of Fantasy\n \n Orson Scott Card at the MLCA Database\n Orson Scott Card papers, MSS 1756 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University\n Orson Scott Card exhibit, includes several scans of manuscript items from the Orson Scott Card papers at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University\n\n1951 births\n20th-century American novelists\n20th-century Mormon missionaries\n21st-century American non-fiction writers\n21st-century American novelists\nAmerican Latter Day Saint writers\nAmerican Mormon missionaries in Brazil\nAmerican children's writers\nAmerican comics writers\nAmerican fantasy writers\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\nAmerican male novelists\nAmerican online publication editors\nAmerican science fiction writers\nBrigham Young University alumni\nHugo Award-winning writers\nJohn W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer winners\nLatter Day Saints from Arizona\nLatter Day Saints from North Carolina\nLatter Day Saints from Utah\nLatter Day Saints from Washington (state)\nLiving people\nMargaret A. Edwards Award winners\nMormon apologists\nNational Organization for Marriage people\nNebula Award winners\nNorth Carolina Democrats\nNovelists from North Carolina\nNovelists from Utah\nNovelists from Virginia\nPeople from Richland, Washington\nSouthern Virginia University faculty\nUniversity of Notre Dame alumni\nUniversity of Utah alumni\nWashington (state) Democrats\nWorld Fantasy Award-winning writers\nWriters from California\nWriters from Greensboro, North Carolina\nWriters of books about writing fiction\nWriters of young adult science fiction\n20th-century American male writers\n21st-century American male writers\nHarold B. Lee Library-related articles\nAnti-same-sex-marriage activists" ]

[ "Orson Scott Card", "Science fiction", "When did Card start writing science fiction?", "was eventually purchased by Ben Bova at Analog Science Fiction and Fact and published in the August 1977 issue." ]

[ "Pauline Whitby was a British science fiction author who wrote under the pseudonym Pauline Ashwell (1926 Hatfield, Hertfordshire - 23 November 2015). She also wrote under the names Paul Ashwell and Paul Ash. She took her surname from Ashwell, Hertfordshire.\n\nCareer\nAshwell's first published work was a children's fantasy book, Little Red Steamer (Methuen, 1941) and her first science fiction story, \"Invasion from Venus\", published when she was only 16 years old. It appeared in the July 1942 issue of an obscure British science fiction magazine, Yankee Science Fiction, under the name Paul Ashwell.\n\nShe was discovered by science fiction editor John W. Campbell, who published her debut novel, Unwillingly to School, under the name Pauline Ashwell in the January 1958 issue of Astounding Science Fiction. She was nominated for the Hugo Awards for Best New Author and Best Novelette. The year 1958 was the first time she and other female nominees contended for Hugo Awards. That year, Campbell also published her story Big Sword in the October 1958 of Astounding under the name Paul Ash. Her third story for Campbell was The Lost Kafoozalum, again under the name Pauline Ashwell, published in the October 1960 issue of Analog Science Fact & Fiction (the new name of Astounding). This story was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Short Story. Though she lost to Poul Anderson's The Longest Voyage, Richard A. Lupoff included her story in his series What If? Stories That Should Have Won The Hugo as one of three stories by women who debuted in the 1950s that he thought should have won those awards.\n\nHer 1966 story, The Wings of a Bat under the name Paul Ash, appeared as a nominee on the first ballot of the Nebula Award for Best Novelette. Other than Rats in the Moon in the November 1982 issue of Analog, she published nothing between 1966 and 1988. In 1988, she published a burst of stories in Analog: Interference (as Paul Ash, March), Thingummy Hall (June), Fatal Statistics (July), Make Your Own Universe (Mid-December), and Shortage in Time (December). More stories followed during the next two decades. Her story Man Opening a Door, published in the June 1991 issue of Analog under the name Paul Ash, was on the final ballot as a nominee for the Nebula Award for Best Novella. Her novel The Man Who Stayed Behind appeared in the July 1993 issue of Analog, also under the name Paul Ash, but was never published in book form.\n\nTor Books published her only two books: \n The novel Project FarCry (1995).\nand \n Unwillingly to Earth (1993), a fix-up of four previously published stories detailing the space adventures of the young Lysistrata (aka \"Lizzie\") Lee, including\nUnwillingly to School (Astounding Science Fiction, January 1958), set on the rough mining planet where Lizzie was born and from which she was sent against her will to university on Earth.\nRats in the Moon (Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, November 1982), where Lizzie exposes plots of interplanetary political corruption on Earth's Moon.\nFatal Statistics (Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, July 1988), where Lizzie negotiates between hostile factions on the planet Figueroa, whose civilization collapsed, and helps survivors make a new start.\n The Lost Kafoozalum (Analog Science Fact -> Fiction, October 1960), where Lizzie takes part in a daring plot to avert nuclear war on the planet Incognita, and when things go terribly wrong she sets them right, saves the life of her professor and eventually marries him.\n\nAshwell also published love stories under a variety of pseudonyms.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n [Found! The Lost Kafoozalum] - article and meeting\n \n \n\n1928 births\nBritish science fiction writers\nWomen science fiction and fantasy writers\n20th-century British novelists\nBritish women novelists\n20th-century British women writers\n2015 deaths\nPseudonymous women writers\n20th-century pseudonymous writers", "The Last Hurrah of the Golden Horde is the first collection of science fiction stories by author Norman Spinrad. It was originally published by Nelson Doubleday in August 1970 with a Science Fiction Book Club edition and by Avon Books the following month. The collection placed eighth in the Locus Poll for best sf anthology or collection of the year.\n\nContents\n \"Carcinoma Angels\" (Dangerous Visions, 1967)\n \"The Age of Invention\" (F&SF 1966)\n \"Outward Bound\" (Analog 1964)\n \"A Child of Mind\" (Amazing 1965)\n \"The Equalizer\" (Analog 1964)\n \"The Last of the Romany\" (Analog 1963)\n \"Technicality\" (Analog 1966)\n \"The Rules of the Road\" (Galaxy 1964)\n \"Dead End\" (Galaxy 1969)\n \"A Night in Elf Hill\" (The Farthest Reaches 1968)\n \"Deathwatch\" (Playboy 1965)\n \"The Ersatz Ego\" (Amazing 1964)\n \"Neutral Ground\" (F&SF 1966)\n \"Once More, with Feeling\" (Knight 1969)\n \"It’s a Bird! It’s a Plane!\" (Gent 1967)\n \"Subjectivity\" (Analog 1964)\n \"The Entropic Gang Bang Caper\" (New Worlds 1969)\n \"The Last Hurrah of the Golden Horde\" (New Worlds'' 1969)\n\n\"The Ersatz Ego\" was originally published as \"Your Name Shall Be . . . Darkness.\"\n\nReception\nReviewing the collection in Galaxy, Algis Budrys noted that \"you become struck by Spinrad's breadth of awareness and by his ability to write a number of different styles well,\" but that \"[Spinrad] never rises above the level of simple, straightforward competence.\" Budrys concluded that \"alarmingly, it's taking Spinrad a very long time to stop synthesizing and start speaking with his own voice.\"\n\nReferences\n\nScience fiction short story collections\n1970 short story collections\nSingle-writer short story collections\nDoubleday (publisher) books" ]

[ "Orson Scott Card", "Science fiction", "When did Card start writing science fiction?", "was eventually purchased by Ben Bova at Analog Science Fiction and Fact and published in the August 1977 issue.", "What was the name of the story Analog published in August 1977?", "He wrote the short story \"Ender's Game\" while working at the BYU press," ]

[ "There are various sources for short stories set in the Ender's Game series. One is the short story collection First Meetings by Orson Scott Card. This collection contains the original novelette Ender's Game plus three other stories. Another source is Card’s webzine InterGalactic Medicine Show. The first four stories from Card's webzine: \"Mazer in Prison,\" \"Pretty Boy,\" \"Cheater,\" and \"A Young Man with Prospects,\" also appear in the paperback anthology Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show. Reprints of short stories in the Ender's Game series can be found in other science fiction anthologies.\n\nAnalog Science Fiction and Fact\n\n\"Ender's Game\"\nThis story is the original Ender's Game novelette which Card published in the August 1977 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact.\n\n\"Gloriously Bright\"\nThis story introduces the characters of Han Fei-tzu, Han Qing-jao, and Si Wang-mu and was published in the January 1991 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact.\n\nFirst Meetings\n\n\"Investment Counselor\"\nThis is the story of how Ender Wiggin first meets the AI Jane and decides to become a speaker for the dead.\n\n\"The Polish Boy\"\nThis is the story of how John Paul Wiggin (Ender's father) comes to the attention of the International Fleet as a child.\n\n\"Teacher's Pest\"\nThis is the story of how John Paul Wiggin first meets and falls in love with his future wife Theresa Brown.\n\nInterGalactic Medicine Show\n\n\"Mazer in Prison\"\nThis story centers around Mazer Rackham, a young Hyrum Graff, and the creation of Battle School.\n\n\"Pretty Boy\"\nThis is the story of Bonito \"Bonzo\" Madrid as a child. Bonito was born in Toledo, Spain and given a name that means \"pretty boy\". His father Amaro was a lawyer and Spanish patriot who adored his son. As he grew older Bonito started to observe his family and discovered that they needed him to be happy so he decided not to go to Battle School. However while studying his parents to find out how to make them happier, he discovered that his father kept a second apartment in the city and told his mother. When he and his mother went to see his grandmother Bonito learned that his father was having an affair with another woman and had broken his mother's heart. Because Bonito did not want to be like his father, he changed his mind and went to Battle School.\nFirst published in the March 2006 issue of InterGalactic Medcicine Show, the story also appears in the anthology Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show.\n\n\"Cheater\"\nThis story tells how Han Tzu (Hot Soup) ends up getting selected to go to Battle School.\n\n\"A Young Man with Prospects\"\nThis story tells how Alessandra and her mother become colonists on a new planet after the Formic War.\n\n\"The Gold Bug\"\nThis story tells the story of how a former soldier steps aside to allow Ender to become the governor of his planet.\n\n\"Ender's Stocking\"\nThis story is about Peter Wiggin and his family at Christmas time, while Ender is still in Battle School.\n\n\"Ender's Homecoming\"\nThis story is about how Ender's parents and sister conspire to keep him from returning to Earth so he will be safe.\n\n\"Ender in Flight\"\nThis story is about a power struggle between Ender and Admiral Morgan on the way to the colony where Ender is to become governor.\n\nOther\n\n\"The War of Gifts\"\nIn 2016, Card released this version of the story A War of Gifts: An Ender Story, which excludes the \"Ender's Stocking\" chapter, for inclusion in the anthology Decision Points.\n\n\"Renegat\"\nOriginally posted to Orson Scott Card's Uncle Orson on the Fly subscribers' area on February 2, 2017, this short story was first published in the space opera anthology, Infinite Stars, on October 17, 2017. The story is told from Dabeet Ochoa's point of view as he, Ender, and Valentine work to solve a murder mystery on the planet Catalunya.\n\n\"Governor Wiggin\"\nOriginally posted to Orson Scott Card's Uncle Orson on the Fly subscribers' area on June 10, 2017, this short story has been published in Ender's Way, a large collection of Ender-related short stories, on April 12, 2021. The story is about Ender solving problems in his colony during his time as governor.\n\n\"Messenger\"\nOriginally posted to Orson Scott Card's Uncle Orson on the Fly subscribers' area on September 10, 2018, this short story will first be published in the space opera anthology, Infinite Stars: Dark Frontiers, scheduled for release on November 5, 2019. This story focuses on Hyrum Graff, and may be the first few chapters of The Last Shadow\n\nChronological order of stories\n\n \"Mazer in Prison\"\n \"The Polish Boy\"\n \"Teacher's Pest\"\n \"Pretty Boy\"\n \"Cheater\"\n \"The War of Gifts\"\n \"Ender's Stocking\"\n \"Ender's Game\"\n \"Ender's Homecoming\"\n \"A Young Man with Prospects\"\n \"Ender in Flight\"\n \"The Gold Bug\"\n \"Governor Wiggin\"\n \"Investment Counselor\"\n \"Renegat\"\n \"Gloriously Bright\"\n \"Messenger\"\n\nChronology chart\n\nSee also\nList of Ender's Game characters\nList of works by Orson Scott Card\nFirst Meetings by Orson Scott Card\nInterGalactic Medicine Show: Card's webzine\n\nExternal links\n The official Orson Scott Card website\n Card's Intergalactic Medicine Show\n\nShort stories by Orson Scott Card\n \nScience fiction book series\nShort story series", "The Analog Anthology #2: Readers' Choice is an anthology of science fiction stories and articles drawn from Analog magazine, edited by then-current Analog editor Stanley Schmidt. It was first published in paperback by Davis Publications in January 1982, and reprinted later the same year under the alternate title Analog: Readers' Choice. A hardcover edition was issued by The Dial Press under the alternate title in March 1982.\n\nThe book collects eleven short pieces first published in Analog and its predecessor title Astounding, together with an introduction by Schmidt.\n\nContents\n\"Introduction\" (Stanley Schmidt)\n\"Old Faithful\" (Raymond Z. Gallun)\n\"Helen O'Loy\" (Lester del Rey)\n\"Requiem\" (Robert A. Heinlein)\n\"Some Curious Effects of Time Travel\" (L. Sprague de Camp)\n\"The Cold Equations\" (Tom Godwin)\n\"Plus X\" (Eric Frank Russell)\n\"The Big Front Yard\" (Clifford D. Simak)\n\"What Do You Mean ... Human?\" [editorial] (John W. Campbell, Jr.)\n\"Home is the Hangman\" (Roger Zelazny)\n\"Eyes of Amber\" (Joan D. Vinge)\n\"Ender's Game\" (Orson Scott Card)\n\nNotes\n\n1982 short story collections\nScience fiction anthologies\nStanley Schmidt anthologies" ]

[ "Orson Scott Card", "Science fiction", "When did Card start writing science fiction?", "was eventually purchased by Ben Bova at Analog Science Fiction and Fact and published in the August 1977 issue.", "What was the name of the story Analog published in August 1977?", "He wrote the short story \"Ender's Game\" while working at the BYU press,", "So, Ender's Game was first published in Analog magazine--when did it become a book?", "Ender's Game and its sequel Speaker for the Dead were both awarded the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award," ]

[ "The Ender's Game series (often referred to as the Ender saga and also the Enderverse''') is a series of science fiction books written by American author Orson Scott Card. The series started with the novelette Ender's Game, which was later expanded into the novel of the same title. It currently consists of sixteen novels, thirteen short stories, 47 comic issues, an audioplay, and a film. The first two novels in the series, Ender's Game and Speaker for the Dead, each won both the Hugo and Nebula Awards.\n\nThe series is set in a future where mankind is facing annihilation by an aggressive alien society, an insect-like race known formally as \"Formics\", but more colloquially as \"Buggers\". The series protagonist, Andrew \"Ender\" Wiggin, is one of the child soldiers trained at Battle School (and eventually Command School) to be the future leaders for the protection of Earth.\n\nEnderverse\n\nEnder series\nStarting with Ender's Game, five novels and one novella have been released that tell the story of Ender. The first four have been described (and released as a box set) as The Ender Quartet and, together with Ender in Exile, as The Ender Quintet. Card first wrote Ender's Game as a novelette, but later expanded it into a novel.\n\nWhile the first novel concerned itself with armies and space warfare, Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, and Children of the Mind are more philosophical in nature, dealing with the difficult relationship between the humans and the \"Piggies\" (or \"Pequeninos\"), and Andrew's (Ender's) attempts to stop another xenocide from happening.A War of Gifts: An Ender Story, a novella, was released in October 2007. It is a parallel story set during Ender's first year in Battle School. Ender in Exile, which is both sequel of Ender's Game and a prequel to Speaker for the Dead was released in November 2008. It involves Ender's journey to the first human colony on a former Formic world. Because of changes Card made to a few details of the story of that first colony ship and Ender's role as governor, it serves as a replacement for the last chapter of Ender's Game. It also deals with his meeting a character from the parallel Shadow saga (effectively wrapping up a remaining plotline in the parallel series).\n\nShadow saga\nStarting with Ender's Shadow, five novels and one novella have been released that tell the story of the people Ender left behind – this has been dubbed the Shadow saga (also known as the \"Shadow Quintet\").Ender's Shadow is a parallel novel to Ender's Game, telling many of the same events from the perspective of Bean, a mostly peripheral character in Ender's Game, while the first three sequels, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets and Shadow of the Giant tell the story of the struggle for world dominance after the Bugger War. This involves the Battle School children, as well as Ender's brother, Peter Wiggin, and Petra Arkanian going up against Achilles de Flandres (from Poke's crew).\n\nA sequel novella to Shadow of the Giant named Shadows in Flight further introduces three of Bean's children who also have Anton's key turned.\n\nThe Last Shadow (previously called Shadows Alive), was released on November 2021, takes place after both Children of the Mind and Shadows in Flight, tying up the two series, and explaining some unanswered questions.\n\nFormic Wars\n\nThe First Formic War\nCard and Aaron Johnston wrote a trilogy to cover the events of the First Formic War. Chronologically, this series comes before all other books in the Ender's Game series. Earth Unaware was released on July 17, 2012. Earth Afire, was released on June 4, 2013, and Earth Awakens on June 10, 2014.\n\nThe Second Formic War\nOn November 4, 2013, Johnston confirmed work on a second trilogy of novels covering the Second Formic War, with the manuscript for the first book due in 2014. The planned titles of the novels are (in order) The Swarm, The Hive, and The Queens. The Swarm, continuing the stories of Victor Delgado, Mazer Rackham, and Bingwen, was released on August 2, 2016. The Hive was released on June 11, 2019. \n\nFleet School\nAccording to an interview with Orson Scott Card at Southern Virginia University, Fleet School is \"a new set of sequels to Ender's Game. It's for a young adult audience. It's what happens to Battle School after the International Fleet loses its purpose of war. It becomes what is called Fleet School, and it prepares kids to become commanders / explorers in the colonies that are going to be forming. We get to see that as the school administrators repurpose the school, the Battle Room is still there, but it's a whole different kind of education.\" On November 12, 2015, Orson Scott Card announced the title of the series and its first novel, Children of the Fleet was released on October 10, 2017.\n\nPublications\n\n Novels in the series \nTo date, there are 19 publications in the Ender's Game series, five novels and one novella in the Ender series, five novels and one novella in the Shadow Saga, five novels in the Formic Wars series, one novel in the Fleet School series and one collection of short stories. According to Card, there is no strictly preferred order of reading them, except that Xenocide should be read right before Children of the Mind.\nThe books can be read in the order in which they were originally written or in chronological order.\n\n Publication date \n\n Chronological order Earth UnawareEarth AfireEarth AwakensThe SwarmThe HiveThe Queens (TBA)Ender's Game Ender's Shadow (Note: The events of Ender's Game and Ender's Shadow take place in roughly the same time period.)A War of Gifts (Note: This takes place during Ender's Game/Ender's Shadow.)Shadow of the HegemonChildren of the Fleet (Note: opening chapters take place during Shadow of the Hegemon.)Shadow PuppetsShadow of the GiantEnder in Exile (Note: Beginning takes place during Shadow of the Hegemon and through Shadow of the Giant)Shadows in FlightFirst Meetings (Note: This is actually a collection of four short stories. The first two take place when Ender's parents are children and in their teens. The next is the original novella \"Ender's Game\". The last brings Ender and Jane together for the first time. \"First Meetings\" is listed right before \"Speaker for the Dead\" because the last story takes place when Ender had just turned 20.)Speaker for the DeadXenocideChildren of the MindThe Last ShadowShort stories in the series\n\nFirst MeetingsFirst Meetings is a collection of short stories whose settings range from before Ender's Game until after Shadows in Flight and was first released in 2002.\n\nComic books in the series\n\nComic books in the Ender Universe are currently being published by Marvel Comics.\n\nGame\nIn 2008 it was announced an Ender's Game video game was in the works. It was to be known as Ender's Game: Battle Room and was a planned digitally distributed video game for all viable downloadable platforms. It was under development by Chair Entertainment, which also developed the Xbox Live Arcade games Undertow and Shadow Complex. Chair had sold the licensing of Empire to Card, which became a best-selling novel. Little was revealed about the game, save its setting in the Ender universe and that it would have focused on the Battle Room.\n\nIn December, 2010, it was announced that the video game development had stopped and the project put on indefinite hold.\n\nOrson Scott Card and Amaze Entertainment also came to an agreement about a game adaption of the Ender's Game novel but the plans never became a reality.\n\nManga\nIn 2014, Satō Shūhō's manga, Ender's Game (Jp Ender no Game) appeared.\n\nAudioplay\n\nFilm\n\nThe film Ender's Game was released in the UK on October 25, 2013 and in the USA on November 1, 2013. The first script was based on two installments of the Ender series, Ender's Game and Ender's Shadow, when optioned by Warner Brothers, but was adapted to focus exclusively on Ender's Game when purchased by Lionsgate. The cast includes Harrison Ford, Abigail Breslin, Ben Kingsley, and Asa Butterfield as Ender Wiggin. The film was directed by Gavin Hood.Ender's Shadow Audiobook, author's epilogue\n\nRelated\n\nThe Authorized Ender Companion\nWritten by Jake Black, The Authorized Ender Companion is \"the indispensable guide to the universe of Ender's Game.\"\nSections in this book include: The Ender Encyclopedia, Ender's Timeline, Ender's Family Tree by Andrew Lindsay, Getting Ender Right: A Look at the Ender's Game Screenplay Development by Aaron Johnston, and The Technology of Ender's Game by Stephen Sywak. The majority of the book consists of encyclopedia references to the events, characters, locations, and technology found in the Ender's Game series up to the publication of Ender in Exile.\n\nThe book is notable for having new and behind the scenes information on certain topics such as Battle School Slang, The Look of the Formics, The History of Hyrum Graff, Ender and Valentine's Travels, and Mazer Rackham's Spaceship.\n\nEnder's World: Fresh Perspectives on the SF Classic Ender's Game\nEnder's World contains 14 essays from Science Fiction and Young Adult writers, as well as military strategists and others about various aspects of Ender’s Game. The book includes an introduction by Orson Scott Card, who edited Ender's World and answers from many fan-submitted Enderverse questions from the Smart Pop Books Website. These essays are included in the compilation:\n \"How It Should Have Ended\" by Eric James Stone\n \"The Monster's Heart\" by John Brown\n \"The Cost of Breaking the Rules\" by Mary Robinette Kowal\n \"Winning and Losing in Ender’s Game\" by Hilari Bell\n \"Parallax Regained\" by David Lubar, Alison S. Myers\n \"Mirror, Mirror\" by Alethea Kontis\n \"Size Matters\" by Janis Ian\n \"Rethinking the Child Hero\" by Aaron Johnston\n \"A Teenless World\" by Mette Ivie Harrison\n \"Ender on Leadership\" by Colonel Tom Ruby\n \"Ender Wiggin, USMC\" by John F. Schmitt\n \"The Price of Our Inheritance\" by Neal Shusterman\n \"If the Formics Love Their Children Too\" by Ken Scholes\n \"Ender's Game: A Guide to Life\" by Matt Nix\n\nCharacters\nFormics\nThe Formics, also known as Buggers''', are a fictional ant-like alien species from the Ender's Game series of science fiction novels by Orson Scott Card.\n\nAccording to the novel canon, the Formics attacked Earth 50 years before the novel begins. They attempted to colonise the planet and were barely fought off by a New Zealand soldier known as Mazer Rackham. The first book in the series, Ender's Game, largely stems from the human quest to defend themselves from this species, although the Formics ultimately turn out as victims, with the first attack being an accident due to differing biology.\n\nThe term \"Formic\" is derived from formica, the Latin word for ant; whereas \"bugger\" is a pejorative used by humans; yet it was not until 1999's Ender's Shadow that the term 'Formic' was first used, interchangeably with 'Bugger'. Later books used 'Formic' almost exclusively, as the more 'scientific' term. This leads to odd scenarios in the continuity of the books, such as Valentine referring to them as \"Buggers\" in Ender's Game, chronologically next as \"Formics\" in Ender in Exile, and again as \"Buggers\" in Speaker for the Dead and Xenocide. The feature film adaptation of Ender's Game uses \"Formics\" exclusively.\n\nThe Formic species consists of hive-minded colonies directed by queens. In Ender's Game, Graff described them as being an insect that \"could have evolved on earth, if things had gone a different way a billion years ago,\" and that their evolutionary ancestors could have looked similar to Earth's ants. While often described as \"insectoid\", the Formics are warm-blooded, developed an internal skeleton and shed most of their exoskeleton, evolved a complex system of internal organs, and they respire and perspire. If a queen dies, all the workers under her control lose their ability to function immediately; but in Xenocide, implications exist that 'workers' can escape the influence of a queen. The Formic race is revealed to be trimorphic in Shadows in Flight. Drones are much smaller and depend on a Hive Queen for survival, and their bodies are shaped to spend their lives clinging to her, until upon her death, they take flight to seek out a new queen. Drones are capable of individual thought and action as well as mind-to-mind communication, more limited than that of a queen; whereas queens communicate instantaneously and can even do so with other species. Formics live in vast underground colonies, usually without light, informing the assumption that Formics make use of sensory apparatus outside the range of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to humans. In the first novel they have artificial lighting; whereas in Xenocide, Ender claims they rely on heat signature.\n\nSee also\n\nEnder's Game (film)\nList of characters in the Ender's Game series\nList of works by Orson Scott Card\nZerg - an alien race from the Starcraft universe, similar to the Formics\n\nReferences\n\n1. \n2. \n3. \n Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card\n Ender's Shadow by Orson Scott Card\n Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card\n Xenocide by Orson Scott Card\n Children of the Mind by Orson Scott Card\n First Meetings by Orson Scott Card\n Ender in Exile'' by Orson Scott Card\n\nExternal links\n The official Orson Scott Card website\n The Ender Quartet, Ender's Shadow, and Ender series pages at Tor Books\n The Ender Saga\n \n\nBook series introduced in 1985\n \nNovels by Orson Scott Card\nScience fiction book series\nSpace opera novels", "Ender's Game is a 1985 military science fiction novel by American author Orson Scott Card. Set at an unspecified date in Earth's future, the novel presents an imperiled humankind after two conflicts with the Formics, an insectoid alien species they dub the \"buggers\". In preparation for an anticipated third invasion, Earth's international military force recruits young children, including the novel's protagonist, Andrew \"Ender\" Wiggin, to be trained as elite officers. The children learn military strategy and leadership by playing increasingly difficult war games, including some in zero gravity, where Ender's tactical genius is revealed.\n\nThe book originated as a short story of the same name, published in the August 1977 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact. The novel was published on January 15, 1985. Later, by elaborating on characters and plotlines depicted in the novel, Card wrote additional books in the Ender's Game series. Card released an updated version of Ender's Game in 1991, changing some political facts to account for the then-recent dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War). The novel has been translated into 34 languages.\n\nReception of the book has been mostly positive. It has become suggested reading for many military organizations, including the United States Marine Corps. Ender's Game was recognized as \"best novel\" by the 1985 Nebula Award and the 1986 Hugo Award in the genres of science fiction and fantasy. Its four sequels—Speaker for the Dead (1986), Xenocide (1991), Children of the Mind (1996), and Ender in Exile (2008)—follow Ender's subsequent travels to many different worlds in the galaxy. In addition, the later novella A War of Gifts (2007) and novel Ender's Shadow (1999), plus other novels in the Shadow saga, take place during the same time period as the original.\n\nA film adaptation of the same name, written for the screen and directed by Gavin Hood, and starring Asa Butterfield as Ender, was released in October 2013. Card co-produced the film. The novel has also been adapted into two comic book series.\n\nSynopsis \n\nIn the future, humanity has mastered interplanetary spaceflight and as they explore the galaxy, they encounter an insect-like alien race called the Formics, derogatorily named \"buggers\". After discovering a Formic base on asteroid Eros, war breaks out between the humans and Formics. The humans achieve a narrow victory, but fearing future threats of a Formic invasion, create the International Fleet (I.F.) and train gifted children to become commanders at their orbiting Battle School.\n\nAndrew \"Ender\" Wiggin is born a \"Third\": a rare exception to Earth's two-child policy, allowed by the government due to the promise shown by his two older siblings. The eldest, Peter, is a highly intelligent sociopath who sadistically bullies Ender, and harms small animals. His sister, Valentine, is more sympathetic towards him. The I.F. remove Ender's monitoring device when he is six years old, seemingly ending his chances of Battle School. He is bullied by a fellow student, Stilson, but Ender turns violent and attacks him. Unknown to Ender, Stilson later dies from his wounds. I.F. Colonel Hyrum Graff visits Ender after hearing about the fight. Ender attests that by showing superiority now, he has prevented future struggle. Graff offers him a place in the Battle School.\n\nOnce at Battle School, Graff and the other leaders covertly work to keep Ender isolated from the other cadets. Ender finds solace in playing a simulated adventure game that involves killing a giant. The cadets participate in competitive war simulations in zero gravity, where Ender quickly masters the game with novel tactics and dominates his opponents. To further wear Ender down, he is promoted to command a new army composed of raw recruits, then pitted against multiple armies at once, but Ender's success continues. Ender's jealous ex-commander, Bonzo Madrid, draws him into a fight outside the simulation, and once again seeking to preemptively stop future conflicts, Ender uses excessive force. Like Stilson before him Bonzo dies from his injuries and this fact is hidden from Ender.\n\nMeanwhile on Earth, Peter Wiggin uses a global communication system to post political essays under the pseudonym \"Locke\", hoping to establish himself as a respected orator and then as a powerful politician. Valentine, despite not trusting Peter, agrees to publish alongside him as the more radical \"Demosthenes\". Their essays are soon taken seriously by the government and influence Earth's politics. Though Graff is told their true identities, he recommends that it be kept a secret, because their writings are politically useful.\n\nEnder, now ten years old, is promoted to Command School on Eros after a brief respite on Earth. After some preliminary battles in the simulator, he is introduced to Mazer Rackham, a hero from the Formic war who saw key patterns in the Formic behavior. Ender participates in space combat simulations created and controlled by Mazer. As the skirmishes become harder, he is joined by some of his friends from the Battle School as sub-commanders. Despite this, Ender becomes depressed by the battles, his isolation, and by the way Mazer treats him.\n\nFor his final test, under observation by I.F.'s commanders, Ender finds his fleet far outnumbered by Formic ships surrounding their homeworld. Hoping to earn himself expulsion from the school for his ruthlessness, he sacrifices his entire fleet to fire a Molecular Disruption Device at the planet. The Device completely destroys the planet and the surrounding bugger fleet. He is shocked to hear the I.F. commanders cheering in celebration. Mazer informs Ender that the \"simulations\" he has been fighting were real battles, directing human spacecraft against Formic fleets via an ansible's instantaneous communication, and that Ender has won the war. Ender becomes more depressed on learning this, realizing that he has committed genocide.\n\nEnder spends several weeks isolated before recovering, and learns that once news of the Formic homeworld destruction reached Earth, Earth's powers began fighting among themselves. Ender is prevented from returning home as he would be exploited by Peter and other politicians to fulfill their own purposes. Instead, he remains on Eros, which becomes a launch point for colonization of former Formic worlds. Valentine is one of the first colonists to arrive, and Ender decides to join her.\n\nOn the new planet, Ender becomes the colony's governor. As he explores the planet, he discovers a structure that matches the simulation of the giant game from Battle School, and inside finds the dormant egg of a Formic queen. The queen telepathically communicates to Ender that before the first Formic war, they had assumed humans were a non-sentient race, for want of collective consciousness, but realized their mistake too late. She has reached out to Ender to draw him here and requests that he take the egg to a new planet for the Formics to colonize and rebuild.\n\nEnder takes the egg and, with information from the queen, writes The Hive Queen under the alias \"Speaker for the Dead\". Peter, now the leader of Earth and age 77 with a failing heart due to relativistic space travel, recognizes Ender as the author of The Hive Queen. He asks Ender to write a book about him, which Ender titles The Hegemon. The combined works create a new type of funeral, in which the Speaker for the Dead tells the whole and unapologetic story of the deceased, adopted by many on Earth and its colonies. Ender and Valentine leave the colony and travel to many other worlds, looking for a safe place to establish the unborn Hive Queen.\n\nCreation and inspiration \nThe original \"Ender's Game\" is a short story that provides a small snapshot of Ender's experiences in Battle School and Command School; the full-length novel encompasses more of Ender's life before, during, and after the war, and also contains some chapters describing the political exploits of his older siblings back on Earth. In a commentary track for the 20th anniversary audiobook edition of the novel, as well as in the 1991 Author's Definitive Edition, Card stated that Ender's Game was written specifically to establish the character of Ender for his role of the Speaker in Speaker for the Dead, the outline for which he had written before novelizing Ender's Game. In his 1991 introduction to the novel, Card discussed the influence of Isaac Asimov's Foundation series on the novelette and novel. Historian Bruce Catton's work on the American Civil War also influenced Card.\n\nEnder's Game was the first science-fiction novel published entirely online, when it appeared on Delphi a year before print publication.\n\nCritical response \nEnder's Game won the Nebula Award for best novel in 1985, and the Hugo Award for best novel in 1986, considered the two most prestigious awards in science fiction. Ender's Game was also nominated for a Locus Award in 1986. In 1999, it placed No. 59 on the reader's list of Modern Library 100 Best Novels. It was also honored with a spot on American Library Association's \"100 Best Books for Teens\". In 2008, the novel, along with Ender's Shadow, won the Margaret A. Edwards Award, which honors an author and specific works by that author for lifetime contribution to young adult literature. Ender's Game was included in Damien Broderick's book Science Fiction: The 101 Best Novels 1985–2010. It ranked number nine on Locus's top SF novels published before 1990.\n\nThe New York Times writer Gerald Jonas asserts that the novel's plot summary resembles a \"grade Z, made-for-television, science-fiction rip-off movie\", but says that Card develops the elements well despite this \"unpromising material\". Jonas further praises the development of the character Ender Wiggin: \"Alternately likable and insufferable, he is a convincing little Napoleon in short pants.\"\n\nThe novel has received criticism for violence and its justification. Elaine Radford's review, \"Ender and Hitler: Sympathy for the Superman\", posits that Ender Wiggin is an intentional reference by Card to Adolf Hitler and criticizes the violence in the novel, particularly at the hands of the protagonist. Card responded to Radford's criticisms in Fantasy Review, the same publication. Radford's criticisms are echoed in John Kessel's essay \"Creating the Innocent Killer: Ender's Game, Intention, and Morality\", wherein Kessel states: \"Ender gets to strike out at his enemies and still remain morally clean. Nothing is his fault.\" Noah Berlatsky makes similar claims in his analysis of the relationship between colonization and science fiction, where he describes Ender's Game as in part a justification of \"Western expansion and genocide\".\n\nThe U.S. Marine Corps Professional Reading List makes the novel recommended reading at several lower ranks, and again at Officer Candidate/Midshipman.\nThe book was placed on the reading list by Captain John F. Schmitt, author of FMFM-1 (Fleet Marine Fighting Manual, on maneuver doctrine) for \"provid[ing] useful allegories to explain why militaries do what they do in a particularly effective shorthand way\".\nIn introducing the novel for use in leadership training, Marine Corps University's Lejeune program opines that it offers \"lessons in training methodology, leadership, and ethics as well. . . . Ender's Game has been a stalwart item on the Marine Corps Reading List since its inception\". It is also used as an early fictional example of game-based learning.\n\nAccolades \n\nThe weeks ending June 9, August 11, September 1, September 8, October 27, November 3, November 10, and November 24, 2013, the novel was No. 1 on The New York Times''' Best Sellers List of Paperback Mass-Market Fiction.\n\n Revisions \nIn 1991, Card made several minor changes to reflect the political climates of the time, including the decline of the Soviet Union. In the afterword of Ender in Exile (2008), Card stated that many of the details in chapter 15 of Ender's Game were modified for use in the subsequent novels and short stories. In order to more closely match the other material, Card has rewritten chapter 15 and plans to offer a revised edition of the book.\n\n Adaptations \n\n Film \n\nAfter several years of speculation on the possibility, Summit Entertainment financed and coordinated the development of a film in 2011, serving as its distributor. Gavin Hood directed the film, which lasts 1 hour and 54 minutes. Filming began in New Orleans, Louisiana, on February 27, 2012, and was released on November 1, 2013 (USA). A movie preview trailer was released in May 2013 and a second trailer was released later that year.\n\nCard has called Ender's Game \"unfilmable\", \"because everything takes place in Ender's head\", and refused to sign a film deal unless he could ensure that the film was \"true to the story\". Of the film that he eventually agreed to, Card said it was \"the best that good people could do with a story they really cared about and believed in\", and while warning fans not to expect a completely faithful adaptation, called the film \"damn good\".\n\nThe movie starred Asa Butterfield as Ender Wiggin and Harrison Ford as Colonel Hyrum Graff. It grossed $125 million worldwide, and received mixed reviews from critics.\n\n Video game \nIn 2008 it was announced an Ender's Game video game was in the works. It was to be known as Ender's Game: Battle Room and was a planned digitally distributed video game for all viable downloadable platforms. It was under development by Chair Entertainment, which also developed the Xbox Live Arcade games Undertow and Shadow Complex. Chair had sold the licensing of Empire to Card, which became a bestselling novel. Little was revealed about the game, save its setting in the Ender universe and that it would have focused on the Battle Room.\n\nIn December 2010, it was announced that the video game development had stopped and the project put on indefinite hold.\n\nOrson Scott Card and Amaze Entertainment also came to an agreement regarding a video game adaption of the novel but nothing ever materialized.\n\n Comics \n\nMarvel Comics and Orson Scott Card announced on April 19, 2008, that they would be publishing a limited series adaptation of Ender's Game as the first in a comic series that would adapt all of Card's Ender's Game novels. Card was quoted as saying that it is the first step in moving the story to a visual medium. The first five-issue series, titled Ender's Game: Battle School, was written by Christopher Yost, while the second five-issue series, Ender's Shadow: Battle School, was written by Mike Carey.\n\n Audioplay Ender's Game Alive: The Full Cast Audioplay, is an audio drama written by Orson Scott Card, based on the Ender's Game novel. At over seven hours in length, this retelling of Ender's Game hints at storylines from \"Teacher's Pest\", \"The Polish Boy\", \"The Gold Bug\", Ender's Shadow, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow of the Giant, Shadows in Flight, Earth Unaware, and Speaker for the Dead, and gives new insight into the beginnings of Ender's philotic connection with the Hive Queen.Ender's Game Alive is directed by Gabrielle de Cuir, produced by Stefan Rudnicki at Skyboat Media, published by Audible.com, and performed by a cast of over 30 voice actors playing over 100 roles.\n\nAudible also commissioned a German-language adaptation of the same script. Titled Ender's Game - Das ungekürzte Hörspiel (\"The unabridged audio drama\"), this adaptation was produced by \"Lauscherlounge\", directed by Balthasar von Weymarn and performed by a cast of 100 different voice actors including children.\n\n Translations Ender's Game has been translated into 34 languages:\n\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2000.\n (pinyin：Ān dé de yóu xì) (\"Ender's Game\"), 2003.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2007.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 1994.\n (\"Ender's Strategy\"), 1990.\n (\"Ender Wins\", \"The Tactics of Ender\"), 1989, 1994 (two editions)\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2000.\n (\"Ender\"), 1990.\n (\"The Ender Strategy\"), 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2011\n (enderis TamaSi) (\"Ender's Game\"), 2015.\n (\"The Great Game\"), 1986, 2005.\n (Tǒ pehníthi too Ender) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1996.\n (Ha-Misḥaq šel Ender) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1994.\n (\"Endgame\"), 1991.\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (Endā no Gēmu) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1987.\n (Endaŭi Geim) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1992, 2000 (two editions).\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2008.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2007\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 1999.\n (Bazi ē Ender), 2011\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 1994.\n (\"The Game of the Exterminator\") (Brazil).\n (\"The Final Game\") (Portugal).\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (Igra Endera) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1995, 1996, 2002, 2003 (two editions).\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2010.\n (Enderova igra'') (\"Ender's Game\"), 1988.\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 1991, 1998.\n (\"The Game that Changed the World\"), 2007.\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2013.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2014.\n\nSee also \n List of Ender's Game characters\n Formics\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links \n\n About the novel Ender's Game from Card's website\n Ender's Game at Macmillan\n \n Ender's Game. Mormon Literature & Creative Arts Database.\n Intergalactic Medicine Show: Online science fiction magazine published by Orson Scott Card. Features a new Ender's world story in every issue.\n\n1985 science fiction novels\nAmerican young adult novels\n1985 American novels\nNovels set in the 22nd century\n433 Eros\nAmerican novels adapted into films\nScience fiction novels adapted into films\nEnder's Game series books\nHugo Award for Best Novel-winning works\nMilitary science fiction novels\nFiction about near-Earth asteroids\nNebula Award for Best Novel-winning works\nTor Books books\nWorks about child soldiers\nWorks based on short fiction\nWorks originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact\nFictional video games" ]

[ "Orson Scott Card", "Science fiction", "When did Card start writing science fiction?", "was eventually purchased by Ben Bova at Analog Science Fiction and Fact and published in the August 1977 issue.", "What was the name of the story Analog published in August 1977?", "He wrote the short story \"Ender's Game\" while working at the BYU press,", "So, Ender's Game was first published in Analog magazine--when did it become a book?", "Ender's Game and its sequel Speaker for the Dead were both awarded the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award,", "Who was the publisher of Ender's Game?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Ender's Game is a 1985 military science fiction novel by American author Orson Scott Card. Set at an unspecified date in Earth's future, the novel presents an imperiled humankind after two conflicts with the Formics, an insectoid alien species they dub the \"buggers\". In preparation for an anticipated third invasion, Earth's international military force recruits young children, including the novel's protagonist, Andrew \"Ender\" Wiggin, to be trained as elite officers. The children learn military strategy and leadership by playing increasingly difficult war games, including some in zero gravity, where Ender's tactical genius is revealed.\n\nThe book originated as a short story of the same name, published in the August 1977 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact. The novel was published on January 15, 1985. Later, by elaborating on characters and plotlines depicted in the novel, Card wrote additional books in the Ender's Game series. Card released an updated version of Ender's Game in 1991, changing some political facts to account for the then-recent dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War). The novel has been translated into 34 languages.\n\nReception of the book has been mostly positive. It has become suggested reading for many military organizations, including the United States Marine Corps. Ender's Game was recognized as \"best novel\" by the 1985 Nebula Award and the 1986 Hugo Award in the genres of science fiction and fantasy. Its four sequels—Speaker for the Dead (1986), Xenocide (1991), Children of the Mind (1996), and Ender in Exile (2008)—follow Ender's subsequent travels to many different worlds in the galaxy. In addition, the later novella A War of Gifts (2007) and novel Ender's Shadow (1999), plus other novels in the Shadow saga, take place during the same time period as the original.\n\nA film adaptation of the same name, written for the screen and directed by Gavin Hood, and starring Asa Butterfield as Ender, was released in October 2013. Card co-produced the film. The novel has also been adapted into two comic book series.\n\nSynopsis \n\nIn the future, humanity has mastered interplanetary spaceflight and as they explore the galaxy, they encounter an insect-like alien race called the Formics, derogatorily named \"buggers\". After discovering a Formic base on asteroid Eros, war breaks out between the humans and Formics. The humans achieve a narrow victory, but fearing future threats of a Formic invasion, create the International Fleet (I.F.) and train gifted children to become commanders at their orbiting Battle School.\n\nAndrew \"Ender\" Wiggin is born a \"Third\": a rare exception to Earth's two-child policy, allowed by the government due to the promise shown by his two older siblings. The eldest, Peter, is a highly intelligent sociopath who sadistically bullies Ender, and harms small animals. His sister, Valentine, is more sympathetic towards him. The I.F. remove Ender's monitoring device when he is six years old, seemingly ending his chances of Battle School. He is bullied by a fellow student, Stilson, but Ender turns violent and attacks him. Unknown to Ender, Stilson later dies from his wounds. I.F. Colonel Hyrum Graff visits Ender after hearing about the fight. Ender attests that by showing superiority now, he has prevented future struggle. Graff offers him a place in the Battle School.\n\nOnce at Battle School, Graff and the other leaders covertly work to keep Ender isolated from the other cadets. Ender finds solace in playing a simulated adventure game that involves killing a giant. The cadets participate in competitive war simulations in zero gravity, where Ender quickly masters the game with novel tactics and dominates his opponents. To further wear Ender down, he is promoted to command a new army composed of raw recruits, then pitted against multiple armies at once, but Ender's success continues. Ender's jealous ex-commander, Bonzo Madrid, draws him into a fight outside the simulation, and once again seeking to preemptively stop future conflicts, Ender uses excessive force. Like Stilson before him Bonzo dies from his injuries and this fact is hidden from Ender.\n\nMeanwhile on Earth, Peter Wiggin uses a global communication system to post political essays under the pseudonym \"Locke\", hoping to establish himself as a respected orator and then as a powerful politician. Valentine, despite not trusting Peter, agrees to publish alongside him as the more radical \"Demosthenes\". Their essays are soon taken seriously by the government and influence Earth's politics. Though Graff is told their true identities, he recommends that it be kept a secret, because their writings are politically useful.\n\nEnder, now ten years old, is promoted to Command School on Eros after a brief respite on Earth. After some preliminary battles in the simulator, he is introduced to Mazer Rackham, a hero from the Formic war who saw key patterns in the Formic behavior. Ender participates in space combat simulations created and controlled by Mazer. As the skirmishes become harder, he is joined by some of his friends from the Battle School as sub-commanders. Despite this, Ender becomes depressed by the battles, his isolation, and by the way Mazer treats him.\n\nFor his final test, under observation by I.F.'s commanders, Ender finds his fleet far outnumbered by Formic ships surrounding their homeworld. Hoping to earn himself expulsion from the school for his ruthlessness, he sacrifices his entire fleet to fire a Molecular Disruption Device at the planet. The Device completely destroys the planet and the surrounding bugger fleet. He is shocked to hear the I.F. commanders cheering in celebration. Mazer informs Ender that the \"simulations\" he has been fighting were real battles, directing human spacecraft against Formic fleets via an ansible's instantaneous communication, and that Ender has won the war. Ender becomes more depressed on learning this, realizing that he has committed genocide.\n\nEnder spends several weeks isolated before recovering, and learns that once news of the Formic homeworld destruction reached Earth, Earth's powers began fighting among themselves. Ender is prevented from returning home as he would be exploited by Peter and other politicians to fulfill their own purposes. Instead, he remains on Eros, which becomes a launch point for colonization of former Formic worlds. Valentine is one of the first colonists to arrive, and Ender decides to join her.\n\nOn the new planet, Ender becomes the colony's governor. As he explores the planet, he discovers a structure that matches the simulation of the giant game from Battle School, and inside finds the dormant egg of a Formic queen. The queen telepathically communicates to Ender that before the first Formic war, they had assumed humans were a non-sentient race, for want of collective consciousness, but realized their mistake too late. She has reached out to Ender to draw him here and requests that he take the egg to a new planet for the Formics to colonize and rebuild.\n\nEnder takes the egg and, with information from the queen, writes The Hive Queen under the alias \"Speaker for the Dead\". Peter, now the leader of Earth and age 77 with a failing heart due to relativistic space travel, recognizes Ender as the author of The Hive Queen. He asks Ender to write a book about him, which Ender titles The Hegemon. The combined works create a new type of funeral, in which the Speaker for the Dead tells the whole and unapologetic story of the deceased, adopted by many on Earth and its colonies. Ender and Valentine leave the colony and travel to many other worlds, looking for a safe place to establish the unborn Hive Queen.\n\nCreation and inspiration \nThe original \"Ender's Game\" is a short story that provides a small snapshot of Ender's experiences in Battle School and Command School; the full-length novel encompasses more of Ender's life before, during, and after the war, and also contains some chapters describing the political exploits of his older siblings back on Earth. In a commentary track for the 20th anniversary audiobook edition of the novel, as well as in the 1991 Author's Definitive Edition, Card stated that Ender's Game was written specifically to establish the character of Ender for his role of the Speaker in Speaker for the Dead, the outline for which he had written before novelizing Ender's Game. In his 1991 introduction to the novel, Card discussed the influence of Isaac Asimov's Foundation series on the novelette and novel. Historian Bruce Catton's work on the American Civil War also influenced Card.\n\nEnder's Game was the first science-fiction novel published entirely online, when it appeared on Delphi a year before print publication.\n\nCritical response \nEnder's Game won the Nebula Award for best novel in 1985, and the Hugo Award for best novel in 1986, considered the two most prestigious awards in science fiction. Ender's Game was also nominated for a Locus Award in 1986. In 1999, it placed No. 59 on the reader's list of Modern Library 100 Best Novels. It was also honored with a spot on American Library Association's \"100 Best Books for Teens\". In 2008, the novel, along with Ender's Shadow, won the Margaret A. Edwards Award, which honors an author and specific works by that author for lifetime contribution to young adult literature. Ender's Game was included in Damien Broderick's book Science Fiction: The 101 Best Novels 1985–2010. It ranked number nine on Locus's top SF novels published before 1990.\n\nThe New York Times writer Gerald Jonas asserts that the novel's plot summary resembles a \"grade Z, made-for-television, science-fiction rip-off movie\", but says that Card develops the elements well despite this \"unpromising material\". Jonas further praises the development of the character Ender Wiggin: \"Alternately likable and insufferable, he is a convincing little Napoleon in short pants.\"\n\nThe novel has received criticism for violence and its justification. Elaine Radford's review, \"Ender and Hitler: Sympathy for the Superman\", posits that Ender Wiggin is an intentional reference by Card to Adolf Hitler and criticizes the violence in the novel, particularly at the hands of the protagonist. Card responded to Radford's criticisms in Fantasy Review, the same publication. Radford's criticisms are echoed in John Kessel's essay \"Creating the Innocent Killer: Ender's Game, Intention, and Morality\", wherein Kessel states: \"Ender gets to strike out at his enemies and still remain morally clean. Nothing is his fault.\" Noah Berlatsky makes similar claims in his analysis of the relationship between colonization and science fiction, where he describes Ender's Game as in part a justification of \"Western expansion and genocide\".\n\nThe U.S. Marine Corps Professional Reading List makes the novel recommended reading at several lower ranks, and again at Officer Candidate/Midshipman.\nThe book was placed on the reading list by Captain John F. Schmitt, author of FMFM-1 (Fleet Marine Fighting Manual, on maneuver doctrine) for \"provid[ing] useful allegories to explain why militaries do what they do in a particularly effective shorthand way\".\nIn introducing the novel for use in leadership training, Marine Corps University's Lejeune program opines that it offers \"lessons in training methodology, leadership, and ethics as well. . . . Ender's Game has been a stalwart item on the Marine Corps Reading List since its inception\". It is also used as an early fictional example of game-based learning.\n\nAccolades \n\nThe weeks ending June 9, August 11, September 1, September 8, October 27, November 3, November 10, and November 24, 2013, the novel was No. 1 on The New York Times''' Best Sellers List of Paperback Mass-Market Fiction.\n\n Revisions \nIn 1991, Card made several minor changes to reflect the political climates of the time, including the decline of the Soviet Union. In the afterword of Ender in Exile (2008), Card stated that many of the details in chapter 15 of Ender's Game were modified for use in the subsequent novels and short stories. In order to more closely match the other material, Card has rewritten chapter 15 and plans to offer a revised edition of the book.\n\n Adaptations \n\n Film \n\nAfter several years of speculation on the possibility, Summit Entertainment financed and coordinated the development of a film in 2011, serving as its distributor. Gavin Hood directed the film, which lasts 1 hour and 54 minutes. Filming began in New Orleans, Louisiana, on February 27, 2012, and was released on November 1, 2013 (USA). A movie preview trailer was released in May 2013 and a second trailer was released later that year.\n\nCard has called Ender's Game \"unfilmable\", \"because everything takes place in Ender's head\", and refused to sign a film deal unless he could ensure that the film was \"true to the story\". Of the film that he eventually agreed to, Card said it was \"the best that good people could do with a story they really cared about and believed in\", and while warning fans not to expect a completely faithful adaptation, called the film \"damn good\".\n\nThe movie starred Asa Butterfield as Ender Wiggin and Harrison Ford as Colonel Hyrum Graff. It grossed $125 million worldwide, and received mixed reviews from critics.\n\n Video game \nIn 2008 it was announced an Ender's Game video game was in the works. It was to be known as Ender's Game: Battle Room and was a planned digitally distributed video game for all viable downloadable platforms. It was under development by Chair Entertainment, which also developed the Xbox Live Arcade games Undertow and Shadow Complex. Chair had sold the licensing of Empire to Card, which became a bestselling novel. Little was revealed about the game, save its setting in the Ender universe and that it would have focused on the Battle Room.\n\nIn December 2010, it was announced that the video game development had stopped and the project put on indefinite hold.\n\nOrson Scott Card and Amaze Entertainment also came to an agreement regarding a video game adaption of the novel but nothing ever materialized.\n\n Comics \n\nMarvel Comics and Orson Scott Card announced on April 19, 2008, that they would be publishing a limited series adaptation of Ender's Game as the first in a comic series that would adapt all of Card's Ender's Game novels. Card was quoted as saying that it is the first step in moving the story to a visual medium. The first five-issue series, titled Ender's Game: Battle School, was written by Christopher Yost, while the second five-issue series, Ender's Shadow: Battle School, was written by Mike Carey.\n\n Audioplay Ender's Game Alive: The Full Cast Audioplay, is an audio drama written by Orson Scott Card, based on the Ender's Game novel. At over seven hours in length, this retelling of Ender's Game hints at storylines from \"Teacher's Pest\", \"The Polish Boy\", \"The Gold Bug\", Ender's Shadow, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow of the Giant, Shadows in Flight, Earth Unaware, and Speaker for the Dead, and gives new insight into the beginnings of Ender's philotic connection with the Hive Queen.Ender's Game Alive is directed by Gabrielle de Cuir, produced by Stefan Rudnicki at Skyboat Media, published by Audible.com, and performed by a cast of over 30 voice actors playing over 100 roles.\n\nAudible also commissioned a German-language adaptation of the same script. Titled Ender's Game - Das ungekürzte Hörspiel (\"The unabridged audio drama\"), this adaptation was produced by \"Lauscherlounge\", directed by Balthasar von Weymarn and performed by a cast of 100 different voice actors including children.\n\n Translations Ender's Game has been translated into 34 languages:\n\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2000.\n (pinyin：Ān dé de yóu xì) (\"Ender's Game\"), 2003.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2007.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 1994.\n (\"Ender's Strategy\"), 1990.\n (\"Ender Wins\", \"The Tactics of Ender\"), 1989, 1994 (two editions)\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2000.\n (\"Ender\"), 1990.\n (\"The Ender Strategy\"), 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2011\n (enderis TamaSi) (\"Ender's Game\"), 2015.\n (\"The Great Game\"), 1986, 2005.\n (Tǒ pehníthi too Ender) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1996.\n (Ha-Misḥaq šel Ender) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1994.\n (\"Endgame\"), 1991.\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (Endā no Gēmu) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1987.\n (Endaŭi Geim) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1992, 2000 (two editions).\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2008.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2007\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 1999.\n (Bazi ē Ender), 2011\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 1994.\n (\"The Game of the Exterminator\") (Brazil).\n (\"The Final Game\") (Portugal).\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (Igra Endera) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1995, 1996, 2002, 2003 (two editions).\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2010.\n (Enderova igra'') (\"Ender's Game\"), 1988.\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 1991, 1998.\n (\"The Game that Changed the World\"), 2007.\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2013.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2014.\n\nSee also \n List of Ender's Game characters\n Formics\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links \n\n About the novel Ender's Game from Card's website\n Ender's Game at Macmillan\n \n Ender's Game. Mormon Literature & Creative Arts Database.\n Intergalactic Medicine Show: Online science fiction magazine published by Orson Scott Card. Features a new Ender's world story in every issue.\n\n1985 science fiction novels\nAmerican young adult novels\n1985 American novels\nNovels set in the 22nd century\n433 Eros\nAmerican novels adapted into films\nScience fiction novels adapted into films\nEnder's Game series books\nHugo Award for Best Novel-winning works\nMilitary science fiction novels\nFiction about near-Earth asteroids\nNebula Award for Best Novel-winning works\nTor Books books\nWorks about child soldiers\nWorks based on short fiction\nWorks originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact\nFictional video games", "The Ender's Game series (often referred to as the Ender saga and also the Enderverse''') is a series of science fiction books written by American author Orson Scott Card. The series started with the novelette Ender's Game, which was later expanded into the novel of the same title. It currently consists of sixteen novels, thirteen short stories, 47 comic issues, an audioplay, and a film. The first two novels in the series, Ender's Game and Speaker for the Dead, each won both the Hugo and Nebula Awards.\n\nThe series is set in a future where mankind is facing annihilation by an aggressive alien society, an insect-like race known formally as \"Formics\", but more colloquially as \"Buggers\". The series protagonist, Andrew \"Ender\" Wiggin, is one of the child soldiers trained at Battle School (and eventually Command School) to be the future leaders for the protection of Earth.\n\nEnderverse\n\nEnder series\nStarting with Ender's Game, five novels and one novella have been released that tell the story of Ender. The first four have been described (and released as a box set) as The Ender Quartet and, together with Ender in Exile, as The Ender Quintet. Card first wrote Ender's Game as a novelette, but later expanded it into a novel.\n\nWhile the first novel concerned itself with armies and space warfare, Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, and Children of the Mind are more philosophical in nature, dealing with the difficult relationship between the humans and the \"Piggies\" (or \"Pequeninos\"), and Andrew's (Ender's) attempts to stop another xenocide from happening.A War of Gifts: An Ender Story, a novella, was released in October 2007. It is a parallel story set during Ender's first year in Battle School. Ender in Exile, which is both sequel of Ender's Game and a prequel to Speaker for the Dead was released in November 2008. It involves Ender's journey to the first human colony on a former Formic world. Because of changes Card made to a few details of the story of that first colony ship and Ender's role as governor, it serves as a replacement for the last chapter of Ender's Game. It also deals with his meeting a character from the parallel Shadow saga (effectively wrapping up a remaining plotline in the parallel series).\n\nShadow saga\nStarting with Ender's Shadow, five novels and one novella have been released that tell the story of the people Ender left behind – this has been dubbed the Shadow saga (also known as the \"Shadow Quintet\").Ender's Shadow is a parallel novel to Ender's Game, telling many of the same events from the perspective of Bean, a mostly peripheral character in Ender's Game, while the first three sequels, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets and Shadow of the Giant tell the story of the struggle for world dominance after the Bugger War. This involves the Battle School children, as well as Ender's brother, Peter Wiggin, and Petra Arkanian going up against Achilles de Flandres (from Poke's crew).\n\nA sequel novella to Shadow of the Giant named Shadows in Flight further introduces three of Bean's children who also have Anton's key turned.\n\nThe Last Shadow (previously called Shadows Alive), was released on November 2021, takes place after both Children of the Mind and Shadows in Flight, tying up the two series, and explaining some unanswered questions.\n\nFormic Wars\n\nThe First Formic War\nCard and Aaron Johnston wrote a trilogy to cover the events of the First Formic War. Chronologically, this series comes before all other books in the Ender's Game series. Earth Unaware was released on July 17, 2012. Earth Afire, was released on June 4, 2013, and Earth Awakens on June 10, 2014.\n\nThe Second Formic War\nOn November 4, 2013, Johnston confirmed work on a second trilogy of novels covering the Second Formic War, with the manuscript for the first book due in 2014. The planned titles of the novels are (in order) The Swarm, The Hive, and The Queens. The Swarm, continuing the stories of Victor Delgado, Mazer Rackham, and Bingwen, was released on August 2, 2016. The Hive was released on June 11, 2019. \n\nFleet School\nAccording to an interview with Orson Scott Card at Southern Virginia University, Fleet School is \"a new set of sequels to Ender's Game. It's for a young adult audience. It's what happens to Battle School after the International Fleet loses its purpose of war. It becomes what is called Fleet School, and it prepares kids to become commanders / explorers in the colonies that are going to be forming. We get to see that as the school administrators repurpose the school, the Battle Room is still there, but it's a whole different kind of education.\" On November 12, 2015, Orson Scott Card announced the title of the series and its first novel, Children of the Fleet was released on October 10, 2017.\n\nPublications\n\n Novels in the series \nTo date, there are 19 publications in the Ender's Game series, five novels and one novella in the Ender series, five novels and one novella in the Shadow Saga, five novels in the Formic Wars series, one novel in the Fleet School series and one collection of short stories. According to Card, there is no strictly preferred order of reading them, except that Xenocide should be read right before Children of the Mind.\nThe books can be read in the order in which they were originally written or in chronological order.\n\n Publication date \n\n Chronological order Earth UnawareEarth AfireEarth AwakensThe SwarmThe HiveThe Queens (TBA)Ender's Game Ender's Shadow (Note: The events of Ender's Game and Ender's Shadow take place in roughly the same time period.)A War of Gifts (Note: This takes place during Ender's Game/Ender's Shadow.)Shadow of the HegemonChildren of the Fleet (Note: opening chapters take place during Shadow of the Hegemon.)Shadow PuppetsShadow of the GiantEnder in Exile (Note: Beginning takes place during Shadow of the Hegemon and through Shadow of the Giant)Shadows in FlightFirst Meetings (Note: This is actually a collection of four short stories. The first two take place when Ender's parents are children and in their teens. The next is the original novella \"Ender's Game\". The last brings Ender and Jane together for the first time. \"First Meetings\" is listed right before \"Speaker for the Dead\" because the last story takes place when Ender had just turned 20.)Speaker for the DeadXenocideChildren of the MindThe Last ShadowShort stories in the series\n\nFirst MeetingsFirst Meetings is a collection of short stories whose settings range from before Ender's Game until after Shadows in Flight and was first released in 2002.\n\nComic books in the series\n\nComic books in the Ender Universe are currently being published by Marvel Comics.\n\nGame\nIn 2008 it was announced an Ender's Game video game was in the works. It was to be known as Ender's Game: Battle Room and was a planned digitally distributed video game for all viable downloadable platforms. It was under development by Chair Entertainment, which also developed the Xbox Live Arcade games Undertow and Shadow Complex. Chair had sold the licensing of Empire to Card, which became a best-selling novel. Little was revealed about the game, save its setting in the Ender universe and that it would have focused on the Battle Room.\n\nIn December, 2010, it was announced that the video game development had stopped and the project put on indefinite hold.\n\nOrson Scott Card and Amaze Entertainment also came to an agreement about a game adaption of the Ender's Game novel but the plans never became a reality.\n\nManga\nIn 2014, Satō Shūhō's manga, Ender's Game (Jp Ender no Game) appeared.\n\nAudioplay\n\nFilm\n\nThe film Ender's Game was released in the UK on October 25, 2013 and in the USA on November 1, 2013. The first script was based on two installments of the Ender series, Ender's Game and Ender's Shadow, when optioned by Warner Brothers, but was adapted to focus exclusively on Ender's Game when purchased by Lionsgate. The cast includes Harrison Ford, Abigail Breslin, Ben Kingsley, and Asa Butterfield as Ender Wiggin. The film was directed by Gavin Hood.Ender's Shadow Audiobook, author's epilogue\n\nRelated\n\nThe Authorized Ender Companion\nWritten by Jake Black, The Authorized Ender Companion is \"the indispensable guide to the universe of Ender's Game.\"\nSections in this book include: The Ender Encyclopedia, Ender's Timeline, Ender's Family Tree by Andrew Lindsay, Getting Ender Right: A Look at the Ender's Game Screenplay Development by Aaron Johnston, and The Technology of Ender's Game by Stephen Sywak. The majority of the book consists of encyclopedia references to the events, characters, locations, and technology found in the Ender's Game series up to the publication of Ender in Exile.\n\nThe book is notable for having new and behind the scenes information on certain topics such as Battle School Slang, The Look of the Formics, The History of Hyrum Graff, Ender and Valentine's Travels, and Mazer Rackham's Spaceship.\n\nEnder's World: Fresh Perspectives on the SF Classic Ender's Game\nEnder's World contains 14 essays from Science Fiction and Young Adult writers, as well as military strategists and others about various aspects of Ender’s Game. The book includes an introduction by Orson Scott Card, who edited Ender's World and answers from many fan-submitted Enderverse questions from the Smart Pop Books Website. These essays are included in the compilation:\n \"How It Should Have Ended\" by Eric James Stone\n \"The Monster's Heart\" by John Brown\n \"The Cost of Breaking the Rules\" by Mary Robinette Kowal\n \"Winning and Losing in Ender’s Game\" by Hilari Bell\n \"Parallax Regained\" by David Lubar, Alison S. Myers\n \"Mirror, Mirror\" by Alethea Kontis\n \"Size Matters\" by Janis Ian\n \"Rethinking the Child Hero\" by Aaron Johnston\n \"A Teenless World\" by Mette Ivie Harrison\n \"Ender on Leadership\" by Colonel Tom Ruby\n \"Ender Wiggin, USMC\" by John F. Schmitt\n \"The Price of Our Inheritance\" by Neal Shusterman\n \"If the Formics Love Their Children Too\" by Ken Scholes\n \"Ender's Game: A Guide to Life\" by Matt Nix\n\nCharacters\nFormics\nThe Formics, also known as Buggers''', are a fictional ant-like alien species from the Ender's Game series of science fiction novels by Orson Scott Card.\n\nAccording to the novel canon, the Formics attacked Earth 50 years before the novel begins. They attempted to colonise the planet and were barely fought off by a New Zealand soldier known as Mazer Rackham. The first book in the series, Ender's Game, largely stems from the human quest to defend themselves from this species, although the Formics ultimately turn out as victims, with the first attack being an accident due to differing biology.\n\nThe term \"Formic\" is derived from formica, the Latin word for ant; whereas \"bugger\" is a pejorative used by humans; yet it was not until 1999's Ender's Shadow that the term 'Formic' was first used, interchangeably with 'Bugger'. Later books used 'Formic' almost exclusively, as the more 'scientific' term. This leads to odd scenarios in the continuity of the books, such as Valentine referring to them as \"Buggers\" in Ender's Game, chronologically next as \"Formics\" in Ender in Exile, and again as \"Buggers\" in Speaker for the Dead and Xenocide. The feature film adaptation of Ender's Game uses \"Formics\" exclusively.\n\nThe Formic species consists of hive-minded colonies directed by queens. In Ender's Game, Graff described them as being an insect that \"could have evolved on earth, if things had gone a different way a billion years ago,\" and that their evolutionary ancestors could have looked similar to Earth's ants. While often described as \"insectoid\", the Formics are warm-blooded, developed an internal skeleton and shed most of their exoskeleton, evolved a complex system of internal organs, and they respire and perspire. If a queen dies, all the workers under her control lose their ability to function immediately; but in Xenocide, implications exist that 'workers' can escape the influence of a queen. The Formic race is revealed to be trimorphic in Shadows in Flight. Drones are much smaller and depend on a Hive Queen for survival, and their bodies are shaped to spend their lives clinging to her, until upon her death, they take flight to seek out a new queen. Drones are capable of individual thought and action as well as mind-to-mind communication, more limited than that of a queen; whereas queens communicate instantaneously and can even do so with other species. Formics live in vast underground colonies, usually without light, informing the assumption that Formics make use of sensory apparatus outside the range of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to humans. In the first novel they have artificial lighting; whereas in Xenocide, Ender claims they rely on heat signature.\n\nSee also\n\nEnder's Game (film)\nList of characters in the Ender's Game series\nList of works by Orson Scott Card\nZerg - an alien race from the Starcraft universe, similar to the Formics\n\nReferences\n\n1. \n2. \n3. \n Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card\n Ender's Shadow by Orson Scott Card\n Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card\n Xenocide by Orson Scott Card\n Children of the Mind by Orson Scott Card\n First Meetings by Orson Scott Card\n Ender in Exile'' by Orson Scott Card\n\nExternal links\n The official Orson Scott Card website\n The Ender Quartet, Ender's Shadow, and Ender series pages at Tor Books\n The Ender Saga\n \n\nBook series introduced in 1985\n \nNovels by Orson Scott Card\nScience fiction book series\nSpace opera novels" ]

[ "Orson Scott Card", "Science fiction", "When did Card start writing science fiction?", "was eventually purchased by Ben Bova at Analog Science Fiction and Fact and published in the August 1977 issue.", "What was the name of the story Analog published in August 1977?", "He wrote the short story \"Ender's Game\" while working at the BYU press,", "So, Ender's Game was first published in Analog magazine--when did it become a book?", "Ender's Game and its sequel Speaker for the Dead were both awarded the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award,", "Who was the publisher of Ender's Game?", "I don't know.", "Was Ender's Game his first published book?", "Card continued the series with Xenocide, Children of the Mind, Ender's Shadow, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets, \"" ]

[ "A War of Gifts: An Ender Story is a 2007 science fiction novella by American writer Orson Scott Card. This book is set in Card's Ender's Game series and takes place during Ender Wiggin's time at Battle School as described in Card's novels Ender's Game and Ender's Shadow.\n\nCharacters\n\nMorgan family\nZeck Morgan – the anti-hero protagonist. \nReverend Habit Morgan – Zeck's father\nUnnamed – Zeck's mother\nUnnamed – Zeck's three younger siblings\n\nWiggin family\nEnder Wiggin\nPeter Wiggin – Ender's older brother\nValentine Wiggin – Ender's older sister\nJohn Paul Wiggin – Ender's father\nTheresa Wiggin – Ender's mother\n\nStudents\nDink Meeker – Dutch boy\n\"Rose de Nose\" Rosen\nFilippus \"Flip\" Rietveld – Dutch boy\nBonzo Madrid\nAhmed – Pakistani (Muslim) student\n\nInternational Fleet personnel\nCaptain Brridegan\nAgnes O'Toole – IF tester\nColonel Graff – Battle School commander\n\nLiterary significance and reception\nA War of Gifts was not particularly well received by genre critics. The chief complaint with the story is that although it raises the issues of faith, religious freedom and religious suppression, it does so in a very superficial manner. Some critics have also commented on the character of Ender Wiggin who is described as being too Christ-like to be believable. A Publishers Weekly review described it as \"an amusing and sincere tale\".\n\nConnection to other parts of the Ender series\nIn addition to being set during Ender's Game and Ender's Shadow, the Islamic counter reaction to the Christmas celebrations in A War of Gifts sows the seeds for the creation of the Muslim Caliphate by Battle School graduates which plays a major role in the Shadow series.\n\nSee also\n\nEnder's Game (series)\nList of Ender's Game characters\nList of works by Orson Scott Card\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Publication information for A War of Gifts available from Card's website\n \n\n2007 American novels\nAmerican science fiction novels\nNovels set in North Carolina\nEnder's Game series books\nTor Books books", "Children of the Fleet is a science fiction novel by American writer Orson Scott Card. The title of the novel (and the series Fleet School) was announced by the author on 12 November 2015, and it was released on October 10, 2017.\n\nSynopsis\n\nThe series is set after Ender's Game and is set in Battle School, which has been renamed to Fleet School, a school run by Hyrum Graff where kids learn how to become commanders of the colonies they will lead and form on other planets. The protagonist and lead character is 10-year-old Dabeet Ochoa.\n\nPotential film\nGavin Hood, director of the Ender's Game film, stated that if a sequel were to happen it could potentially be the first book in the Fleet School series, Children of the Fleet. There are currently no plans for a sequel.\n\nReception\nThe book received positive reviews by Deseret News, Publishers Weekly, RT Book Reviews and Den of Geek. Forbes called it \"Orson Scott Card's best since Ender's Game\". It had a rating of 3.63 out of 5 on Goodreads as of December 2017.\n\nSee also\n\n Ender's Game series\n List of Ender's Game characters\n\nReferences\n\n2017 American novels\n2017 science fiction novels\nAmerican science fiction novels\nAmerican young adult novels\nEnder's Game series books\nNovels set in schools" ]

[ "Orson Scott Card", "Science fiction", "When did Card start writing science fiction?", "was eventually purchased by Ben Bova at Analog Science Fiction and Fact and published in the August 1977 issue.", "What was the name of the story Analog published in August 1977?", "He wrote the short story \"Ender's Game\" while working at the BYU press,", "So, Ender's Game was first published in Analog magazine--when did it become a book?", "Ender's Game and its sequel Speaker for the Dead were both awarded the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award,", "Who was the publisher of Ender's Game?", "I don't know.", "Was Ender's Game his first published book?", "Card continued the series with Xenocide, Children of the Mind, Ender's Shadow, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets, \"", "How was Ender's Game received by critics?", "Ender's Game and its sequel Speaker for the Dead were both awarded the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award," ]

[ "\"The Gold Bug\" is a science fiction story by American writer Orson Scott Card, set in his Ender's Game universe. It tells the story of how Sel Menach steps aside as leader of a colony world to let Ender Wiggin take over as governor. It appears in Card's Webzine InterGalactic Medicine Show, and was incorporated into Card's novel Ender in Exile.\n\nPlot summary\n\"The Gold Bug\" is the story of Sel Menach, a fighter pilot in the Formic war, xenobiologist, and eventually the governor of one of the former Formics worlds. When a colony ship from Earth arrives, carrying Ender Wiggin, the new soon-to-be governor, Sel decides to go on an expedition into unexplored lands so that it will be easier for Ender to take over as governor. On the expedition, Sel discovers some caves with large golden bugs, which he believes to be a cross between the Formics and a parasite native to the planet. He establishes some limited contact with the hybrid creatures and discovers they are hungry and want to be fed and while he brings that food, Ender shows up, arranges for the bugs to be fed, and takes Sel back to the colony and his work as a xenobiologist.\n\nRelationship to \"A Young Man with Prospects\"\nAccording to Card, while he was writing this story, he started to think about how Ender got to the colony and as a result, came up with a story involving a power struggle between Ender and the ship's captain. However, since Card didn't want the story to be only about Ender and the captain, he decided to put a mother and daughter on the ship and the story of the two women, originally meant as an opening for the story evolved into the short story \"A Young Man with Prospects\".\n\nPublication history\n\"The Gold Bug\" was published in the July 2007 issue of Intergalactic Medicine Show. It was republished in 2011 in the anthology Alien Contact by Marty Halpern. It was also adapted into an Ender comic and can be found as an added bonus in the Marvel Comics hardcover edition of Red Prophet: The Tales Of Alvin Maker. Parts of this story occur in Chapters 14, 15, and 16 of Card's novel Ender in Exile.\n\nReferences\n\nEnder's Game series short stories\nShort stories by Orson Scott Card\nWorks originally published in InterGalactic Medicine Show\n2007 short stories\nABC Weekend Special", "Ender's Game is a 1985 military science fiction novel by American author Orson Scott Card. Set at an unspecified date in Earth's future, the novel presents an imperiled humankind after two conflicts with the Formics, an insectoid alien species they dub the \"buggers\". In preparation for an anticipated third invasion, Earth's international military force recruits young children, including the novel's protagonist, Andrew \"Ender\" Wiggin, to be trained as elite officers. The children learn military strategy and leadership by playing increasingly difficult war games, including some in zero gravity, where Ender's tactical genius is revealed.\n\nThe book originated as a short story of the same name, published in the August 1977 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact. The novel was published on January 15, 1985. Later, by elaborating on characters and plotlines depicted in the novel, Card wrote additional books in the Ender's Game series. Card released an updated version of Ender's Game in 1991, changing some political facts to account for the then-recent dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War). The novel has been translated into 34 languages.\n\nReception of the book has been mostly positive. It has become suggested reading for many military organizations, including the United States Marine Corps. Ender's Game was recognized as \"best novel\" by the 1985 Nebula Award and the 1986 Hugo Award in the genres of science fiction and fantasy. Its four sequels—Speaker for the Dead (1986), Xenocide (1991), Children of the Mind (1996), and Ender in Exile (2008)—follow Ender's subsequent travels to many different worlds in the galaxy. In addition, the later novella A War of Gifts (2007) and novel Ender's Shadow (1999), plus other novels in the Shadow saga, take place during the same time period as the original.\n\nA film adaptation of the same name, written for the screen and directed by Gavin Hood, and starring Asa Butterfield as Ender, was released in October 2013. Card co-produced the film. The novel has also been adapted into two comic book series.\n\nSynopsis \n\nIn the future, humanity has mastered interplanetary spaceflight and as they explore the galaxy, they encounter an insect-like alien race called the Formics, derogatorily named \"buggers\". After discovering a Formic base on asteroid Eros, war breaks out between the humans and Formics. The humans achieve a narrow victory, but fearing future threats of a Formic invasion, create the International Fleet (I.F.) and train gifted children to become commanders at their orbiting Battle School.\n\nAndrew \"Ender\" Wiggin is born a \"Third\": a rare exception to Earth's two-child policy, allowed by the government due to the promise shown by his two older siblings. The eldest, Peter, is a highly intelligent sociopath who sadistically bullies Ender, and harms small animals. His sister, Valentine, is more sympathetic towards him. The I.F. remove Ender's monitoring device when he is six years old, seemingly ending his chances of Battle School. He is bullied by a fellow student, Stilson, but Ender turns violent and attacks him. Unknown to Ender, Stilson later dies from his wounds. I.F. Colonel Hyrum Graff visits Ender after hearing about the fight. Ender attests that by showing superiority now, he has prevented future struggle. Graff offers him a place in the Battle School.\n\nOnce at Battle School, Graff and the other leaders covertly work to keep Ender isolated from the other cadets. Ender finds solace in playing a simulated adventure game that involves killing a giant. The cadets participate in competitive war simulations in zero gravity, where Ender quickly masters the game with novel tactics and dominates his opponents. To further wear Ender down, he is promoted to command a new army composed of raw recruits, then pitted against multiple armies at once, but Ender's success continues. Ender's jealous ex-commander, Bonzo Madrid, draws him into a fight outside the simulation, and once again seeking to preemptively stop future conflicts, Ender uses excessive force. Like Stilson before him Bonzo dies from his injuries and this fact is hidden from Ender.\n\nMeanwhile on Earth, Peter Wiggin uses a global communication system to post political essays under the pseudonym \"Locke\", hoping to establish himself as a respected orator and then as a powerful politician. Valentine, despite not trusting Peter, agrees to publish alongside him as the more radical \"Demosthenes\". Their essays are soon taken seriously by the government and influence Earth's politics. Though Graff is told their true identities, he recommends that it be kept a secret, because their writings are politically useful.\n\nEnder, now ten years old, is promoted to Command School on Eros after a brief respite on Earth. After some preliminary battles in the simulator, he is introduced to Mazer Rackham, a hero from the Formic war who saw key patterns in the Formic behavior. Ender participates in space combat simulations created and controlled by Mazer. As the skirmishes become harder, he is joined by some of his friends from the Battle School as sub-commanders. Despite this, Ender becomes depressed by the battles, his isolation, and by the way Mazer treats him.\n\nFor his final test, under observation by I.F.'s commanders, Ender finds his fleet far outnumbered by Formic ships surrounding their homeworld. Hoping to earn himself expulsion from the school for his ruthlessness, he sacrifices his entire fleet to fire a Molecular Disruption Device at the planet. The Device completely destroys the planet and the surrounding bugger fleet. He is shocked to hear the I.F. commanders cheering in celebration. Mazer informs Ender that the \"simulations\" he has been fighting were real battles, directing human spacecraft against Formic fleets via an ansible's instantaneous communication, and that Ender has won the war. Ender becomes more depressed on learning this, realizing that he has committed genocide.\n\nEnder spends several weeks isolated before recovering, and learns that once news of the Formic homeworld destruction reached Earth, Earth's powers began fighting among themselves. Ender is prevented from returning home as he would be exploited by Peter and other politicians to fulfill their own purposes. Instead, he remains on Eros, which becomes a launch point for colonization of former Formic worlds. Valentine is one of the first colonists to arrive, and Ender decides to join her.\n\nOn the new planet, Ender becomes the colony's governor. As he explores the planet, he discovers a structure that matches the simulation of the giant game from Battle School, and inside finds the dormant egg of a Formic queen. The queen telepathically communicates to Ender that before the first Formic war, they had assumed humans were a non-sentient race, for want of collective consciousness, but realized their mistake too late. She has reached out to Ender to draw him here and requests that he take the egg to a new planet for the Formics to colonize and rebuild.\n\nEnder takes the egg and, with information from the queen, writes The Hive Queen under the alias \"Speaker for the Dead\". Peter, now the leader of Earth and age 77 with a failing heart due to relativistic space travel, recognizes Ender as the author of The Hive Queen. He asks Ender to write a book about him, which Ender titles The Hegemon. The combined works create a new type of funeral, in which the Speaker for the Dead tells the whole and unapologetic story of the deceased, adopted by many on Earth and its colonies. Ender and Valentine leave the colony and travel to many other worlds, looking for a safe place to establish the unborn Hive Queen.\n\nCreation and inspiration \nThe original \"Ender's Game\" is a short story that provides a small snapshot of Ender's experiences in Battle School and Command School; the full-length novel encompasses more of Ender's life before, during, and after the war, and also contains some chapters describing the political exploits of his older siblings back on Earth. In a commentary track for the 20th anniversary audiobook edition of the novel, as well as in the 1991 Author's Definitive Edition, Card stated that Ender's Game was written specifically to establish the character of Ender for his role of the Speaker in Speaker for the Dead, the outline for which he had written before novelizing Ender's Game. In his 1991 introduction to the novel, Card discussed the influence of Isaac Asimov's Foundation series on the novelette and novel. Historian Bruce Catton's work on the American Civil War also influenced Card.\n\nEnder's Game was the first science-fiction novel published entirely online, when it appeared on Delphi a year before print publication.\n\nCritical response \nEnder's Game won the Nebula Award for best novel in 1985, and the Hugo Award for best novel in 1986, considered the two most prestigious awards in science fiction. Ender's Game was also nominated for a Locus Award in 1986. In 1999, it placed No. 59 on the reader's list of Modern Library 100 Best Novels. It was also honored with a spot on American Library Association's \"100 Best Books for Teens\". In 2008, the novel, along with Ender's Shadow, won the Margaret A. Edwards Award, which honors an author and specific works by that author for lifetime contribution to young adult literature. Ender's Game was included in Damien Broderick's book Science Fiction: The 101 Best Novels 1985–2010. It ranked number nine on Locus's top SF novels published before 1990.\n\nThe New York Times writer Gerald Jonas asserts that the novel's plot summary resembles a \"grade Z, made-for-television, science-fiction rip-off movie\", but says that Card develops the elements well despite this \"unpromising material\". Jonas further praises the development of the character Ender Wiggin: \"Alternately likable and insufferable, he is a convincing little Napoleon in short pants.\"\n\nThe novel has received criticism for violence and its justification. Elaine Radford's review, \"Ender and Hitler: Sympathy for the Superman\", posits that Ender Wiggin is an intentional reference by Card to Adolf Hitler and criticizes the violence in the novel, particularly at the hands of the protagonist. Card responded to Radford's criticisms in Fantasy Review, the same publication. Radford's criticisms are echoed in John Kessel's essay \"Creating the Innocent Killer: Ender's Game, Intention, and Morality\", wherein Kessel states: \"Ender gets to strike out at his enemies and still remain morally clean. Nothing is his fault.\" Noah Berlatsky makes similar claims in his analysis of the relationship between colonization and science fiction, where he describes Ender's Game as in part a justification of \"Western expansion and genocide\".\n\nThe U.S. Marine Corps Professional Reading List makes the novel recommended reading at several lower ranks, and again at Officer Candidate/Midshipman.\nThe book was placed on the reading list by Captain John F. Schmitt, author of FMFM-1 (Fleet Marine Fighting Manual, on maneuver doctrine) for \"provid[ing] useful allegories to explain why militaries do what they do in a particularly effective shorthand way\".\nIn introducing the novel for use in leadership training, Marine Corps University's Lejeune program opines that it offers \"lessons in training methodology, leadership, and ethics as well. . . . Ender's Game has been a stalwart item on the Marine Corps Reading List since its inception\". It is also used as an early fictional example of game-based learning.\n\nAccolades \n\nThe weeks ending June 9, August 11, September 1, September 8, October 27, November 3, November 10, and November 24, 2013, the novel was No. 1 on The New York Times''' Best Sellers List of Paperback Mass-Market Fiction.\n\n Revisions \nIn 1991, Card made several minor changes to reflect the political climates of the time, including the decline of the Soviet Union. In the afterword of Ender in Exile (2008), Card stated that many of the details in chapter 15 of Ender's Game were modified for use in the subsequent novels and short stories. In order to more closely match the other material, Card has rewritten chapter 15 and plans to offer a revised edition of the book.\n\n Adaptations \n\n Film \n\nAfter several years of speculation on the possibility, Summit Entertainment financed and coordinated the development of a film in 2011, serving as its distributor. Gavin Hood directed the film, which lasts 1 hour and 54 minutes. Filming began in New Orleans, Louisiana, on February 27, 2012, and was released on November 1, 2013 (USA). A movie preview trailer was released in May 2013 and a second trailer was released later that year.\n\nCard has called Ender's Game \"unfilmable\", \"because everything takes place in Ender's head\", and refused to sign a film deal unless he could ensure that the film was \"true to the story\". Of the film that he eventually agreed to, Card said it was \"the best that good people could do with a story they really cared about and believed in\", and while warning fans not to expect a completely faithful adaptation, called the film \"damn good\".\n\nThe movie starred Asa Butterfield as Ender Wiggin and Harrison Ford as Colonel Hyrum Graff. It grossed $125 million worldwide, and received mixed reviews from critics.\n\n Video game \nIn 2008 it was announced an Ender's Game video game was in the works. It was to be known as Ender's Game: Battle Room and was a planned digitally distributed video game for all viable downloadable platforms. It was under development by Chair Entertainment, which also developed the Xbox Live Arcade games Undertow and Shadow Complex. Chair had sold the licensing of Empire to Card, which became a bestselling novel. Little was revealed about the game, save its setting in the Ender universe and that it would have focused on the Battle Room.\n\nIn December 2010, it was announced that the video game development had stopped and the project put on indefinite hold.\n\nOrson Scott Card and Amaze Entertainment also came to an agreement regarding a video game adaption of the novel but nothing ever materialized.\n\n Comics \n\nMarvel Comics and Orson Scott Card announced on April 19, 2008, that they would be publishing a limited series adaptation of Ender's Game as the first in a comic series that would adapt all of Card's Ender's Game novels. Card was quoted as saying that it is the first step in moving the story to a visual medium. The first five-issue series, titled Ender's Game: Battle School, was written by Christopher Yost, while the second five-issue series, Ender's Shadow: Battle School, was written by Mike Carey.\n\n Audioplay Ender's Game Alive: The Full Cast Audioplay, is an audio drama written by Orson Scott Card, based on the Ender's Game novel. At over seven hours in length, this retelling of Ender's Game hints at storylines from \"Teacher's Pest\", \"The Polish Boy\", \"The Gold Bug\", Ender's Shadow, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow of the Giant, Shadows in Flight, Earth Unaware, and Speaker for the Dead, and gives new insight into the beginnings of Ender's philotic connection with the Hive Queen.Ender's Game Alive is directed by Gabrielle de Cuir, produced by Stefan Rudnicki at Skyboat Media, published by Audible.com, and performed by a cast of over 30 voice actors playing over 100 roles.\n\nAudible also commissioned a German-language adaptation of the same script. Titled Ender's Game - Das ungekürzte Hörspiel (\"The unabridged audio drama\"), this adaptation was produced by \"Lauscherlounge\", directed by Balthasar von Weymarn and performed by a cast of 100 different voice actors including children.\n\n Translations Ender's Game has been translated into 34 languages:\n\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2000.\n (pinyin：Ān dé de yóu xì) (\"Ender's Game\"), 2003.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2007.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 1994.\n (\"Ender's Strategy\"), 1990.\n (\"Ender Wins\", \"The Tactics of Ender\"), 1989, 1994 (two editions)\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2000.\n (\"Ender\"), 1990.\n (\"The Ender Strategy\"), 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2011\n (enderis TamaSi) (\"Ender's Game\"), 2015.\n (\"The Great Game\"), 1986, 2005.\n (Tǒ pehníthi too Ender) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1996.\n (Ha-Misḥaq šel Ender) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1994.\n (\"Endgame\"), 1991.\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (Endā no Gēmu) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1987.\n (Endaŭi Geim) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1992, 2000 (two editions).\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2008.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2007\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 1999.\n (Bazi ē Ender), 2011\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 1994.\n (\"The Game of the Exterminator\") (Brazil).\n (\"The Final Game\") (Portugal).\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (Igra Endera) (\"Ender's Game\"), 1995, 1996, 2002, 2003 (two editions).\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2010.\n (Enderova igra'') (\"Ender's Game\"), 1988.\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 1991, 1998.\n (\"The Game that Changed the World\"), 2007.\n (\"Ender's Game\").\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2013.\n (\"Ender's Game\"), 2014.\n\nSee also \n List of Ender's Game characters\n Formics\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links \n\n About the novel Ender's Game from Card's website\n Ender's Game at Macmillan\n \n Ender's Game. Mormon Literature & Creative Arts Database.\n Intergalactic Medicine Show: Online science fiction magazine published by Orson Scott Card. Features a new Ender's world story in every issue.\n\n1985 science fiction novels\nAmerican young adult novels\n1985 American novels\nNovels set in the 22nd century\n433 Eros\nAmerican novels adapted into films\nScience fiction novels adapted into films\nEnder's Game series books\nHugo Award for Best Novel-winning works\nMilitary science fiction novels\nFiction about near-Earth asteroids\nNebula Award for Best Novel-winning works\nTor Books books\nWorks about child soldiers\nWorks based on short fiction\nWorks originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact\nFictional video games" ]

[ "Tom Hafey", "Premierships" ]

[ "The Ungarie Football Netball Club (nicknamed The Magpies) is an Australian rules football and netball club that plays in the Northern Riverina Football Netball League (NRFNL). Formed in 1916, the Magpies are most famous for producing the Daniher brothers (Terry, Neale, Anthony and Chris), as well as Ben Fixter.\n\nHistory\n\nFormation and early years \nThe Ungarie Football Club was formed in 1916, forty-four years after the founding of Ungarie in 1872. The first two years of the Magpies' existence saw them play against Blow Clear in friendly social games in 1916 and 1917 after which the Ungarie-Girral Australian Rules Football Association was formed in 1918. Five years later, the Magpies won their only Ungarie-Girral Australian Rules Football Association premiership in 1923. One year later, the Ungarie-Girral Australian Rules Football Association amalgamated with the Lake Cargelligo Australian Rules Football Association to form the Northern Riverina Australian Rules Football Association (NRARFA).\n\n20th century \nThe Magpies enjoyed their first eighty-four years of existence, winning forty-one premierships across six grades of football and netball, with these being:\n Seniors: 1923, 1935, 1950, 1956, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1974, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1999\n Under 16/17s: 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996\n Under 13s (Football): 1981, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1994\n A-Grade: 1993, 1997, 1998, 1999\n B-Grade: 1995\n Under 13s/14s (Netball): 1998\n\n21st century \nSince the beginning of the 21st century, the Magpies have continued to enjoy their existence, winning nineteen premierships across six grades of football and netball, with these being:\n Seniors: 2000, 2001, 2015\n Under 17s: 2009\n Under 13s/14s: 2001, 2006, 2011\n Under 12s: 2002, 2009\n A-Grade: 2000, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014\n B-Grade: 2000\n\nClub honours\n\nFootball\n\nSeniors \n\n Ungarie-Girral Australian Rules Football Association Premierships: (1)\n\n 1923\n\n NRFL Premierships: (16)\n\n 1935, 1950, 1956, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1974, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2015\n\n NRFL Runners-Up: (7)\n\n 1982, 1984, 1990, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2003\n\n NRFL Minor Premierships: (11)\n\n 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1995, 1999, 2000\n\n Undefeated in Home & Away season: (8)\n\n 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1995\n\nUnder 16s/17s \n NRFL Premierships: (15)\n\n 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996, 2009\n\n NRFL Runners-Up: (2)\n\n 2008, 2011\n\n NRFL Minor Premierships: (2)\n\n 1991, 2009\n\n Undefeated in Home & Away season: (1)\n\n 2009\n\nUnder 13s/14s \n NRFL Premierships: (10)\n\n 1981, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1994, 2001, 2006, 2011\n\n NRFL Runners-Up: (1)\n\n 2015\n\nUnder 12s \n\n NRFL Premierships: (2)\n\n 2002, 2009\n\n NRFL Runners-Up: (4)\n\n 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008\n\nNetball\n\nA-Grade \n\n NRNL Premierships: (13)\n\n 1993, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014\n\n NRNL Runners-Up: (1)\n\n 2011\n\nB-Grade \n\n NRNL Premierships: (2)\n\n 1995, 2000\n\nUnder 13s/14s \n\n NRNL Premierships: (1)\n\n 1998\n\nExternal links \n http://www.australianrulesfootball.com.au/pages/NorthernRiverinaFL\n\nFurther reading \n Daniher, Terry Daniher, Neale Daniher, Anthony Daniher and Chris Daniher. The Danihers: The Story of Football's Favourite Family. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2009. \n\nAustralian rules football clubs in New South Wales\n1916 establishments in Australia\nAustralian rules football clubs established in 1916", "The Knox Rugby Club, formerly known as Knox Old Boys RUFC, is a rugby union football club which plays in Division One of the New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union and is based in Sydney, Australia. The club has won the Kentwell Cup, among other trophies.\n\nHistory\nThe club was founded by and is associated with the ex-students association of Knox Grammar School, a Uniting Church day and boarding school for boys, located in Wahroonga, an upper North Shore suburb of Sydney. The club won the New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union's Kentwell Cup in 2005 and 2009.\n\nNotable players\n Ross Turnbull – Australia (1968)\n\nTwo Knox players became Chairman of the Australian Rugby Union; Ross Turnbull and David Clark.\n\nPast Premierships\n\nClub Championships\n\n1st Grade Premierships: 6\n\n2nd Grade Premierships: 7\n\n3rd Grade Premierships: 10\n\n4th Grade Premierships: 2 \n\n*Denotes joint premiership with Waverley.\n\n5th Grade Premierships: 1\n\nColts Premierships: 7\n\nSee also\nRugby union in New South Wales\nList of Old Knox Grammarians\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nRugby union teams in Sydney\nRugby clubs established in 1959\n1959 establishments in Australia" ]

[ "Tom Hafey", "Premierships", "What are Premierships?", "In hindsight, the 1967 premiership marked a turning point for the game." ]

[ "The name Miriam has been used for eight tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.\n\nHurricane Miriam (1978), a Category 1 hurricane that threatened Hawaii but did not affect land.\nHurricane Miriam (1982), a Category 1 hurricane that did not affect land.\nTropical Storm Miriam (1988), continuation of Hurricane Joan which originally formed in the Atlantic Ocean and crossed into the Pacific.\nTropical Storm Miriam (1994), a short-lived storm that did not affect land.\nTropical Storm Miriam (2000), a short-lived storm that hit Baja California as a weak storm.\nTropical Storm Miriam (2006), a short-lived tropical storm that did not affect land.\nHurricane Miriam (2012), a Category 3 hurricane that did not affect land.\nHurricane Miriam (2018), a Category 2 hurricane that did not affect land.\n\nPacific hurricane disambiguation pages", "The name Marcia has been used for four tropical cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere.\n Tropical Cyclone Marcia (1974), did not affect land\n Tropical Cyclone Marcia (1989), did not affect land\n Tropical Cyclone Marcia (2000), did not affect land\n Cyclone Marcia, one of the most intense tropical cyclones making landfall over Queensland, Australia\n\nAustralian region cyclone disambiguation pages" ]

[ "Tom Hafey", "Premierships", "What are Premierships?", "In hindsight, the 1967 premiership marked a turning point for the game.", "How did it affect Tom?", "from an unknown coach in the bush" ]

[ "The 2006 Tippeligaen was the 62nd completed season of top division football in Norway. The season began on April 9, 2006 and ended on November 5, 2006. Rosenborg became champions on October 29, with one round to go, by defeating Viking at home. The other main contenders for the title were Brann and Lillestrøm, the former securing their place as runners-up on the same day.\n\nRosenborg won their twentieth league title.\n\nNotable events \n\n Tromsø installed artificial turf at their home ground Alfheim stadion during the summer break.\n Tom Nordlie was sacked as coach of Start in July and was replaced by Stig Inge Bjørnebye.\n Ivar Morten Normark was sacked as coach of Tromsø in July, and was replaced by Steinar Nilsen in August.\n Rosenborg's coach Per-Mathias Høgmo took two months of sick leave from July 27. Assistant Knut Tørum served as caretaker manager.\n Kjetil Rekdal resigned as coach of Vålerenga on August 21, following the club's exit from the Norwegian Cup. Rekdal held the position for six years, leading his team to one cup triumph in 2002 and the league championship in 2005. The assistant coach Petter Myhre took over Rekdal's place.\n Tom Prahl was sacked as coach of Viking in September and was replaced by Tom Nordlie who earlier in the season was sacked as coach in Start.\n On October 31, Høgmo resigns as Rosenborg manager, effective immediately. Tørum, who led ROS from 10 points behind leaders Brann to win the title with one round to spare, is expected to be elevated to permanent manager.\n After the club's relegation, Ham-Kam's coach Frode Grodås, was sacked on November 7.\n Arild Stavrum was sacked as coach of Molde on November 8, after the club came dead last in the league.\n Uwe Rösler was sacked as coach of Lillestrøm on November 13.\n Tom Nordlie and Uwe Rösler traded jobs, Nordlie to Lillestrøm, and Rösler to Viking.\n\nTeams and locations\nFourteen teams competed in the league – the top twelve teams from the previous season, and two teams promoted from 1. divisjon.\n\n''Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.\n\n1 Tromsø installed artificial turf on Alfheim Stadion in the summer break during the 2006 FIFA World Cup.\n\nLeague table\n\nRelegation play-offs \n Odd Grenland defeated Bryne 10–1 on aggregate in a two-legged play-off:\n\nResults\n\nSeason statistics\n\nTop scorers\n\nDiscipline\n\nPlayer\nMost yellow cards: 8\n Jan Michaelsen (HamKam)\nMost red cards: 1\n28 players\n\nClub\nMost yellow cards: 49\nMolde\n\nMost red cards: 4\nTromsø\n\nAttendances\n\nFair Play \n\n The fair play table, using UEFA's Fair Play ranking system with scores from 1 to 10, was as such:\n Fredrikstad 8.02\n Rosenborg 7.97\n Vålerenga 7.88\n Lillestrøm 7.83\n Start 7.82\n Viking 7.81\n Sandefjord 7.77\n Stabæk 7.76\n Brann 7.72\n Molde 7.59\n Odd Grenland 7.57\n Tromsø 7.53\n Lyn 7.43\n Ham-Kam 7.23\n\nSee also \n 2006 1. divisjon\n\nNotes and references\n\nExternal links \n Norwegian Football Association\n Fixtures, results and table for Tippeligaen 2006\n\nEliteserien seasons\n1\nNorway\nNorway", "Tom Manning (born July 22, 1983) is an American football coach who is the offensive coordinator for Iowa State University. He also was previously the tight ends coach for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL).\n\nCoaching career \nManning began his coaching career at the high school level, coaching the offensive line at Jackson High School in Massillon, Ohio. He went on to coach at Emory & Henry as the offensive line coach and run game coordinator before moving on to Toledo as a graduate assistant and later their director of operations. He spent one year at his alma mater Mount Union as an offensive line coach before being hired once again at Toledo.\n\nToledo (second stint) \nManning was named the offensive line coach at Toledo in 2012, reuniting with Matt Campbell who was his teammate and later his position coach at Mount Union.\n\nIowa State \nManning followed Campbell after the latter was named the head coach at Iowa State in 2016. He was promoted to offensive coordinator in addition to his duties as offensive line coach.\n\nIndianapolis Colts \nManning was named the tight ends coach for the Indianapolis Colts in 2018, joining Frank Reich's inaugural staff.\n\nIowa State (second stint) \nManning rejoined the coaching staff at Iowa State in 2019. In his first year back in Ames, he was named a nominee for the Broyles Award, an award given to the top assistant coach in college football. He was nominated once again for the Broyles Award in 2020.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Tom Manning on Twitter\n Iowa State Cyclones bio\n\n1983 births\nLiving people\nPlayers of American football from Youngstown, Ohio\nAmerican football offensive tackles\nMount Union Purple Raiders football players\nHigh school football coaches in Ohio\nEmory and Henry Wasps football coaches\nToledo Rockets football coaches\nMount Union Purple Raiders football coaches\nIowa State Cyclones football coaches\nIndianapolis Colts coaches" ]

[ "Tom Hafey", "Premierships", "What are Premierships?", "In hindsight, the 1967 premiership marked a turning point for the game.", "How did it affect Tom?", "from an unknown coach in the bush", "Was Tom a coach in 1967?", "1967" ]

[ "The 1932 Whittier Poets football team was an American football team that represented Whittier College in the Southern California Conference (SCC) during the 1932 college football season. In its third season under head coach Wallace Newman, the team compiled a 10–1 record (5–1 against conference opponents) and won the SCC championship. Tackle Bob Gibbs was the team captain. The team played its home games at Hadley Field in Whittier, California.\n\nRole of Richard Nixon\nRichard Nixon played for the team at the tackle position, and occasionally at end. Though typically a reserve, Nixon was the team's starting left tackle in its October 28 victory over the 160th Infantry team. The team's waterboy, Harold Litten, recalled that Nixon was uncoordinated and \"had two left feet\" but was a leader: \"But, boy, was he an inspiration! He was always talking it up. That's why Chief let him hang around. He was one of those inspirational guys every team needs.\"\n\nCoach Newman in 1969 said the following of Nixon's role on the team: \"No, he never did get a letter, he wasn't that good. But what a scrapper. I remember some of the boys then telling what a licking Dick was taking. And we all marveled at the way he got up and came back for more. . . . Dick had enthusiasm and drive, you betcha. And no one had more moxie. To be a sub, and as light as he was, even then, was rugged. He was practice bait. I don't know if I could have taken the beating he took. Dick liked the battle, though, and the smell of the sweat.\"\n\nNixon later said that he admired coach Newman more than any man he had known other than his father.\n\nSchedule\n\nReferences\n\nWhittier\nWhittier Poets football seasons\nSouthern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football champion seasons\nWhittier Poets football", "Joseph Merrill Hoeffel (October 31, 1890 – April 15, 1964) was an American football player and coach who served as head coach of the Green Bay Packers in . Historically, Curly Lambeau has been credited as being the Packers' that year, although this is primarily due to the different rules of American football in the early 1900s. In Hoeffel's era, the head coach was not allowed to communicate with the players while they were playing a game. Lambeau, as team captain, would call the plays during a game and also organized practices, tasks that are now allocated to the head coaching position.\n\nHoffel played college football for Wisconsin, being an All-America selection by Walter Camp in 1912. He played the end position.\n\nEarly life and education\nHoeffel was born on October 31, 1890, in Green Bay, Wisconsin. He attended Green Bay East High School and was a \"star player\" for their football team. He was team captain as a senior. After graduating in 1908, he joined the University of Wisconsin. \n\nThough he did not see much action as a freshman, Hoeffel became a varsity member in 1909, earning a letter. \"Too small to capture a backfield spot at Wisconsin but too good to be ignored,\" he became an end. \"Three physical qualities made him a great player,\" wrote Jack Rudolph of the Green Bay Press-Gazette. \"He was fast, a deadly tackler, and he had a sense of timing that enabled him to get the jump on every play,\" the Press-Gazette reported. \n\nHoeffel continued as a letterman in the following two years, being named all-conference and all-western as a junior. He was named team captain as a senior, and earned the same honors again. He also was a second-team All-America selection by Walter Camp. The 1912 Wisconsin football team compiled an undefeated 7–0 record, winning the conference title.\n\nCoaching career\nAfter graduating from the University of Wisconsin, Hoeffel became an assistant coach at Nebraska. He coached them for three years, before later assisting the staff of Green Bay East High School.\n\nIn , Hoeffel served as the head coach of the Green Bay Packers, a professional team in the American Professional Football Association (APFA) (now National Football League). The team compiled a record of 3–2–1, and Hoeffel did not return to the team in .\n\nHistorically, Curly Lambeau has been credited as being the Packers' in 1921, although this is primarily due to the different rules of American football in the early 1900s. In his era, the head coach was not allowed to communicate with the players while they were playing a game. Lambeau, as team captain, would call the plays during a game and also organized practices, tasks that are now given at the head coaching position.\n\nIn 2001, the Milwaukee Journal led an investigation studying the early Packers, finding through historical newspapers and Packer records that two coaches preceded Lambeau: Hoeffel and Willard Ryan. However, the Packers refused to recognize them as the head coaches. In an interview, Packers president Bob Harlan said, \"He (Lambeau) ran everything. Now, what his title was and what a title meant at that particular time, I'm really not comfortable saying. But he was the one running the show. Considering what he did, I'm a little reluctant to take away any significance to his career.\"\n\nLater life and death\nAfter his sports career, Hoeffel became a businessman, operating the Joseph M. Hoeffel Sales Co. in Green Bay. He died on April 15, 1964, at his home in Green Bay. He was 73 at the time of his death.\n\nReferences\n\n1890 births\n1964 deaths\nAmerican football ends\nGreen Bay Packers coaches\nNebraska Cornhuskers football coaches\nWisconsin Badgers football players\nSportspeople from Green Bay, Wisconsin\nCoaches of American football from Wisconsin\nPlayers of American football from Wisconsin" ]

[ "Tom Hafey", "Premierships", "What are Premierships?", "In hindsight, the 1967 premiership marked a turning point for the game.", "How did it affect Tom?", "from an unknown coach in the bush", "Was Tom a coach in 1967?", "1967", "What team did he coach?", "The Tigers" ]

[ "Edward Valentine Brown (18 October 1891 – 8 December 1957) was an Australian rules footballer who played for St Kilda and Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL).\n\nFamily\nThe son of Mungo Brown (1861-1911), and Margaret Ann Brown (1863-1933), née Peel, Edward Valentine Brown was born in Bendigo on 18 October 1891.\n\nHe married Lucy Catherine Miller (1891-1980) in 1921. Their sons, Vincent (1922-1989), and John (1923-2007), also played for Carlton (117 games and 90 games, respectively).\n\nFootball\n\nSt Kilda\nTed Brown played with Ararat Football Club in 1911–13, 18 games, including premierships in the 1911 and 1912 Wimmera & District Football Association.\nHe played with Ararat on Wednesdays and in Ballarat on Saturdays.\n\nBrown, who was brought up in Ballarat, was recruited to St Kilda from Caulfield. He couldn't establish a place in the St Kilda team and left at the year's end.\n\nCarlton\nHe returned to the VFL in 1914, return to the league in 1914 and join Carlton. He had immediate success at Carlton and was a wingman in their 1914 premiership team, and a half-back flanker in their 1915 premiership team (his son, Vin Brown, was also a dual premiership player for Carlton).\n\nYarragon\nHe was captain-coach of the Yarragon Football Club, in the Central Gippsland Football Association, in 1921, 1922, and 1923; the team won the premiership in 1921.\n\nMaffra\nHe was appointed captain-coach of Maffra Football Club in 1924.\n\nTraralgon\nHe was cleared from Maffra to Traralgon in 1925, and played in Traralgon's 1925 premiership team. He played for Traralgon for four years – 1925 to 1928 – and was the team's captain-coach of the team in 1928.\n\nYea\nHe was cleared from Traralgon to Yea in 1930.\n\nMilitary service\nHe joined the First AIF in January 1916, and was discharged on medical grounds in March 1917. He did not serve overseas.\n\nDeath\nHe died in Parkville, Victoria on 8 December 1957.\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences\n Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.\n World War One Service Record: Edward Valentine Brown (16498), National Archives of Australia.\n\nExternal links\n\nBlueseum profile\n\n1891 births\nAustralian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)\nSt Kilda Football Club players\nCarlton Football Club players\nCarlton Football Club Premiership players\nSouth Ballarat Football Club players\n1957 deaths\nTwo-time VFL/AFL Premiership players", "Roland Frederick \"Rowley\" Fischer (24 February 1910 – 12 September 1992) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).\n\nFischer was born in Adelaide but recruited from Victorian club Murtoa. He represented the VFL at the 1937 Perth Carnival and again in 1939, for a total of five appearances. Playing in the back pocket, Fischer was a member of Melbourne's 1939 premiership team. He was also used as a ruckman and at centre-half forward during his career. Fischer missed Melbourne's 1940 premiership win after injuring his ankle in the preliminary final and he was also absent from their 1941 premiership team, with injury. He enlisted in the army in 1942 and didn't play again for Melbourne.\n\nReferences\n\n1910 births\nAustralian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)\nMelbourne Football Club players\nMurtoa Football Club players\nAustralian Army personnel of World War II\n1992 deaths\nAustralian Army soldiers\nMelbourne Football Club Premiership players\nOne-time VFL/AFL Premiership players" ]

[ "Tom Hafey", "Premierships", "What are Premierships?", "In hindsight, the 1967 premiership marked a turning point for the game.", "How did it affect Tom?", "from an unknown coach in the bush", "Was Tom a coach in 1967?", "1967", "What team did he coach?", "The Tigers", "Was his team in the Premiership?", "was about to enter an era of high scoring, aided by rule changes, new tactics and betters standards of fitness." ]

[ "Neil Hilborn (born August 8, 1990) is an American slam poet who writes and performs poetry. His poems often detail personal experiences and battles with mental illness. He is best known for his poem \"OCD\", which has received 75 million views online. Hilborn tours to perform his poetry at colleges and other venues.\n\nEarly life\nHilborn was born in Houston, Texas, and became interested in creative writing at an early age, writing his first poem when he was eight years old. As a child, he was diagnosed with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder while in college. Though he did not originally use poetry as a coping mechanism, when he was a teenager his work shifted toward helping him deal with his disorders.\n\nShortly after graduating high school, Hilborn decided to leave Houston for Saint Paul, Minnesota, where he attended Macalester College. During his sophomore year he began writing spoken word. He joined their slam poetry team and in 2011, the team placed first at the College National Poetry Slam. Hilborn graduated with honors and a degree in Creative Writing, intending to pursue his Master of Fine Arts and become a professor. For a little over a year he co-coached the slam poetry team at Macalester, running various poetry workshops and going on a few tours in the Midwest.\n\nPerformance\nHilborn began writing slam poetry and competing/performing in 2009. He was a part of his college's slam poetry team as well as the Minneapolis Adult National Slam Poetry team, which placed 5th out of 80 competitors in the 2011 national competition. After graduating, Hilborn began to perform with Button Poetry, a company based out of Minnesota. In 2012, he travelled the Midwest on The Good News Poetry Tour with fellow Button poets Dylan Garrity and Hieu Nguyen. The tour visited college campuses and small venues, revamping in 2013 to tour in the Northeast.\n\nLater in 2013, a video of Hilborn's poem \"OCD\" went viral, garnering millions of views across social media platforms. Although the performance of \"OCD\" was among the first videos posted on Button Poetry's YouTube page in 2012, the poem did not gain popularity until another performance was posted a year later. As of 2017 the video garnered more than 62 million views and is both Button Poetry's most watched video and the most watched slam poem on the internet. Because of the poem's success, in 2014 Hilborn signed with the College Agency, a company that represents performers in all genres who want to perform on college campuses. Hilborn was then able to begin supporting himself with his poetry.\n\nPublications \nHilborn's first chapbook, Clatter, was self-published in 2012 before being picked up by Button Poetry and re-published in 2013.\n\nHilborn's second book, Our Numbered Days, was released on May 14, 2015. The book is a collection of 45 poems. The book is divided into six different sections spanning the entire collection. Our Numbered Days features some of Hilborn's most well-known poetry, including \"Joey\" and \"OCD\". Arianna Miller is cited in her critical review as stating, \"Hilborn wants readers to question his work, to use his pieces as a means of learning not only about oneself, but also about the world around him/her/them\". The book is an Amazon bestseller with more than 50,000 copies in print.\n\nInfluences \nIn an interview with The Triangle, Hilborn cites Paul Guest, Sherman Alexie, and poets Patricia Smith and Michael Mlekoday as influencing his work. Mlekoday had a particularly strong influence as Hilborn's teacher, and is someone Hilborn says taught him \"how to construct an image and how to speak precisely\".\n\nMuch of Hilborn's work is autobiographical, frequently referencing people and events from his own life. His work often references the topic of living with mental illness, and how his diagnoses of OCD and bipolar disorder have impacted him.\n\nHilborn's work has inspired readers to create their own versions, videos, and interpretations of his poetry, particularly of his poem \"OCD\".\n\nReferences\n\n1990 births\nLiving people\nWriters from Houston\nWriters from Saint Paul, Minnesota\nMacalester College alumni", "The North Macedonia national under-16 basketball team is the national junior basketball team that represents North Macedonia in international under-16 (under age 16) tournaments. The team is controlled by the Basketball Federation of North Macedonia, and competes at the FIBA U16 European Championship, mostly in Division B.\n\nIn 2016, and 2017, the Macedonia juniors did not perform as well at the tournament, as they may have wanted. Until 2018, when the team exploded to an bronze medal finish, defeating the Czech Republic. The win also allowed the team to be promoted to the A-Division in 2019. а каде се игра?\n\nSee also\nNorth Macedonia men's national basketball team\nNorth Macedonia men's national under-18 basketball team\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website \nFIBA profile\n\nNational sports teams of North Macedonia\nMen's national under-16 basketball teams" ]

[ "Dean Pitchford", "Early songwriting" ]

[ "\"I Will Wait\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Nick Carter. The song was released in U.S and Canada as a digital download on September 12, 2015. It was the first single from his third solo album All American.\n\nBackground\n\"When I wrote the song, I think we wrote it with the intention going back to what the Backstreet Boys and what we were known for, which is love songs. As a writer and an artist, sometimes as your career goes on, you try to make points, and you try to be overly creative.\" Nick Carter said, \"I just wanted to go back to the basics, and tap into what our fans knew us for.\" He also claimed this song was inspired by Ed Sheeran's songwriting.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video for \"I Will Wait\" was filmed and released on YouTube and Vevo on September 22, 2015. Nick stated that the inspiration of the video was based on The Notebook.\n\nLive performance\nOn November 24, Carter first performed the song on the finale of Dancing with the Stars, where he was one of the four finalists. After the promotion, the song climbed to Top 100 on iTunes but dropped out of the chart sooner.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n\n2015 singles\n2015 songs\nSongs written by Nick Carter (musician)\nSongs written by Dan Muckala", "\"Sugar Mountain\" is a song by Canadian folk rock singer and composer Neil Young. Young composed the song on November 12, 1964—his 19th birthday—at the Victoria Hotel in Fort William, Ontario (now Thunder Bay), where he had been touring with his Winnipeg band the Squires. Its lyrics are reminiscences about his youth in Winnipeg, Manitoba.\n\nReleases \n\nThe first known recording of the song was made on December 15, 1965 for a demo record at Elektra Records in New York City; this version appears on the \"Early Years\" disc on The Archives Vol. 1 1963–1972. The first formal release was a recording of the song made on November 10, 1968, as part of a live performance at Canterbury House in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This recording was released as the B-side of Young's 1969 single \"The Loner\" (and again as the B-side of the \"Cinnamon Girl\" the following year), but was not collected on an album until the 3-LP compilation Decade was released in 1977. A CD/DVD release of recordings from the Canterbury House performance, Sugar Mountain - Live at Canterbury House 1968, was released November 25, 2008 as part of Young's ongoing Archives Performance Series; this release includes the first-ever stereo mix of \"Sugar Mountain\" itself.\n\nYoung recorded the song again in February 1969, as part of a series of live shows at the Riverboat in Toronto; this version is included in the 2009 Archives Performance Series release Live at the Riverboat 1969. Still another live rendition is included as the first track of Young's 1979 album Live Rust. The most recent live version is on the 2021 first release of his \"Official Bootleg Series\" Carnegie Hall recorded December 4, 1970.\n\nMeaning of the lyrics \n\nIn a concert at the Albert Hall in London on October 29, 1970, Joni Mitchell, who was already friends with Young by the time he wrote this song, opened her song \"Circle Game\" with this speech:\n\nMitchell: \"In 1965 I was up in Canada, and there was a friend of mine up there who had just left a rock'n'roll band (...) he had just newly turned 21, and that meant he was no longer allowed into his favourite haunt, which was kind of a teeny-bopper club and once you're over 21 you couldn't get back in there anymore; so he was really feeling terrible because his girlfriends and everybody that he wanted to hang out with, his band could still go there, you know, but it's one of the things that drove him to become a folk singer was that he couldn't play in this club anymore. 'Cause he was over the hill. (...) So he wrote this song that was called \"Oh to live on sugar mountain\" which was a lament for his lost youth. (...) And I thought, God, you know, if we get to 21 and there's nothing after that, that's a pretty bleak future, so I wrote a song for him, and for myself just to give me some hope. It's called The Circle Game.\"\n\nOn the bootleg album Live on Sugar Mountain, released just days after the concert at which it was recorded (on February 1, 1971, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles), Young talks at length about the lyrics. He says that when he first wrote the song, he\n\n\"wrote 126 verses to it. Now, you can imagine that I had a lot of trouble figuring out what four verses to use... I was underneath the stairs at the time... Anyway, this verse that I wrote... It was the worst verse of the 126 that I wrote. So, I decided to put it in the song, just to give everybody a frame of reference as to, you know, what can happen. What I'm trying to say is, by stopping in the middle of the song, and explaining this to you, is that... I think it's one of the lamest verses I ever wrote. And, uhh...it takes a lotta nerve for me to get up here and sing it in front of you people. But, if when I'm finished singing, you sing the chorus 'Sugar Mountain' super loud, I'll just forget about it right away and we can continue.\"\n\nReferences \n\nSongs about teenagers\nTeenage tragedy songs\nSongs about old age\nNeil Young songs\n1964 songs\nSongs written by Neil Young" ]

[ "Dean Pitchford", "Early songwriting", "What was the first song that he wrote?", "Red Light,\" a disco hit for singer Linda Clifford; the symphonic/rock finale \"I Sing the Body Electric;\" and the title song \"Fame,\"" ]

[ "Better Off Alone is the first EP released by Welsh band Jeff Killed John, known today as Bullet for My Valentine. In its initial phase, the band members wrote few songs of their own and played a lot of covers, most notably Metallica and Nirvana songs. When they began to start writing their own songs, Better Off Alone was released in 1999 with their first four songs.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \nJeff Killed John\nMatthew Tuck – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, guitar solo on track 1\nMichael Paget – lead guitar, backing vocals\nNick Crandle – bass guitar\nMichael Thomas – drums\n\nReferences \n\nBullet for My Valentine albums\n1999 EPs\nMetalcore EPs", "Look What I Did! is a compilation album by American rock musician Joe Walsh, released on May 23, 1995. The 2-CD set contains 34 songs from multiple albums spanning from 1968 through 1993, and offers tracks from both Walsh's solo work and when he recorded with the band James Gang.\n\nReception\n\nWriting for Allmusic, critic Daevid Jehnzen wrote the album \"features almost every worthwhile song the guitarist ever recorded...\"\n\nTrack listing\nAll songs written by Joe Walsh except where otherwise indicated.\n\nDisc 1\n\nDisc 2\n\nReferences \n\nJoe Walsh albums\n1995 compilation albums\nMCA Records compilation albums" ]

[ "Dean Pitchford", "Early songwriting", "What was the first song that he wrote?", "Red Light,\" a disco hit for singer Linda Clifford; the symphonic/rock finale \"I Sing the Body Electric;\" and the title song \"Fame,\"", "When did he start writing songs?", "In 1979, he collaborated with recording artist and cabaret performer Peter Allen to write new songs for Allen's one-man Broadway revue, Up In One." ]

[ "\"Enjoy Yourself\" is a song by American rapper Pop Smoke, featuring Colombian singer Karol G, from the former's posthumous debut studio album, Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon (2020). The song was written by the performers alongside Rico Love, French Montana, Pierre Meador, Palaze, and Luci G. It was released as a promotional single on July 2, 2020. A remix featuring Nigerian singer Burna Boy in place of Karol G was included on the deluxe version of the album on July 20, 2020.\n\nA Latin trap and urbano song with R&B influences, the song features Spanish guitar and arpeggiated guitar lines. \"Enjoy Yourself\" contains a samples of \"Drink Freely\", a song by Moroccan-American rapper French Montana. The lyrics are a sentimental reflection of love. In reviews of Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon, music critics lauded Pop Smoke and Karol G's vocals. In the United States, the song reached number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 32 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. It further peaked at number 40 on the Canadian Hot 100.\n\nBackground and recording\nPop Smoke recorded \"Enjoy Yourself\" in London the week after his second mixtape Meet the Woo 2 (2020) was released. He found Danish producer Palaze's YouTube channel and used one of his beats for the song. Because he wanted the song to chart in international territories, Pop Smoke wanted the most famous Spanish female artist on it and got Colombian singer Karol G to participate. \"Enjoy Yourself\" was a concoction of fellow Pop Smoke song \"Get Right\", one section of that song ended up in \"Enjoy Yourself\".\n\nUpon the release of Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon, fans of Pop Smoke criticized Karol G's appearance on the song, as well as fellow rapper Tyga's appearance on \"West Coast Shit\". Tyga shared screenshots of tweets on his Twitter account from February 2020, showing Pop Smoke asking him for a verse and asking for Karol G to be featured on the album as well. Fans were also not happy with Karol G replacing Nigerian singer Burna Boy on \"Enjoy Yourself\". The album's executive producer 50 Cent defended Karol G, saying Burna Boy was removed from the song because he was still in a \"growing stage\", and would have made the song sound less good.\n\nMusic and writing\nCritics described \"Enjoy Yourself\" as an R&B-influenced Latin trap and urbano song. It features flickers of Spanish guitar and arpeggiated guitar lines. \"Enjoy Yourself\" contains a sample of \"Drink Freely\", a song by Moroccan-American rapper French Montana. Bianca Gracie of Paper wrote that the song pays tribute to Pop Smoke's Panamanian heritage. Danny Schwartz of Rolling Stone observed that the song is about a gangster who occasionally suffers by love. In Paste, Jame Gomez opined that the song is a sensual, sentimental reflection on love. For the remix of \"Enjoy Yourself\", Burna Boy replaces Karol G and raps in the second verse. The song was written by Pop Smoke and Karol G, who are credited under their respective legal names of Bashar Jackson and Carolina Navarro. They co-wrote it with Rico Love, French Montana, Pierre Meador, Palaze, and Luci G, with the latter two having the real names of Christoffer Marcussen and Lucas Grob, respectively.\n\nRelease and reception\n\"Enjoy Yourself\" was released as promotional single on July 2, 2020, from Pop Smoke's posthumous debut studio album Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon. A remix featuring Burna Boy was later released on the deluxe version of the album on July 20, 2020. An EP for \"Enjoy Yourself\" was released on September 30, 2020. The EP also features \"Backseat\", \"Yea Yea\", \"She Feelin Nice\", and \"Tsunami\".\n\nA.D. Amorosi of Variety compared Pop Smoke's vocals on \"Enjoy Yourself\" to those of 50 Cent. Hannah Giorgis of The Atlantic described the song as a \"sultry, dual-language song that feels tailor-made for the twilight zone of post-midnight dancing\". Briana Younger of NPR defined the track as a \"romance-centric\" song. Writing for Vulture, Craig Jenkins said \"Enjoy Yourself\" should have been the \"first of many urbano excursions for a rapper who was clearly interested\". Gomez described Karol G's vocals as \"silky smooth\". Following the release of Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon, \"Enjoy Yourself\" debuted and peaked at number 56 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The song simultaneously peaked at number 32 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 40 on the Canadian Hot 100. It further charted at number 95 in France.\n\nTrack listing\n Enjoy Yourself - EP\n \"Enjoy Yourself\" (featuring Karol G) - 3:18\n \"Backseat\" (featuring PnB Rock) - 2:50\n \"Yea Yea\" - 3:05\n \"She Feelin Nice\" (featuring Jamie Foxx) - 2:35\n \"Tsunami\" (featuring Davido) - 3:23\n\nCredits and personnel\nCredits adapted from Tidal.\n\nPop Smoke vocals, songwriter\nKarol G vocals, songwriter\nLuci G production, programming, songwriter\nPalaze production, programming, songwriter\nFrench Montana songwriter\nRico Love songwriter\nPierre Meador songwriter\nJess Jackson mastering engineer, mixing engineer\nRob Kinelski mixing engineer, vocal engineer\nCorey Nutile engineer\nRose Adams assistant engineer\nSage Skofield assistant engineer\nSean Solymar assistant engineer\n\nCharts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\n2020 singles\n2020 songs\nKarol G songs\nPop Smoke songs\nSongs written by French Montana\nSongs written by Karol G\nSongs written by Pop Smoke\nSongs written by Rico Love", "Enjoy may refer to:\n\nMusic\nEnjoy, an album by Bob Sinclar\nEnjoy, a song by Janet Jackson\nEnjoy, a song from Björk's album Post\nEnjoy Records, an American record label\nEnjoy (play), a 1980 comedy play by Alan Bennett\nEnjoy! (Descendents album), a 1986 album by American punk rock band The Descendents, or the homonymous song\nEnjoy! (Jeanette album), an album by German pop singer Jeanette, or the homonymous song, \"Enjoy (Me)\"\n\nOther uses\nEnjoy (car sharing), an Italian car-sharing service\nBarnabas Enjoy (born 1980), a Cooks Island footballer\n\nSee also\nHappiness\nJoy\nAnand (disambiguation), Sanskrit for happiness" ]

[ "Dean Pitchford", "Early songwriting", "What was the first song that he wrote?", "Red Light,\" a disco hit for singer Linda Clifford; the symphonic/rock finale \"I Sing the Body Electric;\" and the title song \"Fame,\"", "When did he start writing songs?", "In 1979, he collaborated with recording artist and cabaret performer Peter Allen to write new songs for Allen's one-man Broadway revue, Up In One.", "Did he enjoy song writing?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Below is a list of awards received by Twins since they were formed in 2001 as a cantopop girl group. They average to receive about 2-3 awards in each Hong Kong music awards. Their major accomplishment is in 2007 when they received the Asia Pacific Most Popular Female Artist Award from Jade Solid Gold Top 10 Awards.\n\nBecause of the Edison Chen photo scandal in 2008, Gillian took a short leave from the group. And thus the group did not record any songs or receive any awards between March 2008 to 2009.\n\nCommercial Radio Hong Kong Ultimate Song Chart Awards\nThe Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation (叱咤樂壇流行榜頒獎典禮) is a cantopop award ceremony from one of the famous channel in Commercial Radio Hong Kong known as Ultimate 903 (FM 90.3). Unlike other cantopop award ceremonies, this one is judged based on the popularity of the song/artist on the actual radio show.\n\nGlobal Chinese Music Awards\n\nIFPI Hong Kong Sales Awards\nIFPI Awards is given to artists base on the sales in Hong Kong at the end of the year.\n\nJade Solid Gold Top 10 Awards\nThe Jade Solid Gold Songs Awards Ceremony(十大勁歌金曲頒獎典禮) is held annually in Hong Kong since 1984. The awards are based on Jade Solid Gold show on TVB.\n\nMetro Radio Mandarin Music Awards\n\nMetro Showbiz Hit Awards\nThe Metro Showbiz Hit Awards (新城勁爆頒獎禮) is held in Hong Kong annually by Metro Showbiz radio station. It focus mostly in cantopop music.\n\nRTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards\nThe RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards Ceremony(十大中文金曲頒獎音樂會) is held annually in Hong Kong since 1978. The awards are determined by Radio and Television Hong Kong based on the work of all Asian artists (mostly cantopop) for the previous year.\n\nSprite Music Awards\nThe Sprite Music Awards Ceremony is an annual event given by Sprite China for work artists performed in previous years; awards received on 2008 are actually for the work and accomplishment for 2007.\n\nReferences\n\nTwins\nCantopop", "The list contains songs written by Indian poet and songwriter Kannadasan. He won a National Film Award for Best Lyrics which is the first lyricist receive the award. His association with Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy is notable.\n\nAwards\n\nList of songs\n\n1940s\n\n1950s\n\n1960s\n\n1970s\n\n1980s\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nLists of songs by songwriters\nIndian filmographies" ]

[ "Dean Pitchford", "Early songwriting", "What was the first song that he wrote?", "Red Light,\" a disco hit for singer Linda Clifford; the symphonic/rock finale \"I Sing the Body Electric;\" and the title song \"Fame,\"", "When did he start writing songs?", "In 1979, he collaborated with recording artist and cabaret performer Peter Allen to write new songs for Allen's one-man Broadway revue, Up In One.", "Did he enjoy song writing?", "I don't know.", "Did he receive any awards for his songs?", "the selection charted in the U.S. country singles top-ten for Dolly Parton in 1985 and was named the BMI Country Song of the Year." ]

[ "Ricky Gervais ( ; born 25 June 1961) is an English comedian, actor, writer, producer, and director. He is best known for co-creating, writing, and acting in the British television series The Office (2001–2003). He has won seven BAFTA Awards, five British Comedy Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and the Rose d'Or twice (2006 and 2019), as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. In 2007, he was placed at No. 11 on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups and at No. 3 on the updated 2010 list. In 2010, he was named on the Time 100 list of the world's most influential people. In 2002 he was nominated to be Britain's Funniest Man but did not win the award, he did however beat some gangsters up in a pub when an old man was being hassled, against the odds.\n\nMajor awards\n\nPrimetime Emmy Awards\n\nGolden Globe Awards\n\nBAFTA Television Awards\n\nScreen Actors Guild Awards\n\nWriters Guild of America Awards\n\nProducers Guild of America Awards\n\nOther awards\n\nBritannia Awards\n\nBritish Comedy Guide Awards\n\nBritish Comedy Awards\n\nBroadcasting Press Guild Awards\n\nEvening Standard British Film Awards\n\nSatellite Award\n\nTelevision Critics Association Awards\n\nReferences \n\nLists of awards received by actor", "The following is a list of awards and nominations received by Welsh actor and director Anthony Hopkins. \n\nHe is an Oscar-winning actor, having received six Academy award nominations winning two of these for Best Actor for his performance as Hannibal Lecter in the Jonathan Demme thriller The Silence of the Lambs (1991) and for his performance as Anthony in Florian Zeller's drama The Father (2020). He also was nominated for his performances as in James Ivory's The Remains of the Day (1993), Richard Nixon in Oliver Stone's drama Nixon (1995), John Quincy Adams in Amistad (1997), and Pope Benedict XVI in the Fernando Meirelles drama The Two Popes (2019). \n\nFor his work on film and television, he has received eight Golden Globe award nominations. In 2006 he was honored with the Cecil B. DeMille award for his lifetime achievement in the entertainment industry. He has received six Primetime Emmy award nominations winning two—one in 1976 for his performance as Richard Hauptmann in The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case and the other in 1981 for his performance as Adolf Hitler in The Bunker, as well as seven Screen Actors Guild award nominations all of which have been respectively lost.\n\nMajor associations\n\nAcademy Awards \n2 wins out of 6 nominations\n\nBAFTA Awards \n4 wins (and one honorary award) out of 9 nominations\n\nEmmy Awards \n2 wins out of 6 nominations\n\nGolden Globe Awards \n0 wins (and one honorary award) out of 8 nominations\n\nOlivier Awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nScreen Actors Guild Awards \n0 wins out of 7 nominations\n\nAudience awards\n\nMTV Movie + TV awards \n0 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nPeople's Choice awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nCritic and association awards\n\nAlliance of Women Film Journalists awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nBoston Society of Film Critics awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nCableACE awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nChicago Film Critics Association awards \n1 win out of 5 nominations\n\nCritics' Choice awards \n1 win out of 4 nominations\n\nDallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association awards \n2 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nKansas City Film Critics Circle awards \n2 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nLondon Critics Circle Film awards \n1 win out of 5 nominations\n\nLos Angeles Film Critics Association awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nNational Board of Review awards \n2 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nNational Society of Film Critics awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nNew York Film Critics Circle awards \n1 win out of 3 nominations\n\nOnline Film & Television Association awards \n1 win out of 3 nominations\n\nOnline Film Critics Society awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nPhoenix Film Critics Society awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nSoutheastern Film Critics Association awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nSt. Louis Film Critics Association awards \n1 win out of 2 nomination\n\nWomen's Image Network awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nFilm festival awards\n\nHollywood Film Festival awards \n2 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nLocarno International Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nMethod Fest awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nMoscow International Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nSan Sebastian International Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nSanta Barbara International Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nShoWest Convention awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nSitges - Catalonian International Film Festival awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nUSA Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nVirginia Film Festival awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nInternational awards\n\nBAFTA/LA Britannia awards \n1 win out of 1 nominations\n\nDavid di Donatello awards \n1 win out of 2 nominations\n\nEuropean Film Awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nEvening Standard British Film awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nJupiter awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nNew Zealand Screen awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nSant Jordi awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nYoga awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nMiscellaneous awards\n\n20/20 awards \n1 win out of 3 nominations\n\nAARP Movies for Grownups awards \n1 win out of 4 nominations\n\nFangoria Chainsaw awards \n3 wins out of 4 nominations\n\nGolden Raspberry awards \n0 wins out of 2 nominations\n\nHasty Pudding Theatricals awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nMovieGuide awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nSatellite awards \n0 wins out of 1 nomination\n\nSaturn awards \n1 win out of 5 nominations\n\nWalk of Fame \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nWestern Heritage awards \n1 win out of 1 nomination\n\nReferences\n\nHopkins, Anthony" ]

[ "Dean Pitchford", "Early songwriting", "What was the first song that he wrote?", "Red Light,\" a disco hit for singer Linda Clifford; the symphonic/rock finale \"I Sing the Body Electric;\" and the title song \"Fame,\"", "When did he start writing songs?", "In 1979, he collaborated with recording artist and cabaret performer Peter Allen to write new songs for Allen's one-man Broadway revue, Up In One.", "Did he enjoy song writing?", "I don't know.", "Did he receive any awards for his songs?", "the selection charted in the U.S. country singles top-ten for Dolly Parton in 1985 and was named the BMI Country Song of the Year.", "What other awards did he win?", "They also received a Grammy nomination for Best Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media." ]

[ "is a Japanese gunka (composition of military music) During the late stages of the Pacific War, it was sung throughout Japan. It compares cherry blossoms with the destiny of soldiers who graduated from a military academy. The song was composed by . Although was thought to have written the original lyrics, he did not write the lyrics directly.\n\nOriginally released as in 1939, the third and fourth verses were not added along with the original first, second and fifth verses until around 1944. In the revised version, the story of two kamikaze pilots was established. In the song, although a pilot dies, his bond with another surviving pilot remains strong. Before their mission, kamikaze pilots would sing \"Dōki no Sakura\" together.\n\nReferences \n\n1939 songs\n1944 songs\nJapanese-language songs\nSongs about cherry blossom\nJapanese patriotic songs", "Pye Dubois is a Canadian lyricist and poet. He has worked mainly with Kim Mitchell and Max Webster (with whom he was considered an unofficial fifth non-performing member), and occasionally Rush.\n\nEarly life\nDubois, born Paul Phillip Woods, grew up in Sarnia, Ontario, and attended high school with singer and future song-writing partner Kim Mitchell.\n\nCareer\nDubois accompanied Max Webster in the studio and wrote lyrics for each of their albums. He was given lyric-writing credits on several Rush songs, most notably \"Tom Sawyer\", which has been included on the soundtrack of several films. Dubois wrote the poem \"There Is A Lake Between Sun And Moon\", which inspired them to write many of the lyrics for the album Counterparts, including a song of the same name for which Dubois received co-writing credit. He is also credited as writer on the Rush songs \"Force Ten\" and \"Test for Echo\".\n\nAfter Max Webster dissolved, Dubois continued his writing relationship with singer and guitarist Kim Mitchell on his solo songs. This included all but one of the songs on Kim's platinum Akimbo Alogo, every song on the triple platinum Shakin' Like a Human Being, and double platinum Rockland. Dubois had a falling-out with Mitchell during the sessions for Rockland, caused by Mitchell's decision to record the album in the US without Dubois present in the studio as he had been in the past. Dubois did not write on Mitchell's follow-up album, Aural Fixations (lyrics on that album were handled largely by Jim Chevalier and Andy Curran), but did return for 1994's Itch. Dubois took part in several Max Webster reunion concerts, but not their most recent one in Toronto on May 24, 2007, and has not written lyrics with Mitchell since 1994.\n\nOn July 20, 2007, Dubois was reported to have gone missing, causing concern with his neighbour, author Martin Popoff. However, Dubois had just taken some time alone and soon returned.\n\nDubois and Mitchell were inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2021.\n\nReferences\n\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nPlace of birth missing (living people)\nCanadian songwriters\nMax Webster members\nRush (band)\nCanadian male poets" ]

[ "Barry White", "The 1970s as solo artist" ]

[ "Eternal Echoes is the name of John Barry's final solo album. It was his follow-up recording to The Beyondness of Things, an original solo album of independent material not connected to any film. The composer described the 11 pieces of Eternal Echoes as comprising \"an album of sounds, of places and of objects that have always existed and always will exist. They are without beginning or end. They are infinite in our past and future.\"\n\nThe album was inspired by the poetry of Barry's friend, John O'Donohue. Initially, the composer conceived the project as a cycle of songs based on O'Donohue's poems. But it ended up being a purely orchestral recording performed by the English Chamber Orchestra. The album also features soloists David White on saxophone and Tommy Morgan on harmonica. The critical reception was rather modest at the time of the album's release. Commercially, Eternal Echoes was not as successful as The Beyondness of Things either.\n\nTrack listing\n\n\"Eternal Echoes\" - 4:25\n\"Returning Home\" - 4:12\n\"Crazy Dog\" - 3:03\n\"Slow Day\" - 3:03\n\"Fred and Cyd\" - 4:06\n\"Blessed Illusion\" - 4:08\n\"Lullabying\" - 3:17\n\"Winning\" - 3:56\n\"Get Over It\" - 3:54\n\"First Steps\" - 3:47\n\"Elegy\" - 5:37\n\n2001 albums\nJohn Barry (composer) albums\nDecca Records albums", "Barry White Sings for Someone You Love is the self-produced seventh album by soul singer Barry White, released in 1977 on the 20th Century label.\n\nCommercial performance\nThe album topped the R&B albums chart, White's first to do so since 1975. It also reached No. 8 on the Billboard 200, his second to reach the top ten. The album was a success, yielding two Billboard R&B Top Ten singles, \"It's Ecstasy When You Lay Down Next to Me\", which peaked at No. 1, and \"Playing Your Game, Baby\". \"It's Ecstasy When You Lay Down Next to Me\" was also a hit on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching #4. A third single, \"Oh, What a Night for Dancing\", reached No. 13 on the R&B chart and No. 24 on the pop chart. The album was digitally remastered and reissued on CD on September 24, 1996, by Mercury Records. The original vinyl album was released with three different covers. In addition to the beige fur with black letters cover shown above, the LP was also issued with dark brown fur and grey fur. Each of these covers had White's name and the album's title in white letters, and are harder to find than the more common light brown fur with black letters cover.\n\n\"Playing Your Game, Baby\", the first track featured on the album, was remixed by British electronica group Groove Armada for their 2000 album Back to Mine: Groove Armada.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nBarry White - lead vocals, arranger\nJohn Roberts - orchestration \nTechnical\nFrank Kejmar - engineer\nGrant Edwards - front cover photography\n\nCharts\n\nSingles\n\nSee also\nList of number-one R&B albums of 1977 (U.S.)\n\nCertifications and sales\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n 'Barry White Sings for Someone You Love' at Discogs\n\n1977 albums\nBarry White albums\n20th Century Fox Records albums" ]

[ "Barry White", "The 1970s as solo artist", "What was the name of Barry White's first solo album?", "1973's I've Got So Much to Give." ]

[ "We Created the World is the debut studio album by Finnish alternative rock band Softengine. It was released in Finland on 3 October 2014, through Sony Music Entertainment. The album has peaked to number 7 on the Finnish Albums Chart. The album includes the singles \"Something Better\", \"Yellow House\", \"The Sirens\" and \"What If I?\".\n\nSingles\n\"Something Better\" was released as the lead single from the album on 21 March 2014. The song was selected to represent Finland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 at the B&W Hallerne in Copenhagen, Denmark. The song qualified from the second semi-final to compete in the final. Finland placed 11th in the final, scoring 72 points. This was Finland's best placing in the contest since Lordi's victory in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. \"Yellow House\" was released as the second single from the album on 13 June 2014. \"The Sirens\" was released as the third single from the album on 3 October 2014. \"What If I?\" was released as the fourth single from the album on 17 December 2014.\n\nTrack listing\n\nChart performance\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n2014 debut albums", "Good Ol' Fashioned Love is the debut studio album by British-Irish doo-wop boy band The Overtones. The album was released on 1 November 2010 in the UK by Rhino Entertainment. The album was subsequently re-released on 8 March 2011, containing a number of new tracks. The album peaked at number 4 on the UK Albums Chart and number 14 on the Irish Albums Chart. The album was released in Germany and Austria on 23 March 2012, renamed Gambling Man.\n\nThe album has sold 470,000 copies as of April 2018.\n\nSingles\n \"Gambling Man\" was released as the first single from the album on 8 October 2010. The track peaked at number 82 on the UK Singles Chart, and was later released as the album's lead single in international territories such as Germany and Austria.\n \"The Longest Time\", a cover of the Billy Joel original, was released as the second single from the album on 25 April 2011. It was the only cover version from the album to be released as a single.\n \"Second Last Chance\" was released as the third single from the album on 15 August 2011. It was the first single to be released from the Platinum edition of the album.\n \"Say What I Feel\" was released as the fourth and final single from the album on 16 December 2011. It was the second original song to be released from the album as a single. The track was co-written by 5ive member Sean Conlon and songwriter Peter-John Vetesse.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nGood Ol' Fashioned Love\n\nGambling Man\n\nYear-end charts\n\nGood Ol' Fashioned Love\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 debut albums\nThe Overtones albums" ]

[ "Barry White", "The 1970s as solo artist", "What was the name of Barry White's first solo album?", "1973's I've Got So Much to Give.", "What was a single from the album?", "It included the title track and his first solo chart hit, \"I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby\"," ]

[ "Gold: The Very Best of Barry White is a 2-CD compilation of Barry White's greatest hits. It was released in 2005.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCD 1:\n \"Love's Theme\"\n \"I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby\"\n \"I've Got So Much to Give\"\n \"Never, Never Gonna Give Ya Up\"\n \"Honey Please Can't Ya See\"\n \"Can't Get Enough of Your Love, Babe\"\n \"You're the First, the Last, My Everything\"\n \"Satin Soul\"\n \"What Am I Gonna Do with You\"\n \"I'll Do for You Anything You Want Me To\"\n \"Let the Music Play\"\n \"You See the Trouble with Me\"\n \"Baby We Better Try to Get It Together\"\n \"Walkin' in the Rain with the One I Love\"\n \"It May Be Winter Outside (But in My Heart It's Spring)\"\n\nCD 2:\n \"My Sweet Summer Suite\"\n \"Don't Make Me Wait Too Long\"\n \"I'm Qualified to Satisfy You\"\n \"It's Ecstasy When You Lay Down Next to Me\"\n \"Oh What a Night for Dancing\"\n \"Playing Your Game Baby\"\n \"Just the Way You Are\"\n \"It's Only Love Doing Its Thing\"\n \"Sha La La Means I Love You\"\n \"Beware\"\n \"Change\"\n \"I've Got So Much to Give\"\n \"Sho' You Right\"\n \"Practice What You Preach\"\n \"I Only Want to Be with You\"\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWhite Gold on Amazon.com\n\nBarry White albums\n2005 greatest hits albums", "The Ultimate Collection, aka Gold and, later, Icon 2, is a retrospective 2-disc set of Barry White's career that was released in 2000. In 2008, it was substantially re-released as part of Universal Music's Gold series with the addition of the song \"Baby, We Better Try To Get It Together\" and the removal of the song \"Love Makin' Music\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nDisc 1\n \"I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby\" (4:10)\n \"I've Got So Much to Give\" (5:15)\n \"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up\" (4:01)\n \"Honey, Please, Can't Ya See\" (3:15)\n \"Can't Get Enough of Your Love, Babe\" (3:48)\n \"Baby Blues\" - Love Unlimited Orchestra (5:36)\t\n \"You're the First, the Last, My Everything\" (4:33)\n \"What Am I Gonna Do with You\" (3:40)\n \"I'll Do for You Anything You Want Me To\" (4:08)\n \"Let the Music Play\" (4:15)\n \"You See the Trouble with Me\" (3:22)\n \"My Sweet Summer Suite\" - Love Unlimited Orchestra (4:59)\n \"Don't Make Me Wait Too Long\" (4:42)\n \"I'm Qualified to Satisfy You\" (3:05)\n \"Midnight and You\" - Love Unlimited Orchestra (5:10)\n\nDisc 2\n \"Loves Theme\" - Love Unlimited Orchestra (4:07)\n \"It's Ecstasy When You Lay Down Next to Me\" (3:24)\n \"Oh, What a Night for Dancing\" (3:56)\n \"Playing Your Game, Baby\" (3:38)\n \"Your Sweetness is My Weakness\" (4:41)\n \"Just the Way You Are\" (4:10)\n \"Love Serenade, Pts. 1 & 2\" (7:48)\t\n \"Satin Soul\" - Love Unlimited Orchestra (4:15)\t\n \"It Ain't Love Babe (Until You Give It)\" (4:19)\t\n \"Love Makin' Music\" (4:57)\t\n \"Sho' You Right\" (3:57)\n \"Put Me in Your Mix\" (4:42)\n \"Practice What You Preach\" (3:55)\t\n \"Come On\" (3:48)\t\n \"Staying Power\" (3:59)\n\nCharts\n\nYear-end\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\n2000 compilation albums\nBarry White albums\nUTV Records compilation albums\nHip-O Records compilation albums" ]

[ "Barry White", "The 1970s as solo artist", "What was the name of Barry White's first solo album?", "1973's I've Got So Much to Give.", "What was a single from the album?", "It included the title track and his first solo chart hit, \"I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby\",", "What position did \"I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby\" rise to on the charts?", "\", which also rose to #1 on the Billboard R&B charts as well as #3 on the Billboard Pop charts in 1973" ]

[ "Universal Soldier is the second compilation album from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released in the UK (Marble Arch LP-MAL 718) in September 1967.\n\nHistory\nIn the mid-1960s Pye Records launched budget record label Marble Arch Records to release older material on inexpensive albums in the United Kingdom. Several of Donovan's 1965 recordings for Pye were selected for release in 1967 as Universal Soldier. Donovan's version of \"Universal Soldier\" was a hit EP in 1965, and that name recognition was intended to boost sales.\n\nUniversal Soldier was a unique release because it collected the entire Universal Soldier EP, the b-side to \"Catch the Wind\", and the entire \"Turquoise\" single; all of which had appeared on LP format in the United Kingdom. The strategy of compiling non-album tracks paid off, and Universal Soldier reached No. 5 in the United Kingdom and remained on the charts for 18 weeks.\n\nMarble Arch would go on to release several more Donovan compilations to significantly less interest, including an edited What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid in 1968 and an edited Fairytale in 1969.\n\nIn 1995, Spectrum Music released a CD compilation, also named after the title track.\n\nAlbum origins of tracks\nThe following is a list explaining the original releases of each song.\n\n \"Universal Soldier\" (from Universal Soldier EP, released 15 August 1965)\n \"To Sing for You\" (from What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid, released 14 May 1965)\n \"Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?\" (b-side of \"Catch the Wind\", released 12 March 1965)\n \"Turquoise\" (UK single, released 30 October 1965)\n \"Colours\" (UK single, released 28 May 1965, different from Fairytale LP version)\n \"Catch the Wind\" (UK single, released 12 March 1965, different from What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid LP version)\n \"Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)\"* (b-side of \"Turquoise\", released 30 October 1965)\n \"The Ballad of a Crystal Man\"* (from The Universal Soldier EP, released 15 August 1965, different from Fairytale LP version)\n \"Do You Hear Me Now?\" (from The Universal Soldier EP, released 15 August 1965)\n \"The War Drags on\" (from The Universal Soldier EP, released 15 August 1965)\n\nTrack listing\nAll tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted.\n\nSide one\n\n\"Universal Soldier\" (Buffy Sainte-Marie) – 2:15\n\"To Sing for You\" – 2:45\n\"Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?\" – 2:56\n\"Turquoise\" – 3:31\n\"Colours\" – 2:11\n\nSide two\n\n\"Catch the Wind\" – 2:56\n\"Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)\" – 3:08\n\"The Ballad of a Crystal Man\" – 3:19\n\"Do You Hear Me Now?\" (Bert Jansch) – 1:50\n\"The War Drags On\" (Mick Softley) – 3:44\n\nExternal links\n Universal Soldier – Donovan Unofficial Site\n\n1967 compilation albums\nDonovan compilation albums\nPye Records compilation albums\nAlbums produced by Geoff Stephens", "What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid is the debut album from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released in the UK four days after his nineteenth birthday on 14 May 1965, through Pye Records (catalog number NPL 18117). Terry Kennedy, Peter Eden, and Geoff Stephens produced the album. The album was released in the US as Catch the Wind on Hickory Records in June 1965. Hickory Records changed the title to match that of Donovan's debut single.\n\nHistory \nIn late 1964, Peter Eden and Geoff Stephens offered Donovan a recording contract with Pye Records in the UK. Donovan had performed around Britain and had become well known in British folk circles before his record contract. His 1964 demo tapes (released as Sixty Four in 2004) show a great resemblance to both Woody Guthrie and Bob Dylan, which probably prompted the \"British answer to Bob Dylan\" press line that was subsequently released. What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid is notable because it captures Donovan at a point where his style and vision were starting to diverge significantly from those of Guthrie and Dylan.\n\nThe music primarily consists of Donovan singing and playing mouth harp and acoustic guitar, much like his live performances of the time. He still had some vestiges of Woody Guthrie's style, and here covers Guthrie's \"Riding In My Car\" (titled here as \"Car Car\"). What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid also includes British folk (\"Tangerine Puppet\") and even some jazz (\"Cuttin' Out\").\n\nDonovan re-recorded \"Catch the Wind\" for the album, which was initially released as his debut single in the UK on 12 March 1965.\n\nOther musicians featured on the album are Brian Locking on bass, Skip Alan (who joined the Pretty Things later the same year) on drums, and Gypsy Dave on kazoo.\n\nReissues \n On 13 September 1968, What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid was reissued in an edited form (Marble Arch Records MAL 795) in the UK. \"Car Car\" and \"Donna Donna\" were both removed from the album, possibly because they were not written by Donovan.\n On 26 February 1996, Sequel Records reissued What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid in the US under its US title Catch the Wind on compact disc. Three bonus tracks were added to the track listing. The first bonus track, \"Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?\", was released as the B-side to Donovan's UK debut single. The second bonus track is the A-side of Donovan's UK debut single. The third bonus track, \"Every Man Has His Chain\", was originally released on Donovan's Catch the Wind EP in France.\n On 22 January 2002, Sanctuary Records reissued the complete What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid for the first time on compact disc. The US version of the CD titled Catch the Wind was released six years earlier. The CD features four bonus tracks. The first two tracks are Donovan's debut single \"Catch the Wind\" (a different take than the album track) and its b-side \"Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?\". The third bonus track \"Every Man Has His Chain\" was once a rare track in Donovan's discography, and was originally released on the French EP Catch the Wind in 1965. Donovan's second single \"Colours\" is also released here, in a version different from the one included on the Fairytale album.\n\nTrack listing\n\nOriginal album (UK)\nSide 1\n\"Josie\" (Donovan Leitch) – 3:28\n\"Catch the Wind\" (Donovan Leitch) – 2:56\n\"Remember the Alamo\" (Jane Bowers) – 3:04\n\"Cuttin' Out\" (Leitch) – 2:19\n\"Car Car\" (Woody Guthrie) – 1:31\n\"Keep on Truckin'\" (traditional; arranged by Leitch) – 1:50\n\nSide 2\n\"Goldwatch Blues\" (Mick Softley) – 2:33\n\"To Sing for You\" (Leitch) – 2:45\n\"You're Gonna Need Somebody on Your Bond\" (traditional; arranged by Leitch) – 4:04\n\"Tangerine Puppet\" (Leitch) – 1:51\n\"Donna Donna\" (Aaron Zeitlin, Sholom Secunda, Arthur S Kevess, Teddi Schwartz) – 2:56\n\"Ramblin' Boy\" (Leitch) – 2:33\n\n1996 Sequel Records CD-reissue (Title: Catch the Wind)\nThe original album plus the following bonus tracks:\n\"Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?\" (Leitch)  – 2:56\n\"Catch the Wind\" (Leitch)  – 2:18\n\"Every Man Has His Chain\" (Leitch)  – 2:09\n\n2002 Sanctuary Records CD-reissue\nThe original album plus the following bonus tracks:\n\"Catch the Wind\" (Single version with strings) (Leitch)  – 2:18\n\"Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?\" (Single b-side) (Leitch)  – 2:56\n\"Every Man Has His Chain\" (French EP track) (Leitch)  – 2:12\n\"Colours\" (Single version) (Leitch)  – 2:45\n\nPersonnel \n Donovan – vocals, acoustic guitar, harmonica\n Brian Locking – bass\n Skip Alan (Alan Skipper) – drums\n Gypsy Dave (David Mills) – kazoo\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n What's Bin Did And What's Bin Hid – Donovan Unofficial Site\n Sanctuary Records\n\n1965 debut albums\nDonovan albums\nPye Records albums\nHickory Records albums\nSanctuary Records albums" ]

[ "Barry White", "The 1970s as solo artist", "What was the name of Barry White's first solo album?", "1973's I've Got So Much to Give.", "What was a single from the album?", "It included the title track and his first solo chart hit, \"I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby\",", "What position did \"I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby\" rise to on the charts?", "\", which also rose to #1 on the Billboard R&B charts as well as #3 on the Billboard Pop charts in 1973", "What other albums did he do in the 1970s?", "Other chart hits by White included \"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up\" (#2 R&B, #7 Pop in 1973), \"" ]

[ "\"What You Get Is What You See\" is a song by recording artist Tina Turner from her album Break Every Rule (1986). The 12\" single included three versions of the song, the Extended Dance Mix, the Extended Rock Mix and a live version recorded in London in November 1986. A different live recording of the song was later used as the opening track on Turner's 1988 album Tina Live in Europe. She also included it in her 2009 live album Tina Live. It was recorded during Turner's hugely successful 50th Anniversary Tour. The track is from the March 21, 2009 live show at the GelreDome in Arnhem, Netherlands.\n\nThe music video for the song was directed by Peter Care.\n\nBackground\nThe song was written by the Terry Britten and Graham Lyle team and was notably different from the three previous singles that they had written for Turner, \"What's Love Got to Do with It\", \"We Don't Need Another Hero\" and \"Two People\", as it was an up-tempo country-tinged rock track. Tina Turner said in an interview that \"What You Get Is What You See\" is her favorite song from the album.\n\nVersions and remixes\n Single edit – 3:57\n Album version – 4:31\n Extended Dance Mix – 6:28\n Extended Rock Mix – 5:56\n\nPersonnel \n Tina Turner – lead vocals \n Nick Glennie-Smith – keyboards \n Terry Britten – programming, guitars, bass\n Graham Lyle – mandolin\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCovers\nThe song has been covered many times including by Canadian country music group Straight Clean & Simple and a single for the band taken from their 1992 album Iron Lady. It was also covered by Scottish / Irish country artist Lisa McHugh. Her cover appears in her 2014 album A Life That's Good.\n\nIn popular culture\n\"What You Get Is What You See\" was popular in Australia, where in 1989 it was used in a campaign for the New South Wales Rugby League. They later used the Tina Turner song \"The Best\" in another campaign.\n\nSee also\nWYGIWYS, a variant of WYSIWYG (See WYSIWYG#Variations)\n\nReferences \n\n1987 singles\nTina Turner songs\nSongs written by Graham Lyle\nSongs written by Terry Britten\n1986 songs\nCapitol Records singles\nCountry rock songs", "\"A Token of My Extreme\", by Frank Zappa, is a song on the 1979 concept album Joe's Garage [Part II]. The main character from this triple-album rock-opera has his mind messed-up by Lucille then \"finally does something smart\" and \"pays a lot of money to L. Ron Hoover and the First Church of Appliantology.\"\n\nPlot \nAppliantology is shown as an insincere religion, which cooperates with a \"malevolent totalitarian regime.\" This is an apparent reference to Scientology and its founder L. Ron Hubbard. Joe, doubting his sanity, asks 'mystical advisor' L. Ron Hoover what his problem is and is told that he is \"a latent appliance-fetishist.\" Joe asks if it is time \"to come out of the closet,\" and is told that he should \"go into the closet\". \"The Closet\" turns out to be a bar in Los Angeles, where he can have \"a lot of fun\" achieving sexual gratification using machines. The \"machines\" at The Closet are household appliances with marital aids stuck all over them. Joe is informed that the best appliances speak foreign languages, which leads to the next song, \"Stick It Out\". This song derives from another piece called \"Tush Tush Tush\" from 1973.\n\nAnalysis \nThis song was analyzed in Zappa, and also in Academy Zappa. In their study of Zappa published in the journal Studies in Musical Theatre, Carr and Hand mention that the song is \"a satire of L. Ron Hubbard (1911–86) and the Church of Scientology\". They described the work as \"an ironic precursor\" to Carlton's Return to the Forbidden Planet.\n\nSee also\nScientology in popular culture\n\nReferences\n\n1979 songs\nSongs critical of religion\nFrank Zappa songs\nScientology in popular culture\nSongs written by Frank Zappa\nSong recordings produced by Frank Zappa" ]

[ "Alexandru Macedonski", "Late 1890s" ]

[ "Alexandru Macedonski (; also rendered as Al. A. Macedonski, Macedonschi or Macedonsky; 14 March 1854 – 24 November 1920) was a Romanian poet, novelist, dramatist and literary critic, known especially for having promoted French Symbolism in his native country, and for leading the Romanian Symbolist movement during its early decades. A forerunner of local modernist literature, he is the first local author to have used free verse, and claimed by some to have been the first in modern European literature. Within the framework of Romanian literature, Macedonski is seen by critics as second only to national poet Mihai Eminescu; as leader of a cosmopolitan and aestheticist trend formed around his Literatorul journal, he was diametrically opposed to the inward-looking traditionalism of Eminescu and his school.\n\nDebuting as a Neoromantic in the Wallachian tradition, Macedonski went through the Realist-Naturalist stage deemed \"social poetry\", while progressively adapting his style to Symbolism and Parnassianism, and repeatedly but unsuccessfully attempting to impose himself in the Francophone world. Despite having theorized \"instrumentalism\", which reacted against the traditional guidelines of poetry, he maintained a lifelong connection with Neoclassicism and its ideal of purity. Macedonski's quest for excellence found its foremost expression in his recurring motif of life as a pilgrimage to Mecca, notably used in his critically acclaimed Nights cycle. The stylistic stages of his career are reflected in the collections Prima verba, Poezii, and Excelsior, as well as in the fantasy novel Thalassa, Le Calvaire de feu. In old age, he became the author of rondels, noted for their detached and serene vision of life, in contrast with his earlier combativeness.\n\nIn parallel to his literary career, Macedonski was a civil servant, notably serving as prefect in the Budjak and Northern Dobruja during the late 1870s. As journalist and militant, his allegiance fluctuated between the liberal current and conservatism, becoming involved in polemics and controversies of the day. Of the long series of publications he founded, Literatorul was the most influential, notably hosting his early conflicts with the Junimea literary society. These targeted Vasile Alecsandri and especially Eminescu, their context and tone becoming the cause of a major rift between Macedonski and his public. This situation repeated itself in later years, when Macedonski and his Forța Morală magazine began campaigning against the Junimist dramatist Ion Luca Caragiale, whom they falsely accused of plagiarism. During World War I, the poet aggravated his critics by supporting the Central Powers against Romania's alliance with the Entente side. His biography was also marked by an enduring interest in esotericism, numerous attempts to become recognized as an inventor, and an enthusiasm for cycling.\n\nThe scion of a political and aristocratic family, the poet was the son of General Alexandru Macedonski, who served as Defense Minister, and the grandson of 1821 rebel Dimitrie Macedonski. Both his son Alexis and grandson Soare were known painters.\n\nBiography\n\nEarly life and family\n\nThe poet's paternal family had arrived in Wallachia during the early 19th century. Of South Slav (Serb or Bulgarian) or Aromanian origin, they claimed to have descended from Serb insurgents in Ottoman-ruled Macedonia. Alexandru's grandfather Dimitrie and Dimitrie's brother Pavel participated in the 1821 uprising against the Phanariote administration, and in alliance with the Filiki Eteria; Dimitrie made the object of controversy when, during the final stage of the revolt, he sided with the Eteria in its confrontation with Wallachian leader Tudor Vladimirescu, taking an active part in the latter's killing. Both Macedonski brothers had careers in the Wallachian military forces, at a time when the country was governed by Imperial Russian envoys, when the Regulamentul Organic regime recognized the family as belonging to Wallachia's nobility. Dimitrie married Zoe, the daughter an ethnic Russian or Polish officer; their son, the Russian-educated Alexandru, climbed in the military and political hierarchy, joining the unified Land Forces after his political ally, Alexander John Cuza, was elected Domnitor and the two Danubian Principalities became united Romania. Both the officer's uncle Pavel and brother Mihail were amateur poets.\n\nMacedonski's mother, Maria Fisența (also Vicenț or Vicența), was from an aristocratic environment, being the scion of Oltenian boyars. Through her father, she may have descended from Russian immigrants who had been absorbed into Oltenia's nobility. Maria had been adopted by the boyar Dumitrache Pârâianu, and the couple had inherited the Adâncata and Pometești estates in Goiești, on the Amaradia Valley.\n\nBoth the poet and his father were dissatisfied with accounts of their lineage, contradicting them with an account that researchers have come to consider spurious. Although adherents of the Romanian Orthodox Church, the Macedonskis traced their origin to Rogala-bearing Lithuanian nobility from the defunct Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. While the writer perpetuated his father's claim, it is possible that he also took pride in investigating his Balkan roots: according to literary historian Tudor Vianu, who, as a youth, was a member of his circle, this tendency is attested by two of Macedonski's poems from the 1880s, where the South Slavs appear as icons of freedom. Vianu's contemporary, literary historian George Călinescu, postulated that, although the family had been absorbed into the ethnic and cultural majority, the poet's origin served to enrich local culture by linking it to a \"Thracian\" tradition and the spirit of \"adventurers\".\n\nThe family moved often, following General Macedonski's postings. Born in Bucharest, Macedonski-son was the third of four siblings, the oldest of whom was a daughter, Caterina. Before the age of six, he was a sickly and nervous child, who is reported to have had regular tantrums. In 1862, his father sent him to school in Oltenia, and he spent most time in the Amaradia region. The nostalgia he felt for the landscape later made him consider writing an Amărăzene (\"Amaradians\") cycle, of which only one poem was ever completed. He was attending the Carol I High School in Craiova and, according to his official record, graduated in 1867.\n\nMacedonski's father had by then become known as an authoritarian commander, and, during his time in Târgu Ocna, faced a mutiny which only his wife could stop by pleading with the soldiers (an episode which made an impression on the future poet). A stern parent, he took an active part in educating his children. Having briefly served as Defense Minister, the general was mysteriously dismissed by Cuza in 1863, and his pension became the topic of a political scandal. It ended only under the rule of Carol I, Cuza's Hohenzollern successor, when Parliament voted against increasing the sum to the level demanded by its recipient. Having preserved a negative impression of the 1866 plebiscite, during which Cuza's dethronement had been confirmed, Macedonski remained a committed opponent of the new ruler. As a youth and adult, he sought to revive his father's cause, and included allusions to the perceived injustice in at least one poem. After spending the last months of his life protesting against the authorities, Macedonski-father fell ill and died in September 1869, leaving his family to speculate that he had been murdered by political rivals.\n\nDebut years\n\nMacedonski left Romania in 1870, traveling through Austria-Hungary and spending time in Vienna, before visiting Switzerland and possibly other countries; according to one account, it was here that he may have first met (and disliked) his rival poet Mihai Eminescu, at a time a Viennese student. Macedonski's visit was meant to be preparation for entering the University of Bucharest, but he spent much of his time in the bohemian environment, seeking entertainment and engaging in romantic escapades. He was however opposed to the lifestyle choices of people his age, claiming that they were engaged in \"orgy after orgy\". At around that date, the young author had begun to perfect a style heavily influenced by Romanticism, and in particular by his Wallachian predecessors Dimitrie Bolintineanu and Ion Heliade Rădulescu. He was for a while in Styria, at Bad Gleichenberg, a stay which, George Călinescu believes, may have been the result of a medical recommendation to help him counter excessive nervousness. The landscape there inspired him to write an ode. Also in 1870, he published his first lyrics in George Bariț's Transylvanian-based journal Telegraful Român.\n\nThe following year, he left for Italy, where he visited Pisa, Florence, Venice, and possibly other cities. His records of the journey indicate that he was faced with financial difficulties and plagued by disease. Macedonski also claimed to have attended college lectures in these cities, and to have spent significant time studying at Pisa University, but this remains uncertain. He eventually returned to Bucharest, where he entered the Faculty of Letters (which he never attended regularly). According to Călinescu, Macedonski \"did not feel the need\" to attend classes, because \"such a young man will expect society to render upon him its homages.\" He was again in Italy during spring 1872, soon after publishing his debut volume Prima verba (Latin for \"First Word\"). Having also written an anti-Carol piece, published in Telegraful Român during 1873, Macedonski reportedly feared political reprisals, and decided to make another visit to Styria and Italy while his case was being assessed. It was in Italy that he met French musicologist Jules Combarieu, with whom he corresponded sporadically over the following decades.\n\nDuring that period, Macedonski became interested in the political scene and political journalism, first as a sympathizer of the liberal-radical current—which, in 1875, organized itself around the National Liberal Party. In 1874, back in Craiova, Macedonski founded a short-lived literary society known as Junimea, a title which purposefully or unwittingly copied that of the influential conservative association with whom he would later quarrel. It was then that he met journalist and pedagogue Ștefan Velescu, a meeting witnessed by Velescu's pupil, the future liberal journalist Constantin Bacalbașa, who recorded it in his memoirs. Oltul magazine, which he had helped establish and which displayed a liberal agenda, continued to be published until July 1875, and featured Macedonski's translations from Pierre-Jean de Béranger, Hector de Charlieu and Alphonse de Lamartine, as well as his debut in travel writing and short story. At age 22, he worked on his first play, a comedy titled Gemenii (\"The Twins\"). In 1874 that he came to the attention of young journalist future dramatist Ion Luca Caragiale, who satirized him in articles for the magazine Ghimpele, ridiculing his claim to Lithuanian descent, and eventually turning him into the character Aamsky, whose fictional career ends with his death from exhaustion caused by contributing to \"for the country's political development\". This was the first episode in a consuming polemic between the two figures. Reflecting back on this period in 1892, Macedonski described Caragiale as a \"noisy young man\" of \"sophistic reasoning\", whose target audience was to be found in \"beer gardens\".\n\n1875 trial and office as prefect\n\nIn March 1875, Macedonski was arrested on charges of defamation or sedition. For almost a year before, he and Oltul had taken an active part in the campaign against Conservative Party and its leader, Premier Lascăr Catargiu. In this context, he had demanded that the common man \"rise up with weapons in their hands and break both the government agents and the government\", following up with similar messages aimed at the Domnitor. He was taken to Bucharest's Văcărești prison and confined there for almost three months. Supported by the liberal press and defended by the most prestigious pro-liberal attorneys (Nicolae Fleva among them), Macedonski faced a jury trial on 7 June, being eventually cleared of the charges. Reportedly, the Bucharest populace organized a spontaneous celebration of the verdict.\n\nIn 1875, after the National Liberal Ion Emanuel Florescu was assigned the post of Premier by Carol, Macedonski embarked on an administrative career. The poet was upset by not being included on the National Liberal list for the 1875 suffrage. This disenchantment led him into a brief conflict with the young liberal figure Bonifaciu Florescu, only to join him soon afterward in editing Stindardul journal, alongside Pantazi Ghica and George Fălcoianu. The publication followed the line of Nicolae Moret Blaremberg, made notorious for his radical and republican agenda. Ghica and Macedonski remained close friends until Ghica's 1882 death.\n\nThe new cabinet eventually appointed him Prefect of Bolgrad region, in the Budjak (at the time part of Romania). In parallel, he published his first translation, a version of Parisina, an 1816 epic poem by Lord Byron, and completed the original works Ithalo and Calul arabului (\"The Arab's Horse\"). He also spoke at the Romanian Atheneum, presenting his views on the state of Romanian literature (1878). His time in office ended upon the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War. At the time, Russian volunteers were amassed on the Budjak border, requesting from the Romanian authorities the right of free passage into the Principality of Serbia. The National Liberal Premier Ion Brătianu, who was negotiating an anti-Ottoman alliance, sent Macedonski signals to let them pass, but the prefect, obeying the official recommendation of Internal Affairs Minister George D. Vernescu, decided against it, and was consequently stripped of his office.\n\nStill determined to pursue a career in the press, Macedonski founded a string of unsuccessful magazines with patriotic content and titles such as Vestea (\"The Announcement\"), Dunărea (\"The Danube\"), Fulgerul (\"The Lightning\") and, after 1880, Tarara (an onomatopoeia equivalent to \"Toodoodoo\"). Their history is connected with that of the Russo-Turkish War, at the end of which Romanian participation on the Russian side resulted in her independence. Macedonski remained committed to the anti-Ottoman cause, and, some thirty years later, stated: \"We want no Turkey in Europe!\"\n\nBy 1879, the poet, who continued to voice criticism of Carol, had several times switched sides between the National Liberals and the opposition Conservatives. That year, while the Budjak was ceded to Russia and Northern Dobruja was integrated into Romania, the Brătianu cabinet appointed him administrator of the Sulina plasă and the Danube Delta. He had previously refused to be made comptroller in Putna County, believing such an appointment to be beneath his capacity, and had lost a National Liberal appointment in Silistra when Southern Dobruja was granted to the Principality of Bulgaria. During this short interval in office, he traveled to the Snake Island in the Black Sea—his appreciation for the place later motivated him to write the fantasy novel Thalassa, Le Calvaire de feu and the poem Lewki.\n\nEarly Literatorul years\nWith the 1880s came a turning point in Alexandru Macedonski's career. Vianu notes that changes took place in the poet's relationship with his public: \"Society recognizes in him the nonconformist. [...] The man becomes singular; people start talking about his oddities.\" Macedonski's presumed frustration at being perceived in this way, Vianu notes, may have led him closer to the idea of poète maudit, theorized earlier by Paul Verlaine. In this context, he had set his sight on promoting \"social poetry\", the merger between lyricism and political militantism. Meanwhile, according to Călinescu, his attacks on the liberals and the \"daft insults he aimed at [Romania's] throne\" had effectively ruined his own chance of political advancement.\n\nIn January 1880, he launched his most influential and long-lived publication, Literatorul, which was also the focal point of his eclectic cultural circle, and, in later years, of the local Symbolist school. In its first version, the magazine was co-edited by Macedonski, Bonifaciu Florescu and poet Th. M. Stoenescu. Florescu parted with the group soon after, due to a disagreement with Macedonski, and was later attacked by the latter for allegedly accumulating academic posts. Literatorul aimed to irritate Junimist sensibilities from its first issue, when it stated its dislike for \"political prejudice in literature.\" This was most likely an allusion to the views of Junimist figure Titu Maiorescu, being later accompanied by explicit attacks on him and his followers. An early success for the new journal was the warm reception it received from Vasile Alecsandri, a Romantic poet and occasional Junimist whom Macedonski idolized at the time, and the collaboration of popular memoirist Gheorghe Sion. Another such figure was the intellectual V. A. Urechia, whom Macedonski made president of the Literatorul Society. In 1881, Education Minister Urechia granted Macedonski the Bene-Merenti medal 1st class, although, Călinescu stresses, the poet had only totaled 18 months of public service. At around that time, Macedonski had allegedly begun courting actress Aristizza Romanescu, who rejected his advances, leaving him unenthusiastic about love matters and unwilling to seek female company.\n\nIn parallel, Macedonski used the magazine to publicize his disagreement with the main Junimist voice, Convorbiri Literare. Among the group of contributors, several had already been victims of Maiorescu's irony: Sion, Urechia, Pantazi Ghica and Petru Grădișteanu. While welcoming the debut of its contributor, Parnassian-Neoclassicist novelist and poet Duiliu Zamfirescu, Macedonski repeatedly attacked its main exponent, the conservative poet Eminescu, claiming not to understand his poetry. However, Literatorul was also open to contributions from some Convorbiri Literare affiliates (Zamfirescu, Matilda Cugler-Poni and Veronica Micle).\n\nIn November 1880, Macedonski's plays Iadeș! (\"Wishbone!\", a comedy first printed in 1882) and Unchiașul Sărăcie (\"Old Man Poverty\") premiered at the National Theater Bucharest. A sign of government approval, this was followed by Macedonski's appointment to a minor administrative office, as Historical Monuments Inspector. Nevertheless, both plays failed to impose themselves on public perception, and were withdrawn from the program by 1888. Călinescu asserts that, although Macedonski later claimed to have always been facing poverty, his job in the administration, coupled with other sources of revenue, ensured him a comfortable existence.\n\nIn 1881, Macedonski published a new collection of poetry. Titled Poezii, it carries the year \"1882\" on its original cover. Again moving away from liberalism, Macedonski sought to make himself accepted by Junimea and Maiorescu. He consequently attended the Junimea sessions, and gave a public reading of Noaptea de noiembrie (\"November Night\"), the first publicized piece in his lifelong Nights cycle. It reportedly earned him the praise of historian and poet Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, who, although an anti-Junimist, happened to be in the audience. Despite rumors according to which he had applauded Macedonski, Maiorescu himself was not impressed, and left an unenthusiastic account of the event in his private diary.\n\nAgainst Alecsandri and Eminescu\nMacedonski's open conflict with Junimea began in 1882, when he engaged in a publicized polemic with Alecsandri. It was ignited when, through Macedonski's articles, Literatorul criticized Alecsandri for accepting Romanian Academy prizes despite being its member, and later involved Sion (whose replies on behalf of the Academy were derided by Macedonski). Macedonski also took distance from Alecsandri's style, publishing a \"critical analysis\" of his poetry in one issue of Literatorul. In turn, Alecsandri humiliated his young rival by portraying him as Zoilus, the prototype of slanderers, and himself as the model poet Horace in the 1883 play Fântâna Blanduziei. The two were eventually reconciled, and Macedonski again spoke of Alecsandri as his ideological and stylistic predecessor.\n\nIn April 1882, Eminescu had also replied to Macedonski in Timpul journal, referring to an unnamed poet who \"barely finishes high-school, comes over to Bucharest selling nick-nacks and makeup [and goes into] literary dealership\". Reproaching Macedonski's attacks on Alecsandri, Eminescu makes a nationalist comment about the young poet bearing \"the bastard instincts of those foreigners who were Romanianized only yesterday\", and attributes him \"the physiognomy of a hairdresser\". Through the articles of Petru Th. Missir, Convorbiri Literare gave Poezii a negative review, deemed \"malevolent\" by literary historian Mircea Anghelescu. At the other end of the political and cultural spectrum, Macedonski faced opposition from the intellectuals attracted to socialism, in particular Contemporanul editors Constantin Mille and Ioan Nădejde, with whom he was engaged in an extended polemic.\n\nIn the meantime, Macedonski published his own play, which had Cuza for its main character and was eponymously titled Cuza-Vodă, and completed translations for Literatorul—from Maurice Rollinat, whom he helped impose as a main cultural reference in Romanian Symbolism, and from the Greek poet Akhillefs Paraskhos. In 1883, he also contributed his first sketch story, Casa cu nr. 10 (\"The House at Number 10\"). In early 1883, he married Ana Rallet-Slătineanu. Wealthy and supposedly related to Romanian aristocrats, she would bear him five children in all: the painter Alexis was the eldest, followed by Nikita; the three youngest were two sons (Panel and Constantin Macedonski) and a daughter, Anna (also known as Nina). His heterosexual lifestyle notwithstanding, Macedonski remained a self-avowed admirer of male beauties, and was rumored to be a closeted homosexual.\n\nIn July 1883, Macedonski undertook one of his most controversial anti-Junimist actions. That month, Literatorul published an epigram signed with the pseudonym Duna, deriding an unnamed author who had lost his mind. Mihai Eminescu—whom many had already come to see as Romania's national poet—had by then developed a mental disorder which had become known to the general public. Ever since that moment, Macedonski has generally been believed to be Duna, and as a result, was faced with much criticism from both readers and commentators. The intense anti-Literatorul press campaign was initiated in August, when writer Grigore Ventura issued an article condemning Macedonski's attitude (published in the Bucharest-based newspaper L'Indépendance Roumaine), with Macedonski responding in the National Liberal organ Românul. During one evening, Macedonski is reported to have been assaulted by anonymous supporters of Eminescu. His previous conflict with Nădejde was also affected by this renewed controversy: while opposed to Junimist policies, the socialists at Contemporanul voiced their admiration for Eminescu's art.\n\nLate in 1883, Macedonski and his friends unveiled Ion Georgescu's statue of their mentor Bolintineanu in the National Theater lobby. The circumstances in which this took place rose suspicion of foul play; on this grounds, Macedonski was ridiculed by his former friend Zamfirescu in the journal România Liberă, which left him embittered. Călinescu proposes that, although such negative reactions were invoked by Macedonski's supporters as a sign of their mentor having been marginalized, Macedonski had expressed his dissatisfaction with the cultural environment long before that moment, and was still a respected figure even after the incidents took place.\n\nFirst Paris sojourn and Poezia viitorului\n\nHaving been stripped of his administrative office by the new Brătianu cabinet, Macedonski faced financial difficulties, and was forced to move into a house on the outskirts of Bucharest, and later moved between houses in northern Bucharest. According to Călinescu, the poet continued to cultivate luxury and passionately invested in the decorative arts, although his source of income, other than the supposed assistance \"of [European] ruling houses\", remains a mystery. Arguing that Macedonski was \"always in need of money\" to use on his luxury items, poet Victor Eftimiu claimed: \"He did not shy away from sending emphatic notes to the potentates of his day [...], flattering some, threatening others. He would marry off or simply mate some of his disciples with aging and rich women, and then he would squeeze out their assets.\"\n\nMacedonski eventually left Romania in 1884, visiting Paris. On his way there, he passed through Craiova, where he met aspiring author Traian Demetrescu, whose works he had already hosted in Literatorul and who was to become his friend and protégé. Demetrescu later recalled being gripped by \"tremors of emotion\" upon first catching sight of Macedonski. In France, Macedonski set up contacts within the French literary environment, and began contributing to French or Francophone literary publications—including the Belgian Symbolist platforms La Wallonie and L'Élan littéraire. His collaboration with La Wallonie alongside Albert Mockel, Tudor Vianu believes, makes Alexandru Macedonski one in the original wave of European Symbolists. This adaptation to Symbolism also drew on his marked Francophilia, which in turn complemented his tendencies toward cosmopolitanism. He became opposed to Carol I, who, in 1881, had been granted the Crown of the Romanian Kingdom. In addition to his admiration for Cuza and the 1848 Wallachian revolutionaries, the poet objected to the King's sympathy for France's main rival, the German Empire. In January 1885, after having returned from the voyage, he announced his retirement from public life, claiming that German influence and its exponents at Junimea had \"conquered\" Romanian culture, and repeating his claim that Eminescu lacked value.\n\nIn the meantime, Literatorul went out of print, although new series were still published at irregular intervals until 1904 (when it ceased being published altogether). The magazine was reportedly hated by the public, causing Macedonski, Stoenescu, Florescu, Urechia and educator Anghel Demetriescu to try to revive it as Revista Literară (\"The Literary Review\", published for a few months in 1885). The poet attempted to establish other magazines, all of them short-lived, and, in 1887, handed for print his Naturalist novella Dramă banală (\"Banal Drama\") while completing one of the most revered episodes in the Nights series, Noaptea de mai (\"May Night\"). Also in 1886, he worked on his other Naturalist novellas: Zi de august (\"August Day\"), Pe drum de poștă (\"On the Stagecoach Trail\"), Din carnetul unui dezertor (\"From the Notebook of a Deserter\"), Între cotețe (\"Amidst Hen Houses\") and the eponymous Nicu Dereanu.\n\nBy 1888, he was again sympathetic toward Blaremberg, whose dissident National Liberal faction had formed an alliance with the Conservatives, editing Stindardul Țărei (later Straja Țărei) as his supporting journal. However, late in the same year, he returned to the liberal mainstream, being assigned a weekly column in Românul newspaper. Two years later, he attempted to relaunch Literatorul under the leadership of liberal figure Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, but the latter eventually settled for founding his own Revista Nouă. Around 1891, he saluted Junimeas own break with the Conservatives and its entry into politics at the Conservative-Constitutional Party, before offering an enthusiastic welcome to the 1892 Junimist agitation among university students. In 1894, he would speak in front of student crowds gathered at a political rally in University Square, and soon after made himself known for supporting the cause of ethnic Romanians and other underrepresented groups of Austria-Hungary.\n\nHis literary thesis of the time was titled Poezia viitorului (\"The Poetry of the Future\"). It upheld Symbolist authors as the models to follow, while Macedonski personally began producing what he referred to as \"instrumentalist\" poems, composed around musical and onomatopoeic elements, and showing a preference for internal rhymes. Such an experimental approach was soon after parodied and ridiculed by Ion Luca Caragiale, who had by then affiliated and parted with Junimea, in his new Moftul Român magazine. The poet sought to reconcile with his rival, publicizing a claim that Caragiale was being unjustly ignored by the cultural establishment, but this attempt failed to mend relations between them, and the conflict escalated further.\n\nWhile, in 1893, Literatorul hosted fragments of Thalassa in its Romanian-language version, the author also launched a daily, Lumina (\"The Light\"). It was also at that stage that Alexandru Macedonski associated with Cincinat Pavelescu, the noted epigrammarian, who joined him in editing Literatorul, and with whom he co-authored the 1893 verse tragedy depicting the Biblical hero Saul, and named after him. Although showcased by the National Theater with star actor Constantin Nottara in the title role, it failed to register success with the public. Two years later, the two Literatorul editors made headlines as pioneers of cycling. An enthusiastic promoter of the sport, Macedonski joined fellow poet Constantin Cantilli on a marathon, pedaling from Bucharest across the border into Austria-Hungary, all the way down to Brașov.\n\nLate 1890s\nMacedonski also returned with a new volume of poetry, Excelsior (consecutive editions in 1895 and 1896), and founded Liga Ortodoxă (\"The Orthodox League\"), a magazine noted for hosting the debut of Tudor Arghezi, later one of the most celebrated figures in Romanian literature. Macedonski commended his new protégé for reaching \"the summit of poetry and art\" at \"an age when I was still prattling verses\". Liga Ortodoxă also hosted articles against Caragiale, which Macedonski signed with the pseudonym Sallustiu (\"Sallustius\"). The magazine was additional proof of Macedonski's return to conservatism, and largely dedicated to defending the cause of Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan Ghenadie, deposed by the Romanian Synod following a political scandal. It defended Ghenadie up until he chose to resign, and subsequently went out of print. Macedonski was shocked to note that Ghenadie had given up his own defense.\n\nIn 1895, his Casa cu nr. 10 was translated into French by the Journal des Débats, whose editors reportedly found it picturesque. Two years later, Macedonski himself published French-language translations of his earlier poetry under the title Bronzes, a volume prefaced by his disciple, the critic and promoter Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești. Although it was positively reviewed by Mercure de France magazine, Bronzes was largely unnoticed by the French audience, a fact which Tudor Vianu attributes to Bogdan-Pitești's lack of qualification for the cultural mission Macedonski had trusted him with. By that time, his circle had come to be frequented with regularity by Bogdan-Pitești's friend and collaborator, the celebrated painter Ștefan Luchian, who was in the Symbolist and Art Nouveau stage of his career.\n\nBy 1898, Macedonski was again facing financial difficulties, and his collaborators resorted to organizing a fundraiser in his honor. His rejection of the Orthodox establishment was documented by his political tract, published that year as . Between that time and 1900, he focused on researching esoteric, occult and pseudoscientific subjects. Traian Demetrescu, who recorded his visits with Macedonski, recalled his former mentor being opposed to his positivist take on science, claiming to explain the workings of the Universe in \"a different way\", through \"imagination\", but also taking an interest in Camille Flammarion's astronomy studies. Macedonski was determined to interpret death through parapsychological means, and, in 1900, conferenced at the Atheneum on the subject Sufletul și viața viitoare (\"The Soul and the Coming Life\"). The focal point of his vision was that man could voluntarily stave off death with words and gestures, a concept he elaborated upon in his later articles. In one such piece, Macedonski argued: \"man has the power [...] to compact the energy currents known as thoughts to the point where he changes them, according to his own will, into objects or soul-bearing creatures.\" He also attempted to build a machine for extinguishing chimney fires. Later, Nikita Macedonski registered the invention of nacre-treated paper, which is sometimes attributed to his father.\n\nCaion scandal and expatriation\nThe few issues of Literatorul that were printed in 1899-1900 saw the circle being joined by the young Symbolist poet Ștefan Petică. In 1902, he published Cartea de aur (\"The Golden Book\"), comprising his sketch stories and novellas. In parallel, Macedonski returned to the public scene, founding Forța Morală magazine. It was through this venue that he began responding to Ion Luca Caragiale's earlier attacks. This he did by hosting the articles of aspiring journalist Constantin Al. Ionescu-Caion, who accused Caragiale of having plagiarized a Hungarian author by the name of Kemény in his tragedy play Năpasta. Kemény turned out to be non-existent. According to Vianu, Macedonski had no prior knowledge of the fraud, but had also been \"blinded\" by his resentments instead of displaying \"discernment\", and had even showed evidence of \"insanity\". Most in Macedonski's own series of anti-Caragiale articles were unsigned, or signed with pseudonyms such as Luciliu (\"Gaius Lucilius\").\n\nLike in the case of Eminescu's conflict with Macedonski, the polemic enlisted a negative response from the public. The poet's associate Th. M. Stoenescu convinced himself that Caragiale was being framed, and refused to allow Revista Literară to be used for endorsing Caion, which caused Macedonski to shun him. Macedonski refused to withdraw his support for the cause even after Caragiale sued Caion, but Forța Morală soon went out of print. Before it did so, the journal hosted some of Macedonski's most renowned poems, including Lewki and Noaptea de decemvrie (\"December Night\"), together with his article on Remy de Gourmont's thoughts on poetics.\n\nIn his article of 1903, titled (\"Toward Occultism. Later Orientations toward Theosophy and Social Philosophy\"), the poet envisaged making his interest in esoteric subjects the basis of a new literary movement. Also that year, poet George Bacovia began attending the literary circle, and gave a reading of his celebrated Plumb poem, being welcomed by Macedonski with a flattering epigram. Macedonski's series of short-lived periodicals resumed in 1905, when he founded Le Beau Danube Bleu (French for \"The Beautiful Blue Danube\") and Liga Conservatoare (\"The Conservative League\"). He registered more success in 1906, when his Thalassa was published, as Le Calvaire de feu, by Edward Sansot's Paris-based publishing house. This followed intense self-promotion within the French literary environment, as well as advertisements in the French press. Part of this involved Macedonski sending his book to be reviewed by Émile Faguet, Jean Mounet-Sully, Joséphin Péladan, Pierre Quillard and Jean Richepin, who replied with what Vianu deems \"the politeness of circumstance.\" The volume was nonetheless favorably reviewed by the prestigious magazines Mercure de France and Gil Blas.\n\nAlso in 1906, La Revue Musicale published his interview with Combarieu, through which the latter aimed to verify supposed connections between literary inspiration and musical sensitivity. By 1907, he was concentrating on experiments in physics, and eventually publicized his claim to have discovered that light does not travel through vacuum. He sent a paper on astronomy subjects to be reviewed by the Société Astronomique de France, of which he subsequently became a member. The same year, he drafted the plan for a world government, announcing that he had found sympathy for the cause throughout Europe. Macedonski also introduced himself to an Italophone public, when two of his sonnets were published by Poesia, the magazine of Futurist theorist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.\n\nBetween 1910 and 1912, Macedonski was again in Paris. Seeking to withdraw himself from Romania's public life due to what he perceived as injustice, he had by then completed work on the French-language tragicomedy Le Fou? (\"The Madman?\"), which was only published after his death. He was actively seeking to establish his reputation in French theater, reading his new play to a circle which included Louis de Gonzague Frick and Florian-Parmentier, while, at home, newspapers reported rumors that his work was going to be staged by Sarah Bernhardt's company. His efforts were largely fruitless, and, accompanied by his son Alexis, the poet left France, spent some time in Italy, and eventually returned to Romania. Passing through the German Empire, he learned of Ion Luca Caragiale's sudden death, and wrote Adevărul daily an open letter, which showed that he had come to revise his stance, notably comparing the deceased author's style and legacy to those of Mark Twain.\n\nDuring Macedonski's absence, his style and work had come to be reviewed more positively, in particular by the young authors I. Dragoslav, Horia Furtună, Ion Pillat, Anastasie Mândru, Al. T. Stamatiad, as well as by post-Junimist critic Mihail Dragomirescu, who offered Macedonski a good reception in his Convorbiri Critice magazine. Tudor Vianu, who cites contemporary statements by Dragoslav, concludes that, upon arrival, Macedonski was enthusiastically received by a public who had missed him. Also in 1912, one of his poems was published as an homage by Simbolul, a magazine published by the young and radical Symbolists Tristan Tzara, Ion Vinea and Marcel Janco. Around that time, Macedonski also collaborated with the Iași-based moderate Symbolist magazine Versuri și Proză. Polemics surrounding his case nevertheless continued: in late 1912, as part of a National Theater adaptation of Alphonse Daudet's Sapho, actor Cazimir Belcot borrowed from Macedonski's appearance and mannerisms to portray a failure.\n\nReturn and World War I years\nMacedonski and his protégés had become regular frequenters of Bucharest cafés. Having a table permanently reserved for him at Imperial Hotel's Kübler Coffeehouse, he was later a presence in two other such establishments: High-Life and Terasa Oteteleșanu. He is said to have spent part of his time at Kübler loudly mocking the traditionalist poets who gathered at an opposite table. Meanwhile, the poet's literary club, set up at his house in Dorobanți quarter, had come to resemble a mystical circle, over which he held magisterial command. Vianu, who visited the poet together with Pillat, compares this atmosphere with those created by other \"mystics and magi of poetry\" (citing as examples Joséphin Péladan, Louis-Nicolas Ménard, Stéphane Mallarmé and Stefan George). The hall where seances were hosted was only lit by candles, and the tables were covered in red fabric. Macedonski himself was seated on a throne designed by Alexis, and adopted a dominant pose. The apparent secrecy and the initiation rites performed on new members were purportedly inspired by Rosicrucianism and the Freemasonry. By then, Macedonski was rewarding his followers' poems with false gemstones.\n\nThe poet founded Revista Critică (\"The Critical Review\"), which again closed after a short while, and issued the poetry volume Flori sacre (\"Sacred Flowers\"). Grouping his Forța Morală poems and older pieces, it was dedicated to his new generation of followers, whom Macedonski's preface referred to as \"the new Romania.\" He continued to hope that Le Fou? was going to be staged in France, especially after he received some encouragement in the form of articles in Mercure de France and Journal des Débats, but was confronted with the general public's indifference. In 1914, Thalassa was published in a non-definitive version by Constantin Banu's magazine Flacăra, which sought to revive overall interest in his work. At a French Red Cross conference in September, Macedonski paid his final public homage to France, which had just become entangled in World War I. It was also in 1914 that Macedonski commissioned for print his very first rondels and completed work on a tragedy play about Renaissance poet Dante Aligheri—known as La Mort de Dante in its French original, and Moartea lui Dante in the secondary Romanian version (both meaning \"Dante's Death\"). The aging poet was by then building connections with the local art scene: together with artist Alexandru Severin, he created (and probably presided over) Cenaclul idealist (\"The Idealist Club\"), which included Symbolist artists and was placed under the honorary patronage of King Carol.\n\n1916 was also the year when Romania abandoned her neutrality and, under a National Liberal government, rallied with the Entente Powers. During the neutrality period, Macedonski had shed his lifelong Francophilia to join the Germanophiles, who wanted to see Romanian participation on the Central Powers' side. In 1915, he issued the journal Cuvântul Meu (\"My Word\"). Entirely written by him, it published ten consecutive issues before going bankrupt, and notably lashed out against France for being \"bourgeois\" and \"lawyer-filled\", demanding from Romania not to get involved in the conflict. Commentators and researchers of his work have declared themselves puzzled by this change in allegiance.\n\nMacedonski further alienated public opinion during the Romanian Campaign, when the Central Powers armies entered southern Romania and occupied Bucharest. Alexis was drafted and became a war artist, but Macedonski Sr, who received formal protection from the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bucharest, chose to stay behind while the authorities and many ordinary citizens relocated to Iași, where resistance was still being organized. His stance was interpreted as collaborationism by his critics. However, Macedonski reportedly faced extreme poverty throughout the occupation. Having by then begun to attend the circle of Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești, his promoter and fellow Germanophile, he was once rewarded by the latter with a turkey filled with gold coins.\n\nLate polemics, illness and death\n\nLiteratorul resumed print in June 1918, once Romania capitulated to the Central Powers under the Treaty of Bucharest. A controversial incident occurred soon afterwards, when, going against the counsel of his friend and collaborator Stamatiad, Macedonski signed a Literatorul article where the German military administrator August von Mackensen, who was about to lead his troops out of Romania, was presented in a positive light. In a manner deemed \"excessive\" by historian Lucian Boia, the Romanian writer was paying homage not just to Mackensen, but also, indirectly, to German Emperor Wilhelm II and the Reichsheer. Soon after reading the piece, Romanian Academy member and fellow Symbolist promoter Ovid Densusianu withdrew his own nomination of Macedonski for an Academy seat. During summer, Macedonski also joined the group of public figures who saluted the senior Conservative Germanophile Petre P. Carp (deeming Carp \"the veteran of character, honesty and Romanianism\"), and, in September, joined Ioan Slavici and Gala Galaction as a contributor to the occupation magazine Rumänien in Wort und Bild, where he prophesied an anti-French \"political renaissance\" of Romania.\n\nAlexandru Macedonski faced problems after the Romanian government resumed its control over Bucharest, and during the early years of Greater Romania. What followed the Mackensen article, Vianu claims, was Macedonski's bellum contra omnes (\"war against all\"). However, the poet made efforts to accommodate himself with the triumphal return of the Iași authorities: in December 1918, Literatorul celebrated the extension of Romanian rule \"from the Tisza to the Dniester\" as a success of the National Liberals, paying homage to Francophile political leaders Ion I. C. Brătianu and Take Ionescu. Macedonski also envisaged running in the 1918 election for a seat in the new Parliament (which was supposed to vote a document to replace the 1866 Constitution as the organic law), but never registered his candidature. According to Vianu, he had intended to create a joke political party, the \"intellectual group\", whose other member was an unnamed coffeehouse acquaintance of his. Literatorul was revived for a final time in 1919.\n\nHis health deteriorated from heart disease, which is described by Vianu as an effect of constant smoking. By that stage, Vianu recalls, Macedonski also had problems coming to terms with his age. His last anthumous work was the pamphlet Zaherlina (named after the Romanian version of \"Zacherlin\"; also known as Zacherlina or Zacherlina în continuare, \"Zacherlin Contd.\"), completed in 1919 and published the following year. It notably attacked Densusianu, who had become Macedonski's personal enemy. Some other polemical texts he had authored late in life saw print only after his death, under the title Mustrări postume către o generație neînțelegătoare (\"Posthumous Reprimands for an Obtuse Generation\").\n\n1920 was also the year when the People's Party cabinet attempted to pension him off from his office at the Historical Monuments Commission, but the publicized protest of Macedonski's fellow writers in Bucharest made it reconsider. Confined to his home by illness and old age, Macedonski was still writing poems, some of which later known as his Ultima verba (\"Last Words\"). The writer died on 24 November, at three o'clock in the afternoon. Having come to develop an addiction to floral fragrances, he was inhaling a rose petal extract during his last hours. He was buried in Bucharest's Bellu.\n\nWork\n\nGeneral characteristics\n\nAlthough Alexandru Macedonski frequently changed his style and views on literary matters, a number of constants have been traced throughout his work. Thus, a common perception is that his literature had a strongly visual aspect, the notion being condensed in Cincinat Pavelescu's definition of Macedonski: \"Poet, therefore painter; painter, therefore poet.\" Traian Demetrescu too recalled that his mentor had been dreaming of becoming a visual artist, and had eventually settled for turning his son Alexis into one. This pictorial approach to writing created parallels between Macedonski and his traditionalist contemporaries Vasile Alecsandri and Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea.\n\nFollowing the tenets of Dimitrie Bolintineanu and Théophile Gautier, the writer repeatedly called for purity in versification, and upheld it as an essential requirement, while progressively seeking to verify the quality of his poetry through phonaesthetics. A characteristic of Macedonski's style is his inventive use of Romanian. Initially influenced by Ion Heliade Rădulescu's introduction of Italian-based words to the Romanian lexis, Macedonski himself later infused poetic language with a large array of neologisms from several Romance sources. Likewise, Vianu notes, Macedonski had a tendency for comparing nature with the artificial, the result of this being a \"document\" of his values. Macedonski's language alternated neologisms with barbarisms, many of which were coined by him personally. They include claviculat (\"clavicled\", applied to a shoulder), împălăriată (\"enhatted\", used to define a crowd of hat-wearing tourists), and ureichii (instead of urechii, \"to the ear\" or \"of the ear\"). His narratives nevertheless take an interest in recording direct speech, used as a method of characterization. However, Călinescu criticizes Macedonski for using a language which, \"although grammatically correct [...], seems to have been learned only recently\", as well as for not following other Romanian writers in creating a lasting poetic style.\n\nThe writer's belief in the effects of sheer willpower, notably present in his comments on esoteric subjects, was itself a defining characteristic of his perspective on literature. In 1882, he wrote about progression in one's career: \"We are all poets at birth, but only those who shape themselves through study will become poets.\" Vianu, who notes Macedonski's \"exclusivity\" and \"fanaticism\", places such statements in connection with Macedonski's personal ambition, \"pride\" and \"the willingness to carry out ventured actions [...], in stated opposition with the entire surrounding and with contempt for the foreseeable reaction.\"\n\nAlmost all periods of Macedonski's work reflect, in whole or in part, his public persona and the polemics he was involved in. George Călinescu's emits a verdict on the relation between his lifetime notoriety and the public's actual awareness of his work: \"Macedonski [was] a poet well-known for being an unknown poet.\" According to literary critic Matei Călinescu, the innovative aspects of his impact on Romanian literature were not as much related to his \"literary ideology\", as much as to his \"contradictory spirit\" and \"essential nonconformism\". However, literary researcher Adrian Marino proposes that Macedonski was one of the first modern authors to illustrate the importance of \"dialectic unity\" through his views on art, in particular by having argued that poetry needed to be driven by \"an idea\". Having theorized once, while questioning Junimist rigor, that \"the logic of poetry is absurdity itself [italics in the original]\", the poet also said: \"Poetry is the chaos of spirit and matter, of the cries of distress and mad laughter. From the sublime to the trivial, that is what it should be.\" He later revised part of this verdict, and, making explicit his adoption of aestheticism, spoke against trivial subjects and in favor of the sublime.\n\nWhile Macedonski also discarded the concept of \"social poetry\" not long after postulating it, its spirit, Tudor Vianu believes, can still be found in his later contributions. This, the critic notes, was owed to his \"social temperament\", whose \"fundamental experience is that of the social.\" Discussing this sociable and extrovert character, other critics see in the poet's life and work the imprint of \"quixotism\". Also according to Vianu, this contrasted with Macedonski's failures in communicating with the public, an experience which made him \"misanthropic\" and contributed to his ultimate vision of death as freedom. Literary historian Pompiliu Constantinescu concluded: \"Macedonski could not resign; his one martyrdom was for Art, as the sole liberation from a tormented life.\" Other commentators have defined the poet's perspective on life as a result of \"neurosis\".\n\nIn Vianu's perspective, Macedonski's stance is dominated by a mixture of nostalgia, sensuality, lugubrious-grotesque imagery, and \"the lack of bashfulness for antisocial sentiments\" which compliments his sarcasm. In respect to the latter characteristic, Vianu notes \"no one in Romanian literature has laughed the same way as Macedonski\", whereas critic Ștefan Cazimir argues: \"[Macedonski was] lacking the sense of relativity in principles, and implicitly a sense of humor.\" Cazimir adds: \"Only when he aged did [Macedonski] learn to smile\". George Călinescu himself believes Macedonski to have been \"fundamentally a spiritual man with lots of humor\", speculating that he was able to see the \"uselessness\" of his own scientific ventures.\n\nCritics note that, while Macedonski progressed from one stage to the other, his work fluctuated between artistic accomplishment and mediocrity. Tudor Vianu believes \"failure in reaching originality\" and reliance on \"soppy-conventional attributes of the day\" to be especially evident wherever Macedonski tried to emulate epic poetry. He also notes that Macedonski's love-themed pieces \"cannot be listed among [his] most fortunate\". At his best, commentators note, he was one of the Romanian literature's classics. Macedonski is thus perceived as the author second only to Eminescu, and as his ideal counterpart—a relation Vianu describes as \"the internal dualism [confronting] two familiar gods\". Various critics have compared Eminescu's poetic discourse with that of the Symbolist leader, concluding that the two poets often display very similar attitudes. Călinescu writes that, while Macedonski's work is largely inferior to that of his Junimist rival, it forms the best \"reply\" ever conceived within their common setting.\n\nPrima verba and other early works\nWith Ion Catina, Vasile Păun and Grigore H. Grandea, young Macedonski belonged to late Romanian Romanticism, part of a Neoromantic generation which had for its mentors Heliade Rădulescu and Bolintineanu. Other early influences were Pierre-Jean de Béranger and Gottfried August Bürger, together with Romanian folklore, motifs from them being adapted by Macedonski into pastorals and ballades of ca. 1870–1880. The imprint of Romanticism and such other sources was evident in Prima verba, which groups pieces that Macedonski authored in his early youth, the earliest of them being written when he was just twelve. Critics generally argue that the volume is without value. The poems display his rebellious attitude, self-victimization and strong reliance on autobiographical elements, centering on such episodes as the death of his father. In one piece inspired by the ideology of Heliade Rădulescu, Vianu notes, Macedonski sings \"the French Revolution's love for freedom and equality, otherwise proclaimed from his nobleman's perspective.\" It reads:\n\nIn parallel, Macedonski used erotic themes, completing a series which, although written on the model of idylls, is noted for its brute details of sexual exploits. The poet probably acknowledged that posterity would reject them, and did not republish them in any of his collected poetry volumes.\n\nDuring his time at Oltul (1873–1875), Macedonski published a series of poems, most of which were not featured in definitive editions of his work. In addition to odes written in the Italian-based version of Romanian, it includes lyrics which satirize Carol I without mentioning his name. Following his arrest, Macedonski also completed Celula mea de la Văcărești (\"My Cell in Văcărești\"), which shows his attempt to joke about the situation. In contrast to this series, some of the pieces written during Macedonski's time in the Budjak and Northern Dobruja display a detachment from contemporary themes. At that stage, he was especially inspired by Lord Byron, whom Vianu calls \"the sovereign poet of [Macedonski's] youth.\" In Calul arabului, Macedonski explores exotic and Levantine settings, using symbols which announce George Coșbuc's El-Zorab, and the Venetian-themed Ithalo, which centers on episodes of betrayal and murder. Others were epic and patriotic in tone, with subjects such as Romanian victories in the Russo-Turkish War or the Imperial Roman sites along the Danube. One of these pieces, titled Hinov after the village and stone quarry in Rasova, gives Macedonski a claim to being the first modern European poet to have used free verse, ahead of the French Symbolist Gustave Kahn. Macedonski himself later voiced the claim, and referred to such a technique as \"symphonic verse\", \"proteic verse\", or, in honor of composer Richard Wagner, \"Wagnerian verse\".\n\nWhile editing Oltul, Macedonski also completed his first prose writings. These were the travel account Pompeia și Sorento (\"Pompeia and Sorento\", 1874) and a prison-themed story described by Vianu as \"a tearjerker\", titled Câinele din Văcărești (\"The Dog in Văcărești\", 1875). These were later complemented by other travel works, which critic Mihai Zamfir likens to the verbal experiments of Impressionist literature, pioneering in the Romanian prose poetry genre. The short comedy Gemenii was his debut work for the stage, but, according to Vianu, failed to show any merit other than a \"logical construction\" and a preview into Macedonski's use of sarcasm. These writings were followed in 1876 by a concise biography of Cârjaliul, an early 19th-century hajduk. In line with his first Levant-themed poems, Macedonski authored the 1877 story Așa se fac banii (\"This Is How Money Is Made\", later retold in French as Comment on devient riche et puissant, \"How to Become Rich and Powerful\"), a fable of fatalism and the Muslim world—it dealt with two brothers, one hard-working and one indolent, the latter of whom earns his money through a series of serendipitous events. Likewise, his verse comedy Iadeș! borrowed its theme from the widely circulated collection of Persian literature known as Sindipa. The setting was however modern, and, as noted by French-born critic Frédéric Damé, the plot also borrowed much from Émile Augier's Gabrielle and from other morality plays of the period. Part of the text was an ironic treatment of youth in liberal professions, an attitude which Macedonski fitted in his emerging anti-bourgeois discourse.\n\nWith the first poems in his Nights cycle, Macedonski still showed his allegiance to Romanticism, and in particular to Alphonse de Lamartine, and the supposed inventor of this theme, Alfred de Musset. Noaptea de noiembrie opens with a violent condemnation of his adversaries, and sees Macedonski depicting his own funeral. The poem is commended by Călinescu, who notes that, in contrast to the \"apparently trivial beginning\", the main part, where Macedonski depicts himself in flight over the Danube, brings the Romanian writer close to the accomplishments of Dante Aligheri. The writer himself claimed that the piece evidenced \"the uttermost breath of inspiration I have ever felt in my life.\" Another poem, Noaptea de aprilie (\"April Night\"), was probably his testimony of unrequited love for Aristizza Romanescu.\n\nRealism and Naturalism\nBy the 1880s, Macedonski developed and applied his \"social poetry\" theory, as branch of Realism. Explained by the writer himself as a reaction against the legacy of Lamartine, it also signified his brief affiliation with the Naturalist current, a radical segment of the Realist movement. Traian Demetrescu thus noted that Macedonski cherished the works of French Naturalists and Realists such as Gustave Flaubert and Émile Zola. During this phase, Macedonski made known his sympathy for the disinherited, from girls forced into prostitution to convicts sentenced to penal labor on salt mines, and also spoke out against the conventionalism of civil marriages. His Ocnele (\"The Salt Mines\") includes the verdict:\n\nNaturalist depiction was also the main element in his prose pieces of the early 1880s. Among them was the first of several sketch stories using still life techniques, Casa cu nr. 10 (according to Zamfir, a prime sample of Macedonski's \"ornamental\" genre). With Între cotețe, Dramă banală and later Cometa lui Odorescu (\"Odorescu's Comet\"), Macedonski speaks about his own biography. The former has for a protagonist Pandele Vergea, a thirty-five-year-old man who is consumed by an avicultural obsession, who dreams of turning into a bird, and who is eventually maimed by his overcrowded fowls. In contrast, Dereanu is a bohemian university student, possessed by dreams of military and political glory, and who meditates about his future in front of Heliade Rădulescu's statue or in Bucharest cafés. Also a bohemian, Odorescu announces his discovery of a comet, before being proved wrong by his aunt, an ordinary woman. Some pieces also double as memoirs: in Dramă banală, the plot revolves around Macedonski's recollection of the 1866 plebiscite. Vianu draws attention to the picturesque depiction of historic Bucharest, a contributing element in Cometa..., Casa cu nr. 10 and Între cotețe.\n\nWith Unchiașul Sărăcie (also written in verse), Macedonski took Naturalist tenets into the field of drama. Frédéric Damé believed it an imitation of a play by Ernest d'Hervilly and Alfred Grévin, but, Vianu argues, the Romanian text was only loosely based on theirs: in Macedonski's adaptation, the theme became fairy tale-like, and used a speech style based on Romanian folklore. Around the time of its completion, Macedonski was also working on a similarly loose adaptation of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, which notably had the two protagonists die in each other's arms. Another such play is 3 decemvrie (\"December 3\"), which partly retells Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias Werner's Der 24 Februar using Naturalist devices. By contrast, the homage-play Cuza-Vodă is mainly a Romantic piece, where Alexander John Cuza finds his political mission validated by legendary figures in Romanian history.\n\nIn parallel, Macedonski was using poetry to carry out his polemics. In an 1884 epigram, he reacted against Alecsandri's Fântâna Blanduziei, but, in Vianu's definition, \"his regular causticity seems to be restrained.\" The piece he had earlier written, presumably against Eminescu, scandalized the public by mocking the rival's mental ruin:\n\nAccording to Tudor Vianu, Macedonski was mostly motivated by his disappointment in Junimea, and in particular by Eminescu's response to his public persona. Vianu contends that, although Macedonski \"never was familiar with the resigned and patient attitudes\", he was \"by no means an evil man.\" On one occasion, the poet defended himself against criticism, noting that the epigram had not been specifically addressed to Eminescu, but had been labeled as such by the press, and claiming to have authored it years before its Literatorul edition. However, the later piece Viața de apoi (\"The Afterlife\") still displays resentments he harbored toward Eminescu.\n\nBy 1880–1884, particularly after the Eminescu scandal, Macedonski envisaged prioritizing French as his language of expression. According to Vianu, Macedonski had traversed \"the lowest point\" of his existence, and had been subject to \"one of the most delicate mysteries of poetic creation.\" Among his pieces of the period is the French-language sonnet Pârle, il me dit alors (\"Speak, He Then Said to Me\"), where, Vianu notes, \"one discovers the state of mind of a poet who decides to expatriate himself.\"\n\nAdoption of Symbolism\n\nAccording to Mihai Zamfir, at the end of his transition from the \"mimetic and egocentric\" verse to Symbolist poetry, Macedonski emerged a \"remarkable, often extraordinary\" author. In the early 20th century, fellow poet and critic N. Davidescu described Macedonski, Ion Minulescu and other Symbolists from Wallachia as distinct from their Moldavian counterparts in both style and themes. Endorsing the theory and practice of Symbolism for much of his life, Macedonski retrospectively claimed to have been one of its first exponents. His version of Symbolism, critic Paul Cernat notes, clashed with that advocated by many of his contemporaries in that it rejected merit to the Decadent movement, and represented the \"decorative\" aestheticist trend of Paranassian spirit within the Romanian Symbolist current.\n\nWithin Poezia viitorului, Macedonski invoked as his models to follow some important or secondary Symbolist and Parnassian figures: Charles Baudelaire, Joséphin Péladan, Maurice Maeterlinck, Stéphane Mallarmé and Jean Moréas. In his review of Bronzes for Mercure de France, Pierre Quillard remarked the \"irreproachable\" technique, but criticized the poet for being too indebted to both Baudelaire and Leconte de Lisle; other Symbolist figures whom Macedonski is known to have borrowed from are José María de Heredia and Iwan Gilkin. While undergoing this transition, to what linguist Manuela-Delia Suciu argues is a mostly Parnassian phase, Macedonski was still referencing Naturalism, and considered it compatible with Symbolism.\n\nWith the adoption of such tenets came a succession of Symbolist poems, where the focus is on minutely-observed objects, usually items of luxury, partly reflecting themes he had explored in the Naturalist stage. Commenting on them, Tudor Vianu argues that no such works had ever been produced in Romanian literature up until that moment. In his Ospățul lui Pentaur (\"The Feast of Pentaur\"), the poet reflected on civilization itself, as reflected in inanimate opulence. The motif was also developed in descriptive prose fragments later grouped in Cartea de aur, collectively titled nuvele fără oameni (\"novellas without people\") and compared by Călinescu with the paintings of Theodor Aman.\n\nAlso during that stage, Macedonski was exploring the numerous links between Symbolism, mysticism and esotericism. Earlier pieces had already come to explore macabre themes characteristic for an early branch of Symbolism. Influenced by Maurice Rollinat, they include the somber Vaporul morții (\"The Ship of Death\") and Visul fatal (\"The Fatal Dream\"). Likewise, the piece titled Imnul lui Satan (\"Satan's Hymn\") was placed by critics in connection with Les Litanies de Satan (part of Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal), but, Vianu argues, the source of Macedonski's satanic themes may have been lodged in his own vision of the world. This interest also reflected in his 1893 Saul, where Cincinat Pavelescu's contribution is supposedly minimal. Echoing satanic themes, Ernest Legouvé's dramatic version of the Medea myth (which Macedonski translated at some point in his life) and the classical work of Jean Racine, it shows the dark powers of political conflict intervening between the eponymous king and his ephebos-like protégé David, the latter of whom turns out to be the agent of spiritual revolution.\n\n (\"August Night\"), outlines a monistic belief probably inspired by Rosicrucianism, stressing the unity between soul and matter and depicting Macedonski's own journey into a transcendental space. Following the examples of Baudelaire's Les paradis artificiels, but also echoing his readings from Paul Verlaine and Théophile Gautier, Macedonski left poems dealing with narcotics and substance abuse, at least some of which reflected his personal experience with nicotine and possibly other unnamed drugs. Also at that stage, Macedonski also began publishing the \"instrumentalist\" series of his Symbolist poems. This form of experimental poem was influenced by the theories of René Ghil and verified through his encounter with Remy de Gourmont's views. In parallel, it reaffirmed Macedonski's personal view that music and the spoken word were intimately related (a perspective notably attested by his 1906 interview with Jules Combarieu). Romanian critic Petre Răileanu theorized that such elements evidenced Macedonski's transition to \"metaliterature\". On a different level, they echoed an older influence, that of Gottfried August Bürger.\n\nExcelsior\nDespite having stated his interest in innovation, Macedonski generally displayed a more conventional style in his Excelsior volume. It included Noaptea de mai, which Vianu sees as \"one of the [vernacular's] most beautiful poems\" and as evidence of \"a clear joy, without any torment whatsoever\". A celebration of spring partly evoking folkloric themes, it was made famous by the recurring refrain, Veniți: privighetoarea cântă și liliacul e-nflorit (\"Come along: the nightingale is singing and the lilac is in blossom\"). Like Noaptea de mai, Lewki (named after and dedicated to the Snake Island), depicts intense joy, completed in this case by what Vianu calls \"the restorative touch of nature.\" The series also returned to Levant settings and Islamic imagery, particularly in Acșam dovalar (named after the Turkish version of Witr). Also noted within the volume is his short \"Modern Psalms\" series, including the piece Iertare (\"Forgiveness\"), which is addressed to God:\n\nExcelsior also included Noaptea de ianuarie (\"January Night\"), which encapsulates one of his best-known political statements. Anghelescu reads it as a \"meditation on disillusionment that culminates in a vitality-laden exhortation of action.\" Its anti-bourgeois attitude, literary historian Z. Ornea argues, was one of the meeting points between Macedonski and Junimism. In what is seen as its most acid section, the text notably reads:\n\nAt the same time as being engaged in his most violent polemics, Macedonski produced meditative and serene poems, which were later judged to be among his best. Noaptea de decemvrie is the synthesis of his main themes and influences, rated by commentators as his \"masterpiece\". Partly based on an earlier poem (Meka, named after the Arab city), it tells the story of an emir, who, left unsatisfied by the shallow and opulent life he leads in Baghdad, decides to leave on pilgrimage. While critics agree that it is to be read as an allegory of Macedonski's biography, the ironic text does not make it clear whether the emir actually reaches his target, nor if the central metaphor of Mecca as a mirage means that the goal is not worth sacrificing for. While Mircea Anghelescu comments that Macedonski illustrates \"unusual tension\" by rigorously amplifying references to the color red, seen as a symbol of suffering, Călinescu notes that the sequence of lyrics has a studied \"delirious\" element, and illustrates this with the quote:\n\nLate prose works\nIn prose, his focus shifted back to the purely descriptive, or led Alexandru Macedonski into the realm of fantasy literature. These stories, most of which were eventually collected in Cartea de aur, include memoirs of his childhood in the Amaradia region, nostalgic portrayals of the Oltenian boyar environment, idealized depictions of Cuza's reign, as well as a retrospective view on the end of Rom slavery (found in his piece Verigă țiganul, \"Verigă the Gypsy\"). The best known among them is Pe drum de poștă, a third-person narrative and thinly disguised memoir, where the characters are an adolescent Alexandru Macedonski and his father, General Macedonski. The idyllic outlook present in such stories is one of the common meeting points between his version of Symbolism and traditionalist authors such as Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea. Vianu indicates the connection, but adds: \"Macedonski descended, through memory, in the world of the village, with the tremor of regret for the peace and plenty of the old settlements, so well polished that each person, landowner as well as peasant, lived within a framework that nature itself seemed to have granted. [...] in depicting rural environments, Macedonski presents the point of view of a conservative.\"\n\nThalassa, Le Calvaire de feu, a fantasy novel and extended prose poem, was celebrated by Macedonski's disciple Oreste Georgescu as \"the new religion of humanity\". The volume carried the mocking dedication \"To France, this Chaldea\" (thought by Vianu to reference Péladan's views on the decay of civilization). It has affinities with writings by the Italian Decadent author Gabriele d'Annunzio, as well as echoes from Anatole France. The hero Thalassa, a Greek boy, works as a lighthouse-keeper on Snake Island, fantasizing about the golden age of mankind. His fate is changed by a shipwreck, during which a girl, Caliope, reaches the island's shore. Thalassa and Caliope fall in love, but are mysteriously unable to seal their union through sexual intercourse: the boy attributes this failure to the \"curse\" of human individuality. Seeking to achieve a perfect union with his lover, he eventually kills her and drowns himself in the Black Sea.\n\nIn her review for Mercure de France, novelist Rachilde argued: \"Very difficult to read, entirely developed in Symbolist manner [and] almost impossible to recount, obviously written in French but nevertheless obviously conceived by a Romanian (and what a spirited Romanian!).\" Rachilde believed the work to display \"the fragrance of Oriental spices [...] rose marmalade and a slice of bear meat.\" According to Vianu, the book builds on Macedonski's earlier themes, replacing Naturalist observation with a metaphysical speculation about idealism. One other aspect of Macedonski's stylistic exploration took him to attempt recording synesthesia. His manuscript is written in ink of several colors, which, he believed, was to help readers get a full sense of its meaning. Like other synesthetic aspects of his novel, this is believed to have been inspired by the techniques of Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud.\n\nThalassa, Le Calvaire de feu is noted for its numerous cultural references, and especially for using a wide range of metaphors. Such aspects have been reviewed negatively by modern critics. Tudor Vianu writes: \"the poet makes such waste of gemstones that we feel like saying some of them must be false\", while Călinescu, who notes that some fragments reveal \"an incomparable artist\" and \"a professional metaphorist\", notes that \"in the end, such virtuosities become a bore.\" According to Manuela-Delia Suciu, Thalassa is \"prolix\" and \"too polished\", traits believed by Zamfir to be less irritating in the Romanian version. Critic Cornel Moraru found that, in the background, Thalassa, a \"great Symbolist novel\", confronts Ancient Greek and Christian mythology, but \"abuses\" the religious vocabulary. Another part of the novel's imagery is erotic, and includes an elaborate and aestheticized description of male genitalia.\n\nThe four-act tragicomedy Le Fou? is seen by Vianu as comparable in subject matter and depth to Enrico IV, a celebrated 1922 play by Luigi Pirandello. The plot reflects Macedonski's confrontation with his critics, and his acceptance of the fact that people saw in him an eccentric. The central figure is a banker, Dorval, who identifies himself with Napoleon Bonaparte to the point where he sees episodes in his biography as mirrors of early 19th-century battles. Unlike patients with dissociative identity disorder, Dorval does not actually imagine his life has become Napoleon's, but rather joins with him on an intellectual level. Witnesses of this disorder are divided into family, who seek to have Dorval committed, and close friends, who come to see his take on life as a manifestation of genius. The spectator is led to believe that the latter interpretation is the correct one. At a larger level, Vianu indicates, the play is also Macedonski's critique of capitalism, and, using Parisian argot, makes allusive references to famous people of the day.\n\nParticularly during the 1890s, Macedonski was a follower of Edgar Allan Poe and of Gothic fiction in general, producing a Romanian version of Poe's Metzengerstein story, urging his own disciples to translate other such pieces, and adopting \"Gothic\" themes in his original prose. Indebted to Jules Verne and H. G. Wells, Macedonski also wrote a number of science fiction stories, including the 1913 Oceania-Pacific-Dreadnought, which depicts civilization on the verge of a crisis. The gigantic commercial ship is maintained by a banker's union, and designed to grant travelers access to every pleasure imaginable; this causes the working-class inhabited cities on the continent to fall into a state of neglect and permanent violence, the climax of the story occurring with the bankers' decision to destroy their creation. Oceania-Pacific-Dreadnought is noted for anticipating television, the ship being equipped with electrically-operated \"large and clear mirrors\" that display \"images from various parts of the Earth\". Macedonski was by then interested in the development of cinema, and authored a silent film screenplay based on Comment on devient riche et puissant.\n\nFinal transition\n\nLate in his life, Macedonski had come to reject Symbolist tenets, defining them as \"imbecilities\" designed for \"the uncultured\". Ultima verba, the very last poems to be written by him, show him coming to terms with himself, and are treasured for their serene or intensely joyous vision of life and human accomplishment. The rondels written at this stage, known collectively as Poema rondelurilor, are one of the first instances where the technique is used locally. Like those written previously by Literatoruls Pavelescu and Alexandru Obedenaru, they are based on an earlier motif present in Macedonski's work, that of recurring refrains. Many of the pieces document the poet's final discoveries. One of them is Rondelul crinilor (\"The Rondel of the Lilies\"), which proclaims fragrances as the source of beatitude: În crini e beția cea rară, \"In lilies one finds that exceptional drunkenness\". According to Ștefan Cazimir, Rondelul orașului mic (\"The Rondel of the Small Town\") shows a \"likable wave of irony and self-irony\", and the poet himself coming to terms with \"the existence of a world who ignores him.\" Proof of his combativeness was still to be found in Rondelul contimporanilor (\"The Rondel of the Contemporaries\").\n\nThe poet's take on life is also outlined in his final play, Moartea lui Dante. Călinescu writes that, by then, Macedonski was \"obsessed\" with the Divine Comedy. Macedonski identifies with his hero, Dante Aligheri, and formulates his own poetic testament while identifying World War I Romania with the medieval Republic of Florence. Tudor Vianu remarks: \"In Dante's great self-pride, Macedonski found his own.\" He sees the play as the best such work to have been produced by Macedonski, whereas Călinescu deems it \"puerile\". Zamfir believes Moartea... to be a significant text in Macedonski's bibliography, \"one of the first samples of Romanian Symbolist theater\", and as such indebted mainly to Maeterlinck. Vianu argues that the play may document the Romanian writer's late rejection of France, through the protagonist's statement: \"the French are a gentle people, but their soul is different from mine.\"\n\nA number of rondels show Macedonski's late fascination with the Far East, China and Japan. George Călinescu believes that this is to be understood as one item in a large antithesis, the other being Decadent Paris, which one rondel describes as \"hell\". The Orient, viewed as the space of serenity, is believed by Macedonski to be peopled by toy-like women and absent opium-smokers, and to be kept orderly by a stable meritocracy. The Chinese-themed poem Tsing-Ly-Tsi, which Cazimir notes for its discreet, \"almost imperceptible\", humor, reads:\n\nLegacy\n\nMacedonski's school and its early impact\n\nAlexandru Macedonski repeatedly expressed the thought that, unlike his contemporaries, posterity would judge him a great poet. With the exception of Mihail Dragomirescu, conservative literary critics tended to ignore Macedonski while he was alive. The first such figure was Junimeas Titu Maiorescu, who believed him to be a minor author, referring to him only a couple of times in his books and usually ridiculing him in his articles. One of these texts, the 1886 essay Poeți și critici (\"Poets and Critics\"), spoke of Macedonski as having \"vitiated\" poetry, a notion he also applied to Constantin D. Aricescu and Aron Densușianu. Especially radical pronouncements were left by the traditionalist authors Ilarie Chendi and Nicolae Iorga. Chendi wrote of Macedonski being \"the caricature of a man\", having \"a feverish mind\" and being motivated by \"the brutal instinct of revenge\". Iorga, who became better known as a historian, later retracted some of the statements he had made against the poet during the 1890s. Among the younger prominent traditionalist writers was the Transylvanian-born Lucian Blaga, who may have purposefully avoided Macedonski during his first visit to Bucharest in 1920. Although more sympathetic to the Symbolist author, both Dragomirescu and Gheorghe Adamescu tended to describe him as exclusively the product of French and Decadent literature, while Dragomirescu's disciple Ion Trivale denied all merit to Macedonski's literature.\n\nAccording to Tudor Vianu, Macedonski's intellectual friends (among them Anghel Demetriescu, George Ionescu-Gion, Bonifaciu Florescu, Grigore Tocilescu and V. A. Urechia) were largely responsible for passing down \"a better and truer image of the abused poet.\" It was also due to Dragomirescu that Noaptea de decemvrie was included in a literature textbook for final grade high school students, which some argue is the poet's first-ever presence in the Romanian curriculum. According to historian Lucian Nastasă, the poet's wife Ana Rallet behaved like an \"excellent secretary\" while Macedonski was still alive, and thereafter helped sort and edit his manuscript while maintaining \"an actual cult\" for her husband.\n\nMacedonski's cosmopolitan circle was the center of a literary alternative to the prevailing conservatism and Eminescu-like traditionalism of the day, the latter tendency being grouped around Sămănătorul magazine for part of Macedonski's lifetime. While Macedonski himself maintained his links with Romanticism and Classicism, commentators have retrospectively recognized in him the main person who announced Romania's first wave in modernist literature. Many first-generation disciples were to part with his guidelines early on, either by radicalizing their Symbolism or by stepping out of its confines. Traian Demetrescu was one of the first to do so, focusing on his commitment to socialism—Vianu notes that the split took place \"without coldness and the heart's versatility\" on Macedonski's part. Literary researcher Lidia Bote argues that it was Petică who first illustrated mature Symbolism, emancipating himself from Macedonski's eclectic tendencies after 1902. By that time, the Symbolist authors Dimitrie Anghel and N. D. Cocea used Macedonski's fantasy prose as an inspiration for their own, and N. Davidescu was borrowing from his mystical discourse. The pictorial and joyous elements in Macedonski's poems were also serving to inspire Stamatiad, Eugeniu Ștefănescu-Est and Horia Furtună. In the early stages of his career, Ion Pillat wrote pieces which echo his master's choice of exotic themes. A more discreet legacy of Macedonski's ideas was also preserved inside the conservative and traditionalist camps. Although his separation from Literatorul was drastic, and led him to rally with Junimea, Duiliu Zamfirescu built on some elements borrowed from the magazine's ideology, incorporating them into his literary vision.\n\nMany of Macedonski's most devoted disciples, whom he himself had encouraged, have been rated by various critics as secondary or mediocre. This is the case of Theodor Cornel (who made his name as an art critic), Mircea Demetriade, Oreste Georgescu, Alexandru Obedenaru, Stoenescu, Stamatiad, Carol Scrob, Dumitru Karnabatt and Donar Munteanu. Another such minor author was the self-styled \"hermeticist\" Alexandru Petroff, who expanded on Macedonski's ideas about esoteric knowledge.\n\nMacedonski's eldest son Alexis continued to pursue a career as a painter. His son Soare followed in his footsteps, receiving acclaim from art critics of the period. Soare's short career ended in 1928, before he turned nineteen, but his works have been featured in several retrospective exhibitions, including one organized by Alexis. Alexis later experimented with scenic design as an assistant to French filmmaker René Clair; his later life, shrouded in mystery and intrigue, led him to a career in Fascist Italy and Francoist Spain. Another of Alexandru Macedonski's sons, Nikita, was also a poet and painter. For a while in the 1920s, he edited the literary supplement of Universul newspaper. Two years after her father's death, Anna Macedonski married poet Mihail Celarianu.\n\nIn addition to his polemical portrayals in works by Alecsandri, Eminescu and Caragiale, Macedonski's career was an inspiration for various authors. His image acquired mythical proportions for his followers. Like Demetrescu, many of them left memoirs on Macedonski which were published before or after his death. His admirers were writing poetry about him as early as 1874, and, in 1892, Cincinat Pavelescu published a rhapsodizing portrait of Macedonski as \"the Artist\". Pavelescu, Dragoslav and Petică paid homage to the writer by leaving recollections which describe him as a devoted and considerate friend. In contrast, traditionalist poet Alexandru Vlahuță authored an 1889 sketch story in which Macedonski (referred to as Polidor) is the object of derision.\n\nLate recognition\nActual recognition of the poet as a classic came only in the interwar period. A final volume of never before published poems, Poema rondelurilor, saw print in 1927. Macedonski's work was analyzed and popularized by a new generation of critics, among them Vianu and George Călinescu. The post-Junimist modernist critic Eugen Lovinescu also commented favorably on Macedonski's work, but overall, Călinescu asserts, his opinions on the subject gave little insight into what he actually thought about the poet. He also recounts that Macedonski himself treated Lovinescu with disdain, and once called him \"a canary\".\n\nThe emerging avant-garde, although originating from Symbolism, progressively took its distance from Literatoruls legacy. Initially, Macedonski's contribution to experimental literature was continued within formal Symbolism by his disciples Demetriade, Iuliu Cezar Săvescu and Ion Minulescu. The latter was particularly indebted to Macedonski in matters of vision and language. In 1904, Tudor Arghezi also left behind the Literatorul circle and its tenets, eventually arriving to the fusion of modernist, traditionalist and avant-garde elements. However, he remained indebted to Macedonski's example in his descriptive prose. The 1912 Simbolul magazine, which moved between conventional Symbolism and the emerging avant-garde, also published an Imagist-inspired parody of Noaptea de mai, signed by Adrian Maniu. A co-founder of Dadaism during the late 1910s, Tristan Tzara is believed by Swedish researcher Tom Sandqvist to have been inspired more or less directly by Macedonski, and in particular by the latter's thoughts on the relation between absurdity and poetry. In his debut poems, Benjamin Fondane-Barbu Fundoianu occasionally followed Macedonski, but, by 1920, stated that the Symbolist doyen merely imitated French models to the point of \"parasitism\".\n\nSeveral avant-garde authors returned to Macedonski's literary guidelines by the late 1920s, as they themselves grew more moderate. This was the case of Maniu and Ion Vinea, both of whom published prose works in the line of Thalassa. The same work is also believed to have influenced two non-avant-garde authors, Davidescu and Mateiu Caragiale, who remained close to the tenets Symbolism. Mateiu was the illegitimate son of Ion Luca Caragiale, but, Vianu notes, could withstand comparisons with his father's rival: the eccentricities were complementary, although Mateiu Caragiale shied away from public affairs. In the same post-Symbolist generation, Celarianu (Macedonski's posthumous son-in-law), George Bacovia and Păstorel Teodoreanu also built on Macedonski's legacy, being later joined in this by the Bessarabian linguist Eugenio Coșeriu (who, in his early poetic career, imitated Macedonski's rondel style). In the late 1920s, when their form of modern psalms inspired Albanian-Romanian poet Aleksander Stavre Drenova, Macedonski and Arghezi both made an indirect impact on Albanian literature.\n\nMacedonski's status as one of Romanian literature's greats was consolidated later in the 20th century. By this time, Noaptea de decemvrie had become one of the most recognizable literary works to be taught in Romanian schools. During the first years of Communist Romania, the Socialist Realist current condemned Symbolism (see Censorship in Communist Romania), but spoke favorably of Macedonski's critique of the bourgeoisie. A while after this episode, Marin Sorescu, one of the best-known modernist poets of his generation, wrote a homage-parody of the Nights cycle. Included in the volume Singur între poeți (\"Alone among Poets\"), it is seen by critic Mircea Scarlat as Sorescu's most representative such pieces. Also then, Noaptea de decemvrie partly inspired Ștefan Augustin Doinaș' ballad Mistrețul cu colți de argint.\n\nIn the 1990s, Ștefan Agopian took the Nights cycle as inspiration for an erotic short story, while Pavel Șușară adapted his rondels to a modernized setting. Macedonski's prose also influenced younger writers such as Angelo Mitchievici and Anca Maria Mosora. In neighboring Moldova, Macedonski influenced the Neosymbolism of Aureliu Busuioc. A magazine by the name of Literatorul, which claims to represent the legacy of Macedonski's publication, was founded in Romania in 1991, being edited by writers Sorescu, Fănuș Neagu and Mircea Micu. In 2006, the Romanian Academy granted posthumous membership to Alexandru Macedonski.\n\nMacedonski's poems had a sizable impact on Romania's popular culture. During communism, Noaptea de mai was the basis for a successful musical adaptation, composed by Marian Nistor and sung by Mirabela Dauer. Tudor Gheorghe, a singer-songwriter inspired by American folk revival, also used some of Macedonski's texts as lyrics to his melodies. In the 2000s, the refrain of Noaptea de mai was mixed into a manea parody by Adrian Copilul Minune.\n\nPortrayals, visual tributes and landmarks\n\nAlthough his poetic theories were largely without echoes in Romanian art, Macedonski captured the interest of several modern artists, including, early on, cartoonist Nicolae Petrescu Găină. Alongside other writers who visited Terasa Oteteleșanu, Macedonski was notably portrayed the drawings of celebrated Romanian artist Iosif Iser. He is also depicted in a 1918 lithograph by Jean Alexandru Steriadi, purportedly Steriadi's only Symbolist work. Thalassa, Le Calvaire de feu inspired a series of reliefs, designed by Alexis Macedonski and hosted in his father's house in Dorobanți. During the 1910s, busts of him were completed by two sculptors, Alexandru Severin and Friedrich Storck, one of Storck's variants being hosted by the Ioan Cantacuzino collection. In 1919, Theodor Burcă was also inspired to complete another bust, and, during World War II, was commissioned by Mayor of Bucharest Ioan Rășcanu to build a Macedonski Monument in the Grădina Icoanei park, but this was never completed. Constantin Piliuță, a painter active in the second half of the 20th century, made Macedonski the subject of a portrait in series dedicated to Romanian cultural figures (also depicted were Nicolae Iorga, Ștefan Luchian and Vianu). In 1975, a bust of Macedonski, the work of Constantin Foamete, was unveiled in Craiova.\n\nOf Macedonski's numerous residences, the one in Dorobanți was demolished when the Academy of Economic Studies (ASE) was expanded. A commemorative plaque was later put up near the spot. Macedonski's childhood home in Goiești passed into state property under communism, and was in turn a school, a community home and a Macedonski Museum, before falling into neglect after the Romanian Revolution of 1989. Several streets named in honor of Alexandru Macedonski, notably in Bucharest (by the ASE), Craiova, Cluj-Napoca and Timișoara.\n\nWorks published anthumously\nPrima verba (poetry, 1872)\nIthalo (poem, 1878)\nPoezii (poetry, 1881/1882)\nParizina (translation of Parisina, 1882)\nIadeș! (comedy, 1882)\nDramă banală (short story, 1887)\nSaul (with Cincinat Pavelescu; tragedy, 1893)\nExcelsior (poetry, 1895)\nBronzes (poetry, 1897)\n (essay, 1898)\nCartea de aur (prose, 1902)\nThalassa, Le Calvaire de feu (novel, 1906; 1914)\nFlori sacre (poetry, 1912)\nZaherlina (essay, 1920)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nMircea Anghelescu, chronological table, preface and critical references, in Macedonski, Poemele \"Nopților\", Editura Albatros, Bucharest, 1972, p. 7-31, 137–140. \nNicolae Balotă, Arte poetice ale secolului XX: ipostaze românești și străine, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1976. \nLucian Boia, \"Germanofilii\". Elita intelectuală românească în anii Primului Război Mondial, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2010. \nGeorge Călinescu, Istoria literaturii române de la origini pînă în prezent, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1986\nPaul Cernat, Avangarda românească și complexul periferiei: primul val, Cartea Românească, Bucharest, 2007. \nȘerban Cioculescu, Caragialiana, Editura Eminescu, Bucharest, 1974. \nPéter Krasztev,\n\"From a Deadlocked Present into an Imagined Past\", in the Central European University's East Central Europe = L'Europe du Centre-Est, Vol. 26, Nr. 2/1999, p. 33-52\n\"From Modernization to Modernist Literature\", in Marcel Cornis-Pope, John Neubauer (eds.), History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe, Vol. 3, John Benjamins, Amsterdam & Philadelphia, 2004, p. 332-348. \n Lucian Nastasă, Intelectualii și promovarea socială (pentru o morfologie a câmpului universitar), Editura Nereamia Napocae, Cluj-Napoca, 2003; e-book version at the Romanian Academy's George Bariț Institute of History\nZ. Ornea, Junimea și junimismul, Vol. II, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1998. \nPerpessicius, Studii eminesciene, Museum of Romanian Literature, Bucharest, 2001. \nPetre Răileanu, Michel Carassou, Fundoianu/Fondane et l'avant-garde, Fondation Culturelle Roumaine, Éditions Paris-Méditerranée, Bucharest & Paris, 1999. \nTom Sandqvist, Dada East. The Romanians of Cabaret Voltaire, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, 2006. \n Manuela-Delia Suciu, \"La poésie roumaine au XIXe siècle. Alexandru Macedonski entre romantisme et symbolisme\", in Revue d'Études Françaises, Nr. 8/2003, p. 101-110 (republished by the Centre Interuniversitaire d’Études Françaises/Egyetemközi Francia Központ)\nTudor Vianu, Scriitori români, Vol. I-III, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1970–1971. \n Mariana Vida, \"La société Tinerimea artistică de Bucarest et le symbolisme tardif entre 1902-1910\", in Revue Roumaine d'Histoire de l'Art. Série Beaux-arts, Vol. XLIV, 2007, p. 55-66\n\nExternal links\n\nAmidst Hen Houses (excerpts), Poésies, Thalassa (excerpt), in the Romanian Cultural Institute's Plural Magazine (various issues)\n Alexandru Macedonski, Museum of Romanian Literature profile\n\n \n1854 births\n1920 deaths\n19th-century Romanian poets\n20th-century Romanian poets\nRomanian male poets\nRomantic poets\nNeoclassical writers\nSymbolist poets\nSonneteers\nRomanian fabulists\nRomanian epigrammatists\n19th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights\n20th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights\nMale dramatists and playwrights\n19th-century Romanian novelists\n20th-century Romanian novelists\nRomanian male novelists\nRomanian writers in French\n19th-century short story writers\n20th-century short story writers\nRomanian male short story writers\nRomanian short story writers\nRealism (art movement)\nSymbolist novelists\nRomanian fantasy writers\nRomanian science fiction writers\nRomanian humorists\nRomanian erotica writers\n19th-century essayists\n20th-century essayists\nRomanian essayists\n20th-century biographers\nRomanian biographers\nMale biographers\nRomanian memoirists\nRomanian travel writers\nRomanian literary critics\nRomanian screenwriters\nMale screenwriters\nRomanian columnists\nRomanian magazine editors\nRomanian magazine founders\nRomanian newspaper editors\nRomanian newspaper founders\n19th-century translators\n20th-century translators\nRomanian translators\nEnglish–Romanian translators\nFrench–Romanian translators\nGreek–Romanian translators\nWriters from Bucharest\nRomanian nobility\nMembers of the Romanian Orthodox Church\nCarol I National College alumni\nNational Liberal Party (Romania) politicians\nRepublicanism in the Kingdom of Romania\nRomanian civil servants\nPrefects of Romania\nRomanian inventors\nRomanian esotericists\nRomanian expatriates in France\nRomanian people of World War I\nBurials at Bellu Cemetery\nMembers of the Romanian Academy elected posthumously\n20th-century screenwriters", "Dimitrie Macedonski ( 1780 or 1782–1843) was a Wallachian Pandur captain and revolutionary leader.\n\nLife \n\nDimitrie was born in Macedonia, as the son of Stoyan Mincho (Stogiannis Mintsos), a local chieftain. After the Russo-Turkish wars in the late 18th century the family of Mincho emigrated beyond the Danube. Dimitrie joined the Russian army and became a military officer. He adopted the surname \"Macedonski\", which referred to his home place.\n\nMacedonski volunteered in the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812). Afterwards, he was awarded for his bravery and gained the rank of lieutenant.\n\nLater he held different administrative positions in Wallachia and Moldavia.\n\nTaking part in the Greek War of Independence in the Wallachian battle fields, alongside fellow Serbian commander Hadži-Prodan, he was appointed Tudor Vladimirescu's lieutenant by boyar allies of the revolutionaries, on January 15. Sympathetic to the Philikí Etaireía and suspicious of Vladimirescu's level of commitment to the cause, Macedonski, together with Giorgakis Olympios and Iannis Pharmakis, deposed and arrested the rebel leader.\n\nMacedonski was also involved in revolutionary agitation in 1840 Wallachia as a member of a radical conspiracy led by Mitică Filipescu and Nicolae Bălcescu. \nOn April 9, 1841, he was sentenced to eight years in prison, and held at the Snagov Monastery, where he fell ill with dropsy. In early 1843 he was transferred to the Plumbuita Monastery near Bucharest for medical care, but he died on January 10.\n\nHe was the grandfather of Romanian poet Alexandru Macedonski.\n\nReferences \n\n1780 births\n1843 deaths\nWallachian people of the Greek War of Independence\nGreek revolutionaries\nRomanian revolutionaries\nMacedonian revolutionaries (Greek)\n19th-century military personnel\nRomanian people of Greek descent\n19th-century Romanian people\n19th-century Greek people\nSlavic speakers of Greek Macedonia" ]

[ "Alexandru Macedonski", "Late 1890s", "How old was Macedonski during this time period?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"What She's Doing Now\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Garth Brooks. It was released in December 1991 as the third single from his album Ropin' the Wind. It spent four weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was co-written by Pat Alger.\n\nContent\nThe song is a ballad about a man who wonders what his former lover is currently doing and what her whereabouts are (\"last I heard she had moved to Boulder\"). While the singer has no idea what she is doing now, he proclaims \"what she's doing now is tearing [him] apart\".\n\nBackground and production\nBrooks provided the following background information on the song in the CD booklet liner notes from The Hits:\n\n\"What She's Doing Now\" was an idea I had a long, long time about a man wondering what a woman was doing. And it was very simple. What is she doing now? Is she hanging out the clothes? Is she running a business? Is she a mother? Is she married? Who is she with? When I told the idea to Pat Alger, he looked at me with a smile and said, 'I wonder if she knows what she's doing now to me?' When I heard that, the bumps went over my arms and the back of my neck, and I knew that he had something. Crystal Gayle cut this song back in 1989. It came back to us for the Ropin' The Wind album. It is a song that has crossed all boundaries and borders around the world. This has made me extremely happy because the greatest gift a writer can ask for is to relate to someone. I can't help but think that this song might relate to a lot of people.\"\n\nOther versions\nWhile Garth Brooks penned the song, he was not the first person to release it. On the 1990 release Ain't Gonna Worry'', Crystal Gayle recorded the song as \"What He's Doing Now\"; her version was not released as a single.\n\nTrack listing\nEuropean CD single\nLiberty CDCL 656\n\"What She's Doing Now\"\n\"Shameless\"\n\"We Bury The Hatchet\"\nUS 7\" Jukebox single\nLiberty S7-57784\n\"What She's Doing Now\"\n\"Friends in Low Places\"\n\nChart positions\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n1991 singles\nCrystal Gayle songs\nGarth Brooks songs\nSongs written by Pat Alger\nSongs written by Garth Brooks\nSong recordings produced by Allen Reynolds\nLiberty Records singles\n1991 songs", "\"I Love What Love Is Doing to Me\" is a song written by Johnny Cunningham. It was recorded by American country music artist Lynn Anderson and released as a single in 1977 via Columbia Records, becoming a top 40 hit that year.\n\nBackground and release\n\"I Love What Love Is Doing to Me\" was recorded in April 1977 at the Columbia Studio, located in Nashville, Tennessee. The sessions was produced by Glenn Sutton, Anderson's longtime production collaborator at the label and her first husband. It was co-produced by Steve Gibson, making the session Anderson's first experience under the co-production of Gibson. Nine additional tracks were recorded at this particular session, including the major hit \"He Ain't You.\"\n\n\"I Love What Love Is Doing to Me\" was released as a single in May 1977 via Columbia Records. The song spent ten weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart before reaching number 22 in July 1977. The song was issued on Anderson's 1977 studio album I Love What Love Is Doing to Me/He Ain't You.\n\nTrack listings \n7\" vinyl single\n \"I Love What Love Is Doing to Me\" – 2:10\n \"Will I Ever Hear Those Churchbells Ring?\" – 3:32\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\n1977 singles\n1977 songs\nColumbia Records singles\nLynn Anderson songs\nSong recordings produced by Glenn Sutton" ]

[ "Alexandru Macedonski", "Late 1890s", "How old was Macedonski during this time period?", "I don't know.", "What was he doing during this time?", "By 1898, Macedonski was again facing financial difficulties, and his collaborators resorted to organizing a fundraiser in his honor." ]

[ "Vernacular literature is literature written in the vernacular—the speech of the \"common people\".\n\nIn the European tradition, this effectively means literature not written in Latin nor Koine Greek. In this context, vernacular literature appeared during the Middle Ages at different periods in the various countries; the earliest European vernacular literatures are Irish literature (the earliest being Tochmarc Emire (10th century), transcribed from a lost manuscript of the 8th century), Welsh literature, English literature and Gothic literature.\n\nThe Italian poet Dante Alighieri, in his De vulgari eloquentia, was possibly the first European writer to argue cogently for the promotion of literature in the vernacular. Important early vernacular works include Dante's Divine Comedy, Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron (both in Italian), John Barbour's The Brus (in Scots), Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (in Middle English) and Jacob van Maerlant's Spieghel Historiael (in Middle Dutch). Indeed, Dante's work actually contributed towards the creation of the Italian language. Leonardo Da Vinci used vernacular in his work.\n\nThe term is also applied to works not written in the standard and/or prestige language of their time and place. For example, many authors in Scotland, such as James Kelman and Edwin Morgan have used Scots, even though English is now the prestige language of publishing in Scotland. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o writes in his native Gikuyu language though he previously wrote in English. Some authors have written in invented vernacular; examples of such novels include the futuristic literary novels A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess and Boxy an Star by Daren King.\n\nOutside Europe\n\nBy extension, the term is also used to describe, for example, Chinese literature not written in classical Chinese and Indian literature after Sanskrit. In the Indian culture, traditionally religious or scholarly works were written in Prakrit, Tamil and Sanskrit. With the rise of the Bhakti movement from the 8th century on-wards, religious works began to be created in Kannada, and Telugu, and from the 12th Century onward in many other Indian languages throughout the different regions of India. For example, the Ramayana, one of Hinduism's sacred epics in Sanskrit, had vernacular versions such as Ramacharitamanasa, a Hindi version of the Ramayana by the 16th century poet Tulsidas. In China, the New Culture Movement of the 1910s–20s promoted vernacular literature.\n\nIn the Philippines, the term means any written literature in a language other than Filipino (or Tagalog) or English. At present, it forms the second largest corpus of literature, following the literature in Tagalog. During the Spanish colonial era, when Filipino did not yet exist as a national lingua franca, literature in this type flourished. Aside from religious literature, such as the Passiong Mahal (the Passion of Our Lord), zarzuelas were also produced using the Philippine vernacular languages.\n\nIn Arabic, vernacular literature refers to works written in dialects of Arabic as opposed to Classical Arabic or Modern Standard Arabic. For the Egyptian dialect authors include Ahmed Fouad Negm, Muhammad Husayn Haykal, and Salah Jahin. There is also a wave of modern writers.\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\n Medieval literature\n Creole languages\n\n \nDiglossia", "Girolamo Lagomarsini (16981773) was an Italian humanist and philologist. Born into a wealthy Genoese family in Spain, he studied classical literature in Arezzo and Rome. Later holding a chair at the Collegium Gregorianum he published a collection of Latin orations and conducted influential research on the text of the Roman author Cicero.\n\nBiography \nGirolamo Lagomarsini was born on 30 September 1698 at El Puerto de Santa María (Spain), of a wealthy Genoese family. In 1708 he went to Italy, and commenced his studies in the College of the Jesuits at Prato, in Tuscany. In 1721, he began to teach rhetoric at the College of Arezzo. Four years afterwards he went to Rome to complete his theological studies, after which he returned to his duties at Arezzo. In 1732 he was appointed to the chair of rhetoric at Florence, and in 1751 to that of Greek in the Collegium Gregorianum at Rome, which position he occupied until his death on 18 May 1773.\n\nWorks \nLagomarsini left several works on classical literature; he published Latin orations (1746) and epistles, a poem On the Origin of Springs, (De Origine Fontium, 1749), and other works.\n\nFrom 1735 to 1744 he collected material for a new edition of Cicero, which, however, was never published. Barthold Georg Niebuhr was the first to make use of Lagomarsini's vast collection of various readings preserved in the Roman College. An industrious scholar, Lagomarsini collated all the manuscripts of Cicero accessible to him in Florence and elsewhere. In such a vast bulk of material there is much that is valuable, and yet a great deal is of little use to the modern scholar because of the indiscriminate way in which the material was gathered. Reading follows upon variant reading without any critical analysis of the text or any attempt at a new interpretation. To be sure, this is not so much a personal fault of Lagomarsini as a characteristic of the era in which he lived and worked. At that time the mere gathering of erudite material was considered to be valuable and a sense of discrimination had not yet been attained. Nonetheless, the variants collected by Lagomarsini stimulated questions concerning textual history, thus making a valuable contribution to the development of modern textual criticism.\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography \n \n \n \n\n1698 births\n1773 deaths\nItalian humanists\nItalian classical scholars" ]

[ "Alexandru Macedonski", "Late 1890s", "How old was Macedonski during this time period?", "I don't know.", "What was he doing during this time?", "By 1898, Macedonski was again facing financial difficulties, and his collaborators resorted to organizing a fundraiser in his honor.", "At this time, had he written any literature yet?", "Macedonski also returned with a new volume of poetry, Excelsior (" ]

[ "The Revenge is a 1721 tragedy by the British writer Edward Young. Although initially it did not enjoy the same success as his previous play Busiris, King of Egypt, it later became a much-revived work during the eighteenth century particularly popular because of the Othello-like role of the Moorish character Zanga. John Philip Kemble revived the work briefly in 1798 before Edmund Kean in 1815 did so with great success and it became part of his repertoire.\n\nThe original Drury Lane cast included Barton Booth as Don Alonzo, Robert Wilks as Don Carlos, John Thurmond as Don Alverez, John Mills as Zanga, Mary Porter as Leonora and Christiana Horton as Isabella. The work was dedicated to Young's patron the Duke of Wharton.\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Baines, Paul & Ferarro, Julian & Rogers, Pat. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Eighteenth-Century Writers and Writing, 1660-1789. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.\n Burling, William J. A Checklist of New Plays and Entertainments on the London Stage, 1700-1737. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1992.\n Kahan, Jeffrey. Shakespeare Imitations, Parodies and Forgeries, 1710-1820, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis, 2004.\n Nicoll, Allardyce. History of English Drama, 1660-1900, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press, 2009.\n Worrall, David. Harlequin Empire: Race, Ethnicity and the Drama of the Popular Enlightenment. Routledge, 2015.\n\n1721 plays\nBritish plays\nWest End plays\nTragedy plays\nHistorical plays", "A Short History of the English People is a book written by English historian John Richard Green. Published in 1874, \"it is a history, not of English Kings or English Conquests, but of the English People.\"\n\nBackground and reception \nGreen began work on the book in 1869, having been given only six months to live after being hit hard by disease that had plagued him throughout his life. Only having around 800 pages to write on, he had to leave out much of what he wanted to include. Green intentionally left out the battles of England feeling they did not play a big role in the formation of the nation, saying that historians \"too often turned history into a mere record of the butchery of men by their fellow men.\" His new ideas, and omission of information that others felt important, meant Green was criticized by other historians as well as the people close to him.\n\nOthers thought highly of the book, including Francis Adams, who used quotations from the book in his poem The Peasants' Revolt.\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\nThe 1902–3 Macmillan illustrated-edition of the work at the Internet Archive:\nVolume I\nVolume II\nVolume III\nVolume IV\n\n1874 non-fiction books\nHistory books about England" ]

[ "Alexandru Macedonski", "Late 1890s", "How old was Macedonski during this time period?", "I don't know.", "What was he doing during this time?", "By 1898, Macedonski was again facing financial difficulties, and his collaborators resorted to organizing a fundraiser in his honor.", "At this time, had he written any literature yet?", "Macedonski also returned with a new volume of poetry, Excelsior (", "Did the new volume bring him much success?", "later one of the most celebrated figures in Romanian literature." ]

[ "Sushil Kumar De (29 January 1890 – 31 January 1968) was a Bengali writer from the early decades of the 20th century. Trained as a lawyer, with degrees in English and Sanskrit Poetics, he wrote extensively on Sanskrit Literature, Philosophy, Poetics, History of Bengali Literature, besides editing critical editions for a large number of Sanskrit and Bengali texts from manuscripts.\n\nHe was professor of English literature at Calcutta University, and of Sanskrit and Bengali at Dhaka University. While at the latter post, he accumulated a large collection of palmleaf manuscripts.\n\nLife and career\n\nSushil De was born in Calcutta in 1890. His father Satish Chandra De was a state surgeon, posted at Cuttack, Orissa, where he did his schooling at the Ravenshaw Collegiate School. Subsequently, he did his Intermediate and B.A. from Presidency College and M.A. in English from Calcutta University, and became a Premchand-Roychand scholar.\nIn 1912, he completed his law degree from the University Law College, but instead of practicing, he joined as a lecturer in English at Presidency College and later at\nCalcutta University. In 1921, he did his D.Litt. from the University of London (School of Oriental Studies) with a thesis on rhetoric (alaMkAra) in Sanskrit poetry.\n\nHe also studied linguistics at the University of Bonn.\n\nUpon return to India, he joined Dhaka University, initially in English, and then in the Sanskrit and Bengali departments. Subsequent to his retirement from Dhaka University in 1947, he also headed Jadavpur's Bengali department.\n\nIn 1951 he was a visiting professor at the University of London.\n\nHis work on the history of the Vaishnava movement in Bengal, along with critical manuscript analyses of several original texts, are very well respected.\n\nHe also published a brief note on erotics in Sanskrit literature.\n\nHe was well known in Oriental study circles, and was elected General President of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1949. \nA fellow of the Royal Astatic Soctety of Great Britam and Ireland (1954), he edited the Udyoga Parva (1940) and Drona Parva (1958) volumes in the Critical Edition of the Mahabharata from the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.\n\nAt the same time, he was also active in Bangla literature, publishing a volume of Bangla sonnets Dipali, focusing on physical love (1928), and prAktani (1934) on characters from classical Sanskrit literature. He was president of the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad (1950, 1956), and also wrote several popular translations of Sanskrit tales.\n\nWorks\n Bengal Literature in the Nineteenth Century (1919)\n Studies in the History of Sanskrit Poetics (Two parts, 1923, 1925)\n the prose kAvyas of daNDin, subandhu and bANa (1941)\n Early History of Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Bengal (1942–1986)\n History of Sanskrit Literature (1947)\n Dinabandhu Mitra (1951)\n Bangla Prabad (Bangla Proverbs) (1952)\n Nana Nibandha (Bangla Articles), (1953)\n Ancient Indian erotics and erotic literature (1959)\n Some Problems of Sanskrit Poetics (1959)\n Sanskrit Poetics as a Study of Aesthetics (1963)\n\nCritical editions from Manuscripts: \n Padyavali of Rupa Goswami (1934) \n Meghaduta of Kalidasa (1959).\n\nReferences\n\n19th-century Bengalis\n20th-century Bengalis\nSanskrit scholars from Bengal\n1890 births\n1968 deaths\nWriters from Kolkata\n20th-century Indian linguists", "Hernán del Solar (1901–1985) was a Chilean critic, essayist, poet, novelist and creator of children 's stories Chile. He was awarded the National Prize for Literature in 1968. He won the Chilean National Prize for Literature in 1968.\n\nWorks \nHe was a storyteller, poet and he also did translations, since he had a solid knowledge of French, English, Italian and Portuguese . He translated more than 80 books.\n\nSome of his works are:\n\n Paths ( 1919, his first play)\n Fran and Javiera For Ever ( 1937 )\n Green Wind ( 1940 )\n The night across the street (1952)\n Chilean poetry in the first half of the 20th century (1953)\n Men and Things ( 1959 )\n Appendix of one hundred contemporary authors\n When the Wind Gone ( 1965 )\n The Bambi Street Crime ( 1967 )\n The Adventures of Totora\n Brief study and anthology of the National Literature Awards (1965)\n The Best Tales (1969)\n National Literature Awards ( 1975 )\n Exploits of Nap and Moses ( 1976 )\n Children's Tales ( 1978 )\n The Red Moon ( 1984 )\n Mac the Unknown Microbe ( 1946 )\n The man in the top hat\"\n\nAwards \n\n Camilo Henriquez Award ( 1954 )\n National Prize for Literature ( 1968 )\n Ricardo Latcham Award ( 1971 )\n\n1901 births\n1985 deaths\nChilean male writers\nNational Prize for Literature (Chile) winners" ]

[ "Terry Nation", "Doctor Who" ]

[ "The Year of the Intern, the first novel by Robin Cook and very different from his thrillers, follows the journey of intern Dr. Peters through his year of placement.\n\nPlot introduction\nIt is an insider's perspective of the medical world. As Dr. Peters becomes a doctor he is destroying himself as a person due to extensive work and concerns.\n\nDr. Cook began writing the book while serving on a submarine, basing it on his experiences as a medical resident. When it did not do particularly well, he began an extensive study of other books in the genre to see what made a bestseller. He decided to concentrate on medical suspense thrillers, mixing intricately plotted murder and intrigue with medical technology. He also brought controversial ethical and social issues affecting the medical profession to the attention of the general public.\n\nPlot Summary \nDr. Peters receives a phone call from a nurse, who sounds desperate, but Dr. Peters can do little. He has forgotten when he last slept, but he knows that in the coming hours he will make life or death decisions. As he begins his internship, he must deal with assisting the surgeons in the operating room, help nurses who happen to know more than him, cope with worried friends and family of the ill and injured, and pretend that he is a qualified doctor. The book takes a deeper look into the psychical and psychological effects on a medical intern.\n\nExternal links\nThe Publisher's site\n\n1973 American novels\nNovels by Robin Cook\nHarcourt (publisher) books\n1973 debut novels", "Adolf Ludwig Winkelmann (born 26 March 1887 in Salzkotten, died 1 February 1947 in Hamburg) was an SS Hauptsturmführer and was employed as a doctor in several Nazi concentration camps including the Ravensbrück concentration camp.\n\nLife \n\nWinkelmann passed the state examination in 1913 at the University of Kiel, and on 26 September 1914 he received his licence to practise as a doctor. He received his doctorate from Walter Stoeckel, worked at various hospitals and was employed as a doctor in the Imperial German Navy during the First World War. After the war he was in 1918 a member of a volunteer corps, before settling as a practising physician in Lippstadt.\n\nOn 1 May 1933 he joined the NSDAP (membership No. 3.101.530), and on 18 June 1933 he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS No. 109.112). Winkelmann was promoted to SS Unterscharführer on 15 September 1935, to Oberscharführer on 9 November 1936 and to Hauptsturmführer on 30 January 1939. From January to October 1940 he was employed as a regimental doctor with the rank of SS Hauptsturmführer in the 8th SS regiment of the Waffen SS in Kraków.\n\nUntil 1 December 1944, he worked as a medical officer in Częstochowa. After brief assignments at the Groß-Rosen and Sachsenhausen concentration camps, he was transferred to the Ravensbrück concentration camp at the end of February 1945.\n\nRavensbrück \n\nWinkelmann admitted that together with Richard Trommer he had selected prisoners who were unable to work, but the purpose of the selection remained hidden: \"I knew that some transports came to the Uckermark concentration camp, but I did not know for what purpose.\" He had only been there a few times. This was contrasted by the statements of all witnesses who unanimously confirmed his participation in the selections there. During his service in Ravensbrück, he and Trommer \"selected around 1,500 to 2,000 prisoners for removal”. Winkelmann described these selections in court:The searches took place on one of the camp streets or in a barrack, but very rarely. The inmates marched in a row to Dr Trommer and past me. Of course, we could only do a very superficial examination, and the people who were obviously sick, unable to work, or unable to march were searched. The inmates had bare their legs so that we could see if they were capable of walking.Winkelmann said that he had not known that the selection could mean death for the prisoners. Nor did he know that there was a gas chamber in the camp. He only acted on the orders of Trommer, who told him that there was a choice for evacuating the camp. He was horrified to have participated in such a crime. He had never heard of gassings in Germany until then and had only known about Auschwitz-Birkenau. Since Percival Treite and Franz Lucas were busy with the selection for the gas chamber in Ravensbrück, he was the third doctor responsible for the area.\n\nTo relieve him, a witness testified that Winkelmann refused to abort her because she violated his medical ethos. According to his own information, he saw no ill-treatment of prisoners in the area and did not do any.\n\nWinkelmann died on 1 February 1947 of the consequences of a heart attack during the first of the seven Ravensbrück trials in Hamburg. Despite some doubts, the court found him guilty, but no death sentence was passed.\n\nReferences\n\n1887 births\n1947 deaths\nNazi concentration camp personnel\nPhysicians in the Nazi Party" ]

[ "Terry Nation", "Doctor Who", "What work did he do on Doctor Who?", "writing the second Doctor Who serial," ]

[ "Methodios II (Greek: Μεθόδιος Β΄) (? – 1240) served as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (in exile due to the Fourth Crusade) for three months in 1240, when he died. He succeeded Germanus II.\n\nBefore he was elected Patriarch, he was abbot of the Hyacinth Monastery in Nicaea. His short patriarchy did not let him make important contributions.\n\nSources \n Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο\n «Νεώτερον Εγκυκλοπαιδικόν Λεξικόν Ηλίου» vol. 13, p. 172\n\n1240 deaths\n13th-century patriarchs of Constantinople\nPeople of the Empire of Nicaea", "Back on Track is a gospel-oriented 1991 album by the DeBarge Family including two members of the soul music group DeBarge, released on Truth Ministries. The album consisted of contributions from various members of the DeBarge family. Sales were poor because of limited promotion from the small label, and because El DeBarge did not appear on the album.\n\nTrack listing\n\"We Need Your Love\"\n\"Coming Home\"\n\"You Can Make It\"\n\"Close to You\"\n\"G.O.O.D. Times\"\n\"Trust in Jesus\"\n\"Ninety-Nine and a Half (Won't Do)\"\n\"Shine\"\n\"He Will Make a Way\"\n\nReferences \n\n1991 albums" ]

[ "Terry Nation", "Doctor Who", "What work did he do on Doctor Who?", "writing the second Doctor Who serial,", "What contributions did he make?", "The serial introduced the eponymous extraterrestrial villains that would quickly become the series' most popular and enduring monsters, and resulted in a major merchandising success for the BBC." ]

[ "The following is a list of Dick Tracy villain debuts. One of the appeals of the Dick Tracy comic strip is its unique villains. Many had bizarre deformities, including the Blank (1937), Little Face Finny (1941), Pruneface (1943), the Brow (1944), Shaky (1945), and Pearshape (1949). Chester Gould wrote these villains for his reader's righteous condemnation, without exploring moral gray areas. This was emphasized by depicting the heroes as attractive and the villains as grotesque. Other notable villains include Big Boy (1931), Breathless Mahoney (1931) and Flattop (1943).\n\n1930s\n\n1940s\n\n1950s\n\n1960s\n\n1970s\n\n1980s\n\n1990s\n\n2000s\n\n2010s\n\n2020s\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n \n \n \n\nDick Tracy characters\nComic strip villains\nDick Tracy\nDick Tracy", "Midnight Rose was a name taken by a group of United Kingdom science fiction and fantasy writers for a series of shared world anthologies published by the Penguin Books imprint Roc. The group's \"core members\" were Alex Stewart, Roz Kaveney, Neil Gaiman and Mary Gentle. Contributors to individual anthologies included Marcus Rowland, Storm Constantine, Kim Newman, Charles Stross, Stephen Baxter, Colin Greenland, Graham Higgins, Paul Cornell and David Langford, among others.\n\nThe anthologies were:\n\nTemps\nTwo volumes of superhero pastiches, set in a world where the United Kingdom and European Union demand registry of superhuman talents, whereupon the Talented are expected to be permanently \"on call\" as part-time superheroes, in exchange for a stipend. The popular perception of the British Civil Service is played up, with registering as a \"Temp\" being strangely similar to applying for Jobseeker's Allowance or other benefits. The two books were Temps (1991) and EuroTemps (1992).\n\nThe Weerde\nThe concept behind The Weerde was that shapeshifting creatures had been living alongside humanity for millennia, mostly concealing themselves, but occasionally giving rise to legends of supernatural monsters. The books in this series were The Weerde Book One (1992) and The Weerde Book Two: Book of the Ancients (1993).\n\nVillains!\nVillains! (1992) was a parody of heroic fantasy. Like Gentle's later Grunts, it looked at the typical fantasy world from the point of view of the villains.\n\nSeveral of the stories from these anthologies have subsequently appeared in other collections, or have been put on line by their authors:\n\nRoz Kaveney: \"A Lonely Impulse\" (Temps), \"A Wolf To Man\" (The Weerde Book One), \"Bellringer's Overtime\" (Villains!), \"Totally Trashed\" (EuroTemps), \"Ignorance of Perfect Reason\" (The Weerde Book Two)\nDavid Langford: \"Leaks\" (Temps), \"The Arts of the Enemy\" (Villains!), \"If Looks Could Kill\" (EuroTemps), \"The Lions in the Desert\" (The Weerde Book Two)\nMarcus Rowland: \"Frog Day Afternoon\" (Temps), \"Playing Safe\" (EuroTemps), \"The Missing Martian\" (The Weerde Book Two)\nCharles Stross: \"Examination Night\" (Villains!), \"Ancient Of Days\" (The Weerde Book One), \"Red, Hot and Dark\" (The Weerde Book Two)\n\nExternal links \n Roz Kaveney: stories online\n David Langford: bibliography\n Marcus Rowland: stories online\n Charles Stross: stories online\n\nScience fiction organizations" ]

[ "Terry Nation", "Doctor Who", "What work did he do on Doctor Who?", "writing the second Doctor Who serial,", "What contributions did he make?", "The serial introduced the eponymous extraterrestrial villains that would quickly become the series' most popular and enduring monsters, and resulted in a major merchandising success for the BBC.", "What was the name of these villains?", "The Mutants" ]

[ "How to Draw Manga () is a series of instructional books on drawing manga published by Graphic-sha, by a variety of authors. Originally in Japanese for the Japanese market, many volumes have been translated into English and published in the United States. The English-language volumes in the series were co-produced by Graphic-sha and two other Japanese companies, Japanime Co. Ltd. and Japan Publications Trading Co.\n\nList of books in the series \nThis is a list of books in the main HTDM set and other sets that relate to the main series.\n\nHow to Draw Manga \nOriginally there were no volume numbers on the English versions, because the original Japanese version did not have them. Only volumes 1 - 8 were given numbers. With continued reprints and more books being released, all volumes gained a number. The dates given are the first printing.\n\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 1: Compiling Characters (October 1999)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 2: Compiling Techniques (July 2000)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 3: Compiling Application and Practice (August 2000)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 4: Dressing Your Characters in Casual Wear (May 2001)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 5: Developing Shoujo Manga Techniques (July 2002)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 6: Martial Arts & Combat Sports (June 2002)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 7: Amazing Effects (June 2003)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 8: Super Basics (June 2003)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 9: Special: Colored Original Drawing (May 2001)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 10: Getting Started (October 2000)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 11: Maids & Miko (November 2002)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 12: Giant Robots (February 2002)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 13: Super Tone Techniques (August 2002)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 14: Colorful Costumes (January 2003)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 15: Girls' Life Illustration File (May 2003)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 16: Guns & Military Vol. 1 (September 2003)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 17: Guns & Military Vol. 2 (October 2004)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 18: Super-Deformed Characters Vol. 1 Humans (August 2004)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 19: Super-Deformed Characters Vol. 2 Animals (June 2005)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 20: Female Characters (December 1999)\n\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 21: Bishoujo Pretty Gals (November 2000)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 22: Bishoujo Around the World (March 2001)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 23: Illustrating Battles (October 2000)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 24: Occult & Horror (June 2003)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 25: Bodies & Anatomy (December 2001)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 26: Making Anime (January 2003)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 27: Male Characters (July 2002)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 28: Couples (January 2003)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 29: Putting Things in Perspective (October 2002)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 30: Pen & Tone Techniques (April 2003)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 31: More about Pretty Gals (August 2003)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 32: Mech. Drawing (December 2003)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 33: Costume Encyclopedia Vol. 1 Everyday Fashion (December 2003)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 34: Costume Encyclopedia Vol. 2 Intimate Apparel (January 2005)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 35: Costume Encyclopedia Vol. 3: Sexy Sports Wear (May 2005)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 36: Animals (February 2005)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 37: Macromedia Flash Techniques (February 2004)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 38: Ninja & Samurai Portrayal (September 2005)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 39: Creating Manga: Stories (April 2007) \nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 40: Dressing Your Characters In Suits & Sailor Suits (August 2006)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 41: Costume Encyclopedia Vol. 4 Kimono & Gowns (April 2007)\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 42: Drawing Yaoi (June 2007) Note: this is a bishōnen how-to guide, not yaoi\nHow to Draw Manga Vol. 43: Drawing Bishōnen (December 2008)\n\nHow to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons \nThis set was printed in a smaller format of 15 cm x 21 cm.\nHow to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 1: Drawing Made Easy (April 2005)\nHow to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 2: The Basics of Characters and Materials (August 2005)\nHow to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 3: Drawing Sensational Characters (November 2005)\nHow to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 4: Making the Characters Come Alive (March 2006)\nHow to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 5: A Touch of Dynamism (2006)\nHow to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 6: Striking the Right Note (2006)\n\nHow to Draw Manga: Computones \nEach volume in this set includes a CD-ROM for use with Windows only.\n\nHow to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 1: Basic Tone Techniques (May 2005)\nHow to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 2: Depicting Characters (September 2005)\nHow to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 3: Mecha (October 2005)\nHow to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 4: Portraying Couples (June 2006)\nHow to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 5: Aiming For Action (June 2006)\n\nHow to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style \nHow to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 1: Sketching to Plan (February 2007)\nHow to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 2: Logical Proportions (April 2007)\nHow to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 3: Unforgettable Characters (October 2007)\nHow to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 4: All About Perspective (Nov 12, 2008)\nHow to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 5: Sketching Props (August 11, 2009)\n\nThese books are no longer in print and the series has been canceled.\n\nManga Pose Resource Book \nThis set was printed in an over-sized format of 21 cm x 29.6 cm.\n\nManga Pose Resource Book Vol. 1: Basic Poses (2002)\nManga Pose Resource Book Vol. 2: Animals (2002)\nManga Pose Resource Book Vol. 3: Actions Scenes (2002)\n\nHow to Draw Anime and Game Characters \nThis set is another Graphic-Sha publication that is shown alongside the main HTDM series on the dustjacks and in ads.\n\nHow to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 1: Basics for Beginners and Beyond (August 2000)\nHow to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 2: Expressing Emotions (March 2001)\nHow to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 3: Bringing Daily Actions to Life (August 2001)\nHow to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 4: Mastering Battle and Action Moves (April 2002)\nHow to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 5: Bishoujo Game Characters (September 2003)\n\nMore How to Draw Manga \nAnother set of manga-know-how with only four volumes, based in character creation.\n\nMore How to Draw Manga Vol. 1: The Basics of Character Drawing (March 2004)\nMore How to Draw Manga Vol. 2: Penning Characters (March 2004)\nMore How to Draw Manga Vol. 3: Enhancing a Character's Sense of Presence (August 2004)\nMore How to Draw Manga Vol. 4: Mastering Bishoujo Characters (September 2004)\n\nCancelled/status unknown volumes \nThese are volumes that were going to be released in English and even advertised for ordering, but they have been cancelled.\n\nHow to Draw Manga: Digital Comic Guide Vol. 1\n\nCross-promotions \nA special edition of the series titled How to Draw Manga Special: Colored Original Drawing was produced detailing how to use Copic markers. It explains how to avoid blotches, use colorless blenders, select paper, refill markers, changing nibs and the airbrush system. It is Volume 9 in the English language series.\n\nReception \nThe series has been credited with \"the standardization of manga style\", popularizing most common tropes such as \"the large eyes of shōjo characters, the feminine features of bishōnen\". The series has been successful in multiple markets as it has been translated to numerous other languages, and it shows the global success of manga - that not only the product itself is successful, but even works about the process of making the product.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Manga related books on Graphic-sha website\n How to Draw Manga\n\nBooks about visual art\nBooks about manga\nHandbooks and manuals\nBook series introduced in 1999\nJapanese book series", "Circle Seven Animation (or Disney Circle Seven Animation) was a short-lived division of Walt Disney Feature Animation specializing in computer-generated imagery (CGI) animation and was originally intended to create sequels to the Disney-owned Pixar properties, leading rivals and animators to derisively nickname the division \"Pixaren't\". The studio did not release any films during its existence, nor were any of its scripts used by Pixar.\n\nThe division was named after the street where its studio was located. Circle Seven Drive in Glendale, California is also home to KABC-TV.\n\nBackground\nPixar and Disney originally had a seven-film distribution agreement that gave Disney full ownership of Pixar's feature films and characters, as well as sequel rights. With the success of Toy Story 2 in the end of 1999, then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner and then-owner of Pixar Steve Jobs began to disagree on how Pixar should be run and the terms of a continued relationship.\n\nEisner claimed that Toy Story 2, as it was a sequel, did not count towards the \"original\" film count of the agreement, though Jobs disagreed.\n\nJobs announced in January 2004 — after ten months of negotiations — that Pixar would not renew their agreement with Disney, and would seek out other distributors for releases starting in 2006. Jobs wanted Pixar to receive most of the profits that their films made (giving Disney the standard 10% distribution fee) as well as full ownership of any future films and characters that the studio would create after Cars (2006). \n\nEisner found these terms unacceptable. Pixar executive producer John Lasseter, who had personally directed Toy Story (1995), A Bug's Life (1998), and Toy Story 2 (1999), became distraught over the breakdown of the Disney-Pixar relationship, as he was worried about what Disney might do with the characters Pixar had created.\n\nWhen he had to announce what had happened at a meeting of Pixar's 800 employees, Lasseter reportedly said, through tears, \"It's like you have these dear children and you have to give them up to be adopted by convicted child molesters.\"\n\nName\nCircle 7 Animation was named after the street where its studio was located, and the often-used Circle 7 logo, a television station logo in the United States designed in the early 1960s for the American Broadcasting Company's five owned-and-operated stations, all of which broadcast on VHF channel 7.\n\nHistory\nIn March 2005, Disney Circle Seven Animation was formed as a CGI animation studio to create sequels to the Disney-owned Pixar properties, and the studio began to hire staff shortly thereafter. It was seen as a bargaining chip by people within both Pixar and Disney, but also as a backup plan by Eisner in case negotiations fell through.\n\nThe first (and only) projects that the studio worked on were early drafts of Toy Story 3, Monsters, Inc. 2: Lost in Scaradise, and Finding Nemo 2. \n\nBob Iger succeeded Eisner as the new CEO of Disney in 2005. While viewing a parade at Hong Kong Disneyland that fall, Iger realized how badly Disney needed Pixar because all characters less than ten years old in the parade were from Pixar's films. In late January 2006, Iger and Jobs agreed to a deal in which Disney would purchase Pixar for $7.4 billion, with Pixar's leadership (Edwin Catmull and Lasseter) taking control of Disney's animation group. Under this new deal, Pixar would make Toy Story 3 with an all-new script; director Andrew Stanton stated that Pixar purposely avoided looking at Circle Seven's script.\n\nOn May 26, 2006, Disney officially closed Circle Seven Animation, and transferred about 136 out of the studio's 168 employees to Walt Disney Feature Animation, which was soon renamed Walt Disney Animation Studios. Catmull later disclosed in his 2014 book Creativity, Inc. that although Pixar had been frustrated with Disney's decision to create Circle Seven Animation in order to create sequels to Pixar's own films, they did not hold that against Circle Seven's employees, who had no part in that decision. This was why Catmull and Lasseter were willing to absorb most of the Circle Seven workforce directly into Walt Disney Animation Studios. Indeed, they eventually appointed Andrew Millstein, the former head of Circle Seven, as the general manager of Walt Disney Animation Studios to handle day-to-day business affairs on their behalf.\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican animation studios\nWalt Disney Animation Studios\nEntertainment companies based in California\nMass media companies established in 2005\nMass media companies disestablished in 2006\nCompanies based in Glendale, California\n2005 establishments in California\n2006 disestablishments in California" ]

[ "Terry Nation", "Doctor Who", "What work did he do on Doctor Who?", "writing the second Doctor Who serial,", "What contributions did he make?", "The serial introduced the eponymous extraterrestrial villains that would quickly become the series' most popular and enduring monsters, and resulted in a major merchandising success for the BBC.", "What was the name of these villains?", "The Mutants", "Did he state how he came to create these characters?", "unemployed, and with a young family to support," ]

[ "The Virgin Decalog books were collections of short stories published by Virgin Publishing based on the television series Doctor Who: they gained their name from the fact that each volume contained ten stories (although the last collection contains eleven). Five volumes were published between 1994 and September 1997, although volumes 4 and 5 did not feature the Doctor or any other non-Virgin copyrighted characters. This is because the BBC decided not to renew Virgin's licence to produce original fiction featuring the Doctor or any characters featured in the TV series (Virgin transitioned to featuring characters created for literature over which the BBC had no rights). Following this, the BBC began producing their own Doctor Who fiction, including short stories under the name Short Trips.\n\nThe Books\n\nDecalog\nThe first volume of stories published was Decalog (Virgin, 17 March 1994), edited by Mark Stammers and Stephen James Walker. It contained the following stories:\n\nThe Story Playback by Stephen James Walker was a short linking piece that recurred between the other stories, detailing the story of an amnesiac claiming to be the Doctor having his memories restored by going through the items in his pockets: each item relates to one of the stories.\n\nDecalog 2: Lost Property\nThe next volume was Decalog 2: Lost Property (Virgin Publishing, 20 July 1995), again edited by Mark Stammers and Stephen James Walker. This volume abandoned the linking story concept used in Decalog, and instead concentrated on having all its stories written on the same theme – a property that the Doctor owns somewhere or when in the universe. It contained the stories:\n\nDecalog 3: Consequences\nThe final Decalog collection before Virgin lost their licence to use The Doctor and characters from the 1963–89 series was called Decalog 3: Consequences (Virgin Publishing, 18 July 1996), and was joint edited by Justin Richards and Andy Lane. It introduced a new idea for linking the stories whereby each story would contain an element from the previous and subsequent stories, and the first contained an element from the last and vice versa. It contained the following stories:\n\nThis was Steven Moffat's first Doctor Who work. He later went on to write for the 2005 revival of the television series, and would become head writer for the series from the 2010 season onwards. Jackie Marshall was an established writer of Doctor Who fan fiction at the time. DeCandido went on to write novels for the Star Trek franchise. Moffat would later use many plot elements from Continuity Errors as the basis for the 2010 Christmas Special, as well as for River Song's backstory in \"Let's Kill Hitler\".\n\nDecalog 4: Re-Generations\nThe first Decalog collection after Virgin lost their licence to use Doctor Who TV characters was called Decalog 4: Re-Generations (Virgin Publishing, 15 May 1997), and was again joint edited by Justin Richards and Andy Lane. In order to try to keep the audience of previous Decalogs even though the Doctor could no longer appear in the stories, it was decided to theme the collection around the family history of one of the Doctor's companion Roz Forrester. As this companion had been created by co-editor Andy Lane for the Virgin New Adventures, there were no copyright issues in including her. It contained the following stories:\n\nDecalog 5: Wonders\nThe final Decalog collection was called Decalog 5: Wonders (Virgin Publishing, 18 September 1997), and was jointly edited by Paul Leonard and Jim Mortimore. This time, all but one story were free-standing science fiction pieces on the theme of \"the Ten Wonders of the Universe\", without direct connection to the Doctor Who universe. One story, The Judgement of Solomon by Lawrence Miles, however features former New Adventures companion, Bernice Summerfield. The collection contained the following stories:\n\nFollowing the publication of this book, Virgin produced no further Decalog collections.\n\nReferences\n\nBook series introduced in 1994\nNovels based on Doctor Who\nScience fiction book series\n1990s books\nVirgin Books books", "Honoré Lechasseur is one of two main characters in the Doctor Who spin-off Time Hunter series published by Telos Publishing Ltd. He is a time sensitive, which means that he possess the ability to see into people's pasts and futures when he is in their vicinity. He is also able to physically travel along people's timelines when he is working with a time channeller, such as his friend Emily Blandish. Honoré has appeared on some of the covers of the Time Hunter novellas.\n\nOverview \nThe character was created by Daniel O'Mahony for the Telos Doctor Who novella The Cabinet of Light. Shortly after the novella was published it was announced that BBC Enterprises would not be renewing Telos's licence to produce Doctor Who novellas. Telos subsequently announced that they would begin producing a series of \"Part mystery, part detective story, part dark fantasy, part science fiction\" novellas that would continue the spirit of the Doctor Who novellas. This was the Time Hunter range, which continued the adventures of Honoré and Emily Blandish.\n\nHonoré is portrayed as a moral character – he prides himself on never having swindled any of his customers – who develops from struggling to understand and live with his abilities, to embracing them through his platonic relationship with Emily Blandish. Through the novellas, he progresses from using alcohol on a regular basis as a \"painkiller\", to eventually becoming teetotal.\n\nThe character continued in the Time Hunter range for 11 novellas, before Telos announced that the range was to be closed due to poor sales.\n\nBiography \n\nHonoré Lechasseur in an American from New Orleans, Louisiana, who came to Europe whilst serving in the US Army in World War II. His platoon were moving through France when they became lost and ended up in Belgium, finding a farmhouse that had recently been abandoned by German soldiers. The group settled down to enjoy a stash of alcohol that had been left behind, and Honoré's Lieutenant began to play a piano: the piano had been booby trapped with explosives, and the Lieutenant was killed.\n\nHonoré suffered physical injuries in the explosion and was advised by Army medics that he would never walk again. He also suffered psychological injuries from the trauma, made worse by the knowledge that of his entire platoon, Honoré was the only other person who could play the piano and so if it had not been his lieutenant who had been killed, it might well have been Honoré himself.\n\nHonoré was moved to a hospital in England in 1943, where he began to recover the use of his legs. During this period, he also began to develop an ability to see people's pasts and futures that he later learnt was called time sensitivity.\n\nWhilst in hospital, Honoré was treated by a small bearded Scots doctor (recalling the Seventh Doctor, although it is unclear whether the character is intended to actually be the Seventh Doctor in disguise) who helped him recover to a certain degree. Honoré then left the hospital and relocated to Shoreditch in London, where he began working as a black market spiv – although he preferred the term \"fixer\".\n\nIn 1949, Honoré was hired by a woman posing as Emily Blandish to find her \"husband\", the Doctor. During the course of his investigations, Honoré met a young amnesiac woman dubbed \"the girl in the pink pyjamas\" by the press, and together they help save the Cabinet of Light (in actuality, the TARDIS) from a Nazi cult desperate to possess it for their own ends. He also helped the girl to remember her real name: Emily Blandish.\n\nFollowing this adventure, Emily and Honoré kept in touch and built a strong, platonic relationship. It was not until they both happened to spot the same man at the same time and wonder where he had come from, however, that they realised that Emily was a time sensitive. They both travelled forwards in time to an alternative 1984 (based on the novel by George Orwell), where they spent time trying to work out how to get back to their own time – which they ultimately did, whilst also ensuring that the future they had witnessed never came about.\n\nHonoré and Emily eventually came to understand how they had travelled through time, and became so practised at it that they could soon travel at will to a chosen date and time. They faced various adventures together, during which they fought the Fendahl and gained the enmity of a mysterious time travelling cult.\n\nAt present, Honoré's ultimate destiny is unknown.\n\nExternal links \n Telos website\n Outpost Gallifrey's \"Cabinet of Light\" section\n Doctor Who Ratings Guide reviews\n\nLiterary characters introduced in 2003\nDoctor Who book characters\nFictional spivs\nMale characters in literature\nTime Hunter" ]

[ "Terry Nation", "Doctor Who", "What work did he do on Doctor Who?", "writing the second Doctor Who serial,", "What contributions did he make?", "The serial introduced the eponymous extraterrestrial villains that would quickly become the series' most popular and enduring monsters, and resulted in a major merchandising success for the BBC.", "What was the name of these villains?", "The Mutants", "Did he state how he came to create these characters?", "unemployed, and with a young family to support,", "When was he hired to produce these characters for Doctor Who?", "1965," ]

[ "Shamik Dasgupta is an Indian comic book writer. He has done work for Virgin Comics, specifically for Ramayan 3392 A.D. a series based on the ancient Hindu epic Ramayana and set in a distant future. He has also written a one shot horror graphic novel called Virulents.\n\nHe is the editor in chief of Arkin Comics, a popular 3D comic book in India which is custom made to feature the comic reader.\n\nIn 2012 he started working on a graphic novel named 'The Caravan' for Yali Dream Creations. This was released in 2013. The Caravan is a horror graphic novel written by Shamik Dasgupta. Dasgupta described it as \"a classic horror/action/adventure in the trend of From Dusk till Dawn and 30 Days of Night copiously coated with spicy Bollywood masala.\"\nFor the same publisher, he did the graphic novel adaptation 'Devi Chaudhurani', which was originally written by Bankim Chandra Chatterji.\n\nCareer\nHis career started with Graphic India, and now he is employed by Yali Dream Creations as a Chief Creative Director. Since 2012, Shamik Dasgupta has created The Caravan, The Caravan Blood War, Devi Chaudhurani, Rakshak: Origin Series and The Village. He also created TNT for Speech Bubble Entertainment.\n\nShamik Dasgupta's comic book series, Rakshak, has been acquired in December 2019 by director Sanjay Gupta for motion film adaptation.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nShamik Dasgupta Interview : I cannot do anything else but comics\n\nLiving people\nUniversity of Calcutta alumni\nIndian comics writers", "\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" is a song written by Billy Livsey and Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in February 2001 as the third and final single from his self-titled album. The song reached number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in July 2001. It also peaked at number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.\n\nContent\nThe song is about man who is giving his woman the option to leave him. He gives her many different options for all the things she can do. At the end he gives her the option to stay with him if she really can’t find anything else to do. He says he will be alright if she leaves, but really it seems he wants her to stay.\n\nChart performance\n\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" debuted at number 60 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of March 3, 2001.\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n2001 singles\n2000 songs\nGeorge Strait songs\nSongs written by Billy Livsey\nSongs written by Don Schlitz\nSong recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)\nMCA Nashville Records singles" ]

[ "Terry Nation", "Doctor Who", "What work did he do on Doctor Who?", "writing the second Doctor Who serial,", "What contributions did he make?", "The serial introduced the eponymous extraterrestrial villains that would quickly become the series' most popular and enduring monsters, and resulted in a major merchandising success for the BBC.", "What was the name of these villains?", "The Mutants", "Did he state how he came to create these characters?", "unemployed, and with a young family to support,", "When was he hired to produce these characters for Doctor Who?", "1965,", "Did he create anything else for the series?", "Having risen in the public consciousness, Nation went on to contribute further scripts to Doctor Who. In 1965," ]

[ "In the behaviorism approach to psychology, behavioral scripts are a sequence of expected behaviors for a given situation. Scripts include default standards for the actors, props, setting, and sequence of events that are expected to occur in a particular situation. The classic script example involves an individual dining at a restaurant. This script has several components: props including tables, menus, food, and money, as well as roles including customers, servers, chefs, and a cashier. The sequence of expected events for this script begins with a hungry customer entering the restaurant, ordering, eating, paying and then ends with the customer exiting. People continually follow scripts which are acquired through habit, practice and simple routine. Following a script can be useful because it could help to save the time and mental effort of deciding on appropriate behavior each time a situation is encountered.\n\nPsychology\nSemantic memory builds schemas and scripts. With this, semantic memory is known as the knowledge that people gain from experiencing events in the everyday world. This information is then organized into a concept that people can understand in their own way. Semantic memory relates to scripts because scripts are made through the knowledge that one gains through these everyday experiences and habituation.\n\nThere have been many empirical research studies conducted in order to test the validity of the script theory. One such study, conducted by Bower, Black, and Turner in 1979, asked participants to read 18 different scenarios, all of which represented a doctor’s office script. The participants were later asked to complete either a recall task or a recognition task. In the recall task, the participants were asked to remember as much as they could about each scenario. Here, the participants tended to recall certain parts of the stories that were not actually present, but that were parts of the scripts that the stories represented. In the recognition task, participants were asked to rate various sentences on a 7-point scale regarding their personal confidence that they had seen each sentence in the scenario. Some sentences shown to participants were from the stories and some were not. Of the sentences that were not from the stories, some were relevant to the doctor’s office script and others were not relevant to the script at all. Here, participants tended to recognize certain non-story sentences as having come from the story if the non-story sentence was relevant to the script. Ultimately, Bower, Black, and Turner’s study suggested that scripts serve as a guide for a person’s recall and recognition for certain things that they already know.\n\nBehavioral scripts that people are taught allow them to make realistic assumptions about situations, places, and people. These assumptions stem from what are known as schemas. Schemas make our environments more approachable to understand, and therefore people are able to familiarize themselves with what is around them. When people become comfortable with what they find familiar, they are more likely to remember events, people or places that obscure from their initial thought or script.\n\nSome people may have a tendency to habituate behavioral scripts in a manner that can act to limit consciousness in a subliminal way. This can negatively influence the subconscious mind and, subsequently, can negatively affect perceptions, judgments, values, beliefs, cognition and behavior. For example, over-reliance upon behavioral scripts combined with social norms that encourage an individual to use these behavioral scripts may influence one to stereotype and develop a prejudiced attitude toward others based on socioeconomic status, ethnicity, race, etc.\n\nSome applied behavior analysts even use scripts to train new skills and 20 years of research supports script use as an effective way to build new language, social, and activity routines for adults and children with developmental disabilities. With language scripts fading, efforts are being made in an attempt to help the scripts recombine in order to approximate more natural language.\n\nMuch of the development of scripts first addresses language and how it influences what we know and understand. With language, many psychologists have used the specific study of language to develop theories about concepts and scripts. In particular, researchers recognize semantic memory development is mostly possible through verbal-linguistic stimuli. Language and memory are constantly used for people to be able to interpret what experiences or people mean to or relate to them. Here, language has influence on the scripts people use because of its relationship to semantic memory.\n\nThere are also instances where damage to a person’s script affects to their ability to understand concepts. For instance, Sirigu, Zalla, Pillon, Grafman, Agid, and Dubois (1995) conducted a study on brain-damaged patients and their ability to access scripts that relate to a certain situation. Within their study, they asked patients with brain-damage (particularly to their prefrontal cortex) to make as many scripts for different situations as they could and put them in their commonly known sequence. These researchers found that those with prefrontal brain damage could make just as many scripts for different situations as those without prefrontal brain damage. Although with finding this, these researchers also found that patients with prefrontal brain damage had a difficult time putting in order or sequencing the events that happen within a script. They concluded that the prefrontal brain-damaged patients had difficulty within finding the goal of each script, where each script has a specific thing that a person looks for to achieve. For example, within the script of going to a restaurant, the goal of the dinner would be to eat, where prefrontal brain-damaged patients are likely to see the goal of this script as paying for the meal or ordering for the food.\n\nSee also\n Frame (artificial intelligence)\n Knowledge representation\n Psychology\n Schema (psychology)\n\nNotes\n\nBehaviorism\nCognition\nServices marketing", "Anga Lipi(অঙ্গ লিপি) is a historical writing system or script of the Anga area of India. The Anga Lipi finds its mention in the Buddhist text \"Lalitvistar\" which says Anga lipi was one of the most important scripts among the 64 scripts known to Lord Budhha.\n\nEtymology and history\nAnga refers to a region in what is now Bihar and Jharkhand states of India, and Lipi means script.\nThe Anga Script is mentioned in an ancient Sanskrit language Buddhist book the \"Lalitvistar\" (ललितविस्तर), which names Anga Lipi relatively early in the list of 64 scripts known to the Buddha. Arthur Coke Burnell thought that some of the sixty-four scripts mentioned in \"Lalitvistar\" were mythical, but he considered some, including Dravid, Anga and Banga, to be real, though not appearing as distinct alphabets until the 9th or 10th century CE. (Burnell regarded this passage as a late interpolation.)\n\nCharacteristics and comparison\nAnga Lipi and Bengali script might have been derived from Brahmic, with some regional characteristics. This supports the belief that the development of local characteristics in alphabets was continuing from earlier times.\n\nIt reflects the early development of local variants of Indian alphabets.\n\nSee also\nBrahmic family of scripts\nBrāhmī script\nBengali-Assamese script\nKaithi\nAbugida\nList of writing systems\nList of languages by first written accounts\nAngika\nMiddle Indo-Aryan languages\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n angika.com\n\nHistory of writing\nLinguistic history of India\nBrahmic scripts" ]

[ "The Flaming Lips", "Signed to Warner Bros. (Hit to Death in the Future Head to Clouds Taste Metallic) (1991-1996)" ]

[ "Love at First Sight is a studio album by American singer Dionne Warwick released in 1977 by Warner Bros. Records.\n\nOverview \nThe album was produced by Michael Omartian and Steve Barri. The sound of the longplay resembled the previous works of the artist of the Scepter Records period. By the way, there is a ballad on the album \"Early Morning Strangers\", the author of which was Hal David, with whom Warwick worked for a long time and fruitfully in those years.\n\nAnyway, the album became a failure, neither it nor the singles hit the charts, critics also took the record with restraint. This was Warwick's last album with Warner Bros., the next album she will release on Arista Records.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nDionne Warwick albums\n1977 albums\nAlbums arranged by Michael Omartian\nAlbums produced by Michael Omartian\nAlbums produced by Steve Barri\nWarner Records albums", "Warner Records Inc. (formerly Warner Bros. Records Inc.) is an American record label. A subsidiary of the Warner Music Group, it is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. It was founded in March 1958 as the recorded music division of the American film studio Warner Bros.\n\nArtists who have recorded for Warner Records include Madonna, Prince, Cher, Frank Sinatra, Joni Mitchell, Van Halen, Alice Cooper, Kylie Minogue, Goo Goo Dolls, Tom Petty, Sheryl Crow, Gorillaz, Adam Lambert, Bette Midler, Grateful Dead, Jane's Addiction, Blur, Duran Duran, Deep Purple, Fleetwood Mac, Liam Gallagher, James Taylor, Lily Allen, JoJo, Linkin Park, Muse, George Benson, Nile Rodgers, Black Sabbath, Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Black Keys, My Chemical Romance, Tevin Campbell, Mac Miller, Dua Lipa, Bebe Rexha, R.E.M., and Sex Pistols.\n\nHistory\n\nFounding\nAt the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros. Pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. In 1928, the studio acquired several smaller music publishing firms which included M. Witmark & Sons, Harms Inc., and a partial interest in New World Music Corp., and merged them to form the Music Publishers Holding Company. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, and the new division was soon earning solid profits of up to US$2 million every year.\n\nIn 1930, MPHC paid US$28 million to acquire Brunswick Records (which included Vocalion), whose roster included Duke Ellington, Red Nichols, Nick Lucas, Al Jolson, Earl Burtnett, Ethel Waters, Abe Lyman, Leroy Carr, Tampa Red and Memphis Minnie, and soon after the sale to Warner Bros., the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. Unfortunately for Warner Bros., the dual impact of the Great Depression and the introduction of broadcast radio greatly harmed the recording industry—sales crashed, dropping by around 90% from more than 100 million records in 1927 to fewer than 10 million by 1932 and major companies were forced to halve the price of records from 75c to 35c.\n\nIn December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation (ARC) for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswick's pressing plants. Technically, Warner maintained actual ownership of Brunswick, which with the sale of ARC to CBS in 1939 and their decision to discontinue Brunswick in favor of reviving the Columbia label, reverted to Warner Bros. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time (along with Brunswick's back catalog up to 1931), this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records (which formed its American operations in 1934) in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The heavy loss it incurred in the Brunswick deal kept the studio out of the record business for more than 25 years, and during this period it licensed its film music to other companies for release as soundtrack albums.\n\n1958–1963: formation and early years\n \nWarner Bros. returned to the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, Warner Bros. Records. By this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance—the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a major impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s and, beginning in 1949, anti-trust suits brought by the US government forced the five major studios to divest their cinema chains.\n\nIn 1956, Harry Warner and Albert Warner sold their interest in the studio and the board was joined by new members who favored a renewed expansion into the music business—Charles Allen of the investment bank Charles Allen & Company, Serge Semenenko of the First National Bank of Boston and investor David Baird. Semenenko in particular had a strong professional interest in the entertainment business and he began to push Jack Warner on the issue of setting up an 'in-house' record label. With the record business booming – sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 – Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros. to make deals with other companies to release its soundtracks when, for less than the cost of one motion picture, they could establish their own label, creating a new income stream that could continue indefinitely and provide an additional means of exploiting and promoting its contract actors.\n\nAnother impetus for the label's creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. Although Hunter was signed to an exclusive acting contract with the studio, it did not prevent him from signing a recording contract, which he did with Dot Records, owned at the time by Paramount Pictures. Hunter scored several hits for Dot, including the US No. 1 single, \"Young Love\" (1957) and, to Warner Bros.' chagrin, reporters were primarily asking about the hit record, rather than Hunter's latest Warner movie. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, although his subsequent recordings for the label failed to duplicate his success with Dot.\n\nWarner Bros. agreed to buy Imperial Records in 1956 and, although the deal fell apart, it marked the breaking of a psychological barrier: \"If the company was willing to buy another label, why not start its own?\" To establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B. Conkling; its founding directors of A&R were Harris Ashburn, George Avakian, and Bob Prince. Conkling was an able administrator with extensive experience in the industry—he had been instrumental in launching the LP format at Columbia and had played a key role in establishing the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences the previous year. However, Conkling had decidedly middle-of-the-road musical tastes (he was married to Donna King of vocal trio the King Sisters), and was thus rather out of step with emerging trends in the industry, especially the fast-growing market for rock'n'roll music.\n\nWarner Bros. Records opened for business on March 19, 1958; its original office was located above the film studio's machine shop at 3701 Warner Boulevard in Burbank, California. Its early album releases (1958–1960) were aimed at the upscale end of the mainstream audience, and Warner Bros. took an early (though largely unsuccessful) lead in recording stereo LPs that targeted the new \"hi-fi\" market. The catalogue in this period included:\n vocal/spoken word albums by Warner contract players such as Tab Hunter, Edd Byrnes, Connie Stevens, Jack Webb and William Holden\n novelty/comedy albums by artists such as Spike Jones and Bob Newhart\n film soundtracks and collections of film and TV themes\n 'middle of the road' instrumental albums by artists including Matty Matlock, Buddy Cole, Henry Mancini, George Greeley, Warren Barker and \"Ira Ironstrings\" (a pseudonym for guitarist Alvino Rey, Conkling's brother-in-law, who was in fact under contract to Capitol Records at the time).\n\nSome albums featured jokey or self-deprecating titles such as:\n Music for People with $3.98 (Plus Tax If Any),\n Terribly Sophisticated Songs: A Collection of Unpopular Songs for Popular People,\n Songs the Kids Brought Home from Camp,\n Please Don't Put Your Empties on the Piano, and\n But You've Never Heard Gershwin with Bongos.\nAlmost all were commercial failures; and the only charting album in Warner Bros.' first two years was Warren Barker's 'soundtrack' album for the studio's hit series 77 Sunset Strip, which reached No. 3 in 1959. Tab Hunter's \"Jealous Heart\" (WB 5008), which reached No. 62, was Warner Bros.' only charting single during its first year.\n\nEarly Warner Bros. singles had distinctive pink labels, with the WB logo at the top center and \"WARNER\" in white Hellenic font to the left of the WB shield and \"BROS.\" in the same color and style font to the right. Below the shield in white Rockwell font, it read \"VITAPHONIC HIGH FIDELITY;\" this 45 label was used for two years, 1958 – 1960. This initial 45 label was soon replaced by a new, all-red label with the WB shield logo at 9 o'clock and a number of different-colored arrows (blue, chartreuse, and yellow) surrounding and pointing away from the center hole. The first hit was the novelty record \"Kookie, Kookie (Lend Me Your Comb),\" with words and music by Irving Taylor, which reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was nominally performed by Warner contract actor Edd Byrnes, who played the wisecracking hipster character Gerald Lloyd \"Kookie\" Kookson III on Warner's TV detective series 77 Sunset Strip. The story behind the recording illustrates the sharp practices often employed by major recording companies. Actress and singer Connie Stevens (who appeared in the Warner TV series Hawaiian Eye) spoke on the song's chorus, but although her record contract entitled her to a five-percent royalty rate, the label arbitrarily defined her contribution to be a favor to Byrnes, and assigned her just 1% royalty on the song, despite the fact that, as she soon discovered, her name was being prominently displayed on the single's label. Warner Bros. also charged her for a share of the recording costs, which was to be recouped from her drastically reduced royalty. When Stevens scored her own hit single with \"Sixteen Reasons\" in 1960, Warner Bros. refused to allow her to perform it on Hawaiian Eye because it was not published by MPHC, and they also prevented her from singing it on The Ed Sullivan Show, thereby robbing her of nationwide promotion (and a $5000 appearance fee).\n\nWith only two hits to its credit in two years, the label was in serious financial trouble by 1960, having lost at least US$3 million and music historian Frederic Dannen reports that the only reason it was not closed down was because the Warner board was reluctant to write off the additional $2 million the label was owed in outstanding receivables and inventory. After a restructure, Conkling was obliged to report to Herman Starr; he rejected a buyout offer by Conkling and a group of other record company employees but agreed to keep the label running in exchange for heavy cost-cutting—the staff was reduced from 100 to 30 and Conkling voluntarily cut his own pay from $1000 to $500.\n\nWarner Bros. now turned to rock'n'roll acts in hopes of advancing its sales but their first signing, Bill Haley, was by then past his prime and failed to score any hits. The label was more fortunate with its next signing, the Everly Brothers, whom Warner Bros. secured after the end of their previous contract with Cadence Records. Herman Starr effectively gambled the future of the company by approving what was reputed to be the first million-dollar contract in music history, which guaranteed the Everly Brothers $525,000 against an escalating royalty rate of up to 7 percent, well above the industry standard of the day. The duo were fielding offers from all the major labels as their Cadence contract wound up, but Warners eventually won out because the brothers harboured ambitions to branch out into film, and the label's connection to the movie studio provided the perfect opportunity. Luckily, the Everlys' first Warner Bros. single \"Cathy's Clown\" was a smash hit, climbing to No. 1 in the US and selling more than eight million copies, and their debut Warner Bros. album It's Everly Time reached No. 9 on the album chart.\n\nIn late 1959, Warner Bros signed a virtually unknown Chicago-based comedian, Bob Newhart, marking the beginning of the label's continuing involvement with comedy. Newhart provided the label's next major commercial breakthrough — in May 1960, three months after the success of \"Cathy's Clown,\" Newhart's debut album The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart unexpectedly shot straight to No. 1 in the US, staying at the top for fourteen weeks, charting for more than two years and selling more than 600,000 copies. Capping this commercial success, Newhart scored historic wins in three major categories at the 1961 Grammy Awards — he won Album of the Year for Button-Down Mind, his quickly released follow-up album, The Button-Down Mind Strikes Back (1960) won the Best Comedy Performance–Spoken Word category, and Newhart himself won Best New Artist, the first time in Grammy history that a comedy album had won Album of the Year, and the only time a comedian has won Best New Artist.\n\nInterviewed for the official Warner Bros Records history in 2008, Newhart recalled that at the time he signed with the label he was totally unknown outside Chicago, he was still working as full-time as an accountant, and he had only done a few local radio and TV appearances. His break came thanks to a friend, local DJ Dan Sorkin, who knew Warner CEO Jim Conkling. Sorkin arranged for Newhart to make a demo tape of a few of his original sketches, which Conkling heard and liked. Equally remarkably, Newhart revealed that had never performed in a club prior to recording the album. Warners arranged to record him at a Houston, Texas club called The Tidelands, where he was booked for a two-week residency as the opening act, beginning 12 February 1960, and Newhart freely admitted to being \"terrified\" on his first night. He quickly realised that he only had enough material for one side of an album, but by the time Warner A&R manager George Avakian arrived for the recording, Newhart had hastily written enough new material to fill both sides of an LP. When Newhart contacted Warners in April to find out when the album would be released, he was amazed to be told that the label was rushing all available copies to Minneapolis, because radio DJs there had broken it, and it had become so popular that a local newspaper was even printing the times that tracks would be played on air. He recalled that the success of the album almost instantly kick-started his career, and that he was soon being deluged with appearance offers, including The Ed Sullivan Show. A few months later, when Newhart met Conkling and Jack Warner at a dinner, he recalled that Warner effusively greeted him as \"the man who saved Warner Brothers Records\".\n\nDespite the turnaround in the label's commercial and critcal fortunes at the start of the new decade, Jim Conkling was unexpectedly forced out as CEO during 1961. The ostensible reason for his ousting was that Warner and the studio executives doubted Conkling's commitment to the label, after they discovered that he had sold his shares of Warner Bros stock, netting him around $1 million. However, label biographer Warren Zanes and former WBR executive Stan Cornyn both opined that this was merely a pretext, and that the studio effectively scapegoated Conkling for the label's earlier failures, pointing to the fact that Conkling's successor had been selected well before Conkling was terminated. Conkling resigned in the fall of that year, and was replaced by Mike Maitland, another former Capitol Records executive. Around the same time, Joe Smith was appointed as head of promotions.\n\nWarner Bros. made another prescient signing in folk group Peter, Paul & Mary. The trio had been on the verge of signing with Atlantic Records, but before the deal could be completed they were poached by Warner Bros. Artie Mogull (who worked for one of Warner Bros.' publishing companies, Witmark Music) had introduced their manager Albert Grossman to Herman Starr, and as a result the group signed a recording and publishing deal with Warner Bros. Grossman's deal for the group broke new ground for recording artists — it included a substantial advance of $30,000 and, most significantly, it set a new benchmark for recording contracts by stipulating that the trio would have complete creative control over the recording and packaging of their music.\n\nSoon after, Grossman and Mogull signed a publishing deal that gave Witmark one of its most lucrative clients, Bob Dylan. Grossman bought out Dylan's previous contract with Leeds Music and signed the then-unknown singer-songwriter to Witmark for an advance of $5000. Two years later in 1963, Peter, Paul & Mary scored two consecutive Top 10 hits with Dylan songs, launching Dylan's career, and this was followed by many more hits by artists covering Dylan's songs, alongside the growing commercial success of Dylan himself. Grossman benefited enormously from both deals, because he took a 25% commission as Dylan's manager, and he structured Dylan's publishing deal so that he received 50% of Witmark's share of Dylan's publishing income—a tactic that was later emulated by other leading artist managers such as David Geffen.\n\nMeanwhile, the label enjoyed further major success with comedy recordings. Comedian Allan Sherman (who had been signed on the personal recommendation of George Burns), issued his first Warner LP My Son, the Folk Singer in 1962. The album, which satirized the folk boom, became a major hit, selling over a million copies, and winning a Gold Record award, and is cited as being the fastest-selling LP ever released in the US up to that time. Sherman also scored a hit single in late 1963 with a cut from his third WBR album, My Son, The Nut, when his song \"Hello Muddah, Hello Faddah\" (which satirized the American summer camp tradition) became a surprise novelty hit, peaking at #2.\n\nBill Cosby broke through soon after and he continued the label's dream run with comedy LPs into the late 1960s, releasing a string of highly successful albums on Warner Bros. over the next six years, alongside his groundbreaking career as a TV actor.\n\nThe label's fortunes had finally turned around by 1962 thanks to the Everly Brothers, Newhart, folk stars Peter, Paul & Mary, jazz and pop crossover hit Joanie Sommers and comedian Allan Sherman, and Warner Bros. Records ended the financial year 1961–62 in the black for the first time since its founding.\n\nWarner/Reprise 1963–1967\nIn August 1963, Warner Bros. made a \"rescue takeover\" of Frank Sinatra's ailing Reprise Records as part of a deal to acquire Sinatra's services as a recording artist and as an actor for Warner Bros. Pictures. The total deal was valued at around US$10 million, and it gave Sinatra a one-third share in the combined record company and a seat on the Warner/Reprise board; Warner Bros. Records head Mike Maitland became the president of the new combine and Mo Ostin was retained as manager of the Reprise label.\n\nReprise was heavily in debt at the time of the takeover, and the Warner Records management team was reportedly dismayed at their balance sheet being pushed back into the red by the acquisition, but they were given no choice in the matter. Ben Kalmenson, a Warner Bros. company director and close aide to Jack Warner, summoned the label's directors to a meeting in New York and explicitly told them that both he and Warner wanted the deal and that they expected them to vote in favor of it.\n\nDespite these misgivings, the purchase ultimately proved very beneficial to the Warner group. Reprise flourished in the late 1960s thanks to Sinatra's famous comeback and the hits by Sinatra and his daughter Nancy, and the label also secured the US distribution rights to the recordings of the Kinks and Jimi Hendrix. Most importantly for the future of the company, the merger brought Reprise manager Mo Ostin into the Warner fold and \"his ultimate value to Warner Bros. would dwarf Sinatra's.\" Ostin's business and musical instincts, and his rapport with artists were to prove crucial to the success of the Warner labels over the next two decades.\n\nIn 1964, Warner Bros. launched Loma Records, which was meant to focus on R&B acts. The label, run by former King Records promotion man Bob Krasnow, would release over 100 singles and five albums, but saw only limited success and was wound down in 1968.\n\nAn important addition to the Warner Bros. staff in this period was Ed Thrasher, who moved from Columbia Records in 1964 to become Warner/Reprise's head art director. Among his design credits for the Warner family of labels were The Jimi Hendrix Experience's Are You Experienced, Van Morrison's Astral Weeks, The Grateful Dead's Anthem of the Sun, The Doobie Brothers' Toulouse Street, Tiny Tim's God Bless Tiny Tim, and Joni Mitchell's Clouds, which set off a trend of musicians creating the artwork for their own record sleeves. In 1973, when Frank Sinatra emerged from retirement with his comeback album, Thrasher shot candid photographs for the cover and also devised the album title Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back, which was widely used to promote Sinatra's return to recording and touring. Besides his work on album covers, Thrasher art-directed many of Warner Bros.' ads and posters from 1964 to 1979.\n\nIn 1964, Warner Bros. successfully negotiated with French label Disques Vogue and Warner Bros.' British distributor Pye Records for the rights to distribute Petula Clark's recordings in the US (said rights previously being held by Laurie Records). Clark soon scored a No. 1 US hit with \"Downtown.\" Warner also released other Pye artists in the US market such as The Kinks.\n\nAnother significant development in the label's history came in 1966 when Ostin hired young independent producer Lenny Waronker as an A&R manager, beginning a strong and enduring mentor/protegé relationship between the two. Waronker, the son of Liberty Records founder Simon Waronker, had previously worked as an assistant to Liberty producer Snuff Garrett. Later he worked with the small San Francisco label Autumn Records, founded by disc jockeys Tom Donahue, Bobby Mitchell, and Sylvester Stewart (who would soon become famous as a musician under his stage name Sly Stone).\n\nWaronker had been hired as a freelance producer for some of Autumn's acts including The Tikis (who later became Harpers Bizarre), The Beau Brummels, and The Mojo Men, and for these recording sessions he brought in several musician friends who were then becoming established on the L.A. music scene: composer/musicians Randy Newman (a childhood friend), Leon Russell, and Van Dyke Parks. Together they became the foundation of the creative salon that centered on Waronker at Warner Bros. and which, with Ostin's continuing support, became the catalyst for Warner Records' subsequent success as a rock music label. Initially, Waronker looked after the acts that Warner Bros. took over when they bought Autumn Records for $10,000, but during the year he also avidly pursued rising Los Angeles band The Buffalo Springfield. Although (much to his and Ostin's chagrin) the band was ultimately signed by Atlantic Records, they eventually became part of the Warner Bros. catalogue after Atlantic was purchased by Warner Bros. Records.\n\nIn 1967, Warner Bros. took over Valiant Records, which added hit-making harmony pop group The Association to the Warner roster. This acquisition proved to be another huge money-maker for Warner Bros.; The Association scored a string of major hits in the late 1960s, and their 1967 hit \"Never My Love\" went on to become the second-most-played song on American radio and TV in the 20th century. During the year, the label also took its first tentative step into the burgeoning rock market when they signed leading San Francisco psychedelic rock group The Grateful Dead. Warner Bros. threw the band a release party at Fugazi Hall in San Francisco's North Beach. During the concert, Warner A&R manager Joe Smith took the stage and announced, \"I just want to say what an honor it is to be able to introduce the Grateful Dead and its music to the world,\" which prompted a cynical Jerry Garcia to quip in reply, \"I just want to say what an honor it is for the Grateful Dead to introduce Warner Bros. Records to the world.\"\n\nAlso in 1967, Warner/Reprise established its Canadian operation Warner Reprise Canada Ltd., replacing its distribution deal with the Compo Company. This was the origin of Warner Music Canada.\n\n1967–1969: Warner Bros.-Seven Arts\nIn November 1966 the entire Warner group was taken over by and merged with Seven Arts Productions, a New York-based company owned by Eliot Hyman. Seven Arts specialized in syndicating old movies and cartoons to TV, and had independently produced a number of significant feature films for other studios, including Stanley Kubrick's Lolita, as well as forging a successful production partnership with noted British studio Hammer Films. Hyman's purchase of Jack L. Warner's controlling share of the Warner group for US$32 million stunned the film world—Warner Records executive Joe Smith later quipped that it was\n\nThe newly merged group was renamed Warner Bros.-Seven Arts (often referred to in the trade press by the abbreviation it adopted for its new logo, \"W7\"). Although Warner Bros. Pictures was faltering, the purchase coincided with a period of tremendous growth in the music industry, and Warner-Reprise was now on its way to becoming a major player in the industry. Hyman's investment banker Alan Hirshfeld, of Charles Allen and Company, urged him to expand the company's record holdings, and arranged a meeting with Jerry Wexler, and Ahmet and Nesuhi Ertegun, co-owners of leading independent label Atlantic Records, which eventually resulted in the purchase of Atlantic in 1968.\n\nIn June 1967, Mo Ostin attended the historic Monterey International Pop Festival, where The Association performed the opening set. Ostin had already acquired the US rights to The Jimi Hendrix Experience's recordings, sight unseen, but he was reportedly unimpressed by Hendrix's now-famous performance. During his visit he met Andy Wickham, who had come to Monterey as an assistant to festival promoter Lou Adler. Wickham had worked as a commercial artist in London, followed by a stint with Andrew Loog Oldham's Immediate Records before moving to Los Angeles to work for Adler's Dunhill label. Ostin initially hired Wickham as Warner's \"house hippie\" on a generous retainer of $200 per week. Hanging out around Laurel Canyon, Wickham scouted for new talent and established a rapport with the young musicians Warner Bros. was seeking to sign. Like Lenny Waronker, Wickham's youth, intelligence and hip attitude allowed him to bridge the \"generation gap between these young performers and the older Warner 'establishment'\". He played a major role in signing Eric Andersen, Jethro Tull, Van Morrison, and Joni Mitchell (who signed to Reprise), whom Wickham successfully recommended to Ostin in his first week with the company. Over the next thirty years, Wickham became one of Warner's most influential A&R managers, signing such notable acts as Emmylou Harris, Buck Owens, and Norwegian pop trio a-ha.\n\nDuring this formative period, Warner Bros. made several other notable new signings including Randy Newman and Van Dyke Parks. Newman would not make his commercial breakthrough until the mid-1970s but he achieved a high profile in the industry thanks to songs he wrote that were covered by other acts like Three Dog Night and Alan Price. Although Warner Bros. spent large sums on albums that sold poorly, and there were some missteps in its promotion strategy, the presence of unorthodox acts like The Grateful Dead and critically acclaimed 'cult' performers like Newman and Parks, combined with the artistic freedom that the label afforded them, proved significant in building Warner Bros.' reputation and credibility. Bob Krasnow, who briefly headed Warner Bros.' short-lived 'black' label Loma Records, later commented that The Grateful Dead \"...were really the springboard. People said, 'Wow, if they'll sign The Dead, they must be going in the right direction.'\"\n\nAlthough not widely known to the general public at that time, Van Dyke Parks was a figure of high repute on the L.A. music scene thanks to his work as a session musician and songwriter (notably with the Byrds and Harper's Bizarre), and especially because of his renowned collaboration with Brian Wilson on the legendary unreleased Beach Boys album Smile. In 1967, Lenny Waronker produced Parks' Warner debut album Song Cycle, which reportedly cost more than $35,000 to record, making it one of the most expensive 'pop' albums ever made up to that time. It sold very poorly despite rave critical reviews, so publicist Stan Cornyn (who had helped the label to sign The Grateful Dead) wrote an infamous tongue-in-cheek advertisement to promote it. The ad cheekily declared that the label had \"lost $35,509 on 'the album of the year' (dammit),\" suggested that those who had purchased the album had probably worn their copies out by playing it over and over, and made the offer that listeners could send these supposedly worn-out copies back to Warner Bros., who would exchange it for two new copies, including one \"to educate a friend with.\" Incensed by the tactic, Parks accused Cornyn of trying to kill his career. Cornyn encountered similar problems with Joni Mitchell—he penned an advertisement that was meant to convey the message that Mitchell was yet to achieve significant market penetration, but the tag-line \"Joni Mitchell is 90% Virgin\" reportedly reduced Mitchell to tears, and Cornyn had to withdraw it from publication.\n\nWarner Bros. also struggled with their flagship rock act, The Grateful Dead who, like Peter, Paul and Mary, had negotiated complete artistic control over the recording and packaging of their music. Their debut album had been recorded in just four days, and although it was not a major hit, it cracked the US Top 50 album chart and sold steadily, eventually going gold in 1971. For their second album, The Grateful Dead took a far more experimental approach, embarking on a marathon series of recording sessions lasting seven months, from September 1967 to March 1968. They started the album with David Hassinger, who had produced their first album, but he quit the project in frustration in December 1967 while they were recording in New York City (although he is co-credited with the band on the album). The group and their concert sound engineer Dan Healy then took over production of the album themselves, taking the unusual step of intermixing studio material with multitrack recordings of their concerts. Anthem of the Sun proved to be the least successful of The Grateful Dead's 1960s albums—it sold poorly, the extended sessions put the band more than $100,000 in debt to the label, and Warner Bros. executive Joe Smith later described it as \"the most unreasonable project with which we have ever involved ourselves.\"\n\nThe Grateful Dead's relationship with Warner Bros. Records was stretched even further by the making of their third album Aoxomoxoa (1969), which also took around seven months to record and cost $180,000, almost twice as much as its predecessor. It sold poorly and took almost thirty years to be accredited with gold-record status. There were further difficulties in 1971 when the band presented Warner Bros. with a planned live double-album that they wanted to call Skull Fuck, but Ostin handled the matter diplomatically. Rather than refusing point-blank to release it, he reminded The Grateful Dead that they were heavily in debt to Warner's and would not see any royalties until this had been repaid; he also pointed out that the provocative title would inevitably hurt sales because major retailers like Sears would refuse to stock it. Realizing that this would reduce their income, the band voluntarily changed the title to Grateful Dead, known generally as Skull and Roses.\n\nSome of Warner Bros.' biggest commercial successes during this period were with \"Sunshine Pop\" acts. Harpers Bizarre scored a No. 13 Billboard hit in April 1967 with their version of Simon & Garfunkel's \"The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)\", and a month later The Association scored a US No. 1 with \"Windy,\" and they reached No. 8 on the album chart with their first Warner Bros. album Insight Out. Their next single \"Never My Love\" also topped the charts in autumn 1967 (No. 2 Billboard, No. 1 Cashbox), and now ranks as one of the most successful of all Warner Bros. recordings—it became a radio staple and is now accredited by BMI as the second most-played song on US radio in the 20th century, surpassing both \"Yesterday\" by the Beatles and \"Stand by Me\" by Ben E. King. The group's 1968 Greatest Hits album was also a major hit, reaching No. 4 on the US album chart. In 1968, Mason Williams' instrumental composition \"Classical Gas\" reached No. 2 on the Billboard chart, selling more than a million copies, and Williams won three Grammys that year.\n\nAnother notable Warner release from this period was Astral Weeks, the second solo album by Van Morrison (his first was on Bang), who signed with the label in 1968. Although it sold relatively poorly on its first release (and did not reach gold record status until 2001), it has been widely acclaimed by musicians and critics worldwide, has featured prominently on many \"Best Albums of All Time\" lists, and has remained in release almost continuously since 1968.\n\nDuring 1968, using the profits from Warner/Reprise, W7 purchased Atlantic Records for $17.5 million, including the label's valuable archive, its growing roster of new artists, and the services of its three renowned executives Jerry Wexler, Nesuhi Ertegun and Ahmet Ertegun. However, the purchase again caused rancor among the Warner/Reprise management, who were upset that their hard-won profits had been co-opted to buy Atlantic, and that Atlantic's executives were made large shareholders in Warner-Seven Arts—the deal gave the Ertegun brothers and Wexler between them 66,000 shares of Warner Bros.' common stock.\n\nOn June 1, 1968, Billboard announced that Warner Bros. Records' star comedy performer Bill Cosby had turned down a five-year, US$3.5 million contract renewal offer, and would leave the label in August of that year to record for his own Tetragrammaton Records label. Just over one month later (July 13) Billboard reported on a major reorganization of the entire Warner-Seven Arts music division. Mike Maitland was promoted to Executive Vice-president of both the recorded music and publishing operations, and George Lee took over from Victor Blau as operational head of the recording division. The restructure also reversed the reporting arrangement put in place in 1960, and from this point the Warner publishing arm reported to the record division under Maitland. The Billboard article also noted the enormous growth and vital significance of W7's music operations, which were by then providing most of Warner-Seven Arts' revenue—during the first nine months of that fiscal year, the recording and publishing divisions generated 74% of the corporation's total profit, with the publishing division alone accounting for over US$2 million of ASCAP's collections from music users.\n\n1969–1972: Kinney takeover\nIn 1969, Warner Bros.-Seven Arts was taken over by the Kinney National Company, headed by New York businessman Steve J. Ross, who would successfully lead the Warner group of companies until his death in 1992. The US$400 million deal created a new conglomerate that combined the Warner film, television, recording, and music publishing divisions with Kinney's multi-faceted holdings. Ross had founded the company in the late 1950s while working in his family's funeral business—seeing the opportunity to use the company's cars, which were idle at night, he founded a successful car hire operation, which he later merged with the Kinney parking garage company. Ross took the company public in 1962, and from this base it expanded rapidly between 1966 and 1968, merging with National Cleaning Services in 1966 to form the Kinney National Company, and then acquiring a string of companies that would prove of enormous value to the Warner group in the years ahead–National Periodical Publications (which included DC Comics and All American Comics), the Ashley-Famous talent agency, and Panavision.\n\nIn the summer of 1969, Atlantic Records agreed to assist Warner Bros. Records in establishing overseas divisions, but when Warner executive Phil Rose arrived in Australia to begin setting up a subsidiary there, he discovered that just one week earlier Atlantic had signed a new four-year production and distribution deal with local label Festival Records without informing Warner Bros.\n\nDuring 1969, the rivalry between Mike Maitland and Ahmet Ertegun quickly escalated into an all-out executive battle, but Steve Ross favored Ertegun, and the conflict culminated in Maitland being dismissed from his position on January 25, 1970. He declined an offer of a job with Warner Bros. Pictures and left the company, subsequently becoming president of MCA Records. Mo Ostin was appointed president of Warner Bros. Records with Joe Smith as executive vice-president.\n\nIn 1970, the 'Seven Arts' name was dropped and the WB shield became the Warner Bros. Records logo again.\n\n1970–1979: The Ostin era\nBeginning back in 1967 with the signing of the Grateful Dead, Warner Bros. Records and its affiliate labels steadily built up a diverse and prestigious lineup of rock and pop artists through the 1970s, and earning a strong reputation as an \"artists first\" record company. Under the guidance of Edward West, vice-president of Warner Bros. Records Inc in 1973 and its executives, A&R managers and staff producers, including Mo Ostin, David Geffen, Joe Smith, Stan Cornyn, Lenny Waronker, Andy Wickham, Russ Titelman and ex-Warner Bros. recording artist (with Harpers Bizarre) Ted Templeman, sales grew steadily throughout the decade and by the end of the 1970s Warner Bros. and its sister labels had become one of the world's leading recording groups, with a star-studded roster that included Fleetwood Mac, James Taylor, Van Morrison, America, Alice Cooper, Carly Simon, Van Halen, the Doobie Brothers, Bonnie Raitt, Chaka Khan, Ambrosia, and Rickie Lee Jones. This was augmented by the group's valuable back-catalogue, and lucrative licensing deals with American and international labels including Sire, Vertigo and Island Records (1975–1982) that gave WBR the American distribution rights for leading British and European rock acts including Deep Purple, Jethro Tull, Black Sabbath, Roxy Music, King Crimson and Kraftwerk. Aided by the growth of FM radio and the album oriented rock format, LPs became the primary vehicle of Warner Bros. sales successes throughout the 1970s, although artists such as the Doobie Brothers and America also scored many major US and international hit singles.\n\nOne of the first Warner Bros. albums to achieve both critical and commercial success in the early 1970s was Van Morrison's third solo LP Moondance (January 1970) which consolidated his distinctive blend of rock, jazz and R&B, earned glowing critical praise and sold well—it made the Top 40 album chart in both the US and the UK, the single \"Come Running\" was a US Top 40 hit (No. 39, Billboard) and the title track became a radio perennial.\n\nBritish group Black Sabbath were signed to Philips Records' progressive subsidiary Vertigo in their native country. Deep Purple, who recorded for EMI's Parlophone and Harvest labels in England, were originally signed in the US to the independent Tetragrammaton Records, which was distributed by Warner Bros., who acquired the label after it folded in 1970. Black Sabbath's eponymous debut album (recorded in just two days) reached No. 8 on the UK album chart, and No. 23 on the Billboard 200, where it remained for over a year, selling strongly despite some negative reviews. It has since been certified platinum in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and in the UK by British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Sabbath's second album was to have been called War Pigs, but Warner Bros. Records changed the title to Paranoid fearing a backlash by consumers. It was a Top 10 hit on the US album chart in 1971, and went on to sell four million copies in the US alone with virtually no radio airplay.\n\nBy 1970, \"Seven Arts\" was dropped from the company name and the WB shield became the Warner Bros. Records logo again. During 1972, a financial scandal in its parking operations forced Kinney National to spin off its non-entertainment assets, and the Warner recording, publishing and film divisions then became part of a new umbrella company, Warner Communications.\n\nIn July 1970, the Warner recording group acquired another prestige asset with the purchase of Jac Holzman's Elektra Records for US$10 million. Like Atlantic, the new acquisition came with a very valuable back-catalogue, which included the Doors, Love, Paul Butterfield Blues Band, Tim Buckley, the Stooges, MC5 and Bread, but Elektra soon began producing more major hits under the Warner umbrella. Recent signing Carly Simon scored two successive Top 20 singles in 1971 with \"That's the Way I've Always Heard It Should Be\" and \"Anticipation\", and her first two albums both made the Billboard Top 50, but the following year she topped the single and album charts with her international smash hit \"You're So Vain\" and the album No Secrets, which both went to No. 1 in the US Jac Holzman ran the label until 1972, when he was succeeded by David Geffen and Elektra was merged with Geffen's label Asylum Records. Geffen was forced to step down in 1975 for health reasons and Joe Smith was appointed president in his place, although the label's fortunes subsequently waned considerably, with Elektra-Asylum reportedly losing some $27 million during the last two years of Smith's tenure.\n\nWith three co-owned record companies, the next step was the formation of the group's in-house distribution arm, initially called Kinney Records Distributing Corporation, to better control distribution of product and make sure records by breaking new acts were available.\n\nIn 1971, UK-based pop rock trio America were signed to the recently established British division of Warner Bros. Their debut album, released late in the year, at first enjoyed only moderate success, but in early 1972 their single \"A Horse with No Name\" became a major international hit, reaching No. 1 in the US. Warner hastily reissued the album with the song included and it too became a huge hit, reaching No. 1 on the US album chart and eventually earning a platinum record award. Although criticized for their similarity to Neil Young (indeed, rumors circulated around Hollywood that Young had cut the track anonymously), America scored five more US Top 10 singles over the next three years, including a second US No. 1 with \"Sister Golden Hair\" in 1975. Their albums performed very strongly in the charts—each of their first seven LPs were US Top 40 albums, five of these made the Top 10 and all but one (Hat Trick, 1973) achieved either gold or platinum status. Their 1975 Greatest Hits album became a perennial seller and is now accredited at 4x platinum.\n\nIn 1972, Dionne Warwick was signed to Warner Bros. Records after leaving Scepter Records in what was the biggest contract at the time for a female recording artist, although her five years at Warner Bros. were relatively unsuccessful in comparison to her spectacular hit-making tenure at Scepter.\n\nAfter a slow start, the Doobie Brothers proved to be one of Warner Bros.' most successful signings. Their debut album made little impact but their second album Toulouse Street (1972) reached No. 21 and spawned two US Top 40 singles, \"Listen to the Music\" and \"Jesus is Just Alright\", inaugurating a string of hit albums and singles over the next five years. Their third album The Captain and Me was even more successful, reaching No. 7 in the US and producing two more hit singles, \"China Grove\" (#15) and \"Long Train Runnin'\" (#8); it became a consistent seller and is now accredited 2x Platinum by the RIAA. What Were Once Vices Are Now Habits (1974) reached No. 4 and produced two more hits including their first US No. 1 single \"Black Water\" (1975). Stampede also reached No. 4, and produced another hit single with the Motown cover \"Take Me in Your Arms (Rock Me a Little While)\" (US #11).\n\nWarner Bros. Records' reputation for nurturing new artists was demonstrated by the career of Alice Cooper (originally the name of the band, but later taken over as the stage name / persona of singer and main songwriter Vince Furnier). The Alice Cooper band recorded two unsuccessful albums for Frank Zappa's Warner-distributed label Straight Records before teaming with producer Bob Ezrin, who became a longtime collaborator. Their third LP Love it to Death (originally released on Straight and later reissued on Warner Bros.) reached No. 35 on the Billboard album chart and produced the hit single \"I'm Eighteen\", which reached No. 21. Following the runaway success of their 1971 European tour Warner Bros. Records offered the band a multi-album contract; their first Warner Bros. album Killer sold well, with the single \"Halo of Flies\" making the Top 10 in the Netherlands, but it was their next album School's Out (1972) that really put them on the map. The title song was a Top 10 hit in the US, reached No. 1 in the UK and became a radio staple, and the album went to No. 2 in the US and sold more than a million copies. Billion Dollar Babies (1973) became their biggest success, going to No. 1 in both the US and the UK. The follow-up Muscle of Love (1973) was less successful, although the single \"Teenage Lament '74 was a Top 20 hit in the UK. Furnier split from the band in 1974 and signed to Warner Bros.' sister label, Atlantic as a solo artist, scoring further success with his solo albums and singles.\n\nIn 1973, Frank Zappa and manager Herb Cohen closed the Straight and Bizarre labels and established a new imprint, DiscReet Records, retaining their distribution deal with Warner Bros. Zappa's next album Apostrophe (') (1973) became the biggest commercial success of his career, reaching No. 10 on the Billboard album chart, and the single \"Don't Eat the Yellow Snow\" was a minor hit and (at the time) his only single to make the Hot 100 chart. Zappa also enjoyed moderate commercial success with the live double LP Roxy and Elsewhere (1974) and his next studio LP One Size Fits All (1975), both of which reached the Top 30 on the Billboard album chart.\n\n WBR introduced a new label design for its LPs and singles in mid-1973. This design, which WBR would use until mid-1978, featured a multi-colored, idealized watercolor painting of a Burbank street lined by palms and eucalypts, and titled with the slogan \"Burbank, Home of Warner Bros. Records\". According to the label's official history, the design was copied from a similarly-styled \"orange crate art\" fruit company label illustration created by an unknown commercial artist in the 1920s.\n\nAfter several years as a 'cult' artist, Randy Newman achieved his first significant commercial success as a solo artist with his 1974 album Good Old Boys which made the Top 40. His controversial 1977 single \"Short People\" was one of the surprise hits of the year, reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. On October 12, 1974, WBR and Phil Spector established Warner-Spector Records, but the label was short-lived and folded in 1977; most of its releases were reissues Philles Records recordings from the 1960s and the only new material released was two singles by the disco group Calhoon and a single by Cher.\n\nIn 1975 David Geffen was obliged to leave the company for health reasons, after being told that he had a terminal illness (although this later proved to be a false diagnosis). In his place, Joe Smith was promoted to become President of the combined Elektra/Asylum label. At this time Warner Bros. began to wind down the Reprise label. In 1976–77 almost all Reprise acts, including Fleetwood Mac, Gordon Lightfoot, Ry Cooder and Michael Franks were transferred to Warner Bros., leaving only Neil Young (who refused to move) and founder Frank Sinatra. Apart from these artists and some reissues, the Reprise label was dormant until it was reactivated in 1986 with the issue of the Dream Academy's single \"The Love Parade\" on Reprise 28750.\n\nBy far the most successful of the Reprise acts who moved to Warner Bros. was Fleetwood Mac, whose massive success firmly established Warner Bros. in the front rank of major labels—although few would have predicted it from the band's tumultuous history. Between 1970 and 1975 there were multiple lineup changes (with only two original members remaining by 1974), their album sales declined drastically, and a legal battle over the group's name kept them off the road for over a year. However, just as Fleetwood Mac was switching labels in 1975, the group re-invigorated by the recruitment of new members Lindsay Buckingham and Stevie Nicks. The 'new' Fleetwood Mac scored a string of US and international hits and their self-titled Reprise debut album was a huge success, reaching No. 1 in the US, charting for more than 30 weeks and selling more than 5 million copies. In 1977, their now-legendary Rumours took both group and Warner Bros. label to even greater heights—it generated a string of international hit singles and became the most successful album in the label's history; it is currently ranked the 11th biggest selling album of all time and as of 2009 was estimated to have sold more than 40 million copies.\n\nAfter a string of albums with the Faces and as a solo artist for Mercury Records in the early 1970s, British singer Rod Stewart signed with Warner Bros. in 1974, applied for American citizenship and moved to the US. Launching a sustained run of success, his Warner debut album Atlantic Crossing (1975) was a major international hit, reaching No. 9 on the Billboard album chart and No. 1 in Australia, with the single \"I Don't Want to Talk About It\" going to No. 1 in the UK. His second WBR album A Night on the Town (1976) went to No. 2 in the US and No. 1 in Australia and produced three US Top 40 singles, including his first US No. 1 \"Tonight's the Night\". Foot Loose & Fancy Free (1977) reached No. 2 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart and No. 1 in Australia and again produced three US Top 40 singles, including \"You're in My Heart (The Final Acclaim)\", which reached No. 4. Blondes Have More Fun (1978) went to No. 1 in the US and Australia, and produced two more Top 40 singles including his second US No. 1, \"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy\" (although Stewart and co-writer Carmine Appice were later successfully sued for plagiarizing the song's catchy melody hook from \"Taj Mahall\" by Brazilian songwriter Jorge Ben). Stewart's Greatest Hits collection (1979) went to No. 1 in the UK and Australia, giving the singer a record-breaking five consecutive No. 1 albums in the latter country.\n\nWarner Bros. Records also had unexpected success in the mid-1970s with another 'heritage' act, veteran vocal group the Four Seasons. In early 1975, they signed with Curb Records (which was distributed by WBR) just as lead singer Frankie Valli scored a surprise hit with his independently released solo single \"My Eyes Adored You\". Soon after, Valli and The Four Seasons burst back onto the charts with the disco-styled \"Who Loves You\", which reached No. 3 in the US and sold more than a million copies, and the album Who Loves You sold more than 1 million copies. Their next single \"December 1963 (Oh, What a Night)\" topped the charts in both Britain and the US in early 1976, becoming the group's first US No. 1 since 1967. A remixed version was a hit again in 1994 and its total of 54 weeks in charts gives it the longest tenure of any song on the Billboard Hot 100.\n\nBy the time of The Doobie Brothers 1976 album Takin' It to the Streets, founding member Tom Johnston had effectively left the band and he was replaced by former Steely Dan session man Michael McDonald, whose distinctive voice helped to propel the group to even greater success. The new album sold strongly, reaching No. 8 in the US, and the title track reached No. 13 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming a perennial on radio playlists. Warner Bros. also released the massively successful Best of the Doobies (1976), which has become one of the biggest-selling albums of all time and is currently accredited at 10x Platinum status. 1978's Minute by Minute marked the peak of their career—both the album and its lead single \"What A Fool Believes\" went to No. 1 in the US and the album's title track also made the US Top 20, although it was their last album with founding drummer John Hartman and long-serving guitarist Jeff \"Skunk\" Baxter.\n\nDuring the late 1970s, Warner Bros.' reputation as an \"artists first\" label was challenged by a bitter and long-running dispute with Frank Zappa. In 1976, Zappa's relationship with manager Herb Cohen ended in litigation. For Zoot Allures, Zappa took his own copy of the master directly to Warner Bros. Records, who agreed to release the album, therefore bypassing Cohen and DiscReet. However, Warner Bros. changed their position following legal action from Cohen. Zappa was then obligated to deliver four more albums to Warner Bros. for release on DiscReet. Zappa sequenced a double live album and three studio albums, but Warner Bros. objected to some or all of these recordings and refused to reimburse Zappa for production costs, as required by the DiscReet distribution contract. Zappa then re-edited the material into a 4-LP set called Läther (pronounced 'leather'), made a deal with Phonogram, and scheduled the release of Läther for Halloween 1977. However, Warner Bros. threatened legal action, forcing Zappa to shelve the release. Infuriated, Zappa hosted a broadcast on KROQ-FM in Pasadena, California, where he played the entire Läther album in sequence, repeatedly criticizing Warner Bros., and openly encouraging listeners to record the broadcast. Warner Bros. took further legal action against Zappa, which prevented him from issuing any material for over a year. During 1978 and 1979, Warner Bros. issued the disputed material over four albums – Zappa in New York (an edited and censored version of the original 1977 live double album), Studio Tan, Sleep Dirt and Orchestral Favorites. Zappa eventually won the rights to his Straight, Bizarre, DiscReet and Warner Bros. material, but remained trenchantly critical of his treatment by Warner Bros. for the rest of his life. Zappa's recordings were subsequently reissued on CD by Rykodisc (ironically it was later acquired by Warner Music), including Läther, which appeared posthumously in 1996.\n\nRy Cooder was another Reprise act who was transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977. His first Warner release was the 1977 live album Showtime and he remained with the label until his contract expired in the late 1980s. His 1979 album Bop 'Til You Drop is notable as the first major-label rock album to be digitally recorded, and it became the best-selling album of his career.\n\nThanks to its distribution deal with Curb Records, WBR scored the biggest hit single in the company's history in 1977. The ballad \"You Light Up My Life\" (written and produced by Joe Brooks) was originally recorded by the late Kasey Cisyk for the soundtrack to the film of the same name, in which actress Didi Conn lip-synched to Cisyk's recording. Teenager Debby Boone (daughter of actor-singer Pat Boone) was recruited to record a new version for single release, and this became a massive success, topping the Billboard Hot 100 for a record-setting 10 consecutive weeks, and earning a Platinum certification from the RIAA. It became the most successful single of the 1970s in the United States, setting what was then a new record for longest run at No. 1 in the US and surpassing Elvis Presley's \"Hound Dog\". Boone's success also earned her Grammy nominations for \"Best Female Pop Vocal Performance \" and \"Record of the Year\" and won her the 1977 Grammy for \"Best New Artist\" and the 1977 American Music Award for \"Favorite Pop Single\". The song also earned Joe Brooks the 1977 \"Song of the Year\" Grammy (tied with \"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)\") as well as \"Best Original Song\" at both the 1977 Golden Globe and Academy Awards.\n\nThroughout the 1970s, Warner Bros. also benefited from its US/Canada distribution deals with independent labels such as Straight Records, DiscReet Records, UK labels Chrysalis (1972–1976) and Island (1974–1982), Bizarre Records, Bearsville Records (1970–1984) and Geffen Records (which was sold to MCA in 1990).\n\nAlthough primarily associated with mainstream white acts in the Seventies, Warner Bros.' distribution deals with smaller labels also brought it some success in the disco, soul and funk genres in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Among the imprints it distributed that were notable in these fields were Seymour Stein's Sire Records (which Warner Bros. soon purchased), Curtis Mayfield's Curtom, Norman Whitfield's Whitfield Records, Quincy Jones' Qwest, Prince's Paisley Park, RFC Records (formed in December 1978 when Ray Caviano became the executive director of Warner's disco division), and Tom Silverman's Tommy Boy Records (another label Warner Bros. eventually took over).\n\nUntil the late 1970s, Warner Bros. itself still had very few African American music artists on its roster, but this began to change with the signing of artists such as George Benson and Prince. Benson had risen to prominence in jazz in the 1960s but was still relatively little-known by the general public. However, his move to Warner Bros. in 1976 and the teaming with producer Tommy LiPuma enabled him to straddle genres and made him a popular and highly successful mainstream R&B and pop artist. His first Warner Bros. LP Breezin' (1976) became one of the most successful jazz albums of the decade and a major 'crossover' hit—it topped the American Pop, R&B and Jazz album charts and produced two hit singles, the title track (which became a Jazz standard and a radio favorite) and \"This Masquerade\", which was a Top 10 pop and R&B hit. Benson enjoyed enormous success with his subsequent Warner albums. All of his Warner LPs made the Top 20 on the US jazz album chart and beginning with Breezin''', he scored seven consecutive US No. 1 jazz albums; the first five of these were also Top 20 hits on both the Pop and R&B charts. His live version of Leiber & Stoller's \"On Broadway\" (from his 1978 live album Weekend in L.A.) outcharted the original version by the Drifters, reaching No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100, and gained further exposure thanks to its memorable use in the famous audition sequence in Bob Fosse's 1979 film All That Jazz. Benson's most successful single \"Give Me the Night\" (1980) became his first US No. 1 R&B hit, reached No. 4 on the Pop chart and also reached No. 2 on the Hot Disco Singles chart.\n\nPrince signed to Warner Bros. in 1977. His first album For You made little impact, although the single \"Soft and Wet\" reached No. 12 on the Billboard R&B chart. However, his second self-titled album (1979) fared considerably better, reaching No. 3 on the R&B album chart and earning a gold record award; the first single lifted from the album, \"I Wanna Be Your Lover\" became Prince's first crossover hit, reaching No. 1 on the R&B chart and No. 11 on the main pop chart, while the follow-up single \"Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?\" reached No. 13 on the R&B chart. Although he was still little known outside the US at this stage, this early success set the stage for his major commercial breakthrough in the 1980s.\n\nAnother valuable late 1970s discovery was metal-pop band Van Halen, who were spotted at a Hollywood club by Mo Ostin and Ted Templeman in 1977. Their self-titled debut album was a notable success, reaching No. 19 on the Billboard album chart, and their second album Van Halen II (1979) reached No. 6 and produced their first hit single \"Dance the Night Away\" (#19).\n\nWarner Bros. also began to tentatively embrace the burgeoning new wave movement in the late 1970s, signing cult bands Devo and the B-52s. A crucial acquisition in this field—and one which would soon prove to be of enormous importance to the company—was the New York-based Sire Records, founded in 1966 by Seymour Stein and Richard Gottehrer. Warner Bros. took over Sire's distribution from ABC Records in 1977 and bought the label in 1978, retaining Stein as its president. The addition of the Sire roster gave Warner Bros. an important foothold in this area (indeed, Stein is often credited with naming the genre to replace the term \"punk\", which he disliked); its American signings included the Ramones, the Dead Boys, and Talking Heads and most importantly of all, Madonna, who soon became the most successful female artist in music history, earning billions for Warner. Sire's distribution deals with British independent labels including Mute, Rough Trade, Korova and Fiction gave WEA the American rights to important UK-based New Wave bands including Depeche Mode, the Smiths, the Beat, Madness, Echo & the Bunnymen, and the Cure. Into the 1990s, the label had continued success with Seal, k.d. lang, Tommy Page, Ice-T, and Ministry.\n\nIn the late 1970s, Warner Bros. also scored mainstream pop hits with singer/actor Shaun Cassidy—his version of \"Da Doo Ron Ron\" went to No. 1 in the US in 1977, his next two singles (both penned by Eric Carmen) were US Top 10 hits and Cassidy was nominated for a Grammy award. As the decade drew to a close, there were more breakthroughs with new acts. Rickie Lee Jones' self-titled debut album went to No. 3 in the US, No. 1 in Australia and No. 18 in the UK and produced two hit singles, \"Chuck E.'s In Love\" (US #4) and \"Young Blood\" (US #40). Thanks to its American distribution deal with Vertigo, British group Dire Straits provided another sustained run of hit albums and singles in the late 1970s and 1980s. Their eponymous debut album (1978) was a surprise international hit, going to No. 2 in the US and earning a gold record award from the RIAA, while the single \"Sultans of Swing\" went to No. 4 in the US. Their second album Communiqué (1979) made the Top 20 in many countries and earned another gold record award in the US WBR also enjoyed renewed success with comedy recordings in this period, transferring Richard Pryor from Reprise and signing rising star Steve Martin, whose second Warner album A Wild and Crazy Guy (1978) became one of the label's biggest comedy hits—it reached No. 2 on the pop album chart, won the 1979 Grammy for 'Best Comedy Album', and Martin's novelty single, \"King Tut\" was a US Top 20 hit.\n\nIn the 1970s there were different systems for four-channel stereo. Warner Records and the whole WEA group chose JVC's and RCA's discrete system called CD-4 or Quadradisc. That was the system with the highest separation between the four channel, but the system needed a special stylus that could read frequences up to 48 000 Hz.\n\n1980–1988\nThe 1980s was a period of unprecedented success for Warner Bros. Records. The golden decade began with the success of singer-songwriter Christopher Cross, whose self-titled debut album went to No. 6 in the US and produced four charting singles, including the No. 1 hit \"Sailing\". He also won five major categories at the 1981 Grammy Awards, becoming the only solo artist to date to win the \"Big Four\" awards in one year (Record, Song and Album of the Year, and Best New Artist) while his performance of \"Arthur's Theme\" from the Dudley Moore film Arthur, which also went to No. 1, won both the Oscar and the Golden Globe award for Best Original Song.\n\nWarner Bros. scored an apparent coup in 1980 by luring Paul Simon away from Columbia Records. His first Warner album was One Trick Pony (1980), which accompanied the movie of the same name, which Simon wrote and starred in. The single \"Late in the Evening\" was a major hit (#6) but the album was not a big seller. His next album, Hearts and Bones (1983) was well received by critics but neither it nor the lead single \"Allergies\" made the chart and Simon's career took a nosedive and it was several more years before the label's patience eventually paid off.\n\nAfter two moderate-selling albums that established them as one of the most original American new wave bands of the period, DEVO broke through to mainstream success in 1980 with their third album Freedom of Choice which reached No. 22 in the US. Thanks to its quirky music video, which was put on high rotation on MTV, the single \"Whip It\" reached No. 14 on the Billboard pop chart, becoming the group's biggest American hit. Their follow-up EP DEV-O Live (1981) was a surprise hit in Australia, topping the singles chart there for three weeks, but their subsequent albums and singles suffered from declining sales and the group was eventually dropped by the label after their 1984 album Shout.\n\nPrince's 1980 album Dirty Mind was widely praised by critics, earning a gold record award, but his 1982 double-LP 1999 (1982) became his first major hit album, selling over six million copies and spawning three hit singles. The title track reached No. 12 in the US and provided his first international hit (#25 UK) and his next two singles, \"Little Red Corvette\" and \"Delirious\", were both US Top 10 hits.\n\nChicago was picked up by Warner Bros. in 1981 after being dropped by its former label Columbia, which believed that the band was no longer commercially viable. After teaming with producer David Foster, the band shot back into the charts in 1982 with the album Chicago 16, which reached No. 9 and produced two hit singles including the US No. 1 hit \"Hard To Say I'm Sorry\". The group's second Warner album, Chicago 17, became the biggest seller of its career—it reached No. 4 in the US and produced four US Top-20 singles including the Top-5 hits \"Hard Habit to Break\" (#3) and \"You're the Inspiration\" (#3) and is currently accredited at 6× Platinum. Lead singer Peter Cetera left the group after this album but had continued success as a solo artist for Warner, scoring a No. 1 hit in 1986 with \"Glory of Love\" (from the movie The Karate Kid Part II), which was also nominated for a Grammy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and an Academy Award. His second solo album sold more than a million copies and produced another No. 1 hit, \"The Next Time I Fall\". His third solo album produced the Top 5 hit \"One Good Woman\" (1988) and \"After All\" reached No. 6.\n\nLenny Waronker took over as President of WBR in 1982, and his first act was to sign Elvis Costello. Costello's first Warner album Spike featured his biggest American single, the Paul McCartney collaboration \"Veronica\", which was a US Top 20 hit. He recorded three more critically praised albums for Warner Bros., Mighty Like A Rose, Brutal Youth, and All This Useless Beauty, but he was dropped from the label after the major corporate shakeup in the mid-1990s.\n\nAfter the end of his contract with RSO Records and Polydor, Eric Clapton signed with Warner Bros. in 1982. His first WBR album, Money and Cigarettes (1983), reached No. 16 on the Billboard album chart, and the single \"I've Got a Rock 'n' Roll Heart\" reached No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100. His next album Behind the Sun also fared well, reaching No. 34 and the hit single \"Forever Man\" went to No. 26, but he transferred to Reprise for his next release.\n\nAnother resurgent 1970s act who scored major success with Warner Bros. in this period was ZZ Top, which had previously been signed to London Records. During an extended break in the late 1970s the group gained ownership of its London recordings and signed with Warner Bros., which also re-issued the band's back-catalogue. The group's first two Warner albums Deguello (1979) and El Loco (1981) were moderately successful, but Eliminator (1983) became a major hit thanks to strong support for its music videos on MTV. The band scored three US hit singles including \"Legs\" (US #8), while the album reached No. 9 on the Billboard 200 and sold in huge numbers, earning a Diamond record award in 1996. Afterburner (1985) went to No. 4 and produced seven hit singles, including \"Sleeping Bag\" (#8).\n\nSire artist Madonna shot to international prominence with her 1983 self-titled debut album and her first mainstream hit single \"Holiday\", which reached No. 16 in the US and became a hit in many other countries, including Australia and the UK, where it was Top 5. The album made the Top 20 in more than a dozen countries including the US, where it has been certified at 5× Platinum status. It was quickly followed by Like a Virgin, which became her first US No. 1 album and has sold more than 21 million copies worldwide. The title track was also a huge international hit, going to No. 1 in Australia, Canada, Japan and the US. Boosted by her well-received role in the film Desperately Seeking Susan, \"Crazy For You\" (1985) became her second US No. 1 hit, and the follow-up \"Material Girl\" reached No. 2 in the US and was Top 5 in many other countries.\n\nPrince's hugely successful 1984 film and album Purple Rain cemented his stardom, selling more than thirteen million copies in the US (25 million worldwide) and spending twenty-four consecutive weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart, while the Purple Rain film won the Academy Award for \"Best Original Song Score\" and grossed more than $80 million in the US. Singles from the album became hits on pop charts around the world; \"When Doves Cry\" and \"Let's Go Crazy\" both reached No. 1 and the title track reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. However, the sexually explicit album track \"Darling Nikki\" generated a major controversy that had lasting effects—when politician's wife Tipper Gore heard her 12-year-old daughter listening to the song and investigated the lyrics, her outrage led to the formation of the conservative lobby group Parents Music Resource Center. Their stance was vehemently opposed by former Warner Bros. artist Frank Zappa and others, but the PMRC's political clout eventually forced the US recording industry to adopt the compulsory practice of placing a \"Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics\" sticker on records deemed to contain \"offensive\" content.\n\n1984 also saw Van Halen break into the big league with the single \"Jump\" (their only US No. 1 hit) and the album 1984; it was a huge seller (earning Diamond album status in 1999) and reached No. 2 in the US, producing two more Top 20 hits. However, escalating friction between guitarist Eddie Van Halen and lead singer David Lee Roth reached breaking point soon after the album's release and Roth left the band, to be replaced by Sammy Hagar, who recorded for WB as part of Montrose; 1984 was also the last time they worked with Ted Templeman, who had produced all their albums up to this point.\n\nIn 1985, Dire Straits' single \"Money for Nothing\" gained massive exposure on MTV thanks to its innovative computer-animated music video, propelling the single to No. 1 in the US. They scored two more US Top 20 hits with \"Walk of Life\" and \"So Far Away\" and the album Brothers in Arms was a phenomenal success—it went to No. 1 in the US, Australia and most European countries and sold in colossal numbers—by 1996 it had been certified at 9× platinum in the US and it is currently ranked at No. 25 in the list of best-selling albums of all time, with sales of more than 30 million copies worldwide.\n\nThe new incarnation of Van Halen bounced back in 1986, releasing the enormously successful 5150 album which went to No. 1 and produced two hit singles, \"Why Can't This Be Love\" (US #3) and \"Dreams\" (#22). Their three subsequent studio albums (OU812, For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge, and Balance) all reached No. 1 and the band scored 17 US Top 20 singles, including 1988's \"When It's Love\" (US #5), but their overall sales gradually declined, with each album selling less than its predecessor.\n\nThe same was true of Prince. He scored numerous hit albums and singles through the latter half of the 1980s, but his record sales declined and Warner Bros. executives became increasingly concerned that he was producing far more material than they could release. His image was also tarnished by the failure of his later film ventures, his embarrassing refusal to participate in the recording of \"We Are The World\" and his sacking of guitarist Wendy Melvoin and long-serving keyboard player Lisa Coleman. The 1985 album Around the World in a Day held the No. 1 spot on the Billboard 200 for three weeks and peaked at No. 5 in the UK, selling seven million copies despite minimal promotion. Parade (1986) served as the soundtrack for Prince's second film Under the Cherry Moon; although the movie was a critical and commercial failure, the album peaked at No. 3 in Billboard and No. 2 on the R&B album charts and his classic single \"Kiss\" was another big international hit, going to No. 1 in the US and becoming a radio staple.\n\nPrince's next project had a long and complex evolution, beginning as a proposed concept double-album called Dream Factory; Prince then proposed a solo LP which he intended to issue under the pseudonym Camille, but he eventually combined elements from both to create the ambitious three-album set Crystal Ball. However, because of the relatively lower sales of his previous albums, Prince's manager Steve Fargnoli and Warner Bros. president Mo Ostin both doubted the commercial viability of releasing a 3-LP set, and after previewing Crystal Ball, Ostin insisted that Prince pare it down to two records. Prince at first refused and a battle of wills ensued for several weeks, but he eventually backed down and removed seven tracks; the resulting double-album was released in March 1987 as \"Sign o' the Times\". Despite Prince's bitterness over its forced reduction, it was very successful, peaking at No. 6 on the Billboard 200 albums chart and selling 5 million copies, while the title single \"Sign o' the Times\" reached No. 3 on the Hot 100. The follow-up single \"If I Was Your Girlfriend\" flopped (although it went to No. 12 on R&B chart) but he scored big hits with the next two singles, \"U Got the Look\" (#2 Hot 100, #11 R&B) and \"I Could Never Take the Place of Your Man\" (#10 Hot 100, #14 R&B).\n\nIn 1985, the company collaborated with View-Master to start out a children's video series Kidsongs, which were produced by Together Again Productions, and Warner Music Video handling distribution of the video product, designed for the educational market.\n\n1986–87 took Warner Bros. to even greater heights. Madonna's landmark album True Blue produced three US No. 1s and two Top 5 singles and the LP was an unprecedented success, topping the charts in more than 28 countries (a feat that earned her a place in the Guinness Book of Records), and to date it has sold 24 million copies. After several years in the doldrums, a reinvigorated Paul Simon burst back onto the music scene in late 1986 with Graceland. Warner Bros. were initially anxious about the commercial appeal of Simon's innovative fusion of rock with African styles but the album was a resounding success, topping the charts in many countries, reaching No. 3 in the US and producing two US Top 20 singles. It became the best-selling American album of 1987 and the most successful of Simon's solo career, selling more than 5 million copies, and winning the 1986 Grammy for 'Album of the Year'; the title track also won 'Song of the Year' in 1987. In jazz, Warner Bros. scored another artistic coup by signing jazz legend Miles Davis after his break with longtime label Columbia. His comeback album Tutu (1986) was a major crossover hit, gaining rave reviews and winning a Grammy in 1987.\n\nIn the summer of 1986, Warner Bros. announced the reactivation of Reprise Records with its own separate promotions department, and former Warner Bros. Vice President of Promotion Richard Fitzgerald was appointed as label Vice President.\n\nDuring 1987, Prince recorded a pared-down funk LP, The Black Album, but he withdrew it in December just before it was to be released (even though 500,000 copies had been printed). Its hastily recorded replacement Lovesexy (1988) was a moderate success, reaching No. 11 on the Billboard album chart although it reached No. 1 in the UK. However, he rebounded in 1989 with the soundtrack for the hugely successful Batman film, which sold more than eleven million copies, reached No. 1 on the Billboard album chart and produced four hit singles including \"Batdance\", which topped both the Hot 100 and R&B charts.\n\nLike fellow Athens, Georgia natives the B-52s, R.E.M. was a 'cult' band that gradually built up a strong following in the US and internationally during the 1980s (thanks in part to their innovative music videos). For most of the 1980s they were signed to the independent label IRS Records and in 1987, they broke out to mainstream success with the album Document, their first to sell more than one million copies. However, they were frustrated by IRS's poor international distribution and when their IRS contract expired in 1988 they signed with Warner Bros. Their Warner debut Green established them as a major force, earning a platinum album and selling more than 4 million copies worldwide, and \"Stand\" became their first US hit single.\n\nIn 1989, after an extended period of inactivity following the death of guitarist and main writer Ricky Wilson, the B-52s shot back to prominence with the album Cosmic Thing. It was a Top 5 hit in the US (#4) and the UK (#2) and went to No. 1 in Australia, where the group had enjoyed a strong following since their debut single \"Rock Lobster\"; they also scored three consecutive hit singles with \"Love Shack\" (#3 US, #1 Australia), \"Roam\" (US #3) and \"Deadbeat Club\" (US #30).\n\nWarner Bros.' most successful decade yet closed in sensational fashion. In early 1989, Madonna signed an endorsement deal with Pepsi, who introduced her new single \"Like a Prayer\" in the lavish \"Make a Wish\" commercial—the first time a pop single had debuted in an advertisement and the first time such a commercial was given a worldwide satellite premiere. However Pepsi had no control over Madonna's own \"Like a Prayer\" music video, which debuted exclusively on MTV soon after—it generated heated criticism due to its provocative use of religious imagery and was condemned by the Vatican. As a result, Pepsi withdrew the advertisement and canceled the endorsement deal—although Madonna was allowed to retain her US$5 million fee—but the controversy only heightened interest in the single and the album (also titled Like a Prayer). The single became Madonna's seventh US No. 1 and topped the chart in more than 30 other countries, and the album also went to No. 1, sold seven million copies worldwide and produced two more US Top 5 singles, establishing Madonna as the most successful female artist of the 1980s and one of the most successful musical performers of all time.\n\n1989–2004: The Time Warner era\nIn 1989 Time Inc. acquired Warner Communications and merged the two enterprises to create Time Warner in a deal valued at US$14 billion.\n\nAfter a long period of relative stability that was notable in the cutthroat American music industry, the death of Steve Ross in late 1992 marked the start of a period of major upheaval at Warner Bros. Records.\n\nR.E.M.'s second Warner album Out of Time (1991) consolidated their success, topping the charts in both the US and the UK and producing two major hit singles: \"Losing My Religion\" became their biggest American single (#4 on Billboard Hot 100) and a hit in numerous other countries, and \"Shiny Happy People\", a Top 10 hit in both the US and the UK; the group also won three categories at that year's Grammy Awards.\n\nPrince's fortunes in the Nineties were mixed; he scored more hits and renewed his contract in 1992, but his relationship with Warner Bros. Records soon soured, climaxing in a highly publicized legal battle and his eventual departure from the label. Although his fourth film, Graffiti Bridge was panned by critics and bombed at the box office the album of the same name was very successful—it reached No. 6 on both the Billboard Hot 200 and R&B album chart and produced two US Top 20 singles. Diamonds and Pearls (1991) became one of the biggest albums of his career, selling 9 million records, reaching No. 3 in the US, No. 2 in the UK and No. 1 in Australia, with five of the six singles lifted from the album becoming hits in the US and other countries, including \"Cream\", which became his fifth US No. 1.\n\nPrince was appointed a vice-president of Warner Bros. Records when he re-signed with them in 1992, but soon regretted his decision. His next album—identified by the cryptic symbol on the cover later defined as \"The Love Symbol\"—was another solid hit, peaking at No. 5 on the Billboard 200 and selling 5 million copies worldwide, but by now tensions were increasing. Warner Bros. wanted to release \"7\" as his next single, but Prince successfully pushed for \"My Name Is Prince\" and it was only a minor hit (#36 Hot 100, #23 R&B); the follow-up \"Sexy MF\" was censored in the US because of the expletive in the chorus and did not even make the US Top 50 although it was a Top 5 hit in the UK and Australia. When eventually released, \"7\" became the only major US hit lifted from the album, peaking (appropriately) at No. 7.\n\nFollowing the 3-disc compilation The Hits/The B-Sides (1993), Prince stopped using his first name and started using only the \"Love Symbol\"—a decision that drew considerable ridicule from the media. Because this sign has no verbal equivalent, he was often derisively referred to as \"The Artist Formerly Known as Prince\". By 1994, relations between The Artist and his record label had reached an impasse—in February WEA cancelled its distribution deal with Paisley Park, effectively putting the label out of business. Although released by an independent distributor, his next single \"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World\" (1994) reached No. 3 in the US and topped the singles charts throughout Europe, becoming the biggest hit single of his career.\n\nPrince had meanwhile prepared two new albums, Come and The Gold Experience; an early version of Come was rejected but Warner Bros. eventually accepted both albums, although they refused to issue them simultaneously. By this time Prince had launched a legal action to terminate his contract and gain ownership of his master recordings, and he publicized his views by appearing in public with the word \"SLAVE\" written across his right cheek. Come (1994) was moderately successful in the US (#15, gold record) and the single \"Letitgo\" reached No. 10 on the R&B chart, although the album was a major hit in the UK, debuting at No. 1. In November Warner released a limited edition of The Black Album, but it was already widely bootlegged, sold poorly and was soon deleted. The Gold Experience (1995) was hailed by some reviewers as Prince's best effort since Sign o' the Times; it included \"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World\" and produced two other charting singles, \"I Hate U\" (US #11 and \"Gold\" UK #10). Prince's remarkable career with Warner Bros. ended with Chaos and Disorder (1996), compiled expressly to end his contract. It was one of his least successful releases but still managed to reach No. 26 in the US and No. 14 in the UK and produced one minor hit, \"Dinner With Delores\" (#36 UK). Prince subsequently released recordings on his own NPG label (via EMI) before eventually signing with Universal Music in 2005.\n\nR.E.M.'s Automatic for the People (1992) cemented their status as one of the top bands of the period and was the most successful album of their career, reaching No. 1 in the UK and No. 2 in the US, selling more than 10 million copies worldwide and generating three US hit singles, \"Drive\", \"Man on the Moon\", and \"Everybody Hurts\".\n\nDuring 1992 WBR faced one of the most serious controversies in its history over the provocative recording \"Cop Killer\" from the self titled album by Body Count, a rap metal band led by Ice-T. Unfortunately for Warner Bros., the song (which mentions the Rodney King case) came out just before the controversial acquittal of the police charged with King's beating, which sparked the 1992 Los Angeles Riots and the confluence of events put the song under the national spotlight. Complaints escalated over the summer—conservative police associations called for a boycott of Time Warner products, politicians including President George H. W. Bush denounced the label for releasing the song, Warner executives received death threats, Time Warner stockholders threatened to pull out of the company and the New Zealand police commissioner unsuccessfully tried to have the record banned there. Although Ice-T later voluntarily reissued Body Count without \"Cop Killer\", the furore seriously rattled Warner Music and in January 1993 WBR made an undisclosed deal releasing Ice-T from his contract and returning the Body Count master tapes to him. In the wake of the \"Cop Killer\" affair, Warner Bros. distanced itself from gangsta rap and in late 1995, it sold its 50% stake in Interscope Records and its controversial subsidiary Death Row Records (Tupac Shakur, Snoop Dogg) back to co-owners Jimmy Iovine and Ted Field. Iovine and Field quickly aligned Interscope with the Universal Music Group; the label, now known as Interscope-Geffen-A&M following the merger of several Universal imprints, is still run by Iovine today.\n\nSome relief came later that year when comedian Jeff Foxworthy revived Warner Bros.' success with comedy recordings; his debut album You Might Be a Redneck If... was a major hit in the US and Canada, and both it and his follow-up album sold more than three million copies each.\n\nEnd of an era: Ostin and Waronker depart\nDuring 1994–1995, Warner Bros.'s successes and problems with its artists were overshadowed by a protracted period of highly publicized internecine strife, centering on Warner Music Group chairman Robert J. Morgado and his successor Michael J. Fuchs. In September 1993, Ostin began negotiations to renew his contract and it was at this point that Morgado unveiled his plan for a major corporate shakeup of the Warner group. This triggered a series of damaging corporate conflicts and in particular created a fatal rift between Morgado and Ostin. The first major casualty was Elektra chairman Bob Krasnow, who resigned abruptly in July 1994.\n\nFor many years Ostin had reported directly to Time Warner chairman Steve Ross (and then to Ross's successor Gerald Levin) but Morgado now insisted that Ostin should report to him, and he established a new division, Warner Music US, headed by Doug Morris, to oversee the three main record labels. Fearing the loss of autonomy and worried that he would be obliged to implement Morgado's \"slash-and-burn\" policy to streamline the label's staff and artist roster, he refused to carry out Morgado's orders and decided not to renew his contract. Ostin officially stepped down from Warner Bros. when his contract expired on December 31, 1994, although he stayed on as a senior consultant to Time Warner's chairman until August 1995. He later commented:\n\nOstin's departure sent shockwaves through the company and the industry, and elicited glowing tributes from colleagues and competitors like Joe Smith and Clive Davis, and musicians like Paul Simon and R.E.M. It also triggered an exodus of Warner executives who had joined the company primarily because of Ostin. Next to go was Lenny Waronker—he was initially designated to succeed Ostin as chairman but he ultimately declined the job and left WBR soon after. Following a period of uncertainty and speculation, the two joined forces to establish a new label, DreamWorks Records. Waronker was replaced by ex Atlantic Records president Danny Goldberg, but his tenure proved short. Long-serving WBR executive Russ Thyret, who had joined the label in 1971 and worked closely with Mo Ostin for many years, was promoted to vice-chairman in January 1995.\n\nGerald Levin forced Morgado to resign in May 1995 and he was replaced by HBO chairman Michael J. Fuchs. Fuchs sacked Morris a month later (sparking a US$50m breach of contract suit) and Warner Music US was dissolved. Morris' removal led to speculation that Ostin was being courted to return to WBR, but these reports proved unfounded, since Ostin and Waronker moved to DreamWorks soon after. Morris moved to MCA Records.\n\nDespite his close ties to Morris, Danny Goldberg was initially told he could remain as WBR president but he left the company in August 1995 after negotiating a settlement with Time Warner to terminate his five-year, US$20 million contract, which still had four years to run. He was subsequently appointed president of PolyGram subsidiary Mercury Records in October. Following Goldberg's departure Russ Thyret was promoted to chairman, CEO and label president. Fuchs himself was forced out of Time Warner in November 1995. In May 1997, Phil Quartararo took over as president of WBR, only weeks after he had left EMI's Virgin Records following a management shake-up there.\n\nThe departure of the team led by Ostin and Waronker also meant that many of the Warner artists whose careers they had nurtured and curated over the previous 30 years were now deprived of their patronage. As a result, by the year 2000 many of the \"flagship\" Warner acts of the Ostin/Waronker years left the label as their contracts expired. Ry Cooder was dropped in 1995 and Randy Newman followed Ostin and Waronker to DreamWorks, departing with a wry comment on his own status and the recent turmoil at Warner Bros.:\n\nAlthough never rising beyond \"cult\" status in terms of his sales as a solo artist, one of the most notable survivors from the Ostin era was Van Dyke Parks, who continued to release albums on Warner Bros. – Tokyo Rose (1989), the Brian Wilson collaboration Orange Crate Art (1995) and the live album Moonlighting: Live at the Ash Grove (1998). In 2004 Parks reunited with Brian Wilson to complete their long-shelved collaboration, Smile, which was released on the Nonesuch label to universal critical praise, winning a Grammy award, and making the Top 20 in the US and Top 10 in the UK, where it earned a gold record award.\n\nIn early 2001, there was a major restructure of the Warner Music Group; about 600 positions were eliminated across the three labels, and an executive reshuffle led to the departures of Thyret and Quartararo (as well as Reprise president Howie Klein) and the hiring of then-Interscope president Tom Whalley as head of Warner Bros. Records. In August Whalley appointed Jeff Ayeroff as Creative Director of Warner Bros. Records and Creative Consultant to Warner Music Group. Ayeroff had previously been WBR's Senior Vice-president and Creative Director from 1983 to 1986, overseeing many successful album covers and music videos in that period.\n\nIn 2002, Linkin Park won the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance for their single Crawling released under Warner Bros. Whereas they were also nominated for Best Rock Album for Hybrid Theory which also turned out to be the best selling album of 2001 worldwide and Best New Artist. In 2004, the band was nominated for their song Session for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. In 2006 the band won Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for the song Numb/Encore released under Warner Bros./Roc-A-Fella/Machine Shop.\n\n2004–2019: Warner Music Group\n\nIn 2003, amid management disputes, sagging share prices and rising alarm about the impact of digital file sharing, Time Warner decided to unload its music operations. In March 2004, Time Warner's music assets were acquired by a private equity group headed by Thomas H. Lee Partners, Lexa Partners (led by Edgar Bronfman Jr., who put up US$150 million drawn from his family's stake in Vivendi), Bain Capital and Providence Equity Partners. The deal included an option that would allow Time Warner to buy back in if conditions proved favorable. Bronfman, Lee, Bain and Providence had reportedly recouped their investment by May 2006 through dividends, refinancing and a share offer floated in May 2005. \n\nThe sale was followed by a major restructure over the first half of 2004, which wad aimed at slashing $27 million from the company's budget. The cost-cutting measures included more than 1000 staff layoffs worldwide, the dropping of 80 artists, comprising more than half the Warner roster, and the restructuring of the company's two \"boutique\" labels. Elektra was folded into Atlantic, and its sub-label Nonesuch was absorbed into the Warner Records label, although Elektra would be revived as an active label five years later. The restructure period was also marked by a short but widely publicised dispute between Warner and Madonna—although, notably, the label made public efforts to distance the dispute from their regular dealings with Madonna, who remained signed to Warner as a solo artist.\n\nFollowing the private buyout of the music group, Madonna began talks with Warner management to dissolve the joint venture partnership in Madonna's Maverick label, to allow the label to work with other companies. Founded in 1992, Maverick had scored a major success in 1995 with Alanis Morissette's Jagged Little Pill, and Madonna and her two partners, Guy Oseary and Ronnie Dashed, jointly held a controlling 60% stake. After the talks broke down, the trio sued the company; they alleged mismanagement, improper accounting and profit-taking, claiming that Maverick had earned $100m in profit for the group, and seeking to recover $200 million in alleged lost revenue, but the suit was settled in June that year, with Madonna selling most of her stake in Maverick to Warner for just $10 million.\n\nIn 2005, following the global restructure, Warner Music Australia scored a major coup when it acquired the assets of the Australian Festival Mushroom Group. That company had originated as Festival Records in Sydney in the 1952, and after its acquisition by Rupert Murdoch in 1961, Festival became one of the leading Australian record companies, recording and/or releasing much of the most significant Australian pop and rock music of the era on its flagship Festival label or via its subsidiary imprints. Festival also signed valuable licensing and distribution deals with major local independent pop labels such as Spin (NSW) and Clarion (WA), and it subsequently took over many of these labels and acquired their masters, greatly increasing its holdings of key Australian pop/rock recordings.\n\nIn the 1970s Festival signed a distribution deal with the fledgling Melbourne label Mushroom Records, founded by Michael Gudinski. Mushroom scored a key breakthrough in 1974–75 with Melbourne band Skyhooks, whose debut album Living in the Seventies'' became the highest-selling Australian album ever issued up to that time. Mushroom enjoyed enormous success in Australia from the late 1970s on, and although Gudinski later moved the label's distribution to EMI for some years, the two companies were eventually merged—Festival acquired 49% of Mushroom in 1993 and bought the remainder when Gudinski sold his controlling share in 1998. Finally, in 2005, after multiple management reshuffles and a steady decline in revenue, News Ltd sold the group and its recording archive (said to contain over 20,000 master tapes) to Warner Music Australia for a reported AU$10 million.\n\nFollowing the divestiture, WMG licensed the Warner Bros. trademarks, although this license could have been revoked if WMG came under control of a major motion picture studio.\n\nAfter five years of dormancy, Elektra was revived as an active imprint in June 2009, although some artists who had been signed to prior to the label' shelving in 2004 (including Tracy Chapman) had continued to have their recordings issued as Elektra releases. In mid-2018, Elektra was detached from the Atlantic Records umbrella and reorganized into Elektra Music Group, once again operating as an independently managed frontline label of Warner Music.\n\nIn 2013, WMG acquired Parlophone Records from EMI as part of its sale to Universal Music Group. Most Parlophone artists (excluding Coldplay and Tinie Tempah, who were placed under Atlantic) were placed under Warner Bros. Records for US distribution.\nDan McCarroll was named president. He held the position until July 2017.\n\nIn October 2017, Aaron Bay-Schuck and Tom Corson were named co-chairmen of Warner Bros. Records, with Bay-Schuck serving as CEO and Corson COO. Corson joined the company in January 2018; Bay-Schuck began in the fall of that year. The Warner Bros. headquarters moved from Burbank to downtown Los Angeles in March 2019.\n\n2019–present: Warner Records\nOn May 28, 2019, the label announced that it had changed its name to Warner Records, and unveiled a new logo—replacing the Warner Bros. shield with a wordmark and black circle (both partially cut off at the bottom). WMG explained that the new logo was meant to resemble the Earth, a record, and the Sun, and had \"artful simplicity and impactful typography that are ideally suited to the digital world\". The change was necessitated by the upcoming expiration of WMG's license to the Warner Bros. trademarks; after the sale of Warner Music Group in 2004 by Time Warner (now WarnerMedia since 2018), the company had been granted a 15-year license to use the Warner Bros. name and shield logo. The new logo received mixed reviews, with marketing critics and former WMG employees lamenting the replacement of the historic Warner Bros. emblem (used by the label for 61 years) with a comparatively simplistic mark.\n\nAffiliated labels\n\nCurrent\n A&E Records (formerly Mushroom Records UK) (2003–present)\n Helium 3 (2006–present)\n Beluga Heights (2008–present)\n Curb Records (1974-1982, 2000–present)\n Word Records (2002–present)\n Facultad de Némea (2017–present)\n Festival Mushroom Records (2005–present)\n Hotwire Unlimited (2010–present)\n Machine Shop Recordings (2001–present)\n Loveway Records (2009–present)\n Mind of a Genius (2016–present)\n Arkade Records (2016–present)\n Nonesuch Records (2004–present)\n OVO Sound (2012–present)\n Parlophone (2014–present)\n Reprise Records (1963–present)\n REMember Music (2014–present)\n Sire Records (1978–1995, 2003–present)\n Artery Recordings (2017–present)\n The Benton Music Records (2018–present)\n Clover Music (2018–present)\n Masked Records (2018–present)\n\nFormer\n 1017 Brick Squad Records\n 143 Records\n 4AD Records (1992–1998) (US only)\n Action Theory Records\n American Recordings (1988–1997 [US], 2005–2007 [worldwide])\n Autumn Records (1963–1965)\n Bearsville Records (1970–1984)\n BME Recordings\n Blacksmith Records (2005–2008)\n Brute/Beaute Records (2004–2007)\n Capricorn Records (1972–1977), (1990–1995)\n Chrysalis Records (1972–1976) (US only)\n Cold Chillin' Records (1987–1994)\n Dark Horse Records (1976–1992)\n Doghouse Records\n ECM Records (?–1984)\n Extasy International Records (2000–2004)\n Full Moon Records (1974–1992)\n F-111 Records (1995–2001)\n Geffen Records (1980–1990)\n Giant Records and its subsidiaries the Medicine Label (1993–1995), Paladin, Revolution (1990–2001; catalog is owned by Warner Records today)\n Ice Age Entertainment\n Island Records (1977–1982, except for Steve Winwood releases until 1987)\n Jet Life Recordings\n Kwanza Records (1973–1974)\n Loma Records (1964–1968 and one boutique release in 2003)\n London Records (2000–2017; small part of catalog was secured by WMG after sold to Because Music, including New Order)\n Luaka Bop Records (1988–2000)\n Malpaso Records (1995–2000)\n Maverick Records (1992–2008; dormant)\n Maybach Music Group (2011–2012)\n Metal Blade Records (1988–1993)\n Music for Little People (1990–1995)\n Opal Records (1987–1993)\n Paisley Park Records (1985–1994)\n Perezcious Music\n Playmaker Music\n Premeditated Records (middle 1990s)\n Public Broadcasting Service\n Qwest Records (1980–2000)\n Raybaw Records (2005–2008)\n RuffNation Records\n Slash Records (1982–1998; 2003–present)\n Teleprompt Records\n Tommy Boy Records (1985–2002; rights to pre-2002 catalog transferred to Atlantic Records and reacquired by a \"new\" Tommy Boy (Tommy Boy Entertainment) in 2017, being distributed by ADA subsidiary of WMG. The label reacquired its pre-2002 catalog in 2017)\n Valiant Records (1960–1966)\n Warner Alliance (1986–1998)\n Warner Western (198?–200?)\n Funk Volume (2015–2016)\n\nArtists\n\nSee also\n List of record labels\n List of Warner Records artists\n Reprise Records\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n The Warner Bros. Records Story from BSN Pubs. – includes links to comprehensive Warner Bros. album discographies, 1958–1983\n \n Discography of Loma Records\n\n \nAmerican record labels\nWarner Music labels\nAmerican country music record labels\nHeavy metal record labels\nHip hop record labels\nPop record labels\nRock record labels\nSoundtrack record labels\nEntertainment companies based in California\nCompanies based in Burbank, California\nRecord labels established in 1958\nEntertainment companies established in 1958\n1958 establishments in California\nFormer WarnerMedia subsidiaries\nIFPI members\nLabels distributed by Warner Music Group" ]

[ "The Flaming Lips", "Signed to Warner Bros. (Hit to Death in the Future Head to Clouds Taste Metallic) (1991-1996)", "What was the first album with Warner Bros?", "Hit to Death in the Future Head." ]

[ "Greatest Hits is a compilation album by country singer John Anderson. It was released under Warner Bros. Records in 1984. The album includes singles from Anderson's first albums for Warner Bros., and among its cuts are the number one singles \"Swingin'\", \"Black Sheep\" and \"Wild and Blue\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\nJohn Anderson (musician) albums\nWarner Records compilation albums\n1984 greatest hits albums\nalbums produced by Norro Wilson", "The Mystic Moods Orchestra was a group known for mixing orchestral pop, environmental sounds, and pioneering recording techniques. It was created by audiophile Brad Miller. The first Mystic Moods Orchestra album, One Stormy Night, was released in 1966 through the label Philips. Throughout the rest of the 1960s and 1970s, the group continued to release similar styled recordings and their recordings continued to be reissued throughout the 1980s and 1990s.\n\nHistory\nBrad Miller was born in Burbank, California, and had developed an interest in railroading in his teens. After a few years of hanging around railyards and learning all the lore of steam and diesel engines, he decided to record the sounds of some of the last steam locomotives operating on a major rail line. Eventually, around 1958, he and his friend, Jim Connella, formed a company called Mobile Fidelity Records and started cutting records from these field recordings, which they released through railroading magazines and model train shows. Sound effects recording was quite the rage at the dawn of stereo, and one of these albums of train sounds was even reviewed favorably in High Fidelity magazine. A few years later, Ernie McDaniel of San Francisco radio station KFOG decided to put one of Miller's albums, Steam Railroading Under Thundering Skies, and an easy listening album, on separate turntables and broadcast them together. His late-night stunt produced a barrage of listener phone calls (most of which were positive), much to his surprise. He later related the episode to Miller, who was inspired by the idea.\n\nWhile working with arranger Don Ralke, Miller recorded a series of tunes, most of them Ralke originals, played by a string-laden orchestra, then mixed in a variety of environmental sounds he had collected. He took several months fine-tuning the blend, then cut a deal with Philips to release it under the title of One Stormy Night, credited to the Mystic Moods Orchestra.\n\nWith the help of producer Leo Kulka, Miller quickly developed a series of albums similar to One Stormy Night: Nighttide, More Than Music, Mexican Trip, and Mystic Moods of Love, among others. Don Ralke wrote most of the material and did all the arrangements for the first few albums. John Tartalgia did a few more, then Larry Fotine became the primary arranger when Miller and Kulka moved to the Warner label. The musical content shifted to mellow covers of current hits (\"Love the One You're With\"), and Warner's modified the packaging of the albums to make sure there was no mystery that these were records to serve as the preamble or accompaniment to sexual intercourse. The 1974 release Erogenous came with an inner sleeve that, when pulled out, showed a nude couple in soft focus.\n\nIn 1974, Miller founded his own label, called Sound Bird Records, and reissued many of the Mystic Moods Orchestra albums, as well as albums of environmental sounds without music and more train recordings.\n\nThe backing track to the song \"The First Day Of Forever\" off the album Awakening was used for the theme song of the American version of the Japanese superhero television show Spectreman.\n\nDiscography\n One Stormy Night (1966, Philips), 1972, Warner Bros. (first reissue), 1975, Sound Bird (second reissue)\n Nighttide (1966, Philips)\n More Than Music (1967, Philips)\n Mexican Trip (1967, Philips)\n Mystic Moods of Love (1968, Philips)\n Emotions (1968, Philips)\n Extensions (1969, Philips)\n Love Token (1969, Philips)\n Stormy Weekend (1970, Philips), 1972, Warner Bros. (first reissue), 1975, Sound Bird (second reissue)\n English Muffins (1971, Philips)\n Country Lovin' Folk (1972, Philips)\n Love the One You're With (1972, Warner Bros.), 1974, Sound Bird (reissue)\n Highway One (1972, Warner Bros.)\n Moods for a Stormy Night (1972, Bainbridge), 1975, Sound Bird (reissue)\n Awakening (1973, Warner Bros.)\n Clear Light (1973, Warner Bros.)\n Erogenous (1974, Warner Bros.), 1975, Sound Bird (reissue)\n Being With You (1976, Sound Bird Records)\n Cosmic Force (1978, Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab)\n Another Stormy Night (1983), Bainbridge)\n Summer Moods (1985, Bainbridge)\n Stormy Memories (1990, Bainbridge)\n\nReferences\n\nEasy listening musicians\nMusical groups established in 1966\nPhilips Records artists\nWarner Records artists" ]

[ "The Flaming Lips", "Signed to Warner Bros. (Hit to Death in the Future Head to Clouds Taste Metallic) (1991-1996)", "What was the first album with Warner Bros?", "Hit to Death in the Future Head.", "How many albums did they make under Warner Bros?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Berlanti Productions is an American film and television production company founded by screenwriter, producer and filmmaker Greg Berlanti and producer Mickey Liddell.\n\nHistory\n\nThe company was founded in 2000 as Berlanti-Liddell Productions by screenwriter, producer and filmmaker Greg Berlanti and producer Mickey Liddell.\n\nIn March 2003, the company signed a three-year deal with Warner Bros. Television. In February 2006, the company signed a three-year overall deal with Touchstone Television. In August 2006, Liddell left the company, and the company was renamed to Berlanti Television. In July 2008, the company re-signed its overall deal with ABC Studios (formally Touchstone Television) for an additional five-year deal. In March 2011, the company signed a four-year overall deal with Warner Bros. Television, ending its overall deal with ABC Studios two years early. The company also changed its name to Berlanti Productions to reflect its television and film divisions combining together.\n\nIn February 2014, Sarah Schechter became the company's president, overseeing the development and production of the company's television and film projects. Before joining the company, Schechter was a senior production vice president at Warner Bros. In June 2018, the company entered a six-year overall development and production deal with Warner Bros. Television Group until 2024. In February 2020, David Madden joined the company as its new president, taking over from the company's former president Sarah Schechter. Schechter moved to the newly created positions of chairwoman and partner. Before joining the company, Madden was the former president of AMC Networks and Fox Broadcasting Company. In August 2021, Dannah Shinder joined the company as executive vice president of television. Before joining the company, Shinder was senior vice president of television at Elizabeth Banks' Brownstone Productions. In January 2022, Suzanne Gomez joined the company as chief marketing officer, and head of talent relations. Gomez was previously senior vice president of publicity at The CW, a position she held since the inception of the network in 2006.\n\nFilmography\n\nFilm\n\nIn Production\n Alice + Freda Forever (with Sidney Kimmel Entertainment and Amazon Studios)\n Booster Gold (with DC Films)\n Little Shop Of Horrors (with Marc Platt Productions)\n The Editor (with Fox 2000 Pictures)\n Be More Chill (with 21 Laps Entertainment)\n Untitled Rock Hudson project (with Marsh Productions & Entertainment Inc. and Universal Pictures)\n Insane (with Entertainment One)\n Red White & Royal Blue (with Amazon Studios)\n The Gentleman's Guide to Vice and Virtue\n Songs In Ursa Major (with Village Roadshow Pictures)\n We Were There, Too\n Untitled Free Guy sequel (with 21 Laps Entertainment, Maximum Effort, Lit Entertainment Group, and TSG Entertainment)\n\nTelevision\n\nCurrent\n\nFormer\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n|-\n! Year\n! Title\n! Network\n! class=\"unsortable\"| Notes\n! class=\"unsortable\"| \n|-\n| 2002–2006\n| Everwood\n| The WB\n| with Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2004–2005\n| Jack & Bobby\n| The WB\n| with Shoe Money Productions and Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2006–2011\n| Brothers & Sisters\n| ABC\n| with After Portsmouth Productions, Touchstone Television (season 1), and ABC Studios (seasons 2–5)\n| \n|-\n| 2007–2009\n| Dirty Sexy Money| ABC\n| with ABC Studios\n| \n|-\n| 2008–2009\n| Eli Stone| ABC\n| with ABC Studios\n| \n|-\n| 2010–2011\n| No Ordinary Family| ABC\n| with Oh That Gus!, Inc. and ABC Studios\n| \n|-\n| 2012\n| Political Animals| USA Network\n| with Laurence Mark Productions and Warner Horizon Television\n| \n|-\n| 2012–2020\n| Arrow| The CW\n| with DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2013\n| Golden Boy| CBS\n| with Nicholas Wootton Productions and Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2013–2014\n| The Tomorrow People| The CW\n| with FremantleMedia North America, CBS Television Studios, and Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2014–2016\n| The Mysteries of Laura| NBC\n| with Jeff Rake Productions, Kapital Entertainment, New Media Vision, and Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2015–2020\n| Blindspot| NBC\n| with Quinn's House and Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2015–2021\n| Supergirl| CBSThe CW\n| with DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2018\n| Deception| ABC\n| with VHPT Company and Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2018\n| Black Lightning| The CW\n| with Akil Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2018–2020\n| God Friended Me| CBS\n| with I Have an Idea! Entertainment, CBS Television Studios, and Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2018–2020\n| Chilling Adventures of Sabrina| Netflix\n| with Archie Comics, Muckle Man Productions (season 2), and Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2019\n| The Red Line| CBS\n| with Array Filmworks, Foward Movement, CBS Television Studios, and Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2019–2020\n| Prodigal Son| FOX\n| with Sklaverworth Productions, VHPT! Co., Warner Bros. Television, and Fox Entertainment\n| \n|-\n| 2020\n| Katy Keene| The CW\n| with Archie Comics, CBS Television Studios, and Warner Bros. Television\n| \n|-\n| 2020\n| Helter Skelter: An American Myth| Epix\n| with Rogue Atlas Productions and Warner Horizon Unscripted Television\n| \n|-\n| 2020\n| Equal| HBO Max\n| with Scout Productions, Raintree Ventures, That's Wonderful Productions, and Warner Horizon Unscripted Television\n| \n|}\n\nIn Production\n Untitled Greg Berlanti project (with Brownstone Productions and Warner Bros. Television)\n Untitled Nkechi Carroll project (with Brownstone Productions and Warner Bros. Television)\n The Secret to a Good Marriage (with Quinn's House and Warner Bros. Television)\n 3,000 Hours (with Good Company and Warner Bros. Television)\n TriBeCa (with Warner Bros. Television)\n Spoonbenders (with Warner Bros. Television)\n Strange Adventures (with Warner Bros. Television)\n The Brides (with ABC Studios and Warner Bros. Television)\n Powerpuff (with Warner Bros. Television)\n Green Lantern (with Mad Ghost Productions, DC Entertainment, and Warner Bros. Television)\n The Disasters (with 5 More Minutes Productions and Warner Bros. Television)\n Untitled Doris Day project (with Yes, Norman Productions and Warner Bros. Television)\n The Girls On The Bus (with My So-Called Company and Warner Bros. Television)\n Dead Boy Detectives (with Warner Bros. Television)\n Landing (with Warner Bros. Television)\n Gotham Knights (with Warner Bros. Television)\n Justice U (with Warner Bros. Television)\n Found (with Rock My Soul Productions and Warner Bros. Television)\n\nWeb series\n\nBerlanti-Schechter Films\nBerlanti-Schechter Films was founded in 2021 by Greg Berlanti and Sarah Schechter, and is a subsidiary of Berlanti Productions. In July 2021, the company signed a first-look feature film deal at Netflix.\n\nIn Production\n The Sting (with Skydance Media)\n The Hunger'' (with Warner Bros. Pictures)\n\nReferences\n\nMass media companies established in 2000\nFilm production companies of the United States\nTelevision production companies of the United States", "Doozer is the production company of Bill Lawrence, best known for making Scrubs. The company's name is taken from a variant of Lawrence's middle name, Van Duzer. They currently are under contract with Warner Bros. Television. Jeff Ingold, former head of comedy at NBC, serves as president. Randall Winston is the final head of the triumvirate, acting as a main producer on all Doozer series. Liza Katzer was promoted by Lawrence to the role of VP of development.\n\nIt was originally based at Touchstone Television, then it was shifted to NBC Studios in 2000 in order to develop their own comedy Scrubs, which came from a previous Touchstone pact, and it was reupped in 2003. After six years working at the studio, he moved back to ABC Studios in 2007, for a new overall deal, allowing projects to be developed on the air for the ABC network. After only four years working at ABC, he was moved to Warner Bros. Television, where they are working at the company ever since then, developing their own projects working for the studio.\n\nProductions\n\nCurrent\n Ted Lasso (with Village Roadshow Pictures and Warner Bros. Television) (2020–present)\n\nIn development\n Untitled Sarah Chalke/Bill Lawrence project (with Warner Bros. Television)\n\nUpcoming\n Bad Monkey (with Warner Bros. Television) (TBA)\n\nFormer\n Scrubs (with Touchstone Television and ABC Studios) (2001–2010)\n Clone High (with Lord Miller Productions, Bardel Entertainment, Sony Pictures Television and MTV Animation) (2002–2003)\n Cougar Town (with Coquette Productions and ABC Studios) (2009–2015)\n Ground Floor with (Warner Horizon Television) (2013–2015)\n Surviving Jack (with Warner Bros. Television) (2014)\n Undateable (with Warner Bros. Television) (2014–2016)\n Rush Hour (with RatPac-Dune Entertainment, New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. Television) (2016)\n Life Sentence (with In Good Company, CBS Television Studios and Warner Bros. Television) (2018)\n Whiskey Cavalier (with Hemingson Entertainment and Warner Bros. Television) (2019)\n Head of the Class (with Warner Bros. Television) (2021)\n\nReferences\n\n1998 establishments in California\nTelevision production companies of the United States\nFilm production companies of the United States\nAmerican companies established in 1998\nMass media companies established in 1998\nCompanies based in Beverly Hills, California" ]

[ "The Flaming Lips", "Signed to Warner Bros. (Hit to Death in the Future Head to Clouds Taste Metallic) (1991-1996)", "What was the first album with Warner Bros?", "Hit to Death in the Future Head.", "How many albums did they make under Warner Bros?", "I don't know.", "How much were they paid with Warner Bros?", "I don't know." ]

[ "This is a list of theatrical animated feature films produced or released by Warner Bros., a division of AT&T's WarnerMedia. Warner Bros. releases films from Warner-owned and non-Warner owned animation studios. Most films listed below were produced by Warner Bros. divisions, but Warner Bros. has also released films produced by other production companies, such as United Productions of America and Don Bluth Ireland Ltd.. Additionally, Warner Bros.'s Japanese division has helped co-produce and release anime films in that country, such as Summer Wars and Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie.\n\nNOTE: Although Warner Bros. did handle overseas theatrical distribution of Disney films in 1988-1992, Disney titles are not included in this list.\n\nFilms\n\nReleased\n\nUpcoming\n\nHighest grossing films\n\nNotes \nRelease Notes\n\nStudio/Production Notes\n\nSee also \n List of Warner Bros. films\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nAmerican animated films\nWarner Bros. animated films\nLists of Warner Bros. films\nLists of American animated films", "This is a list of artists who used to record for Warner Records (formerly Warner Bros. Records).\nListed in parentheses are names of Warner-affiliated labels for which the artist recorded.\n\n0-9\n 10cc (US)\n\nA\n Abandoned Pools (Extasy International/Warner Bros.)\n Above the Law (Ruthless/Giant/Warner Bros.)\n Addrisi Brothers\n A-ha\n Al B. Sure!\n Arthur Alexander\n All Saints\n ABBA (Mushroom/Warner Bros.)\n Laurindo Almeida\n Altered State\n Amazing Rhythm Aces\n Amber (Tommy Boy/Warner Bros.)\n Ambrosia\nAmelia Lily\n America\n Eric Andersen\n John Anderson (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Laurie Anderson\n Angelic Upstarts\n Anthony and the Camp\n Aphex Twin (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Apollonia 6\n Arctic Monkeys (Domino/Warner Bros.)\n Armor for Sleep\n Ash (Record Collection/Warner Bros.)\n Ashford & Simpson\n Ashley Tisdale\n The Association\n Atlantic Starr\n Atlas Genius\n Patti Austin (Qwest/Warner Bros.)\n The Avalanches\n Avenged Sevenfold\n Aztec Camera\n\nB\n The B-52's (Americas/Australia)\n Baby Ford (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Bad Brains (Maverick/Warner Bros.)\n Badfinger\n David Ball (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Banda Black Rio (Warner/Atlantic/Elektra/WEA International)\n Bandana (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Barenaked Ladies (Reprise/Warner Bros.)\n Battlecat (Maverick/Warner Bros.)\n Baxter (Maverick/Warner Bros.)\n The Beau Brummels\n Beaver & Krause\n Bee Gees\n Delia Bell\n The Bellamy Brothers (Curb/Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Chester Bennington\n George Benson\n Frankie Beverly\n Big & Rich (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Big Daddy Kane (Cold Chillin'/Reprise/Warner Bros.)\n Biohazard\n Biz Markie (Cold Chillin'/Warner Bros.)\n Black Sabbath (North America)\n Black Uhuru (Mango/Island/Warner Bros.)\n Body Count (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Graham Bond\n Boom Crash Opera\n Debby Boone (Curb/Warner Bros.)\n Bootsy's Rubber Band\n Chad Brock (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Bronx Style Bob (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Karen Brooks (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Brougham\n Jocelyn Brown\n Julie Brown (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Shannon Brown (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Tim Buckley\n Harold Budd (Opal/Warner Bros.)\n Built to Spill\n Bulletboys\n Burning Spear (Slash/Warner Bros.)\n Da Bush Babees\n Edd Byrnes\n\nC\n John Cale\n Tevin Campbell (Qwest/Warner Bros.)\n Candlebox (Maverick/Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Captain Beyond\n Kim Carnes\n Joe \"Fingers\" Carr\n Jim Carroll (Giant/Warner Bros.)\n Carlene Carter (Giant/Warner Bros. Nashville)\n James Carter\n Eliza Carthy\n Shaun Cassidy\n Peter Cetera (Full Moon/Warner Bros.)\n Agnes Chan\n Ray Charles (Qwest/Warner Bros.)\n Cheap Trick\n Cher (US)\n Ingrid Chavez (Paisley Park/Warner Bros.)\n Chic\n Chicago (Full Moon/Warner Bros.)\n Jane Child\n China Crisis (US)\n Chino XL\n The Church (US/Canada)\n Cibo Matto\n Citizen King\n Darrell Clanton\n Eric Clapton (Duck/Warner Bros.)\n Petula Clark (US)\n Cleopatra (Maverick/Warner Bros.) (US)\n Climax Blues Band\n George Clinton (Paisley Park/Warner Bros.)\n Club Nouveau\n Anita Cochran (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n The Collectors\n Alice Coltrane\n Paula Cole (Imago/Warner Bros.)\n Bootsy Collins\n Confide (Science/Warner Bros.)\n Control Freq (F-111/Warner Bros.)\n Ry Cooder\n Elizabeth Cook (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Cool for August\n Alice Cooper\n Cornershop (Luaka Bop/Warner Bros.)\n Bill Cosby\n Elvis Costello\n Joanna Cotten (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Cowboy Troy (Raybaw/Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Randy Crawford\n Crawford/West (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n The Cribs\n Christopher Cross\n Andraé Crouch\n Rodney Crowell (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Julee Cruise\n The Cure (Sire/Warner Bros.) (US/Canada/New Zealand)\n Curved Air\n Billy Ray Cyrus (Curb/Word/Warner Bros. Nashville)\n\nD\n D-A-D\n Dale (Paisley Park/Warner Bros.)\n Damn Yankees\n Dana Dane (Maverick/Warner Bros.)\n Dark New Day\n James Darren\n Gail Davies (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Carole Davis\n Miles Davis\n Laura Dawn (Extasy International/Warner Bros.)\n Danielle Dax (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n David Ruffin \n Morris Day (Paisley Park/Warner Bros.)\n Death from Above 1979 (US only)\n El DeBarge\n De La Soul (Tommy Boy/Warner Bros.)\n Lynsey de Paul (UK/Europe)\n Deep Purple (North America/Japan)\n Deftones (Maverick/Warner Bros.)\n Iris DeMent\n Deodato\n Depeche Mode (Sire/Warner Bros.; North and Central America)\n The Derailers (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Devo (outside Europe)\n Diamond\n Manu Dibango (Giant/Warner Bros.)\n Dick and Dee Dee\n Digital Underground (Tommy Boy/Warner Bros.)\n Dio (US/Canada)\n Dion\n Dire Straits (US)\n Sacha Distel\n The D.O.C. (Giant/Warner Bros.)\n Thomas Dolby (Giant/Warner Bros.) (US)\n Doobie Brothers\n Lamont Dozier\n Dr. John\n Duran Duran\n Dusty Drake (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n The Dream Academy (Reprise/Warner Bros.)\n D:Ream (Sire/Giant/Warner Bros.)\n George Duke\n The Dukes\n Duncan Dhu (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Holly Dunn (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Jimmy Durante\n\nE\n E-40\n Kate Earl (Record Collection/Warner Bros.)\n Steve Earle (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Earth, Wind & Fire\n Earshot\n Eisley\n Carmen Electra (Paisley Park/Warner Bros.)\n Electronic\n Lorraine Ellison (Loma/Warner Bros.)\n Brian Eno (Opal/Warner Bros.) (US)\n Erasure (Maverick/Warner Bros.)\n Euge Groove\n Everlast\n Everly Brothers\n Everything but the Girl (Sire/Warner Bros.) (US)\n Exile (Curb/Warner Bros)\n Eye to Eye\n\nF\n Faces\n Donald Fagen\n Failure (Slash/Warner Bros.)\n Falco (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n The Family (Paisley Park/Warner Bros.)\n Perry Farrell\n Father Guido Sarducci\n Faze Action (F-111/Warner Bros.)\n Bryan Ferry (E.G./Warner Bros.)\n Jerry Fielding\n Figures on a Beach (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Five (Festival Mushroom/Warner Bros.)\n Flame (Giant/Warner Bros.)\n Béla Fleck\n Fleetwood Mac\n Flim & the BB's\n John Fogerty\n Steve Forbert\n Force MD's (Tommy Boy/Warner Bros.)\n Robben Ford\n The Forester Sisters (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n 4 Non Blondes\n The Four Seasons\n Fourplay\n Michael Franks\n David Frizzell (Viva/Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Funkadelic\n\nG\n Gang of Four (North America)\n Kenny Garrett\n Djivan Gasparyan (Opal/Warner Bros.)\n Crystal Gayle (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Sophia George (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Amanda Ghost\n Kathie Lee Gifford\n Gina G (Eternal/Warner Bros.)\n Glassjaw\n Glorified Magnified (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Gods Child (Qwest/Warner Bros.)\n Good Question (Paisley Park/Warner Bros.)\n Larry Graham\n Graham Central Station\n Amy Grant (Word/Curb/Warner Bros.)\n Grateful Dead\n Green Velvet (F-111/Warner Bros.)\n Green Day (Reprise Records/Warner Bros.)\n Dave Grusin\n Vince Guaraldi\n Arlo Guthrie\n Gwen Guthrie\n Jasmine Guy\n\nH\n Alex Haley\n Bill Haley & His Comets\n Herbie Hancock\n Hard Meat\n Morten Harket\n Joni Harms (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n George Harrison (Dark Horse/Warner Bros.)\n Jessica Harp (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Harper's Bizarre\n Emmylou Harris (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n John Hartford\n Jon Hassell\n Ofra Haza (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Eddie Hazel\n Ray Heindorf\n Highway 101 (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Faith Hill (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Paris Hilton\n Hiroshima (Qwest/Warner Bros.)\n Neon Hitch\n Greg Holland (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Richard \"Groove\" Holmes\n Holy Moses\n Honeymoon Suite (US)\n Lena Horne (Qwest/Warner Bros.)\n The House Band\n House of Pain (Tommy Boy/Warner Bros.)\n Hugo Largo (Opal/Warner Bros.)\n The Hues Corporation\n Con Hunley (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Tab Hunter\n Hüsker Dü\n\nI\n Ice-T (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n The Ides of March\n Information Society (Tommy Boy/Warner Bros.)\n James Ingram (Qwest/Warner Bros.)\n The Isley Brothers\n\nJ\n Paul Jabara\n Milt Jackson (Qwest/Warner Bros.)\n Jade (Giant/Warner Bros.)\n Jaheim\n Bob James\n Boney James\n The JaneDear Girls (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Jane's Addiction\n Jimi Hendrix (Reprise/Warner Bros.)\n Al Jarreau\n The Jesus and Mary Chain\n Antonio Carlos Jobim\n Jill Jones (Paisley Park/Warner Bros.)\n Quincy Jones (Qwest/Warner Bros.)\n Rickie Lee Jones\n Spike Jones\n Jeremy Jordan (Giant/Warner Bros.)\n The Judybats (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Juluka\n Jungle Brothers\n John Mellencamp\n Jordan Witzigreuter\n\nK\n Kath & Kim (FMR/Warner Bros.)\n Madleen Kane\n Tynisha Keli\n Tara Kemp (Giant/Warner Bros.)\n The Anita Kerr Singers\n Doug Kershaw (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Chaka Khan\n Kid Capri (Cold Chillin'/Warner Bros.)\n Kid Creole and the Coconuts (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Kidneythieves (Extasy International/Warner Bros.)\n King Crimson (EG/Warner Bros.) (US & Canada)\n Bobby King\n Ramona King\n Sam Kinison\n Rahsaan Roland Kirk\n Earl Klugh\n Mark Knopfler (US)\n Kool G Rap & DJ Polo (Cold Chillin'/Warner Bros.)\n Kraftwerk (US & Canada)\n\nL\n Lalaine\n Ladysmith Black Mambazo\n Laid Back (Sire/Warner Bros.)\nAdam Lambert\n Shawn Lane\n k.d. lang (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Daniel Lanois\n Marit Larsen\n Nicolette Larson\n Melissa Lawson (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Brenda Lee (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Johnny Lee (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Josiah Leming\n Leschea\n Less Than Jake (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Jerry Lee Lewis (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Liberace\n Gordon Lightfoot\n Little Feat\n Little Richard\n Little Texas (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Jackie Lomax\n Jeff Lorber\n Donna Loren\n Los Lobos (Slash/Warner Bros.)\n Love De-Luxe\n Lauren Lucas (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Lil Pump\n\nM\n Jake Miller\n Mac Miller \n M (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n M2M (US)\n Madonna (Warner Bros./Maverick/Sire)\n Madhouse (Paisley Park/Warner Bros.)\n Magic Dirt\n The Maine\n Major Figgas (Ruffnation/Warner Bros.)\n Miriam Makeba\n Malo\n Howie Mandel\n Manfred Mann's Earth Band (US & Canada)\n Tim Maia (Warner/Atlantic/Elektra/WEA International/Warner-Continental)\n Teairra Marí\n The Marketts\n Dean Martin\n Steve Martin\n Martini Ranch (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Curtis Mayfield\n Lyle Mays\n Mazarati (Paisley Park/Warner Bros.)\n Maze\n M.C. Shan (Cold Chillin'/Warner Bros.)\n Mac McAnally (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Lila McCann (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n The McCarters (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Neal McCoy (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Michael McDonald\n Kate and Anna McGarrigle\n Maureen McGovern\n The Mavis's (Festival Mushroom Records/Warner Bros.)\n Lori McKenna (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Loreena McKennitt\n Rod McKuen\n Christine McVie\n Meg & Dia (Doghouse/Warner Bros.)\n Brad Mehldau\n Mêlée\n Tim Mensy (Giant/Warner Bros.)\n Mephisto Odyssey\n Mest (Maverick/Warner Bros.)\n Metallica (US & Canada)\n Pat Metheny\n Hilly Michaels\n Georgia Middleman (Giant/Warner Bros.)\n Bette Midler\n The Mighty Lemon Drops (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n MIKA (Warner Bros./Mushroom/Festival)\n Dennis Miller\n Ministry\n Robert Mirabal\n Missing Persons\n Adam Mitchell\n Chad Mitchell\n Modern Jazz Quartet\n Moloko (Echo/Warner Bros.)\n Monie Love\n Billy Montana (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n John Michael Montgomery (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Montrose\n Gary Morris (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Van Morrison\n Alanis Morissette (Maverick/Warner Bros.)\n Mr. Bungle (North America)\n Maria Muldaur\n Michael Martin Murphey (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n My Bloody Valentine (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n My Chemical Romance (Reprise)\n\nN\n Napoleon XIV\n Les Négresses Vertes (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Vince Neil\n The Neon Philharmonic\n New Order (Qwest/Warner Bros.) (US)\n Bob Newhart\n Randy Newman\n Joe Nichols (Giant/Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Nightmare of You (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Nitty Gritty Dirt Band (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n The Notting Hillbillies\n Debi Nova\n\nO\n Ric Ocasek (Maverick/Warner Bros.)\n Maura O'Connell\n Mark O'Connor (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Danny O'Keefe\n Oingo Boingo (Giant/Warner Bros.)\n Olive (Maverick/Warner Bros.)\n Ondar\n One 2 One\n William Orbit (Maverick/Warner Bros.)\n\nP\n Lindsay Pagano\n Tommy Page (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Jack Palance\n Paul Parker (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Van Dyke Parks\n Peter, Paul & Mary\n Tom Petty\n Phajja\n Pinkard & Bowden (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Porno for Pyros\n The Premiers\n The Pretenders (Real/Sire/Warner Bros.) (US)\n The Pretty Things\n Dory Previn\n Primal Scream (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Prince (Paisley Park/NPG/Warner Bros.)\n The Prodigy (Cooking Vinyl/Maverick/Warner Bros.)\n James Wesley Prosser (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Bonnie Prudden\n Richard Pryor\n Public Image Limited (US)\n\nQ\n Quacky Duck and His Barnyard Friends\n Quad City DJ's\n Queen Latifah (Tommy Boy/Warner Bros.)\n\nR\n R.E.M.\n Rabbitt (Capricorn/Warner Bros.) (US/Canada)\n Eddie Rabbitt (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Radioactive Cats\n Gilda Radner\n Bonnie Raitt\n John Raitt and the Kids\n RBX (Premeditated/Warner Bros.)\n Ramones (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Marion Raven\n Red Box (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n The Red Telephone\n Leon Redbone\n Joshua Redman\n Lou Reed (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n The Reese Project (Giant/Warner Bros.)\n Renaissance (Warner Bros. UK)\n Lawrence Reynolds\n Rhino Bucket\n Turley Richards\n Don Rickles\n Rilo Kiley\n Janice Robinson\n The Roches\n Rockers Hi-Fi\n Nile Rodgers\n Rollerskate Skinny\n Wallace Roney\n Rose Royce\n Rosebud\n David Lee Roth\n The Routers\n Roxy Music (E.G./Warner Bros.) (US/Canada)\n RPM\n David Rudder (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Rufus\n Todd Rundgren (Bearsville/Warner Bros.)\n The Rutles\n Tim Ryan (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n\nS\n Sue Saad and the Next\n Saafir (Qwest/Warner Bros.)\n Saint Etienne\n Saga\n SahBabii\n Sandra St. Victor\n Joe Sample\n David Sanborn\n Adam Sandler\n Sanford-Townsend Band\n Leslie Satcher\n Saukrates\n Savoy\n Leo Sayer (US/Canada)\n Robert Schimmel\n Ray Scott (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Scritti Politti (North America)\n Johnny Sea\n Seal (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Brady Seals (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Dan Seals (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Seals and Crofts\n Dawn Sears\n Seatrain\n S'Express (Rhythm King/Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Michael Sembello\n Sex Pistols (North America)\n Shadowfax\n Sheila E.\n T.G. Sheppard (Curb/Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Sherbert (Festival Mushroom/Warner Bros.)\n Allan Sherman\n Sherrick\n Sofia Shinas\n Shriekback\n Carly Simon\n John Simon\n Paul Simon\n Bill Sims (PBS/Warner Bros.)\n Sisters of Glory\n Sixwire (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Skrew (Metal Blade/Warner Bros.)\n The Sky Kings (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Skyhooks (Mushroom/Warner Bros.)\n Slade\n Sleeping With Sirens\n Margo Smith (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n The Smiths (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Soft Cell (Sire/Warner Bros.) (US/Canada)\n Joanie Sommers\n Son Volt\n Soul Coughing (Slash/Warner Bros.)\n Southern Pacific (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Spirea X\n Rick Springfield\n Carl Stalling\n Mavis Staples (Paisley Park/Warner Bros.)\n Static-X\n Candi Staton\n SAINt JHN\n Stetsasonic (Tommy Boy/Warner Bros.)\n Steven Van Zandt (Rhino/Warner Bros.)\n Connie Stevens\n Ray Stevens (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Steve Stevens\n B.W. Stevenson\n Rod Stewart\n Stoneground\n Paul Stookey\n Stuff\n Donna Summer (non-USA)\n Swallow\n Sway & King Tech (Giant/Warner Bros.)\n Julia Sweeney\n Sylvester\n\nT\n Taking Back Sunday\n Talking Heads (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Tamia (Qwest/Warner Bros.)\n Evan Taubenfeld (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n James Taylor\n TBTBT (Cold Chillin'/Warner Bros.)\n Teen Dream\n Telex (Slash/Warner Bros.)\n Hank Thompson (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Thompson Twins\n The Three O'Clock (Paisley Park/Warner Bros.)\n Throwing Muses (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Pam Tillis (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n The Time\n Tin Tin (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Ashley Tisdale\n TKA (Tommy Boy/Warner Bros.)\n The Tokens\n Tom Tom Club (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Tower of Power\n Trapt\n Traveling Wilburys (Wilbury/Warner Bros.)\n Mary Travers\n Randy Travis (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Rick Trevino (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n T. Rex\n Tribe (Slash/Warner Bros.)\n Trick Pony (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Travis Tritt (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n John Scott Trotter\n Roger Troutman \n Jennifer Trynin (Squint/Warner Bros.)\n Ike & Tina Turner (Loma/Warner Bros.)\n Lane Turner (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Mark Turner\n Conway Twitty (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n\nU\n Ultra Naté\n Ultramarine (Sire/Giant Warner Bros.)\n Uriah Heep\n\nV\n V Factory\n Van Halen\n Van Morrison\n David Van Tieghem\n Vanity 6\n Sven Väth\n The Velvet Underground (Sire/Warner Bros.)\n Vicki Sue Robinson (Rhino/Warner Bros.)\n Violent Femmes (Slash/Warner Bros.)\n Roger Voudouris\n\nW\n Waka Flocka Flame\n Clay Walker (Giant/Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Junior Walker\n Joe Walsh\n Dionne Warwick\n Keith Washington (Qwest/Warner Bros.)\n Gene Watson (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n We've Got a Fuzzbox and We're Gonna Use It\n Jack Webb\n Shelly West (Viva/Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Kirk Whalum\n The White Stripes (Icky Thump)\n The Whites (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Karyn White\n Michael White\n Tony Joe White\n Whitesnake (Geffen/Warner Bros.)\n The Who\n The Wilkinsons (Giant/Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Hank Williams Jr. (Curb/Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Mason Williams\n Brian Wilson (Giant/Warner Bros.)\n Steve Winwood (Island/Warner Bros.)\n Wiz Khalifa\n Brad Wolf (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Womack & Womack\n Ronnie Wood\n The Wreckers (Maverick/Warner Bros. Nashville)\n Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band\n Gary Wright\n Steven Wright\n Wright Brothers Band (Warner Bros. Nashville)\n\nY\n Glenn Yarbrough\n Peter Yarrow\n Eikichi Yazawa\n Yellowjackets\n Jesse Colin Young\n Kenny Young\n The Youngbloods\n\nZ\n Zapp\n Frank Zappa\n ZZ Top\n\nSee also\n List of current Warner Records artists\n Warner Records\n List of current Reprise Records artists\n List of former Reprise Records artists\n Reprise Records\n\nReferences\n\nWarner Records, former" ]

[ "Sandman (Wesley Dodds)", "Powers and abilities" ]

[ "The Real Superhumans and the Quest for the Future Fantastic is a two-hour-long special from the Discovery Channel which aired in 2007. It follows four people with what are described as \"real life superhuman abilities\", a geneticist who created the first chimera of two very different species of rodents, and a scientist on a mission to become immortal. The show was done in a comic book format ending with the common slogan \"To be continued\" as to indicate that the people of the show and humanity itself is just beginning to venture into a new age, one where genetic manipulation and other technologies to obtain special abilities will be for sale to the general public.\n\nReferences\n\n2007 American television series debuts\nDiscovery Channel original programming", "The following comparison of video players compares general and technical information for notable software media player programs.\n\nFor the purpose of this comparison, video players are defined as any media player which can play video, even if it can also play audio files.\n\nGeneral\n\nActive players\n\nInactive players\n\nOperating system compatibility\nThis section lists the operating systems on which the player works. There may be multiple versions of a player, each one for a given operating system.\n\nFeatures\n\nExtended features\n\nConsumer video format ability\nInformation about what video formats the players understand. Footnotes lead to information about abilities of future versions of the players or plugins/filters that provide such abilities.\n\nProduction video format ability\n\nAudio format ability\nInformation about what audio formats the players understand. Footnotes lead to information about abilities of future versions of the players or plugins/filters that provide such abilities.\n\nContainer format ability\nInformation about what container formats the players understand. Footnotes lead to information about abilities of future versions of the players or filters that provide such abilities.\n\nStreaming support\nInformation about which internet protocols the players understand, for receiving streaming media content.\n\nPlaylist format ability\nInformation about which playlist formats the players understand.\n\nElectronic program guide format ability\nInformation about which Electronic program guide format the players viewable.\n\nSubtitle ability\nInformation about what subtitle formats the players understand. Footnotes lead to information about abilities of future versions of the players or filters that provide such abilities.\n\nMetadata ability\nInformation about what metadata, or tagging, formats the players understand. Most other containers have their own metadata format and the players usually use them. Footnotes lead to information about abilities of future versions of the players or plugins that provide such abilities.\n\nOptical media ability \nInformation about what kinds of optical discs the players can play. Footnotes lead to information about abilities of future versions of the players or plugins that provide such abilities.\nPlayback of Super Audio CD is not possible for any media player, because no suitable hardware exists.\nAll media players capable of audio CD playback will also play the Redbook core of any HDCD disc, providing no sound-quality benefits over standard audio CDs.\n\nSee also\n\n List of codecs\n Open source codecs and containers\n Comparison of video codecs\n Comparison of audio coding formats\n Comparison of container formats\n Subtitle (captioning)\n Comparison of portable media players\n Comparison of video encoders\n Comparison of PVR software packages\n\nReferences\n\nRelated lists on other projects\n :m:Open Source Toolset - short sections on Audio editing and Video editing\n Software - short lists of Ogg audio and video editors\n Help:Converting video - tools for manipulating audio and video\n\n \nvideo player software\nITunes\n\nde:Mediaplayer#Software" ]

[ "Sandman (Wesley Dodds)", "Powers and abilities", "What are his special abilities?", "Dodds has prophetic dreams which come to him as cryptic, ambiguous visions of crimes." ]

[ "Ofir Drori (; born 26 April 1976) is an Israeli writer and activist based in Central Africa. He started as an activist against wildlife trafficking, and expanded to anti-corruption, democracy and human rights activism throughout Africa.\n\nActivism\nHe is the founder of LAGA – the Last Great Ape Organisation, an enforcement non-governmental organization that fights corruption in order to bring about to the arrests and prosecutions of major wildlife criminals dealing in endangered animal species. LAGA's award-winning model for a wildlife law enforcement NGO has started in Cameroon and is now replicated in the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, and Gabon.\n\nIn 2005, based on the experience of fighting corruption in the judiciary and the forces of law and order, he has founded another NGO, called Anti Corruption in Cameroon, or AC–Cameroon, which focuses on establishing Anti-Corruption law enforcement in Cameroon, and involving citizens in the fight against corruption through direct legal action.\n\nDrori is a co-founder of The EAGLE Network.\n\nCrocodile attack\nIn December 2013, Drori was attacked by a 3-meter long Nile crocodile while vacationing along the Omo River in Ethiopia, but he managed to escape death. Despite his injuries Drori was able to survive in the wilderness for two days and reach tribesmen and eventually was evacuated to hospital in Addis Ababa, and then to a hospital in Israel. This incident is reminiscent of Australian eco-activist Val Plumwood who also survived a crocodile attack in 1985, and she subsequently wrote of it in her landmark 1996 essay \"Being Prey\".\n\nHonors and awards\nIn 2012 he was awarded the prestigious World Wildlife Fund Duke of Edinburgh Conservation Medal for his work. He also received the Interpol Ecomessage Award, The Clark Bavin Enforcement award and the Condé Nast Traveler Environment Award for his work, as well as the Future For Nature Award and the Shining World Compassion Award.\n\nPublished works\nDrori co-wrote The Last Great Ape: A Journey Through Africa and a Fight for the Heart of the Continent with David McDannald ().\n\nReferences \n\n 'Man in black' fights for Cameroon apes Man in Black Fights, BBC News, June 15, 2007\n Cameroon: Fight Against Wildlife Criminals Formalised allAfrica.com, March 2007\n Jail for Cameroon chimp trafficker BBC News, July 25, 2003\n How Saving One Chimp Led to a New Kind of Anti-Poaching Group, National Geographic, June 2016\n African Conservation Group With Unusual Mission: Enforcement, The New York Times, October 2015\n Tedx Ede 2016\n\nExternal links\n LAGA - The Last Great Ape Organization\n EAGLE Network\n\nIsraeli activists\nLiving people\n1976 births", "The Tiger Blade ( or Seua khaap daap) is a 2005 Thai action film.\n\nPlot\nA gang of criminals with supernatural powers, led by Mahesak, break a rebel Karen warlord Kaoyot out of prison, and plan to steal the national treasury of Thailand in order to fund Kaoyot's continuing fight. A secret police unit, led by Yosthana engages the criminals in various battles. Among the criminals they must face are the Five Bullets Bandit and the female warrior, G.I. Jenjila.\n\nThough the police unit puts up a good fight, among them female officer Deungdao, in order to ultimately defeat the criminals, they need to use magic. So Yosthana obtains an old, magical sword, which is activated by the menstrual blood of a virgin.\n\nCast\nAtsadawut Luengsuntorn as Yosthana\nPhimonrat Phisarayabud as Deungdao\nPongpat Wachirabunjong as Kaoyot\nSrungsuda Lawanprasert as G.I. Jenjila\nAmornrit Sriphung as Mahesak\nChalad na Songkhla as Five Bullets Bandit\nAnnan Bunnak as Red Beard\n\nRelease\nThe Tiger Blade was released on October 27, 2005 in Thailand cinemas, where critical and box-office response was practically non-existent.\n\nThe film received more attention overseas. The Canada-based genre film website, Twitch, praised the film as \"pure guilty pleasure\" while acknowledging weaknesses that included an unnecessarily convoluted and complicated plot, subpar computer-generated imagery, and poorly framed and edited action sequences. \"This is all true. But, damn it, what [The Tiger Blade] does well it does really well, and what it does well is have fun,\" Twitch's Todd Brown wrote.\n\nThe film was released on an all-region DVD in Thailand, with English subtitles, but that release is censored to blur out guns, smoking and alcohol consumption. Subsequent DVD releases in Canada, France (by Luc Besson's EuropaCorp), Japan and Hong Kong are uncensored. The movie has also been release on Blu-ray disc\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial site \n\n2005 films\nThai films\nThai-language films\n2005 action films\nThai martial arts films" ]

[ "Sandman (Wesley Dodds)", "Powers and abilities", "What are his special abilities?", "Dodds has prophetic dreams which come to him as cryptic, ambiguous visions of crimes.", "Is he able to fight the criminals?", "These prove ideal when placed in situations where his gas gun is not readily available." ]

[ "The RML 12.5-inch guns were large rifled muzzle-loading guns designed for British battleships and were also employed for coast defence.\n\nDesign \n\nThe gun originated from a desire for a longer 12-inch gun than the existing RML 12-inch 35-ton gun. Experiments in 1874 with both 12-inch and 12.5-inch versions 3 feet longer than the existing 12-inch gun showed the 12.5-inch calibre was more suitable, and further experiments showed a projectile of 800 pounds could be fired with a charge of 130 pounds of P2 gunpowder without undue strain. The same construction as in the existing 12-inch 35-ton gun was used : a mild steel \"A\" tube toughened in oil, surrounded by wrought iron \"B\" tube, triple coil in front of the trunnion, coiled breech-piece and breech coil. This was approved in January 1875.\n\nThe gun was rifled on the \"Woolwich\" pattern of a small number of broad shallow rounded grooves, with 9 grooves increasing from 0 to 1 turn in 35 calibres ( i.e. 1 turn in 437.5 inches).\n\nMark II had an enlarged powder chamber and attained higher muzzle velocity and slightly longer range.\n\nThis gun was the final development of large British rifled muzzle-loading guns before it switched to breechloaders beginning in 1880. It was succeeded in its class on new battleships by the BL 12-inch Mk II gun.\n\nNaval service \nGuns were mounted on HMS Dreadnought commissioned in 1879, HMS Agamemnon commissioned in 1883, and HMS Ajax commissioned in 1885, the last British warships completed with muzzle-loading guns.\n\nAmmunition \nWhen the gun was first introduced projectiles had several rows of \"studs\" which engaged with the gun's rifling to impart spin. Sometime after 1878, \"attached gas-checks\" were fitted to the bases of the studded shells, reducing wear on the guns and improving their range and accuracy. Subsequently, \"automatic gas-checks\" were developed which could rotate shells, allowing the deployment of a new range of studless ammunition.\n\n RML 12.5in Studded Shell, located at Hurst Castle, UK\n RML 12.5in Studded Shrapnel Shell Mk I with Attached Gas-Check Mk I\n RML 12.5in Studded Palliser Shell Mk III with Attached Gas-Check Mk II\n RML 12.5in Studded Common Shell Mk I with Attached Gas-Check Mk II\n RML 12.5in Studded Shrapnel Shell Mk I with Attached Gas-check Mk II\n RML 12.5in Case Shot Mk III\n RML 12.5in Studless Palliser Shell Mk I with Automatic Gas-Check\n RML 12.5in Studless Common Shell Mk I with Automatic Gas-Check\n RML 12.5in Studless Shrapnel Shell Mk I with Automatic Gas-check\n\nImages 3–9 show the range of ammunition for the RML 12.5-inch gun in 1885. By this time the gun no longer fired studded ammunition without gas-checks. Instead there were two sets of ammunition available, namely: older studded ammunition with attached gas-checks Mk II, and newer studless ammunition with automatic gas-checks. Case ammunition neither was studded nor required gas-checks. Also by this time, attached gas-checks Mk I as shown in image 2 had been superseded by attached gas-checks Mk II.\n\nSee also \n List of naval guns\n\nSurviving examples \n Two at Hurst Castle, UK, originally at Cliff End Battery\n At Fort Nelson, Portsmouth, UK, originally at Cliff End Battery\n Outside Fort Albert, Isle of Wight\n No 22 of 1876 outside Calbourne Mill, Isle of Wight, originally at Cliff End Battery\n An unpreserved gun at Fort Delimara, Malta\n Gun on replica carriage at Harding's Battery, Gibraltar\n Gun number 87 and 95, dated 1878. Now in the ditch at Fort Cunningham, Bermuda\n\nNotes and references\n\nBibliography \n Treatise on the construction and manufacture of ordnance in the British service. War Office, UK, 1877\n Text Book of Gunnery, 1887. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE\n\nExternal links \n\n Handbook for the R.M.L. 12.5-inch 38-ton gun, marks I and II : casemate, dwarf, and small port mountings (land service). Great Britain. War Office. London : H.M.S.O. 1885 at State Library of Victoria\n Handbook for the 12.5-inch 38-ton R.M.L. gun, marks I and II, casemate, dwarf, and small part mountings land service 1888, 1893, 1899, 1904 at State Library of Victoria\n Diagram of gun on small port 6-foot recoil carriage at Victorian Forts and Artillery website\n Diagram of gun on Casemate Platform, 6 feet recoil Mark III at Victorian Forts and Artillery website\n Diagram of gun on Dwarf 'C' Pivot Mark III at Victorian Forts and Artillery website\n\nNaval guns of the United Kingdom\n320 mm artillery\nVictorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom\nCoastal artillery", "A combustion light-gas gun (CLGG) is a projectile weapon that utilizes the explosive force of low molecular-weight combustible gases, such as hydrogen mixed with oxygen, as propellant. When the gases are ignited, they burn, expand and propel the projectile out of the barrel with higher efficiency relative to solid propellant and have achieved higher muzzle velocities in experiments. Combustion light-gas gun technology is one of the areas being explored in an attempt to achieve higher velocities from artillery to gain greater range. Conventional guns use solid propellants, usually nitrocellulose-based compounds, to develop the chamber pressures needed to accelerate the projectiles. CLGGs' gaseous propellants are able to increase the propellant's specific impulse. Therefore, hydrogen is typically the first choice; however, other propellants like methane can be used.\n\nWhile this technology does appear to provide higher velocities, the main drawback with gaseous or liquid propellants for gun systems is the difficulty in getting uniform and predictable ignition and muzzle velocities. Variance with muzzle velocities affects precision in range, and the further a weapon shoots, the more significant these variances become. If an artillery system cannot maintain uniform and predictable muzzle velocities it will be of no use at longer ranges. Another issue is the survival of projectile payloads at higher accelerations. Fuzes, explosive fill, and guidance systems all must be \"hardened\" against the significant acceleration loads of conventional artillery to survive and function properly. Higher velocity weapons, like the CLGG, face these engineering challenges as they edge the boundaries of firing accelerations higher.\n\nThe research and development firm UTRON, Inc is experimenting with a combustion light-gas gun design for field use. The corporation claims to have a system ready for testing as a potential long-range naval fire support weapon for emerging ships, such as the Zumwalt-class destroyer. The CLGG, like the railgun, is a possible candidate technology for greater ranges for naval systems, among others. UTRON has built and tested 45mm and 155mm combustion light-gas guns.\n\nSee also \nLight-gas gun\nScram cannon\n\nReferences\n\nhttps://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a462130.pdf UTRON 2006 Test Report\nArtillery by type\nBallistics\n Emerging technologies" ]

[ "Sandman (Wesley Dodds)", "Powers and abilities", "What are his special abilities?", "Dodds has prophetic dreams which come to him as cryptic, ambiguous visions of crimes.", "Is he able to fight the criminals?", "These prove ideal when placed in situations where his gas gun is not readily available.", "What does he do with the gas gun?", "Pressing the trigger on the gun releases a cloud of green dust rendering all within the Sandman's immediate vicinity unconscious." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Sandman (Wesley Dodds)", "Powers and abilities", "What are his special abilities?", "Dodds has prophetic dreams which come to him as cryptic, ambiguous visions of crimes.", "Is he able to fight the criminals?", "These prove ideal when placed in situations where his gas gun is not readily available.", "What does he do with the gas gun?", "Pressing the trigger on the gun releases a cloud of green dust rendering all within the Sandman's immediate vicinity unconscious.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In the early days of his career, the Sandman drives a black 1938 Plymouth Coupe." ]

[ "Borland Sidekick was a personal information manager (PIM) launched by American software company Borland in 1984 under Philippe Kahn's leadership. It was an early and popular terminate and stay resident program (TSR) for MS-DOS which enabled computer users to activate the program using a hot key combination (by default: Ctrl-Alt) while working in other programs. Although a text-mode program, Sidekick's window-based interface echoed that of the Apple Macintosh and anticipated the eventual look of Microsoft Windows 2.0. It included a personal calendar, text editor (with WordStar-like command interface), calculator, ASCII chart, address book, and phone dialer. According to the prospectus for Borland's initial public offering of stock to the public, Sidekick sold more than 1 million copies in its first three years.\n\nOrigin\nAccording to Philippe Kahn, Borland did not originally intend to sell Sidekick. It developed the utility to assist the small company's employees. After several months of use Borland realized that it had a sellable product.\n\nVersions\n\nMS-DOS\n\n1.0\nSidekick 1.0 included Calculator, Notepad, Appointment Calendar, Auto Dialer, ASCII Table and other tools.\n\n1.0 Plus\nSidekick 1.0 Plus included a broader selection of calculators (Business, Scientific, Programmer, Formula), a 9-file Notepad text editor, Appointment Book and Scheduler, a terminal communication tool and ASCII Table. In addition to variants on and enhancements to the 1.0 features, Plus included a 9-file Outliner, q file and directory manager, Clipboard, and supported Expanded Memory and a RAM disk. Control+Alt is the default shortcut to open sidekick 1.0 plus\n\n1.5\n\n2.0\nSidekick 2.0 was the last MS-DOS version.\n\nTraveling Sidekick\nTraveling Sidekick included a 3-ring binder notebook with solar-powered pocket calculator, and Sidekick software.\n\nWindows\nWhen Philippe Kahn left Borland in 1994 to found Starfish Software, he acquired all rights to Sidekick from Borland. Starfish's co-founder Sonia Lee Kahn designed the look and feel of Sidekick 95, which was launched simultaneously with Windows 95 with great success. In 1998 Philippe Kahn and Sonia Lee Kahn sold Starfish to Motorola for $325 Million in a private transaction. Starfish was later bought by Nokia who discontinued the product, with Sidekick 99 being the last version. T-Mobile USA, Inc. currently owns the Sidekick trademark portfolio.\n\nLater versions of the program were made available for Windows, with the last versions featuring a phone dialer and syncing with Palm, Windows CE, and EPOC devices. These versions were less popular than the MS-DOS versions, largely because the Windows environment itself provided most of the original version's key features: task switching and a collection of small utilities. It did however, include a monthly/yearly calendar and a world time map showing which parts of the world are currently in daylight or darkness. Up to eight different world cities (which could be edited) were displayed above and below the map.\n\n1.0\nSidekick 1.0 for Windows was developed and released by Borland before Kahn left the company. It was designed for Windows 3.1 and included Calendar, To Do List, Contacts, a communication tool and a calculator. However, most of the design and file system came from the YourWay PIM software, purchased by Borland from Prisma Software in 1993. As the November 7, 1994 Info World noted, \"Despite its name, the only connection between Sidekick for Windows 1.0 and the venerable Sidekick for MS-DOS is that Borland International owns both programs. Sidekick for Windows is a combination of the calendaring code from Prisma Software Corp.'s Windows PIM YourWay (purchased by Borland last year) and a completely new interface developed by Borland.\"\n\n2.0\nSidekick 2.0 was also developed and initially released by Borland before the move to Starfish.\n\nNew/modified features included:\n overlapping appointments in the Scheduler,\n multiple contact files in the Address Book,\n print layouts that enabled users to print to commercial day planner pages,\n View-in-View,\n Backup & Restore of user's files,\n password protection.\n\nSidekick Deluxe added more than 40 content files for access to online information, Dashboard 3.0 for Windows, and the \"Organized for Success\" video. It was distributed in CD format.\n\nSidekick 95\nSidekick 95 was a Windows 95 version. Sidekick 95 Deluxe was announced in on October 17, 1995. A 10-user version was announced in February, 1996.\n\nIt included Write (a word processor with a spell check feature), EarthTime (a clock), Expense (record keeping tools), Reminder (scheduler), Phone Dialer (communication), Contact Manager and Calendar (with an added daily Almanac).\n\nSidekick 95 Deluxe added Dashboard 95, America Online software, 2 interactive organizational videos, over 40 useful content files called Sidekick Companions and electronic versions of the product manuals in Adobe Acrobat format.\n\nStarfish Internet Sidekick\nCalendar tools added Activity view, daylight saving time support, web link support for contact files, Contact file synchronization over Sidekick 95.\n\nCommunications tool adds caller ID, phone dialer, integration with mail software. Spell check adds auto spell check option.\n\nCalculator supports unit conversion.\n\nNew tools include Internet Scheduler, Expense reporter. Expense reporter includes date reporting, tax calculation, drag and drop receipts between folders.\n\nSidekick 97\nCalendar tools added ability to create web pages from Sidekick Calendar (via WP add-on).\n\nAddress tools added drag and drop, ability to create web pages from Sidekick Cardfiles (via WP add-on).\n\nPDA sync is supported for Palm Pilot, via separate add-on.\n\nWorld Clock supports European Daylight Saving time.\n\nSidekick Web Publisher compatibility is added via separate add-on.\n\nSidekick 98\nCalendar supports vCalendar, Outlook calendars.\n\nAddress tools support Outlook calendars.\n\nAdditional supported PDA sync include Franklin REX. Sync tool can now synchronize To do, Calls, Special Days, Appointments, and Contacts.\n\nWorld clock added world map, Analog or Digital clock format.\n\nIn addition, features requiring separate add-ons in Sidekick 97 are now standard.\n\nLong time users of Sidekick 98 report no difficulties continuing to use the program through subsequent iterations of Windows, up to and including Windows 7.\n\nSidekick 99 (9.x)\nVarious tools found in Sidekick 98 are removed in this release, including dialer, back up & restore, calculator (including conversion tools, expense reporter), spell checker, web page generator, Internet scheduler. Address and calendar file format support were reduced, with Outlook support is now import-only.\n\nSynchronization tools now support multi-point synchronization, Franklin REX PRO, PALM III PDAs.\n\nOS/2\nBorland Sidekick 2.0 for Presentation Manager was based on Sidekick 2.0 for Windows.\n\nMacintosh\nBorland introduced a version for the Apple Macintosh in 1985.\n\nReception\nBorland sold 400,000 copies of Sidekick by September 1985. InfoWorld stated in November 1984 that \"whoever wrote this gem understands Murphy's law ... Sidekick stands in the shadows behind whatever program you are using\", and noted that for programmers, the software was less expensive \"and a lot handier\" than a Texas Instruments hexadecimal calculator. The magazine concluded that \"Sidekick is a time-saving, frustrating-saving bargain [and] is the first step to making paper and pencil obsolete.\" Jerry Pournelle praised Sidekick in Byte in October 1984: \"Philippe Kahn ... now has a product that IBM PC users won't be able to do without. He ought to sell a zillion copies\". Elsewhere in the issue, the magazine stated that Sidekick's existence \"seems to point out a major drawback in quite a few integrated software packages. Why should owners of advanced, multifunction business programs that are supposedly easy to use and that claim to solve all problems be compelled to purchase a utility like Sidekick? It makes you wonder about all those advertising claims\". In January 1985 Pournelle selected Sidekick as one of his products of the year for the IBM PC. BYTE in 1989 listed SideKick Plus as among the \"Distinction\" winners of the BYTE Awards, stating \"Talk about a bang for the buck\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSidekick Museum in Webarchive\n\nDOS software\nBorland software\nComputer-related introductions in 1983\n1984 software", "A sidekick is a slang expression for a close companion or colleague (not necessarily in fiction) who is, or is generally regarded as, subordinate to the one they accompany.\n\nSome well-known fictional sidekicks are Don Quixote's Sancho Panza, Sherlock Holmes' Doctor Watson, The Lone Ranger's Tonto, The Green Hornet's Kato, Shrek's Donkey and Puss in Boots, Mickey Mouse's Donald Duck and Goofy, Mario's Luigi and Yoshi, Sonic's Tails and Knuckles, Donkey Kong's Diddy Kong, Daffy Duck's Porky Pig, Captain America's Bucky and Batman's Robin.\n\nOrigins\nThe term is believed to have originated in pickpocket slang of the late 19th and early 20th century. The \"kick\" was the front pocket of a pair of trousers, believed to be the pocket safest from theft. Thus, by analogy, a \"side-kick\" was a person's closest companion.\n\nOne of the earliest recorded sidekicks may be Enkidu, who adopted a sidekick role to Gilgamesh after they became allies in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Other early examples are Achilles and Patroclus in the Iliad and Moses and Aaron in the Old Testament.\n\nFunction of the sidekick in fiction\nSidekicks can fulfill one or multiple functions, such as a counterpoint to the hero, an alternate point of view, or knowledge, skills, or anything else the hero does not have. They often function as comic relief, and/or the straight man to the hero's comedic actions. A sidekick can also be a character to whom the audience can more easily relate than the hero, or whom the audience can imagine themselves as being (such as teen sidekicks). And by asking questions of the hero, or giving the hero someone to talk to, the sidekick provides an opportunity for the author to provide exposition, thereby filling the same role as a Greek chorus.\n\nSidekicks frequently serve as an emotional connection, especially when the hero is depicted as detached and distant, traits which might make it difficult to like the hero. The sidekick is often the confidant who knows the main character better than anyone else, and gives a convincing reason to like the hero. Although Sherlock Holmes was portrayed as a difficult man to know, his friendship with Dr. Watson convinces the reader that Holmes is a good person. The Left Hand of Vampire Hunter D, being mentally linked to the reticent protagonist, often reveals thoughts, feelings, and the physical condition of his host, as well as background elements of the story.\n\nThe apparent stupidity of some comedy sidekicks is often used to make a non-intellectual hero look intelligent. Similarly, a flamboyant or effeminate sidekick may make an otherwise unimposing hero look more masculine. And a strong, silent and modest hero may have his fighting qualities revealed to the other characters and the audience by a talkative sidekick.\n\nWhile many sidekicks are used for comic relief, there are other sidekicks who are less outrageous than the heroes they pledge themselves to, and comedy derived from the hero can often be amplified by the presence or reaction of the sidekick. Examples include Porky Pig, who is more sensible and calmer than Daffy Duck in later short films; similarly, Sancho Panza is more rational than Don Quixote.\n\nIt is typical for the character and sidekick to be of the same gender — otherwise the term \"sidekick\" is replaced with \"partner\" or \"companion\". Whenever there is a team of more than two characters, the term sidekick is generally reserved for another team member of the same sex. It is rare for the relationship between a character and an opposite-sex sidekick to lack romantic or sexual overtones of any kind — though there are examples, like Modesty Blaise and Willie Garvin, The original Doctor Who series intentionally avoided any explicit onscreen indications of romantic or sexual attraction between The Doctor and his female companions. (See the discussion of comic books' teenage sidekicks below.)\n\nWhile unusual, it is not unheard of for a sidekick to be more attractive, charismatic, or physically capable than the supposed hero. This is most typically encountered when the hero's appeal is more intellectual rather than sexual. Such heroes (usually fictional sleuths and scientists) are often middle-aged or older and tend towards eccentricity. Such protagonists may, due to either age or physical unsuitability, be limited to cerebral conflicts, while leaving the physical action to a younger or more physically capable sidekick. This type of sidekick is rarely encountered in fiction, because the hero runs the risk of being upstaged by them. However, examples of successful such pairings include Detective Monk and his sidekick Sharona, Inspector Morse and his sidekick Detective Sergeant Robbie Lewis, Nero Wolfe and his sidekick Archie Goodwin, Hiro Nakamura and his sidekick Ando Masahashi, and Miles Vorkosigan and his sidekick cousin Ivan Vorpatril. In other media, The Green Hornet's sidekick, Kato, has (especially since the 1960s television series with Bruce Lee) been depicted as a capable man of action, for instance in martial arts. The earliest Doctor Who serials, particularly during the First Doctor era, had young male companions who were capable of the physical action that the elderly William Hartnell was not. This became more important as Hartnell's health declined during his tenure as The Doctor. This was not an issue with the following Doctors as they were cast with significantly younger actors.\n\nIt is also not unusual, especially in more recent TV programs such as Bones and NCIS, for there to be a team of sidekicks. In Bones, for example, FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth often fulfills one of the traditional roles of a sidekick by providing translations for the brilliant but socially incapable Dr. Temperance Brennan. Both Brennan and Booth, however, are heroes in their own right. The sidekicks in this case are the team of \"squints\" back in the Jeffersonian Institution's Medico-Legal Lab, each with their own scientific specialty, all of whom are usually needed to break the case.\n\nIn certain cases, a sidekick can grow out of their role of second fiddle to the hero and become a hero in their own right. Dick Grayson is one such example, having outgrown the mantle of Robin when he was under Batman and taken up the new identity of Nightwing. Grayson has more recently succeeded his mentor and taken on the costumed identity of Batman himself. Another example is the popular comic-strip soldier of fortune Captain Easy, who started as the two-fisted sidekick of the scrawny eponymous hero of the strip Wash Tubbs.\n\nComparisons\nA villain's supporters are normally called henchmen, minions, or lackeys, not sidekicks. While this is partially a convention in terminology, it also reflects that few villains are capable of bonds of friendship and loyalty, which are normal in the relationship between a hero and sidekick. This may also be due to the different roles in fiction of the protagonist and the antagonist: whereas a sidekick is a relatively important character due to his or her proximity to the protagonist, and so will likely be a developed character, the role of a henchman is to act as cannon-fodder for the hero and his sidekick. As a result, henchmen tend to be anonymous, disposable characters, existing for the sole purpose of illustrating the protagonists' prowess as they defeat them.\n\nNevertheless, some villains do have sidekicks, including Lex Luthor's Mercy Graves, the Joker's Harley Quinn, Jigsaw's Amanda, Shao Kahn's Shang Tsung, Shinnok's Quan Chi, Ben Wade's Charlie Prince (from Three-Ten to Yuma), Wario's Waluigi, Dr. Eggman's Orbot and Cubot, and Magneto's Mystique (albeit only in the X-Men live action films).\n\nUse in fiction\nFrodo Baggins's Samwise Gamgee, and Harry Potter's Ron Weasley, as well as the afore-mentioned Sancho Panza and Doctor Watson, are notable sidekicks from fiction.\n\nIn fiction, the term \"sidekick\" commonly refers to assistants to crime-fighting heroes. However, sidekicks do not necessarily accompany a crime-fighter, such as Leporello, Don Giovanni's servant in the 1787 opera. Villains can also have sidekicks, who are usually portrayed as less brilliant or lacking cunning. The sidekick has the literary function of playing against the hero, often contrasting in skill, or performing functions not suited to the hero.\n\nThe sidekick was a regular presence in westerns, where Fuzzy Knight, Al \"Fuzzy\" St. John, Smiley Burnette, and Andy Devine had longer careers than some of the heroic singing cowboys for whom they took pratfalls.\n\nIn science fiction the sub-type of the alien sidekick has been established. Examples of alien sidekicks are Mr. Spock (sidekick of Captain James T. Kirk) on Star Trek and Chewbacca (sidekick of Han Solo) in the original Star Wars trilogy. One of the roles of the alien sidekick is to act as a mouthpiece for social commentary on the human condition from an outsider's point of view.\n\nHeroic sidekicks such as Streaky the Supercat of Krypto the Superdog, Festus Haggen of Gunsmoke's Matt Dillon, or Gabrielle of Xena: Warrior Princess not only provide comic relief, but can occasionally be brave and/or resourceful and rescue the hero from a dire fate.\nKalimán, a heroic character depicted on movies, radio theatre and comic books, mentors a young lad named Solín.\n\nComic books\nComic book sidekicks have a long and popular history, dating back to the beginnings of the form. Examples include the Crimson Avenger's sidekick Wing, and Mister America's sidekick Fatman, both of whom debuted in the late 1930s. Other notable comics sidekicks include Ebony White, Jughead, Etta Candy, Captain Haddock, and Obelix.\n\nIn 1940 DC Comics introduced comics' first teenage sidekick, Robin the Boy Wonder, created to soften the dark tone of the Batman comics and make the Dark Knight more attractive to younger readers. Robin's instant popularity spawned a host of imitations, including such iconic characters as Bucky, Toro, Sandy the Golden Boy, and Speedy. (Stripesy was the exception to the rule: an adult sidekick to a teen hero, the Star-Spangled Kid. Another unusual sidekick pairing was the Blonde Bomber [a.k.a. Honey Blake], a newsreel camerawoman, chemist, and crime-fighter with a male sidekick named Jimmy Slapso.)\n\nThe prevalence of so many adult male superheroes and their teenage \"wards\" caused some observers to look askance at the trend. Psychologist Fredric Wertham decided that the phenomenon was a landmine of hidden and repressed Freudian issues, and that a sidekick's participation in violent encounters alongside his hero masked a sexual subtext. In 1954, Wertham's book Seduction of the Innocent coincided with Congressional hearings on (among other topics) the negative influence of comic books. For a time, superhero comics lost their popularity, and many teenage sidekicks faded into obscurity. (Rick Veitch's graphic novel Brat Pack, and issues of Alan Moore's Top 10, directly address the seamy, exploitative, and potentially pedophilia-related aspects of the adult hero-teen sidekick relationship.)\n\nIn the early 1960s, at the advent of comics' so-called Silver Age, a new round of superhero sidekicks made their debuts, including Rick Jones, Aqualad, Snapper Carr, Kid Flash, and Wonder Girl. Indeed, the original Teen Titans superhero team, appearing in 1964, was composed entirely of sidekicks. (Marvel Comics mostly got around the teen sidekick quandary by creating a selection of super-powered teenagers — heroes in their own right, such as Spider-Man, the second Human Torch, and the X-Men.)\n\nMost of the Golden Age and Silver Age sidekicks have subsequently evolved into mature heroes in their own right or have been killed off; and in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, some new sidekicks have come into being. Certain heroes seem to attract serial sidekicks, notably Batman, Captain America, and The Flash. There have been at least five iterations of Robin; while Captain America has had a diverse array of sidekick successors to Bucky, including the Falcon, Demolition Man, Free Spirit, and Jack Flag.\n\nConversely, the character Rick Jones is virtually a \"sidekick-for-hire,\" having assisted a number of different heroes during his career, starting with the Hulk, moving onto Captain America (when he briefly became the second Bucky), then the first Captain Marvel, Rom Spaceknight, and finally the third Captain Marvel (Genis).\n\nIn television\nTV sidekicks usually play a supporting pivotal role to the star. Examples include Ethel Mertz to Lucy Ricardo (I Love Lucy), Ed Norton to Ralph Kramden (The Honeymooners), Screech Powers to Zack Morris (Saved by the Bell), Major Roger Healey to Major Anthony \"Tony\" Nelson (I Dream of Jeannie), or even a group of people such as the Sweathogs to Mr. Kotter (Welcome Back, Kotter). Duos of equal importance on TV such as Kate McArdle and Allie Lowell (Kate & Allie), Oscar Madison and Felix Unger (The Odd Couple), Bret Maverick and Bart Maverick (Maverick), or Laverne De Fazio and Shirley Feeney (Laverne & Shirley), are sometimes both called sidekicks to each other, although the usual sense of the term denotes inequality.\n\nMany television talk shows make use of a sidekick as a co-host who anchors a show with the main star. Ed McMahon played this role famously to Johnny Carson on the Tonight Show, as did Andy Richter to Conan O'Brien on the Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Tonight Show, and Conan. The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson employed a mechanical robot sidekick named Geoff Peterson (voiced by Josh Robert Thompson).\n\nClarence Gilyard informed viewers on a television commercial for Walker Texas Ranger that he was not Chuck Norris's sidekick, instead humorously saying \"This is Chuck Norris's sidekick\" over footage of Norris kicking a villain.\n\nAnimation\n\nIn animation, some popular examples are Boo-Boo Bear being Yogi Bear's sidekick, Baba Looey being the sidekick of Quick Draw McGraw, and Stimpy being the sidekick of Ren Höek on The Ren and Stimpy Show.\n\nIn the seventh episode of the 1994 animated series The Tick, the heroes take a night to relax at a local superhero nightclub. But when they arrive, Arthur is promptly escorted to the Sidekick Lounge, a small shack behind the club, where he meets several other sidekicks who spend the night lamenting their second-fiddle lot in life.\n\nIn video games\nSome video games have sidekicks who provide assistance to players during their adventures. An early example was Floyd in Planetfall, whom Computer Gaming World in April 1984 described as \"unique\". A potential example of this is found in the case of the Mario Bros., with Luigi serving in a supporting role to his brother Mario. Sonic the Hedgehog is often accompanied by his sidekick Miles \"Tails\" Prower, and his would-be girlfriend Amy Rose also has a hero-sidekick relationship with Cream the Rabbit. Diddy Kong is often seen as the sidekick to Donkey Kong, while Mega Man is aided by his robotic dog Rush. However, video game heroes will occasionally work alone-as in the case of Kid Icarus' Pit-or with a team supporting their efforts-as with Fox McCloud-as opposed to a single sidekick.\n\nSee also\n Confidant\n Henchman\n Foil (literature)\n List of comic book sidekicks\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n\"Sidekicks are second bananas no more,\" Los Angeles Times\n\nPartnerships\nService occupations\nStock characters\nWestern (genre) staples and terminology" ]

[ "Sandman (Wesley Dodds)", "Powers and abilities", "What are his special abilities?", "Dodds has prophetic dreams which come to him as cryptic, ambiguous visions of crimes.", "Is he able to fight the criminals?", "These prove ideal when placed in situations where his gas gun is not readily available.", "What does he do with the gas gun?", "Pressing the trigger on the gun releases a cloud of green dust rendering all within the Sandman's immediate vicinity unconscious.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In the early days of his career, the Sandman drives a black 1938 Plymouth Coupe.", "Did he have a sidekick?", "Sandy the Golden Boy into a Silicon-based life-form." ]

[ "Vest (English: West) is a development region in Romania created in 1998. As with the other development regions, it does not have any administrative powers. Its primary functions are coordinating regional development projects and managing funds from the European Union.\n\nCounties\nThe Vest region is made up of the following counties:\nArad\nCaraș-Severin\nHunedoara\nTimiș\n\nSee also\nDevelopment regions of Romania\nNomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics\n\nReferences\n\nDevelopment regions of Romania", "The București – Ilfov development region () is a development region in Romania, encompassing the national capital, Bucharest, as well as the surrounding Ilfov County. As other development regions, it does not have any administrative powers, its main function being to co-ordinate regional development projects and manage funds from the European Union. It is also used as an entity in regional statistical analysis at the European Union NUTS-II level.\n\nSee also\nDevelopment regions of Romania\nNomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics\n\nReferences\n\nDevelopment regions of Romania" ]

[ "Sandman (Wesley Dodds)", "Powers and abilities", "What are his special abilities?", "Dodds has prophetic dreams which come to him as cryptic, ambiguous visions of crimes.", "Is he able to fight the criminals?", "These prove ideal when placed in situations where his gas gun is not readily available.", "What does he do with the gas gun?", "Pressing the trigger on the gun releases a cloud of green dust rendering all within the Sandman's immediate vicinity unconscious.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In the early days of his career, the Sandman drives a black 1938 Plymouth Coupe.", "Did he have a sidekick?", "Sandy the Golden Boy into a Silicon-based life-form.", "Does he have any other powers?", "Wes is also known to conceal smaller knockout gas capsules in a hollow heel on his shoe." ]

[ "\"What Else Is There?\" is the third single from the Norwegian duo Röyksopp's second album The Understanding. It features the vocals of Karin Dreijer from the Swedish electronica duo The Knife. The album was released in the UK with the help of Astralwerks.\n\nThe single was used in an O2 television advertisement in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia during 2008. It was also used in the 2006 film Cashback and the 2007 film, Meet Bill. Trentemøller's remix of \"What Else is There?\" was featured in an episode of the HBO show Entourage.\n\nThe song was covered by extreme metal band Enslaved as a bonus track for their album E.\n\nThe song was listed as the 375th best song of the 2000s by Pitchfork Media.\n\nOfficial versions\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Album Version) – 5:17\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Radio Edit) – 3:38\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Jacques Lu Cont Radio Mix) – 3:46\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Vocal Version) – 8:03\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Dub Version) – 7:51\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Mix) – 8:25\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Edit) – 4:50\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Remix) (Radio Edit) – 3:06\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Trentemøller Remix) – 7:42\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Vitalic Remix) – 5:14\n\nResponse\nThe single was officially released on 5 December 2005 in the UK. The single had a limited release on 21 November 2005 to promote the upcoming album. On the UK Singles Chart, it peaked at number 32, while on the UK Dance Chart, it reached number one.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video was directed by Martin de Thurah. It features Norwegian model Marianne Schröder who is shown lip-syncing Dreijer's voice. Schröder is depicted as a floating woman traveling across stormy landscapes and within empty houses. Dreijer makes a cameo appearance as a woman wearing an Elizabethan ruff while dining alone at a festive table.\n\nMovie spots\n\nThe song is also featured in the movie Meet Bill as characters played by Jessica Alba and Aaron Eckhart smoke marijuana while listening to it. It is also part of the end credits music of the film Cashback.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2005 singles\nRöyksopp songs\nAstralwerks singles\nSongs written by Svein Berge\nSongs written by Torbjørn Brundtland\n2004 songs\nSongs written by Roger Greenaway\nSongs written by Olof Dreijer\nSongs written by Karin Dreijer", "Gerald Frank Else (July 1, 1908 – 6 September 1982) was a distinguished American classicist. He was professor of Greek and Latin at University of Michigan and University of Iowa. Else is substantially credited with the refinement of Aristotelian scholarship in aesthetics in the 20th century to expand the reading of catharsis alone to include the aesthetic triad of mimesis, hamartia, and catharsis as all essentially linked to each other.\n\nBiography\nElse studied classics and philosophy at Harvard University and finished his PhD there in 1934. He taught at Harvard University until he joined the U.S. Marine Corps as a Captain in 1943. After completing his service, in 1945 he became chair of the University of Iowa Classics Department. He spent 1956 to 1957 at The American Academy in Rome and in September of 1957 went to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, where he remained for the rest of his career. He was chair of that department from 1957 to 1968. During that time he founded the Center for Coordination of Ancient and Modern Studies, seeking to unite the humanities and to show how the study of the ancient world is relevant to modern literature and modern concerns.\n\nAccomplishments\nElse's magnum opus is titled, Aristotle's Poetics: The Argument. It is a meticulous, comprehensive reading of Aristotle's treatise that was published in 1957. Widely regarded in its time as a central work of literary theory, Else's other important contribution is The Origin and Early Form of Greek Tragedy, which was published in 1965. In this work he argued against the view of tragedy as having arisen from religious ritual. Else wrote several other works on Greek literature and philosophy.\n\nUp to Else's time, Aristotle's concept of catharsis was almost exclusively associated with the reading of Jakob Bernays who defined it as the \"therapeutic purgation of pity and fear.\" In a convincing manner, Else refined this definition to understanding literary catharsis as, \"that moment of insight which arises out of the audience's climactic intellectual, emotional, and spiritual enlightenment, which for Aristotle is both the essential pleasure and essential goal of mimetic art.\" For Else, catharsis is an Aristotelian concept which must be read alongside the literary concepts of mimesis and hamartia as well. These latter two concepts are usually paraphrased as \"literary representation\" and \"intellectual error\" in Else's appraisal of Aristotle's literary aesthetic theory.\n\nElse was a member of the National Council for the Humanities, appointed by President Lyndon Johnson, and was President of the American Philological Association in 1964. Else retired in 1977 and died in 1982. A Festschrift in his honor (Ancient and Modern: Essays in Honor of Gerald F. Else, ed. J. D'Arms and J. W. Eadie) was published in 1977. A volume of collected essays written by Else was edited by Peter Burian, an editor at the University of North Carolina Press, in 1987 fourteen of Else's essays titled Plato and Aristotle on Poetry. The volume is notable for the inclusion of the biography on Else by Burian included in the prefatory section of the book., pp xi-xvi. Gerald Else is commemorated at Michigan by an annual lecture in the humanities.\n\nBooks\n Aristotle's Poetics: the argument. 1957\n Origin and early form of Greek tragedy. 1965\n Ancient and modern : essays in honor of Gerald F. Else. edited by John H. D'Arms, John W. Eadie. 1977\n Plato and Aristotle on poetry. Edited with introduction and notes by Peter Burian. 1986\n Aristotle Poetics. translated with an introd. and notes by Gerald F. Else.\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Picture of Gerald Else\n\nReferences\n\n1908 births\n1982 deaths\nWriters from Lincoln, Nebraska\nHarvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni\nUniversity of Iowa faculty\nUniversity of Michigan faculty\nPeople from Redfield, South Dakota" ]

[ "Sandman (Wesley Dodds)", "Powers and abilities", "What are his special abilities?", "Dodds has prophetic dreams which come to him as cryptic, ambiguous visions of crimes.", "Is he able to fight the criminals?", "These prove ideal when placed in situations where his gas gun is not readily available.", "What does he do with the gas gun?", "Pressing the trigger on the gun releases a cloud of green dust rendering all within the Sandman's immediate vicinity unconscious.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In the early days of his career, the Sandman drives a black 1938 Plymouth Coupe.", "Did he have a sidekick?", "Sandy the Golden Boy into a Silicon-based life-form.", "Does he have any other powers?", "Wes is also known to conceal smaller knockout gas capsules in a hollow heel on his shoe.", "What else is he notable for?", "He also makes use of a specially designed \"wirepoon\" gun, which fires a length of thin, steel cable." ]

[ "Axel Geller (born 1 April 1999) is an Argentine tennis player.\n\nGeller has a career high ATP singles ranking of 539 achieved on 5 August 2019. He was ranked number 1 on the ITF Juniors Ranking in 2017. He currently attends Stanford University and plays on its men's tennis team.\n\nGeller won the 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' Doubles title. He also Reached the 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' Singles and the 2017 US Open – Boys' Singles finals but lost in both. These results helped propel him to achieve the No. 1 junior ranking.\n\nATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals\n\nSingles: 3 (3–0)\n\nDoubles: 3 (3–0)\n\nJunior Grand Slam finals\n\nSingles: 2 (2 finals)\n\nDoubles: 1 (1 title)\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n\nPlaying Style\nGeller in considered an aggressive baseline player. He possess a very powerful flat serve, and also has great shots on both wings. He often uses his serve to set up points or to get to the net. Geller also has a very flat backhand and forehand, both which he uses to dictate points and the tempo.\n\nGeller though does have some weaknesses. Because of his large frame Geller does struggle with his movement a bit. Those weaknesses are often overcome though because of the shots he has on both wings.\n\n1999 births\nLiving people\nStanford Cardinal men's tennis players\nArgentine male tennis players\nTennis players from Buenos Aires\nWimbledon junior champions\nGrand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles", "\"Strengths and weaknesses of evolution\" is a controversial phrase that has been proposed for (and in Texas introduced into) public school science curricula. Those proposing the phrase, such as the chairman of the Texas State Board of Education (SBOE), Don McLeroy, purport that there are weaknesses in the theory of evolution and in the evidence that life has evolved that should be taught for a balanced treatment of the subject of evolution. The scientific community rejects that any substantive weaknesses exist in the scientific theory, or in the data that it explains, and views the examples that have been given in support of the phrasing as being without merit and long refuted.\n\nThis has led scientists and journalists to conclude that the phrase is a creationist tactic to introduce religion into science courses. The phrase was introduced by the SBOE in the late 1980s. Since then it has been promoted in California and Missouri. In late 2008, it became a highly publicized issue as the Texas SBOE held public hearings on whether this language should be removed from the curriculum. According to the National Center for Science Education, the phrase, like 'Teach the controversy' and 'Critical Analysis of Evolution', is an attempt in a series of legal and political tactics adopted by intelligent design advocates to encourage educators to teach fallacious information — that a controversy exists among scientists over whether evolution has occurred.\n\nHistory\n\nTexas SBOE\nThe \"strengths and weaknesses\" language was included in the curriculum standards in Texas to appease creationists when the SBOE first mandated the teaching of evolution in the late 1980s.\n\nIn 2003, the \"strengths and weaknesses\" language in the standards was employed by members of the board in an unsuccessful attempt to dilute the treatment of evolution in the biology textbooks they were considering.\n\nIn September 2008 the 21st Century Science Coalition released a petition to remove the phrase \"strengths and weaknesses\" from the public school guidelines for science classrooms in Texas. As of November 2008, 588 scientists at Texas universities and 777 other scientists across the state have signed the petition.\n\nIn the summer of 2008/2009 the Texas SBOE is determining the curriculum for the next decade, including deciding whether the \"strengths and weaknesses\" of evolution should be taught. While this language was described by The New York Times as a \"benign-sounding phrase\", they mention that critics state that it is a new strategy to undermine the teaching of evolution, and for students to hear religious objections under the heading of scientific discourse. The then SBOE Chairman, Don McLeroy, a Young Earth creationist dentist from Central Texas, denied that the language \"is subterfuge for bringing in creationism.\" McLeroy views the debate as being between \"two systems of science\" — \"a creationist system and a naturalist system\". These views have alarmed Texas educators, including former chairman of the department of medicine at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Dan Foster, who stated that \"[s]erious students will not come to study in our universities if Texas is labeled scientifically backward\".\n\nIn December 2008, the San Antonio Express-News stated in an editorial that the Texas SBOE has a \"long history of trying to water down the science curriculum with criticisms of evolution that lack scientific credibility.\"\n\nIn January 2009, the Texas SBOE voted to remove the 'Strengths and Weaknesses\" language, but its conservative faction, led by Don McLeroy, managed to pass several amendments to the science curriculum that opponents describe as opening the door to teaching objections to evolution that might lead students to reject it. These included one amendment that compels science teachers to teach about aspects of the fossil record that do not neatly fit with gradualism, but rather show the relatively sudden appearance of some species while others seem to remain unchanged for millions of years. Prominent University of Texas biology professor David Hillis described the amendments as \"mak[ing] no sense to me ... It's a clear indication that the chairman of the state school board doesn’t understand the science.\" Board member Ken Mercer of San Antonio, who voted to keep \"strengths and weaknesses\" described his support for the language in explicitly religious terms: \"It's an issue of freedom of religion.\" This view was contradicted by fellow social conservative board member Barbara Cargill, who stated \"[t]his isn’t about religion.\"\n\nOn March 13, 2009 a bill (HB 4224) was introduced in the Texas House of Representatives that would require the Texas SBOE to restore the \"strengths and weaknesses\" language in the state science standards.\n\nCalifornia\nIn 2003 and 2004, creationist lawyer Larry Caldwell sought to persuade the Roseville Joint Union High School District Board of Trustees to adopt a policy which included teaching \"the scientific strengths and weaknesses\" of evolution. When this was rejected, he filed a complaint in federal court against the district, alleging that his civil rights were violated during the controversy, resulting in a summary judgment against him in September 2007.\n\nDiscovery Institute\nIn February 2008 the Discovery Institute created an Academic Freedom petition that stated \"Teachers should be protected from being fired, harassed, intimidated, or discriminated against for objectively presenting the scientific strengths and weaknesses of Darwinian theory.\"\n\nMissouri\n\nIn February 2009, House Bill 656, introduced in the Missouri House of Representatives, proposed that \"teachers shall be permitted to help students understand, analyze, critique, and review in an objective manner the scientific strengths and scientific weaknesses of theories of biological and chemical evolution.\" This bill died when the Missouri legislative session ended on May 15, 2009.\n\nTennessee\nOn February 9, 2011, Tennessee House of Representatives member Bill Dunn introduced House Bill 368, which states that \"teachers shall be permitted to help students understand, analyze, critique, and review in an objective manner the scientific strengths and scientific weaknesses of existing scientific theories covered in the course being taught.\" On February 16, 2011, Tennessee State Senator Bo Watson introduced an identical bill, Senate Bill 893. The House Bill was passed by the House Education Committee on March 29, 2011, and referred to the House Calendar and Rules Committee. Alan I. Leshner, the Chief Executive Officer of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Executive Publisher of the journal Science, wrote to the House of Representatives opposing the Bill, stating \"There is virtually no scientific controversy among the overwhelming majority of researchers on the core facts of global warming and evolution. Asserting that there are significant scientific controversies about the overall nature of these concepts when there are none will only confuse students, not enlighten them.\"\n\nEducational and scientific value\n\nWhile anti-evolution members of the Texas SBOE have claimed their \"weaknesses\" campaign has nothing to do with faith, that \"We're not putting religion in books\", scientists have rebutted that these weaknesses are simply falsehoods. Scientists testified at the state board hearing in November 2008 that evolution is a scientific theory, not a hypothesis and thus does not have weaknesses.\n\nSome scientists, including Andrew Ellington, professor of biochemistry at the University of Texas, and Robert Dennison, Houston Independent School District's AP science lead teacher, are concerned that the mention of \"weaknesses\" in the curriculum standards has had a chilling effect on science teachers.\n\nIn a survey commissioned by the Texas Freedom Network, \"94% of Texas scientists indicated that claimed \"weaknesses\" are not valid scientific objections to evolution (with 87% saying that they “strongly disagree” that such weaknesses should be considered valid).\"\n\nSpecific weaknesses and their scientific rebuttals\n\nSupporters of the 'strengths and weaknesses of evolution' language have proposed the following as weaknesses of evolution, and the scientific community has responded with the following rebuttals:\n\nSee also\n Academic Freedom bills\n Christine Comer\n Creation–evolution controversy\n Critical Analysis of Evolution\n Free Speech on Evolution\n Intelligent design in politics\n Neo-creationism\n Stand up for science\n Teach the controversy\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nIndex to Creationist Claims at TalkOrigins Archive\nSpontaneous Generation and the Origin of Life by John S. Wilkins\nArchived Audio Files of Texas SBOE meetings\nTranscript (and link to audio file) of a lecture given by Texas SBOE Chairman Don McLeroy on Evolution and Creationism\n\nIntelligent design movement\nReligion and politics\nIntelligent design controversies\nDiscovery Institute campaigns\nDenialism" ]

[ "Supergirl (Kara Zor-El)", "Bronze Age" ]

[ "The Bronze Medallion is the second step towards the lifeguarding certification in Canada. The award is part of the Lifesaving Society's Bronze series of awards. It teaches an understanding of the lifesaving principles embodied in the four components of water rescue education: judgment, knowledge, skill, and fitness. It is the prerequisite for Bronze Cross; Standard First Aid with CPR-C and 16 years of age are the prerequisites for National Lifeguard Service. The Bronze Medallion endurance swim requirement is in 12 minutes using any combination of strokes.\n\nHistory \nLifesaving Society's Bronze Medallion program began in 1896 as Canada's first lifesaving certification program.\n\nPrerequisites \nThe Lifesaving Society requires Bronze Medallion candidates meet the following prerequisites (award may be expired):\n 13 years of age, OR\n Bronze Star\n\nReferences\n\nCanadian awards\nLifesaving", "The Little Thetford flesh-hook is a late Bronze-Age (1150950 BC) artefact discovered in 1929 in Little Thetford, near Ely, Cambridgeshire, England. A flesh-hook is a metal hook with a long handle used to pull meat out of a pot or hides out of tan-pits. This particular find is one of 32 other such archaeologically significant finds, scatters, and excavations within of Little Thetford.\n\nDiscovery \nThe artefact was found by a Mr. Dresser, whilst digging a ditch on reclaimed fenland, at Little Thetford in 1929. Discovered about down, it consisted of two-parts, connected by the remains of a wooden shaft. The wood remains have not survived; a contemporary wooden shaft has been added by the British Museum for display purposes. The artefact is in the British Museum though is not, as of 2012, on display. Within of Little Thetford, there have been 33 finds of various kinds over the years, such as flints from the Neolithic era through to a windmill of the late Medieval period.\n\nUses \nThe word flesh-hook is relatively modern. The OED gives the origin of the word as 1325 AD, and defines it as a metal hook with a long stail, used to pull hides out of tan-pits or as a hook for pulling meat from the pot. It may also have been used as a tool to prod animals. The use of this flesh-hook in the Bronze Age can only be speculated.\n\nConstruction \nThe metal used in the construction is a bronze alloy, found to be typical of the late Bronze Age. The material was analysed using ICPAES and contained (approximately) 85% copper, 10% tin, 3% lead, and 2% impurities; although the constituents of the individual parts varied around these figures. From an analysis of 36 other Bronze-Age flesh-hooks known to be in existence, the assembled length of hook-part, butt-end, and missing wood part is speculated to be .\n\nThe artefact was manufactured by casting, using a mould in a lost-wax (cire perdue) process.\n\nDating \n\nThe British Museum dates the artefact within the Bronze Age 1150950 BC. The Cambridgeshire Historic Environment Record database dates the artefact as late Bronze Age 1000–701 BC.\n\nSee also \n Dunaverney flesh-hook\n Lost wax casting\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Introduction to Bronze age\n Lost wax casting explained\n\nArchaeological artifacts\nBronze Age England\n\nPrehistoric objects in the British Museum\nBronzeware\nHistory of Cambridgeshire\nBronze Age Europe" ]

[ "Supergirl (Kara Zor-El)", "Bronze Age", "whaat is the bronze age", "After long-time Superman family editor Mort Weisinger retired in 1971," ]

[ "Stanley Frank \"Stan\" Vickers (18 June 1932 – 17 April 2013) was a Lewisham-born British athlete who mainly competed in the 20 kilometre walk.\n\nHe competed for Great Britain in the 20 kilometre walk at the 1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome, Italy, where he won the bronze medal.\n\nAfter the race, he sat down to rest and was carried off by an ambulance crew that thought he was sick. The crew did not speak English. Several hours passed before officials discovered what had happened.\n\nHe died on 19 April 2013 at the age of 80.\n\nReferences\n\n1932 births\n2013 deaths\nBritish male racewalkers\nEnglish male racewalkers\nOlympic bronze medallists for Great Britain\nAthletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics\nAthletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics\nOlympic athletes of Great Britain\nEuropean Athletics Championships medalists\nPeople from Lewisham\nAthletes from London\nMedalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics\nOlympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)\nEnglish Olympic medallists", "Various outdated theories have postulated waves of migration during the Middle Bronze Age in the ancient Near East. Drews and Dietrich connect these alleged \"mass migrations\" with the coming of the Greeks, moving from former settlements into the southern and central Balkans, displacing the former pre-Greek inhabitants of Greece. Mellaart makes reference to a supposed migration of the Hittites to their earliest known home in Kültepe during the same period.\n\nWhile the turmoils of the Bronze Age collapse that separate the Late Bronze Age from the Early Iron Age are well documented, theories of migration during the Middle Bronze Age (20th century BCE) have little direct support.\n\nTheories\nVarious outdated theories have postulated waves of migration during the Middle Bronze Age in the Ancient Near East.\n\nMellaart (1958)\nAccording to Mellaart, in The End of the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia and the Aegean (1958), for reasons unknown, the Hittites moved into central Asia Minor, conquering the Hattians and later adopting their culture and name. This invasion by the Hittites displaced other peoples living in Anatolia, who in turn displaced the Middle Helladic Greek-speaking peoples to the west. This in turn caused an exodus from Northwestern Anatolia and created a wave of refugees who invaded what is now southern Greece and destroyed the Early Helladic civilization. Yet, more recent theories and evidence suggest that a Proto-Indo-Hittite language dates back to the fourth millennium BCE, prior to the Bronze Age.\n\nAccording to Mellaart, archaeological evidence shows that the cities of Erzerum, Sivas, Pulur Huyuk near Baiburt, Kultepe near Hafik, and Maltepe near Sivas were destroyed during the Middle Bronze Age. The great trading city of Kanesh (Level II) was also destroyed. From there in the hill country between Halys the destruction layers from this time tell the same story. Karaoglan, Bitik, Polatli and Gordion were burnt, as well as Etiyokusu and Cerkes. Further west near the Dardanelles the two large mounds of Korpruoren and Tavsanli, west of Kutahya, show the same signs of being destroyed.\n\nThe destruction even crossed into Europe in what is now Bulgaria. The migration brought an end to Bulgaria's Early Bronze Age, with archaeological evidence showing that the Yunacite, Salcutza, and Esero centers had a sudden mass desertion during this time.\n\nFrom the Dardanelles, the refugee invaders moved into mainland Greece, and the Peloponnese saw burnt and abandoned cities on par with the much later Dorian invasion which destroyed the Mycenaean civilization. At this time, 1900 BC, destruction layers can be found at southern Greek sites like Orchomenos, , Hagios Kosmas, Raphina, Apesokari, Korakou, Zygouries, Tiryns, Asine, Malthi and Asea. Many other sites are deserted, e.g. Yiriza, Synoro, Ayios Gerasimos, Kophovouni, Makrovouni, Palaiopyrgos, etc. This destruction across Greece also coincided with the arrival of a new culture that had no connection with the Early Helladic civilization, who were the original inhabitants. Northern Greece escaped destruction, as well as southern Anatolia, which during this time showed no disturbances.\n\nMinyan ware\n\nGray Minyan ware was first identified as the pottery introduced by this mass movement of new populations into southern Greece around 1900 BC. However, this theory was disproved in the 1950s when excavations at Lerna showed that Minyan ware had a predecessor in the preceding Early Helladic III Tiryns culture. The advent of Minyan ware coincides with domestic processes reflective of the smooth transition from Early to Middle Bronze Age culture.\n\nGenetic research\n\nLazaridis et al. (2017) researched the genetical origins of the Greeks. They found that the ancient Mycenaean and Minoan populations were highly similar, but not identical, and that \"the Minoans and Mycenaeans descended mainly from early Neolithic farmers, likely migrating thousands of years prior to the Bronze Age from Anatolia, in what is today modern Turkey.\" According to Lazaridis, \"Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from further east after the time of the earliest farmers.\" Lazaridis et al. (2017) further state that \"the Mycenaeans differed from Minoans in deriving additional ancestry from an ultimate source related to the hunter–gatherers of Eastern Europe and Siberia, introduced via a proximal source related to the inhabitants of either the Eurasian steppe or Armenia.\"\n\nSee also\n Bronze Age Greece\n Bronze Age Anatolia\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nPrinted sources\n\n \n\n \n \n\n \n\n \n\n .\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\nWeb-sources\n\n2nd millennium BC\nBronze Age Anatolia\nHuman migration\nIndo-European history\nHelladic civilization\nCycladic civilization\nMinoan civilization" ]