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Transgenic plants will eventually be adopted as manufacturing vehicles for biopharmaceutical products. The timing is dictated by the need to overcome several hurdles. The promise of PMPs, like most new technologies, precedes the practical reality.
The two common arguments in favor of PMPs are reduction in manufactured costs and lack of human-infectious viral contaminants. Novel mammalian-cell expression systems and improved processes are pushing cell-culture productivity into the gram per liter range on a consistent basis. A ten-fold increase in expression level effectively turns a 1,000 L bioreactor into a 10,000 L bioreactor.Freedom from viral contaminants is a potentially powerful advantage. However, for PMPs to be accepted by the market, industry needs to focus on the hurdles and not the advantages.
The first and foremost hurdle, at least among experienced biomanufacturers, is the regulatory unknown (also known as the fear of "being first"). There are draft FDA/USDA and EMEA documents focused on PMPs, and dozens of products in development. The major achievement for transgenic systems, whether animal or plant, that paves the regulatory pathway for all will be approval of the first product. This could happen as early as March 2005, with EMEA approval of GTC Biotherapeutics' ATryn, a recombinant human thrombin expressed in the milk of goats.
Secondly, it is not clear that total manufacturing costs will be reduced multi-fold, as often claimed. Capital requirements for the upstream part of a kilogram-level biomanufacturing facility will be reduced from the $100+ million range to perhaps the $10+ million range. A significant portion of the manufacturing costs, though, ranging from 30-60% depending upon the product, resides in downstream purification — a part of the biomanufacturing process not likely to be greatly influenced by the type of feed stream.
Thirdly, and perhaps most importantly, there are issues regarding the public's (and industry's) perception of growing transgenic plants in open, unconfined spaces. Concern with the likelihood for gene flow among transgenic plants and their non-transgenic neighbors, along with the potential for transgenic "contaminants" appearing in the food chain, have led to strict recommendations from the USDA on buffer zones between transgenic and neighboring crops and, in some instances, moving them to locations far removed from traditional growing areas. Perhaps elimination of the gene flow issue will only be achieved by isolation in totally confined spaces such as greenhouses or underground mines. Mines, if comparable in capital and operational costs to greenhouses, might offer the best bet, since this involves a completely controlled environment — free of environmental pests and weather and seasonal issues — that can actually increase the annual amount of biomass generated per acre.
Turning the issues into advantages will really drive adoption of PMPs into the mainstream of biomanufacturing. Someone will be "first" with a regulatory approval. Underground growth chambers will achieve economic parity.
One remarkable potential advantage remains to be fully exploited; namely, the ability to genetically manipulate plants to perform post-translational modifications and, so, to control important structures such as glycans. Already, offending sugar residues (xylose and fucose) can be removed in planta. Terminal galactose residues on glycans, typical of Mabs (not natively produced in plants) have been engineered into a variety of plant species. The ability to produce a protein with structures that more closely mimic the human molecule or, perhaps, improve upon the human molecule, will be what ultimately gives PMPs their place in the biomanufacturing sun.
Brandon J. Price, Ph.D. is vice president, Biotechnology Services at Cardinal Health, P.O. Box 13341, Research Triangle Park, NC, 919.465.8149, Fax: 919.481.4908. [email protected] | <urn:uuid:5177ab55-62f0-4d04-b8bd-cc7be9ba1681> | {
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What is the first thing that comes to your mind when you hear "dolphin"? Would you say Flipper? Or maybe you'd go with SeaWorld? These are about the closest interactions most of us have had to these amazing marine mammals. But they are so much more than trick performing and problem solving beauties. With over 43 species of dolphins living in all parts of the world these creatures are full of surprises. Check out this list of the most fun dolphin facts and learn why these animals are kings and queens of the ocean.
This list of the most random dolphin facts will make you want to play with these sea creatures immediately. They are extremely smart and excellent communicators. Their list of unique traits goes on and on, no surprise as they're one of the smartest and most agile mammals in the world.
Did you know they communicate with clicks and even give themselves names? They also have 100 teeth and two stomachs, but swallow all their food whole. In addition, these animals are very similar to humans. Did you know that they even cry and can differentiate between sweet and sour? This is only the beginning in the long list of interesting dolphin facts.Take a look at all the dolphin information below and vote up the most awesome and cool dolphin facts. And remember: be careful of the blowhole! It can shoot air at 100 miles per hour.
Dolphins Are Born with Hair
Dolphins are born with a patch of hair on the top of their rostrum (that's the mouth). This hair is what designates them as mammals, even though it falls out within two weeks of birth.Source: Dolphin Research Center
Dolphins Give Birth Differently Than Other Mammals
Dolphins are actually the only mammal that gives birth tail first. All others birth the head of their little bundle of joy first.Source: Dolphins World
Dolphins Have Midwifes During Labor
During birth, another female dolphin in the pod will assist the mother. They have been seen going as far as helping to pull the baby out.Source: Random History
Dolphins Have Unique Dorsal Fins
All dolphins have dorsal fins, but each has a unique and individual one, kind of like a human fingerprint.Source: Dolphins World | <urn:uuid:9dde4238-920e-4152-aff5-a160c93724b7> | {
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Vioxx is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Vioxx is also called rofecoxib, and it is manufactured and developed by Merck, and is used to treat a few different painful medical conditions such as:
- Menstrual Pain
- Acute Joint Pain
The FDA approved Vioxx in 1999 as a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory. Vioxx reduces pain and inflammation by inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme within the body that causes swelling and inflammation.
At first, Vioxx was a preferred choice over other NSAIDs because it didn’t cause gastro intestinal side effects. Unfortunately, as Vioxx use began spreading, it was found that it caused other more serious side effects, including:
- Heart Attack
- Sudden Cardiac Death
- Abdominal Pain
- Blood in Vomit
- Flu-like Symptoms
- Yellowing of Skin or Eyes
Vioxx is a dangerous drug, and after an increasing number of reports showing that consumers were suffering from the above side effects, Merck pulled Vioxx off the shelves in 2004. | <urn:uuid:a23c3092-a3e8-4039-8943-f90b40284958> | {
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Clostridium difficile is one of the most common pathogens that cause pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalized patients, and C difficile–associated disease (CDAD) is one of the most common nosocomial infections. The bacterium secretes a large amount of toxins A and B, which cause inflammation of the colonic mucosa. The inflammation results in severe watery diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and leukocytosis. Vancomycin was the first drug FDA approved for CDAD, but its cost and the threat of selective bacterial resistance limit its use.1-5 In May 2011, Fidaxomicin was approved for the treatment of C difficile in adults.6 Since there is limited experience with its use, the drug will not be discussed in this article. Metronidazole has been a first-line treatment following the early studies showing a result comparable to that of vancomycin7,8; however, recent studies have shown an increased relapse in patients treated with metronidazole and vancomycin.1,9
The purpose of this article is to review the literature for approaches to manage recurrent CDAD (RCDAD) and to examine the management efforts of this infection at UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. A new strategy will be implemented based on this evaluation to improve the current treatment methods at this institution.
Evaluation of Practice Guidelines
Treatment guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, the CDC, and the American Gastroenterology Association have suggested metronidazole as the first-line agent, followed by oral vancomycin.4,10,11 Reports from Pepin et al (2005), Aslam et al (2005), McMaster-Baxter et al (2007), and Kuijper et al (2008) suggested that the recurrent rates of CDAD treated with metronidazole and vancomycin were 29% and 28%, respectively.2,9,12,13
Signs, symptoms, and diagnostic methods for RCDAD are shown in FIGURE 1,14-16 with its complications reviewed in FIGURE 2.17-19
Evaluation of Strategies to Improve the Treatment of RCDAD
Many studies have been conducted regarding the treatment of RCDAD. Although there have been no controlled studies using probiotics for the primary prevention of CDAD, there have been trials that have used Saccharomyces boulardii in patients with RCDAD.20,21 The hypothesis was that the residual C difficile spores grew after the antibiotic treatment was completed, causing RCDAD. S boulardii produced protease that inactivated C difficile toxin receptors in the lumen cells so that the newly grown C difficile toxin could not bind to these receptors to cause pseudomembranous colitis. The following section and TABLE 1 review this research in detail.3,20-26
McFarland et al (1994) conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial in a group of 124 patients with CDAD.20 About half of the subjects (n = 60) had experienced at least one recurrent C difficile infection prior to the study. Patients were treated with standard doses of metronidazole or vancomycin. After 4 days of continuous antibiotic treatment, patients were randomized to the probiotic S boulardii 500 mg twice daily or to placebo, then followed for 4 weeks. The study suggested that S boulardii might benefit patients with RCDAD.20
Surawicz et al (2000) conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for the treatment of RCDAD by using high-dose vancomycin combined with S boulardii.21 The inclusion criteria consisted of patients aged 18 to 100 years with diarrhea who tested positive for C difficile by either positivity for toxin A/B or positive culture. In addition, patients must have had at least one RCDAD within 1 year. All patients were stratified by their history of exposure, tolerance, and severity of RCDAD to receive oral vancomycin either 2 g/day or 500 mg/day, or metronidazole 1 g/day for 10 days. All patients were randomized to S boulardii 1 g/day or placebo on day 7 of the 10-day course of antibiotic, and continued on it until day 28. Patients were required to keep a standardized daily diary to record bowel characteristics. This study suggested that short-course, high-dose vancomycin combined with S boulardii reduced the recurrence of RCDAD.21
McFarland et al (2002) investigated vancomycin taper and vancomycin pulsing methods to manage RCDAD.22 The inclusion criteria consisted of patients who had been treated for C difficile with standard antibiotic vancomycin or metronidazole. Patients ranged from 18 to 100 years, with positive C difficile assay by the presence of A/B toxins or positive culture. Additionally, they also had one or more episodes of RCDAD within 1 year. Patients were excluded if they were immunosuppressed, had negative C difficile assays, were on antifungal drugs, or were pregnant. Patients were observed for 2 months after they finished the standard treatments with metronidazole or vancomycin. If infection recurred, they were retreated with the same regimen for 10 to 16 days or with a tapered regimen to doses of 125 to 750 mg/day for 10 to 14 days, or were pulsed with vancomycin 125 to 500 mg every 2 to 3 days for 3 weeks. The vancomycin pulsed regimen resulted in 14.3% recurrence (P = .02). With tapering, the best response was seen with tapering doses from 500 mg to 1 g/day down to 125 mg/day over 19 to 25 days (P = .01). In the metronidazole group, there was no significant difference in the rate of recurrence in any regimen given. The authors suggested that pulsing and/or tapering vancomycin provided an effective strategy.22
Besides metronidazole and vancomycin, rifaximin and nitazoxanide have been studied in patients who developed RCDAD. In an observational study, Johnson et al (2007) used sequential therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin to treat RCDAD.23 Rifaximin treatment was initiated when patients had completed the standard drug treatments, but before they had any recurrence symptoms. The treatment population included a total of 8 women, age ranging from 43 to 88 years. All patients had experienced at least four RCDAD episodes and had been treated with multiple approaches. Patients were administered rifaximin 400 to 800 mg per day in 2 to 3 divided doses for 2 weeks. Patients responded to the treatment, although resistance emerged.23
Musher et al (2007) conducted an open-label study of nitazoxanide in patients who developed RCDAD after treatment with metronidazole.3 This trial was based on a hypothesis that nitazoxanide was at least as effective as metronidazole and might be used as an alternate treatment when metronidazole failed.24 A total of 35 patients with average an age of 67.5 years who had failed conventional treatment with metronidazole were enrolled in this study. The dosage was 500 mg oral twice daily for 10 days. The study concluded that nitazoxanide seemed to be effective in patients who failed metronidazole.3
A head-to-head study by Musher et al (2009) compared the efficacy of nitazoxanide to vancomycin in the primary treatment of CDAD.25 In this randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, 50 patients were randomized to the nitazoxanide or the vancomycin group. Patients received either oral nitazoxanide 500 mg q12h or vancomycin 125 mg q6h for 10 days. The authors suggested the noninferiority of nitazoxanide to vancomycin, which requires further investigation.25
There are a limited number of studies examining the role of IV immune globulin (IVIG) in RCDAD. Wilcox (2004) reported 5 patients, aged 66 to 97 years, with protracted and/or RCDAD and significant morbidity.26 IVIG was administered at 300 to 500 mg/kg. The case report suggested that an immediate response to IVIG should not be expected. Further study is needed to assess the benefit of IVIG in the elderly population, whose response to RCDAD is partly attributable to their immune status.
The American Gastroenterology Association recommends discontinuance of the offending antibiotic and administration of supportive treatment for 2 to 3 days.2,4,12 In practice, the patient may be unpredictably clear of C difficile spontaneously, and sometimes it is impossible to discontinue the drug. More important, discontinuation of the antibiotic does not improve the symptoms.
As a standard of care at UT Southwestern Medical Center, a patient with mild-to-moderate symptoms is tested for C difficile toxins with immunoassay (TABLE 2).27-30 A thorough medical history and physical examination, including stool quality and frequency, abdominal tenderness, rigidity, bowel sounds, location of pain, fever, unexplained leukocytosis, and elevated serum creatinine (CrSr), are necessary to make a diagnosis. Other manifestations include protein-losing syndromes, such as ascites, peripheral edema, and low albumin. First-line treatment usually starts with oral metronidazole 500 mg 3 times a day for 10 days for mild-to-moderate cases. In patients with more severe symptoms, oral vancomycin 125 mg 4 times a day for 10 to 14 days is indicated. For severe, complicated C difficile infection, the therapeutic options are vancomycin 500 mg via oral, nasogastric tube, or rectal enema administration 4 times a day and/or metronidazole 500 mg to 750 mg every 8 hours.31 Fluid and electrolytes are assessed and corrected, if necessary.
Many times issues arise regarding the assessment of severity of C difficile infection. The diagnosis of “mild, moderate, or severe” is varied among the treating physicians. Since the treatment is different based on the severity, a definition of severity must be established. A mild-to-moderate case is characterized by symptoms of 2 to 3 loose or watery stools per day, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. A severe case includes diarrhea up to 10 to 15 times a day accompanied by fever with temperature ³37.6°C, leukocytosis ³15,000, and CrSr ³1.5 times baseline. A severe, complicated case presents with a need for intensive care unit (ICU), colectomy, toxic megacolon, ileus, hypotension, or colonic perforation.
The decision to discontinue C difficile treatment is also varied among physicians. The rationale differs in terms of improvement of symptoms, stool assay result, and length of treatment. Treatment is stopped if the patient responds with resolution of diarrhea to £2 watery or loose stools a day or hard or formed stools for 2 consecutive days, no abdominal pain and tenderness, and fever and leukocytosis resolved.
Treatment failure is suspected if patients have persistent fevers, diarrhea ³3 episodes of loose to watery stools per day, abdominal pain, unresolved leukocytosis, and positive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for C difficile toxins after ³14 days of treatment. Failure may also include an initial response to metronidazole ³1.5 g/day and/or vancomycin oral 500 mg/day, but relapse on at least two occasions after initial response to such treatment within 2 months. A repeat course of the previous antibiotic and dosage for C difficile is often given. The antibiotic is tapered over 2 to 3 days, then pulsed at the same dosage for 2 to 3 weeks. Treatment strategies with pulse vancomycin and S boulardii have shown benefit in patients with RCDAD and may be considered. Sequential treatment with vancomycin and rifaximin can be considered as an alternate therapy for recurrent cases.23 Nitazoxanide can be used as an alternate to metronidazole.3,24,25 Even with some success, IVIG therapy is still largely investigational. Further studies are needed to assess its role in treating RCDAD.28,32,33
The option to give probiotics to an immunocompromised patient is often overlooked. Bacteremia has occurred in this patient population when probiotics were given.34-37 A low request for gastroenterology consultation indicates the emphasis on clinical diagnosis. Endoscopy provides a definitive diagnosis of CDAD and should be encouraged.15,16 Diagnosis of CDAD in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can be difficult because of the similarity of presenting symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and low-grade fever. A misdiagnosis in the patient with IBD can lead to inappropriate use of glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants. Endoscopy does not provide useful evidence because patients with IBD do not develop pseudomembrane formation. The diagnosis of CDAD in this patient population should be based on the laboratory results (TABLE 2).27-30 Repeating stool toxin assays should be discouraged. Up to 50% of patients continue to have positive stool assays for as long as 6 weeks after treatment.38
A better understanding of C difficile’s mode of transmission helps the development of new treatment strategies for RCDAD. Literature reviews have shown promising results with vancomycin and S boulardii, vancomycin and rifaximin, and tapered and pulsed vancomycin. Alternative therapy with nitazoxanide has also achieved some initial success. The current practice of treating C difficile infection at UT Southwestern Medical Center was reviewed, and practice implementations were made to improve patient outcomes.
1. Musher DM, Aslam S, Logan N, et al. Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1586-1590.
2. Aslam S, Hamill RJ, Musher DM. Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: old therapies and new strategies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:549-557.
3. Musher DM, Logan N, Mehendiratta V, et al. Clostridium difficile colitis that fails conventional metronidazole therapy: response to nitazoxanide. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59:705-710.
4. Fekety R. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:739-750.
5. Bartlett JG. New drugs for Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:428-431.
6. Fidaxomicin approved for C. difficile infections. Pharmacy news. American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists. May 31, 2011.
id=3549. Accessed November 11, 2011.
7. Teasley DG, Gerding DN, Olson MM, et al. Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium-difficile-
associated diarrhea and colitis. Lancet. 1993;2:1043-1046.
8. Olson MM, Shanholtzer CJ, Lee JT Jr, Gerding DM. Ten years of prospective Clostridium difficile-associated disease surveillance and treatment at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center, 1982-1991. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1994;15:371-381.
9. Pepin J, Alary ME, Valiquette L, et al. Increasing risk of relapse after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in Quebec, Canada. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1591-1597.
10. Gerding DN, Muto CA, Owens RC Jr. Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infec Dis. 2008;46(suppl 1):S32-S42.
11. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:431-455.
12. McMaster-Baxter NL, Musher DM. Clostridium difficile: recent epidemiologic findings and advances in therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:1029-1039.
13. Kuijper EJ, Wilcox MH. Decreased effectiveness of metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection? Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:63-65.
14. Wanahita A, Goldsmith EA, Musher DM. Conditions associated with leukocytosis in a tertiary care hospital, with particular attention to the role of infection caused by Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:1585-1592.
15. Seppälä K, Hjelt L, Sipponen P. Colonoscopy in the diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1991;16:465-468.
16. Tedesco FJ. Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis with negative proctosigmoidoscopy examination. Gastroenterology. 1979;77:295-297.
17. Wanahita A, Goldsmith EA, Marino BJ, Musher DM. Clostridium difficile infection in patients with unexplained leukocytosis. Am J Med. 2003;115:543-546.
18. Rubin MS, Bodenstein LE, Kent KC. Severe Clostridium difficile colitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:350-354.
19. Rybolt AH, Bennett RG, Laughon BE, et al. Protein-losing enteropathy associated with Clostridium difficile infection. Lancet. 1989;1:1353-1355.
20. McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Greenberg RN, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease. JAMA. 1994;271:1913-1918.
21. Surawicz CM, McFarland LV, Greenberg RN, et al. The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:1012-1017.
22. McFarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM. Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1769-1775.
23. Johnson S, Schriever C, Galang M, et al. Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:846-848.
24. Musher DM, Logan N, Hamill RJ, et al. Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:421-427.
25. Musher DM, Logan N, Bressler AM, et al. Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized, double-blind study. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:e41-e46.
26. Wilcox MH. Descriptive study of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53:882-884.
27. Fenner L, Widmer AF, Goy G, et al. Rapid and reliable diagnostic algorithm for detection of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:328-330.
28. O’Connor D, Hynes P, Cormican M, et al. Evaluation of methods for detection of toxins in specimens of feces submitted for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:2846-2849.
29. Peterson LR, Manson RU, Paule SM, et al. Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1152-1160.
30. Hookman P, Barkin J. Clostridium difficile associated infection, diarrhea, and colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:1554-1580.
31. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) in San Diego; 2007. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the IDSA. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:431-455.
32. Leung DY, Kelly CP, Boguniewicz M, et al. Treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxin. J Pediatr. 1991;118:163-167.
33. McPherson S, Rees CJ, Ellis R, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe, refractory, and recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;19:640-645.
34. Cassone M, Serra P, Mondello F, et al. Outbreak of Saccharomyces cerevisiae subtype boulardii fungemia in patients neighboring those treated with a probiotic preparation of the organism. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:5340-5343.
35. Salminen MK, Rautelin H, Tynkkynen S, et al. Lactobacillus bacteremia, clinical significance, and patient outcome, with special focus on probiotic L. rhamnosus GG. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:62-69.
36. Borriello SP, Hammes, SP, Holzapfel P, et al. Safety of probiotics that contain Lactobacilli or Bifidobacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:775-780.
37. Muñoz P, Bouza E, Cuenca-Estrella M, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an emerging infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1625-1634.
38. Fekety R, Silva J, Kauffman C, et al. Treatment of antibiotic-associated Clostridium difficile colitis with oral vancomycin: comparison of two dosage regimens. Am J Med. 1989;86:15-19.
To comment on this article, contact | <urn:uuid:4d8849c9-ad1f-4943-8630-67126bead410> | {
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Learn about the expansions of the commerce power under modern-day Commerce Clause doctrine, including Congress’s power to regulate channels, instrumentalities, and activities with substantial effects on interstate commerce.
Welcome to the video on the modern doctrine of Commerce Power!
I. The years following the New Deal
In the years following the New Deal, there was an ideological shift on the Supreme Court away from the direct effect and stream of commerce theories of Commerce Power and toward the substantial effects doctrine that forms the basis of Commerce Clause jurisprudence. In this era it becomes clear that under the Commerce Clause Congress may (1) regulate any activity that has a substantial effect on... | <urn:uuid:2641c797-5db6-4d50-a385-28cfbb0445a1> | {
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|The DTREE Procedure|
The production manager of a manufacturing company is planning to bid on a project to manufacture a new type of machine. He has the choice of bidding low or high. The evaluation of the bid will more likely be favorable if the bidder has built a prototype of the machine and includes it with the bid. However, he is uncertain about the cost of building the prototype. His technical staff has provided him a probability distribution on the cost of the prototype.Table 3.33: Probability on the Cost of Building Prototype
There is also uncertainty in whether he will win the contract or not. He has estimated the probability distribution of winning the contract as shown in Table 3.34.Table 3.34: Probability of Winning the Contract
|Givens||Win the Contract||Lose the Contract|
|Build Prototype||High Bid||0.4||0.6|
|Build Prototype||Low Bid||0.8||0.2|
|No Prototype||High Bid||0.2||0.8|
|No Prototype||Low Bid||0.7||0.3|
In addition, the payoffs of this bidding venture are affected by the cost of building the prototype. Table 3.35 shows his payoffs. The first row of the table shows the payoff is 0 if he loses the contract, regardless of whether or not he builds the prototype and whether he bids low or high. The remainder of the entries in the table give the payoff under the various scenarios.Table 3.35: The Payoffs of the Contract Bidding Decision
|Result||Cost||Bid low||Bid high|
|Loss the Contract||0||0|
|Win the Contract||$35,000||$75,000|
|Win the Contract||Expensive||$25,000||$65,000|
|Win the Contract||Moderate||$35,000||$75,000|
|Win the Contract||Inexpensive||$45,000||$85,000|
The production manager must decide whether to build the
prototype and how to bid.
He uses PROC DTREE to help him to make these decisions.
The structure of the model is stored in the
STAGEIN= data set
There are two decision stages, `
Choose' and `
Bid', and two
chance stages, `
Cost_Prototype' and `
Choose' stage represents the decision
whether or not to build a prototype. The chance stage
Cost_Prototype' represents the uncertain cost for building a
prototype. It can be `
Expensive', which costs $4,500, or
Moderate', which costs $2,500, or `
Inexpensive', which costs
$1,000. The `
Bid' stage represents the decision whether to
bid high or bid low. The last stage, `
the result, either win the contract or lose the contract.
/* -- create the STAGEIN= data set -- */ data Stage3; input _STNAME_ $16. _STTYPE_ $4. _OUTCOM_ $16. _SUCCES_ $16. _REWARD_ dollar8.0; datalines; Choose D Build_Prototype Cost_Prototype . . . No_Prototype Bid . Cost_Prototype C Expensive Bid -$4,500 . . Moderate Bid -$2,500 . . Inexpensive Bid -$1,000 Bid D High_Bid Contract . . . Low_Bid Contract . Contract C Win_Contract . . . . Lose_Contract . . ;
The PROBIN= data set, named Prob3, contains the probability information as in Table 3.33 and Table 3.34.
/* -- create the PROBIN= data set -- */ data Prob3; input (_GIVEN1_ _GIVEN2_ _EVENT_) ($16.) _PROB_; datalines; . . Expensive 0.4 . . Moderate 0.5 . . Inexpensive 0.1 Build_Prototype High_Bid Win_Contract 0.4 Build_Prototype High_Bid Lose_Contract 0.6 Build_Prototype Low_Bid Win_Contract 0.8 Build_Prototype Low_Bid Lose_Contract 0.2 No_Prototype High_Bid Win_Contract 0.2 No_Prototype High_Bid Lose_Contract 0.8 No_Prototype Low_Bid Win_Contract 0.7 No_Prototype Low_Bid Lose_Contract 0.3 ;
The PAYOFFS= data set named Payoff3 contains the
payoff information as in Table 3.35.
Notice that the payoff to outcome `
is not in the data set Payoff3. Since PROC DTREE
assigns the default value 0 to all scenarios that are not
in the PAYOFFS= data set, it is not necessary
to include it.
/* -- create the PAYOFFS= data set -- */ data Payoff3; input (_STATE1_ _STATE2_ _ACTION_) ($16.) _VALUE_ dollar8.0; datalines; Win_Contract . Low_Bid $35,000 Win_Contract . High_Bid $75,000 Win_Contract Expensive Low_Bid $25,000 Win_Contract Expensive High_Bid $65,000 Win_Contract Moderate Low_Bid $35,000 Win_Contract Moderate High_Bid $75,000 Win_Contract Inexpensive Low_Bid $45,000 Win_Contract Inexpensive High_Bid $85,000 ;
The solution, as in Output 3.3.1, is displayed on a graphics
device with the following code.
Notice that the title is specified before invoking PROC DTREE.
The GRAPHICS option is given on the
PROC DTREE statement.
Specifying the COMPRESS option in the
causes the decision tree diagram to be drawn completely on one page.
The vertical distance between two successive end nodes is 1
character cell (
All text, except that in the first title line is drawn with
font SWISS and height 1 character cell.
The height for all nodes is 3 character cells, which is specified
by the HSYMBOL= option.
The thickness for all links in the diagram, except those that
represent optimal decisions, is specified by the LWIDTH=
option as 8.
The thickness of the links that represent
optimal decisions is specified as
and the type of those
links is 3 (
lstyleb=3), the dash line.
Colors for the text, links and nodes, and symbols to be
used for nodes are not specified and hence defaults are used.
/* -- define title -- */ title1 font=swissb h=2 "Contract Bidding Example" ; /* -- define graphics options -- */ goptions colors=(black red blue green); goptions hsize=8 in vsize=8.4 in; /* -- PROC DTREE statements -- */ proc dtree stagein=Stage3 probin=Prob3 payoffs=Payoff3 graphics nowarning ; evaluate; treeplot / name="dt3" compress ybetween=1 cell ftext=swiss htext=1 hsymbol=3 lstyleb=3 lwidth=8 lwidthb=10; quit;
Output 3.3.1: Decision Tree for the Contract Bidding Problem
With the information on this decision tree, The production manager can select the optimal bidding strategy:
Copyright © 1999 by SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:93c6dd16-5052-4a2c-bd68-04383a6e400e> | {
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Many of the air quality analyses can be performed with standard laboratory consumables, such as traditional filter papers. However, some analyses require materials with specific features, for example filters with low metal levels.
Common air monitoring applications include:
Chemical purity of water is assessed for a wide variety of different chemicals depending on the type of water and applicable local legislation.
Chemical analysis of water can include testing for nitrogen compounds, dissolved heavy metals, and total and dissolved organic carbon.
Common water monitoring applications include:
Soil monitoring is used to facilitate the selection of fertilizer composition and dosage for land employed in agricultural as well as horticultural industries. | <urn:uuid:fec827e0-af5b-4577-bc7a-ce0aed9be335> | {
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In January 1649 the commons resolved: ‘that the commons of England, in Parliament assembled, do declare, that the people are, under God, the original of all just power’ and indeed that the commons ‘being chosen by, and representing the people, have the supreme power in this Nation’ and again ‘that whatever is enacted or declared for law, by the commons, in Parliament assembled, hath the force of law; and all the people of this Nation are concluded thereby although the consent and concurrence of King, or house of peers be not therein to. The primacy of law-making in the United Kingdom has been held with the legislature and in particular Parliament for over 460 years. It is founded in the twin doctrines of Parliamentary supremacy and separation of powers. Although today there are many scholars and other authorities which have questioned the clear distinction in the roles of the executive, the legislative and the judiciary, and their roles in law making with regards to their primacy and function; despite all the criticisms, changes and amendments, it can be argued that the Parliament still bears the primary responsibility to make laws with the contribution of the other arms of Government.
If you can spare a few dollars for the creators of this website to continue their research to bring you more great content, any amount, no matter how great or small, would be greatly appreciated. | <urn:uuid:b7e02b4a-9dff-478d-8061-081351512caa> | {
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Sealaska Corp. wants Native subsistence rights to Glacier Bay put into federal law.
Toward that end, the regional Native corporation for Southeast Alaska has released a report called ``A National Treasure or a Stolen Heritage.'' It outlined the history of area Tlingits in the park and the often rocky relationship they have had with the National Park Service.
The 72-page report has drawn fast and damning reaction from administrators of the Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve and the Hoonah Indian Association, who have been working to restore traditional Native subsistence uses of the nearly 75-year-old park.
For Bob Loescher, president and CEO of Sealaska, the issue is personal. At the corporation's headquarters hangs a Tlingit blanket belonging to his clan. The beads sewn into it represent a story that sews his clan to the bay spiritually, he said.
Rather than the park being a playground for tourists, he said, the top management priority should be subsistence use and commercial fishing by Hoonah Tlingits.
``When tourists on ships and others have more access to the Glacier Bay and its resources than the original Tlingits ... that is a sad commentary on national public policy,'' Loescher said. ``Only Congress can make this right.''
Sealaska has sent copies of the report to all members of Congress and the state Legislature, Loescher said. He wants to get Congress to apply a federal rural preference subsistence to the park. He also wants to assure that commercial fishing in waters surrounding the park, a 100-year tradition for Hoonah Natives, is protected.
Tomie Lee, superintendent of the Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, said the report is a political vehicle rather than a scholarly document. Much of its contents were lifted - sometimes word-for-word - from a report paid for by the National Park Service.
That document, and a subsequent dissertation by anthropologist Theodore Catton, served as the foundation for the Sealaska report, Loescher said.
Catton, in his 1995 report, found that the Tlingits living in and around Hoonah had - despite what some had asserted - significant historical and cultural subsistence ties to Glacier Bay, said Lee. That finding is no secret, she said. Hoonah sits across Icy Strait from the bay.
The rest of the Sealaska report, she said, is more rhetorical and emotive than scholarly.
``It's very confrontational,'' Lee said. ``It's inflammatory rhetoric. A pretty shoddy job was done on it.''
Lee said the document was ``disheartening,'' and she hopes it doesn't undermine a relatively new but growing relationship between park managers and Hoonah Natives.
``We have been working so hard,'' she said. ``We are honestly working with them in good faith.''
Norman Staton, the Juneau consultant who wrote the position paper for Sealaska, said there was a lot of material on the subject and he never intended to produce a comprehensive work. He said he sifted through a lot of information and based the paper on what he learned.
``It wasn't meant to be a scholarly report,'' he said of the paper. He came to the conclusion that there was no good reason to exclude Glacier Bay from subsistence laws that govern other parks in Alaska. The history is pretty clear, he said, that Hoonah Natives have not been treated fairly given their history in Glacier Bay.
By law, the park was excluded from the rural preference for subsistence that is required on practically all other federal land in the state by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act.
Park superintendent Lee said if the law was changed to allow for such hunting and fishing, the door would be open to non-Native rural residents as well as Tlingits from Hoonah.
Following federal guidelines, she said, the park has been working with Hoonah Natives through the village's tribal government, the Hoonah Indian Association.
That's the way federal agencies are supposed to work, she said, and that method is better for Hoonah Tlingits than for the park service to deal with for-profit Native corporations such as Sealaska.
The Indian association has been working with the park service for the last few years to regain traditional subsistence uses of the parkland.
To Johanna Dybdahl, tribal administrator of the Hoonah Indian Association, the report is ``shoddy workmanship.'' She said it is unfortunate that Sealaska, ``with all that money,'' has decided to release the report. She agrees with Lee that ANILCA-style subsistence isn't appropriate for Glacier Bay.
The 600-member association, she said, is the best representative of Natives living in Hoonah, and certainly better than Sealaska, which has some 16,000 shareholders with Southeast ties. Not everyone in every clan agrees, but the association does represent the interests of the village's four clans, she said.
``We believe Glacier Bay belongs to Hoonah,'' Dybdahl said. ``We've made progress, and we are going to move forward in that direction.''
Agreements worked out between the association and the National Park Service since 1995 have led to berry-picking rights for Hoonah Natives and the restoration of the traditional gathering of seagull eggs from park lands.
A study is in the works that will likely lead to the return of subsistence seal hunting in park waters as well.
Historic use of the bay for commercial fishing, she said, is being addressed as ``tribal cultural fishing,'' and will be the subject of continuing talks.
``We have begun these talks,'' Dybdahl said. ``We consider ourselves on even footing (with the park service).''
Loescher said such talks after nearly 75 years of what he and the report conclude are oppressive park service policies start at the wrong place.
``There are many paths to success,'' he said. ``The approach I advocate is dealing with the governing laws and regulations first.
``I believe we should start with Congress.''
Juneau Empire ©2014. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:835d9b8c-b778-469c-a997-4c096e1203e4> | {
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Often, when conducting a research a project, your teacher will provide you with a topic. But what do you do when you are left to create your own? These resources can help!
1. Choose a general topic.
2. Do some preliminary research or pull on your background knowledge of this topic.
3. Write down some questions that you or someone else might have about your topic. Consider the who, what, when, where, why and how.
4. Pick one question from your list. The how and why questions are usually the best ones.
5. Finally, make your question clear and specific. You want to make sure that it is not so small of a question that you can answer it in one sentence, but not so large that it is impossible to do during the time frame your teacher has given you. | <urn:uuid:3a0c472c-f7c3-4556-bfa5-b8e1fda988e3> | {
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Learning basic food preparation and presentation skills will help achieve success in the food service industry.
What skills are necessary for success in the food service industry?
Time Management Skills
Basic Food Preparation Techniques
Food Presentation Techniques
How does a well planned kitchen assist in time management?
How are weighing and measuring skills used in food preparation?
How are knife skills used in food preparation?
How are cooking techniques used in food preparation?
How does the ability to select, store and prepare foods aid in food presentation?
How will a variety of flavors, colors, textures, shapes, sizes and temperature make a menu more pleasing?
What are ways you can demonstrate creative skills for serving pleasing foods?
Dovetailing, Production Schedule, Time Management, Work Triangle
Aesthetically pleasing, Food Selection, garnishing, Texture, Variety of flavors, Garde Manger
Etiquette, Formal , Casual, Cover, Flatware
Extending Thinking Lesson: | <urn:uuid:56d38d70-6f3e-4a75-8b0e-954a615bbf9f> | {
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Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people. Business plans can help decision makers see how specific projects relate to the organization's strategic plan.
It also needs to be written in formal format and style. You have to remember that a business plan is something that you may have to present to your business partners, financial firms and banks. So if you can, refrain from using slang in any part of your plan.
The business goals may be defined both for non-profit or for-profit organizations. For-profit business plans typically focus on financial goals, such as profit or creation of wealth. Non-profit, as well as government agency business plans tend to focus on the "organizational mission" which is the basis for their governmental status or their non-profit, tax-exempt status, respectively—although non-profits may also focus on optimizing revenue.
Business plans may be internally or externally focused. Externally focused plans target goals that are important to external stakeholders, particularly financial stakeholders. They typically have detailed information about the organization or team attempting to reach the goals. With for-profit entities, external stakeholders include investors and customers.
free business plan
business plan for student
business plan letter | <urn:uuid:30bb71ab-fa8a-4cff-a3b9-b1d52b4348b2> | {
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The growing quality of cryptocurrencies has aroused thought interest in blockchain technologies and their possibilities. Increasingly, blockchain is employed as a generic term that the majority of individuals keep company with Bitcoin, the cryptocurrency created mistreatment of the technology. The potential and scope of the appliance of suburbanized protocols have already become a lot broader.
The Bitcoin blockchain may be a word-distributed ledger consisting of data} blocks consecutive connected in an exceeding chain. every block contains information regarding the preceding block. the information of blocks is derived and kept on totally different Bitcoin mining nodes while not being certain to one specific server, creating the substitution of records impossible.
How does blockchain work?
- Users Viewpoint: Users broadcast dealings onto the Bitcoin (BSV) network. the published will store any kind of knowledge onto the blockchain. once the request arrives on the Bitcoin (BSV) network, it’s valid and then added to a pool of unfinished transactions. The digital signature authenticates its security and authenticity, creating it tough to examine a state of affairs whereby a foul actor could cause fraud and introduce problems. you may technically send/sign a transaction that’s a fraud, however, the proof that you just did it is the signature itself. The signature would deter those from committing fraud in the initial place.
teams of individual transactions from the pool kind of a scenically protected block. Miners vie for the correct feature of new blocks (on average, every ten minutes) to the blockchain.
- Miners Viewpoint: Blockchain protocols work by organizing knowledge into a block, that is timestamped and secured by strict cryptographic rules. Blocks are then enchained along and organized chronologically, forming a consecutive blockchain. every new block stores a listing of the previous block’s confirmed transactions. every node on the network maintains a duplicate of the blockchain’s data.
Miners give the process investment to take care of and secure the network through a proof-of-work accord mechanism. The laborers vie with one another to collect as several transactions as potential then show each other miner the solution. They don’t essentially work along ab initio – however, find yourself doing so since as before long as a block is found it’s OK. Miners wish to simply accept it and progress to the subsequent one quickly in hopes of finding the next reward. Common knowledge history is out there for all the network participants to assist avoid duplicate entries and ensure all participants have the newest version.
- Economic Incentive Model: Proof-of-work (PoW) is the protocol employed by a laborer who desires to validate transactions and keep the network secure. Miners ought to waste energy by breakdown complicated process issues to validate new blocks. the primary miner to resolve the maths drawback and gets the block bent on the opposite miner win. this can be however the double disbursement problem is prevented. Miners won’t settle for a block containing double spends, so the miner who won the block would have it rejected and thus not get the reward. A completed block gets a singular timestamp and hash.
Updates on existing copies of the blockchain exit to any or all the nodes on the network. If there’s an effort to change an earlier created block, the hash encoded within the next block will now not match up. All nodes have a duplicate of the complete blockchain in order that they can notice any tampering. once the hashes match up across the chain, all parties recognize that they will trust their records.
- Practical Use Cases: Data receives saved publicly and is signed. The signing of the transaction demonstrates ownership even as thorough encryption satisfies the accessibility requirement. The packages of the blockchain era expand a long way past cryptocurrency and cash switch and are beneficial for a number of different packages, throughout many specific industries. Cryptographic keys even permit the switch of recent manipulate rights and a foundation to shape new virtual relationships. The blockchain era gives new strategies for authentication and authorization. Smart contracts on the blockchain outline the guidelines and consequences around a selected settlement withinside the identical way to a conventional contract. Smart contracts mechanically put in force the obligations. The set of rules for the automated achievement of exact situations is tremendous for fixing criminal troubles in any field, from trade to manufacturing.
- Value Proposition: The loss of necessity for a government makes Bitcoin (BSV) blockchain an excellent ledger and peer-to-peer (P2P) agreement solution. It eliminates the want for clearinghouses and different agreement agents, even as commonly lowering expenses and enhancing the rate at which transactions may be made, verified, settled, and recorded. Because the Bitcoin (BSV) blockchain era isn’t centralized, if one part of it went down, the entire community could now no longer collapse.
Another gain of the Bitcoin (BSV) blockchain is that it’s miles tamper-proof. Each block delivered onto the chain consists of a firm, cryptographic connection with the preceding block. Overall, the Bitcoin (BSV) blockchain’s decentralized, open, and cryptographic nature permits customers to believe every different and transact peer-to-peer, making the want for intermediaries obsolete.
Advantages of blockchain.
In centralized systems, there exists one entity, sort of a ruler, who has predominant management over all matters on the platform. If the ruler is manipulated or corrupted, there’s very little recourse however to go away from that platform entirely.
The Bitcoin Blockchain is distributed and maintained by multiple interconnected parties, thus participants within the network don’t ought to trust only 1 person or company to possess a correct copy of the ledger. The framework is permanent and driven by an agreement mechanism so there is no single supply for creating decisions. The Bitcoin Blockchain was designed to scale to carry high volumes of payment transactions and different kinds of information to support enterprise applications.
The Bitcoin Blockchain’s distinctive characteristics stem from merging cryptography and transparency at intervals in a distributed technological framework. Bitcoin transactions between 2 parties occur within a world peer-to-peer network while not having to suppose third-party authentication.
Blockchain technology tackles the matter of digital trust by firmly recording necessary data in an exceedingly public space. information held on the blockchain exists in a shared and frequently reconciled state. information is decentralized, may be encrypted, and timestamped. information cannot be tampered with or modified retrospectively.
The Blockchain Process.
The fundamentals of the ways blockchain works are incredibly simple. An essential part of this technique is the peer-to-peer community that helps the advent and preservation of the blockchain.
- A transaction is made: This may be any transaction: paying off debt, creating a purchase, giving donations, or maybe gratifying a contract. A pocket generates a transaction and sends it to a vacation spot pocket’s address.
- Transaction facts are logged and compiled right into a block: Data which includes the date, time, and transaction quantity are recorded right into a block, along with facts from different transactions. Unless brought, names and further figuring out records aren’t recorded. Instead, maximum transactions best use a completely unique virtual signature in order to seem withinside the ledger.
- The completed block is sent to each person withinside the blockchain community: In centralized systems, there’s commonly someone or organization chargeable for processing and verifying transactions. Bitcoin and different virtual currencies use a decentralized device that calls for the dispensed operators of the community to confirm the facts saved withinside the block. Valid blocks are then dispensed to the nodes in the community.
- All nodes withinside the community paintings to confirm the block: Once the block is transmitted to the nodes, their gadgets compete to solve the complicated computational issues had to confirm the block. Once a node— frequently known as a miner—is capable of doing so, the relaxation of the nodes paintings to clear up the subsequent block withinside the chain. This is how replica blocks are avoided.
- After verification, the block is brought to the chain: The finished block gets a completely unique timestamp and figures out code known as a “hash.” It is likewise given the hash of the preceding block brought to the chain. This interconnectivity offers the blockchain its immutable quality.
- The transaction is entire and is a part of the virtual ledger: Once the success node provides the most modern block to the blockchain, the ensuing replacement is transmitted to all customers in the community. Attempts to regulate in advance blocks will bring about a mismatch with the hash encoded into the later blocks. If the hashes fit up, all events can verify the accuracy of the ledger.
Why Is Blockchain Important?
Blockchain is a specially promising and wide-ranging technology as a result it helps scale back security risks, end fraud and convey transparency in a scalable way. Originally popularized by its association with cryptocurrency and NFTs, blockchain technology has since evolved to become a management resolution for every type of world industry.
Today, you’ll be able to realize blockchain technology provides transparency for the food offer chain, securing aid information, innovating gaming, and overall ever-changing however we have a tendency to handle data and possession on an outsized scale. | <urn:uuid:a751755b-cbe8-4bfd-b697-7157ed0b5f17> | {
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Is it a pimple or cold sore? Getting a spot on or near the lips, inside the nostril, or even on the chin can get people searching the internet to find out the answer!
Since both types of blemish affect the face it is quite easy to confuse a spot with a cold sore or the other way around.
However to treat either of them appropriately, find out below how to tell what that red spot that has just appeared actually is!
What is a Pimple?
A spot or zit is another name for a pimple. As mentioned, small lesions that develop on the skin and might even feel inflamed or painful, are known as pimples, a type of acne, and look quite similar to the early stages of a cold sore when they appear around the lips. The cause of pimples is a bacterial infection or excess oil in the facial oil glands, which inflame the glands and as a result they get filled with pus.
Identifying the symptoms of pimples is one way people can determine which they are actually suffering from. One of the best ways people can telling the difference, is to recall if there was any forewarning sign before the lesion occurred.
In the case of spots, these pus-filled bumps can occur simply out of the blue. Pimples can be present anywhere on the body and usually are more likely on the T zone of the face and are associated with oily skin as well as acne prone skin.
What is a Cold Sore?
Those trying to figure out if they really have a cold sore or whether it is just a pimple after all, should know that these are a manifestation of a viral skin condition that occurs because of the herpes simplex virus type-1 infection. Due to being similar to zits when they first appear, i.e. existing in the form red lesions, there is often confusion about this. While pimples are not infectious and cannot be passed from one individual to another, the the herpes simplex virus can be passed from one person to the other from oral contact. This can be from a kiss, or the use of infected personal items like a towel or a utensil. The image on the left is from the NHS website in the UK, which has some very helpful information about cold sores
The signs and symptoms that are experienced before a cold sore appears are often the best way of telling the difference as people will feel a burning and tingling feeling, which might even be painful. Other tell-tale signs are painful, spontaneous rupturing and the fact that these sores mostly occur on or around the lips.
Treatments are widely available and can vary from a machine that will zap the cold sore to simple creams or gels to apply.
How to Treat a Cold Sore vs Pimple
One people have determined which they have, they can begin treating it accordingly. Cold sores might not go away on their own therefore medications need to be used to treat the condition, while zits generally vanish on their own. Treating zits can normally be done without any medical help and there are many creams, drying products, vitamin supplements and natural remedies that can be used to treat them. Find out more about treating a pimples on lips in this article.
As similar as these two types of blemish might be in appearance, there are still a lot of differences between these two skin conditions. The only way to treat either of them is to find out what the lesion actually is. While spots can be a nuisance, cold sores on the other hand can turn painfully severe in certain cases and visiting the doctor might become necessary to relieve pain and reduce the symptoms. Therefore, to treat either, people need to be certain which skin condition they are suffering from. | <urn:uuid:867cafbf-7bd5-405a-a8ba-f84f817a4676> | {
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One of the great things about “multiculturalism” and globalism is that for the first time, many of us have had the opportunity to experience cultures which are different to the one we were born into. We get to enjoy a variety of cuisine – Italian, Indian, Korean, Thai, Chilean, Ethiopian etc etc, as well as to experience different music, art and traditional folklore amongst other things. There is, however, a difference between sharing and experiencing each others cultural heritages and what is known as “cultural appropriation”.
Cultural appropriation is basically the adoption of some specific forms of a culture – music, dress, dance, language, art, foods, folklore, social behaviour, religious iconography -by a different cultural group with the cultural form assimilated by the later group. This adoption and assimilation is usually done without permission and sees the cultural artefact removed from their original indigenous cultural context, stripped of its history and cultural meaning and often take on a meaning devoid of the original cultural expression. In many cases, the artefact is misrepresented, commodified and even sexualised. As such it becomes an expression of colonialism, Orientalism, racism and “othering”.
Cultural appropriation reflects, in most instances an imbalance of power – often between a colonising and imperialist force and those being colonised and oppressed or exploited. This imbalance of power relations and structures under capitalism is why cultural appropriation matters.
Recently, an Israeli dance company engaged in just such cultural appropriation with their production of “Israeli dabke”. Dabke is a traditional Arab folk dance, which is common in Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Syria, Iraq and other Middle Eastern countries. The world “dabke” means “stomping the ground” and is said to originate from the communal compacting of dirt floors in traditional Arabic houses.
In the promotional material around his production of “Israeli dabke”, Zvi Gotheiner of ZviDance states:
“As a child and teenager growing up in a Kibbutz in northern Israel, Friday nights were folk dance nights, This tradition continues today. One of the most beloved of these dances is a Debka, albeit an Israeli rendition of the Arab Dabke. The Israeli Debka and the Arab Dabke are linked historically. During the first decades of the 20th Century, Jews migrated from Europe to Palestine in large waves. The leaders and intellectuals of this movement made a deliberate effort to create an authentic Israeli culture that differed from the old world image of European Judaism. No longer the meek, the victim, the wanderer, these Jews were viral, masculine, and rooted to the land. Although forever in territorial conflict with their neighbors, the Israelis borrowed elements from Arabic culture that captured the sound, color, taste and rhythm of the Levant. Dabke is a case in point”.
While Gotheiner’s promotional material accurately reflect the appropriation of Palestinian culture by early Zionists, it also whitewashes the settler-colonial nature of Zionist immigration to Palestine. During the British mandate period, while many Zionist settler-colonialists adopted Palestinian dress, food and dance, they also were active in displacing Palestinians and ethnically cleansing them from their homeland. During the Nakba in 1948, when more than 750,000 Palestinians were ethnically cleansed and more than 500 Palestinian villages destroyed by Zionist forces, this cultural appropriation and erasing of Palestinian culture took on new dimensions. As hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were being ethnically cleansed from their land, Zionist militias such as the Haganah and later the newly formed Israeli military, either systematically “collected” and/or destroyed tens of thousands of volumes of priceless works of Palestinian literature, including poetry, fiction and works of history. Today, these volumes are designated “absentee property” and held within Israeli libraries and universities.
In the decades since the creation of the Israeli state, Palestinians have witnessed the Zionist cultural appropriation of both their dress, cuisine and folklore. Traditional Palestinian and Arabic food, such as olive oil, falafel and maftoul, have become “Israeli”, with such items being promoted and sold internationally as such. In all such cases Israeli cultural appropriation of Palestinian cultural artefacts has involved the whitewashing of Zionist settler-colonialism, occupation, war crimes and oppression of the Palestinian people.
In response to ZviDances latest cultural appropriation of Dabke, Palestinian dancers in New York have made a video explaining how Gotheiner’s production whitewashes Israeli apartheid and occupation. While recognising that “culture is fluid”, the Palestinian dancers point out that “so long as there is inequality, there can be no cultural exchange” stating:
“While you [ZviDance], and other Israelis have appropriated Dabke for your own purposes, and no one restricts your free cultural expression, Palestinians have been arrested for dancing Dabke by the Israeli military. Their right to free expression is limited by the Israeli military occupation that governs their lives”.
They go onto note: “We all know that under Israeli law, Israelis and Palestinians do not have equal rights. Like it or not, by appropriating dabke, and labeling it Israeli, you further the power imbalance”. | <urn:uuid:9ff7cf0d-c19b-45b8-8252-66d2e01bab47> | {
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This is a collection of high quality research studies in nutrition, about some of the topics we cover on this website.
All of these studies are published in respected, peer-reviewed journals.
All of the studies on this page are randomized controlled trials in humans, unless otherwise noted.
A low carb diet is based on foods that contain a low amount of carbohydrate. Foods that are high in sugars and starches are replaced with foods that are high in protein and fat.
A low fat diet, is based on foods that contain a low amount of fat, typically under 30% of total calories. Foods like fruits, vegetables and whole grains are emphasized.
The studies below are controlled trials where people are randomized to either a low-carb or a low-fat diet. The outcomes measured are usually body weight and risk factors for disease.
- Krebs NF, et al. Efficacy and safety of a high protein, low carbohydrate diet for weight loss in severely obese adolescents. J Pediatr. 2010 Aug;157(2):252-8.
- Hernandez, et al. Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. Am J Clin Nutr March 2010 vol. 91 no. 3 578-585.
- Brinkworth GD, et al. Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul;90(1):23-32.
- Volek JS, et al. Carbohydrate restriction has a more favorable impact on the metabolic syndrome than a low fat diet. Lipids. 2009 Apr;44(4):297-309.
- Tay J, et al. Metabolic effects of weight loss on a very-low-carbohydrate diet compared with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet in abdominally obese subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Jan 1;51(1):59-67.
- Keogh JB, et al. Effects of weight loss from a very-low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial function and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in subjects with abdominal obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Mar;87(3):567-76.
- Shai I, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 17;359(3):229-41.
- Dyson PA, et al. A low-carbohydrate diet is more effective in reducing body weight than healthy eating in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabet Med. 2007 Dec;24(12):1430-5.
- Halyburton AK, et al. Low- and high-carbohydrate weight-loss diets have similar effects on mood but not cognitive performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Sep;86(3):580-7.
- Gardner CD, et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2007 Mar 7;297(9):969-77.
- McClernon FJ, et al. The effects of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet and a low-fat diet on mood, hunger, and other self-reported symptoms. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Jan;15(1):182-7.
- Nickols-Richardson SM, et al. Perceived hunger is lower and weight loss is greater in overweight premenopausal women consuming a low-carbohydrate/high-protein vs high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005 Sep;105(9):1433-7.
- Meckling KA, et al. Comparison of a low-fat diet to a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss, body composition, and risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in free-living, overweight men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2717-23.
- JS Volek, et al. Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004; 1: 13.
- Yancy WS Jr, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004 May 18;140(10):769-77.
- Aude YW, et al. The national cholesterol education program diet vs a diet lower in carbohydrates and higher in protein and monounsaturated fat: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Oct 25;164(19):2141-6.
- Brehm BJ, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Apr;88(4):1617-23.
- Sondike SB, et al. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents. J Pediatr. 2003 Mar;142(3):253-8.
- Samaha FF, et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 22;348(21):2074-81.
- Foster GD, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 22;348(21):2082-90.
- Guldbrand, et al. In type 2 diabetes, randomization to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. Diabetologia. 2012 Aug;55(8):2118-27.
- Westman EC, et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008 Dec 19;5:36.
- Daly ME, et al. Short-term effects of severe dietary carbohydrate-restriction advice in Type 2 diabetes - a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2006 Jan;23(1):15-20.
Low-carb diets usually lead to more weight loss than low-fat diets, even when the low-fat groups are calorie restricted while the low-carb groups are not.
Low-carbohydrate diets also significantly improve major risk factors for diseases like cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes.
These studies are meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of low-carbohydrate diets.
- Santos F, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors. Obesity Reviews, 13: 1048–1066.
- Hession M, et al. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat/low-calorie diets in the management of obesity and its comorbidities. Obesity Reviews, 10: 36–50.
- Westman EC, et al. Low-carbohydrate nutrition and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr August 2007 86: 2 276-284
Same as above. Low-carb diets lead to more weight loss and further improvements in metabolic health compared to low-fat diets.
Randomized controlled trials of the paleolithic diet (commonly known as the paleo diet or caveman diet).
- Jönsson T, et al. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study. Cardiovascular Diabetology 2009, 8:35.
- Lindeberg S, et al. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease. Diabetologia. 2007 Sep;50(9):1795-807.
The paleo diet has favorable effects on body weight and major risk factors. However, the studies available are very small so the results must be taken with a grain of salt.
A deficiency in vitamin D is very common today, especially in countries where there is little sun throughout most of the year.
- Lappe JM, et al. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jun;85(6):1586-91.
- Meta-analysis: Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005 May 11;293(18):2257-64.
- Trivedi DP, et al. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326:469.
- Broe KE, et al. A higher dose of vitamin d reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 Feb;55(2):234-9.
- Urashima M, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr May 2010.
Vitamin D supplementation reduces risk of falls and fractures in the elderly at higher doses. Vitamin D may reduce risk of cancer and respiratory infections. | <urn:uuid:7d44398f-2e98-423e-8edd-2732bdc93437> | {
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The U.S.G.S. recently reported that an earthquake struck the Washington, D.C. area with a preliminary magnitude of 5.8 (later updated to 5.9). Initial reports of damage are minor however the National Cathedral’s central tower sustained some damage. “It looks like three of the pinnacles have broken off the central tower,” spokesman Richard Weinberg said of the tower, the highest point in Washington, D.C.
Update: The Cathedral has sustained some substantial damage due to the earthquake, and experts are currently assessing the structural and aesthetic damage. For a video of the Cathedral damage, or to help join the efforts of preserving the Cathedral click here.
Update: You can also see the effects of the earthquake on a building in Virginia here.
Felt in Philadelphia, North Carolina, Boston, New York City, Martha’s Vineyard, and even Wheeling, West Virginia, the tremor raises questions of the importance of seismic considerations particularly in New York City.
Although earthquakes are not something a typical New Yorker would have cross their mind in comparison to other parts of the world such as Japan (8.9 magnitude in 2011) and Chile (8.8 magnitude in 2010), the overal size and density of NYC puts it at a high risk for extensive damage.
More photographs of the Washington National Cathedral and discussion regarding seismic considerations following the break.
“The issue with earthquakes in this region is that they tend to be shallow and close to the surface,” explains Leonardo Seeber, a coauthor of a 2008 report by leading seismologists associated with Columbia University regarding earthquakes in NYC area. “That means objects at the surface are closer to the source. And that means even small earthquakes can be damaging.”
The area has seen an increase in discussions about earthquakes that have included the adoption of new codes for the city, along with retrofitting buildings such as the Port Authority, and debates about nearby Indian Point nuclear power plan 30-miles north of the Bronx.
Seismic construction considerations are a must in countries such as Japan and Chile. An ongoing challenge, Japan is continually designing for and sensitive to its earthquake prone location, which is reflected in their earthquake engineering and architecture research can be viewed here. A video was taken from the inside of the Sendai Mediatheque, sharing a first hand experience of Japan’s 8.9 earthquake. The interior was heavily damaged, however the structure appears to hold up quite well. Chile’s 8.8 magnitude earthquake in 2010 provided a look simultaneously at their impressive seismic design code, recognized as one of the best in the world, and some devastatingly bad construction resulting in the collapse of a 15-story residential building. | <urn:uuid:ad30767f-8098-4dac-8680-adf12068e799> | {
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Understand and master body proportions
Can you draw bodies freely from your head? For a long time this seemed impossible to me. However, if we study the basic structure of a body and master the rules of body proportions, it is indeed possible. Moreover, this knowledge will be especially helpful if we draw from a reference rather than from our head. After all, if we understand our reference well, we will automatically be able to draw it better.
People have always tried to define beauty and it is no secret that symmetry is mentioned again and again in this context.
Whoever deals with art in a historical setting will therefore sooner or later come across the theory of proportions. Here the attempt is made to define the human anatomy by rules, e.g. sizes, lengths or distances of and between body parts are clearly defined.
It is unimaginable how many people must have drawn studies of body proportions throughout history. One of the most famous studies on this subject is probably the work of Leonardo da Vinci. Here da Vinci placed the human body in relation to the circle and square, following the concept of Vitruvius (a Roman engineer, architect and architectural theorist), in which the entire body is divided into 8 head lengths. This representation of idealized proportions is therefore called Vitruvian man.
Vitruvian proportions have long prevailed, yet for our first exercise we will be rebellious and use 7.5 head lengths instead of 8.
For our exercise, we will first draw only the outline of a simple body without any details, standing straight and facing us. We draw a vertical line that we divide into 7.5 units. Each unit provides space for certain parts of the body.
The units are (from top to bottom):
This very simple representation of a body will be a helpful tool for the next step of our exercise.
For later drawings, we don’t always have to stick strictly to 7.5 head lengths, because people are different and variations are normal. But for the beginning it is still good to practice and be able to apply these basics. One day we will have internalized the proportions so well that we will no longer need such help.
For this step, we need our simple representation we just drew and a reference of a body. This can be ourselves, a volunteer model (rather rare to find), or a photograph.
We again draw markings for 7.5 units on our paper and then work our way from one unit to the next as we draw the sketch. The great thing about this is that we can always focus on exactly one area of our model while maintaining proportion. The sketch includes outlines as well as markings for shadows, folds, or other noticeable features. Once the sketch is complete, we can turn our attention to shading / hatching.
No matter what body shape we want to draw, they can all be drawn proportionally correctly using this approach.
I would recommend practicing with different references. We will find that even the most diverse bodies are drawn similarly, because in general one always follows the same rules: Capture outlines, understand shape, add shading. | <urn:uuid:9cc6a2f4-f7b6-42c1-94fd-65652e742de9> | {
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Preparing Students For Single-Pilot IFROne of the most popular Safety Seminars the AOPA Air Safety Foundation conducts is Single-Pilot IFR. We really pack the room with this one. Following are some of the highlights from the seminar that you can pass on to your students to help them cope with the challenges of flying IFR by themselves.
A flight in solid IMC is not the safest place to be, but it is probably safer than your local interstate on a dark, rainy night. Weather is responsible for more than 25 percent of general aviation accidents, and 30 percent of these accidents are fatal. Forty-three percent of pilots involved in weather accidents are instrument-rated. How safe it is depends on how well your students are trained to cope with the workload they will face.
Let's look at the difference between GA and the airlines. In the airlines, dispatchers make go/no-go decisions, although the captain can override the decision if warranted. Flight crews don't have to worry about developing flight plans - this is done by someone else. In the airlines, two or more pilots share the workload, and they usually have state-of-the-art equipment. The GA pilot gets to do all of these things by him- or herself. It's a real juggling act. Not only is the pilot the PIC, navigator, and communicator, but he or she sometimes gets to be a cabin attendant and tour guide as well. It's important to teach instrument students to set priorities. When things get tense, flying the airplane is at the top of the list.
We like to say that GA is on the cutting edge of low technology. Equipment is getting better for GA aircraft, especially in the area of panel-mounted IFR GPS units and other enhancements such as the FAA Capstone concept, which employs avionics from UPS Aviation Technologies. Equipment promises to get even better as envisioned by NASA's AGATE and SATS programs. But make certain that students understand that more and better equipment alone will not necessarily make them safer. If they are not proficient with the new whiz-bang avionics boxes, they would be better off without them. A pilot still needs to still have basic "stick and rudder" flying skills.
Successful single-pilot IFR begins on the ground before the flight. Five major areas are addressed in the seminar to prepare for these flights. Basically, the pilot must be well-trained, proficient, healthy, happy, and organized. Let's take these one at a time:
1. Well-trained: Whether or not these pilots are well-trained is up to us as flight instructors. All of us want to provide the best instrument training possible, so we need to make an inventory of which special skills we can offer the student. First of all, we should be an experienced IFR pilot with substantial time flying in actual conditions. We should be a dedicated educator who likes to teach and impart knowledge to others. But being a proficient IFR pilot is not enough. We should be willing to train in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) during part of the training. We should use an organized syllabus and have access to a simulator to integrate with the training. If we offer all of these elements, chances are our students will become outstanding IFR pilots.
2. Proficient: Students should be taught that they must fly IFR regularly, particularly in actual IMC, to maintain their skills. I worry about IFR pilots who never fly IFR except during their instrument proficiency checks. The IPC tests basic skills, but it is no substitute for flying IFR regularly. Staying proficient is hard. An instrument pilot must budget both the time and resources to guarantee regular IFR flying.
3. Healthy: We should make our students aware that single-pilot IFR is physically demanding. Maintaining our health is important to safe flying, particularly as we get older. Illness or fatigue must raise a flag not to fly. We should emphasize the need for proper rest and suggest a regular exercise program.
4. Happy: Pilots who take their personal problems with them to the cockpit are not going to be able to concentrate completely on flying. Personal problems such as debt, domestic issues, and other weighty concerns compromise our ability to think. We should convince our students that if they are suffering this type of stress, they should postpone their flying or take another qualified pilot with them.
5. Organized: One of the most effective things that a pilot can do to make an IFR flight trouble-free is to be organized in the cockpit. Being organized reduces the workload and the stress of challenging IFR flying. We should make our students aware of the many helpful devices available to help pilots with cockpit organization. Chart folders, approach chart holders, kneeboards, reliable timers, and other convenience devices make IFR flying easier. A headset with a mike boom is essential.
Other items that will provide a further margin of safety are suction cups to cover the attitude and heading indicators in the event of a vacuum failure, a handheld transceiver and GPS, a cell phone, a couple of flashlights, and an E6B flight computer.
Another way to reduce the workload in IFR flying is to learn to work effectively with ATC. New instrument-rated pilots are often intimidated by the radio, and they accept without question anything they hear from ATC. Working with ATC is a two-way street, and the controllers can provide a lot of information if you know which questions to ask. If you ask, ATC can give you information about precipitation levels ahead of you, where aircraft are successfully deviating, and degrees of turbulence experienced by other pilots. Pilots are often able to negotiate route and altitude changes and pick up a lot of valuable information simply by actively listening to the frequency.
We should stress to students that they should never be afraid to declare an emergency if the situation warrants. That gives ATC a lot of leeway in helping the pilot get safely on the ground. About the worst that can happen is that the pilot will have to answer some questions and complete some paperwork. Not much of a penalty when you consider the alternative.
We find that one of the greatest challenges in teaching IFR flying is getting the student to think ahead - to stay ahead of the airplane. I have achieved some success by continually asking the student, "What are the two most important things in instrument flying?" The answer, "The next two things that are going to happen." The two things could be going to the VOR and flying outbound on the 293-degree radial, or flying to the IAF and intercepting the localizer. Having this question continually in their mind forces the students to think ahead of the airplane. Another part of this technique is to convince students that they must be in a constant state of inquiry during the flight - always thinking about what's going to happen next and be ready for change. If their mind begins to wander toward that next business meeting or whether rental cars will be available at the destination, one of the links in the famous accident chain is beginning to develop.
Much of the information presented here is contained in the Air Safety Foundation's Single-Pilot IFR Safety Advisor, available online ( www.aopa.org/asf/ publications/sa05.pdf ). The live seminar and a "do it yourself" Seminar-in-a-Box will be offered again in early 2002.
By Richard Hiner | <urn:uuid:50dbcc9c-833b-436c-aefe-f44aabe1613c> | {
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Correlation Between Weather Conditions and Rhododendron Flower Bud Formation
Flower bud set on rhododendrons in the garden depends on a number of factors. Among them are rainfall, temperature, light, nutrition, plant age and health, and bud set and bloom the preceding season. It is the contribution and interaction of these factors and undoubtedly others, e.g., timing, that govern the formation of the flower and/ or growth buds. Observations of flower bud set and weather conditions over a period of 17 years indicated that an increase in flower buds occurred when (1) the previous year's buds were blasted by cold weather; (2) bud set the previous year was poor; (3) the plants were fertilized, after blooming, with slow release fertilizer; (4) summer rainfall was lower and (5) temperatures higher than normal and (6) there were fewer cloudy summer days. The magnitude of the effect on flower bud set seemed to decrease from (1) to (6). The difficulty of a satisfactory explanation for the change (increase or decrease) in flower bud set for certain years in the span of 17 years points out the complexity of the process.
The fact that the number of flower buds on my rhododendrons has varied so much from year to year has intrigued me for some time, but inertia kept me from trying to find out why. Then at one of our Southeastern Chapter meetings, in the fall of 1992, Augie Kehr asked what kind of bud set the attendees had that year. Everyone reported a poor bud set. The next question was why. The subject was kicked around, but there was no overall agreement. Augie then suggested that someone should determine the bud set experience of rhododendron growers in the area and see if it could be correlated with weather conditions. That was the impetus I needed to take advantage of my propensity for a record keeping.
|TABLE 1: Rhododendron Flower Bud Count|
|Year||Total No. Buds||No. Plants Counted||No. Plants Whose Buds||Change in No. of Buds From Previous Year|
|* 757 buds from 11 plants that were winter killed were not included in change from 1984. There were 104 buds from 12 plants that started blooming in 1985. There was therefore a gain of 557 buds on living 1984 plants. There was a bud loss of 96 (757-661) on total count.|
Over the years a record has been kept by me of the number of flower buds on every rhododendron in the yard. The following year, the number that bloomed were counted as the faded trusses were deadheaded. This also served as a check on bud count. If there was a discrepancy, it usually was that more blooms were counted than flower buds. If that was the case, bloom count was used. Bud counting was started in 1973 but wasn't reliably done for every plant until 1977. The bud counting data is presented in Table I and shown graphically in Figures 1 and 2. There is an uptrend in the total number of buds since more rhododendrons were planted every year. The meaningful data is the increase or decrease in the number of buds from year to year. You may notice that there is a discrepancy in the total number of buds for a given year and the value you should get by bud increase or decrease from the previous year. This is because of the plants that are listed as "no change." A change of two buds for a plant with 20 buds doesn't qualify as a significant change. Also if there were less than 5-10% (depending on number of buds) change in number of buds, the plant was listed as "no change." Try counting 300 buds and you can understand why. The only way I have discovered to count hundreds of buds on a plant is to start with the lowest branch and work out that branch one branch at a time to the end. Then proceed to the next branch up the trunk and so on to the topmost branch. It can get tedious. The bud counting was done on several fairly warm days in late December or January when other outdoor chores were no longer necessary. The variables that were considered as possibly affecting flower bud set of my garden rhododendrons were light, moisture, nutrition, temperature and previous blooming behavior. Deadheading was not a variable since all the plants were deadheaded every year. Disease (dieback, e.g.) and branches sheared off by falling tree limbs would affect the bud count but were judged to be minor enough not to have a significant effect on the total count. One exception would be 1985 when several plants were killed by a January freeze (-21 °F), and a fair amount of dead wood was pruned out of others. It should be noted that in spite of this the bud count of living plants increased.
|Figure 1 Change in Rhododendron Flower Bud Count from Previous Year|
|Figure 2. Total Number of Rhododendron Flower Buds Counted Each Year|
The next step was to collect data on weather conditions for the years 1977-1994. Rainfall data was available from my records, using a Tru-Chek rain gauge, of rainfall in the yard. In 1986 an irrigation system consisting of garden hoses, sprinkler heads and Y valves was installed. From the gallons of water used (city water bills 1984-1994) in the June, July, August period, the inches of irrigation water could be calculated for the area being watered. This amount, added to the rainfall, presents a somewhat more accurate account of the moisture available to the plants. However, in hot, dry months, the plants were still somewhat stressed. The trees on my two lots also love w
ater. A trip to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration office at the Tri-City Airport yielded a publication titled "1992 Local Climatological Data Annual Summary With Comparative Data." Included in this publication were monthly average temperatures for 1963-1992 and monthly cooling degree days for 1969-1992. Another form from NOAA listed monthly clear, partly cloudy and cloudy days for 1971-1992. The missing data for 1993 and 1994 was obtained by phone call. The Tri-City Airport is about 8 miles from my house as the crow flies. Weather conditions at my house should therefore approximate those at the airport.
|TABLE II: Comparison of Change in Rhododendron Bud Count With Variation in Weather Conditions Deviation Each Year From Average for All Years|
|Change in No. of Buds From Previous Year||June, July, August Rainfall||June, July, August Irrigation Plus Rainfall||June, July, August Cooling Degree Days||June, July, August Clear Plus Partly Cloudy Days||Average May Temp.|
|Year||(+) Increased or (-) Decreased|
|Average for '77-'94||11.43 in||12.89 in.||823||58 days||63.7°F|
* Severe winter flower bud blast occurred in these years.
# Slow-release fertilizer was applied in these years.
Instead of tabulating the weather condition data per se, each set of data was averaged over the period 1977-1994 and the deviation (+ or -) from average of that condition for each year is listed in Table II. The flower bud count increase or decrease is shown for comparison. This data was picked because it showed the best correlation between weather conditions and flower bud set. The months of June, July and August were chosen because that's mainly when flower bud initiation and development would occur. Including May, using any one month or trying various combinations of May, June, July and August did not improve the correlation over the entire span of years.
Extra fertilization and heavy winter bud blast are also shown in Table II. My fertilization record leaves something to be desired. Miracid was used in June most years but wasn't written down every time. However, starting in 1990, after reading an article in the Journal (44:2, 84-87, 1990) by George Ryan, "Phosphorus and Nitrogen Nutrition of Rhododendrons," a solid mixture of 4/1 by volume of Agrinite (composted sewage sludge, 7% N)/ triple phosphate (45% P) was sprinkled around each rhododendron. From 1-8 tablespoons of the mixture was used depending on the size of the plant. The tendency was to increase the amount each year within that range. Dates of application were 5-24, 6-14, 7-23, 5-7 and 5-28 for 1990-1994, respectively. My feeling is that the one shot Miracid fertilization is not as effective in promoting flower bud formation as the slow release type. Application in late July in 1992 may have been too late to do much good.
Flower bud blast due to severe winter weather was approximately 65%, 70%, 98% and 50% for 1982, 1984, 1985 and 1994, respectively. Some bud blast occurred in other years on borderline hardy varieties but not to an extent to significantly affect the potential flower bud development and total bud count.
Is there a correlation between flower bud set and any of these items? Before attempting to address this question, a prediction must be made concerning the expected change (increase or decrease) in bud set with a change (+ or - from average) in condition. An increase in flower bud set is predicted for a decrease in rainfall, an increase in cooling degree days (hot weather), an increase in May temperature, an increase in clear plus partly cloudy days, timely application of fertilizer, severe winter kill of prior year's flower buds and for the year following a year with poor flower bud set. A decrease in flower bud set is predicted for the opposite change in these conditions. A possible explanation could be proposed for each prediction. For instance, a decrease in rainfall would stress the plant and flower bud set might increase because of the plant's struggle for survival by means of flowering and seed production to reproduce itself. Since many of the predictions would likewise be based on supposition rather than experimental evidence, no further attempt will be made to justify the predictions.
These predictions can be tested by comparing the data in Table II. A change (+ or -) from average for rainfall is in agreement with an increase or decrease in flower bud set in 10 out of 17 years. For rainfall plus irrigation the agreement is 8 out of 11 years. For cooling degree days the agreement is 10 out of 17 years. For May temperature the agreement is 13 out of 17 years. For clear plus partly cloudy days the agreement is 8 out of 16 years. If the bud-blast years of 1982, 1984, 1985 and 1994 are excluded and only the largest deviations from average are used, agreement with increase or decrease in bud count for the preceding conditions would be 7 out of 8, 2 out of 2, 4 out of 6, 6 out of 6 and 5 out of 7 years, respectively. The test for winter bud blast correlates with increase in flower bud count in 4 out of 4 years and for slow-release fertilization in 4 out of 5 years. An alternate year blooming cycle occurs in 11 out of 16 years. Whether the cycle is every other year or every third year is an interesting question for which I have no answer. The one exception with slow-release fertilization is not a true test since the fertilizer was not applied until July in 1992. Another indication that fertilizer application is increasing the number of flower buds is that there was an increase of about 4,900 buds from 1988 to 1994. Plants starting to bloom after 1988 accounted for only 2,300 of these increased buds.
Has a good correlation between weather conditions and flower bud formation in the garden been established? The answer is no, but some correlation certainly can't be ruled out. The trouble is there are many years that weather condition deviation from average doesn't seem great enough to have the observed effect on bud count. There are also non-conforming years (e.g., 1991) that are hard to explain. You have to assume that May temperature and fertilization outweigh all the negative factors. What is apparent is that many complicating factors are involved. There are undoubtedly interactions and some variables that are either unknown or haven't been considered. Take, for instance, length of dry spell or heat wave, and several moderate rains vs. a frog strangler. Timing could be a critical factor in determining how, where and when plant hormones are triggered. However, based on observations and the magnitude of bud set change for the entire period, the factors presented here, in order of greatest to least effect on flower bud formation, would be ranked: bud blast, alternate year blooming, fertilization, May temperature, rainfall, hot weather and number of clear and partly cloudy days. It should be pointed out that all plants did not follow the pattern of bud increase or decrease shown in Table I. There were always some that didn't keep in step and tended to march to a different drummer. All this may be food for thought, but what home gardeners are really interested in is what they can do to increase flower buds on their rhododendrons. Applying slow-release fertilizer after they bloom (late May in my area) is a good bet. You already know that more light, short of damage to foliage, works. If you want to have a consistent but average bud set from year to year, after October pinch out a number of flower buds in years with a heavy bud set. Withholding water in periods of summer stress is not recommended. Stress also leads to disease. There is not much you can do about May temperature. Anyway, that could very well be just a coincidence. Finally, keep your rhododendrons healthy. Some of these suggestions are not guaranteed since they haven't been proven by experimentation, so try them on a few plants before going whole hog.
Russell Gilkey is a member of the Southeastern Chapter. | <urn:uuid:a33428c5-c92e-407d-b2e2-d3a58c164a2b> | {
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AKA William Robinson, Jr.
Birthplace: Detroit, MI
Race or Ethnicity: Black
Sexual orientation: Straight
Nationality: United States
Executive summary: Motown singer, A Quiet Storm
One of the principal architects behind the Motown phenomenon of the 1960s, Smokey Robinson would help to shape the subsequent development of vocal pop music as both a composer and a performer. Although raised amongst the rust and clutter of the Brewster ghetto in Detroit, Michigan, his enthusiasm as a child was directed towards the cinema of the Wild West, and it was because of this that he earned the nickname "Smokey Joe" from his uncle Claude. He also found inspiration in his mother's record collection, which introduced him to black performers such as Billy Eckstine, Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, and Sarah Vaughan. During his tenth year, however, the death of his mother would place him in the care of his older sister Geraldine, as Robinson's father's employment as a truck driver kept him away from home for extended periods of time; it was not long afterwards that the young prodigy began performing doo-wop on the street corners with neighborhood friends, his skills as a songwriter already in evidence.
In 1955 Robinson formed a high school vocal group called The Five Chimes, which initially also included classmates Ronnie White, Pete Moore, James Grice and Clarence Dawson. The following year Dawson was replaced by Emerson Rogers and the group's name was changed to The Matadors, although by 1957 both Rogers and Grice had been replaced by Rogers' sister Claudette and his cousin Bobby. It was at this time that the group (now using the name The Miracles to accommodate their female member) came to the attention of young songwriter Berry Gordy through a failed audition for the manager handling Jackie Wilson; Gordy offered them a song he had co-written called Got A Job, and arranged to have it released as a single by End Records in early 1958. The label issued a second single Money later in the year, but for their third attempt Gordy and Robinson moved over to Chess Records with their co-written track Bad Girl (1959). It was with this song that the Miracles would finally crack the national top 100.
Inspired by this tentative brush with success, Gordy allowed himself to be talked into starting his own record label by Robinson, and after securing a loan for $800 he established Tamla Records in 1959 (expanded to include the associated Motown label in 1960). The Miracle's first offering for the label Way Over There failed to receive much attention, and the band spent most of the subsequent year away from the studio developing their stage act in venues around Detroit and along the East Coast. With his next recording, however, Robinson brought about a dramatic change in both the label's and his own fortunes -- the self-penned track Shop Around entering both the pop and R&B charts upon it's release in October 1960, and ultimately climbing to #2 and #1 (repectively) by February 1961. As a result, the young songwriter had successfully established both himself and the Motown label as significant forces in the record industry.
In addition to his work with the Miracles, Robinson contributed extensively as a writer and producer to the output of other Motown acts, and his obvious talents in these areas prompted Gordy to promote him to label vice-president in 1961. Over the next several years Robinson continued to generate hit songs for the Miracles (What's So Good About Good-Bye (1962), I'll Try Something New (1962), You Really Got A Hold On Me (1962, an R&B #1 and pop #8), Mickey's Monkey (1963, another R&B #1 and pop #8)), while also crafting successful material for Mary Wells (including You Beat Me To The Punch (1962), Two Lovers (1962), My Guy (1962) -- all R&B #1's) and The Temptations (including The Way You Do the Things You Do (1964), My Girl (1964, a pop #1), Since I Lost My Baby (1965)), as well as several other of the label's leading names. By 1964 Claudette Rogers -- who had married Robinson in 1959 -- had retired from live performance to focus instead on raising a family, although she continued to participate in the group's recording sessions. Not long afterwards, the decision was made to change the name to Smokey Robinson and the Miracles -- initially just for the albums, but extended to include the single releases in 1967.
Despite the drop in interest that many other performers experienced as a result of the "British Invasion" phenomenon of 1964/65, the Miracles' flow of hit singles remained unchecked throughout these years, and songs such as Ooo Baby Baby, The Tracks Of My Tears, My Girl Has Gone and Going to a Go-Go (all 1965) still reliably charted in the mainstream top 20. 1967's I Second That Emotion became the Miracles' most successful track after their breakthrough single Shop Around, but as the end of the 1960s approached the popularity of Motown began to wane; this, combined with the strain of constant touring and recording while juggling his duties as a producer and vice-president, prompted Robinson to announce his resignation from the group in 1969. This decision would be undermined, however, by the unexpected climb of the re-issued single The Tears of a Clown to the top of the UK charts in September of 1970, followed by a corresponding jump to the top of the US charts a few weeks later. Robinson subsequently postponed his departure for a couple more years, but as the group's fortunes failed to maintain any permanent change he once again chose to resign in 1971. A six-month farewell tour was launched in early 1972, concluding with a performance in Washington, D.C. with a line-up that once again included Claudette and established Billy Griffin as the Miracles' new lead singer.
In the wake of his departure from The Miracles, for a short time Robinson abandoned his role as a performer and devoted himself to his obligations as Motown's vice-president. In 1973 he launched his solo career with the album Smokey and the R&B top 40 single Sweet Harmony, followed by a return to the R&B top 10 by way of his second single Baby Come Close. Throughout the next decade he continued to release at least one album every year, while the majority of his singles still consistently found their way into the R&B top 40 (the 1975 track Baby That's Backatcha earning him his first solo R&B #1). The mellow tone of his solo material did not have as much impact on the mainstream as had his earlier output with the Miracles, but on two occasions Robinson managed a return to the pop top 10: in 1979 with Cruisin' (#4) and in 1981 with Being With You (#2). In 1977 he also expanded his recording credits to include a film soundtrack by providing a funk-inflected score for the blaxploitation comedy Big Time.
In the mid-1980s Robinson's solo career experienced a temporary lull when his decade-long struggle with cocaine addition reached a crisis point; the singer managed to overcome the problem, but the strain it had created on his marriage to Claudette ultimately led to their divorce in 1986. This slump was brought to and end the following year by the back-to-back top ten singles Just To See Her and One Heartbeat, which concurrently positioned him in the upper reaches of the US R&B, US pop and UK pop charts. These two songs would prove to be Robinson's last significant impact (to date) on the mainstream music industry, although his popularity as a live performer remained undiminished. Upon the sale of Motown to MCA, a nearly three-decade long tenure as the label's vice-president was concluded in 1988 -- as was his status as a Motown artist two years later, his contract to the label being fulfilled by 1990's Love, Smokey, and his next album Double Good Everything (1991) being issued through SBK.
Smokey Robinson would remain absent from the music scene for most of the 1990's, returning only at the very end of the decade with the album Intimate (1999) on the now Universal-controlled Motown. In the interim Robinson pursued his non-musical business interests, as well as collaborating with Ron Milner on the score to a Broadway musical called Hoops! based on the history of the Harlem Globetrotters (this project, apparently later renamed Hoopz, continued to be developed without Robinson's involvement). The 00's found him taking a on variety of television guest appearances, including a brief stint as a judge on American Idol and a pair of acting appearances on the network sitcom One on One. In 2004 Robinson branched out into the frozen food business through his company SFGL, which manufactured a brand of gumbo, pot roast and red beans & rice bearing the singer's name and likeness. His music output resumed through different small labels in the mid-00s with Food For The Spirit (2004) and Timeless Love (2006), the former being his first foray into the contemporary gospel genre and the latter a collection of jazz standards.
Father: William Robinson (truck driver)
Sister: Geraldine Burston
Sister: Rose Ella Jones (songwriter, "Aunt Woody", b. circa 1928, d. 26-Apr-2010)
Wife: Claudette Rogers (singer, m. 7-Nov-1959, div. 1986)
Son: Berry Williams
Daughter: Tamla Claudette
Girlfriend: Diana Ross (singer)
Wife: Frances Gladney Robinson (interior designer, m. May-2002)
High School: Northern High School, Detroit, MI (1957)
The Miracles 1955-65
Smokey Robinson and the Miracles 1965-72
National Medal of Arts 2002
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 1987
Songwriters Hall of Fame 1990
Grammy Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male, for Just To See Her (1987)
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (1990)
Grammy Hall of Fame Award, for Tears Of A Clown (with Smokey Robinson and the Miracles) (2002)
Risk Factors: Cocaine, Marijuana
FILMOGRAPHY AS ACTOR
Rejoice and Shout (30-May-2011) · Himself
Last Holiday (13-Jan-2006)
Hollywood Homicide (10-Jun-2003) · Cabbie
The Temptations (1-Nov-1998) · Himself
Knights of the City (14-Feb-1986) · Himself
We Are the World (28-Jan-1985) · Himself
The T.A.M.I. Show (29-Dec-1964) · Himself
Author of books:
Smokey: Inside My Life (1988, autobiography)
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Botox refers to a drug toxin this is produced by the help of a bacterium “CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM”. The fundamental use of Botox is to dam any nerve activity within the muscle groups. It is the same toxin that leads to a life threatening food poisoning sickness known as botulism. It is utilized by medical doctors in small quantities to treat many fitness problems. These can also include smoothing of facial wrinkles, severe underarm sweating, neck spasms, misaligned eyes, and uncontrollable blinking.
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Amazing Benefits of Botox Treatment
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Migraine: There might be many of you who having migraine or headache issues. Therefore, to reduce the frequency of migraine attacks, these injections are used. It can lessen the issues even if you are attacked by way of migraine every 2-3 days. | <urn:uuid:f55518cc-4533-4825-8b1f-dcf82a356373> | {
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This week’s episode is the sixth of seven events Distant Friends and Intimate Enemies: The US and Russia, the Fall 2020 Speakers Series at the University of Pittsburgh’s Center for Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies.
The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was not just a battle between ideologies. It was also a technological race. The state that could produce the most advanced tech affirmed the superiority of its respective system. By the 1960s, cybernetics, and soon, the creation of national information network, became a key theater in the science race. As we know, the United States was successful. The American military developed the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) which became the technological foundation for today’s Internet. But cybernetics had broader application and influenced economics, psychology, biology, and other human sciences. What vision did Soviet and American scientists have for cybernetics? And what role did cybernetics play in the Cold War contest?
Ekaterina Babintseva is a Hixon-Riggs Early Career fellow in Science and Technologies Studies at Harvey Mudd College. Her book project “Cyberdreams of the Information Age: Learning with Machines in the Cold War United States and Soviet Union” examines how American and Soviet engineers, computer scientists, psychologists, and educators worked to develop computational methods to educate American and Soviet citizens during the Cold War.
Slava Gerovitch is a Lecturer in the History of Mathematics at MIT. He’s the author of several books including From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics, Voices of the Soviet Space Program: Cosmonauts, Soldiers, and Engineers Who Took the USSR into Space and Soviet Space Mythologies: Public Images, Private Memories, and the Making of a Cultural Identity.
Rhesus Factor feat. Leæther Strip, “Stomp the Cybers,” Mann Der Arbeit, 2015, | <urn:uuid:8da2e7ca-0c1c-47a2-8694-ba9133bc4eb7> | {
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US 4352497 A
The invention provides mobile game play goals in form of tether balls with various types of tether anchors, depending on types of playing surface and game field pattern. The mobile goals are employed in various field patterns for novel football (soccer) play whereby competing teams try to kick a free football (soccer ball) against their mobile goal for a score. The invention describes four different field patterns for mobile goals and associated game play. Tether ropes can range from 1 to 5 yds (mts) in length. Tether anchors can be in form of stake or inverted "U" pin for soft playing surface, and in form of a weighted disc for impenetrable playing surface such as concrete, asphalt, or wood. An optional form of mobile goals uses two tether balls connected by a tether from 2 to 10 yds (mts) in length, thus providing a free-to-move (non-anchored) pair of goals which can be used in novel game play. Subject goals are portable, economical, vandal-proof, versatile in set-up on various playing surfaces, suitable for small playing areas, require no field markings, and provide ideal means for football (soccer) competition or practice.
1. Football (soccer) game with mobile goals comprising two footballs (soccer balls), one of which includes indicia designating the team "A" goal and one of which includes different indicia designating the team "B" goal, with a 2 to 10 yds (mts) tether therebetween, a free football (soccer ball), a playing surface, and a playing area, whereby competing teams can play a modified version of conventional football (soccer) game.
2. Game and apparatus comprising a fairly smooth and level playing surface with frictional characteristics such as those of grass, dirt and sand, two inflated spherical goal balls, one of which includes indicia designating a team "A" goal and one of which includes different indicia designating a team "B" goal, with a 2 to 10 yds (mts) tether therebetween, each of said tethered balls resting on said surface and adapted to move freely within the constraint of said tether in response to being kicked by the players, and a third inflated spherical free ball normally resting on said surface, whereby two competing teams can play a modified version of conventional football (soccer) game by kicking said tethered balls into advantageous positions and by attempting to kick the said free ball against an appropriate said tethered ball goal for a goal score.
3. Game and apparatus of claim 2 wherein said tether includes at least one swivel therein.
4. Game and apparatus of claim of claim 2 wherein all said inflated balls are comparable to conventional footballs (soccer balls).
The invention relates to football (soccer) games with mobile goals; footballs (soccer balls) having 1 to 5 yds (mts) long tethers with various anchor means are used as mobile goals against which competing team players attempt to kick a free football (soccer ball) for a score. Various field patterns are used for disposition of 2, 3, or 4 mobile goals. Another mobile goal variation uses a non-anchored pair of balls with a 2 to 10 yds (mts) long tether therebetween.
No related patents or other documents have been noted. Standard football (soccer) game play and standard tether balls might be mentioned as general background art of invention. Reference is made to 1978 catalogue, page 37, of General Sportcraft Inc. of Bergenfield, N.J., USA, which shows two official size tether balls, one with a built-in external loop attachment for tether, and one with a recessed hanger for tether. Both balls approximate size of standard football (soccer ball). Nylon ropes are used as tether medium. Cited tether balls are usually attached to an upright pole and hit with hand or fist in game play. Some variations of tether ball use include football (soccer) practice with long tether medium of rope or rubber band or rubber tubing, with ball being kicked while tether is attached to stake in earth. However, in no instance has it been noted that tether ball was used as a mobile goal in game play.
The invention as claimed is intended to provide simple, effective, challenging, and economical mobile goals for use in a variety of novel football (soccer) type games that can be played by competing teams on a variety of playing surfaces, both indoors and outdoors, especially where size of playing area is limited. The invention solves the problem of how to design: (a) simple tethered mobile goals using tether balls with anchoring means for various types of playing surfaces: (b) simple set of paired tether balls connected together which is used as mobile goals for two competing teams but without anchor means; and (c) various football (soccer) games using field patterns and playing rules in conjunction with 2, 3, or 4 mobile goals.
The advantages offered by subject mobile goals as compared to conventional goals in football (soccer) game play are: subject goals are portable, economical, vandal-proof, versatile in set-up on various playing surfaces, suitable for use in small playing area, and require no field markings. Another advantage offered by subject goals is additional novel element of game play which allows players to kick mobile goal balls in both offensive and defensive maneuvers for game play advantage. Also, the smallness of the mobile goals require challenging skill, strategy, and teamwork of players to make free ball contact mobile goal for a score. In general, the use of mobile goals in subject novel games is ideal for formal and informal game play with minimum set-up requirements and allows a wide range of players per team to participate. In addition, one type of game play involves three teams competing at one time, a novel variation in football (soccer).
The invention is described in detail with reference to drawings which illustrate several embodiments of tether ball systems and game play patterns, in which:
FIG. 1 is a side view of ball, tether, swivel, and exposed anchor stake, with three different team mobile goal ball designations indicated;
FIG. 2 is a side view of exposed optional tether anchor pin having inverted "U" shape;
FIG. 3 is a side view of optional disc-shaped weighted tether anchor with exposed impenetrable playing surface;
FIG. 4 is a top view of weighted tether anchor of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a view of a free standard football (soccer ball);
FIG. 6 is a side view of two non-anchored tether balls connected together which serve as mobile goals for teams "A" and "B";
FIG. 7 is a plan view of a square field pattern for two team game using four mobile goals, two for each team;
FIG. 8 is a plan view of a linear field pattern for two team game using two mobile goals, one for each team;
FIG. 9 is a plan view of triangular field pattern for a three team game using three mobile goals; and
FIG. 10 is a plan view of a field pattern using a pair of tether balls connected together to form two free-to-move non-anchored mobile goals for two team play.
FIG. 1 shows components of a typical tether ball system which is generally indicated by numeral 1, in which standard tether ball 2 has a diameter of about 8 to 9 inches (20.3 to 22.9 cms). Circle 3 on ball 2 indicates team designation marker for teams "A", "B", and "C" as shown above and to right of ball 2. Attachment loop 4 on ball 2 receives short tether rope 5 which in turn connects to eyelet of swivel 6, with other eyelet of swivel 6 connecting long tether rope 5, which in turn connects to stake 7 driven in playing surface 8 and underlying material 9. FIG. 2 shows portion of tether system using inverted "U" pin 10 as tether anchor. In general, anchor stake 7 is preferred for use in extremely hard but penetrable playing surfaces and underlying materials. Stake can be driven with hammer or mallet. Inverted "U" pin 10 is better for soft playing surface and underlying material and can be pushed in place by hand or foot. FIGS. 3 and 4 show optional weighted tether anchor 11 with tether attachment loop 12 on top. An impenetrable playing surface 14 with underlying material (concrete) 13 shows why a weighted anchor is desirable to secure tether ball. FIG. 5 shows standard football (soccer ball) generally indicated by numeral 20 which is used as the free ball in all subject game play. FIG. 6 shows a two tether ball system 30 comprising two of the one ball systems 1 connected (tied) together but with no anchor means, with tie knot indicated by number 31. Mobile team goals of system 30 are designated by solid black circle and blank circle on balls for teams "A" and "B" respectively. These mobile goals are free to be kicked in game play for any team advantage, with the basic idea of having the free football (soccer ball) strike a mobile team goal ball for point score. Swivels on all tether ball systems tend to reduce twisting and tangling of tether ropes. Tethers can have a wide range of lengths, from 1 to 5 yds (mts) for one ball systems, and double that length range for two ball systems.
FIGS. 7 and 10 show various field patterns for game play. Common items for most patterns include one ball tether system 1, with anchor stake 7, penetrable playing surface 8, playing area 15 (restricted in drafting size due to sheet limitations), free football (soccer ball) 20, an "X" mark which indicates start point for game play, and an "L" designation which indicates tether ball anchor spacing distance. FIG. 7 shows square field pattern for two team game using four mobile goals, two for team "A" and two for team "B", with "L" distance ranging from 8 to 20 yds (mts), with like goals anchored individually at diagonally opposite corners of square. Playing surface can be fairly smooth and level grass, dirt, or sand. Overall playing area 15 should be at least 30 yds (mts) square. No field markings or boundary lines are required. Assumed or marked outer boundary lines can be used if so desired. Start point "X" is assumed or marked in center of square. Imaginary lines (dashed) connect anchor means at corner of square. A referee and score keeping means should be available for formal game play. Team players can number from 5 to 10 per side for game pattern in FIG. 7. To start game play using pattern in FIG. 7, place all mobile goal balls radially outward from center of square with tether ropes taut. Next, select two opposing players and have them stand at point "X" in center of square, with all other players beyond imaginary square pattern lines. Referee than drops football (soccer ball) between starting players and game is underway. Team players attempt to gain ball possession and score goal by kicking free ball against either of their team's mobile goal balls for a one point score. Only conventional football (soccer) play is permitted. But in addition to kicking the free ball, players can kick any goal ball to gain play advantage in an attempt to score a goal or prevent a score by opponent. However, players must not purposely kick or hinder movement of tether rope. Major or minor penalties or both can result from such prohibited play. In general, minor penalties are assessed for minor fouls or violation, and major penalties are assessed for dangerous fouls or major violations. Where foul is committed by opposing team in obvious scoring situation and goal is missed, score can be awarded and major or minor penalty also assessed, depending on judgement by referee. Foul by ball possession team always results in loss of ball. In general, foul of minor type by opposing team (without ball) can result in loss of future ball possession at any time in restart of play for any reason. Details related to major penalties and resulting penalty kicks are discussed at end of description of the various field patterns of play. Restart of play after score is made by player of scored-on team at point 3 yds (mts) from behind outstretched scored-on goal ball in radial pattern, with all other players at least 3 yds (mts) back from starter. Restart of play after foul is from point of foul with all players and any goal ball at least 3 yds (mts) back from starter. If free ball goes out-of-bounds, it is brought in as in conventional football (soccer). To prevent intentional game delay, free ball must touch ground within square pattern in time period of 20 seconds if in continuous possession by one team or ball possession is lost.
Game play using linear field pattern of FIG. 8 is essentially the same as for the square field pattern linear pattern is more suitable for smaller playing area and smaller team size. Only total of two mobile goals is used. Game is started with two opposing players at point "X" with all other players behind imaginary lines through the tether anchor points and perpendicular to dashed line between tether anchor points. Anti-game delay rule requires that free ball cross between anchor means at ground level in 20 second time period while ball is in possession of one team or ball possession is lost.
Game play using triangular field pattern of FIG. 9 is essentially the same as that of square pattern of FIG. 7, except that three teams are competing in game using three mobile goals designated as goals "A", "B", and "C". The tether anchor distance spacing "L" is same as in FIG. 7, ranging from 8 to 20 yds (mts). To start play, three opposing players stand at "X" mark at center of triangle and referee drops ball, with all other players beyond triangle pattern.
Game play using a non-anchored tether ball pair of mobile goals of FIG. 10 is quite different from the other field patterns described. Play is suitable on practically any type of smooth and level surface with the minimum of equipment and set-up effort, indoors or outdoors, since no tether anchors are required and since the paired tether balls will not roll too freely even on a smooth surface. Play can be in a small area and with a minimum number of players using a short tether. With a longer tether, more players can readily participate. To score a goal, play requires close-up skill, strategy, and teamwork. Power has no advantage in this type of play. Also, play must be directed at all three balls at same time, thus requiring some new strategy in the game of football (soccer). To start play, two opposing players stand at "X" mark with all other players beyond outstretched tether as shown in FIG. 10. In game play, if tethered pair of balls is dislocated too far from center of playing area, referee can stop play and reset pair, with ball possession being retained by same team. Anti-game delay rule requires that free ball cross between mobile goals at ground level in 20 second time period while in possession of one team or ball possession is lost. The "D" distance shown in FIG. 10 is set-back of "X" mark from tether for start of play should be at least 5 yds (mts).
In most sports and games, major fouls and violations and resulting major penalties are very important and can have a significant impact on safety and score of game. Subject games are no exception. In general, a major penalty is assessed in game play for dangerous play or for illegal play that prevents an obvious goal score. In the latter case, the score can be awarded with some additional minor penalty such as loss of ball possession or a future ball possession. If appropriate, a penalty kick can be awarded to give deserving team a reasonable change to make a score. The specific maneuver in a penalty kick should be designed to give at least a 75% chance of scoring, comparable to that of conventional football (soccer). One type of penalty kick used in square field pattern as in FIG. 7 is as follows: (a) position all goal balls as at start of game; (b) place selected penalty kicker and free ball next to one of his goal balls; (c) all defending players must be stationed in triangle nearer to kicker formed by center diagonal line across square connecting anchors of defending team goals; (d) all players of kicking team must be on far side of same center diagonal (remote from kicker) but not necessarily in triangle; (e) after proper wait and when referee signals; free ball must be kicked by penalty kicker and all other players are free to move; (f) kicking team tries to score goal before defending team gains good field positions; (g) kicking team can score at either goal after free ball crosses center diagonal, but defending team can not score on penalty try; (h) if defending team makes any kind of foul on try, a goal is awarded to kicking team; (i) after 10 seconds, try period is over and normal play starts if no goal is scored; (j) if score is made, one point is awarded and game is restarted as previously described. Modified versions of above penalty try can be used with other field pattern games. Another form of penalty that might be used is that of removing offending player from game of a definite time period as in ice hockey.
The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof and, accordingly, references should be made to the attached claims, rather than to the foregoing description as indicating the scope of the invention. | <urn:uuid:ff81c1bb-4278-4f35-b0dd-0aa9d162b6c7> | {
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Herniated Disk And Back Pain
The disk at the back spinal column divides the skeletal structures. Disk does not compose blood vessels or nerves like other elements of the skeletal structure. Instead, disks are made up of fat, water, and tissues that connect to the skeletal structure and most likely to suffer being a herniated disk. During all hours of the day, the disks leak water, which is caused from forces of gravity. For instance, when we sit it is a gravity force in action, which one might think that it takes little effort to sit, but contrary to the notion, it is adding a lot of weight to the spine and disk.
The disk restores water that has leaked out during the day, yet the water is restored at slower paces. Fat and water is balanced in the disk, yet when it is not it causes a person to shrink height. Fat and water inside disks are thick, yet when a person starts aging, the substances begin to thin. When fat and water begins to thin, it can lead to osteoarthritis. Thinning water and fat of the disk is also the leading cause of back pain, especially at the lower region. Using ease cream may help with some of the pain.
Disks exterior are covered by “Annulus Fibrosis.” Sometimes the connective tissues lead to abnormal thickening, which scars the tissue. Usually injury follows, then infection, and moves to restrained oxygen intake. Surgery is often the result. The inner area of the disk is shielded by “Nucleus Pulposis.” The pulp makes up the hub of the disk, which is polished and soft. The disks make up the primary supporting force that regulates the spinal column, bones, muscles, etc.
When the disk is not protecting the spinal structures it is often dehydrated, pressured, or deformed. The disk has strength that combines with flexibility to withstand high loads of pressure, yet when that flexibility and strength is interrupted, it can result to herniated disk slips, or other injuries.
Slipped disks in medical terms are known as HNP. (Herniated Nucleus Pulposa) As outlined the intervertebral disks are ruptured, which interrupts the nucleus pulposa. In medical terms, slipped disks can include L4, L5, which is Lumbrosacral and C5-7, which is Cervical. L4 is a single area of the spinal column and disks, which defines the numerical disk ruptured.
Slipped disks are caused from accidents, trauma, strain of the back and neck, lifting heavy objects, disk degeneration, weak ligaments, and congenital deformity of the bones. Disk degeneration is outlined in this article.
Symptoms Of Disk Problems
Lumbrosacral will show apparent symptoms, such as acute lower back pain, which radiates to the buttocks and down to the leg. The person will feel weak, numb, or tingling that stretches to the leg and foot. Ambulation also causes pain.
If cervical disk problems are present, the patient will feel stiffness around the neck. As well, the symptoms will make the patient feel weak, numb, and he/she will feel tingling around the hands. Neck pain often generates pain, extending it to the arms and onto the hands, which cause weakness to the upper region of the body. The weakness often targets the triceps and biceps, which become atrophy. The lumbar is affected also, which the patient will find it difficult to straighten the back.
What Happens With A Slipped Disk
What happens when a disk is slipped and/or broken the annulus fibrosis reacts by pushing its substance into the hollow spacing between the spinal column. The spinal column is made up of nerves, which travel to various parts of the body, including the brain. These nerves are affected when the disk is slipped. Learn more about the Central Nerve System (CNS) to relate to slipped disks. First, understand how the joints and connective tissues can cause back pain. | <urn:uuid:94152d76-693e-473b-abd7-7c8ee47f3983> | {
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“Touching colors” is the concept behind OMMO baby crayon. We use an educational approach for recognizing the colors and shapes of objects by associating touch and sight. For example, children can learn the shape of apples with their fingers and eyes and then associate apples with the color red. From 13 to 24 months, children are still developing their fine motor skills and learning how to hold various items. Let OMMO baby crayon be your child’s first crayons. They are easy to hold and helpful for developing fine motor skills. | <urn:uuid:da25e54f-fc1e-4071-a5e0-ba5a7ecad9d6> | {
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Coast Salish Territory – First Nations people continue to face a bigger impact from the opioid crisis than the rest of the population of British Columbia, although preliminary data from 2019 shows this gap is beginning to narrow.
The BC Coroners Service reported there were 981 suspected illicit drug toxicity deaths in BC in 2019. Although this figure represents a 36 per cent decrease overall from 2018, it still means three people a day in the province continue to fall victim to the poisoned supply.
“We know one thing for certain – the impact of this crisis on Indigenous peoples is disproportionately greater than for the rest of the provincial population,” said Dr. Nel Wieman, Senior Medical Officer for Mental Health and Wellness at the FNHA.
The FNHA will release detailed figures on toxic drug mortality rates this spring. These will show that despite a narrowing of the gap, specific populations such as First Nations women living in urban areas continue to make up a disproportionate part of the casualties.
FNHA Response ($8 million a year)
• Intensive case management teams
• Indigenous peer coordinators
• Naloxone training in all 203 First Nations communities in BC
• Support for First Nations men and women transitioning out of correctional facilities
• Partnering with community organizations in major urban centres to provide front-line supports
• Engaging more than 13,000 people in community-based harm reduction trainingQuick Facts from Provincial-Level Data
• The number of illicit drug toxicity deaths in 2019 equates to about 2.7 deaths per day for the year
• There was at least one illicit drug toxicity death in 330 of the 365 days in 2019
• Vancouver, Surrey, Victoria and Abbotsford experienced the highest number of illicit drug toxicity deaths in 2019
• Vancouver Coastal Health Authority had the highest rate of illicit drug toxicity deaths (23 deaths per 100,000 individuals), followed by Northern Health Authority (22.5 deaths per 100,000 individuals) in 2019
• Overall, the rate in BC was 19 deaths per 100,000 individuals in 2019
• By local health area, the rates of illicit drug toxicity deaths were highest in Princeton, Grand Forks, Hope, Keremeos, and Merritt, from 2017 to 2010Learn more
Read the BC Health Minister’s statement on the illicit drug toxicity death report. Media contact
First Nations Health Authority: 604-831-4898 | <urn:uuid:56469698-152c-43f1-9ec5-51e7b7e06ca4> | {
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One of New Zealand's epic stands on the Gallipoli peninsula was in the heat of August 1915 at Chunuk Bair, one of the three high points on the Sari Bair range. These were the main objectives of the Anzacs' offensive of early August 1915 when they tried to break out of the stalemate with the Turks in the Anzac sector.
The New Zealand Infantry Brigade advanced up Chailak Dere and Sazli Beit Dere during the night of 6-7 August to capture Chunuk Bair. Earlier, their way had been opened by the New Zealand mounted rifles units and the Maori Contingent, which had captured key points (including Old No 3 Outpost and Table Top) guarding the valleys in daring night assaults.
The attack had fallen behind schedule and the New Zealanders were still a kilometre short of the summit when dawn broke on 7 August, sheltering at a position below Rhododendron Ridge that would become known as The Apex.
In a mid-morning attack the Auckland Battalion suffered heavy casualties to reach the Pinnacle, 200 m from the summit. When ordered to follow suit, the Wellington Battalion's commander Lieutenant-Colonel William Malone refused to sacrifice his men in a futile attempt, insisting that the attack be mounted that night.
In the pre-dawn darkness of 8 August the Wellington swiftly moved up Rhododendron Ridge on to the summit, which almost inexplicably had been abandoned by its Turkish defenders. When the sun rose, Malone and his men, assisted by some Auckland mounted riflemen and British troops who also reached the summit, engaged in a desperate struggle to hold off the Turks.
The Otago Battalion and Wellington Mounted Rifles relieved the Wellingtons during the night of 8-9 August only to endure a similar ordeal all through the long summer day. They, too, were relieved during the night of 9-10 August by two British battalions, which almost immediately succumbed to a massive counterattack launched by the Turkish commander, Mustafa Kemal.
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Guru Nanak Jayanti, the most sacred festival of Sikhism celebrates the birth of Guru Nanak; the first Sikh Guru.
The Nanakpanti Hindus and the other followers of Guru Nanak’s philosophy apart from the Sikhs also observe this sacred festival.
Guru Nanak or Guru Nanak Dev Ji regarded as the founder of Sikhism were born on 15th April 1469 in Rai-Bhoi-di Talwandi in the present Shekhupura District ofPakistan, which is now known as Nankana Sahib. Guru Nanak’s birthday is celebrated in the month of Kartik on the day of full moon known as Kartik Purnima.
The Sikhs celebrate the birth of all their 10 Guru’s; the celebrations are similar but the hymns uttered on each of the occasions are completely different. The morning of Guru Nanak Jayanti starts with Prabhat Feris in the Gurudwara followed by processions in localities singing hymns.
The Sikh Flag known as Nishan Sahib and the Palki or palanquin of Guru Nanak Dev Ji is carried by the head of the processions followed by hymns sung by teams of singers. Mock battles and Marshal Arts using traditional weapons are also conducted on the streets of a city or a town.
On this auspicious occasion, the messengers of Guru Nanak spread his special message. Asa- Di- Var or morning hymns are sung during the Amrit Vela i.e. early morning at 4 or 5 a.m. These hymns are followed by Kathas and Kirtans in the praise of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. A Langar arrangement follows where everyone is invited to have a full meal and this Langar is hosted by the volunteers.
The real idea behind hosting this Langar is that each and every one despite their cast, creed, sex, religion are free to eat together without any social, communal or political restraints. This Langar as a matter of fact displays the Bhakti and Seva of the Sikh volunteers towards their Guru.
Rehars or evening prayers are also conducted in some Gurudwaras followed by late night Kirtans. Gurbani is sung by the congregation at 1.20 am at midnight which is the actual birth time of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. At around 2 a.m. the celebrations end. Guru Nanak Jayanti or Guru Nanak Guruparb is celebrated by the Sikhs all over the world and is considered as the most sacred day of the year by the followers of Sikhism.
Chandigarh, Harayana and Punjab celebrate Guru Nanak Jayanti on a large scale and a number of Sindhi’s also celebrate this festival. The Sikh kids wait for this festival throughout the year and Guru Nanak Jayanti has been marked as a holiday on the Indian calendar by the government of India.
All the Gurudwaras are lit up and decorated like a bride on this auspicious occasion which is remarkably the most celebrated festival in Sikh culture. | <urn:uuid:998d2103-2f1f-4b69-8b58-e22baab6b2ae> | {
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( – promoted by navajo)
The policies of the United States regarding American Indians have generally been based on two interlocked approaches: ideological and theological. During the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century, Indian affairs were guided by an ideology based on the concept of private property and a theology based on Christianity. Thus the formation of Indian policies required no actual understanding of American Indians.
Multimillionaire steel baron Andrew Carnegie cheerfully pronounced that “Individualism, Private Property, the Law of Accumulation of Wealth, and the Law of Competition” were the very height of human achievement. Politicians and Indian reformers simply sought to apply these to the Indian tribes with no real understanding of tribal cultures. Privatizing Indian land through the Allotment Act of 1887 was done through adherence to this ideology. It was felt that this would force Indians into the modern world and enable them and their children to have a future. The more practical realized that this would simply separate the Indians from their land and allow large corporate interests to prosper.
By the 1920s it was obvious to the most casual observer that there were major economic, social, and health problems on the reservations. America’s prosperity was not reaching Indian people. The poverty on the reservations was undeniable to any who had even a casual relationship with them. The Secretary of the Interior thus authorized an economic and social study of Indian conditions. Lewis Meriam led the study for the Institute for Government Research, a privately endowed foundation. To conduct the research, Meriam put together a team of social scientists, including some Native Americans.
In 1928, Meriam’s study entitled The Problem of Indian Administration (more commonly called the Meriam Report) was published. This was the most comprehensive study of Indian reservations ever done. The report strongly repudiated the philosophy of Indian policy which had prevailed since 1871.
While there were, and still are, many people who feel that poverty is a condition which Indian people have brought upon themselves, and that government policies can neither ameliorate nor create poverty, the report states:
“Several past policies adopted by the government in dealing with the Indians have been of a type which, if long continued, would tend to pauperize any race.”
Beginning in 1871, Indian policy in the United States had been guided by the ideology of private property, that only through private property could Indians (and all other people) prosper and that economic development should be based on small, privately owned family farms. According to the report:
“It almost seems as if the government assumed that some magic in individual ownership of property would in itself prove an educational civilizing factor, but unfortunately this policy has for the most part operated in the opposite direction”
The report also states:
“In justice to the Indians it should be said that many of them are living on lands from which a trained and experienced white man could scarcely wrest a reasonable living. In some instances the land originally set apart for the Indians was of little value for agricultural operations other than grazing”
The Meriam Report recognized the economic potential of Indian arts and crafts. The report recommended that the Indian Office coordinate the marketing of Indian arts and crafts so that genuineness, quality, and fair prices can be maintained. Indian arts and crafts were seen as a way of improving the social and economic conditions on the reservations.
The report also recommended that tribes be incorporated and that the tribal councils be given some decision-making powers.
The goals of Indian education during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were to convert Indian children to Christianity, to give them Christian names, particularly surnames, so that the inheritance of property could be easily traced, to provide them with the concept of greed, and to train them as laborers and household workers. Education was often carried out through boarding schools in which Indian children were forcibly removed from their homes and the influences of their cultures. With the Meriam Report the non-Indian public is made aware of kidnapping, child labor, emotional and physical abuse, and lack of health care in Bureau of Indian Affairs schools. While the report draws attention to abuses, the assimilationist po¬licies of Indian education continues for another 40 years.
The report is particu¬larly critical of the boarding schools:
“The survey staff finds itself obligated to say frankly and unequivocally that the provisions for the care of the Indian children in boarding schools are grossly inadequate.”
While Indian education has often assumed that Indians are to be trained for manual labor, the report states:
“The Indian Service should encourage promising Indian youths to continue their education beyond the boarding schools and to fit themselves for professional, scientific, and technical callings. Not only should the educational facilities of the boarding schools provide definitely for fitting them for college entrance, but the Service should aid them in meeting the costs.”
With regard to religion, the report urges the continuation of cooperation with Christian missionaries, but cautions:
“The missionaries need to have a better understanding of the Indian point of view of the Indian’s religion and ethics, in order to start from what is good in them as a foundation. Too frequently, they have made the mistake of attempting to destroy the existing structure and to substitute something else without apparently realizing that much in the old has its place in the new.”
With regard to Indian health, the report simply stated:
“The health of the Indians compared with that of the general population is bad.”
According to the report, the general death rate and the infant mortality rate were high. Tuberculosis and trachoma (a disease that produces blindness) were very prevalent. With regard to the health care services provided to Indians by the government, the report states:
“The hospitals, sanatoria, and sanatorium schools maintained by the Service, despite a few exceptions, must generally be characterized as lacking in personnel, equipment, management, and design”
According to the report, the government run health care institutions do not provide adequate care for their patients.
Overall, the Meriam Report set the stage for a new era in Indian policy, an era in which policy could be based on actual data rather than ideological or theological fantasies. | <urn:uuid:0010e932-c3ed-4ec7-8691-4c5e6d627e63> | {
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by Marion Simon, Ph.D., State Specialist for Small Farm and Part-Time Farmers Kentucky State University Cooperative Extension Program
The SWOT analysis identifies the farm’s internal strengths and weaknesses and examines the external opportunities and threats that the farm business faces. The SWOT analysis helps to provide direction for the farm business and serves as a basis for the farm’s business plans. Once all of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the farming operation have been listed, the information should be combined and strategies developed. Draw up plans to take advantage of the strengths and opportunities, counter the threats if possible, and minimize or reduce the weaknesses. Pay close attention to strengths that can help the farming operation achieve its goals and objectives, and use the SWOT analysis to give an overall look at the current position of the operation. Then use the analysis to plan future strategies and to manage the farming operation. Develop strategies that will strengthen the weak areas or take advantage of the strengths and opportunities. Give close attention to developing strategies that focus or capitalize on the strengths of the operation.
Here are some sample questions and examples that fit each category:
1. What does the operation do well? (marketing weaned kids, producing commercial breeding stock)?
2. What do other people (neighboring farmers, goat farmers, and county Extension agents) see as your strengths? (producing healthy weaned market kids, marketing show animals, excellent pasture)
3. What are the major sources of the farm’s revenue and profit? (show kids, weaned kids, commercial breeding goats)
4. What is the major focus of the farm operation? (weaned kids for sale at the auction or livestock sale, purebred breeding stock)
5. What is the market share of the farm? Of the organization (if you belong to, or market through, a producer association or cooperative)?
6. Is the farm’s marketing and advertising effective? (buyers indicate that they saw your farm on the Internet)
7. What made you start the goat operation? (kid prices at the stockyards)
8. Why do your customers buy from your farm? (consistent quality, petting zoo, advertising, show winnings)
9. What differentiates the operation in the market? (purebred Boers, processed products, show winnings, grades of the market kids)
10. What have been the most notable achievements? (weaning weights improved)
11. What relevant resources does the farm have? (forages, water resources, buildings)
12. Is the morale of the employees high? Are there incentives in place to reward employees for good work? (bonuses, extra paid leave, share of the profits)
13. What is the farm’s greatest asset? (forage base)
1. What does the farming operation not do well? (direct marketing of show stock)
2. What do other farmers and Extension agents see as the farm’s weaknesses? (credit card debts, mixed and inconsistent weaned kids)
3. Are the weaning weights low?
4. Are the kidding rates low?
5. What should the farm avoid? (credit card debt)
6. What are the farm’s least profitable enterprises?
7. Is the operation “wandering”? (no direct focus or objective)
8. What is the biggest expense of the operation? (feed, veterinary supplies and fees)
9. Is the farm’s marketing/advertising effective? (buyers are only at the sale barn)
10. Will the farming operation be able to withstand price decreases or cycles?
11. Why do customers not buy from the farm? (disease was a problem two years ago)
12. What relevant resources does the farm need? (consistent water supply, rural water line)
13. Does the farm operate its inventories efficiently? (the farm’s goats in pasture number 1 have more foot rot/scald problems than the farm’s other pastures, family labor has off-farm jobs which caused problems during kidding season, family labor can only harvest hay on the weekends, 95% of the breeding does are aged)
14. Do the farm’s employees perform at their best? Are there reward incentives for good work? (bonuses, family incentives if only family labor)
15. Is labor short during kidding season?
1. What new technologies are available that the farm operation can use to lower costs or improve marketing? (improved forage varieties to extend seasons, tele-auctions)
2. What market trends are you observing? (prices and sales related to religious holidays)
3. What new relationships can the farm develop? (join an Internet marketing association)
4. Can the quality of products, operations, and inventory management be improved without incurring serious costs? (improved weaning weights through internal parasite control and hoof care)
5. Can a competitive edge be created over the farm’s competitors? (add a value-added product, add a performance-tested buck)
6. Is there an opportunity to demand better prices from suppliers? (allow the supplier to use the farm name in its advertising, put its name on the farm’s handling facility during a field day)
7. Is there an opportunity to receive higher prices for production? (improved weaning weights through better genetics)
8. Can the profitability be improved by reducing parasite loads and disease control through vaccinations?
9. Can the farming operation have more predictable cash flows? (diversify into selling excess hay to spread the sales periods, add a frozen value-added product)
10. What can the farm do that it is not currently doing to improve the operation? (add guard animals, do rotational grazing, add a performance-tested buck)
11. What new government policies and programs are available? (cost-share for watering systems, ponds, or fencing; rental of goats for grazing invasive plant species)
12. What interesting social patterns, population profiles, and lifestyle changes are occurring that could benefit the farming operation? (migration/immigration from traditional goat-consuming populations which increases the potential for local sales, increased use of goat sausages and cheeses in recipes, local Hispanic stores in the area)
13. What interesting local events might benefit the farming operation? (county fairs, “cook-offs,” farm field days, barbeques)
14. Availability of rental land to expand the enterprise?
1. Have there been any significant changes in the industry in which the farm operates? (U.S. Animal Identification Program, loss of a local USDA processing facility, new vaccination or testing programs)
2. What obstacles does the farming operation face? (lack of rural water system, drought, lack of state approval for goat milk processing and distribution, rural roads and bridges that create problems for trucks, the local creek annually floods a part of the farm)
3. What is the farm’s competition doing? (marketing breeding and show stock over the Internet)
4. Are there any, or do you anticipate any, new competitors in the farm’s market? (you estimate that 25 new breeders of show Boers will be located within 10 miles)
5. Are there any, including new, regulations in the industry that make it difficult to be profitable? (state approval for processing, collection, and sale of fresh goat milk or cheese does not exist, and the state regulatory system does not plan to implement one)
6. Are international or distant competitors taking/reducing the farm’s market share? (shipped imported frozen goat meat is now available in my town; it is much cheaper, and the local consumers of goat meat have switched from buying my kids to buying the imported product)
7. Is the farming operation keeping up with technological changes? (updated computers, software, and Internet)
8. Have margins been under pressure? (i.e., as in the beef cattle market at the bottom or low point of the price cycle; i.e., fuel prices have driven up the shipping costs to the market, but the sales price is the same; fuel costs forced hay costs to be higher)
9. Is changing technology threatening the farm’s profitability? (my buyers now purchase frozen products over the Internet)
10. Are there governmental (or farmer cooperative) decisions that affect the farm’s production or markets? (not repairing or widening local roads and bridges, environmental restrictions/regulations, free-trade agreements that allow frozen products to be shipped into your market)
11. Does the farm have bad debt or cash-flow problems? (credit card debts)
12. Are the employees adequately trained and motivated? (employees physically work harder but make less than their friends at the local fast food restaurant)
13. Could any of the farm’s weaknesses seriously threaten the operation? (the dairy cooperative decides to drop the milk route because the roads are inaccessible during bad weather and the farm has 200 producing does)
14. Do state health regulations limit the direct sales of goat meat or milk?
“Risk-Assessed Business Planning for Small Producers” curriculum developed by a joint project of 1890 Land-Grant Institutions, USDA-CSREES, and the SRRMEC (funded project collaborators: Marion Simon, Daniel Lyons, and Nelson Daniels), authors of the manual: Stan Bevers, Brenda Duckworth, Blake Bennett, Rob Borchardt, Nelson Daniels, and Allen Malone (Texas A&M University and Prairie View A&M University).
Marion Simon, Farm Business Planning chapter, Meat Goat Production Handbook, Langston University, OK, ISBN 1-880667-04-5, pp. 313-326.
Marion Simon, Farm Business Planning section, Web-Based Training and Certification Program for Meat Goat Producers, Langston University, OK. | <urn:uuid:e0dcd508-4dfe-403a-8690-a9e1ec09c050> | {
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Even if you don't pursue a career in web design, you'll need to know enough about CSS to apply the correct classes to your code to integrate a designer's CSS. You'll also need to know how to make small changes to CSS as required by your project. This is why it's so important for both web developers and designers to understand CSS basics.
Additionally, you might want to create a website that looks nice without spending a lot of time designing the user interface. In that instance, front-end frameworks are very useful. In this lesson we'll learn what a front-end framework is, how they work, and we'll begin familiarizing ourselves with one of the most popular front-end frameworks, Bootstrap.
When we use the term front-end in web development, we're referring to the portion of a website or application that the user actively interacts with. Things like the menus, navbars, links, and CSS designs. The term framework refers to a foundation of pre-built tools, software, code, and other resources we can use to create a project more easily than if we created it from scratch.
Therefore, front-end frameworks are pre-built code that assists us in creating the front-end of our website. That is, the CSS, designs, layouts, and portions the user interacts with.
Bootstrap is one of the most popular, widely used front-end frameworks. It allows developers to quickly set up professional looking websites with minimal effort. It was originally built at Twitter to address inconsistencies in front-end design. It was later released to the public in 2011.
By 2013 approximately 1.6% of the million most popular websites were using Bootstrap. In 2016 15.7% of the top one million sites are powered by Bootstrap.
Bootstrap is essentially a big package containing all the code and CSS necessary to make a wide variety of commonly-used front-end components like navigation bars, forms, headers, tables, buttons, and more. It's even responsive! It has media queries built right in, so any Bootstrap elements we use in our own site will automatically re-style and resize themselves to best fit the user's viewport. Pretty cool, right?
You can read more about Bootstrap on their website, here.
But doesn't this mean all these websites look the same if they're all using the same framework? That's rather boring, right? Well, this isn't necessarily the case. Check out the following link to see some example sites built with Bootstrap:
We're going to start integrating Bootstrap into our sites, too. This will both further our knowledge of CSS, allow us to quickly create polished, professional-looking sites with far less effort. In the next lesson, we'll walk through how to download and install Bootstrap into a project.
Front-End: The portion of a website or application that the user actively interacts with. Things like the menus, navbars, links, and CSS designs.
Framework: A foundation of pre-built tools, software, code, and other resources we can use to create a project more easily than if we created it from scratch.
Front-End Frameworks: Pre-built code that assists us in creating the front-end of our website. That is, the CSS, designs, layouts, and portions the user interacts with.
Bootstrap: One of the most widely-used free front-end frameworks. | <urn:uuid:d344492f-94a4-4edf-9dff-e9fa4621e290> | {
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Definition of objectionable
a. - Liable to objection; likely to be objected to or disapproved of; offensive; as, objectionable words. 2
The word "objectionable" uses 13 letters: A B B C E E I J L N O O T.
No direct anagrams for objectionable found in this word list.
Adding one letter to objectionable does not form any other word in this word list.Words within objectionable not shown as it has more than seven letters.
All words formed from objectionable by changing one letter
Browse words starting with objectionable by next letter | <urn:uuid:33340c14-40ae-44ba-93fb-39d2a761abb9> | {
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- Scientists used high sound waves to levitate water droplets to identify impurities in water.
- This technique helped them to detect small scale heavy elements like cadmium and barium, within few minutes.
- It could be used by pharmaceutical, agricultural and other industries for water analysis.
Researchers at the Instituto de Ciencias Físicas UNAM, Mexico have levitated water droplets in midair using sound waves to detect harmful contaminants present in the water.
Since these contaminants are injurious to both human and environment, it’s crucial to identify tiny amounts of metals (like mercury and lead) in water. We already have several water monitoring systems, but they require sending samples to a lab for in-depth analysis, which is a time consuming process.
On the other hand, this new technique of levitating water droplets can help scientists to carry out on-site contaminant analysis in real time to prevent future lead contamination issues or detect wastewater impurities from industrial areas. It could be used by pharmaceutical, agricultural and other industries for water analysis.
How This Technique Works?
Levitating droplets of water makes it easier to perform laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) –a sensitive technique that analyzes heavy elements in the drops — because the water drop in air can be evaporated in a controlled manner, increasing the contaminant mass concentration.
The laser induced breakdown spectroscopy provides a simple and quick way to detect different elements in droplets concurrently. It vaporizes the substance and produces a plasma by projecting a high-power laser pulse onto a sample.
Since the light beam ejected by plasma consists of atomic fingerprints of the substance, the sample’s chemical composition can be detected by observing this beam of light.
Image credit: Jairo Peralta and Victor Contreras, Instituto de Ciencias Físicas UNAM
This new technique combined with LIBS can help researchers identify small-scale heavy elements such as cadmium and barium, within few minutes. For instance, in this experiment, researchers detected 200 microgram per liter of barium and 700 microgram per liter of cadmium.
Advantages Over Other Existing Techniques
There are already dozens of commercial handheld devices available for LIBS analysis. But it isn’t easy to monitor liquid samples because the plasma generated in these samples lasts for a very short period – it cools down rapidly. Also, because plasma rests on splashes of water, it slightly changes the spectroscopy reading.
In order to provide a better signal to detect contaminants in liquid, one needs to have high-powered laser equipment to produce a plasma, which are generally heavy and non-portable.
Schematic representation of the setup on the xz and xy plane | Courtesy of researchers
That’s why liquid drops are placed on a substrate, which gradually dries, leaving contaminants present in the sample. The process is simple, but involves 2 major problems –
- High-powered laser excites atoms present in the sample as well as in the substrate.
- Liquid evaporation results in nonuniform distribution of contaminants on the substrate, damaging signal quality.
Therefore, researchers came up with a new, inexpensive technique [acoustic levitation] that involves levitating single droplet of water using high sound waves, which generates enough [stable] force to counterbalance gravity and hover a droplet in the air without any support.
The best thing is, unlike other levitation mechanisms, the sample doesn’t need to have any magnetic or electric response to be levitated in the air.
Scientists plan to further enhance their technology – they will improve the design of acoustic trap to levitate samples more stably. This will refine the readings of LIBS. Also, they will try to make samples more sensitive by stably hovering tinier drops in the air. Overall, the technology will enable compact and less sensitive detector to find impurities in water in real time. | <urn:uuid:0848b8ae-21e9-4cd6-b595-034f19c2738e> | {
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PAUL BORDONI, IRMGARD HOESCHLE-ZELEDON
GFU (Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilized Species), Italy
The role of agricultural biodiversity and, in particular, the one played by many underutilised plant species as easily accessible assets of the poor to improve livelihoods, has not been fully recognised and capitalized upon by development organisations, policy- and decision-makers. Traditional plant species, today often fallen into disuse due to various reasons, offer solutions at hand and of key importance for resource"=poor people to move out of hunger and poverty. Underutilised species represent an enormous range of different plants with different attributes and potential to contribute to poverty alleviation. While some are more important for food security, others will have a greater potential for income generation, environmental services and/or provide cultural benefits. Besides still being an essential part as food and fodder in rural communities, these species play a role as risk buffers for human and animal food security during times of environmental and social disasters. Their adaptation to varying environmental conditions and often marginal areas based on a long selection process by farmers, enables them to produce reliable yields when most introduced and modern crops fail. Often rich in vitamins and micronutrients, they provide resource"=poor people with a balanced diet that is socially and culturally acceptable. If strategically marketed, they generate additional income and contribute to the conservation of biodiversity, thus expanding the options available for the poor farmers to respond to environmental and on climatic changes.
Making more use of underutilised traditional plant species will contribute towards the achievement of several MDG, namely MDG one (hunger and poverty), MDG three (gender equality and empowerment of women), MDG four (child mortality), MDG five (maternal health) and MDG seven (environmental sustainability).
The paper will provide examples on how enhanced uses of these species have contributed at local level to meet rural communities' needs.
Keywords: Environmental services, food security, income generation, non-material benefits, nutrition, underutilised species | <urn:uuid:3750a068-bf82-4dd1-9b6d-32ffd2c41c09> | {
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You don’t have to get very far into an evolution textbook before you bump into Darwin’s finches, the birds descended from South American finches that colonized the Galapagos Islands and “radiated” into an array of different species, each with a beak adapted to different food sources across the archipelago. Another, equally interesting case of avian adaptation is found in North America, on a different sort of archipelago. It’s found in patches of lodgepole pine forest that cloak the slopes and foothills of the Rocky Mountains, in the hooked beaks of red crossbills.
In the Rockies, crossbills feed on lodgepole pine seeds, using the tips of those hooked beaks to prise open the scales of seed cones. You might think that the trees would object to this, and they do, so to speak — but across most of the area where lodgepole pines face off with crossbills, they’re also under attack by an even more pernicious threat, red squirrels. Unlike crossbills, which get into pine cones while they’re attached to the tree, squirrels gnaw whole cones free from the branches, and they target larger cones, which contain more seeds. The result is that most lodgepole pine populations have evolved small, squat cones with thickened bases that protect against harvesting squirrels. However, in the South Hills of Idaho, some patches of lodgepole pine are free of squirrels — and in those sites, the pines’ cones are longer and narrower, with thickened scales at the tip, where crossbills prefer to start their prying. Those differences make an effective defense against the birds, and South Hills crossbills have evolved deeper beaks to cope.
This situation is a classic “geographic mosaic of coevolution”, a landscape of populations in which crossbills and lodgepole pine have the potential to shape each others’ evolution, but only do so in the right kind of (squirrel-free) environment. The details of the crossbill-lodgepole mosaic have been studied extensively, but it’s not been clear whether South Hills crossbills are genetically isolated by coevolution with pine in that one tile of the mosaic. If they are, the birds’ adaptation to the tree’s defenses might be setting the South Hills crossbills on the road to the origin of a new species.
Previous studies with relatively simple genetic markers haven’t found much genetic differentiation, and crossbills migrate long distances to follow seed crops, giving them lots of opportunities for interbreeding to break down local genetic differentiation. A paper published late last year in Molecular Ecology, however, has applied modern genetic data to that question — and it finds that there is, in fact, something different going on in the South Hills.
Collaborators at the Universities of Nevada Reno, Sheffield, and Wyoming, including crossbill specialists Craig Beckman and Thomas Parchman, used genotyping-by-sequencing to genotype more than 18,000 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers in a sample of 219 red crossbills from a number of populations distinguished by their calls and their association with different conifer species, including the South Hills birds. This much bigger, DNA sequence-based dataset replicated the prior result that there’s relatively little genetic differentiation among most of the crossbill populations, except in one case: the South Hills crossbills.
The South Hills birds form a monophyletic group within the tree of relationships among the sampled birds — that is, they’re all each other’s closest relatives. In a principal components analysis that summarizes the data from all those markers into two main axes of variation, the first axis, which accounts for the largest independent portion of the data, splits the South Hills crossbills from all the others. And in a clustering analysis, the South Hills birds break out from the rest of the dataset first, and most cleanly.
Even with 18,000 markers, the data presented is probably not enough to reliably find individual genes that underlie differences between the South Hills crossbills and other populations, but this confirms that they’re effectively isolated, in spite of crossbills’ nomadic lifestyle. The authors explain that the South Hills crossbills are themselves non-nomadic, and maintain a population density as high as the local, crossbill-adapted lodgepole pines will support. That puts immigrants from other crossbill populations at a particular disadvantage of intense competition for pine seeds locked up in cones that are specifically evolved to thwart them.
Using species distribution modeling for lodgepole pine and historical climate reconstructions, the authors also demonstrated that the patch of lodgepole forest in the South Hills probably wasn’t present as recently as 6,000 years ago. That means the South Hills crossbills started their evolutionary path away from the rest of the species very recently by geological standards, adapting on the same time-scale as classic cases of rapid evolutionary change like the lizards of White Sands, New Mexico — and quite a bit faster than Darwin’s finches.
Benkman CW. 2003. Divergent selection drives the adaptive radiation of crossbills. Evolution. 57(5): 1176-1181. doi: 10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[1176:DSDTAR]2.0.CO;2
Benkman CW, TL Parchman, A Favis, and AM Siepielski. 2003. Reciprocal selection causes a coevolutionary arms race between crossbills and lodgepole pine. The American Naturalist 162(2): 182-194. doi: 10.1086/376580
Edelaar, P and CW Benkman. 2006. Replicated population divergence caused by localized coevolution? A test of three hypotheses in the red crossbill-lodgepole pine system. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 19: 1651–1659. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01113.x
Parchman, TL, CW Benkman, and SC Britch. 2006. Patterns of genetic variation in the adaptive radiation of New World crossbills (Aves: Loxia). Molecular Ecology, 15: 1873–1887. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02895.x
Parchman, TL, CA Buerkle, V Soria-Carrasco, and CW Benkman. 2016. Genome divergence and diversification within a geographic mosaic of coevolution. Molecular Ecology, 25: 5705–5718. doi: 10.1111/mec.13825
Thompson, JN. 2016. Coevolution, local adaptation and ecological speciation. Molecular Ecology, 25: 5608–5610. doi: 10.1111/mec.13873 | <urn:uuid:880da5bc-eab8-40e5-96f8-0693ccd469b6> | {
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Exponential Growth and Carrying Capacity
Exponential growth happens when the species in a population duplicate at a steady rate. At a steady rate of reproduction, the growth rate increases in increasingly large increments due to the increase in breeders until it approaches an infinitely vast size. Of course, this infinite population does not actually occur due to a variety of limiting factors. Populations just starting out in a new region may experience a quick exponential increment in numbers to create a J formed curve, but this curve can't maintain its shape in that environment. The new population will eventually face one or more scarcities due to it's increased size, and the rate of growth will slow, stop, or even fall into decline. When this happens, either a partial or full migration may occur, in which either the entire population moves or a small group of the population goes to colonize another area.
The growth rate and size of population can be related through the following equation:
dN /dt = rN
where N = number of individuals, r = biotic potential and t = time
- Biotic Potential
This is the extreme reproduction limit of a living being under ideal natural scenario. It is frequently communicated as a corresponding rate, or shown in terms of percentage increment every year. Full articulation of the biotic capacity of a specific species is confined by ecological resistance, or any element that represses the expansion in population size. These elements incorporate unfavorable seasonal scenarios such as absence of space, light, or a reasonable substitute, mineral insufficiency, and the repressing impacts of predators.
The exponential growth model can also be presented as:
Using this particular formula b represents a constant. In this case, If b > 0, the function presents the span of a growing establishment. If b < 0, the function presents the span of a decaying establishment. The a is the size of the establishment at initial time when t = 0 and y demonstrates the size at any later time t.
Carrying capacity represents the manageable extreme limit of population from a specific group of species under given circumstances of the residing area, considering unlimited resources introduced in that environment. For exponential increase in population, development begins gradually, enters a quick incremental stage and after that settles down when the carrying capacity for that species has been achieved. The population span then varies above or below that limit. Reproductive lag time is the period for the birth rate to fall and the death rate to rise corresponding to the resource limits. This time span may also lead the population to pass beyond the carrying capacity for the time being.
Understanding Carrying Capacity and it's Effect on Exponential Growth
To understand the concept of carrying capacity, suppose for pond that the carrying capacity for fish is 800. In this scenario, we can say that the pond can support 800 fish indefinitely with present resources. Now consider that the fish population starts at 600 fish. These 600 fish have everything they need to maintain their population. Imagine now that another 500 fish migrate from another pond connected by a stream, but the other factors that determine carrying capacity do not change. This is a carrying capacity of only 800, but an actual population of 1,100. The entire fish population would immediately begin suffering the limiting factor of scarcity. Scarcity of food, space, and potentially even mates would drive reproduction down while eliminating adults through starvation and young through increased predation by starving adults. | <urn:uuid:d092b4ce-25fa-4b9c-b378-da5bbf488a91> | {
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Vaccination/immunizations are very important for your pet’s health in protecting them against infectious diseases. Without immunization pets are at risk for becoming seriously ill and can even die if exposed to one of these diseases. Preventing disease can be very easy and inexpensive as compared with the cost of treatment. Our veterinarians will work with you and your pet to determine an appropriate vaccination program that best fits your pet’s needs.
Vaccination should begin early in life as a puppy or kitten as they have the highest risk for serious disease and complications. Young nursing animals (birth to 5-6 weeks) will have short-lived protection from ingesting antibodies from their mother’s milk as long as the mother has been appropriately vaccinated. As they are weaned from the mother their antibody level declines and they are no longer protected so risk for contracting disease is high.
Some vaccinations, especially the first year of life, require frequent boosters to stimulate the immune system in order to develop effective protection. We will discuss with you the recommended booster frequency during your visit.
The following infectious diseases of dogs and cats can be prevented or minimized with vaccination:
Core Vaccinations: Vaccinations that are recommended for all pets of a specific species (dog or cat).
Non-Core Vaccinations: Vaccinations that are recommended based on an individual pet’s risk exposure.
DHPP (Core Vaccine-Dogs)
Canine Distemper is a virus that is spread in all body secretions (blood, urine, saliva etc.) and causes a high mortality in dogs. The virus causes respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological disorders. Exposure to this virus is almost inevitable so starting the vaccinations at an early age (6-8 weeks) is imperative.
Infectious Canine Hepatitis (CAV-1) is a virus that can affect the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs and eyes. It is also a very hardy virus meaning that it can survive in the environment for months. Severe liver disease, illness and death may occur if infected.
Canine Parvovirus is one of the most common viral diseases that cause serious illness and death in young dogs. The virus infects the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow. The disease causes mild to severe diarrhea, vomiting, fever and low white blood cell count. The virus is spread through the feces of an infected animal and is very stable in the environment.
Canine Parainfluenza is a highly infectious virus that infects the upper respiratory tract and is spread through the air or by direct contact.
Rabies (Core Vaccine- Dogs & Cats)
Rabies is a fatal viral disease that can be transmitted to all warm-blooded mammals, including humans. The disease is most commonly spread through bite wounds from an infected animal. The virus enters the body through the bite wound and infects the central nervous system causing behavioral abnormalities. The animal may develop a change in attitude, unusual aggression, dementia, disorientation, excessive salivation/frothing, stupor or other behavior changes. Vaccines are very effective in preventing rabies. The first rabies vaccination your pet receives is good for 1 year; thereafter it is good for 3 years as long as you update your pet before the expiration date noted on their rabies certificate. If you pet is more than 4 weeks, as directed by the manufacturer of the vaccination your pet will receive a 1 year booster. The city of Brooklyn Park requires that all dogs and cats are current on their rabies vaccination and are licensed with the city; faliure to do so can result in fines.
Bordetella Bronchiseptica (Kennel Cough) is a common infectious bacterial infection of dogs that affects the upper and lower respiratory tract and is usually accompanied by another infectious upper respiratory disease. The disease affects the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The infection is spread through aerosol droplets after an episode of coughing and direct contact. The typical signs include a dry, honking type cough, sneezing and nasal discharge. This bacteria does have some zoonotic potential with immunocompromised humans.
*Recommended for pets that have increased exposure to other dogs (ie. boarding, grooming, dog parks, show/trial dogs).
Lyme disease is caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi found in infected deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis). The bacteria are transmitted during attachment and engorgement of the victim’s blood. In order to expose the bacteria to the animal the tick must remain attached for 24-48 hours. (For this reason, we also recommend using an approved monthly tick preventative such as the Frontline Plus.) Lyme disease does not develop in all animals exposed to the bacteria initially however the more exposure, the higher the risk. The most common clinical signs with this disease include; lameness, fever, swollen joints, kidney failure, change in attitude/activity and anorexia. If left untreated, permanent damage to the joints and kidney can develop. If caught early and treated, the outcome for this disease is usually very good.
*Recommended for dogs that have an increased exposure to wooded areas, tall grasses and history of tick exposure.
*To reduce the risk for adverse side effects from vaccination and to monitor the effectiveness, we require dogs (9 months or older) to be tested for lyme exposure prior to starting the vaccine series.
Leptospirosis (Non-Core BUT highly recommended due the increasing risk of this disease)
Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that develops secondary to the exposure of contaminated food/water or from the urine of infected wildlife. The bacterium most commonly affects the kidneys and liver but is also spread throughout the body. The clinical signs of this disease are many and many of these signs mimic other more common kidney and liver diseases making this disease more difficult to identify.
This bacteria can also be spread to humans causing serious illness. The bacteria is spread by contact with urine from an infected animal most commonly through with breaks in the skin and mucous membranes.
FVRCP (Core Vaccine-Cats)
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis is a very common and contagious herpes virus that causes upper respiratory tract signs such as sneezing, nasal discharge, coughing and inflammation of the eye. Usually once infected these cats will remain chronic carriers and therefore may shed the virus during periods of stress. This virus can also result in abortion of infected fetuses and reproductive problems.
Feline Calicivirus also another common virus that is contagious and causes upper respiratory tract infection. The signs include sneezing, oral ulcers, swelling of the ocular tissue (chemosis), ocular and nasal discharge.
Feline Panleukopenia (aka. Feline Distemper) is a highly contagious virus that is very stable in the environment and most severely affects young cats. The virus is spread through fecal material and contamination and can cause fever, anorexia, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and abdominal pain.
Feline Leukemia (Core Vaccine for Outdoor Cats and 1st year of life for all cats)
Feline leukemia is an infectious and deadly disease of cats that is caused by a retrovirus that causes immunodeficiency and leukemia. The disease can be spread through direct contact with infected cats, saliva, mutual grooming, litter boxes, food dishes and bite wounds. Young kittens are more susceptible to the virus so we recommend all kittens be vaccinated the first year of life. Thereafter the vaccination can be discontinued if risk for exposure is low.
*For the health of your pet we require all cats/kittens to be tested for feline leukemia prior to vaccination.
Chlamydia psittaci (Non-Core)
Chlamydia is a less common bacterial infection that can cause upper respiratory tract signs such as ocular and nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, sneezing and swelling of the ocular tissues (chemosis). Due to the lower incidence of this disease and risk for vaccine reactions (lethargy, fever, decreased appetite etc.) this vaccination is only recommended in situations such as catteries and shelter environments.
Feline Infectious Peritonitis/FIP (NOT Recommended)
FIP is an infectious and deadly disease that is caused by a corona virus. The disease causes inflammation of the abdominal cavity and organs, and death. Clinical signs of the disease include diarrhea, fever, lethargy, jaundice, weight loss, and abdominal distention. Studies have shown that the efficacy of this vaccine is variable therefore we do not recommend it.
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus/FIV (NOT Recommended)
FIV is an infectious and deadly retrovirus that causes immune suppression and death. It is spread through the saliva and bite wounds of an infected cat. The symptoms include, fever, weight loss, diarrhea, stomatitis, enlarged lymph nodes and chronic infections. The vaccination interferes with blood testing therefore we do not recommend this vaccine at this time. | <urn:uuid:13ecc76f-aa85-4f6d-9a09-384638b2d686> | {
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Herpes Zoster Has Various Treatment Options
Antiviral medications, including Acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir, are effective if taken as soon as the diagnosis and can shorten the duration of the infection while improving symptoms.
Shingles is a type of viral infection caused by the varicella zoster virus that can affect any part of the body and typically causes painful rashes.
Most of the time, shingles appears around the sides of the torso as a single stripe with blisters.
The varicella zoster virus is the same virus that causes chickenpox. After an individual has an episode of chickenpox, usually at a young age, the virus lingers in the nerve tissues near the brain and spinal cord. This inactive virus can then reactivate and cause shingles.¹
Shingles has an extremely long recorded history. In the 18th century, investigator William Heberden, a physician, found a way to distinguish between shingles and smallpox. In 1831, scientist Richard Bright introduced the idea that the infection may arise from the dorsal root ganglion, and in 1861 this idea was confirmed by dermatologist Felix Von Barensprung. In 1953, investigators were finally able to isolate the shingles virus.² The name “shingles” was derived from the Latin and French words for belt or girdle and refers to the skin with eruptions on the trunk of the body.³
One of every 3 individuals in the United States will at some point in their lives develop shingles or herpes zoster.
Each year, about 1 million people contract shingles in the United States, according to the CDC.
Individuals of any age can be diagnosed with chickenpox and shingles, but the risk of getting shingles increases with age.⁴
The painful rash from shingles typically lasts between 7 to 10 days and fully clears within 2 to 4 weeks. Before the main rash appears, many patients complain of itching, pain, and tingling in the affected area. In some cases, the rash can also appear on the side of the face, which can then affect the eyes and even cause vision loss. Symptoms may include chills, fever, headache, and an upset stomach.⁴
Notably, direct contact with fluid from the rash blisters can spread the zoster virus, even to individuals who have never had chickenpox. Those who come into contact with the patient’s rash may first develop chickenpox, which then may cause shingles later in life. If the rash is covered, the disease can be contained. The virus does not spread before the blisters appear or after the blisters dry out.4
One of the major complications of shingles is postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), also known as long-term nerve pain. PHN can occur in the same areas where the shingles blisters emerged, even after the rash disappears. The pain caused by PHN can be debilitating and severe, to the point of interfering with daily activities and keeping patients bed bound. This pain can last for months or even years.4
PHN occurs in approximately 10% to 15% of individuals who contract shingles. As patients get older, the risk of PHN and more severe symptoms increase. Other complications from shingles can include encephalitis, eyesight problems, hearing problems, pneumonia, or even death.⁴
There are various antiviral medications for patients with shingles, including acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir. These medications are effective if taken as soon as the diagnosis is made, and they can shorten the duration of the infection while improving symptoms. Other treatments may include calamine lotion, colloidal oatmeal baths, OTC pain medications, and wet compresses. Using an oatmeal bath with lukewarm water may alleviate some itching in the affected area.⁴
Vaccination offers an important preventive option against shingles. The recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV, or Shingrix) is the recommended vaccine for patients aged 50 years and older. These patients should get 2 doses of the Shingrix vaccine, separated by 2 to 6 months. There is no maximum age to receive the Shingrix vaccine, and it is recommended even if the patient does not remember having chickenpox.
The rash and other symptoms of shingles can be very painful and can last a long time. Because of this, pharmacists and providers should always recommend the appropriate vaccine and should advise patients to avoid contact with anyone who has the infection. With aggressive treatment and rest, patients can hopefully suffer as little as possible and recover quickly from the painful virus.
1. Shingles. Mayo Clinic. October 6, 2020. Accessed June 23, 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shingles/symptoms-causes/syc-20353054
2. Richard Bright. Britannica. Updated May 3, 2021. Accessed June 23, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Bright
3. Shingles. American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. Accessed June 23, 2021. https://www.aocd.org/page/Shingles
4. Shingles (herpes zoster). CDC. Updated October 5, 2021. Accessed June 23, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/index.html | <urn:uuid:8f294f8d-08f1-48df-be33-f520a9849a06> | {
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In a newly published article, Nansen Legacy researcher and co-leader of RF-1, Prof. Camille Li (Bjerknessenteret, UiB), and coworkers demonstrate how climate change will impact storm tracks globally at midlatitudes. The work is part of the HAPPI project, and the results of the study are based on over 3000 simulations of weak warming scenarios by five different climate models. One of the predictions from the study is that storm tracks over the North Atlantic will extend further eastwards towards Northern Europe with at somewhere between 1.5 C and 2.0 C of global temperature rise.
STORM TRACKS ARE HIGHLY VARIABLE FEATURES OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION – THEY ARE NOISY, CHAOTIC BEASTS.
The research article does not address how increasing global temperatures will impact storm tracks in the Arctic. Prof. Camille Li says “The HAPPI simulations suggest fewer storms over the high Arctic for the 1.5 and 2 degrees Ceclsius experiments. Other analyses looking at stronger warming scenarios agree, but find that individual storms could become more intense in certain places. With more moisture in the atmosphere and more open water, there are good reasons to expect more intense storms in some parts of the Arctic”. Li stresses that storm intensities and tracks most likely will not change uniformely across the Arctic, but differ greatly from location to location.
This is exactly what Li and others will investigate within The Nansen Legacy. Here, they intend to use a range of tools, from state-of-the-art climate models (like NorESM) to idealized models, which allow them to test physical mechanisms of how the the climate system works. A complicating factor for the study of storms in the Arctic compared to midlatitudes is that Li and coworkers will have to consider additional factors, such as sea ice and different boundary layer physics. As for the study of storm tracks at midlatitudes, Li and coworkers plan to use a whole suite of different climate models and large numbers of simulations for their work within The Nansen Legacy. Using a large ensemble of simulations is the only way “to overcome the large variability inherent in storm tracks”, says Li.
THE NEW OBSERVATIONAL CONSTRAINTS AND THE ARCTIC EXPERTISE IN THE NANSEN LEGACY PROJECT WILL BE EXTREMELY USEFUL FOR CONSTRAINING THE BEHAVIOUR OF STORM TRACKS AS THEY TRANSITION FROM MIDLATITUDES TO THE HIGH LATITUDES. | <urn:uuid:f00ace7f-01a1-4325-bcde-a58c5557249e> | {
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National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 2001
Zoologist. Ecosystem ecology, biogeochemistry, acid rain, human impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Linked fossil fuel combustion to acid rain. Founder, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
Hubbard Book Experimental Forest. Celebrating 50 years as a Forest Service National Scientific Treasure. Forest Science Review.
'Rivers On Rolaids': How Acid Rain Is Changing Waterways. National Public Radio, September 13, 2013 3:06 AM ET
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Doctor of Science degree, 1985.
Dr. Gene E. Likens. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies [The science behind environmental solutions].
Name: Gene Elden Likens
Birth: 6 January 1935 Pierceton, Indiana USA
Title: Director and President and G. Evelyn Hutchinson Chair in Ecology
Affiliation: Institute of Ecosystem Studies
Citation: "For his discovery of acid rain in North America and his sustained leadership in developing the fields of ecology and ecosystem science." Presented by President George W. Bush in a White House East Room ceremony on June 12, 2002."
History of Discovery
External Resources Text
Patents: Likens has not patented his discoveries
Discover Your Abilities and Aspirations!
$10 $25 $50 $100 Other
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KANSAS CITY, Mo.
In the midst of a blistering recession, more families are flocking to the federal program that gives students free or reduced-priced lunches.
Schools are watching for who enrolls in the program because it gives teachers insight into life at home, and officials consider it a barometer of poverty.
Federal figures show that during the 2008-2009 school year, about 895,000 additional students received free or reduced-price lunches. That's a nearly 5 percent jump from the previous school year.
Meanwhile, the nonprofit School Nutrition Association surveyed school nutrition directors this fall. Seventy-eight percent of them reported an increased number of students eligible to receive free or reduced price meals for the 2009-2010 school year.
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Many of them moved to Ontario, The Prairies and Quebec and in 1946, around 4,000 were exiled to Japan. On August 4, 1944, Prime Minister King stated: ‘’It is a fact that no person of Japanese race born in Canada has been charged with any act of sabotage or disloyalty during the years of war.’’ The final stage of the Japanese-Canadians struggle for justice and identification as full Canadian citizens was the Redress movement in 1980. In 1949, all of the restrictions on the Japanese Canadians were taken away and they were given full citizenship rights. They officially marked the end of internment camps.The Japanese-Canadians had the right to vote and to return back to the West Coast. However, there wasn 't a home to go back to.
As a matter of fact, most people come in Canada to escape from suppression, and they wish they have better life and freedom in Canada. They did not come to Canada just to make money. Therefore, people should acknowledge them as members of Canadian without a suspicious look at them. Secondly, rights, responsibilities and pride should be prioritized rather than racial backgrounds. According to the Ishaq (2015), even though there is still being existence prejudice against other races, but Ishaq participates in social business in accordance with her beliefs without any boundary, and enjoys normal life in each position such as mother and social members.
A country 's culture can be seen as interchangeable with identity; in Canada there is evidence of American culture everywhere. Canada can be seen as a civic nation because Canadians come from many different backgrounds but choose to live together under similar political beliefs and values.This has allowed Canadian culture to be very diverse. In spite of this diverseness majority of the culture comes from the U.S. Most movies, T.V. shows, magazines, and radio content was made in the
Canada is one of the world’s most welcoming Immigrant destinations. Canada’s official prominence on multiculturalism has frequently diverted attention from the normal problems of assimilation that most immigrants must resolve in order to inaugurate themselves successfully in the country. Canada is a multicultural and a diverse country however Immigrant Assimilation has always been a major problem in the country. Immigrant Assimilation is the process in which a group or a culture resemble cultures of a different group. Canada has a history of Immigrants Assimilation.
Irish Culture in Atlantic Canada In Canada, the Irish have played an important role. From early settlements in Newfoundland, to large quantities of migrations in the 19th century and the present, the Irish have always been present in the Canadian culture. Irish Canadians played a huge role in contributing to the Canadian society and its economy, and the Irish Canadian continue to demonstrate their contributions to Canada. Many Irish immigrants entered Atlantic Canada through Halifax, Nova Scotia. For over 350 years, the Irish has established history in Atlantic Canada.
In Canada, a wide range of beliefs is covering the whole country. For instance, Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Baptists, and the remaining are belong with non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam and Hinduism. Of these, the great majority of Canadians about 70% identify as Christian. Freedom of religion in Canada is a protected right, allowing individuals to assemble and worship without limitation or interference. Likewise, Chinese civilization has been influenced by various religious including Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Islam and other faiths.
Colonialism is a perpetual and relevant issue in Canada. The definition of Colonialism is, “The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically” according to the Oxford dictionary (The Oxford Dictionary, 2018). On a small scale, Canada is influenced by Britain as British Commonwealth; the consequences that preceded the colonization are evident in the contrast of the standards of living between the general populations and Aboriginals. Colonization can also be or continue with, “geographical intrusion in the form of agricultural, urban or industrial encroachments” (LaRocque, 2008). The freedom of religion in Canada relies on the Eurocentric view
Indo-Canadian literature encompasses the writings of the Canadians who trace their origins from India, migrating to Canada either directly from India or indirectly from British colonies such as East or South Africa, the Pacific Islands and the Carribean Islands. The Indo-Canadian community emerged in the beginning of the twentieth century, through the Sikh soldiers from Punjab who attended Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee Celebrations in 1897. They took the way of Canada to reach India during which they were ravished by the fertile lands and other natural sceneries. They tried their fortunes in the countries they visited and got employed as cops in the police force or night watchmen in some British firms. Thus, the Indian air started to spread in the soil of Canada including, intellectual and literary
Some scholars have enlarged their coverage by focusing on a specific issue or topic of Indian Diaspora in a given region. This is understandable considering the constraints of opportunity, time and resources encountered by scholars. Thus comparative studies of Indian Diaspora have been few. Restudies of a diasporic community and comparisons between “the old immigration” and “the new immigration” are rare. Indians are not the only people who have ventured out of their homeland in such vast numbers.
Personally, my views towards the Indigenous is mostly positive and reasonable. They have a very interesting culture and a lifestyle that develops thought-provoking questions in society, mainly from those who are intrigued with their actions. What drew my interest towards the Indigenous was their respect and dedication to themselves and their culture. How they developed various ways to express themselves and come together such as Storying, Yarning Circles and the Dreamtime. To me these were ways to connect and bond with one another, to understand a person and their individuality without judgement. | <urn:uuid:9b54ce1e-ba5c-4ba7-98b4-9078b454c931> | {
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Artichokes, Frozen, Boiled, Drained, w/o Salt
About The Charts and Nutrition Facts
- For accuracy, the calorie chart and fat chart are based on the biggest serving size available.
- These nutrition facts came directly from the USDA or manufacturer/restaurant.
- If you're using a calorie counter, remember that Fat, Carbs, and Protein calories are just close estimations based on the Atwater factors:
Fat: 9 cal/g Carb: 4 cal/g Protein: 4 cal/g
- Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Please remember this when using this information to make healthy food choices for your diet.
Calories - Total Calorie count at this serving size: 76 Calories. The calorie chart below shows the breakdown for Fat, Carbs, and Protein. In this case, Calories from Fat = 8, Calories from Protein = 21, and Calories from Carbohydrate = 62.
*Fat/Carb/Pro calories based on the Atwater (9/4/4) calculations.
Fat - One serving of this size contains 0.84 grams of total Fat. There can be several types of Fat in each food. In this case 0.2 grams are from Saturated Fat, Trans Fat is unknown, and there are 0.64 grams left over.
Cholesterol - A serving of this size contains no Cholesterol. This is good news if cholesterol is part of your healthy eating plan.
Carbohydrates - For this food, the total Carbohydrate count is 15.42 grams, which includes 1.39 grams of Sugar and 7.73 grams of Fiber. There are 7.7 Net Carbs per serving (total Carbs minus Fiber), which is good to know if you are watching your blood sugar or on a low carb diet.
Protein - At this serving size you'll get 5.22 grams of Protein per serving.
Minerals - At this serving size Calcium is 35.28 mg and Iron is 0.94 mg. In addition, this serving size contains 89.04 mg of Sodium and 443.52 mg of Potassium.
Vitamins - You'll benefit from both Vitamins C and A with this food. There are 8.4 mg of Vitamin C and 275.52 International Units of Vitamin A in each serving.
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Gero-kinesiologists—combining the studies of geriatrics care (relating to older patients) and kinesiology (relating to body movement)—are researchers who specialize in understanding the effects of aging on movement, strength, flexibility, and overall well being. They are also physical trainers, who teach older adults how to age healthily and maintain their independence and dignity. Gero-kinesiologists might develop custom exercise programs for adults with limited mobility, perform health assessments, recommend exercise routines, or even lead fitness classes for older adults looking to stay in shape. They might also advise aging professional athletes on how to keep their edge as they age.
In 2030, as Canada’s aging population grows, it’ll be more important than ever to encourage healthy lifestyles in aging adults. Studies show that even moderate physical activity can slow aging-related decline of everything from mobility to short-term memory. Having people who understand aging and can design exercise and wellness programs for seniors will be a crucial part of taking pressure off of assisted living, social service, and healthcare organizations, and most importantly helping people remain healthy throughout their lives.
In 2030, as Canada’s aging population grows, it’ll be more important than ever to encourage healthy lifestyles in aging adults.
Job Requirements / Skills
In addition to an interest in biology and physiology, gero-kinesiologists have a passion for helping people stick to their goals and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives. Good gero-kinesiologists are driven by results, but they also take the time to listen to and understand their clients, and tailor their programs to fit their interests, goals, and abilities. | <urn:uuid:6c5a7c3a-1201-4be0-8f3a-843455328a61> | {
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To see how the world is changing around you, sometimes it helps to lose yourself online.
The White House is plunging into a new geeky approach to climate adaptation. It has consolidated online climate tools into a new hub, climate.data.gov, intended to help Americans understand how weather and sea levels will continue to change in their states and even their neighborhoods.
OK, so it’s not the most awesome online thing to happen since Google mastered search. But The New York Times explains some of the laudable ambition behind the effort:
In theory, … climate.data.gov … would be a powerful tool, allowing local governments or home and business owners to type in an address — as they do on sites like Google Earth — to quickly see how the projected rise in sea levels might increase the chance that their house will be flooded in the coming years. But in practice, until climate science and mapping applications can live up to the site’s ambitions, it will remain very much in its testing phase.
At the beginning, the website will serve chiefly as a clearinghouse for climate science data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the United States Geological Survey, the Defense Department and NASA, according to [White House advisers John] Holdren and [John] Podesta. The first batch of data will focus on coastal flooding and the rise in sea levels.
Average users will not be able to do much yet on their own. Instead, NASA and the NOAA will call on researchers and private companies to create software simulations illustrating the impact of sea level rise.
Launch of the new website is coinciding with a day of meetings and presentations on Wednesday involving Obama administration officials, nonprofits, technology companies, and others trying to figure out how to help the U.S. adapt to changes in the climate. If we’re really lucky, a techie at the meetings will find the bug in the system that keeps us all so addicted to planet-wrecking fossil fuels.
UPDATE: Google, Microsoft, and Intel have all committed to help develop the climate.data.gov project. Microsoft will donate close to one terabyte of cloud storage space, as well as sponsor a competition for climate scientists to win a year of free access to cloud computing resources. Google, not to be outdone, will provide one petabyte (for those not caught up on their Greek: that’s one thousand terabytes) of cloud storage for climate change research data, and will help create a map of the Earth’s terrain in high resolution to illustrate the effects of climate change on the landscape. And Intel has planned hackathons that will bring together students in Chesapeake Bay, New Orleans, and San Jose to build apps to measure and track climate change using government data. | <urn:uuid:c25b759b-b7a3-4453-b768-d1c5f13e51dc> | {
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Join friends and whānau each year in a celebration of Matariki, the Māori New Year.
Each year, the winter stars of Matariki signal the arrival of the Māori New Year.
Matariki is the Māori name for the star cluster also known as the Pleiades. In the last few days of May or first days of June each year, we can observe Matariki rise in the north-eastern horizon just before dawn. The first new moon following the rise of Matariki is the first day of the Māori New Year.
Traditionally, the rise of Matariki was a sign to ensure food crops had been harvested and the storehouses were well-stocked for the coming year. Matariki also brought communities together to share and to learn from each other.
Nowadays, Matariki has become a time of revitalisation and resurgence of te reo Māori and mātauranga Māori traditions. Matariki is an opportunity to reflect and celebrate our history and make plans for the news layers of our future. In doing so, we acknowledge our traditions, language and culture, which gives us a sense of who we are.
Matariki Tauranga Moana invites everyone to discover the significance of Matariki and explore ways to observe the Māori New Year with whānau and friends. Each year we invite you to come along and learn about what Matariki means for our city and our people through a rich programme of events.
Matariki Tauranga Moana is proudly brought to you and supported by Tauranga City Libraries, Baycourt, Creative Bay of Plenty, Department of Conservation, EmployNZ, the Incubator, Ngai Te Rangi, Tauranga City Council, Tauranga City Libraries, Te Puna i Rangiriri Trust and Youth Service.
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A Few Whiffs of Smoke May Harm Your Heart
Low Levels of Smoke Raise Risk of Dying From Heart Disease, Study Shows
Secondhand Smoke Raises Risk By 20% continued...
The findings, which appear in the journal Circulation, underscore the importance of avoiding secondhand smoke, and could have big implications for public policies on air quality. Study authors say the findings also deliver an important message for smokers:
“A critical finding of our study is that smoking is unhealthy even at small amounts,” Pope said. “Reducing the amount one smokes does some good, but the biggest benefits come from stopping completely.”
Among smokers, the increases in heart disease-related death risk were as follows:
- Three or less cigarettes a day: 64% increased risk
- Half pack (about 8-12 cigarettes daily): 79% increased risk
- Full pack (about 18-22 cigarettes daily): nearly 100% increased risk
In an accompanying editorial, Annette Peters, PhD, from the German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, writes that the findings from this study and another on carbon monoxide exposure “highlight the consistently emerging evidence that both indoor and outdoor air quality is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease.” She believes that many worldwide policy makers still underestimate the health risks associated with low-dose smoking, secondhand smoke, and air pollution.
Carbon monoxide emissions from traffic create dirty, smoggy air pollution. Researchers have also found that breathing in such air for even short periods of time -- at levels deemed safe by current outdoor air quality standards -- increases an older adult’s chances of being admitted to the hospital for heart problems. | <urn:uuid:a2614b65-0d1f-44b9-9931-d0be06173e97> | {
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|"Easterlings" by John Howe|
|Other names||Folk of the East|
|Locations||lands east of and including Rhûn; Rhovanion; March of Maedhros; Hithlum|
|Members||Khamûl, Easterlings (First Age) (Brodda, Lorgan, Ulfang, Uldor, Ulfast, Ulwarth, Bór, Borlach, Borlad, Borthand)|
|Distinctions||Use of the war-wagons (Wainriders and Balchoth)|
|Skin color||Swarthy in the First Age|
|Gallery||Images of Easterlings|
Centuries later, after Dagor Bragollach, tribes of Men joined the Edain in Beleriand, long after their arrival. These Swarthy Men (q.v.) came from the east, probably Eriador and were also called "Easterlings". Two of their leaders were Bór and Ulfang.
In the Second Age Sauron escaped the judgment of the Valar and continued his former master's work, turning the Men of the East and South to evil and dominating them. Under the authority of the Dark Lord, many towns and walls of stone were built, and those under his influence became numerous and armed with iron. To these men, Sauron was feared as a king and god.
During the Dark Years Sauron dominated most of the Westlands, also urging men from the East to go to the west for loot. Those troubled the Northmen who waged a war against them and the orcs. When Sauron was driven back to Mordor, he continued his expansions eastwards gaining servants and worshippers.
At some point during the Dark Years, Sauron gave one of the Rings of Power to Khamûl, an Easterling lord with which he gained power and prestige among his people, becoming a mighty lord and sorcerer, until he became a wraith.
After Sauron's defeat in the War of the Last Alliance, these "Wild Men" were released by his tyranny but they still had darkness in their hearts. Evil and restless, they battled against each other and some withdrew to the hated west. Thus they encountered the lands of Gondor and since then, tribes brought trouble periodically with several attacks and migrations. Even Northmen often assailed Gondor for a long time.
They first enter the records of Gondor in T.A. 490 attacking Gondor from the plains between the Sea of Rhûn and the Ash Mountains. Tarostar managed a first victory against them in T.A. 500 for which he became known as "Rómendacil". In T.A. 541 they took revenge against him, but Turambar of Gondor destroyed the horde and conquered a new territory in Rhûn for Gondor.
In the following centuries the Easterlings cease, while Gondor was free to extend its borders to the south.
However, beyond the borders of Gondor, some "invaders from the East", no doubt moved by Sauron, came to Rhovanion harassing the Northmen, occupying Greenwood and traversing it, coming to the Vales of Anduin. These moves coincided with the coming of the Shadow of Dol Guldur, and these were the causes that drove the Hobbits to the west around T.A. 1000.
In the days of Narmacil I the Easterlings resumed their attacks, even some greedy Northmen joined them. In T.A. 1248 an Easterling army marched in the lands between Rhovanion and the Sea of Rhûn. Forces from Gondor - aided by Northmen of Rhovanion - defeated them and destroyed their camps and settlements east of the Inland Sea.
After this defeat the Easterlings disappeared from the Gondorian records for some period, during which Gondor was again occupied with the south and the Corsairs of Umbar.
Gondor was weakened by the Great Plague and the Wainriders defeated the Gondorian army in T.A. 1856, raided the lands of Rhovanion and enslaved its people. Some of these lands eventually were reclaimed by King Calimehtar.
In T.A. 1944 the Wainriders, allied with the Haradrim of Near Harad and the Variags of Khand, managed a brief victory against Gondor, despite the assistance by the Éothéod; eventually they were defeated in their camp during their celebrations.
After this defeat the might of the Wainriders was broken although still held Rhovanion, and they retreated east. Most importantly, King Ondoher and both his sons were slain in that assault, an event that led to the extinction for the line of the Kings of Gondor.
In T.A. 2063 the Necromancer (who was actually Sauron) retreated from Dol Guldur for some centuries. That period was known as the Watchful Peace for the Westlands, but during that time Sauron retreated to the East and managed to create a strong alliance between the various tribes of Easterlings.
The Balchoth were a fierce race southeast of Mirkwood, under orders of Dol Guldur and no doubt related to the Wainriders. In T.A. 2510 they and Orcs overran the plains of Calenardhon and almost destroyed the army of Steward Cirion, but were defeated by the Éothéod.
War of the Ring
Troops mentioned in the Easterling forces aiding Sauron in the Third Age included swordsmen, spearmen, horsemen, mounted archers, and chariots ridden by chieftains.
Some like the Wainriders and the Balchoth had large chariots, wagons and wains which they used to run their foes down, as well as live in and used to fortify their camps. During the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, Easterlings were bearded and used axes.
Portrayal in adaptations
2007: The Lord of the Rings Online:
- The Men collectively referred to as Easterlings by the Free Peoples of the West are portayed as several clans distinct in appearance that are only united by the might of Sauron. The Khundolar Easterlings attack the Wold of Rohan from the Brown Lands and also fight on Sauron's side at the Battle of the Morannon. The Jangovar Easterlings attack Dale and the Lonely Mountain in the north, and after Sauron's defeat the remainder of that army continues to linger in those lands. The Sûhalar Easterlings are shorter in stature and armed with axes, to the point where some mistake them for dwarves, their armies participate in the Siege of Minas Tirith.
- The Chayasír Easterlings are craftsmen and tradesmen with no love for Sauron and take no part in the War of the Ring. However, on the same day when The One Ring was destroyed, an unknown calamity had taken place in Rhûn, and in the weeks afterwards streams of Chayasír refugees begin arriving into the Iron Hills and the Dale-lands. The men and dwarves of those lands had only just won a bloody war against the Easterlings and hold a great deal of both prejudice an outward hostility towards them, despite the Chayasír seeing themselves as having nothing in common with the Jangovar who fought in that war. None of the refugees would speak in detail about what exactly had happened in Rhûn, other than it is absolutely impossible for any of the Easterlings, soldiers of refugees, to go back.
- J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "Of Dwarves and Men"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion: Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn", "Amroth and Nimrodel"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Hunt for the Ring", "(i) Of the Journey of the Black Riders"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn", "Appendix B: The Sindarin Princes of the Silvan Elves"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, "The Window on the West"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Third Age"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "X. Of Dwarves and Men", "Notes", #60
- J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "X. Of Dwarves and Men", "The Atani and their Languages"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion", "The Stewards"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The House of Eorl", "The Kings of the Mark"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings" in Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (eds), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, entry Easterlings, p. 755
- J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Great Years"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The House of Eorl"
- J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields" | <urn:uuid:e2b49604-f67e-450e-a73b-a6676ca73a52> | {
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As the California drought continues, it’s hard to look at all the lush lawns without thinking about the water that goes into keeping them green. In Los Angeles, the city will actually pay you to rip up your grass.
But a gravel-covered yard isn’t that appealing, unless you are a toddler with a taste for rocks.
“I think that the biggest myth that should be dispelled is that native plant gardens are wild and ugly and look dead during part of the year,” said Lili Singer, with the Theodore Payne Foundation for Wild Flowers and Native Plants. With drought-resistant natives, you can have lush gardens with flowers.
But it takes time for them to grow in, and it takes some work. You can’t just pop a plant in the ground and walk away.
“When you first put in a drought-tolerant garden,” Singer said, “it isn’t drought tolerant the day you put it in. These are coming from a nursery, they’re little babies."
At Theodore Payne’s nursery, garden designer Wynne Wilson looks at buckwheat, sage, and heuchera, “I’m like a chocoholic in Candyland."
Low-impact gardens can be quite sophisticated. You have to think about the soil, the sun, the plants, the texture, the time of year they’ll bloom, and how to get them water.
“It’s extremely important how we water these new gardens,” Wilson said.
Modern irrigation systems have moved well beyond sprinklers on timers. They waste less water and they have a lot of moving parts. There are computers, ground sensors, even a 6-inch satellite dish you put on your house that communicates with weather satellites about humidity and temperature.
“We just did a 2,000 square foot front garden, completely new, with the irrigation we did all of our beautiful systems, and that was approximately $3,500,” Wilson said.
Of course, you don’t need a satellite or a $3,500 irrigation system to have a lovely drought-resistant garden.
Just some knowledge about plants, a $10 garden hose, and the time to water each plant one at at time.
“I think the best compliment I can give is not to say how much your programs have taught me (a ton), but how much Marketplace has motivated me to go out and teach myself.” – Michael in Arlington, VABEFORE YOU GO | <urn:uuid:efc1b958-7d4b-45ef-ad80-05a367bced3d> | {
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The population of poor Nigerians has increased from 86 million to 98 million between 2007 and 2017, according to the 2019 global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). The figure represents 13.9% increment within a decade.
The report was released in New York on Thursday, July 12, by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative.
According to the report, the proportion of people who “are multi-dimensionally poor” had remained constant at just over 50% over the past decade up to 2017.
It further explained that the global MPI highlighted inequalities at the global, regional, national, sub-national and even household level.
This year’s MPI results showed that more than two-thirds of the multi-dimensionally poor, 886 million people, live in middle-income countries, while a further 440 million live in low-income countries, the report states.
In both groups, data show simple national averages can hide enormous inequality in patterns of poverty within countries.
Focusing on Nigeria, the report said even though the national average showed that around 50% of Nigerians were multi-dimensionally poor, state and local government levels would reveal a completely different scenario.
“In Nigeria, even though the proportion of people who are multi-dimensionally poor has remained constant at just over 50% over the past decade (up to 2017), the actual number of people who are multi-dimensionally poor increased from 86 million to 98 million over the same period.
“Also, important to note is that when compared to the national poverty line which measures income/consumption, a larger proportion of Nigerians (51% are multi-dimensionally poor than those that are income poor (46%),” the report states.
According to the UNDP, the MPI is the product of the incidence and the intensity of multidimensional poverty, and both are important aspects, noting that any reduction in intensity reduces MPI even if incidence remains unchanged and reflects progress towards moving people out of poverty.
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Buhari disclosed this in his opening speech at the inaugural Democracy Day celebration on Wednesday, June 12, in Abuja.
The president said his administration would ensure rapid and positive growth in the economy to move Nigeria away from poverty. | <urn:uuid:b976cbac-38b8-459b-95dc-9a669f148c5d> | {
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In August 1983 Gov. John Spellman signed a proclamation recognizing Japanese American citizens who were evicted from their homes and placed in wartime internment camps. A living memorial sculpture by George Tsutakawa and his son Gerard Tsutakawa was erected at the Washington State Fair to honor Japanese Americans who were temporarily housed at “Camp Harmony” at the Fair facilities.
Although typical maintenance has always been a priority, the sculpture required a bronze specialist to highlight the memorial in its best light.
Gerard Tsutakawa offered to oversee restoration, bringing the sculpture back to its original vitality. He restoration will soon be finished.
The Tsutakawa sculpture has an accompanying plaque with an inscription from Governor Spellman, which he read at the unveiling on Aug. 21, 1983. It states that the sculpture “may forever stand as a reminder of the protections provided by our constitution are only as effective as the will of our citizens and our government to uphold them.” (end) | <urn:uuid:9396d7e5-5b21-4375-9e26-4565cb39c530> | {
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1561: Lope de Aguirre, born in Onate, Gipuzkoa, and his men proclaim “Don Fernando, by the grace of God, prince of Peru, Tierra Firma and Chile,” intending to crown him king once they arrive in Peru. Fernando de Guzman is made general of the expedition — searching for Omagua and El Dorado — after Aguirre disposes of Pedro de Ursua, the original leader of the expedition. The document in which this is proclaimed is referred to as the First Act of Independence of America.
According to Aunamendi, it was Fernando de Guzman who was proclaimed Prince of Peru, but a number of English language sites, including Wikipedia, state it was Aguirre himself who was proclaimed Prince.
1972: Cristobal Balenciaga Eizagurrie, fashion designer born in Getaria, dies. Balenciaga became world-reknowned after he is forced by the Spanish Civil War to move to Paris, where among other achievements, he totally transformed the silhouette, broadening the shoulders and removing the waist. | <urn:uuid:faba114c-1eb0-415f-b48b-c255983ddc00> | {
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It must be a tricky thing being the Environmental Protection Agency, especially when it comes to the political minefield that is fracking.
Hydraulic fracturing -- the process of shooting sand, water and chemicals into an oil well to get the oil and natural gas trapped in the formation flowing -- is a drilling technique that has been around since the 1950s, but it rose to new prominence in recent years as the key to unlocking shale plays.
Since famed oilman George Mitchell figured out how to use fracking and horizontal drilling to unlock the Barnett Shale in North Texas, touching off a drilling boom and an increase in oil and natural gas production it was thought this country would never see again, fracking has become a household word.
However, in the wake of the Barnett, the Marcellus in Pennsylvania, the Eagle Ford in South Texas, the resurgence of the Permian Basic in West Texas and the Bakken in North Dakota, it's been a new world for oil production, but there have also been questions about the fracking process.
We've all seen the footage of the water coming out of the tap and being lit on fire in "Gasland." People living on top of these plays started complaining about their water, that the drilling may have contaminated their water wells.
The EPA came in and started investigating, and the activists in the area who had pushed for just this to happen got all excited. But the federal regulatory agency followed the same pattern each time. In the Barnett, the Marcellus and the Bakken, EPA investigators waded into the investigation, and early reports came out that they had found gas in the water and traced it back to drilling. But then it all got taken back. The EPA has reversed itself in each investigation, claiming the investigators were mistaken and fracking was a safe and harmless practice.
In the Dimock County investigation in Pennsylvania, investigators found there was some "naturally occurring" arsenic, barium and manganese in the tested water wells, but no sign of water contamination due to drilling.
Back in 2012, the EPA was investigating possibly contaminated water wells near the sites where Range Resources was drilling in Parker County, near Dallas, when they suddenly suspended the investigation. The Associated Press reported that the agency had scientific evidence against Range Resources, but backed off the investigation when the company threatened to stop cooperating with their hydraulic fracturing study.
In June 2013, the EPA abruptly ended an investigation of possible contaminated water wells in Pavillion, Wyoming, on top of the Bakken Shale play. The investigators did the same thing in Dimock County in July.
The kicker in all this is that while this version of the findings was being presented to the public, internal communications reveal that the staff at the regional EPA offices didn't agree with these findings, according to a Los Angeles Times story.
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An EPA PowerPoint obtained by the L.A. Times points to potential links between fracking and water contamination, despite those final reports. EPA officials stated the PowerPoint didn't reflect the findings of the agency, but it still seems like the kind of thing that would prompt the agency to look closer at the issue and figure it all out for sure, instead of shutting down the investigations.
The reluctance to do just that likely has a lot to do with the fact that the Obama Administration's energy policy relies heavily on the natural gas being pumped out of all these shale plays. President Obama is unlikely to want to hear anything solidly linking fracking and water contamination, so it seems the EPA is choosing to step back from the whole issue.
Fracking could be totally harmless, of course, and there's no arguing that it has altered the energy market in both Texas and the United States, increasing oil production and allowing the United States to export natural gas for the first time in decades. Even Mitchell, the father of fracking, argued that the practice needed to be regulated because it could do a lot of damage in the hands of the wrong driller.
It's hard to see fracking clearly, because everyone who studies it seems to do so with an agenda that could slant the findings. You'd think at least the EPA folks would be able to step back long enough to put aside politics and try to figure out if fracking is contaminating water or not, but it looks like you've got another think coming. | <urn:uuid:8ceb2cbe-4ced-4b32-a9f8-29409a29b19d> | {
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Views:5 Author:Kate Publish Time: 2020-12-08 Origin:Site
Select barley (storage and selection) →germinate→pulping→boiling→cooling→fermentation→maturation→(filtration or sterilization)→packaging.
In beer brewing, the starch source is first converted into a liquid containing sugar, called "wort", and then the sugar in the wort is broken down into alcohol and carbon dioxide by yeast to form beer.
First of all, before using craft beer equipment to brew beer, clean every clean work area, disinfect counters, clean stoves, clean equipment, thoroughly clean all machines and equipment with soap and water, and disinfect all goods. Especially smaller goods such as thermometers.
The first step is to grind the germinated barley and then mix it with hot water to make wort. This step is called "mashing". After mixing hot water with broken malt, the saccharification process takes about 1 to 2 hours, during which the starch is converted into sugar, and then the sweet wort is discharged from the mash.
Then wash the dregs, and then wash out as much fermentable wort as possible, a process called "wort separation". The traditional method is to filter out through the raw material itself (dregs) as a filter medium. nowadays, some modern breweries prefer to use modern filter equipment to improve production efficiency.
In the process of boiling, hot wort is introduced into the Hopback. When the boiled wort passes through the extraction tank, the components in the hops are extracted, thus improving the flavor and aroma of the beer.
Hops can be extracted many times, but the longer the process, the more bitter the beer, and the lighter the taste and aroma of hops. In addition, hops can also be dry cast, that is, hop directly into the fermentor, using alcohol and carbon dioxide to extract hop essential oil, so as to increase the aroma of beer.
After the boiling process, the wort is introduced directly into the fermentor through the cooling tank and heat exchanger, then yeast is added and oxygen is injected.
Usually, the cooled wort is directly introduced into the fermentor and then added to the yeast for fermentation. The fermentation time of beer depends on the type of yeast and the intensity of beer, which is between 7 and 30 days. In addition to producing ethanol and carbon dioxide during the fermentation process, fine particles suspended in the wort and dead yeast slowly sink to the bottom of the tank, which is a clear beer liquid.
In the final step, the beer is encapsulated, and the craft beer equipment uses disinfectants for food hygiene and safety, cleaning the inner and outer surfaces of the bottle, transferring the beer from the fermentor to the bottling barrel, and using a siphon to transfer the beer to each bottle. Cover the bottle and store it in a room with a constant temperature of 65 to 70 degrees.
craft beer equipment in pub
Provided by DG Kate
Whatsapp: +86 178 6052 5597 | <urn:uuid:fb6f89c4-816d-4d51-8b41-6884502dcb5e> | {
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Where it all started…this exhibit tells the story of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the role of this Japanese submarine and the tragic toll it took on our sailors. Major artifacts include the HA-19 midget submarine and a hatch from the USS Arizona.
The centerpiece of this exhibit is a B-25 bomber very similar to those flown in the famous Doolittle Raid of 1942, our first air attack on mainland Japan. Learn about the harrowing mission led by Lt. Colonel James Doolittle.
Beyond the story behind the iconic photo of the flag raising on Mt. Suribachi, learn about the significance of capturing that volcanic mass and the unique challenges of the horrific 36-day battle. The exhibit includes an M2-2 flamethrower, a weapon instrumental in our Iwo Jima victory. | <urn:uuid:d39b89cb-cca9-498e-ab96-0f51fe32958e> | {
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It has long been an Old Wives' Tale that the journey home from a day out feels to take less time than the trip there. Psychologists have suggested this is all in the mind, but as they only deal in the mind, they would say that.
Having been through most other Old Wives' Tales in order to complete PhDs, Doctorate students at Norwich University of Canals and Fireworks turned their attention to the so called Return Day Trip Time Compression Conundrum.
What they discovered was that distances are not the same in both directions, ripping a hole into Einstein's basic premise that the universe is the same in all directions that stands at the heart of relativity.
Over a standard journey, this discrepancy is tiny, just over a centimetre per kilometre, but as the distance to get to your destination increases, so the discrepancy follows. Thus a trip to Australia from the UK of about 17,000 kilometres translates into approximately 22,000 centimetres or about a mile and a half, whilst the return trip from the moon as made by Armstrong and co was 384,403 kilometres going, but only 350,000 kilometres coming back.
"It's completely counter-intuitive," said Professor Stephen Hawkins after typing for some thirty minutes, "but I can find no fault with their moths. Dratted predictive speaking."
What impact this will have on future space missions to planets as far away as Mars or further, is open to speculation, but it is expected that astronauts will require about a day's less provisions for the journey home.
"It's remarkable to discover," said Hawkings long after it had been assumed he'd finished speaking, "That the journey home does indeed take less time." | <urn:uuid:aa46f019-bf18-4cc5-b6a8-5766e4852de0> | {
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- History Matters Programs
- Access History
- Book Club
- Breaking Bread -- SOLD OUT
- Panel Discussions
- For Members
- Outreach and Classroom Programs
- Professional Development
- ¡NUEVOlution! Curriculum
- The Latino New South: Surprising Facts
- The 7 Insights
- Long-Distance Collaboration »
- Latino Demographics in the New South
- Conducting Listening Sessions
- - 10 Things to Know
THE "HOW" OF LONG-DISTANCE COLLABORATION
Conducted August – September 2012 by the Latino New South Learning Network:
- Levine Museum of the New South
- Atlanta History Center
- Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
Latino/Hispanic population is rising dramatically across the U.S. South, from barely 1% in 1990 to 10-15% in many cities today. The change is highly visible in this region which historically received few immigrants in America’s last big immigration wave a century ago. The excitements and stresses foreshadow wider changes as the nation becomes increasingly multicultural: by the 2040s no single racial/ethnic group will be in the majority in the U.S.
Levine Museum, thanks to a prestigious Innovation Lab grant from the American Alliance of Museums, has joined with the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute and the Atlanta History Center in a multi-year Latino New South Project. It aims to document this history-in-the-making and to develop strong partnerships with Latino communities. Already the museums have conducted extensive Listening Sessions with Latino and non-Latino representatives in each town. What stories/information/messages need to be shared?
Can museums become “civic tools,” helping their cities build the cultural bridges that are needed in this era of change?
In August and September, 2012, the three museums conducted two-day listening sessions in our three cities. For each, the home museum brought Latino/Hispanic leaders and community members to the museum, and also arranged bus visits to Latino/Hispanic institutions out in the city. After each listening session the Innovation Team conducted an evaluation using the Army’s After Action Review system to achieve a dual purpose: 1) to assess the process of the learning network –the “how”, and 2) to take stock of the insights and information we learned from the community –the “what”. The following information contains key lessons we learned about how to create and sustain a learning network.
Key Factors for Success:
- Project Coordinator
Someone within the network must advocate for the project. This person also must be given the capacity to make decisions and exhibit leadership.Ideally the project coordinator will be responsible in following up with conference calls, taking notes, sending reminders of important dates, distributing information, conducting debrief sessions, etc.The project coordinator must be able to devote ample time to the project.This means that staffing may need to be adjusted institutionally to allow for the workload of the project.We recommend allocating 8 hours per week to work on the project.
- Process Facilitation
The entire learning experience was greatly enhanced by skilled facilitation.The success and effectiveness of the network was magnified as a result of the skilled facilitation by a person outside the network.It allowed us to work through issues efficiently and productively.Our recommendation, if possible, is to enlist a skilled facilitator who is a person outside the network.
- Relationship building within the network
A face-to-face planning meeting at the beginning of the process/network (before any of the listening sessions or community events) is essential.It allows for the building of trust among institutions and the developing of a framework for candid, safe communication among team members.
- Real Time Evaluation
Evaluation is key and necessary in creating innovative methods to tackle social issues. The Innovation Team developed and followed a protocol for capturing process learning. We conducted an evaluation using the Army’s After Action Review (AAR) after every listening session. We made sure to evaluate the process of the network as well as the content. Based on feedback after each listening session also made process improvements were then implemented for later sessions to make them more effective.
Example of Process Capturing Protocol:
Step #1: Conduct a short (one hour) After Action Review (AAR) immediately following the event to capture responses and to summarize and circulate them (task for the project coordinator).
After Action Review Questions:
1. What was planned? (intended results)
2. What actually occurred? (facts not judgments)
3. What did we learn?
4. What can be improved and how?
Step #2: Now with the benefit of reflection, each person from the three organizations who attended the listening session responds to the following question. This response should be circulated within ten days of the listening session, three days after receiving the AAR summary.
“Taken as a whole, including the AAR, what is your overall response to the recent listening session, and what is the most critical process improvement (if any) that you would suggest be considered by the network to assure continued success with the listening sessions?”
Step #3: After all three listening sessions, in either a face-to-face session, or via phone, the Innovation Team met to consider the entirety of the ‘process’ by responding to the following questions.
As a network committed to learning from our experiences, what have been the three-five most critical things we have learned in working together across our three cities?
What ideas does each organization have about how they might embed this learning into their organizational practice?
What (specifically) should we share with the field? How should we do that? Who should be responsible for assuring this happens?
- Define Self-Interest and Resource
Each institution should define its self-interest in the partnership and each organization should clarify what resources they will devote to the project. Operating budget and staff capacity does not always correspond to level of involvement. Establishing a solid foundation can be a lengthy process but it is time well spent. Because we invested time in the planning phase, we had a solid understanding of what each organization could provide. We should never assume each other’s willingness to commit and what capacity/resources they have available.
- Pre-Planning before each session
Pre-planning is really important. In order for the AAR’s evaluation to have an impact on the planning for the next session, sessions must be scheduled at least a month apart. This way there is enough time to implement the successful innovative ideas and shed what didn’t work. Our innovation team held eight 30 minute conference calls discussing innovative methods prior to holding the first listening session. Constant check-in and deliberation by the team allowed us to be mindful of every detail that might affect community participation (i.e. interpretation, cultural barriers, safe place, wording of questions, etc.).
- Sound Data
Understanding the demographic change in each of our cities was key for all involved partners, funders and receiving community members to appreciate the importance and scope of our project. Therefore we used U.S. Census based data to make a compelling case for support of our work. The gathering and dissemination of this data also illustrates our investment and commitment to promote understanding. Likewise it engenders a feeling of reciprocity and trust between Latino partners and the museum and between the museum and individuals within the community – a “give and take” of knowledge and trust between the museum and both individuals and organizations within the community.
A word of caution regarding obtaining the statistical data: we were very fortunate to have a strong relationship with UNC Charlotte and an urban social geography professor who is deeply involved with the local community.These relationships allowed the creation of a very detailed data profile for each city.Without such donation of time, resources and knowledge, the Innovation Team would have had to use some of its financial resources to contract an expert.
- Strategic Community Partnerships
Forethought must be given to which community partners are the best with whom to engage and how that can occur effectively. In the case of Levine Museum we were successful in rallying partners because we contacted community members with whom we had previously established relationships. In contrast, the Atlanta History Center had little experience partnering with Latino community organizations and had to do a lot of relationship building, which requires time and effort. Strategic choice of community partners can save money. For instance, as noted above, the partnership with UNCC’s Urban Institute turned out to be very fruitful. The institute was able to provide us with valuable data about each city at relatively no cost. Otherwise we would have had to hire a geographer.
It is important to document the process for future reference and for dissemination to the field.Levine Museum hired a local freelance journalist to cover the Charlotte listening session and the scholars meeting.The journalist was entrusted to create a magazine style article, a 20 minute video, and take photographs throughout the listening session and scholars meeting.Not only do the journalist’s materials serve as a record of our work but it also allows us to easily share the information through different media venues and target different audiences.
About the collaborators:
Levine Museum of the New South
Levine Museum of the New South opened in 1991 to explore the history and culture of the New South—the era since the Civil War. With a full-time staff of 16 and annual budget of $2 million, it has garnered national recognition for its groundbreaking exhibitions and active civic engagement and dialogue programs rooted in a vision of “using history to build community.” www.museumofthenewsouth.org
Atlanta History Center
The 85-year-old Atlanta History Center is the region’s leading general history museum and, with a staff of 62 and annual budget of $6.6 million, the oldest and largest network partner. Incorporating both the Atlanta History Center campus and the Margaret Mitchell House, its mission is to preserve and interpret historical subjects pertaining to Atlanta and to present subjects of interest to Atlanta’s diverse audiences. This venerable institution is in the midst of strategically rethinking its approach to exhibitions and programming in order to more effectively engage Atlanta’s diverse population. www.atlantahistorycenter.com
Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
The Birmingham Civil Rights Institute (BCRI) is a museum, a place of research, and a teaching facility that opened in 1992 as the centerpiece of the city’s Civil Rights District. The BCRI mission is to promote civil and human rights worldwide through education. With a staff of 19 and an operating budget of $2.1 million, BCRI interprets historic and contemporary struggles for human rights through the unique lens of the Birmingham experience. www.bcri.org
Partners in Performance
Partners in Performance works in both visual and performing arts organizations on strategy, innovation and leadership development. John McCann, president of the firm served as the Latino New South network facilitator. http://www.partnersinperformance.us/
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With the declaration by the United Nations on Thursday that Colombia has reduced its coca crop by 25 percent, meaning Peru has likely passed the country as the world’s largest cultivator of coca, Colombians can breathe a sigh of relief. Ravaged by a decades-long civil war in large part funded by that country’s massive drug trade, Colombia is now making progress in bringing its conflict with the FARC rebel group to an end.
But success in Colombia far from heralds the end of the drug war, and decreasing production there only illustrates the degree to which the manufacture of drugs — in particular cocaine — is shifting globally. Even as the traditional strongholds of cocaine use — North America and Europe — witness decreases in the drug’s prevalence, cocaine is becoming more popular elsewhere in the world, particularly in Asia and South America. With economies booming and incomes rising, the once-favorite drug of American yuppies is now more accessible to the new upper classes of the developing world.
Welcome to the new cocaine war.
The story of declining coca production in Colombia and its gradual shift to Peru is part of a long-running trend in cocaine manufacturing. Since the 1990s, crackdowns in one Latin American country have pushed production elsewhere. While cocaine production has generally decreased over the past decade, that decline has been centered in Colombia.
New drug-consumption trends are creating something of an altered picture. Though the rate of drug use remains far lower in Asia than elsewhere in the world, drugs, including cocaine, have made remarkable inroads on the continent in recent years. For Latin America’s cocaine barons, growing disposable income in Asia has created a potentially lucrative market. In July 2012, for instance, authorities in Hong Kong seized their largest-ever shipment of cocaine, valued at a whopping $98 million.
That trend is mirrored in the United Nations’ annual drug report from this year, which documents how the share of global cocaine use is moving away from regions like North America and into other countries:
The prevalence of global cocaine use tells a similar story:
But as methods of making the drug have changed, and as the production and distribution of cocaine have evolved, the drug’s customers have changed too. These changes have undermined the widespread perception that cocaine is predominantly a rich man’s drug. The United Nations has examined this question and found that in Latin America cocaine use is far less tied to increases in income, which likely reflects the availability of the drug along supply routes and the presence of cheaper versions of the drug. In Europe, meanwhile, higher rates of cocaine use are associated with greater levels of per capita income.
With the cocaine market gradually shifting away from the United States, cartels are now moving into countries like Brazil. With its 5,000-mile border with Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia — the world’s three-largest cocaine producers — smuggling the drug into Brazil is a relatively easy and lucrative enterprise. From there, the drug either hits the domestic market or is shipped to Africa en route to Europe. Providing 36.8 percent of global cocaine demand, the United States is still far and away the world’s largest market for the drug. But Brazil is not far behind, with 17.7 percent of the global market. Though trendlines on cocaine usage are moving the right direction in the United States — cocaine use has dropped by an estimated two-thirds in 30 years — drug cartels can still make enormous sums off of moving the drug into the U.S. market.
Colombia’s success in decreasing coca production can be largely attributed to its militarized approach to dealing with its cartels and an aggressive eradication program. Politicians in both Colombia and the United States are likely to point to the U.N.’s findings about coca production as an example of the success of the so-called Plan Colombia.
But as cocaine begins to move out of Colombia, other markets are opening up for the drug, ensuring its continued prevalence both in Latin American and elsewhere around the world. | <urn:uuid:7ea4932c-8c28-479b-93a2-0bfd74402251> | {
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Mark Newman. Getting Right with God: Southern Baptists and Desegregation, 1945-1995. Tuscaloosa and London: University of Alabama Press, 2001. xii + 292 pp. $39.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8173-1060-8.
Reviewed by Scott Billingsley (Department of History, Auburn University)
Published on H-South (June, 2002)
A View From the Pew
Mark Newman examines the evolution of thought on racial issues in Southern Baptist churches during the last half of the twentieth century. He argues that Southern Baptists, and other southern white Christians, accepted racial desegregation only after secular society changed its views about race relations in response to legal changes initiated by the federal government in the 1950s and 1960s. He further contends that "the real opinions and feelings of Southern Baptists on racial issues can be discerned with a greater degree of accuracy than those of members of hierarchical denominations" because Baptist churches were congregational in nature and because their leaders generally reflected the feelings of their members in sermons and publications (p. vii).
In accordance with traditional theories of the sociology of religion, therefore, Southern Baptists generally supported the existing social order. They accepted segregation until it conflicted with their commitment to law and order, public education, and domestic and foreign evangelism. Their commitment to these issues, Newman maintains, ultimately proved to be more important than their commitment to segregation.
The book begins with an overview of race relations in the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) between 1845 and 1944. Although antebellum churches were largely biracial, they became segregated after the Civil War as the newly freed slaves sought to establish their independence from whites and as white Southern Baptists came to support Jim Crow segregation in secular society. In the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s a few whites acknowledged the inequities inherent in racial segregation, and called for true equality in accommodations and social services for blacks under the continuation of Jim Crow.
Newman divides post-World War II Southern Baptists into three groups. Militant segregationists used the Bible--especially the Old Testament--to argue that racial segregation was ordained by God and should be maintained. Moderate segregationists accepted the existing social order and, in the late forties and early fifties, contended that segregation should continue because southern laws supported it. When legal changes in the 1950s opened the door for desegregation, moderates reluctantly acceded to the new social order, but they did not readily embrace it until the 1960s. The landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954 was a turning point in Southern Baptist views on segregation, Newman argues, because it influenced their commitment to law and order, evangelism, and public education. The third group, progressives, played an important role in Baptist life by using denominational papers, commissions, and conventions to encourage Southern Baptists to fully accept and support "the demise of legal segregation" (p. 20).
Newman maintains that SBC attitudes on race progressed through three stages of development. Between 1945 and 1954 a progressive minority promoted racial equality and unity and condemned racial violence. They did not directly criticize institutionalized segregation, but they began to undermine the traditional rationale for maintaining the practice by drawing attention to the inequities that were inherent in the Jim Crow system. Progressives had to work slowly when convincing militant and moderate segregationists that racial discrimination was wrong. The church was entrenched in the existing social order, and it often proved to be conservative and resistant to change. Only after secular society began to accept desegregation did the white religious community also accept it.
From 1954 through 1963, Southern Baptist progressives used denominational papers, commissions, and conventions to convince their co-religionists to maintain their commitment to law and order and comply with the Brown decision. They "played a supporting role, behind the civil rights movement and the federal government, in the transfiguration of the South's race relations," Newman contends. "Although they did not initiate change, progressives did help many Southern Baptists to adjust to and eventually accept it" (p. 85).
The SBC and state conventions refused to endorse Massive Resistance because they opposed the violence that often accompanied the defiance of court-ordered desegregation. Although many Southern Baptists preferred segregation, they reluctantly accepted the new social order out of a fear of chaos and disorder--not out of a sense of social justice. Newman also contends that Southern Baptists' commitment to public education was stronger than their commitment to segregation and that they ultimately acquiesced to token integration. He concludes, however, that Southern Baptists accepted desegregation only because they supported public education in principle and because private schools cost too much--not because they believed segregation was inherently wrong.
Their commitment to evangelism was also crucial to their rejection of segregated schools and churches. Missionaries complained that racial tensions in the United States undermined their ability to evangelize in foreign countries, especially in Asia and Africa, where indigenous peoples were at the time rejecting white colonial rule. Progressives in the Woman's Missionary Union and the Christian Life Commission publicized the missionaries' grievances in their publications and resolutions, and the SBC eventually encouraged local churches to support desegregation at home.
Newman argues that, after the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the increased violence associated with massive resistance, progressives successfully convinced significant numbers of moderates to accept desegregation and reject racial discrimination as immoral. The SBC passed a resolution in 1965 that supported the Civil Rights Act and encouraged Southern Baptists to maintain respect for the rule of law. In 1968 it adopted the "Statement Concerning The Crisis In Our Nation," which called for an end to segregation and encouraged Southern Baptists to work toward "equal opportunities in public services, education and employment" (p. 84).
The crisis statement was important, according to Newman, because it demonstrated how successful progressives had been in persuading the SBC to appropriate their views on race. By the early 1970s race liberals had convinced many Baptist colleges, universities, and seminaries to adopt non-discriminatory admissions policies, but there was seldom more than token integration at these schools. In fact, Southern Baptists in the early seventies followed the lead of the secular culture by turning their attention away from race relations and toward other issues facing American society.
Newman persuasively argues that Southern Baptists reluctantly accepted desegregation when it conflicted with their commitment to law and order, public education, and evangelism. He is less convincing, however, in arguing that Southern Baptists came to support integration; it seems more likely that they simply became less ardent about maintaining the old social order. Although progressives convinced the SBC to officially adopt their desegregationist views, Newman's evidence does not demonstrate how the Southern Baptist laity internalized those views or accepted progressive attitudes about race relations.
Newman admits that Southern Baptists in the early 1970s joined the white flight to the suburbs, sent their children to all-white private schools, and opposed busing. Despite the advances that progressives made in the 1950s and 1960s, Southern Baptist churches were still predominantly white at the end of the twentieth century. Of the nearly fifteen million SBC members in 1990, only 300,000 were African American. There were 37,700 SBC churches that year but only 1,500 of those were predominantly black, most of which held dual affiliations with the SBC and African American denominations. A 1993 report to the SBC's Home Mission Board, titled "Racial/Ethnic Diversity in the Southern Baptist Convention," suggests that there was an increase in black churches between 1985 and 1992, but it did not find increased racial diversity within individual congregations. More recent statistics from the North American Missionary Board's Web site indicate that the SBC's racial make-up had not changed much at the end of the 1990s.
Newman relied on the official papers and resolutions of the national and state conventions to demonstrate how Southern Baptists came to accept desegregation, but he failed to examine congregational and associational records, which would have provided greater insight into the Southern Baptist laity's reaction to desegregation. Nor did Newman interview many people who participated in this struggle (only two are listed in the bibliography), which could have shed light on some important gaps in his story. He acknowledges that many progressives left the SBC because they were frustrated with the slow pace of reform; interviewing those individuals might have explained why the pace was so slow.
Given the length of the dissertation from which this book was derived, one can understand why he chose to omit local sources, but those records tell an important part of the story. Newman contends that Southern Baptist leaders reflected the opinions and feelings of the Southern Baptist laity, but he should have allowed the laity to speak for themselves. Nevertheless, this is an excellent book that fills an important gap in the denominational literature of southern churches. More denominational studies on this topic are needed, but scholars must think congregationally when they write them if we are to gain a better understanding of the perspective from the pew.
. Clay L. Price, "Racial/Ethnic Diversity in the Southern Baptist Convention" (Report to the Home Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, Nashville, Tennessee, 1993).
. North American Missionary Board, available via World Wide Web at <http://www.namb.net/evangelism/Statistics/NAMBFactSheet_2000.htm>, accessed April 22, 2002.
Copyright 2002 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at [email protected].
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl.
Scott Billingsley. Review of Newman, Mark, Getting Right with God: Southern Baptists and Desegregation, 1945-1995.
H-South, H-Net Reviews.
Copyright © 2002 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:ff999838-b8fc-4b34-8ea9-3d7ecf56e977> | {
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How to Write & Revise an Essay
Writing an essay is easier when you break down the process into manageable steps, narrowing your topic, outlining, writing and revising. Regardless of the type of essay you are writing -- narrative, expository, descriptive or argumentative -- the general format will remain the same. This consists of an introduction with a thesis statement, body paragraphs and a conclusion. Revision is the important final step in producing the best possible essay.
The best way to begin your essay is by brainstorming a topic and angle. Once a topic is chosen, the next step is conducting the preliminary research to help narrow the topic as much as possible. The more specific the topic, the easier it is to locate the best sources and keep the essay concise. Outlining is the important next step, which should never be skipped. The outline is divided into sections labeled introduction, body paragraphs and conclusion. The main idea of each paragraph is written under each label, followed by supporting information.
The introductory paragraph explains what the topic is and why it is important and presents the thesis statement. A thesis statement is one sentence at the end of the introduction which specifically tells the reader what will be discussed, the angle of the topic and what evidence will be used to support it. For example, a thesis statement might make the claim that examination of the availability of junk food in school cafeterias of children between the ages 8 and 12 suggests a direct impact on the health of children and obesity later in life.
The body paragraphs provide the evidence supporting the essay's thesis. Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence and clearly show a direct connection to the main idea of the essay. For example, for an essay about ways to reduce smog emissions, a topic sentence for a body paragraph might state that the use of public transportation reduces smog. Adding credible and relevant supporting information is imperative to the strength of the paper.
The conclusion is the writer's last chance to convince the reader to side with their position. It tells why the thesis or main topic is important with consideration to the evidence provided. In some cases, such as an argumentative or persuasive essay, a call to action may be presented, asking the reader to start recycling, consider using different mode of transportation or take steps to improve their health, for example.
Proofreading and revising is essential in providing a polished essay. This consists of reading over the entire essay, to yourself and out loud, to make sure each source used is clearly explained and connects to the main idea. The essay is checked for concise language and cleaned up, if necessary. Keeping an essay concise and clear of all grammar and punctuation mistakes provides a professional appearance that allows the logic of the essay to be clearly followed. It is often helpful to take a few days away from the essay and come back to it with fresh eyes. This helps to spot mistakes which might otherwise be missed.
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Feelings can be evasive or frustrating, so understanding what you really feel is not constantly simple. When you understand your own ideas, feelings, and reactions will boost your connections, because comprehending on your own makes it easier to connect with others. Seek to comprehend what you really feel, just how much of it belongs to the present moment, existing occasions, your physical state, and just how much is connected to your personal history. Caring about what you feel and also understanding even more concerning it really makes you more thoughtful, understanding, as well as caring towards others. Awareness as well as understanding of your very own feelings also implies you’ll be much more smart regarding others’ feelings-that is, you’ll have the knowledge of your very own feelings to assist you sort out when others’ feelings are actual or deceitful.
Here’s just how to open up interaction with an additional person:
1. Don’t speak, listen. Some people are much less spoken than others, and when we obtain anxious, we spoken ones often tend to speak as well as talk. Stand up to the impulse to take over the discussion, as well as give the various other person time to speak.
2. Don’t be fretted about a little silence: provide the other person an opportunity fill it.
3. When you do talk, finish your (quick) story with a question: “What do you assume? or Was it like that for you?” That invites the various other person to address.
4. Deal with the discussion like a tennis match: say something, after that offer the other individual a chance to respond … take your time.
5. No grumbling count your blessings, and also state favorable things. Everyone responds much better to that. | <urn:uuid:f359445a-d956-4c0d-ba7c-9a5c4cb2db3e> | {
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Out to Sea... Plastic Garbage
2014 - 2015
"Out to Sea... Plastic Garbage" was a regional project implemented in partnership with Morocco, Lebanon and Egypt. It aimed to show the link between products we use daily and our behavior regarding solid plastic garbage and the growing plastic pollution of the world’s oceans, in addition to its negative effects. The project succeeded in implementing several initiatives including an exhibition of plastic garbage, cleanup campaigns, research, educational material, environmental awareness and the promotion of environmental conscious messages. The following objectives were achieved over the project period:
- Ensure the design and implementation of the exhibition venue follows the necessary standards
- Create awareness that plastic garbage has a negative effect on the marine ecological, social and economic aspects of the Gulf of Aqaba
- Adopt positive changes through interactive educational activities, raising awareness and knowledge of the negative effects of plastic garbage
- Ensure the integration of project activities with private businesses enrolled with different activities such as recycling, Green Key and Blue Flag programs in best practices of plastic use and management
- Collect scientific information to aid the design of the exhibition
Drosos Foundation in Cooperation with the Museum fuer Gestaltung in Zurich
- Established first plastic garbage exhibition at the national level, with more than 5,000 visitors from Jordan and other countries.
- More than 75 media channels at the local, national, regional and international levels covered the exhibition.
- Developed scientific reports on garbage at Aqaba beaches, which increased awareness and knowledge at the national level. | <urn:uuid:dd042786-8204-4f1f-8276-41373c9443f0> | {
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Guest Author - Susan Taylor
Root rot can happen at almost any time of year, but the winter it seems to be more prevalent due to decreased watering needs and cooler conditions either in a greenhouse or a windowsill. Good air circulation and proper watering practices will go a long way to keeping your plants from developing root rot.
The first symptoms are shriveled leaves or pseudobulbs and then leaves will turn yellowish and finally drop off leaving the plant with no way to photosynthesize and it will die. If you remove the plant from its medium you will find that most if not all roots have dies and are brown or brownish and withered.
The most common cause of root rot is overwatering -- and this is also the most common cause of death in orchids by the beginning grower. Clip off all the dead roots to encourage new root growth and sprinkle with cinnamon or spray with a fungicide. You can either encloose the roots in spaghnum moss and place in a clear plastic bag in a shaded location, or put the plant bare root in a clay pot kept in a humid atmosphere. In many instances the plant will produce new roots and can be planted in a small pot to start regrowth. Make sure that you keep humidity high and do not overwater the plant once it is repotted.
Black Rot Fungal Infection
This time of year with its cool temperatures and low light conditions is ideal for the formation of Black Rot which is a fungal infection caused by several species of Phytophthora. It is particularly deadly to Cattleya Alliance plants, but will attack almost any orchid.
The first signs are normally a blackening of the lower part of the pseudobulb which moves up the newest lead. I cannot overstate the importance of doing something immediately if you notice something like this, especially on a Cattleya. If you don't take immediate action, you can lose a plant within three days. Don't procrastinate. Immediately cut back the plant to unaffected green plant material. Remove the blackened pseudobulb and at least a quarter inch of green tissue and dispose of the removed tissue away from the rest of your plants. This is a very infectious fungus and it can be easily transmitted from one plant to another. Spray the cut area with Physan or Consan or sprinkle with plain cinnamon to inhibit any more fungal growth.
Place the plant in a warm and dry area and spray once a week until the plant appears to be fungus free. If you have not cut off all the affected tissue, it will continue to grow and overtake the plant. The way the fungus spreads is believed to be by splashing from watering or misting. So carefully water only on the medium rather than the leaves and increase your air circulation to promote faster drying. | <urn:uuid:c5b48211-deaf-4a4a-8f43-2ed95cc56289> | {
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Calcium is essential to healthy bones and teeth. That’s largely because the majority of the body’s calcium is stored in bones and teeth, making a calcium-rich diet very important to maintaining good oral health. Many people know the importance calcium plays in strengthening teeth, but many people don’t know that the body’s calcium levels are constantly fluctuating.
Bones, which include teeth, constantly remodel themselves due to continuous resorption and deposition of calcium, according to the National Institute of Health. This increases the need for a steady intake of calcium, as calcium helps to keep teeth strong even during the resorption process. Luckily, plenty of foods have plenty of calcium, with fruit being a calcium-rich, tasty option to help strengthen your teeth and keep your smile shining. Here, we look at five calcium-rich fruits to implement into your diet to improve your calcium intake.
Dried apricots pack a significant amount of calcium, with one cup of halved, dried apricots providing 72 milligrams or calcium, or nearly 14 percent of the daily recommended value of calcium, which is 1000 milligrams. When it comes to calcium-rich fruits, dried apricots are one of the leaders, helping to strengthen teeth and provide a little snack along the way.
Next in line is kiwi, also known as the kiwi fruit. These fuzzy little green fruits have a surprisingly high calcium content, with 61 milligrams of calcium per cup. One fruit that is two inches in diameter has about 23 milligrams of calcium in it alone, so increasing your kiwi intake may not be such a bad idea.
Oranges And Tangerines
The citrus family has a few big contenders in the calcium department, with oranges providing 72 milligrams of calcium per cup, the same as dried apricots. A large orange that’s over 3 inches in diameter has about 74 milligrams of calcium, while the average small orange over two inches in diameter has about 38 milligrams of calcium. Tangerines also have a similar calcium level, with one cup of tangerine sections equalling 72 milligrams of calcium. Large tangerines average approximately 44 milligrams of calcium, which comes in lower than oranges.
Blackberries aren’t as rich in calcium as mulberries, which pack about 55 grams of calcium per cup, but they are much more accessible and popular, with their own calcium content of about 42 milligrams per cup. 42 milligrams of calcium makes up approximately 4 percent of the daily recommended value, making blackberries an easy and delicious source of calcium.
For those feeling a little tropical, papaya is also a great source of fruit-based calcium. One cup of mashed papaya has approximately 46 milligrams of calcium, while a cup of papaya pieces has 29 milligrams. Dried papaya also has a significant amount of calcium, with about 83 milligrams of calcium per every 100 grams eaten.
The Final Word
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In nature, plants engage in a never-ending battle to avoid being eaten. Unable to run away, plant species have evolved defenses to deter herbivores; they have spines, produce nasty chemicals, or grow tough leaves that are difficult to chew. For years, scientists have assumed that herbivores and plants are locked into evolutionary competition in which a plant evolves a defense, the herbivore evolves a workaround, and so on.
New research led by the University of Utah challenges this paradigm of an evolutionary arms race.
The study analyzed multiple species of Inga, a genus of tropical trees that produces defensive chemicals, and their various insect herbivores. The researchers found that closely related plants evolved very different defensive traits. Additionally, their analysis revealed that herbivores may drive evolution of plant defenses, but may not show coevolutionary adaptations. Instead, they may ‘chase’ plants based on the herbivore’s own traits at the time they encounter a new host.
Prior studies have focused primarily on the evolutionary histories of both hosts and herbivores to understand coevolution. This is one of the first and most extensive studies that instead focused on the characteristics of the plant defensive traits through fieldwork and laboratory analyses of the anti-herbivore chemicals. By including different types of plant defenses in their analysis, the authors could figure out how different groups of herbivores select hosts based on the defensive traits.
“This allows us to ask this important question: Is plant relatedness or are plant traits more important for determining which plant species a particular herbivore may feed on?” said senior author Thomas Kursar, professor in the Department of Biology at the U and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. “The answer turns out to be that plant traits are more important.”
The results call into question some of the patterns suggested by the current paradigm for plant-herbivore coevolution. The authors propose an alternative hypothesis; while plant defenses may evolve rapidly due to selection by herbivores, herbivores may evolve more slowly. Herbivores tend to maintain the same adaptations for the species of plants that they can consume. Rather than evolve new traits, herbivores may “chase,” track or switch hosts based on host defenses.
The study’s finding surprised the researchers in two ways. First, natural selection for species to differ in defenses was more powerful than expected.
“If a plant can evolve novel or different defenses from its relatives or neighbors, it will suffer fewer attacks and have a higher likelihood of survival, which gives rise to the surprising result that relatives and neighbors differ dramatically in defenses,” said co-author Phyllis Coley, distinguished professor in the Department of Biology at the U and research affiliate with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama.
“The fact that there is this asymmetry in the evolutionary interactions is surprising,” adds lead author Maria Jose Endara, postdoctoral researcher at the University of Utah, and associated researcher at Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica in Ecuador. “Herbivores select for the divergence in the chemical defenses in Inga hosts. However, their interactions with Inga trees may not drive the divergence of the traits that determine how they select a host. So, we don’t see the expected tight coevolutionary arms race.”
Other authors include Gabrielle Ghabash of the U, James A. Nicholls, Kyle G. Dexter and Graham N. Stone of University of Edinburgh, R. Toby Pennington of the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh and David A. Donoso of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional del Ecuador. | <urn:uuid:9146237a-3ac6-4830-b64b-519219d353ce> | {
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Friday, June 29, 2007
Action Plan 3 Quality students presentation of ideas.
Helping students present their work as best they can has aways been a feature of a group of Taranaki teachers since the 70s. Most of those original teachers have long since retired but their ideas live on in many schools in the province today.
One cynical local principal used to call this early group of teachers the 'pretty classroom brigade'! I have more recently heard such efforts to develop 'attractive' presentation of idea a waste of time - that the thinking involved is far more important.
When students enter science and maths fairs they soon learn the value of well designed presentation skills! Ideas are of no use if no one can be bothered reading them. 'By altering the graphic content of an exhibit you could double the number of people who visited it', according to Gillian Thomas, formally of the UK Science Museum
The belief is, that if anything is worth doing, it is worth doing well ; that when anything is well done a growing sense of pride develops. This applies to every area of human endeavor.
There seems a need for an aesthetic dimension to valued above the merely practical. This aesthetic dimension can be seen in the drawing of our ancestors of animals on the cave walls of Lascaux; these wonderful drawings are not just practical, they are thoughtful, creative and inventive. They are an opportunity to respond and create to their experiences.
Developing well designed aesthetic student book and research chart work is hardly high art but it is important for a number of reasons.
Most important we want our efforts recognised - to stand out so they are noticed. If students ideas are exciting so ought to be their presentations. Good design is what 'catches' your attention.
Design ought to become an obsession in all we do, according to business 'guru' Tom Peters, in his book Re-Imagine'. Everything we use has been designed, often so well, we take it for granted - poor design we notice more easily! Schools designed for a 19th century eduction are a good example! Nature is full of beautifully designed animal and plants. Good design makes use of simplicity, clarity and focus, not confusion or sloppy work. the study of design through the ages would make an interesting 'rich topic' at any level.
Students are entering a world where design is more important than ever to 'sell' ideas or products and, for students to be successful, they need design assistance to present their ideas. This is more than 'prettiness' or 'window dressing'.
Back to the classrooms and our students work.
Let's help our students develop design graphic skills from an early age. At one school that takes this seriously the staff have developed what they call 'design scaffolds' for each level of their school. The very young need a lot of interactive help as they have only 'beginning' writing skills - teachers need to help them develop their ideas and their layout. As children move through the school design formats become more demanding and, by year six, students have a repertoire of design formats to select from. Students who have natural design skills are encouraged to introduce their own creativity.
Students can develop an insight into visual design by paying attention to the layout of various publications - School Journals are an ideal source of graphic presentation ideas.
Some Taranaki schools have resisted the movement towards developing 'portfolios' and instead have re-imagined traditional exercise books as portfolios. This is something I would encourage. All books in such schools are to show continual quality improvement throughout the year. Criteria and suggestions can be pasted inside the front cover of each book to guide students and to inform parents - one school sends all the books home twice a year before parent interviews.
A common phrase during regular feedback situation is, 'Is this better than your last page, how,and how will you improve next time'?.
The work in such schools is outstanding.
One insightful retired principal friend of mind believes a quick look at students exercise books will quickly show the quality ( or lack of it) of school programmes. This applies to the depth of content as well as presentation. All too often , even halfway through the school year, few pages are used and what can be seen is of poor quality.It doesn't take much to gain small victories in this area.
Visual design presentation skills apply to all book students use, including their maths book. A few simple (if old fashioned ) guidelines will improve books. Neatness is an important factor in mathematical accuracy - and realistic maths projects can include illustrative design elements as well to make them look more exciting. The handwriting book is an ideal way to develop design and aesthetic qualities. Obviously visual design skills are important in books used for personal writing and content study work.
None of the above suggestions are brain surgery and may strike people as being 'old fashioned'. All I know is that when I visit such schools with other teachers the quality of the written and research chart work on the walls, along with quality art of the students, always impresses
Students in such schools are gaining an experience of personal excellence and an understanding that their 'personal best' is always 'next time'.
And through such experiences of excellence students develop an 'eye' to appreciate quality in other students' work and in their environment generally
It is all about doing fewer things well.
This insight might be the most important thing students learn.
I would recommend schools set about developing quality visual design and presentation skills in their school - set a challenge and give students and teachers a term or so to see what they can do. | <urn:uuid:5c600548-a796-44a6-9975-298b50e2976c> | {
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The Pacific Northwest and part of Canada is currently baking in heat so unusual, it's melting the local infrastructure.
Images have emerged online showing the effects of the freak heatwave, which has currently hit a high of 46.6C, with even hotter temperatures expected.
snow melt from excessive heat in BC pic.twitter.com/pFjdDAJpIC
- THE TAO OF NOW (@InTheNoosphere) June 28, 2021
One meteorologist said the heatwave is 'just getting started', writing on Twitter: "Canada didn't just beat its long-standing all-time national heat record...
"It knocked it out of the park by a staggering +1.6°C. This record wont even last 24 hours, the heatwave is just getting started.
"It is only June. Annual highest temperature is normally in late July!"
Lytton's official high temperature today June 27, 2021 is 46.6 C. Lytton BC now holds the record for Canada's all time maximum high. The previous record was 45.0 C set on July 5, 1937 at Yellow Grass, and Midale, SK.
- ECCC Weather British Columbia (@ECCCWeatherBC) June 28, 2021
And it's not just Canada, Seattle hit 42C by mid-afternoon on Monday (28 June), which is well above Sunday's all-time high of 40C, while Portland, Oregon, reached 46C.
The temperatures were unheard of in a region better known for rain, and where June has historically been referred to as "Juneuary" for its cool drizzle.
The heat forced schools and businesses to close to protect workers and guests, including some places like outdoor pools and ice cream shops where people seek relief from the heat.
Covid-19 testing sites and mobile vaccination units were out of service as well.
The Seattle Parks Department closed one indoor community pool after the air inside became too hot.
The heatwave was caused by what meteorologists described as a dome of high pressure over the Northwest and worsened by human-caused climate change, which is making such extreme weather events more likely and more intense.
Zeke Hausfather, a scientist at the climate-data nonprofit Berkeley Earth, said that the Pacific Northwest has warmed by about 1.7C in the past half-century.
He said: "In a world without climate change, this still would have been a really extreme heatwave.
"This is worse than the same event would have been 50 years ago, and notably so."
The blistering heat exposed a region with infrastructure not designed for it, hinting at the greater costs of climate change to come.
In Portland, light rail and street car service was suspended as power cables melted and as the heat strained the power grid.
Heat-related expansion caused road pavement to buckle or pop loose. Workers in tanker trucks in Seattle were hosing down drawbridges with water at least twice a day to keep them cool to prevent the steel from expanding in the heat and interfering with their opening and closing mechanisms.
In many cities in the region, officials opened cooling centres, including one in an Amazon meeting space in Seattle capable of holding 1,000 people.
Officials also reminded residents where pools, splash pads and cooling centres were available and urged people to stay hydrated, check on their neighbours and avoid strenuous activities.
The closure of school buildings halted programs such as meal services for the needy, child care and summer enrichment activities.
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An 18-month-old child can eat the same foods as the rest of the family, except for the few foods that are choking hazards, such as popcorn and nuts. Offer a child of this age three meals and two snacks per day, but don't force her to eat if she is not hungry. Cut the food into small pieces to make it easier to eat, and serve your child smaller portions to suit her smaller size. Offer her a variety of different foods throughout the day to help meet the recommended intake of nutrients for her age group.
Serve an 18-month-old child at least the equivalent of 2 cups of dairy per day. However, children this age should not consume more than 24 ounces of milk in a day. Consuming too much milk will fill your child up so he doesn't consume enough other foods to get the nutrients he needs. Iron is of particular concern, since milk is low in iron. Two ounces of processed cheese, 1 1/2 ounces of natural cheese and 8 ounces of yogurt are equivalent to 1 cup of milk. Children under 2 years of age should drink whole milk.
Fruits and Vegetables
Children this age should consume the equivalent of 1 cup of fruit and 1 cup of vegetables each day. Give children no more than 4 to 6 ounces of 100 percent fruit juice per day, as juice is not as nutritious as whole fruit. Cut hard fruits and grapes into small pieces to limit the risk of choking, and either cut up hard uncooked vegetables or cook them until they are soft.
Give your child at least 3 ounces of grains per day, making at least half of these grains whole grains. One ounce of grain is equal to one slice of bread, one-half cup of grains like pasta or rice or between one-third cup and 1 cup of cold cereal, depending on the type of cereal. Choose cereals that are low in sugar and high in fiber.
An 18-month-old child should consume 2 ounces of protein per day. One ounce of protein equals approximately one-third of a chicken breast half, one slice of lunch meat, one egg, one-fourth cup of beans, one-fourth can of tuna or 1 tablespoon of peanut butter.
Unless your child or someone in your family has a history of allergies, you can serve your 18-month-old foods like peanut butter, eggs, soy and seafood. Just keep an eye out for signs of allergies, such as a rash. Some children are picky eaters at this age. Keep offering a mix of healthy alternatives at meals and snacks for your child to choose from. Regularly introduce your child to new foods, and keep offering these foods even if she doesn't like them the first time she tries them. Sometimes it takes up to 20 tries before a child will accept a new food.
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The Bakken Pipeline, also known as the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) is a very controversial oil pipeline that is currently being constructed, that is being fought for the endangerment of water and soil resources, its proximity to the Standing Rock Reservation of the Sioux Tribe and its cultural resources, and the improper use of eminent domain. Thousands of people have gathered in protests along the pipeline, especially in North Dakota and Iowa. The pipeline is being built across four states, from North Dakota, where shale oil is being extracted, and pumped through South Dakota, Iowa and Illinois, where it will be hooked to an existing pipeline to deliver oil to the Gulf of Mexico.
This map shows the precise location of the pipeline and allows you to locate your current position, shows the current construction progress, properties it crosses and taken by eminent domain, and property owners in a lawsuit with Dakota Access LLC. The diameter of the pipeline is 30 inches, and the 50 ft easement is shown, as well as the temporary 150 ft right of way.
The map is an effort coordinated by Nitin Gadia, a resident of Ames, Iowa, in an effort to support the efforts to inform people about the pipeline, and support the efforts to resist the pipeline, who develops content with mapstory.org, a website dedicated to open mapping data.
Efforts in North Dakota to obtain map data were denied when Dakota Access requested that authorities restrict the data. People have had to rely on hard copies of maps to see where the pipeline lies, and the map was drawn using hundreds of public record maps from each of the states.
The pipeline has been mostly constructed in all states. Construction progress is only reported in Iowa, and was previously updated weekly; since the pipeline has mostly been laid since the last update on 11/16/2016, all of the pipeline has been marked as "mostly complete". Weekly construction maps have been required to be provided to Dakota Access to the Iowa Utilities Board (IUB). Users are encouraged to crowdsource information, like locations of protests and events. For more information about the map and how participate, read the About page and blog post written by Gadia.
For more on the motivation and issues surrounding this map, and to view and obtain an embed, check out the blog post:
Mapping the Bakken Pipeline and Our “Secret” Infrastructure
This map could use your help. It needs to add the precise locations of protests and events. If you're interested in helping, contact Nitin below.
Map license: CC-BY. Credits can be listed as: bakkenpipelinemap.com, Nitin Gadia of MapStory.org, Carl Sack
Github page (for sources, data, collaboration):
nittyjee at gmail dot com | <urn:uuid:d7bb35d1-3371-4b09-a82a-b2fc7b2b1d51> | {
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When teaching modern digital photography I often forget those new to the general art of photography might not be familiar with classic terms and techniques and I need to take a step back. This post is for those who might have always wanted to ask, “What do people mean when they say ‘burn’ and ‘dodge’ in post-processing?”. If you can still smell the darkroom fumes when I bring up these terms, you can skip over this post.
Burning and dodging are two darkroom techniques used when printing a picture. A negative is placed in a projector and then pointed at a piece of photo paper (much like a slide projector projects an image on a screen). That photo paper is not like the paper you might be used to printing on at home now. It is light sensitive, just like film, and that is the whole reason for creating a darkroom; to control the amount of light hitting the paper which will expose it.
Now then, light from the projector passes through the negative and then hits the paper. The timing of the light exposure is controlled to certain tolerances just as the original exposure of the scene onto the negative was controlled. Light hits the negative evenly and then hits the paper evenly. This works well if the scene is even balanced. But what if there are areas that need to be lighter or darker? That’s where burning and dodging come in and they are simple.
The key to these terms and understanding them is to remember that the paper is white. Dodging is the process of covering over part of the light hitting the paper, creating a shadowed area that does not receive the same light exposure as the rest of the scene. Because this decreases the amount of light hitting the paper (remember; light hitting the paper = darker exposure), it lets more of the white paper show through, effectively lightening the image in that area. Burning is the opposite, it is only allowing light into one area of the image to increase the exposure time in that region and create a darker image for that area.
Both employ various methods of covering, from simply using a hand or piece of paper to creating custom templates. Further, the edge of the dodge or burn can be softened by moving the covering slightly as the paper is exposed.
All of this allows a photographer to create different exposures throughout one frame, which can more closely mimic the scene as it was when shot, or to use artistic expression to alter an image to one’s liking.
Now then, how can you use these techniques for your own gain in the modern age?
I’m going to show these techniques in use on Adobe Lightroom but they can be practiced on any program which allows for selective masking and exposure changes.
First, the image from a recent review of a Sigma 50-500mm lens (click on any image for a larger version).
The shot was taken with an iPhone and exposed for the lens with gray, overcast skies. I want to highlight the lens and diminish the background. The first thing I do is choose the Adjustment Brush and the Burn feature as such:
For this photo, the Burn setting is not dark enough for me, to be honest. I take the Exposure for this mask to -1.17 and this is the result:
The camera and lens are now darker, helping them stand out better against the background. I now want to do the opposite with the background. I want to dodge it to lighten it, further highlighting the lens. I start by painting a mask of the background:
Again, the Dodge is not to my liking and I instead change the exposure for this mask to be lighter.
With these masks, I can also change contrast or brightness (done away with in Lightroom 4) to further highlight my subject if I liked. In this example I am keeping things simple.
The result is slight, but can be more dramatic if need be.
Burning and Dodging have been around as long as making prints has been an art form where the photographer wished more control over their medium. The techniques are still highly relevant in today’s modern, digital era and I now hope you have a better understanding of where the terms came from and how best to use them.
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One of the easiest houseplants to grow, pothos is the perfect choice for newby indoor gardeners, loved for its lush, leafy stems. As well as pothos and devil’s ivy, this leafy trailing or climbing plant may also be labelled as silver vine, money plant or Ceylon creeper, so try tapping its Latin name Epipremnum aureum into suppliers’ websites to find the right one. Pothos is also often mistaken for a Philodendron scandens or heart-leaf which looks almost identical, with a similar trailing or climbing habit.
There are a few colorful cultivars of pothos if the green and yellow variegated species does not suit your interior. ‘Neon’ is a yellow-leaved form, with no variegation, which will provide a splash of bright color, or try 'Marble Queen’, with its rich green and cream patterned leaves.
The larger leaved Epipremnum pinnatum is dark green with deeply divided leaves but, confusingly, this species name is also often used as a synonym for E. aureum. Don’t worry too much about the names, though, because both plants perform in a similar way, so simply go for the best indoor plant for you and follow the pothos care advice below.
3 essential tips for pothos care
John Maree, founder of Oxy Plants (opens in new tab), says: 'Pothos originate from the French Polynesian Islands in the Pacific and can really help to turn your indoor garden into a tropical paradise. It’s also known as devil's ivy, a name that’s thought to have arisen because it’s very difficult to kill, and will bounce back after periods of neglect, which also explains why it’s so popular.'
1. Keep it out of direct sunlight
Like the Chinese money plant, pothos prefer indirect light. John Maree suggests placing your pothos away from a bright window: 'Devil’s ivy is a climbing plant and used to ascending from the dappled light on the forest floor up into a leafy canopy, so try to replicate these light conditions for your indoor plant ideas. Look for a brightly lit spot just out of reach of direct sun for optimum growth. Too much sunlight can cause sunburn and bleach the leaves.'
Pothos will grow well in low humidity levels so it can be successfully grown as an office plant, as well as being suitable for most areas in the home. But in darker areas, your plant may not grow as quickly and could lose its variegation, turning mostly green.
Also remember that as time passes pothos care will include the need for sufficient space for its stems to grow, either up a pole, or trailing down from a shelf or tall plant stand.
2. Let the stems do their thing
The species has beautiful, marbled heart-or-spear-shaped green and yellow leaves that form on long, flexible stems, which can be left to dangle from a pot on a shelf, or trained up a mossy pole or along horizontal wires fixed to a wall.
Patch Plants (opens in new tab)’ Plant Doctor, Richard Cheshire says he likes to grow pothos as an indoor hanging plant in a basket, where its stems can trail elegantly over the sides, and adds: 'Remember that this will become a large plant over time, with each stem reaching several feet in length.'
However, if you want flowers, this is not the plant for you, as a genetic impairment means it never produces blooms, reproducing instead via its stems and roots.
3. Water no more than once a week
Plant your pothos in a pot with drainage holes in the base, and water when the top of the compost feels dry, running it under a tap and then leaving the excess moisture to drain out before returning it to a waterproof container.
'Wet or waterlogged compost can encourage root rot and during spring and summer I would suggest watering no more than once every other week, as a guide,' says John Maree. 'Reduce this to once a month during winter.'
He says that overwatering is one of the few ways you can kill these low maintenance indoor plants, but they will bounce back quickly if watered after a period of neglect. Pothos are not heavy feeders and require a dose of balanced liquid fertilizer once a month from spring to fall.
Common pothos care problems to look for
The almost indestructible pothos is also generally resistant to most pests and diseases, apart from root root if the compost becomes too wet.
'While pests are rarely a problem, like fiddle leaf figs and dracaena, pothos very occasionally may suffer from mealybugs, spider mite, scale and thrips, which can live in the cubbyholes between stems and the undersides of the leaves,' says John Maree. 'If you do spot a pest or the damage they cause, give your plant a wash in the shower or use a damp cloth to remove all the pests as best you can.'
If white fluffy-coated mealybugs or scale insects, which look like little hard bumps, persist, try dabbing them with a cotton bud soaked in a little methylated spirits.
Is pothos toxic to cats?
'Unfortunately, yes, pothos is toxic to cats and other pets if eaten,' says Richard Cheshire. 'If your cat has had a sneaky nibble, they may show signs of an upset stomach and start vomiting – a trip to the vet is usually a good idea if you're worried. You can discourage any curious pets by putting your devil's ivy up high on a shelf or in a plant stand, or try using citrus peels around the base of a pothos to deter them.'
Why has my pothos got yellow leaves?
'Yellowing leaves are usually caused by over or underwatering,' explains Richard. 'Droopy leaves that slowly become yellow, and then turn crisp, are usually a sign that your pothos needs a good drink. Conversely, leaves that suddenly turn pale yellow before turning brown are a sign of overwatering, so give your plant a rest by leaving the compost to dry out.'
If the compost is waterlogged, repot your plant in a container with drainage holes in the base, and do not water for a couple of weeks until it has recovered.
Pothos vs Philodendron scandens
Pothos is often confused with Philodendron scandens, so you might wonder which is the better indoor plant species. When asked which Richard would recommend, he says: 'Both are fast growers that prefer to be left to their own devices, without too much pampering. They're also equally good at telling you if they're in need of a drink and are quick to bounce back after periods of neglect. You really can't go wrong with either, so why not have both?'
Where to buy pothos plants
Shop pothos plants in the US:
- Shop pothos plants at Amazon (opens in new tab)
- Shop pothos plants at Lowes (opens in new tab)
- Shop pothos plants at Walmart (opens in new tab)
Shop pothos plants in the UK:
Zia Allaway is a garden book author, editor, and journalist, and writes for a range of gardening and women’s magazines, including Easy Gardens, Homes & Gardens and Livingetc, as well as The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph newspapers. She has also written books for the Royal Horticultural Society and Dorling Kindersley publishers, including Eco-Gardening, Compost, Low Maintenance, Practical House Plant Book, Practical Cactus & Succulent Book, Indoor Edible Garden, What Plant Where, and the Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers.
Desert landscaping ideas: 8 stunning ways to create a verdant oasis in your yard
Ideas Our edit of desert landscaping ideas is full of expert tips to help you bring out the best in a hot and arid environment
By Sarah Wilson • Published
This sustainable, money-saving gift is the perfect holiday offering, say the experts
Plants If you want to save money and be sustainable this season, share your favorite plants with friends and family
By Jayne Dowle • Published | <urn:uuid:11d2d2c2-f0a8-401e-ba04-661fc22e6c4d> | {
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Even the clumsiest klutz needn't worry about dropping an expensive new phone, camera or laptop if it is protected by a "smash-proof" case. Made using a combination of granular materials, ceramics and polymers, such cases will be engineered to channel shock waves away from sensitive components, and then trap or cancel them out. A consortium of American universities, funded by the US Department of Defense, hopes to produce prototypes by 2014. The military are interested because it would make munitions safer to handle.
Freshly distilled and drip-fed to your own hip flask, a steady supply of vodka could be produced by a bioreactor-on-a-chip that runs a continuous fermentation and distillation process. All the necessary components, mostly based on microfluidics, are under development and could be turned into consumer products - local liquor laws permitting.
Imagine putting a battery in your latest ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:47cb2947-d42b-47c4-9f6b-5fbaa0380a40> | {
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A twelve-year-old Bangladeshi girl was taken away from her family and tricked into going to India. Once there, she was sold to a brothel owner. She was gang-raped and tortured for days until she finally agreed to sleep with up to 10 men a day, for each day of the week, the whole year round. Many girls like her eventually acquire an illness that deteriorates their body - some die from serious diseases. Her case provides a typical example of a trafficking situation that happens to countless women and children.
The 2004 Trafficking in Persons Report of the United States government,1 presented to the public in Dhaka on 15 June 2004 describes this global epidemic quite succinctly:
No country is immune from human trafficking. Each year, an estimated 600,000 to 800,000 men, women and children are trafficked across international borders (some international and non-governmental organizations place the number far higher), and the trade is growing. This figure is in addition to those trafficked within countries. Victims are forced into prostitution, or to work in quarries and sweatshops, on farms, as domestics, as child soldiers, and in many forms of involuntary servitude. The US government estimates that over half of all victims trafficked internationally are trafficked for sexual exploitation.
Its high-profit, low-penalty-nature makes human trafficking attractive to criminal gangs and large - scale o rganized crime. The United Nations "estimates that profits from human trafficking rank it on top three revenue sources for organized crime, after trafficking in narcotics and arms."
The crime of trafficking is mainly committed against persons who are socially and economically vulnerable. Economic underdevelopment generates huge exodus of men and women to affluent countries. As far as trafficking in women and children is concerned, it necessarily involves a gender dimension and a negative consequence on the rights of women and children as almost all the women-victims are trafficked for the immoral purposes of flesh trade or child-victims are sold as suppliers of human organs.
The South Asia-Gulf Region trafficking route affects Bangladesh. Several reports over the years reveal that traffickers use 20 main points in 16 south/south-western districts of Bangladesh near the Indian border to run their trade.2 The main trafficking route is the Dhaka-Mumbai-Karachi-Dubai route. There are people on both sides of the Bangladesh-India border involved in this trafficking chain.
Just like in other parts of Asia, Bangladeshi girls (under 18 years of age) from the villages are trafficked for about 1,000 US dollars and sold to the sex industry. But human trafficking is not confined to the sex industry. Bangladeshi children (aged about 4 to 15 years) are also largely trafficked:
Estimates on the number of trafficked women and children are difficult to make. The crime is largely hidden despite its pervasiveness. Nevertheless, a total of 335 women and children were reportedly trafficked from Bangladesh in 2002.3 Statistics from Bangladeshi human rights NGOs estimate the rate of trafficking in Bangladesh as follows:4
- 200-400 young women and children are smuggled and trafficked every month from Bangladesh to Pakistan and Arab Gulf countries;
- An estimated 10,000-15,000 women and children are trafficked from Bangladesh to India annually;
- An average of at least 70-80 women and children are trafficked daily from Bangladesh to other countries;
- An estimated 200,000 women5 have already been trafficked in different countries including girls as young as 9 years old.
Trafficking victims, according to NGOs in Bangladesh,are lured into trafficking by false promises (promise of better life/jobs, and marriage proposal or fake marriage), force (kidnapping), and outright trade (sale done by people known to the victims such as relatives). They are vulnerable to trafficking schemes due to poverty, gender -based discrimination on social protection, lack of information among the public about trafficking, weak enforcement of existing relevant laws and policies, and general lack of good governance. The collapse of the garment industries after September 2001 is noted for causing the increase in trafficking of women and children.
Trafficking victims suffer from mental stress, bad social treatment after their rescue especially for women, and health problems (such as HIV/AIDS for those trafficked for prostitution purposes).
Human trafficking is a crime violating human rights as well as health and cross-border issue. It is an offence under the Bangladesh legal system. The Constitution of the Peoples' Republic of Bangladesh prohibits forced and compulsory labor (Article 34). In addition, the Penal Code, 1860 (Sections 372, 373, and 466A), the Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act, 1933 (Sections 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10) and the Repression of Violence against Women and Children Act, 2000 (Articles 5 and 6) clearly provide that trafficking is an illegal and punishable offence for which capital punishment may be imposed as the maximum punishment.
However, the low number of court cases and convictions regarding trafficking in Bangladesh demonstrates the weak implementation of existing laws. During the last five years only 53 cases of trafficking have been brought before the court, out of which 35 were dismissed by the court for lack of adequate evidence. Only 21 accused have been convicted with the highest punishment of 10 years of rigorous (hard labor) imprisonment.6
Complete elimination of human trafficking in Bangladesh is a difficult goal to attain. But there are several measures that can be done at least with the aim of preventing it. Increasing public awareness of this issue is important. Campaign, training, public demonstration, street drama, mass media, among other means, can be used. The NGOs should play a dominant role in this regard.
The government has to be pressured to strictly enforce the existing laws and ensure punitive measures against the traffickers. Punishment of the traffickers should immediately take place and handed down within the shortest period of time using summary trial.
There is also a need to strengthen the anti-trafficking network in Bangladesh. And a shelter and rehabilitation program for the rescued women and children has to be created.
Last but not least, parents and society in general should be motivated to accept the trafficking victims back into their family with cordiality.
Human trafficking is a 'social evil' that seems to be growing at an alarming rate throughout the world. This practice results in unimaginable human suffering and represents one of the most important human rights violations of our time, resulting in a form of 'Modern Slavery'. For Bangladesh, this condition is more acute. In order to prevent this crime, human trafficking should be integrated as cross-cutting issue related to social protection from all sectors of the society.
Jamila Ahmed Chowdhury is a JDS Scholar (Bangladesh) in the Graduate School of Law, Niigata University, Japan.
For further information, please contact: Jamila Ahmed Chowdhury, Graduate School of Law, Niigata University, Japan, ph/fax (8125) 261-2108, e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]
1. The Trafficking in Persons Report offers
a comprehensive worldwide report on the efforts of governments to combat severe
forms of trafficking in persons. Its public release is intended to raise global
awareness and spur countries to take effective actions to counter trafficking
in persons. "This year, Bangladesh is rated Tier 3, the lowest tier," says the
report, adding that the efforts of governments to fight human trafficking are
rated in tiers in the report based on concrete actions taken throughout the year.
Bangladesh was in "Tier 2" in 2003. See Trafficking in Persons Report. Released by the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, 11 June 2003 http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2003/21275.htm.
2. Violence against Women in Bangladesh, Bangladesh Women Lawyers Association (Dhaka: 2002).
3. Cell for Combating Trafficking, Bangladesh National Women Lawyers Association (BNWLA).
4. Coordinating Council of Human Rights in Bangladesh (CCHRB ), Ain-o-Shalish Kendro (ASK), Bangladesh National Women Lawyers Association (BNWLA).
5. Mentioned by former Home Minister of Bangladesh Altaf Hossain Chowdhury on 20 January 2004 at 3-day regional workshop on Trafficking in Women and Children, organized by the Centre for Women and Children Studies. See more details in www.sos-arsenic.net/english/intro/child-traff.html
6. World Organization against Torture (OMCT), Violence against Women: 10 Reports/ Year 2003, (Geneva: 2004). This is the fourth collection of reports within the framework of its Violence against Women Program. | <urn:uuid:b2ed9dbe-6c2e-4083-9813-fa4891b5eb9b> | {
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tor of the thermometer, but he merely alludes to the instrument as if well known. In the "Novum Organon," 1620, Bacon describes an inverted "heat-glass," styled "Vitrum calendare," and says it bore "attached to the stem a long narrow strip of paper marked off with degrees at pleasure."
Attempts have been made by Italian authors to secure the credit of inventing the thermometer for another Englishman, Robert Fludd de Fluctibus, a physician and mystic whose books show more erudition than common sense. The Jesuit Franciscus de Lanis, in a work dated 1670, named Fludd as the original inventor, and Clemente, in his life of Galileo, 1793, has the contemptible effrontery to claim that Galileo in 1603 used an instrument made by Fludd. The facts are that about the year 1603 Fludd visited many countries of Europe, including Italy, where he may well have seen the Galileo thermoscope known to savants in Padua. Twelve years after Fludd's return to England, in 1617, he published a work (Utriusque cosmi … historia) in which he described an experiment chiefly borrowed from Hero, of Alexandria. In another work (Philosophia Moysaica) issued in 1638, a year after | <urn:uuid:1e08334d-51fc-4726-8137-e8b0c67cbfde> | {
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Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, who died February 13 and was universally acknowledged as both an intellectual pillar of the Court’s modern-day conservative renaissance and a staunch defender of the constitutional rights of criminal defendants, also leaves behind a legacy of tax law jurisprudence characterized by fealty to his guiding judicial philosophy of restricting himself to the text and searching for its original meaning. In so doing, he often found himself striking a discordant and derisive note.
In considering constitutional challenges to state taxation schemes, Scalia rejected the notion that in the absence of congressional action, the commerce clause, by its own force, imposes limitations on state taxing powers, arguing that “the historical record provides no grounds for reading the Commerce Clause to be anything other than what it says—an authorization for Congress to regulate commerce.” (Tyler Pipe) Accordingly, he steadfastly maintained his “continuing adherence to the view that the so-called ‘negative’ Commerce Clause is an unjustified judicial invention.”(Tracy) Nevertheless, he did, “on stare decisis grounds, enforce a self-executing ‘negative’ Commerce Clause in two situations: (1) against a state law that facially discriminates against interstate commerce, and (2) against a state law that is indistinguishable from a type of law previously held unconstitutional by this Court.” (West Lynn Creamery) Thus, though he could be reliably counted on to vote against most commerce clause challenges to state taxation schemes, Scalia’s approach differed from that of Justice Clarence Thomas, who “would entirely discard the Court’s negative Commerce Clause jurisprudence.” (United Haulers)
In constitutional challenges in the federal tax arena, Scalia’s concurrence in Freytag and dissent in Hatter are noteworthy. In his sharply worded Freytag concurrence, Scalia (joined by Justices Sandra Day O’Connor, Anthony Kennedy, and David Souter) derided the majority’s conclusion that the Tax Court “exercises a portion of the judicial power of the United States” and is a “Court of Law” within the meaning of the appointments clause of Article II, section 2 of the Constitution. Placing the Tax Court firmly within the executive branch, Scalia would have designated the Tax Court’s chief judge as one of the “Heads of Department” referred to in the appointments clause. Nearly a quarter of a century later, in 2014, the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit in Kuretski seems to have relied more on Scalia’s concurrence in Freytag than on the majority opinion in that case to conclude that the Tax Court exercises its authority as part of the executive branch and not the judicial branch.
In Hatter, Scalia dissented from the majority’s holding that Congress’s extension of the Medicare tax to sitting federal judges did not violate the compensation clause of Article III, section 1 of the Constitution. Disagreeing with the majority’s conclusion that the compensation clause does not forbid the imposition of nondiscriminatory taxes, such as the Medicare tax, on federal judges who held office before Congress extended those taxes to federal employees, Scalia argued that “the Constitution makes no exceptions for nondiscriminatory reductions in judicial compensation” and that “a reduction in compensation is a reduction in compensation, even if all federal employees are subjected to the same cut.” Distinguishing “between Government action affecting compensation and Government action affecting the value of compensation,” Scalia argued “that a tax-free status conditioned on federal employment is compensation, and its elimination a reduction.”
In cases involving the interpretation of federal tax statutes, Scalia brought to bear his general disdain of legislative history. For instance, in Begier, Scalia agreed with the Court’s judgment that the payments of income, FICA, and excise taxes collected from a debtor airline’s customers were not transfers of property of the debtor, but were instead transfers of property held in trust for the IRS. But he faulted the Court’s reliance on a floor statement of the House floor manager of the Bankruptcy Code that “the courts should permit the use of reasonable assumptions” regarding the tracing of tax trust funds. Scalia wrote disparagingly, “If the Court had applied to the text of the statute the standard tools of legal reasoning, instead of scouring the legislative history for some scrap that is on point (and therefore ipso facto relevant, no matter how unlikely a source of congressional reliance or attention), it would have reached the same result it does today. ”
Although scornful of legislative history, Scalia generally advocated greater deference to agency interpretation of statutory text. His Mead dissent would have extended Chevron deference to Treasury regulations whether or not they are preceded by notice and comment. At the same time, Scalia was zealous in protecting the courts’ prerogative in conclusively establishing the meaning of ambiguous statutory text not previously interpreted by the administering agency. He dissented from the Court’s holding in Brand X that an administrative agency may overturn judicial construction of an ambiguous statute by rulemaking. Less than a decade later, in 2012, in Home Concrete, a case in which Treasury regulations sought to undo a string of judicial setbacks for the IRS, the Court struggled with some of the confounding implications of Brand X that Scalia had forewarned about in his concurrence in that case. And in concurring in Home Concrete, he again called for abandoning Brand X.
As in other areas of the law, Scalia’s many concurrences and dissents in tax cases displayed a savage wit, while manifesting an inability to carry his colleagues with him. But just as in the other areas of law, his forebodings in his tax law concurrences and dissents have often proved prophetic. | <urn:uuid:4bcf3516-ad9f-462f-b521-b0627c5c971f> | {
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Since 2004, the state has allowed 42 treatment facilities, power plants and factories to ignore federal limits on dumping mercury into lakes, rivers and streams.
This year, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency is considering more than 30 new requests for variances from companies that argue that the cost of keeping mercury out of the water far exceeds any benefits to wildlife and human health.
Some argue that the technology needed to meet the limits set in 1995 does not exist.
"There is no treatment technology available to get to these low levels," said Pat Hemlepp, a spokesman for Columbus-based American Electric Power.
But critics say governments are doing little, if anything, to make businesses develop cheap, reliable filters to remove mercury.
Ellen Mee of the Ohio Environmental Council said the growing list of companies allowed to pollute makes the federal limits meaningless.
"We need to be working harder to get to that standard," Mee said.
That standard was created by the 1995 Great Lakes Initiative, a federal mandate that ordered strict limits on mercury and other toxins that can be dumped into the Great Lakes and the rivers and streams that drain into them.
Mercury is a potent neurotoxin that causes brain and kidney damage and serious developmental problems in fetuses and newborns. It's so common in the environment that the state warns people not to eat fish from some streams more than once a month.
The initiative ordered businesses and treatment plants in 20 northern Ohio counties and parts of 13 others in the Lake Erie basin to limit mercury in their "waste water" to a monthly average concentration of no more than 1.3 parts per trillion.
Plants and businesses in the rest of the state must follow a limit of 12 parts per trillion.
Companies did not know they were violating the limits until 2002, the first year a test accurate enough to detect mercury at those levels was available.
Once sewage plants and businesses learned that they had a problem, they started asking for variances. Medina County's Liverpool Sewage Treatment Plant got one of the first, in 2005, to release mercury to the Rocky River's West Branch at 10.9 parts per trillion.
There is technology available to reduce mercury waste, but it is expensive, said James Troike, the county's sanitary engineer.
The state says AEP's Conesville plant, which operates under the 12-parts-per-trillion limit, can dump mercury at up to 167 parts per trillion.
Hemlepp, the AEP spokesman, said mercury released into the Muskingum River comes from the plant's air-pollution scrubbers and coal-ash disposal pond.
The state is considering a request by FirstEnergy to allow its Lake Shore power plant in Cleveland to dump mercury at 7.1 parts per trillion into Lake Erie.
Eric Nygaard, a specialist in the Ohio EPA's surface water division, said the variances make sense because there is no guarantee that expensive filter systems ensure compliance.
In return, plants and businesses must sign agreements that say they will try to find ways to reduce mercury emissions. Hemlepp said the Conesville plant has cut mercury to 25 parts per trillion after reducing its use of water to move ash out of the plant's boilers.
The feds don't appear willing to push Ohio or other Great Lakes states to enforce the limits. Reports by the federal General Accountability Office in 2005 and 2008 criticized the U.S. EPA for allowing Ohio, Michigan and Indiana to include mercury variances in their water-pollution permits.
The U.S. "EPA has not ensured consistent (Great Lakes Initiative) implementation by the states nor has the agency taken adequate steps toward measuring progress," the GAO concluded in 2005.
David Pfeifer, the U.S. EPA's regional water-quality standards coordinator in Chicago, said the problem begins and ends with a lack of reliable and affordable mercury filters needed to meet the limits. Variances, he said, make sense until a filter is found.
That doesn't sit well with advocates who want mercury levels reduced.
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Note: This article may be updated occasionally, as I come across more strange reasons to send your child to school.
- Children need a school environment to develop proper social skills
- Bullying makes children stronger and teaches them to deal with adversity
- Children learn best when taught by a professional
- Children can only grow up properly and learn independence away from the home
- Children can only adequately learn to deal with opposing worldviews in a school environment
- Children need to be missionaries to non-Christian students in schools
1. Children need a school environment to develop proper social skills
Another way of putting this—and it often is put this way—is that homeschooling creates a restricted, artificial social environment, hindering social development, and making it harder for children to integrate into the “real world” as adults.
But, assuming we should want “optimal integration” with the real world, how does school prepare children for this? Here are some of the more prominent rules of socialization children must conform to at school:
- Only socialize with people your exact age. This is built in to most schooling systems. Indeed, socializing with someone a grade below you is regarded as something we adults call a faux pas—in kids’ terminology, it makes you a loser. But where in the real world do we find this? I’m not aware of any examples. So rather than preparing children for integrating into the world, age segregation at best fails to prepare them at all in this respect, and at worst makes it more difficult for them to interact normally with people of different ages.
- Society is divided into castes. School is strongly segmented into various social castes—so much so that we have cliched names for them: jock, geek, cheerleader etc. Children are divided by an instinctive social pecking order, largely due to innate characteristics like physical appearance, intelligence, and interests. These groups seldom socialize with each other, and even more seldom do so amicably. In fact, the higher castes routinely victimize the lower castes. But where in the real world do we find this? India, perhaps, with their Unclean. But in Western egalitarian society, this is considered antisocial behavior. So school at best fails to prepare children for integrating into an egalitarian society, and at worst undermines their ability to do so by entrenching antisocial habits.
- People who are smart and work harder are worth less. In most cases, the more academic and studious a child is, the more he is ostracized and abused by the “ruling caste”. But where in the real world do we find this? Studious and academic people are generally well respected and earn the highest wages. So again, school seems to model the reverse of the real world—and does not prepare children for healthy socialization at all.
- People who are strong and beautiful are worth more. This is the corollary of #3. Social status in schools is largely determined by physical attributes. But where in the real world do we find this? Perhaps you’ll find it in some areas of the entertainment industry—but even then it is far more attenuated. More importantly, most of us would think it was a bad thing. The only other obvious example that comes to mind is prison. So if school is really preparing children to integrate into society, it seems to be preparing them to be image-obsessed personalities and/or criminals—not the kind of people their parents would prefer.
- Going to the authorities to redress a wrong is pointless and a sign of weakness. “Go cry to the teacher,” is a common taunt on school playgrounds. It’s a taunt of contempt because in the school caste system, having to rely on outside authority shows that you can’t stand up for yourself (regardless of how impossible that may be) and are therefore of less value as a person. It is also a taunt of mockery because bullies know very well that in most cases, abuse is dealt with inadequately by teachers, if at all. But where in the real world do we find this? Certainly authorities like the police are never perfect, but the only truly similar examples I can think of are, again, among the criminal element—in gangs or prisons. So school seems to be preparing children for antisocial roles in society, rather than for productive ones.
I think if you assess the social environment common to schools in a fair-minded way, you can’t help but conclude that it is not healthy, and in many cases is actively harmful. Just because school is considered a normal part of our society does not mean that its social environment is normal, or that it prepares us for normal social interaction.
But here’s something very interesting: despite all the social disadvantages of school, most people who went to school still manage to become normally-functioning members of society. So even if homeschooling has social disadvantages of its own, shouldn’t pro-schoolers expect homeschooled children to also adapt into society as easily as they did?
2. Bullying makes children stronger and teaches them to deal with adversity
People usually defend this by saying something like, “Well, bullying made me a better person, so while I would give my kids all the support I could, I wouldn’t want to remove them from that.” But even assuming you can know that bullying made you better—and how could you, not having access to the alternate reality in which you weren’t bullied?—here’s the same logic applied to other forms of abuse:
- “I was sexually abused by my uncle, and it made me a stronger person, so I think my kids should be sexually abused by their uncle too.”
- “I was beaten with a hose if I didn’t get an A in school, and it made me a better person, so I think my kids should be beaten with a hose too.”
- “I had a drunk father who beat my mother and deserted us when I was 12, and it made me tougher, so I think I should beat my wife and desert my kids too.”
There’s no difference in principle between these analogies and wanting your child to be bullied. And recent findings show there’s no difference in practice either: bullying has almost identical effects to physical or sexual abuse (see “Inside the Bullied Brain”).
Would you tell Child Protective Services that you were beating or raping your child so he would build character? Do you think that would satisfy them? Do you think the judge would be right to let you off a jail sentence because you thought your child would be stronger if you abused him?
Fact: statistically speaking, bullying does not make children better
Indeed, studies show that bullying causes permanent psychological damage in many children. Here are some findings to consider:
- According to the Crime Victims’ Institute, “Links have been established between bullying and physical and psychological health issues, violent behavior, alcoholism and substance abuse, sleeping problems, and even suicide” (“The Long-Term Consequences of Bullying Victimization”).
- People who were repeatedly bullied as children are nearly twice as likely to suffer from emotional or mental conditions as adults, and nearly three times more likely to suffer from eating disorders (ibid).
- Bullying is correlated to over a 200% increase in homelessness (ibid).
- According to findings published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, children who have been bullied have increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric disorders—in fact, emotional abuse from peers turns out to be as damaging to mental health as emotional abuse from parents. (“Inside the Bullied Brain”)
- Bullying causes physical abnormalities in the brain. Specifically, the myelin coating which speeds up communication between brain cells is reduced in the corpus callosum of bullied children. This is the thick bundle of fibers connecting the right and left hemispheres of the brain. It is vital in visual processing and memory (ibid).
- Bullying impairs verbal memory, seemingly by altering how much cortisol (stress hormone) the body produces. There is evidence this may cause long-term damage to the hippocampus, which is involved in memory and emotion processing (ibid).
- And of course, some children physically abuse themselves as a result of bullying (one of my friends used to cut himself in fact); and a small percentage of children kill themselves to stop the bullying permanently.
What kind of parent would argue that the risk of these documented outcomes is worth the “character building” that bullying supposedly produces? What kind of parent would argue that his children should be abused? An abusive parent. I think actually, on some level, the people who make the “bullying builds character” argument realize this—which is why they support efforts to eradicate bullying in schools. If bullying were indeed a positive feature of school, like a rite of passage, then they would encourage it instead.
3. Children learn best when taught by a professional
On the face of it, this is actually quite reasonable. It is certainly the least strange of the six reasons in this article. But when you stop to consider how much direct tutelage children have under homeschooling, and how carefully and lovingly their education can be tailored to their learning style—and then compare this to school—you’ll realize it is quite a strange reason.
But don’t take my word for it. According to the many studies of how homeschooled children perform compared to “normally” schooled children, the evidence is decisive: academically, homeschooled students trounce publicly-schooled students. Here’s a sampling of the results:
- In a survey of 11,739 homeschooled students in the United States, homeschoolers achieved an average of 89% in reading, 84% in math and 86% in science, compared to the national publicly-schooled average of 50% for each. That’s 34 to 39 percentile points higher than normally schooled students.
- When neither parent had a college degree, their children “only” got an A- overall (83rd percentile); when both parents had a college degree, their children averaged an A+ (90th percentile). More importantly, whether either parent was a certified teacher made no difference (ibid).
- A study from the Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science found that homeschoolers tested 2.2 grades higher for reading and half a grade higher for math than normally schooled children of the same age. In other words, if a homeschooler had to suddenly go to public school, he would be up to two years ahead of everyone else his age.
- According to an article in Time Magazine, homeschoolers are nearly twice as likely to be accepted into Stanford as non-homeschooled applicants, and at Wheaton College homeschoolers’ SAT scores average 58 points higher than non-homeschoolers.
- The same article reports that in 2000, homeschoolers scored an average of 1,100 on their SATs, 81 points above the national average; and 22.8 on the ACT, compared with the national average of 21.
Incidentally, many homeschoolers do receive at least some of their educations from professional teachers. Tuition is often “outsourced”, especially in subjects like music, or science and math at higher levels. And many homeschooled teenagers take night classes or attend university classes for some subjects.
4. Children can only grow up properly and learn independence away from the home
Or put more bluntly, homeschooled kids are likely to have an unhealthy dependence on their parents. If this is true, I know of no evidence to show it. Young children in general can be quite dependent, but that doesn’t strike me as unhealthy—it’s a normal part of the parent/child relationship at that age.
Anecdotally, of all the young children I’ve met, some of the clingiest have gone to school, and some of the least clingy have been homeschooled. But I don’t attribute those characteristics to the kind of schooling they’ve received, since I have no good evidence that it is a deciding factor.
I’ve also met a good number of homeschooled teenagers—I run a youth worldview study, and most of the people who come are (or were) homeschooled. They are all quite well adjusted. I haven’t noticed any of them being overly attached to their parents. Indeed, for the most part they seem very confident and assured for their age, and have unusually good relationship with their parents compared to many normally schooled teenagers. That is probably more to do with the fact that they are Christians; but surely there can be no denying that many publicly-schooled kids turn out pretty rebellious and undisciplined. If that is the kind of independence public schooling fosters, I would prefer my children to have no part of it. But again, I have no evidence to suggest it is the schooling specifically which accounts for these kinds of behavioral differences.
5. Children can only adequately learn to deal with opposing worldviews in a school environment
Why? In fact, I’d be interested to see a survey comparing apostasy among homeschooled teenagers and public schooled ones. I suspect the public schooled ones would be far higher. Again, I have no scientific evidence to back my position here—although neither does the person making this odd claim—but in my own experience homeschoolers are much better equipped to analyze and evaluate alternative viewpoints than publicly schooled teenagers.
Update, June 2, 2016—as reported by Julie Roys,
According to a study by Dr. Brian Ray of the National Home Education Research Institute, 75% to 85% of public school children from Christian homes abandon their faith as adults. However, less than 10% of homeschooled children leave the faith as adults. Similarly, the Nehemiah Institute found that 80% to 85% of public school students from Christian homes have secular humanistic worldviews. But, only 3% of students attending schools that intentionally teach a Christian worldview have secular humanistic worldviews. Clearly, how we educate our children makes a difference.
Do homeschooled children have less immediate experience with alternative worldviews? Probably. But why think that is anything except a good thing? They have their entire adult lives to rub up against unbelief in its various forms. Cultivating their own faith first, in their formative years, rather than being exposed to the gross immorality I know from experience characterizes public school, seems like the better course.
Notice I’m not suggesting isolation from the world. I strongly oppose overly strict discipline, “protecting” children from even knowing about “unapproved” practices like sex, drugs, alcohol and some music. What I’m suggesting is that homeschooling is a more controlled environment from which children can encounter the world, and see that the various promises it makes about the pleasures of sin are entirely without merit.
6. Children need to be missionaries to non-Christian students in schools
Tim Challies for example has given this as one reason they public school their kids.
Honestly, I do find this a very strange reason to send your kids to school.
The great commission is not directed at children. It is not even directed at adults. It is directed at the disciples. Unless you think your children should be baptizing and teaching people, you are inconsistently applying Matthew 28:18ff.
This is corroborated by the fact that Ephesians 4:11 speaks of “evangelist” as a kind of office, given to the church in the same way as apostles, prophets, shepherds and teachers.
The only thing the Bible seems to require of all Christians is that they be ready to give a response for the hope within them—not that they go out and evangelize to unbelievers. Of course I fully support Christians who do evangelize, and if, say, a teenager felt convicted that he should be witnessing in a school environment then perhaps that would be appropriate. But generally speaking, expecting young children to take on the task of a specific adult role in the church seems, at best, an unjust burden on them. At worst, a good way to damage them spiritually.
For one thing, it’s quite presumptuous to think your young children are saved at all. So why think they are qualified or called to be evangelists in the first place? For another, even if they are saved, putting them into an environment where their views will result in ridicule and bullying is not only pointless in terms of evangelism, but positively harmful to their own psychological and spiritual health.
Now, you can retort, “Imagine what schools would be like if there were no Christians there.” But this fails on at least two counts:
- I’m not suggesting the only Christian approach is to homeschool. I’m suggesting that being a missionary to other kids is not a good reason to public school
- What if public schools were to lack any Christian influence from students? How is that a problem, and how is the problem your responsibility to such an extent that you’re willing to place your child at risk to solve it? Bearing in mind all the harm I’ve shown is inherent in schools, let’s take this logic a bit further with another example: Should we encourage our kids to join gangs, so the gangsters can benefit from a Christian influence? If you think there is something wrong with this idea, then perhaps there is also something wrong with the idea that Christian children must be salt and light to schools. If you want to influence non-Christian kids with Christian values, start with their parents. Don’t send your children to do the job of the church.
Incidentally, I’d be most curious to hear from people like Tim Challies just how much evangelism their children actually do at schools.
Other reasons to send your child to school
These six reasons are not the only reasons you might have to send your children to school. They are just what I consider the oddest (and wrongest) of the common ones. There are other reasons, and sometimes they are very good. For example, it’s highly unreasonable to expect a couple to homeschool if they are struggling to make ends meet and have to work two jobs. But in most cases, I think homeschooling is at least a good option. So if you have children and are thinking about their education, I hope I’ve given you something to consider. Don’t be shy to share your opinion in the comments. | <urn:uuid:e41f1bc5-c8d7-4df9-b4cc-86281d3be4ee> | {
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For all our talk on "the future now," there is one future we'd prefer to delay for the next five billion years, and that's the inevitability of our planet's destruction. Mankind's speculated on the end of the world for thousands of years, but it wasn't until recent centuries that people began attaching scientific possibilities to doomsday scenarios, instead of blaming the gods for our demise.
During the first half of the 20th century, we focused our imaginations on cosmological disasters. Billions of years from now, the sun will explode, vaporizing the Earth in a ruthless inferno. Or perhaps a swarm of asteroids would bombard our cities and crash into our oceans, resulting in a series of megatsunamis. Other scenarios included one where the Earth's surface would shrink so tightly, that its core would explode with the pressure, turning our beloved planet into just another asteroid belt. The most bizarre theory was that a rogue star would cross into our solar system, swallowing our planet within streams of deadly solar rays.
More terrifying, however, than the prospect of getting zapped by cosmic rays is the possibility that mankind will bring about its own destruction. Between the end of World War II and the early 1970s, sections of Popular Science essentially functioned as guides to surviving nuclear fallout. Nowadays, "Doomsday machine" sounds like an antiquated sci-fi myth, but type those terms into our archives and see if you don't feel unsettled by the paranoia surrounding this hypothetical weapon.
At any rate, we lived through the Cold War, although there's no telling which impending disaster will scare us quite as badly. In the meantime, click through our gallery for more creepy scenarios for how our world will end.
Five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month's energy-focused issue. Also: how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world's smallest arcade, and much more. | <urn:uuid:ec399e74-10f6-4435-919f-b447628bd76b> | {
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What is carbon fiber?
Carbon fiber is the microcrystalline graphite material obtained by carbonized and graphitized organic fiber. It is a new generation of reinforced fiber which combines its intrinsic carbon material properties and the soft workability of a textile fiber. Each wire of carbon fiber has the strength after being spin. Currently, the most common used type of carbon fiber in bicycles is 3K and UD. Each strain of 3K material is woven by 3000 carbon fiber filaments. UD, also known as uni-directional, Has all the fibers in the fabric placed in a parallel direction.
Carbon fiber has gradually replaced aluminum alloy in the bicycle market due to its special characteristics. It is believed that the application of carbon fiber in the bicycle will grow increasingly exponentially over the coming years. The main reasons are that carbon fiber products can be made out of one piece, but aluminum alloy needs welding. Therefore, the appearance of carbon fiber will be more vivid than aluminum. Furthermore, carbon fiber is lighter and excellent in performance by nature. | <urn:uuid:e1f857d0-effa-42a1-8b06-19c8a50d56c1> | {
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28 IS THE MAGIC NUMBER FOR THE ENDANGERED DOUC LANGUR TROOP
Singapore, 3 Aug 2012 — Recent visitors to Singapore Zoo might have seen bright flashes of red, gold and grey flitting through the trees at Primate Kingdom. Eagle-eyed guests may even have seen a small, duller flash darting about, with a bigger ball of colour following close behind.
This is no trapeze artist at the Zoo, but a precocious new addition to the 15-strong Douc langur family that resides at Primate Kingdom. An, which means “peace” in both Vietnamese and Chinese, is the 28th successful birth that we have welcomed since 1988 and mum Sawadee’s second baby. Coincidentally, An arrived at our zoo on 28 April this year.
Though red-shanked Douc langurs are classified as monkeys, their multi-coloured coats (consisting red, black, white, grey and gold highlights), complete with blue eyes, have earned them the title of “costumed ape”.
While the Douc langurs in Singapore Zoo enjoy a protected environment, ample food and a large, naturalistic habitat, the same cannot be said for their counterparts in the wild. Native to the rainforests of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, they are listed as endangered on the IUCN* Red List of Threatened Species.
Locals hunt this monkey for food and its body parts, which are used in the preparation of traditional medicines. The Douc langur’s beauty has also become its undoing as it is sometimes hunted to sustain the international pet trade. During the Vietnam War, its forest habitat was also destroyed by defoliating agents and bombs.
“It is fitting that we name this new baby after the word ‘peace’,” said Mr Alagappasamy Chellaiyah, Assistant Director, Zoology, Singapore Zoo, “It is our hope that humans eventually make peace with this species, and realise the importance of conserving, rather than killing them.”
Singapore Zoo’s Primate Kingdom is home to 15 of these beautiful primates. Of the 28 babies born here, some have been sent to zoos overseas as part of the Zoo’s ex-situ conservation efforts through its worldwide exchange programme. In March this year, Wani, a female Douc langur, was sent to Yokohama Zoo on a breeding loan. She will be joined by another Douc langur later this year.
*International Union for the Conservation of Nature
PHOTO CREDITS: WILDLIFE RESERVES SINGAPORE | <urn:uuid:d281d41b-e426-4b08-ba41-d2c9d3b5eb8e> | {
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Twenty-nine percent of 2010-2011 AISD students were English language learners (ELLs). The majority of ELLs (62%) made progress in English proficiency and they showed overall improvement in most TAKS content areas for most grades.
This report provides a description of ELL enrollment in the district, examines ELL progress in English proficiency and academic content areas, and evaluates the dual language program in its first year of district wide implementation.
AISD served 5,450 pre-K students in 2009-2010. Approximately 70% of sampled English-speaking pre-K students and 74% of sampled Spanish-speaking pre-K students had faster than the expected growth rate in receptive vocabulary.
This report describes English language learners who were more likely to exit the language program within 5 years of 1st-grade enrollment. A summary of student academic performance associated with successful exit and long-term ELL status is provided.
In 2012-2013, AISD pre-K students demonstrated growth in receptive vocabulary on a nationally-normed test. Students enrolled in multiple programs showed greater growth in receptive vocabulary in their native language than did other pre-K students.
AISD Prekindergarten Program Longitudinal Summary Report, Issue 2: Half-Day versus Full-Day Programs, 2001-2002 Pre-K Cohort
Full-day pre-K students from the 2001–2002 cohort were more likely to pass the 2010 7th-grade reading TAKS than were kindergarten students from the 2002–2003 cohort who were assumed eligible for pre-K but did not attend pre-K in 2001–2002.
On average, AISD pre-K students scored below the national average range on a test for receptive vocabulary ability. English language learners (ELLs) scored lower, on average, than did non-ELLs. Read more about pre-K students' Fall 2012 performance by vertical team. | <urn:uuid:65a93826-5cd6-4eaa-abbc-86bf6ea086ce> | {
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Step foot into most gyms and you’ll see a selection of both free weights and machines available for use.
Some people prefer the free weights and check themselves out in the mirror while they curl, others prefer the convenience of a seated machine.
Regardless of what you use at the gym, it’s important to understand the reasons behind both free weights and machines.
First, let’s discuss what “free weights” and “machines” consist of.
Free Weights and Machines
Free weights are classified as an object or device that can be moved freely in a three-dimensional space, whereas exercise machines are fixed to a specific axis and range of motion and are only able to move in a two-dimensional space.
Those who are new to working out may gravitate towards machines due to the comfort and convenience. Instead of properly working into a squat or hinge position you have the luxury of being in a seated position simply pushing or pulling weight. For instance, below you will find a picture of a pec-deck which is an exercise machine.
The illustration provided above is similar to one that you’d find on the actual machine. Want to work out your chest? Great, you walk around the gym, find this particular machine, read and review the illustration and start performing the exercise. Machines are more convenient and easier to perform and understand.
Now, free weights are a bit different. As we’ve already discussed, free weights are classified as an object or device that can be moved freely in a three-dimensional space. A barbell row, which is pictured below, is an excellent example of a commonly performed free weight movement.
As you can see, this exercise requires a lot more precision and attention to detail compared to a machine. What I mean is there are many parts to this movement to ensure it is done correctly and safely. While performing such a movement, you need to make sure your core is engaged, pelvis and spine are in a neutral position, glutes are tight, and that you aren’t using momentum to help you perform the exercise.
Check out this article for a more in-depth look at how to properly perform a bent over barbell row.
Machine Pros & Cons
- Easy to Use – As we talked about earlier, most machines always have instructions and proper guidelines to assist you with the exercise.
- Useful For Those With Restrictions – Perhaps someone is unable to squat or stand due to some medical/injury restrictions. Machines give them the ability to perform and target a muscle in a safe manner. For example, if someone is unable to perform a bent over row, they can use a machine similar to the one pictured here:
- Isolate and Target Specific Muscles – The most notable benefit of using machines is the ability to isolate specific muscles more efficiently. For instance, when performing a barbell back squat you have to use your quads, glutes, hamstrings, back, calves, and core. Well, what if you just want to focus on your quads? In that case, a seated leg extension machine is a great alternative to more efficiently target your quads.
- Non-Functional – As I discussed in a previous article, it is important to train with a functional purpose. In short, this means exercises that will translate to everyday movements such as a hip hinge or a squat. While machines can be beneficial, they greatly neglect ones ability to use their whole body to perform an exercise. Instead of learning how to properly squat and engage your whole body in the movement, you resort to the leg extension machine simply extending your leg.
- Ignore Stabilizing Muscles – Stabilizing muscles play an important role in keeping you injury free and supporting your posture. While these muscles aren’t the primary muscles being used, they act to keep your body stable and steady during an exercise. Again, using the squat as an example, when squatting your abdominal muscles (again check out this article), amongst other muscles, play an important role in stabilizing your entire spine to ensure you perform the exercise properly and don’t injure yourself. While using a machine, you ignore these important muscles which help keep you healthy and strong.
Free Weights Pros & Cons
- Perform Functional Movements – Squats, deadlifts, loaded carries, single arm row, these are all great examples of free weight exercises that translate to everyday movements we perform in real life. A good training program should always be able to carry over to our lives outside of the gym. Free weights give you the ability to train and strengthen these movement patterns (squat, hinge, push, pull, carry, lunge) over time.
- Engage and Train Stabilizing Muscles – Using free weights will help train stabilizing muscles which will again help keep you healthy and injury free.
- Train On-The-Go – Another great advantage of free weights is the ability to train wherever you are. Once you learn and understand all the major movement patterns (squat, hinge, push, pull, carry, lunge) it becomes a lot easier to train anywhere without a machine. Typically, when you stay in a hotel, they have a free weight area and one to two machines that only train one body part. Grab some free weights and get into a squat, deadlift, lunge, etc. pattern and get to training for a full body workout!
- Takes Practice and Patience – Don’t read this article and head straight to the gym to perform some heavy squats. Although that’s a great long-term goal, it’s important to practice and spend a considerable amount of time performing these movement patterns. Don’t know where to start? Work with a properly trained and certified personal trainer or strength and conditioning coach to help teach you these movements.
- Risk of Injury – As you get more comfortable with free weights and performing exercises such as squats and deadlifts, it’s can be easy to hurt yourself in the process. As the weights get heavier, it can be easy to slip up and perform an exercise incorrectly. It can happen to anyone, even professionals. Did you do something significantly wrong? More than likely you didn’t. However, when lifting heavier free weights it becomes critical that you pay attention to your form. Ensure you’re using all of your stabilizing muscles and performing each rep with precise speed and form.
Which is Better?
Ok, so we’ve listed a few pros and cons of both free weights and machines, but which one is better? When thinking about this question it’s important to consider many different factors. Factors such as age, level of training, restrictions, goals, etc.
Both forms of training have their benefits, and regardless of what I believe is superior, it’s important to first highlight what YOUR goals are and review your level of fitness before blindly jumping into a gym routine. Highlight what you want to achieve from lifting weights and move forward from there.
What would I recommend between the two? I prefer free weights due to their ability to train the entire body. Training with free weights forces you to use multiple muscle groups such as your stabilizing muscles and your core. This translates to greater strength and muscle development, leading to a greater longevity of injury free health.
Hope this helps! If you have any questions feel free to reach out to our trainers to help you reach your fitness goals! | <urn:uuid:1f3234fe-60b6-4c9c-a02c-4660e8f5f028> | {
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December 3, 2011
People with disabilities face challenges in the workplace that often go unnoticed by co-workers. Everyday tasks that many people take for granted can present great obstacles for those of us with disabilities. Worse still, people with disabilities can face discrimination and even harassment at work because of their disability.
That’s why marking the International Day for Persons with Disabilities is so important. Our members who face these challenges need our support and our solidarity to ensure that employers provide the accommodations our members need to do their work. Days like this are crucial to raising awareness about this important issue.
In recognition, delegates at CUPE’s national convention passed an important resolution that opens the door for a new six-month disability rights awareness campaign. Such a campaign would not only raise the profile of disability issues, but also help produce new materials and tools for education, compile collective agreement language related to disability issues, and improve access to courses with disability rights components.
CUPE is also planning to launch a series of fact sheets on disability rights issues in the new year. Keep an eye on CUPE.ca for more details.
What can you do in your local?
On this date last year CUPE highlighted the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, to which Canada is a signatory.
This year we are asking CUPE locals and divisions across the country to consider ways in which CUPE can implement the UN Convention principles of accessibility, inclusiveness, freedom from discrimination, and equality of opportunity. We need to educate, negotiate, arbitrate and agitate.
EDUCATE: CUPE has been very active in education, creating full courses and shop steward training modules on disability rights and duty to accommodate. Projects from CUPE’s Persons with Disabilities National Working Group have included an electronic disability rights game called “The Wheel of Chance,” and a primer on “How to Communicate with Our Brothers and Sisters with Disabilities.” Duty to accommodate courses are available to CUPE members in most divisions.
NEGOTIATE: Negotiation is an important tool for disability activists. At the division and local level, we must work to ensure that every bargaining committee has a person with a disability on it or, if this is not feasible, that a member with a disability is given an opportunity to provide input to the committee. Through dogged and creative collective bargaining, CUPE locals across the country have achieved some very beneficial language dealing with the establishment of joint accommodation committees and processes to ensure fairness to everyone involved, as well as improved benefit language.
In addition to collective bargaining, CUPE servicing representatives, sometimes with the assistance of legal and equality representatives, are successfully and creatively negotiating workplace accommodations for members with disabilities every day, whether those disabilities are physical or mental, permanent or temporary, visible or invisible, easy or challenging.
ARBITRATE: When necessary, CUPE arbitrates disability issues, including denials of short and long-term disability benefits, appeals of benefit denials, workers’ compensation issues and accommodations and much more. It is clear that a wide range of disability issues now form part of CUPE’s mainstream work, but there’s still plenty more to be done.
AGITATE: CUPE’s Persons with Disabilities National Working Group provides advice to the union on a number of disability-related campaigns. The incorporation of disability issues into collective bargaining and educational materials provides our members with tools to advocate for change and to lobby governments for better laws, better pensions, and better benefits for all people with disabilities.
Whether the struggle is at the bargaining table, negotiating accommodations with the employer, lobbying for legislation, or raising awareness and education about the protection and advancement of disability rights, CUPE can assist you with resources and expertise to fight these battles.
This year, to mark this important date, we must resolve to ensure that our union and our workplaces are accessible, inclusive, respectful and accommodating so that CUPE and the communities we work in are strengthened by the contributions of all CUPE members. | <urn:uuid:b7c0bd7d-144c-4d4e-9229-bc8881492423> | {
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A proclamation by the President of the United States of America:
As Americans gather with friends and family to share in the holiday season, National Impaired Driving Prevention Month reminds us of the importance of celebrating safely. Every year, accidents involving drunk, drugged, or distracted driving claim thousands of lives, leaving families to face the heartbreak of losing a loved one. We stand with all those who have known the tragic consequences of drugged or drunk driving, and we rededicate ourselves to preventing it this December and throughout the year.
Alcohol and drugs present serious risks to all drivers. It is well known that drugs, including some prescription medications, can impair the skills necessary for safe and responsible driving. Distractions like using mobile phones and other electronics behind the wheel also make our roads more hazardous. To reduce the prevalence of impaired driving, my Administration is working to raise public awareness, improve impaired driving screening procedures, and ensure law enforcement officers get the training they need. We are also striving to stop substance abuse before it starts by supporting local prevention programs and providing youth with the facts about alcohol and drug use.
Families play an essential part in stopping impaired driving. By talking about the risks and setting expectations, parents and caregivers can help their children stay safe, sober, and focused on the road. Educators, health care providers, and community leaders can join in that important work by promoting responsible decision-making and encouraging young people to live free of drugs and alcohol.
Now, therefore, I, Barack Obama, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim December 2012 as National Impaired Driving Prevention Month. I urge all Americans to make responsible decisions and take appropriate measures to prevent impaired driving.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this thirtieth day of November, in the year of our Lord two thousand twelve, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-seventh. | <urn:uuid:1983a0ca-9c18-42aa-a6c7-ab99cc4da048> | {
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Using Microbes to Biodegrade All Waste
Since the discovery of microbes, mankind has always wondered about their functions and possible uses. Scientists already understand most of the reasons why and how microbes sustain life, but scientists are now able to manipulate particular types of bacteria to biodegrade particular types of wastes. Using this procedure, scientists are now able to reduce some of the environmental waste problems. Scientists are still unable to biodegrade all types of wastes with microbes and bacteria, however scientists are also now able to mutate or modify some species of bacteria to create new species that hopefully will one day result in bacteria that will safely consume and breakdown any undesirable waste.
In 1675, Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), a Dutch draper, was the first man to discover microbes. Antony van Leeuwenhoek discovered these microbes due to the fact, that he had some sort of tooth problem that caused him intense pain. He therefore quite painfully removed the problem tooth. Once the tooth was removed, he noticed that the tooth was unusually hollow with tiny holes throughout it (Sagan 3). Leeuwenhoek using his own hand-made microscope, discovered living organisms which moved at phenomenal fast speeds that lived inside his hollow tooth. He later called these organisms "animalcules," because he thought of these microbes as minute animals (Sagan 4). Once called "animalcules" by Leeuwenhoek, scientists quickly changed this name to what is now called "microorganisms" or "microbes", which today means microscopic living life forms not visible to the naked eye (Gamlin 35). It was later I earned that these microbes, could be used in medicine, industry, science, and in biosphere technology (Sagan 4). Blue-green and other forms of nitrogen fixing bacteria fertilize soil for agriculture. Most photosynthetic organisms (like plants, algae, some bacteria, and fungi) break down solid rock, turning them into fertile soil (Sagan 5). Leeuwenhoek was also the first person to notice that these microbes could be either docile or destructive organisms, to the other microbes surrounding it, but other scientists took little note of this discovery (Sagan 4).
Microbes have been in existence for millions of years, and also the most dominant and abundant lifeform in this biosphere (Sagan 5). Bacteria is known to be located everywhere there is life, because of their ability to live more comfortably than protoctists and fungi in extreme conditions that appear all over the Earth. Bacteria can handle greater heat, greater cold, more acidity, more alkalinity, and more pressure, than any other known living thing (Sagan 105). Most bacteria have a high rate of reproduction and mutations, thus enabling them to quickly adapt in changing environments (Gamlin 36). They are also capable of living inside rocks, between sand grains in a desert, in scalding springs, in the stratosphere, in plants, in animals, and at the bottom of dark oceans. Bacteria can affect the environment by being neutral, negative as in causing diseases or illnesses, or positive helping the continuation of the biosphere, at any point during their lifetime (Sagan 105). Bacteria is also very useful in genetic research, physiology, cytology, and biochemistry, because they are able to live short lives, have large amounts of offspring, only need minimal laboratory space, grow fast, and are quite easy to control, but some preparation must be done, such as: sterilizing tools, glassware, and the culture before and after use because the culture or outside environment may be contaminated (Hauser 3).
Nitrogen fixers are capable of taking inert nitrogen from the air and making it accessible to all living organisms, therefore making it one of the most important life forms on Earth. These types of bacteria are found all over the Earth, in both soil and water, but mostly in garden soils on leaves or roots, turning them into fertilizer. The most common nitrogen fixing bacteria are known as the Azotobacters, which are aerobic, cyst-forming, rapidly growing, and oval-shaped cells that exude profuse amounts of slime. They also produce tiny black pigments which are insoluble in water. These types of nitrogen bacteria are easily found, by digging up a leguminous plant (like a radish or carrot), cleaning the soil off the roots gently with water and observe the pink root nodules on the roots (Sagan 120). For example, soil scientists at Ohio State University have discovered a pollution-eating bacteria, which eats quinoline, a very toxic poison given off by factories and industries. This type of bacteria could help clean up industrial wastes that might seep into the underground water supply. This bacteria is being investigated if it could be used in future oil spills, since quinoline is found in crude oil. The researchers at Ohio State University still do not know why this bacteria consumes quinoline or what by product it makes from consuming the quinoline. The researchers have many theories why, but the most logical theory is that enzymes are involved in degrading the quinoline, but the problem is finding which enzyme. These scientists believe that future geneticists will be able to make new types of bacteria using this bacteria to biodegrade some of the toxic substance produced by factories (USA Today 3).
In conclusion, future scientists and geneticists will eventually have the power to create all new species of bacteria to biodegrade any substance that they believe to be harmful to the environment.
- Eating "Bug" to the Rescue, USA Today, Vol.118, June, 1990, p. 3.
- Gamlin, Linda, The Evolution of Life, New York, USA, Oxford University Press, 1987, pp. 33-35.
- Hall, Stephen S., Invisible Frontiers, USA, Morgan Entreships, 1987.
- Hauser, Juliana T., Techniques for Studying Bacteria and Fungi, USA, Carolina Biological Supply Company., 1986, pp. 3-27.
- Sagan, Dorion, Garden of Microbial Delights, USA, Harrcourt Brace Jovenovich, Inc., 1988, pp.3-5, pp. 105-120.
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The phrase can be used in almost any situation when someone’s looking for a way to get to know new people or those they haven’t seen in a while. The phrase is often cited as having originated from ice breaker ships that were constructed to be strong enough to push through patches of ice in the ocean.
Explore Break the ice
Meaning of “Break the ice”
“Break the ice” is used to describe the process of overcoming initial social awkwardness. This might occur when people are meeting for the first time, for the first time in a while, or when a group is coming together that hasn’t worked together before. If someone says they want to “break the ice” it means they want to do something that’s going to relieve the awkwardness and allow everyone to relax. Usually, this means getting to know the other person or people and sharing in some kind of activity. Often, games, written or spoken activities, and series of questions can help to break the ice.
When To Use “Break the ice”
The phrase “break the ice” can be used in any situation that one thinks might be, or is, awkward. When two new friends, or a group, meets for the first time it’s likely going to be awkward. It’s important to do something, say something, or create an activity that breaks the ice. One person might say, “Let’s break the ice by playing a game.” Or, “ let me break the ice by telling a story about [any event of the past].” These possible uses are the most common.
- It’s about time we break the ice.
- What can we do to start this meeting off right and break the ice?
- She told me the only way to break the ice is to play some kind of game.
- My students always hate it when I try to break the ice on the first day of school.
- It’s best to break the ice if you’re trying to get to know someone better.
Why Do Writers Use “Break the ice?”
Writers use “break the ice” in the same way and for the same reasons that the phrase comes up in everyday speech. An “ice breaker” might come into a scene in a classroom, group meeting, or club. The use of the phrase will likely be familiar to most readers and they will therefore establish a closer connection and understanding with the characters. When a reader comes across a phrase in writing they themselves use, it’s more likely that they’ll feel empathy in regard to the person who used it. It should be noted though that just as ice breakers can be awkward, it’s easy to use the idiom awkwardly as well.
Origins of “Break the ice”
Like most idioms, “break the ice” does not have a defined origin. Often, these phrases evolve naturally over time without a single inventor or progenitor. The first record scholars have of the phrase being written down is in Plutarch’s Lives of the noble Grecians and Romanes. The line reads:
To be the first to break the Ice of the Enterprize.
This work was translated by Sir Thomas North in 1579. This iteration is a great example of how a phrase not only evolves into common use, it also changes meaning until it’s fully established in the English (or any other) language. It wasn’t until the 17th century that the phrase took on its current meaning. There is a good example of it in Hudibras by Samuel Butler, published in 1678. It reads:
The Oratour – At last broke silence, and the Ice.
Some believe that the phrase came into use through references to ice-breaking sailing ships. These ships had extremely durable hulls and powerful engines that were meant to push through thick regions of ice. Readers will likely also be familiar with the term “ice breaker” as it is used in everyday conversation. An “ice breaker” is the thing that “breaks the ice.” It is the game, story, series of questions, etc.
- “A penny saved is a penny earned”
- “Benefit of the doubt”
- “The best of both worlds”
- “Get your act together”
- “A blessing in disguise” | <urn:uuid:79a3e2ec-4dff-47b1-bc26-f2e36cbdbd74> | {
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Mathematician:Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac
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Also known as Claude (Gaspar) Bachet.
First member to hold Seat 13 of the Académie Française.
- Born: 9 October 1581 in Bourg-en-Bresse, Savoy (now France)
- Died: 26 February 1638 in Bourg-en-Bresse
Theorems and Definitions
Believed to have provided a proof of what is now known as Bézout's Identity.
- 1612: Problèmes plaisans et delectables qui se font par les nombres, a collection of arithmetical tricks and questions
- 1621: A translation from Greek to Latin of the Arithmetica of Diophantus. It was in the margin of this edition that Fermat stated his famous "last" theorem
- 1624: Problèmes plaisans (2nd edition)
Les éléments arithmétiques, which exists in manuscript form
- John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson: "Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac": MacTutor History of Mathematics archive | <urn:uuid:3e090295-78d9-46a5-9075-b799d7a58cdb> | {
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In order to internally broach a metal part, a pre-existing hole must be made. The broach then changes the shape and size of the starter indent into a hole with a keyway, spline, hexagonal, square or custom designed profile. A broaching tool that has successively larger and larger teeth pierces through the pre-existing hole by pulling or pushing through the metal part.
Internal broaching machines are automated, often CNC operated and able to quickly and efficiently produce holes in metal parts and products. Sometimes called shell broaches, internally cut broaching is done mostly for holes with large diameters that are to be mounted on an arbor.
Broaching is most effective on softer metals, including aluminum, brass, bronze and graphite. Many different tools and machinery parts are formed by the broaching process, including key holes, gears, pulleys, screw heads and other hardware. Because the broaching machines can get pricey but the tools and parts they produce are necessary in so many industries, broaching job shops are facilities that provide a variety of broaching services.
Particularly when going to a broaching shop, it is cost effective, highly repeatable and able to produce large volumes of metal parts with little to no variance or error. Broaching tools may become dull over time if used often, and are therefore periodically reground to retain their original sharpness.
Drilling the pre-existing starter hole is referred to as blank prepping. During this process, a simple, shallow hole is drilled and must be .005 to .015 inches larger than the smallest diameter of the broach. There are two main types of internal broaching; push broaching and pull down broaching, each with their own methods of forming a wide hole in metal.
Push broaching is done with vertical machines, and the broach tool is pushed linearly either up or down through the metal work-piece. Short broaches are used to avoid buckling, which limits the amount of metal that is able to be removed.
This type of internal broaching is suitable for light work and low runs, and the machinery is less expensive than pull down broaching. Pull down broaching, on the other hand, is only able to push the tool down on a vertical machine.
It keeps the tool in tension and prevents buckling, and is used with long, thin broaches to make deep holes. | <urn:uuid:6d4c661c-d66f-4b0e-ac02-2c522dfe5d32> | {
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The role of the excitation system is to use the excitation method to improve the performance of machinery and motors, and to accelerate their normal working speed, so as to ensure that they can provide the best service with high flexibility and high precision. Excitation systems are divided into two main categories, namely electric excitation systems and permanent magnet excitation systems. In the electric excitation system, the power supply can generate and transmit various complex electromagnetic fields. Since the main components are electrical switches, which can be controlled manually or automatically, performance optimization can be done more easily and economically. In addition, by changing the current through a low-cost converter, the operating parameters of the motor can be precisely controlled. However, the electric excitation system has disadvantages such as high degree of external interference and difficult maintenance.
Permanent magnet excitation systems are another major classification of electric excitation systems. It uses permanent magnet materials (magnets, strong magnets, etc.) to generate a spontaneous magnetic field under the action of external electromagnetic effects, thereby promoting the improvement of the performance of the motor. Compared with the electric excitation system, the advantage of the permanent magnet excitation system is that the resistance to external interference is relatively stronger, and the maintenance cost is lower. At the same time, the permanent magnet excitation system does not require additional power supply or voltage, and only needs the excitation magnet to complete the excitation, which is generally welcomed by design engineers.
The excitation system can improve the performance and work efficiency of machinery and motors, reduce the risk of failure, and protect the stability of motor operation. The classification of excitation systems includes electric excitation systems and permanent magnet excitation systems, which have their own advantages and disadvantages, as well as their own characteristics. The electric excitation system is characterized by convenient performance optimization and economical operation; while the permanent magnet excitation system is famous for its low degree of external interference and convenient maintenance, and has higher practicability.
In short, the excitation system belongs to a technology of motor speed control. It uses external electromagnetic potential energy to change the dynamic performance of the electrical mechanical system, which can actually improve the performance of the motor and provide a more efficient and stable control mode for the motor. Energy saving and emission reduction, better meet the working requirements at different speeds, ensure the safe operation of the motor, provide users with multi-mode, beyond the traditional motor control scheme, and expand the scope of motor control.
The excitation system is a device that can enhance the stability of the motor, improve the power factor of the motor and the efficiency of the generator. It is an important part of the transmission system. It has excellent anti-voltage fluctuation performance and is widely used in various technologies. It uses electromagnetic technology to draw a small part of the AC electromagnetic excitation current on the stator winding of the motor to maintain the stable operation of the motor, thereby enhancing the efficiency and power factor of the motor, so that the power consumption of the motor can be reduced and the operating efficiency of the motor can be improved. .
The excitation system can be divided into the following five categories according to the performance of the motor and the parameters of the excitation circuit components:
1. DC excitation system: This kind of excitation system uses DC motor or handwheel excitation generator to excite. It is mainly used in high-voltage and large-capacity motors, stepping motors and marine generators. It has good stability, small size, easy control, and Features low power consumption and high reliability.
2. Variable ratio excitation system: The variable ratio excitation system utilizes the excitation DC current extracted from the motor stator to excite. The excitation current can be adjusted according to the transformation ratio of the motor, which can avoid the overload phenomenon of the motor due to too high transformation ratio and improve the efficiency of the motor. variable ratio and stability.
3. Speed-regulating excitation system: The speed-regulating excitation system changes the speed of the motor through the change of the excitation current. It uses a constant excitation current to adjust the speed of the motor, and can adjust the speed of the motor to the required speed as much as possible. The speed regulation effect of the motor is greatly improved.
4. Synchronous excitation system: The synchronous excitation system is a technology specially used for the synchronous motor of the power plant to adjust the input pulse of the encoder and control the output excitation voltage and current. Using the excitation current can accurately control the speed of the synchronous motor, thereby improving the speed regulation accuracy of the motor.
5. Three-phase excitation system: The three-phase excitation system is composed of a DC power supply and the input of a three-phase excitation transformer. Its main function is to stabilize the running state of the motor. For example, when the excitation current is used, the load of the motor can be reduced, the anti-voltage fluctuation and load capacity of the motor can be improved, the stability of the motor can be effectively improved, and the loss can be reduced, thereby improving the efficiency and power factor of the motor.
The excitation system is mainly used in the application of generators, motors and magnetic control systems. It is an important means to improve the efficiency and power factor of the motor, reduce losses, and extend the working life of the motor. The anti-voltage fluctuation performance of the excitation system is improved, which can effectively ensure the stable operation of the motor and reduce loss, thereby improving the efficiency of the motor, improving the power factor of the motor, and shortening the power generation time of the motor. In addition, the excitation system can also detect the temperature of the motor winding in real time, which can prevent the motor from overloading, thereby improving the regulation performance and stability of the motor. In addition, the excitation system can also reduce the jitter and noise of the speed-regulating motor to ensure the harmonious operation of the speed-regulating motor.
[Service contact information]
Tel: 18030177759 (WeChat with the same number)
Address: Unit 2009, 20/F, 1733 Luling Road, Siming District, Xiamen
Shipment: EMS, DHL, UPS and FEDEX
Payment method: telegraphic transfer
Supply capacity: 30 sets/set per month
Price: the more orders, the lower the price
Delivery: inventory, delivery within 3 days
Address: Unit 2009, Innovation Center, 1733 Lvling Road, Siming District, Xiamen
① 24 hours email reply (12 hours);
③ For goods shipped to countries outside Asia, please contact the Seller.
Xiamen Xiongba E-commerce Co., Ltd. main brand;
EPRO ICS TRIPLEX
It is mainly used as the card driver of the spare parts module for the four major systems of PLC DCS robot servo
1. For inventory items, we will ship them to you within 3 days after receiving payment
2. We can ship goods to all parts of the world through DHL, UPS, FEDEX, TNT and EMS.
3. If you have a freight forwarder, please inform us before shipment.
4. We will pack the parts in strong boxes. If you have any special needs, please inform us.
5. We usually deliver the goods before 4:30 p.m., and we will send the tracking number to you after delivery. It takes 7-15 days to receive the package.
6. Please email us after receiving the package.
7. Please include all information when inquiring about the transportation cost, otherwise it will slow down the process.
8. What is your postal code?
9. If you have a company name, what is your company name?
10. If you have a telephone number and extension number, what is your telephone number?
11. We are the largest supplier in the region. We have great advantages in all kinds of popular and discontinued models. If you have models and spare parts that you can’t find here, you can boldly send me to help you check!!!!!!
12. We only make spare parts for high-voltage and medium-high voltage products!!!!!!! | <urn:uuid:dc0016f7-9358-4c17-b2cf-44abcf47f1cb> | {
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Who doesn't love taking a great photo? Since the creation of the modern smartphone, almost anyone can take a photo anywhere they would like. We even have an entire app culture dedicated to the creation and editing of photos. The standard and professional cameras that your photographer friends use have also seen some major advancements. Going from film to pure digital has caused photography to create some of the most vivid, and colorful images in history. What is the next step in photography? Quanta Image Sensor, or QIS, will be a game changer.
The Next Steps in Image Technology
An innovative team of engineers, from Dartmouth’s Thayer School of Engineering, have just unveiled a new image technology called Quanta Image Sensor, that could potentially revolutionize the way capture images. It does not stop there, the new technology could revolutionize other industries like scientific imaging, medical imaging, space imaging, security, and defense, augmented reality, and cinematography.
How Does QIS Work?
If you were a photographer looking to capture the perfect moving object at night, that task would be very difficult. Not impossible, but very tricky and occasionally, frustrating. With the Quanta Image Sensor, you will be able to do this easily. QIS would provide "...a resolution of 1 billion or more specialized photoelements (called jots) per sensor, and to read out jot bit planes hundreds or thousands of times per second resulting in terabits/sec of data." says the Dartmouth team.
Basically, the Quanta Image Sensor would be able to capture single photons at room temperature. The QIS technology can capture or count the lowest level of light in a room, or any other environment, with astounding resolution. The engineering team describes the process stating, "The work involves design of deep-submicron jot devices, low-noise high-speed readout electronics, and novel ways of forming images from sequential jot bit planes at both the modeling and the simulation level and the characterization of actual devices and circuits".
QIS will have so many potential applications and could help push forward multiple industries across the globe. For example, QIS will help astrophysicists detect and capture better signals from celestial objects far out in the darkness of space. Researchers, in the life sciences, could also benefit from the Quanta Image Sensor technology. QIS could help these researchers get a better visualization of cells under the microscope.
Who knows, QIS technology could be a part of our daily products. The good news about the Quanta Image Sensor is that it is commercially accessible, inexpensive, and compatible with mass-production manufacturing. | <urn:uuid:17a19858-61c3-4524-b4c1-961f615f3165> | {
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pinna nobilis e cernia
In this video while I was trying to photograph a small grouper, I found a Noble Pen Shell (Pinna Nobilis). An unusual backdrop for these molluscs that usually live on muddy and sandy bottoms; as we can see here the Pinna Nobilis seems to come out of the rock. In the area probably their ideal environment is compromised by nets and trawl nets that do not allow its development and probably this bivalve molluscum is spreading also on the seabed of rock and posidonia.
Pinna nobilis, common name the noble pen shell or fan mussel, is a large species of Mediterranean clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Pinnidae, the pen shells. It reaches up to 100 cm of shell length.
The bivalve shell is usually 30–50 cm long, but can reach 100 cm. Its shape differs depending on the region it inhabits. Like all pen shells, it is relatively fragile to pollution and shell damage. It attaches itself to rocks using a strong byssus. These keratin fibres that the animal secretes by its byssus gland can be up to 6 cm long. The inside of the shell is lined with brilliant mother-of-pearl.
This species is endemic to the Mediterranean, where it lives offshore at depths ranging between 0.5 and 60 m. It could be found buried beneath soft-sediment areas.
In recent years, Pinna nobilis has become threatened with extinction, due in part to fishing, incidental killing by trawling and anchoring, and the decline in seagrass fields; pollution kills eggs, larvae, and adult mussels. The noble pen shell has been listed as an endangered species in the Mediterranean Sea. The European Council, Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, on conservation of natural habitats and the wild fauna and flora, proclaims that Pinna Nobilis is strictly protected all forms of deliberate capture or killing of fan mussel specimens are prohibited by law. pinna nobilis e cernia
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Network latency is an indication of the speed of a network. It determines page load times for websites, online gaming latency and applicaton speeds. And as speed is a valuable commodity on the internet, using a network latency monitoring tool to monitor latency is essential.
Internet Speed: Latency and Bandwidth
To understand why online applications, need to monitor network latency lets first take a look at the two crucial components of internet speed: network latency and bandwidth.
The number of packets that can be accommodated by an internet pipe simultaneously is referred to as bandwidth.
Internet Latency is the time those packets take to travel between end points on a network.
Put these two together and you get internet speed.
How Datapath.io Measures Network Latency
Datapath.io has built a worldwide network latency monitoring system. This system penetrates to the level of individual internet prefixes. There are upwards of 600,000 internet prefixes, which are in most cases just a single hop away from the end user in their homes. Datapath.io continuously pings every individual network prefix. Every ping is a network latency test that results in an rtt (round trip time). These rtts are a pretty good indicator of the internet speed that end user’s experience in their homes. Higher rtts mean slower applications.
These pings are initiated from multiple locations worldwide, from a wide range of cloud and bare metal providers, and over multiple transit providers. The fact that Datapath.io monitors network latency from multiple geographical locations, cloud and transit providers gives us a unique insight into the current network conditions.
All this latency data is compiled into a real time performance map of the internet which is presented in the latency map.
Datapath.io Network Latency Monitor
Let’s take a look at the latency monitoring tool from Datapath.io. Below are a couple of screen shots of the network latency monitoring data from the AWS US west region through the default AWS route to individual network prefixes in a couple of cities. The latency map can also be toggled to show the network latency figures for other cloud and hosting providers over multiple downstream transit providers.
AWS US West to Berlin over the Default AWS route
AWS US West to London over the Default AWS route
Latency monitoring data from AWS US West to Beijing over the default AWS route
Why Monitoring Latency is Important
Network latency determines application speeds, website load times, VOIP call quality and online gaming lag. To put the importance of latency monitoring in perspective consider the following:
-People will visit a Web site less often if it is slower than a close competitor by more than 250 milliseconds.
-Four out of five online users will click away if a video stalls while loading.
Lowering Network Latency
Once we have the latency monitoring data from Datapath.io’s latency map, the next logical step is to mitigate the effects of latency. Datapath.io’s network optimization tool re-engineers BGP best path selection algorithm to route internet traffic over the best performing routes. This results in a reduction in latency by upto 60%.
Download the AWS Network Optimization Whitepaper to learn more. | <urn:uuid:c80ec67d-83cb-440d-9235-7da5d660e8fa> | {
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Hundreds of thousands of children in America are living in homes where alcoholism is present either through a parent, sibling or other relative. Those who are addicted to alcohol often feel that either their addiction only impacts their every day life or that it doesn’t impact anyone (including themselves) at all. Unfortunately, alcoholism affects everyone, from the user to the youngest child in the home. Children who are exposed to alcoholics often suffer serious mental and/or physical side effects as a result.
Children and Alcohol – The Effects
Children, while extremely impressionable and often naive to the trials and tribulations of the real world, are often very intuitive and emotionally sensitive. Therefore, if someone close to them is struggling with alcoholism, they are likely to be affected emotionally and developmentally. The following are some of the ways that alcohol affects children:
- Issues with blame and guilt – Because children are so sensitive as well as still developing their emotional capabilities, they might confuse their loved one’s alcoholism with being their fault. They might also begin to experience a sense of worthlessness, as their loved one won’t stop using even for them. These emotions often lead to guilt, which can quickly develop into either depression or anxiety in a child.
- Lack of stability – Children whose parent(s) are alcoholics are often left to fend for themselves, which can be incredibly frightening at a young age. Not having a general routine or structure to follow can often leave a child feel unstable in everything they do. This lack of stability can perpetuate itself into anxiety in a child, as well as promote attachment issues in the future.
- Loss of trust – It is important that children are able to learn the value of trust, especially in others. When a loved one is constantly breaking promises and/or doing things to betray a child’s trust, a child can begin to feel that nobody is worth trusting if he or she can’t even trust a family member. Therefore, these children are likely to have more trouble making friends, developing relationships or respecting their elders.
Children who are exposed to alcoholism might also begin developing anger issues, experience outbursts in the classroom, lose focus or become emotionally numb over time.
Preventing the Effects of Alcohol
Because children are not in a position of power to help themselves, the only way to prevent them from suffering the residual effects of alcohol abuse is for their primary caretaker to regain control over the situation, even if they are the ones with the problem. Seeking treatment will not only benefit the one using, but will also help save the children involved from having to live through the detrimental side effects that this type of substance abuse can foster. | <urn:uuid:47de4387-5b62-4f0b-8c9e-6a921de87895> | {
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Through its Land program Fondo Semillas aims to focus on women’s relationship with nature and their role as defenders of indigenous territory and culture. It also emphasizes their participation in the agricultural production, even without being owners of the land they care for, as well as their great potential to respond to the effects of climate change and trigger innovative strategies for sustainable community development.
Natural resources generate economic, political, cultural, and social value, and women must be able to access this value. Environmental degradation and land exploitation are consequences of the same system that discriminates, oppresses, and exploits women. Thus, while also including an ecofeminist perspective, Fondo Semillas supports social struggles aiming to change a system that uncontrollably exploits land and territories.
The Land program includes, among other topics:
- Defending territory and land from the extractive industry
- Women’s right to land property
- Socio-environmental justice
- Sustainable development
“Women who defend the land are like little ants who are constantly working and sowing seeds so that any citizen of the world may breathe pure air, drink clean water, eat healthy; regardless of their cultural, political, and social conditions.”
Carolina Vázquez, Member of the National Network of Indigenous Women: Weaving Rights for Mother Earth and Territory (RENAMITT) that brings together women defenders from Veracruz, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Chihuahua, Oaxaca, and Jalisco.
In a context where it is difficult for women to obtain rights over the land they work, during 2015 the RENAMITT processed and delivered 23 agrarian certificates to indigenous women, which credit them as owners of their parcels and grants them the power to decide over them.
- Women produce 60% of the world’s food, but own only 2% of the land.
- In Mexico, women do not have voice or vote in Ejido assemblies.
- Only 0.1% of donations worldwide support projects that respond to climate change and defend women’s rights.
- Women are in charge of providing clean water in 69% of households.
- Over 10 million pesos have been invested in this program
- Support for the RENAMITT, the only initiative of its kind in the country
- 41 projects supported in these topics
Fuentes: Tierra: FAO, Foundation Center, Guía “Justicia Climática y Derechos de las Mujeres” | <urn:uuid:2854fb4a-2c32-4499-a1e4-e76853e8fa90> | {
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ATA is the AT Attachment interface, one of two major standards for connecting storage media devices like hard drives to personal computers (PCs). The opposing standard is SCSI.
PATA is the Parallel ATA specification. Mostly incorrectly referred to as IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) by a lot of vendors. SATA is the Serial ATA specification.
ATAPI is an extension on the ATA standard for optical media, like CD, DVD, Blu-Ray. | <urn:uuid:86d1bffb-1bea-43b4-b8bb-cc1fde7e5598> | {
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“Writing is a way of talking without being interrupted.” — Jules Renard
“ideas to get your student’s pencils moving”
Writing is and isn’t an easy thing to do in the classroom. Especially nowadays when students don’t have long attention spans and are more and more “digital” and visual learners.
However, it is a vital skill that opens up a world of possibilities for any student. Written communication in whatever language, even with the advent of the internet, is still a necessity. Writing allows communication, controlled and deliberate – POWERFUL, communication. So we have to get our students writing more and better. How?
Below, find a rundown of what I consider the “standard” writing activities for any age group. Just change the topic/theme. Most are for any classroom, EFL / ESL or the regular classroom. My belief is that writing in English is writing in English. Whether it be a second language or first makes no difference because the “eating” is all the same.
I’ve divided the activities into different categories. These are just for the sake of having some kind of organization. I’ve also labeled them
WUP – for a warm up writing activity and something to do quickly.
CP – Controlled practice. Writing activities that help the beginning writer and offer support, repetition and guidance.
F – Free writing activities which activate student learning and allow them to practice what they already know and “test the waters” so to speak.
Where appropriate, I’ve linked to some resources that compliment the writing activity as described.
Listen — Write
There are many ways to “spice” up the standard dictation. The simplest is to have the students fold a blank piece of paper “hamburger” style (Up/down) 4 times. Unfold and they have a nice 8 line piece of paper. Speak 8 sentences , repeating each several times as the students write. Get the students to record their answers on the board and correct. Collect and keep in a portfolio!
There are many online sites where students can do the same but in a computer lab or at home. Or the teacher can even try in the classroom.
http://www.listen-and-write.com/audio – for older students
http://www.learner.org/interactives/spelling/ – for young learners
2. Story Rewriting
The teacher reads a story or the class listens to an audio story. After, students make a story board (just fold a blank page so you have 8 squares) and draw pictures. Then, they write the story based on those pictures. Very simple and powerful! – F
The students close their eyes and the teacher describes a scene. Play some nice background music. The students then write and describe the scene they imagined, sharing their scene afterwards with the class or a classmate.
4. Pop Song Rewrite
Play a familiar pop song. One with a “catchy” chorus. Afterwards, write out the chorus on the board with some of the words missing. Students can then rewrite the chorus and sing their own version. Higher level students can simply write their own version without help. Here’s a very simple example –
He’s got the whole world in his hands
He’s got ___________ and ___________
In his hands. (3x)
He’s got the whole world in his hands
Watch —– Write
Students watch a TV Commercial. Then, they write their own script based on that commercial but focused on a different product. Afterwards, they can perform. F
2. Short videos.
Just like a story but this time students watch. Then, they can rewrite / respond / reflect. Students can choose to reflect on one standard Reading Response question or as part of a daily journal. Ex. The best part was ….. / If I had made the video, I would have ……
Short videos are powerful and if well chosen can really get students writing in a reflective manner. CP / F
How to Videos
Students can watch a short “How to” video that describes a process. There are some excellent sites with User Generated Content. Expert Village and eHow are recommended. After the students watch the video several times, they can write out the steps using transitions which the teacher lists on the board. [First, first off, To begin, then, after that, next, most importantly, finally, last but not least, to finish ] CP / F
3. Newscasts / Weather reports
Watch the daily news or weather report. Students write in groups or individually, their own version of the news for that week/day. Then perform for the class like a real news report! F
4. Travel Videos
Watch a few travel videos (there are many nice, short travel “postcard” videos online). Groups of students select a place and write up a report or a poster outlining why others should visit their city/country. Alternately, give students a postcard and have them write to another student in the classroom as if they were in that city/country. For lower leveled students, provide them with a template and they just fill in the details. Ex.
I’m sitting in a ………… drinking a …………… I’ve been in ……. for ………. days now. The weather has been
……………. Yesterday I visited the ………….. and I saw …………….. Today, I’m going to ………………. I highly recommend ……………….. See you when I get home …………………
CP / F
Look —– Write
1. Pictures / Slideshows
Visuals are a powerful way to provide context and background for any writing. Make sure to use attractive, stimulating and if possible “real” photos to prompt student writing. Students can describe a scene or they can describe a series of pictures from a slideshow.
An excellent activity is to show a nice photo and get students to “guess” and write their guess in the form of the 5Ws. They answer all the 5w questions and then share their thoughts with the class.
Show a picture and get students to write a story or use it as background for a writing prompt. For example, Show a picture of a happy lottery winner. Ask students to write in their journal – If I won a million dollars I would ……
This is a much better way to “prompt” writing than simple script! – CP
Show students a selection of fairly similar pictures. The students describe in writing one of the pictures (faces work really well). They read and the other students listen and “guess” which picture is being described. Similar to this listening activity. CP
Provide students with a series of pictures which describe a story. I often use Action Pictures. Students write about each picture, numbering each piece of writing for each picture. The teacher can guide lower level students like this Mr. X’s Amazing Day example. After editing, the students cut up the pictures and make a storybook. Gluing in the pictures, coloring, decorating and adding their own story text. Afterwards read to the whole class or share among the class. CP / F
Provide students with a sequence of pictures which are scrambled. The students must order the pictures and then write out the process. Ex. Making scrambled eggs. F
Read —- Write
1. Reading Journal / Reading Response
The students read a story and then respond by making a reflective journal entry. Alternatively, the students can respond to a reading response question like, “Which character did you like best? Why?” F
Read a short story and then give students a copy of the story with some text missing. The students can fill it in with the correct version OR fill it in and make the story their own.
These are stories where words are replaced with icons/pictures. Students can read the story and then write out the whole story, replacing the pictures with the correct text. Here are some nice examples. – CP
3. Opinion / Essay
Select an article or OP Ed piece that students would find interesting or controversial. After reading and discussing, students can respond with a formal essay or piece of writing reflecting their opinion. Read them anonymously afterwards and get the class to guess who wrote it! F
4. Giving Advice
Students read a problem provided by the teacher (even better, get students to provide the problem by having them write down what they need advice on). This can often be an Ann Landers style request for advice from a newspaper. Students write their own response, giving advice. F
5. Running dictation
This is a lot of fun but quite noisy. Put students into groups of 3 or 4. For each group, post on the wall around the classroom, a piece of writing (maybe a selection of text you will be reading in your lesson). One student is appointed as the secretary. The other students must “run” to where their piece of writing is on the wall and read it. Then run back and dictate it to the secretary who records it. Continue until one group is finished (but check that they got it right!). CP
Think —- Write
1. Graphic Organizers
These you can make on your own by having students draw and fold blank sheets of paper or by giving them a pre-designed one. Students write out their thoughts on a topic using the organizer. An alphabet organizer is also an excellent activity in writing for lower level students. Graphic organizers and mind maps are an excellent way “first step” to a longer writing piece and are an important pre-writing activity. WUP
2. Prompts / Sentence Starters
Students are prompted to finish sentences that are half started. They can write X number of sentences using the sentence starter. Many starters can be found online. Prompts are also an excellent way to get students thinking and writing. Every day, students can “free write” a passage using the daily prompt (ex. What I did this morning etc… ) Creative writing of this sort really motivates students to write. There are many lists online you can use.
3. Thinking Games
Using a worksheet, students play the game while writing down their responses in grammatical sentences. What the Wordle / Not Like the Other and Top 5 are some games I’ve made and which help students begin to write. Each has a worksheet which students fill out. CP
4. Decoding / Translating
Translating a passage into English can be a good writing activity for higher level students.
Students love their cell phones and Transl8it.com is a handy way to get students interested in writing. Simply put in English text and Transl8it.com will output “text messaging”. Give this to students to decode into standard English and then check against the original. Lots of fun! See the games I’ve designed (Pop Song / Dialogues ) using this principle of decoding text messaging. CP
5. Forms / Applications
Students need to practice writing that will be of use to them directly in the wider world. Forms and filling in applications are a valuable way to do this. Fill in one together as a class and then get students to do this same for themselves individually. – CP
6. Journals / Reflection / Diaries
This type of free writing activity should be done on a regular basis if used in class. Use a timer and for X minutes, students can write upon a topic that is important to them, that day. Alternatively, students can write at the end of the day and record their thoughts about the lesson or their own learning. These are all excellent ways for the teacher to get to know their students. One caution – don’t correct student writing here! Comment positively on the student’s writing – the goal is to get them feeling good about writing and “into” it. – F
7. Tag Stories / Writing
Students love this creative exercise. Fold a blank piece of paper vertically (Hamburger style) 4 times. You’ll have 8 lines. On the first line, students all write the same sentence starter. Ex. A man walked into a bank and ……..
Next, students finish the sentence and then pass their paper to the student on their left/right. That student reads the sentence and continues the story on the next line. Continue until all 8 lines are completed. Read the stories as a class – many will be hilarious! I often do this with a “gossip” variation. I write some gossip “chunks” on the board like; “I heard that..” , “I was told…” “The word on the street is…” “Don’t pass it around but…”. Students choose one and write some juicy gossip about the student to their right. They then pass their paper to the left with everyone adding onto the gossip. Students really get into this! CP / F
8. Describe and guess
Students think of a person / a place or a thing. They write a description of them / it and they are read out and others students guess.
Jokes and riddles are also effective for this. Students write out a joke or riddle they know and then they are read and other students try to guess the punchline. – F
TEXT —– Write
1. Sentence Chains
The teacher writes a word on the board and then students shout out words that follow using the last letter(s). The more last letters they use, the more points they get. The teacher keeps writing as quick as possible as the students offer up more correct words. Ex. Smilengthosentencementality…..
Give students a blank piece of paper and in pairs with one student being the secretary, they play! This is a great game for simple spelling practice and also to get students noticing language and how words end/begin. They can also play for points. Compound words and phrases are acceptable! – WUP
2. Guided Writing
This is a mainstay of the writing teacher’s toolkit. Students are either given a “bank” of words or can write/guess on their own. They fill in the missing words of a text to complete the text. Take up together and let students read their variations. A nice adaptation to guided writing for lower level students is for them to personalize the writing by getting them to draw a picture for the writing passage to illustrate and fortify the meaning. Here’s a nice example. CP
Use a time line to describe any event. Brainstorm as a class. Then students use the key words written on the board, to write out the time line as a narrative. Really effective and you can teach history like this too! Biographies of individuals or even the students themselves are a powerful writing activity and timelines are a great way to get them started. – F
Students are given notes (the classic example is a shopping list but it might be a list of zoo animals / household items etc…) and then asked to write something using all the noted words. This usually focuses on sequence (transitions) or location (prepositions). F
5. Grammar Poems
Grammar poems are short poems about a topic that students complete using various grammar prompts. This form of guided writing is very effective and helps students notice various syntactical elements of the language.
Put the grammar poem on the board with blanks. Here are some examples but it could be on any topic (country, famous person, my home, this school, etc..). Fill out as a class with one student filling it in. Then, students copy the poem and complete with their own ideas. Change as needed to stress different grammatical elements. And of course, afterwards SHARE. Present some to the class and display on a bulletin board. Your students will be proud of them!
SPEAK — Write
1. Surveys / Reports
Students have a survey question or a questionnaire. They walk around the class recording information. After, instead of reporting to the class orally, they can write up the report about their findings.
This can also be used with FSW (Find Someone Who) games. Students use a picture bingo card to walk around the classroom and ask students yes/no questions. They write the answers with a check or X and the student’s name in the box with the picture. After, they write up a report about which student ……. / didn’t …… certain things. CP
2. Reported Speech
Do any speaking activity or set of conversation questions. Afterwards, students report back by writing using reported speech, “ Susan told me that she ………..” and “ Brad said that ………..” etc….. CP
3. Introducing each other
Students can interview another classmate using a series of questions / key words given by the teacher. After the interview of each other is over, students can write out a biography of their partner and others can read them in a class booklet. – F
4. In class letter writing
Writing for a purpose is so important and nothing makes this happen better than in class letter writing. Appoint a postman and have each student make a post office box (it could just be a small bag hanging from their desk). The students can write each other (best to assign certain students first) and then respond to their letter. Once it gets started, it just keeps going and going… – F
4. Email / messaging / chat / social networking
This is an excellent way to get students speaking by writing. Set up a social networking system or a messaging / emailing system for the students. They can communicate and chat there using an “English only” policy. Use videos / pictures like in class – to promote student discussion and communication. Projects online foster this kind of written communication and using an CMS (Content Management System) like moodle or atutor or ning can really help students write more. – F
5. Class / School English newspaper or magazine
Students can gain valuable skills by meeting and designing a school English newsletter. Give each student a role (photographer, gossip / news / sports / editor in chief / copy editor etc…) and see what they can do. You’ll be surprised! – F
WRITE —— Do
Students can write dialogues for many every day situations and then act them out for the class. The teacher can model the language on the board and then erase words so students can complete by themselves and in their own words. Here’s a neat example using a commercial as a dialogue. – CP
Students draw a picture and then write a description of the picture. They hand their description to another student who must read it and then draw the picture as they see it. Finally, both students compare pictures! – F
3. Tableaus / Drama
Students write texts of any sort. Then the texts are read and other students must make a tableau of the description or act out the text in some manner. For example – students can write about their weekend. After writing, the student reads their text and other students act it out or perform a tableau. F
4. Don’t speak / Write!
I once experimented with a class that wouldn’t speak much by putting a gag on myself and only writing out my instructions. It worked and this technique could be used in a writing class. Students can’t speak and are “gagged”. Give them post it notes by which to communicate with others. Instruct using the board. There are many creative ways to use this technique! – F
RECOMMENDED BOOKS 4 TEACHERS
I highly recommend the following two books for ideas and some general theory on how to teach writing. Purchase them for reference.
1. HOW TO TEACH WRITING – Jeremy Harmer
Very insightful and cleanly, simply written. The author explores through example and description, all the facets and theory behind that “looking glass” which we call teaching. I use this as a course text for my methodology class for in-service teachers.
2. Oxford Basics: Simple Writing Activites
- Jill and Charles Hadfield
This book (and series) is a gem! Jill Hadfield knows what working EFL / ESL teachers need and in this book there are 30 simple writing activities which teachers can use with a wide variety of levels and with only a chalkboard and a piece of chalk / paper.
See my Blog post and download the list of my TOP 10 WRITING WEBSITES FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS | <urn:uuid:109f6e6f-6472-4941-b722-14657bb1599e> | {
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Causes of Forest Fires
Wildfires can be ignited by a variety of occurrences. In addition to lightning, human-related activities start a large number of fires every year. Unattended or out-of-control campfires, a discarded burning cigarette, arson, or even equipment use can set off a blaze.
Once a forest fire has started, many factors contribute to its spread and intensity.
More than 83% of forest fires in 2006 were started by human activities, accounting for the burning of nearly 4.4 million acres. However, lightning-caused fires burned more total area – nearly 5.5 million acres. *
* Source: National Interagency Fire Center
How You Can Help.
Some gifts last a lifetime.
Every card you send
plants a tree in our | <urn:uuid:919dd1f0-f07b-41ba-8e7b-4c44fd1a9d69> | {
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Cody Roberts: Inspired by Rauschenberg, Jim Dine, Shepard Fairey, and Dada
Sophie Eichner: Inspired by Sol Lewit
Kaelee Humphrey: Inspired by Chris Metze, Mary Scurlock, and Cindy Neuschwander
Application of Research
Throughout each level of the DRHSART program, students are required to keep a visual journal that records research, planning, art history, and ideas about their work. One major component of the visual journal is the artist research that is to be turned in once per quarter. The students have complete autonomy with who they choose to study in their journals, and in most cases the artists they study become instrumental in the development of the students' unique artistic voices.
This second semester Art 3 project is aimed at helping students reflect on who they have studied thus far, and challenges them to create a work of art that touches on the styles, techniques, media, and processes explored by each studied artist. The most successful of our past art students have met that success through the trusted process of Copy > Combine > Transform.
In essence, the creative process requires appropriation and the combination of ideas that have meaning to the artist. Ideally, this project will build upon the skills learned in the Subject, Media, Mashup assignment that preceded it. The goal here is to develop a voice that can be explored over the summer before Art 4.
Brainstorm with Purpose
When beginning this assignment, I'd like each of you to follow this methodical approach that is more likely to yield good results.
In order to give yourself a clear direction for this work, please answer the following questions for each artist you've studied in your visual journal.
1. What are the visual trends you notice in the artist's work.
2. If you boil down the major concepts explored by the artist, what seems to be most consistent?
3. Which works of art are you most drawn to by the artist? Give a brief explanation of why.
After answering these three simple questions for each artist, please complete the following activities to better provide inspiration for this assignment.
1. Using either a Google Doc or Word, create a full page of small color thumbnail images that represent the most important and interesting works for each artist. Limit yourself to one page, and include only those works that interest you the most. You should have a minimum of 20 images total on your document.
Print this document, cut out each work of art, and paste them into your journal. This will act almost like a Pinterest board of inspiration.
2. Take one page in your journal, and fill that page with legible words that represent the following:
As you write these words, increase the boldness or size of those words that seemed to trend the most in the artists' works. This will help you quickly spot those concepts, materials, and compositional tendencies that most overlap.
During the critique of this project, the students will be required to project and discuss the work of the artists whose work inspired their own. As they discuss the studied artists' works, they will discuss how they borrowed techniques and ideas from that work. The goal of this critique is to share inspiration with each other, discuss the many ways each artist successfully solved the creative problem, and to collectively brainstorm other ways that could enhance the student work.
Rebecca Kuzemchak: Inspired by Damien Hirst, Joseph Kosuth, and Chris Jordan | <urn:uuid:ed81e63d-f3a7-454b-b89c-05bd137d7ad1> | {
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Above: A possible photograph of the iceberg that hit Titanic, photographed from the liner Prinze Adelbertby a few miles south of the disaster scene.
19 - the number of icebergs that third class survivor Charles Dahl later claimed he had seen from lifeboat number 15, during the hours following the sinking. In an interview with the Chicago American newspaper Dahl criticised the speed at which Titanic had been travelling through the icefield, describing how Carpathia had needed to zigzag through bergs whilst collecting survivors.
11:39 pm - the time at which the iceberg Titanic struck was first spotted, too late to avoid a collision (read more on the timeline).
30 seconds - the amount of time from the first sighting of the iceberg to the impact.
50 - 100 feet - the estimated height of the iceberg above water, as recounted by Titanic survivors.
200 - 400 feet - the estimated length of the iceberg.
Above: A photograph of what was believed to be the iceberg that sank the Titanic, captured by Czech sailor Stephen Rehorek from aboard the German cruise ship MS Bremen, on 20 April 1912.
5 - the number of days after the sinking when Rehorek took his photograph of the iceberg.
85% - the amount of all icebergs in the North Atlantic that originate from the west coast of Greenland.
40,000 - the approximate number of icebergs born each year along the coast of Greenland
According to experts the Ilulissat ice shelf on the west coast of Greenland is now believed to be the most likely place from which the Titanic iceberg originated. At it's mouth, the seaward ice wall of Ilulissat is around 6 kilometres wide and rises 80 metres above sea level.
1909 - the year in which the Titanic iceberg is believed to have been 'born'.
1 - 2 - the likely number of icebergs that the Ilulissat ice-shelf would have produced in 1909.
1 - 4% - the proportion of those icebergs that survive to reach shipping waters. They initially float north along Greenland's west coast before beginning their southward journey past the coastlines of Baffin Island, Labrador and Newfoundland, before passing through the gulf stream into the Atlantic past. Most do not make it this far, either getting caught en route or finally melting in the warm waters of the gulf stream.
1 mile - the likely original length of the Titanic iceberg. The year it would have taken to move along the 40 mile long fjord would have left the iceberg at around a half of its original size.
1,000,000,000 tons - the amount of sea water displaced by the iceberg at its original size (one billion tons!).
Above: A view of the iceberg believed to be the one the Titanic hit, taken from aboard the Carpathia.
300 - the approximate number of icebergs reaching the shipping lanes of the North Atlantic in April 1912, the largest number for around 50 years. The appearance of icebergs this far south can be highly erratic; for example in 2006 the International Ice Patrol (the monitoring team set up after the Titanic disaster) recorded no icebergs crossing south of latitude 48°N; in 2007 they recorded 324.
1/10th - the amount of an iceberg's total mass that is typically visible above water.
We do not care anything for the heaviest storms in these big ships. It is fog that we fear. The big icebergs that drift into warmer water melt much more rapidly under water than on the surface, and sometimes a sharp, low reef extending two or three hundred feet beneath the sea is formed. If a vessel should run on one of these reefs half her bottom might be torn away.
- Captain Edward John Smith, Commander of Titanic
15,000 years - the approximate age of the first snowflakes that made up the glacier that produced the Titanic iceberg.
2 years - the approximate time that the Titanic iceberg will have taken since its creation to reach the point of collision.
8 miles - the approximate distance the iceberg would have been traveling per day.
Icebergs loomed up and fell astern and we never slackened. It was an anxious time with the Titanic's fateful experience very close in our minds. There were 700 souls on Carpathia and those lives as well as the survivors of the Titanic herself depended on the sudden turn of the wheel.
- Captain Arthur H Rostron, Commander of the Carpathia
14 - the approximate number of days after the collision that the Titanic iceberg would probably have disappeared, melting in the gulf stream's warmer water.
© 2011 - Dave Fowler, History in Numbers. All third party trademarks are hereby acknowledged. | <urn:uuid:96364b66-c8a2-420a-9301-53dc65baf1c8> | {
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Subsets and Splits