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Rainwater Catchment from a High Tunnel for Irrigation Use
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Make high tunnels more profitable for crop production by installing a system to catch, store, and reuse the rainwater from periodic rain events. The authors describe system components, give approximate costs, and detail year-round maintenance procedures. Also described is a drip irrigation system.
Crops, Leopold Center
Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture
Agriculture | Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering
Shouse, Shawn C. and Naeve, Linda L., "Rainwater Catchment from a High Tunnel for Irrigation Use" (2012). Extension and Outreach Publications. 17.
Iowa State University Extension and Outreach publications in the Iowa State University Digital Repository are made available for historical purposes only. The information contained in these publications may be out of date. For current publications and information from Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, please visit | <urn:uuid:dd696bcf-2449-4547-a769-2c0ed772305a> | {
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Five states already mandate such lesson plans in public schools.
By Robert Zullo / Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Post-Gazette.com
The question: “Which country was Adolf Hitler the leader of?”
The answer: “I think it’s Amsterdam?”
With a video camera and a microphone, Rhonda Fink-Whitman, a Bucks County (PA) writer and television and radio personality, was at four Pennsylvania university campuses in September to quiz a few dozen students on their knowledge of the Holocaust and World War II.
“I just grabbed anyone walking by,” said Mrs. Fink-Whitman, a former radio reporter and QVC shopping network host who is among a chorus of voices pushing for mandatory Holocaust education in Pennsylvania schools. The only screening question she asked the students prior to the impromptu history exam was whether they had gone to public school in Pennsylvania.
Basic queries — “What was the Holocaust?” “Where did it start?” “About how many years ago?” — elicited a stream of “I don’t knows.” One student guessed that World War II happened 300 years ago and another stated that Normandy, the French coastal region invaded by the Allies, is “near England and Germany and all that jazz.”
The responses, which she posted in a YouTube video (below), were “unfortunate” but not unexpected, said Mrs. Fink-Whitman, who conducted the interviews at Penn State, Drexel, Temple, and the University of Pennsylvania, after she found out that the friends of her college-age children couldn’t identify Winston Churchill.
“These kids were embarrassed that they didn’t know more and they felt bad about it,” said Mrs. Fink-Whitman, who wrote 94 Maidens, a book about her’s mother’s survival of the Holocaust. “It’s our fault, because we haven’t taught them in Pennsylvania.”
Five states — California, Florida, Illinois, New Jersey, and New York — mandate Holocaust education, and a bill that would encourage, but not require, schools to teach about the mass slaughter of 6 million Jews and others deemed undesirable by the Nazi regime that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945, is currently in the Pennsylvania Senate.
State Rep. Brendan Boyle, D-Philadelphia, says HB 1424, by Rep. Paul Clymer, R-Bucks, is a “watered-down” version of the bill he has been pushing for the past two legislative sessions.
Mr. Boyle’s bill, HB 176, languishes in the House Education Committee and he unsuccessfully attempted to introduce an amendment this summer that would make Mr. Clymer’s measure mandatory. The House deadlocked, 99-99, on Mr. Boyle’s amendment, meaning it failed by a single vote.
“One of the things we hear consistently … is we put a lot of mandates on schools,” said Mr. Clymer, noting that standardized testing, teacher evaluations, and required professional training — among other state and federal impositions — amount to an increasing burden.
Mr. Clymer says he “feels strongly” that Holocaust education should happen in every school but said legislators are “between a rock and a hard place” in weighing new requirements for schools.
“After a few years, if it seems as though school districts are not doing it, I would not object to anyone putting in an amendment to make it mandatory. … God forbid we ever see another Hitler come on the scene,” Mr. Clymer said. “I’m sure there are schools that do not teach this.”
Mr. Boyle rejected that argument, noting that hundreds of mandates already dictate what schools must teach.
“I think if Arbor Day is important enough to teach in our schools, certainly the Holocaust is important enough to teach as well,” Mr. Boyle said.
Mrs. Fink-Whitman hopes the Senate will amend the bill to give it more teeth, adding that the last Holocaust survivors and soldiers who saw the horrors of the concentration camps firsthand are fading away.
Jim Lucot, who teaches honors U.S. history at Seneca Valley High School, is also a member of the Pennsylvania Holocaust Education Council and won an international award in 2009 from the Jewish Federation for the Righteous in New York City based on the in-depth curriculum he developed on the Holocaust and anti-Semitism.
He said he “absolutely” supports a mandate to correct what he called an educational deficit, noting that teaching the Holocaust can help inform anti-bullying programs that are a major initiative of many school systems.
“It’s a shame when you have to say mandatory Holocaust education, because it’s the history of hate,” said Mr. Lucot, 47. “It answers all your questions.”
A lack of knowledge about the Holocaust could be symptomatic of larger educational shortcomings.
Just 12 percent of high school seniors in 2010 scored at or above “proficient” in U.S. history, according to the results of the National Assessment of Educational Progress, an initiative of the U.S. Department of Education.
“By and large, we see when we’re in high schools and middle schools that kids are not well-versed in history, civics, and geography, among other subjects,” said Joy Braunstein, director of the Holocaust Center of the Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh, which offers training, direct teaching, and other help to school systems in Western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, and northern West Virginia looking to expand their Holocaust education.
When it comes to the Holocaust, “it’s fair to say in many places it’s not being taught,” she said, noting that the Monessen School District, for example, had “absolutely no background” in the Holocaust prior to the Center’s involvement.
The Center is also in talks with Pittsburgh Public Schools, which teaches the Holocaust in 10th grade world history and provides an opportunity for students to go to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., to improve the depth and scope of instruction on the subject.
Barbara Burstin, who teaches courses on the Holocaust at University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, said her students exhibit a wide range of background knowledge, from those who are passionate about the subject to others who enrolled as a curiosity.
A common thread, however, is what she called an “appalling” lack of basic historical knowledge.
“I don’t know if they’re teaching history anymore,” she said. “They don’t know who fought in World War II.”
Ms. Burstin worried that bundling history under the banner of “social studies” and giving it increasingly short shrift could create a generation of “technocrats” with no understanding of the past.
“History can inform and history can teach us and history can help shape us. We need to know what has gone right and what has gone wrong,” Ms. Burstin said. “I want students to understand they have responsibilities, to first be informed and to stand up to injustice.”
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Velour also remains a reasonably popular material for upholstery. While India produces more raw cotton than any other nation, China exports the most finished cotton products. At this point, fashion designers began capitalizing on the trend away from conservative apparel and started making jackets, pants, shirts, and all manner of other apparel types using this velvet-like fabric. With the rise of synthetic velour, cotton velour is now used primarily to make apparel or upholstery, and it is no longer a popular material for stage curtains. The use of velour in apparel was remarkably limited until the mid-1960s. The first step in the production of velour fabric is the acquisition of an appropriate textile material. Velour Leather The velour leather, on the other hand, is a unique leather of its kind because it is worked by sanding the grain side of the animal’s skin (buckskins, chamois or reindeer), obtaining a greater writing effect and a surface even more delicate and silky to the touch. Today, however, the majority of velour fabric consists of polyester fibers. Based on etymology alone, it’s clear that this fabric originated in France, but it is less clear which manufacturer first developed velour as an alternative to velvet. Highly similar to velour, duvetyne is a velvet-like fabric with a twill weave. The majority of worldwide cotton production heavily involves the use of toxic agrochemicals, and cotton monocropping inevitably leads to soil erosion. Therefore, velveteen was originally less expensive than velvet, and this price difference still exists when these fabrics are not made using synthetic fibers. The development of velour was a direct response to the time-consuming attributes of this process, which drove the price of velvet incredibly high. Velour fabric can be made from cotton or synthetic material, and has a range of qualities depending on the weight and type chosen. Using a variety of toxic chemicals, textile manufacturers render this polymer into a liquid and extrude it through spinnerets to form fibers. The signature soft texture on the surface of velour is known as ‘pile’, and is made by cutting across looped threads with a special weaving process. Initially ridiculed as being too similar to upholstery, velour clothing became normalized throughout the 1970s before losing popularity in the 1980s. Velour creates hand-made, high-quality, silk and mink lashes that you can wear 25+ times. Velour or velours is a plush, knitted fabric or textile similar to velvet or velveteen. Regardless of its nation of origin, cotton velour may also be eligible for OEKO-TEX or Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) certification. While velour was traditionally made using cotton, velvet was traditionally made using silk, making velvet the softer fabric by far. GOTS also certifies synthetic velour if it is made using recycled materials, and the Global Recycle Standard (GRS) offers similar services. Boris Hodakel is the founder and CEO of Sewport - an online marketplace connecting brands and manufacturers, former founder of various clothing manufacturing services. Certain types of velour harm the environment more than others, however, and since this fabric remains the default material for stage curtains around the world, it’s worth examining the environmental impact of velour in detail. Most velour on the market consists of either cotton or polyester fibers. Until the mid-19th century, all velour fabric was made using cotton. There are a variety of different types of velour, and there are also a few different fabrics that are easy to mistake with this unique textile. However, most velour-upholstered pieces of furniture are vintage or antique since velour is not particularly in vogue at the moment. Polyester may be spun into yarn, but it is also commonly produced in the form of thick fibers that resemble yarn. The most comfortable and easy to apply lashes you'll find. Weight per linear yard is fairly self-explanatory, as is fiber content, but what about “picks” […] Cotton velour is more desirable from an environmental perspective for a variety of reasons, but the global cotton production industry isn’t without its own negative environmental effects. Difference Between Velvet and Velour Velour is not to be confused with velvet. Fabric manufacturers also use toxic chemicals in the process of manufacturing synthetic fibers, and these chemicals can harm textile workers and the environment. Connect with Boris on LinkedIn. Velour leather can also be used to make jackets and upholstery. These certificates usually contain notices of approval from fire marshals or other relevant authorities. Records of velour fabric date to the 1840s, and this fabric remained a staple fabric for upholstery throughout the following century. Increased reliance on synthetic materials for velour production has significantly worsened this fabric’s environmental impact. On the back of many of the sample cards, we include construction specifications provided to us by the mill, most of which is probably “greek” to the customer. As a cheaper alternative to silk velvet, cotton velour nonetheless offered many of the same properties as the textile it was designed to imitate. Characterized by their tight-fitting upper portions and flared legs, these brightly-colored tracksuits were momentarily popular before becoming decidedly passé. While this fabric was universally prized among members of every economic stratum, the complex production processes needed to manufacture velvet resulted in prohibitively high prices. Polyester is a polymer constructed of components of coal and petroleum. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, velour once again enjoyed a surge of popularity as prominent fashion designers started dressing celebrities in velour tracksuits. Here are a few examples: While usually a reference to the woven cotton or synthetic fabric, “velour” can also refer to velour leather, a type of animal hide textile that’s similar in texture to suede or chamois. Since it remained coarser than velvet despite the best efforts of textile manufacturers, velour never attained significant popularity as a material for upscale garments. China is also the largest producer and exporter of synthetic fabric products. Originating from the French word for velvet, velour is highly similar to velvet and velveteen. He is passionate about e-commerce, marketing and production digitisation. Since velour stage curtains are rarely washed, microfiber pollution is more of a concern in the context of synthetic velour clothing. Cotton velour is usually considerably more expensive than polyester velour. While weaving velour is similar to weaving velvet, it is simpler and therefore more cost-effective. As the fabric that velour was designed to imitate, velvet shares many of the properties of its less-expensive textile cousin. Chrome tanned leather is ground from the inside, which forms a delicate, soft layer on the surface. What is Baize Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Angora Wool Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Coolmax Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where. Velour is used in a wide variety of applications, including clothing and upholstery. Velour is more durable than velvet while retaining many of the desirable properties of this luxurious fabric, which has led to its extensive use as a stage curtain material. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), What is eVent Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Gore-Tex Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Jacquard Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Lame Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Leather Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Merino Wool Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Microfibre Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is NeoShell Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Organdy Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is OutDry Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Polartec Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Soy Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Tweed Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Batiste Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Brocade Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Canvas Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Charmeuse Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Felt Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, What is Corduroy Fabric: Properties, How its Made and Where, A Simple Guide to Working With Clothing Manufacturers (Bonus Tips), Cost of Starting a Clothing Line (2019 Industry Research), Fashion Designer - Is a Fashion Degree Worth It? Synthetic fibers like polyester and rayon are not biodegradable, and they release microfibers into the hydrosphere with every washing. Despite its luxurious finish, it is typically made from cotton, and can even be made from synthetics such as polyester. It might also be made from artificial materials, such as polyester, depending on the manufacturer and the intended use. | <urn:uuid:8d0c98ab-db5c-43b0-ab48-1cf9160d06d1> | {
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The Birman Cat, or famously known as the "Sacred Cat of Burma", is a strikingly gorgeous cat of a lovely legend behind its beauty. These kitties are distinguished by a soft, silky coat, piercing blue eyes, and the elegant, white "gloves" on their paws. Keep reading, the secrets are about to unravel.
Please do not confuse the Birman cat with the Burmese cat, a completely different cat breed of a similar name.
Main features of Birman Cats
The Birman is a medium-sized, color-pointed cat often described to resemble the Siamese breed. It has a remarkably stockier and more muscular body than the related breed, however, and a long, silky coat.
They come in all pointed colors, including seal, blue, lilac, cream, chocolate and red. However, the tips of all four paws are always white, a charming trait often referred to as white "gloves" (for the front paws) and "laces" (for the hind paws). The tabby and tortie patterns in seal, chocolate, blue or lilac colors are allowed. Birman kittens are born white and they develop their pointed coloration within the first few weeks of kittenhood. The final coat usually doesn't reach full development until the age of two years.
Birman's face is broad and topped with a distinct Roman nose. The ears are tall and wide on the base, placed closer to the top of the head than the sides. The deep, sapphire blue eyes are round in shape. Additionally, although long-haired, unlike Himalayan and Persian cats, Birmans have no undercoat and are thus less prone to matting.The Birman cat
Origins of the Birman Cat Are Mysterious
How exactly this breed came to be remains a mystery to this very day. The well-known legend has it that the Birman breed originated over a hundred of years ago from Burmese temple cats at the Temple of Lao-Tsun in the city of Burma. This temple was built for a golden goddess Tsun-Kyan-Kse who was famous for her deep, sapphire blue eyes.
One night, one of the priests named Mun-Ha was kneeling before the goddesses' statue with one of the temple cats named Sinh sitting by his side. As he was worshipping, raiders broke into the temple and killed the priest. Sinh placed his paws on Mun-Ha as he was dying and looked up to the statue of the goddess.
At this moment, the cat's body turned from white to gold and his eyes became sapphire blue, just like those of the goddess. His fur became color pointed towards his nuzzle, ears and paws. The tips of his paws touching the priest remained white, though, as a symbol of purity. In the matter of seconds, all the other temple cats changed just like Sinh did. It is believed that Sinh carried Mun-Ha's soul to paradise, as all the temple cats are thought to bring one of the priest's soul with them when they die.
Meowgic aside, the modern theories, of course, explain that the breed originates from the crosses of Siamese cats with Angoras or Persians. It remains unclear though when or where those original meetups occurred. It is also not yet agreed on whether the Birman breed was developed in South East Asia or France.
Either way, for the first time the breed was recognized in France in 1925, it was imported to the United States in 1959 and recognized by the Cat Fanciers' Association in 1967. Regardless of their actual origin, these cats enjoyed an admirable status and role throughout history.
Personality of Birman Cats
The Birman is a docile, witty and patient cat that doesn't cause lot of trouble. These gentle felines get along well with young children and other pets, and will make for the most purrfect life companions. They are famous for their loving, affectionate nature and their eagerness to be near their favorite hoomans.
As opposed to the close relative – the Siamese – these kitties are actually very quiet and will often greet you with the softest, most adorable low meow. Remember, these friendly cats don't cope with solitude well and will easily get lonely if left alone for too long. If you choose the Birman for your new furriend, make sure to spoil it with extra hugs and snuggles.The Birman cat
Health and care
In contrast with some other breeds, Birmans are more likely to develop early renal failure and feline infectious peritonitis (Paltrinieri et al, 2017), as well as congenital cataracts, and hemophilia B. They are also at higher risk of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) (The Birman Health Foundation, 2019), the most common heart disease seen in cats, as it is believed this feature is inherited as dominant autosomal trait in this breed.
Fun facts about the mysterious cat of Burma
1. The name of the breed derives from the French word Birmanie, which stands for Burma or Myanmar. Burma is a country in Southeast Asia and a speculated place of the breed's origin.
2. The breed was first recognized in France by the Cat Club de France in 1925. It wasn't until 1966 that the breed was also recognized in England by the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy and 1967 in US by the Cat Fanciers' Association. It was finally excepted by the Canadian Cat Association and the International Cat Association in 1979.
3. They are one of the genetically least diverse cat breed out there. A study by Lipinski et al. from 2008 discovered Birmans, alongside Havana Brown, Singapura, and Sokoke had the lowest genetic diversity among the studied breeds. In contrast, Siberians had the highest levels of heterozygosity values (Lipinski et al, 2008).
4. It may take up to two years for your Birman to develop its final coat color. As explained above, Birman kittens are born white and they start developing their pointed coloration within the first few weeks of kittenhood. The final coat usually doesn't reach full development until the age of two years.
5. Birmans are prone to obesity. Birmans are stocky and muscled, and they love to eat. Thus, you should definitely be careful with dosing their food in order to keep them in a healthy physical condition.
6. They are territorial and can be a tad jealous. Being as social as they are and as attached to their favorite hoomans as they are, the Birman kitties can be jealous if their hooman parent doesn't pay as much attention to them as they'd hope. They are also territorial, but never aggressive.
Birman cats are exceptionally loving and affectionate kitties who will make for the most adorable and loyal companions you could ever hope for. Prone to loneliness, these beauties require lots of love and attention. Many would agree that the Birman's exquisite appearance, mysterious origins and undeniable charm make them for one of the most intriguing cat breeds out there.
1. "The Birman Health Foundation". The Birman Health Foundation. Retrieved 14-Jan-2019.
2. Lipinski, M. J.; Froenicke, L.; Baysac, K. C.; Billings, N. C.; Leutenegger, C. M.; Levy, A. M.; Longeri, M.; Niini, T.; Ozpinar, H.; Slater, M. R.; Pedersen, N. C.; Lyons, L. A. (2008). The ascent of cat breeds: Genetic evaluations of breeds and worldwide random-bred populations. Genomics. 91 (1): 12–21. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009 | <urn:uuid:67eee917-0ed7-4973-b5d5-a3bf4193b952> | {
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His 1962 flight, in which he took part as the first US astronaut to orbit the earth with Friendship7 capsule, made him an international hero. John Herschel Glenn later had a long career in the US Senate. Glenn, the last survivor of the original Mercury 7 astronauts, was 95 years old when he passed away.
Before his first flight, Glenn asked the legendary NASA mathematician Katherine Johnson to recheck the calculations of the electronic computer for the landmark launch in February 1962, according to rumors.
When Glenn was rising loudly from the Cape Canaveral launch pad in 1962 to a place where America had never been, his astronaut friend Scott Carpenter said on the radio, “God open the way, John Glenn.” Glenn was 40 years old then.
John Glenn took part in two separate battles as a fighter pilot before his space adventure. As a test pilot, he broke the intercontinental speed record. After his aviation and space adventure, he served in the Senate for 24 years as a senator from Ohio. However, his space adventure did not come to an end, despite his advanced age. Returning to space at the age of 77 in 1998 on the shuttle named Discovery, he broke the record for the oldest person in space.
Glenn was often asked about whether or not he was afraid, and to these questions, “If you are talking about a fear that prevents you from doing what you were expected to do, no. Very strict training is given for these flights”, he had answered.
John Herschel Glenn – “There is still no cure for the common birthday”
Glenn spent 24 years in the US Senate, becoming the longest serving senator in the State’s history. In 1995, 35 years after becoming the first American in orbit, he announced his retirement, saying “There is still no cure for the common birthday.”
Glenn returned to space on his long-awaited second flight on the space shuttle Discovery in 1998, and conducted many experiments for NASA.
In 1943, Glenn married his childhood sweetheart Anna Margaret Castor. A friend reported that they met when they were both little kids, and when Anna Margaret was suffering from mumps as a teenager, Glenn went to her home and drilled a hole in the wire of her bedroom window and gave her a radio to accompany her.
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This newly released image from the Cassini Spacecraft shows two large craters on Saturn’s moon Tethys.
The two large craters on Tethys, near the line where day fades to night, almost resemble two giant eyes observing Saturn.
The location of these craters on Tethys’ terminator throws their topography into sharp relief. Both are large craters, but the larger and southernmost of the two shows a more complex structure. The angle of the lighting highlights a central peak in this crater. Central peaks are the result of the surface reacting to the violent post-impact excavation of the crater. The northern crater does not show a similar feature. Possibly the impact was too small to form a central peak, or the composition of the material in the immediate vicinity couldn’t support the formation of a central peak.
In this image Tethys is significantly closer to the camera, while the planet is in the background. Yet the moon is still utterly dwarfed by the giant Saturn.
This view looks toward the anti-Saturn side of Tethys. North on Tethys is up and rotated 42 degrees to the right. The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera on April 11, 2015.
The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 75,000 miles (120,000 kilometers) from Tethys. Image scale at Tethys is 4 miles (7 kilometers) per pixel.
The Cassini mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA (the European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, Washington. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado.
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UW News » Science
Environment | News releases | Research | Science
February 20, 2018
A beluga whale pod in the Chukchi Sea.Laura Morse/Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service
Reductions in sea ice in the Arctic have a clear impact on animals such as polar bears that rely on frozen surfaces for feeding, mating and migrating. But sea ice loss is changing Arctic habitat and affecting other species in more indirect ways, new research finds.
Beluga whales that spend summers feeding in the Arctic are diving deeper and longer to find food than in earlier years, when sea ice covered more of the ocean for longer periods, according to a new analysis led by University of Washington researchers. The study, published this month in the journal Diversity and Distributions, is one of the first to consider the indirect effects of sea ice loss on Arctic species that dwell near the ice, but don’t necessarily depend on it for survival.
“I think this paper is novel in that we’re presenting some of the first indirect effects of sea ice loss for an Arctic whale species,” said lead author Donna Hauser, a postdoctoral researcher at the UW’s Polar Science Center and former doctoral student at the School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences. “As changes in sea ice affect oceanographic properties, that could be affecting the distribution, abundance or species composition of prey for belugas.”
Two genetically distinct beluga populations spend winters in the Bering Sea, then swim north in the early summer as sea ice melts and open water allows them passage into the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. There they feast all summer on fish and invertebrates before traveling back south in the fall. Both populations are considered healthy.
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Scientists Sequence a Cereal Killer
Jennifer Martin, CSREES Staff (202) 720-8188
November 2, 2007
By Stacy Kish, CSREES Staff
Important cereal crops, such as wheat and barley, are susceptible to a fungus, called Fusarium graminearum that is responsible for head blight disease. Researchers recently sequenced and annotated the genome of this fungus, shedding light on how it is able to survive in rapidly changing environments. The new knowledge could lead to new ways to combat the harmful pathogen, which has caused more than $10 billion in crop losses over the past 10 years.
USDA scientist H. Corby Kistler, along with Christina Cuomo of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and colleagues at a consortium of universities and labs around the world, used a whole genome shotgun approach, a faster approach that involves shredding and replicating the genome in order to sequence the Fusarium graminearum genome, bypassing the need for a physical map. The scientists found very few repetitive sequences in the genome. Instead, they discovered that most mutations occur at particular points in the genome sequence, specifically associated with plant-fungus interactions. The specific locations of the high sequence diversity in the genome may explain the ability of the fungus to adapt rapidly to changing environments and hosts.
Plant-fungus interaction is like an intricate game of cat and mouse. If the plant can detect the fungus, it can mount a defense and ward off the fungus. However, the newly identified genome sequence is like a closet full of disguises, cloaking the fungus from plant detection. If the fungus can disguise itself and gain access to the plant, it can override the plant's defenses and cause disease.
The growth of this fungus is largely dependent on weather conditions. The fungus thrives in cool wet conditions and infects unsuspecting fields by releasing an assault of pinprick-sized spores. The tiny spores colonize the edible portion of newly emerging plants and grow down through the stalk. Once a fungal mass is established, the fruiting structures of the fungus penetrate the plant's leaves, in effect suffocating the plant. During the winter, the fungus goes dormant in the debris of the withered, bleached heads of the blighted grain. As spring approaches, the cycle begins again.
To date, cultural disease management strategies, such as crop rotation, tillage practices and field sanitation, resulted in partial control. Preventative application of fungicide has also shown moderate disease control.
The recently identified portion of the Fusarium genome is like the game day playbook for fungal attacks on plants. Future work focused on the high sequence diversity may result in environmentally-friendly ways to combat this important agricultural pathogen.
The results of this research study are presented in the September 7, 2007, issue of the journal Science .
The USDA's Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) funded this research project through the NRI Microbial Genomics program. CSREES advances knowledge for agriculture, the environment, human health and well-being, and communities by supporting research, education and extension programs in the Land-Grant University System and other partner organizations. For more information, visit www.csrees.usda.gov. | <urn:uuid:0cc23872-1aab-42a4-a0a6-2a7d81a40ce3> | {
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Written by Russell McLendon, Mother Nature Network
As humans scour the Earth for energy, venturing farther offshore and deeper underground, a new study suggests the answer has been under our noses all along. Rather than chasing finite fossils like oil and coal, it focuses on Earth’s original power plants: plants.
Thanks to eons of evolution, most plants operate at 100 percent quantum efficiency, meaning they produce an equal number of electrons for every photon of sunlight they capture in photosynthesis. An average coal-fired power plant, meanwhile, only operates at about 28 percent efficiency, and it carries extra baggage like mercury and carbon dioxide emissions. Even our best large-scale imitations of photosynthesis — photovoltaic solar panels — typically operate at efficiency levels of just 12 to 17 percent.
But writing in the Journal of Energy and Environmental Science, researchers from the University of Georgia say they’ve found a way to make solar power more effective by mimicking the process nature invented billions of years ago. In photosynthesis, plants use the energy from sunlight to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. This yields electrons, which then help the plant make sugars that fuel its growth and reproduction.
“We have developed a way to interrupt photosynthesis so that we can capture the electrons before the plant uses them to make these sugars,” study co-author and UGA engineering professor Ramaraja Ramasamy says in a press release. “Clean energy is the need of the century. This approach may one day transform our ability to generate cleaner power from sunlight using plant-based systems.”
The secret lies in thylakoids, the membrane-bound sacs inside a plant’s chloroplasts (pictured at right) that capture and store energy from sunlight. By manipulating the proteins inside thylakoids, Ramasamy and his colleagues can interrupt the flow of electrons produced during photosynthesis. They can then restrain the modified thylakoids in a specially designed backing of carbon nanotubes, which captures the plant’s electrons and serves as an electrical conductor, sending them along a wire to be used elsewhere.
Similar systems have been developed before, but Ramasamy’s has so far generated significantly stronger electrical currents, measuring two orders of magnitude larger than previous methods. It’s still far too little power for most commercial uses, he points out, but his team is already working to boost its output and stability.
“In the near term, this technology might best be used for remote sensors or other portable electronic equipment that requires less power to run,” Ramasamy says in a statement. “If we are able to leverage technologies like genetic engineering to enhance stability of the plant photosynthetic machineries, I’m very hopeful that this technology will be competitive to traditional solar panels in the future.”
Although carbon nanotubes are key to this method of harnessing sunlight, they can also have a dark side. The tiny cylinders, which are nearly 50,000 times finer than a human hair, have been implicated as potential health risks for anyone who inhales them, since they can become lodged in the lungs much like asbestos, a known carcinogen. But recent redesigns have reduced their harmful effects on lungs, based on research that shows shorter nanotubes produce less lung irritation than longer fibers do.
“We have discovered something very promising here, and it is certainly worth exploring further,” Ramasamy says of his study. “The electrical output we see now is modest, but only about 30 years ago, hydrogen fuel cells were in their infancy, and now they can power cars, buses and even buildings.”
More from Mother Nature Network:
Solar industry is evolving, experiencing growing pains
New organic solar cells process sunlight as plants do
Algae-powered apartment complex blooms in Hamburg
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Future of Paganism
Niche Religions: Your Own Personal Paganism?
By P. Sufenas Virius Lupus
In "Here, There, and Anywhere," an essay by University of Chicago scholar Jonathan Z. Smith in Prayer, Magic, and the Stars in the Ancient and Late Antique World, many ancient religions (including Christianity and Judaism) were classified along the lines of their primary locus of activity.
"Here" religions are focused upon the domestic sphere and familial concerns (including ancestor worship, fertility, and health/healing). "There" religions are civic, regional, ethnic, or even national, and often are centered in temples and places of pilgrimage, and have established mores and laws associated with them, which can include exclusive membership or access (e.g., only people who were to some extent Greek-speakers could partake in the Eleusinian Mysteries; there was a Greek-specific and a Thracian-specific cult and celebration of the goddess Bendis present in Athens; etc.). "Anywhere" religions tend to be somewhat personal and yet universalizing and communal in their focus, and can be practiced regardless of one's location or origin.
Both Christianity and the Mithraic religion, for example, began as "Anywhere" religions, the latter because its main adherents -- soldiers and merchants -- were often prevented from participating in "Here" and "There" religious activities due to their wide travel and often great distance from their individual domestic or ethnic spheres. As these religions developed, however, they became more and more "There" religions in their focus, with fixed places of worship, community memberships, and orthopraxic spiritual activities.
There is variation observable within these classifications, and a certain degree of crossover between categories within individual religions or discrete religious activities eventually becomes somewhat inevitable. Just as this model can be useful for looking at and understanding the differences between the religions of late European/Mediterranean antiquity, so too can this paradigm be applied to modern forms of Paganism.
Modern forms of Paganism tend to be both "Here" and "Anywhere" in their general orientations. Few Pagans, for example, can be said to take part regularly in large gatherings, and nearly all probably have little access to shared ritual spaces, public temples, or other such phenomena of "There" religions. However, nearly all are likely to have some sort of individual practice that takes place primarily in their own homes on a regular basis, which is often concerned with prosperity, health, well-being, and connecting to one's local landscape, all of which are "Here" religion characteristics. Likewise, many Pagans have been trained in or consider themselves a part of a larger group, coven, theological movement, or tradition, most of which make themselves available to people wherever they might be located and no matter who they may be, thus pointing toward an "Anywhere" orientation.
Certain large groups and organizations (e.g., Circle Sanctuary, Covenant of the Goddess, Fellowship of Isis), national or international traditions (e.g., Feri, various Wiccan lineages, Asatru), as well as certain yearly festivals and activities (e.g., Pagan Spirit Gathering, PantheaCon, Aquarian Tabernacle Church's Spring Mysteries) have many characteristics of "There" religious phenomena, but usually without the emphasis on "purity," strict cultic rules, or ethical requirements (beyond simple ones involving not harming others), and certain other exclusivist tendencies within that variety of spiritual structure. But, what would the ideal balance between or among these religious styles be, particularly as it concerns modern Paganism and its foreseeable future? | <urn:uuid:fdf463ac-6ba6-4e63-bc87-b5df3d7b312e> | {
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(this post was originally published September 11th, 2012)
Species name: Quercus bicolor
Common name: Swamp white oak
I figured that today's blog post should have a special meaning, so the plant of the day is the swamp white oak. It is a native species to southern Ontario, with a species range almost completely overlapping with the previous day's blog, the pin oak. Like the pin oak, the swamp white oak can tolerate being partially submerged during the spring run-off, but unlike the pin oak it can also tolerate being submerged (either temporarily or permanently) during the growing season. Also unlike the pin oak, it is mildly shade tolerant and so is a good competitor in swampy forests.
So what about this blog post has special meaning? Well, as I'm sure everyone is aware, today is the 11th anniversary of the World Trade Centre attacks. While I don't personally know anyone that was in the WTC at the time of the attacks, or even know someone that knows someone that was in the WTC, I do remember my OAC ("grade 13") physics teacher stopping the class and turning on the TV so we could watch the news coverage. I remember the feeling of sadness of all of us in the class, and also the feeling of fear. None of us had ever stopped to think that this kind of thing even happened, let alone anywhere close to us. I won't ever forget where I was on that terrible day in history, and I don't think anyone else will, either. Unfortunately, the devastation of that day still rages on both in mentally in memories and in very physical ways. There are currently hundreds of firefighters and other first responders that are now battling unusual forms of cancer and lung disease because of the fumes they were inhaling while trying to save other peoples' lives. I heard on the news this morning that the American Government has finally agreed to pay for their medical treatment for their various cancers (previously it was limited to lung disease), which is a wonderful piece of news to hear.
In 2003, there was a competition to design a memorial for the former WTC site. The winning design was submitted by Michael Arad and Peter Walker, and includes two reflecting pools, a meeting area in the middle, and a mind-boggling number of trees. The memorial site was finally opened to the public on September 12, 2011, the day after the 10th anniversary dedication ceremony.
So where does the swamp white oak fit into this? Every single tree planted at the memorial site is a hand-picked swamp white oak from NYC and surrounding area. The workers on the site each got to choose a tree and a location to plant it within the memorial site, which ensures and almost "individualization" of each tree. The trees are all different sizes, different stages of maturity, and have different genetic backgrounds which help contribute to a spectacular colour show in the fall (the leaves of the swamp white oak change to yellow, orange or even pink depending on climate, light levels, and genetic background). A very neat idea, to say the least.
May we never forget the lives that we lost that day. If you see a first responder today, whether in NYC or in any other city around the world, thank them for their work. They selflessly put their lives on the line every time they walk into an emergency situation, and for that they should be commended. | <urn:uuid:5ceade10-9392-4143-875f-95955e553c5b> | {
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The Blue Iguana Recovery Programme is celebrating a milestone almost three decades in the making: the release of its 1,000th blue iguana into the wild.
It’s a remarkable achievement, considering just 17 years ago, the blue iguana population was down to around 25 individuals.
Cayman’s iconic blue iguana was teetering on the brink of extinction when Frederic Burton, then of the National Trust, made a bold proposal to a small room full of iguana experts back in 2001.
“We had this big meeting trying to figure out what we’re gonna do to stop this thing from going extinct, and we all came to the conclusion, well, these are the steps, this is the thing, and we need to try and restore 1,000 iguanas in the wild,” said Mr. Burton, former BIRP director.
Almost 18 years later, a goal that may have once seemed insurmountable has been achieved. Mr. Burton released of the 1,000th blue iguana into protected land last week.
“If we hadn’t jumped in at that point they would’ve gone extinct there’s no two ways about it,” said Mr. Burton.
“When we started the breeding program, they estimate that it was about 25 in the wild in total, so at that point they were functionally extinct and we needed human hands in order to bring the population back up,” said Blue Iguana Recovery Programme Operations Manager Nick Ebanks.
He told Cayman 27 that the hands-on work must continue to secure the species’ future.
“We still have increased development out in East End. We have dogs, we have cats, we had a recent bacteria which we think we might be over with but at the end of the day we don’t really know, so there always has to be someone there, vigilant, making sure that these guys are OK,” said Mr. Ebanks.
While Mr. Burton told Cayman 27 literally hundreds of individual entities and organisations, including the National Trust and the International Reptile Conservation Foundation all played a part in the blue iguana’s remarkable conservation success story, he says it’s an effort best not replicated for other endangered species.
“I think the key take-home message is that it is really really hard and it takes a lot of effort and a lot of money to bring a species back from the very brink of extinction, it is much smarter and much more efficient to take steps before gets to that stage,” he stressed.
He told Cayman 27 with a milestone reached, these iconic blue iguanas will endure to cast their charm on another generation of Cayman people.
“They are interesting. They live these complicated social lives, so we can identify with them,” said Mr. Burton.
The Blue Iguana Recovery Programme said the breeding programme will continue, but with a focus on maximising the genetic diversity within the wild blue iguana population. | <urn:uuid:04963e67-5734-4934-bd90-01c9a4e29396> | {
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The Colorado River has supported Native people in the West since time immemorial. Over the past century, more people and more demands have been placed on this vital—but limited—resource. There are 29 federally recognized tribes in the basin that depend on the waters of the Colorado River and its tributaries for many purposes, including irrigation, recreation, domestic, commercial, wildlife, instream flows, habitat restoration, municipal, industrial, mining, power generation, cultural and religious activities. The tribes hold a significant amount of water rights, many of which are the most senior in the basin. Those rights must be protected so that the tribes can continue their existing uses and develop new opportunities for this valuable asset. Our common challenge is to find ways to secure and enhance access to safe, reliable water supplies for the tribes in the face of fiscal challenges and a changing climate.
In recent decades, negotiation and implementation of tribal water rights settlements has been the key to securing water supplies that have been lacking for tribes across the West. We have learned that only by working together we can promote prosperity in Indian Country and in surrounding communities.
Today, the Colorado River is experiencing the worst drought in a century and one of the worst in over a thousand years. As we look ahead, we recognize that a growing imbalance between water supply and demand and competing needs will require that we carefully manage every drop of this precious resource. Leaders within Indian Country and within the Colorado River Ten Tribes Partnership are helping to develop a roadmap for the future of the basin. Navigating that roadmap requires collaboration, research, adoption of best practices, and commitment for this basin to thrive despite the challenges we face.
Working strongly in our favor is the recent collaboration with all of the basin’s stakeholders, including tribal nations, individual tribal leaders, governments and public interest groups since December of 2012, when Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation released the Colorado River Basin Water Supply and Demand Study. The study confirms that, without future actions, the basin faces a range of potential imbalances between supply and demand. The water challenges facing the Southwest will affect us all, but it is critically important that we continue to honor our commitments to tribal nations.
The time to move forward in Indian country is now. Interior recently announced the next steps we will take together to address the long-term water challenges identified in the Basin Study. One of the most important next steps is for Reclamation to focus on Tribal water issues and needs.
Indian tribes and tribal leaders will be key players in developing the tribal basin study and through it, the path to a sustainable water future. Interior and Reclamation are committed to jointly working with the Ten Tribes Partnership and other interested tribes at the regional and local level on these complex issues. For example, the Inter Tribal Council of Arizona offered several issues for consideration in the study. Interior and the Partnership are building upon their collaborative relationship – allocating financial resources and technical expertise to this important effort.
The future of the Colorado River Basin cannot be charted without the participation of its first people. The Department of the Interior is deeply committed to partnering with tribal leaders to ensure future generations can continue to live and work in and enjoy this diverse and unique basin in the years and decades ahead.
Anne Castle is the assistant secretary of the Interior for Water and Science. T. Darryl Vigil is a member of the Jicarilla Apache Nation and Chairman of the Colorado River Basin Ten Tribes Partnership. For more on the Ten Tribes Partnership, visit www.cruwa.org/colorado-river/ten-tribes. | <urn:uuid:d6230ded-0055-4980-9457-669b47d55dca> | {
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Weird things are happening off the Pacific Coast.
And at the center of the action is a warm-water mass that scientists call “the blob.”
It’s turning the coastal ecosystem on its head. Species are dying along Washington, Oregon and northern California: sea stars, marine birds and sardines, among them.
It started in the fall of 2013 when the Gulf of Alaska’s usual winter storms didn’t show up to cool down the Pacific.
That gave rise to an expanse of warmer water, according to Bill Peterson of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
And it has spread. By last summer the blob had consumed the entire North Pacific from California to Canada. A few months later it had touched the West Coast shore. Now it spans 2,000 miles from Baja, Mexico to Alaska, stretching 500 miles wide.
It’s hard to get away from something that big, and while some species are dying, others are behaving strangely.
Tropical plankton are showing up for the first time. Native plankton are breeding much later. Brown pelicans are refusing to mate at all. And toxic algal blooms are spreading rapidly, at times shutting down commercial and recreational fishing.
The blob isn’t responsible for all of the strange happenings, though. The cyclical warm-water weather event El Niño is back on the California coast, and it looks as strong as its last severe episode in 1997. That makes this a double whammy for experts trying to get to the bottom of these habitat changes. And that’s leaving out the climate change variable, which may or may not be related to both events.
Basically, it’s not just a bunch of anomalies anymore. Scientists say these occurrences are part of a rapidly changing ecosystem. In other words, it’s the new normal. And rather than try to prevent something that’s already here, ocean and fishery management has to evolve with it.
Steve Marx, a Pacific Ocean conservationist at Pew Charitable Trusts, put it this way: Scientists typically look at things like commercial fishing pressure and ocean conditions to predict population cycles. Those models aren’t working anymore.
“Everything we know about (forecasting) is getting thrown out the window,” he said. “So, yes. Crazy things.”
What happened after the blob arrived and started to spread had never been seen before. It brought new visitors to the Northwest: tropical copepods.
Peterson, who teaches oceanography at Oregon State University, said they’re beautiful but they’re causing problems for predators. The tropical plankton are not as fatty as the native plankton, and predators are passing on them. Meanwhile, the native, cold-water plankton started breeding late this year and their population has dropped below normal.
Scientists also are noticing that krill, another bottom-of-the-chain prey, have been largely absent this year.
Jaime Jahncke, a biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, said during a research cruise off San Francisco a few weeks ago his team found few adult krill, mostly just juveniles. Data isn’t out yet for Alaskan krill, but scientists say it’s likely the same situation.
There’s speculation that the blob is sending them away, but no one knows enough to confirm it.
Meanwhile, Jahncke and his team are seeing more tropical species, such as sunfish.
He called it a perpetuation of the warm water conditions.
In a separate development, humpback whales reportedly have been spotted this week hanging out in the mouth of the Columbia River near Astoria, presumably for the anchovies. That’s odd because humpbacks, unlike gray whales, are not known for swimming near shore.
The blob might also be to blame for a major die-off of Cassin’s auklets this past winter.
From California to Canada – but mostly in Oregon – beachgoers have reported hundreds of the small seabirds had washed ashore. By January, that number reached tens of thousands. That’s 100 times more than their average mortality rate.
Julia Parrish, a professor of aquatic and fishery sciences at the University of Washington, tracked the die-off and said one theory is that the birds had a particularly good breeding season, which made it harder for juveniles competing for food.
But it also might be the blob. Parrish said it’s possible the auklets didn’t want to eat the tropical plankton.
“There’s reason to believe that basically what was happening was suddenly the grocery store was full of all sorts of different food, and maybe the food wasn’t so good,” she said.
Peterson, on the other hand, theorized that because the seabirds can’t dive deeper than 40 meters, perhaps they couldn’t reach their prey, which would seek cooler water below the blob at 80 meters.
Then you’ve got the massive sea star die-off. Thousands of sea stars are turning to goo from a virus. Not that warm water is the cause, but it’s certainly known for spreading the rate of infection.
Not everything can be attributed to the blob, however. Sometimes it’s people.
U.S. officials say the nation accounts for 87 percent of all sardine fishing in North America. Supposedly Mexico catches 13 percent and Canada catches none. But Canadians disagree with that assessment, insisting they net a significant share.
The fact the countries disagree points to part of the problem. No one group is accurately tracking the catches. Which helps explain the fact that there’s also no standard for how many sardines trawlers can catch.
Though these forage fish normally do well in warm water, cooler water conditions before the blob arrived had brought their population down.
Combine that with overfishing, and the Pacific sardine population collapsed. According to the National Marine Fisheries Service, the West Coast Pacific sardine population has decreased 90 percent since 2007. That’s the lowest it’s been in decades.
That has spelled disaster for species dependent on sardines. Sea lion pups are starving and brown pelicans are refusing to mate.
And what about the salmon? They feed on sardines, too.
Salmon are a whole topic unto themselves. Populations have been suffering die-offs almost all summer in Oregon, mostly because of warm water in the Columbia River and its tributaries. The biggest mystery has been the disappearance of at least 250,000 sockeye traveling up the river out of an expected return of 500,000.
Ben Enticknap, a senior scientist at the international research group Oceana, said much of this problem is manmade because dams have hampered migration and, in some cases, blocked access to historical spawning grounds.
All this presents a conundrum for scientists.
“What do you do?” Enticknap said. “Do you ignore it and do nothing and just wait to respond to endangered species listings and extinction events? Or do you become more proactive?”
Marx, the Pew Charitable Trusts conservationist, said scientists generally focus on species as separate problems. But if you focus on one, you need to look at how it affects its relationship with other species. For example, if a conservationist is studying a struggling salmon species, Marx said, it’s important to also look at the fish the salmon is eating and the bird that’s eating the salmon.
“The one takeaway message we would have is … the need to manage and think of things in a bigger, multi-species ecosystem approach,” he said.
The Pacific Fishery Management Council, he said, is doing just that. With representatives from Washington, Oregon, California and Idaho, the largely government-appointed council is responsible for regional fishery management.
In 2013, the council adopted its Fishery Ecosystem Plan to incorporate more ecosystem science and management policies. It doesn’t necessarily wait for “perfect” science to consider action.
One of the first steps the council took was to address the sardine issue. All fishing is halted for the rest of this season and the next. New fisheries can’t be developed, either, until there is more science on how to sustain it.
Enticknap, a conservation adviser on the ecosystem advisory panel, called it a progressive move.
“For the longest time, fisheries would just start up and then people would be reacting to a collapse to overfishing, and this is reversing that whole concept.”
Other organizations have launched related efforts.
Oceana is working to protect seafloor habitats from trawling. Enticknap said when large fishing nets are dragged across the ocean floor, coral and sponges are knocked over or caught by accident.
At OSU, researchers are asking volunteers to run climate models on their computers to understand the blob’s origin and whether it’s a symptom of climate change.
And the state Legislature approved protected marine areas in Oregon, such as Cascade Head, Cape Perpetua and Redfish Rocks. These areas are open to recreational use, but not commercial fishing.
One thing to keep in mind, though, is that not all species are struggling. Sometimes when one suffers, another prospers.
Marx said hake, or Pacific whiting, is relatively abundant at the moment.
The oceanographic climate shift, he said, “is good for some things. It’s bad for a lot of other things.”
— Tara Kulash
–From The Oregonian | <urn:uuid:1ba41d18-6f68-4465-9fde-c59c6d6b0d87> | {
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Lorenz Roth, Joachim Saur and colleagues used the Hubble Space Telescope to measure ultraviolet emissions from Europa, and saw hydrogen and oxygen concentrations consistent with 120-mile-high water vapor plumes. The density of the water vapor represents an intermediate case between plumes previously observed on the nearby moon Io and the low-gravity outpouring of water vapor at Saturn’s small moon Enceladus. The water content in Europa’s plumes is 10 to 100 times higher than what exists in the moon’s tenuous atmosphere, and seems to be located in regions where tidal stress is strongest. The height of the plumes suggests the kind of violent supersonic eruption velocities that scientists have seen on Enceladus. What’s significant, though, is that Europa is a much larger moon, and is one of the likeliest spots in the solar system to find life.
The tidal flexing of Europa’s icy crust is readily visible in its cracked-eggshell-like surface. Most scientists believe there’s a large liquid water ocean under that shell. If the new evidence of water plumes is confirmed by future studies, it would make an even stronger case for a large subsurface reservoir of water. Not that many scientists question it. Controversy in recent years has focused more on how thick the ice shell is above Europa’s ocean. The new Hubble results suggest that at least in some areas the ice crust is extremely thin—a notion already supported by the moon’s so-called Chaos Region (below), which looks like drifting icebergs in the Arctic ocean.
For years, scientists have thought we would have to send a “cryobot” probe down through the thick ice shell to find out. If the new results are confirmed, this may no longer be necessary. Instead we would send a lander to the bottom of one of the plumes, and simply collect any erupting material that falls back to the surface. There we might find fresh fossilized life encased in ice, especially if we can sample it before Jupiter’s harsh radiation destroys it. We might even find preserved viable cells if we sample beneath the radiation-altered surface. This is a much easier engineering task than melting or drilling through miles of ice. With this new finding, the astrobiological exploration of Europa may have just gotten much easier. | <urn:uuid:fdffc2bb-6e42-4d2f-9e95-7d5d05f7e6cb> | {
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When Optics goes Atomic
Single-molecule optomechanics in “picocavities”
An international team with the participation of the Center for Materials Physics in San Sebastián (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and DIPC have created the smallest lens in the world, capable of concentrating light down to dimensions of an atom. Researchers have used gold nanoparticles as focusing lenses that allow to flex individual chemical bonds in molecules.
An artistic composition that shows the effect of light focusing on the daily dimensions of a bulb, down to the atomic dimensions where once localized, it can flex the bond of a single molecule nearby. (Credit: Univ. Cambridge/Bart de Nijs)
For centuries, scientists believed that light couldn’t be focussed down smaller than its wavelength, just under a millionth of a meter. Now researchers from the Center of Materials Physics in San Sebastián (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and DIPC, in collaboration with the University of Cambridge, have created the world’s smallest magnifying-glass which focuses light a billion times more tightly, down to the scale of single atoms.
“Our theoretical models suggested that atoms might act as tiny lightning rods that could localize light to the atomic scale”, continues Prof. Javier Aizpurua who led the theoretical effort of this work, at the Center for Materials Physics in San Sebastian, that predicted the confinement and interaction of light on such tiny length scales.
The experimental team in Cambridge used highly conductive gold nanoparticles to make the world’s tiniest optical cavity, so small that only a single molecule can fit within it, opening up new ways to study the interaction of light and matter. The cavity –called a ‘pico-cavity’ by the researchers – consists of a bump in a gold nanostructure the size of a single atom, and confines light to less than a billionth of a metre. The results are reported in the journal Science.
In the same way, as a hand plucks the strings of a guitar, the energy of light can activate the vibrations of a particular bond in a molecule. This phenomenon is called optomechanical interaction, and in this work, the researchers have achieved that light localized at the picocavity can “pluck” the vibrations of a nearby molecule. This can be understood as the tiniest guitar in the world, a “molecular guitar” activated by light. This molecular optomechanical interaction can be used to switch optical signals, i.e. to “play” particular notes in the molecular “guitar”: certain light plays some notes, and others are not capable to activate them, thus allowing for switching the molecular signal with light at the tiniest scale, the atomic scale.
Building nanostructures with single atom control is extremely challenging and it required cooling the samples to -260°C in order to freeze the scurrying gold atoms. The researchers shone laser light on the sample to build the pico-cavities, allowing them to watch single atom movement in real time. Single gold atoms behave just like tiny metallic basketballs that trap light thanks to the behavior of their electrons roaming around. They used this to blend light together with mechanical springs based on single vibrating bonds, which allows molecular motion to be used for tiny switches. The optomechanical interaction in the tiniest picocavities was reported by monitoring the anti-Stokes signal of a single molecule. The quadratic evolution of the anti-Stokes signal is a clear fingerprint of the effect of vibrational pumping of the molecule’s vibration induced by the picocavity (see Figure B).
The control of molecular vibrations in nanoscale environments has the potential to open a whole new field of light-catalyzed chemical reactions, allowing complex molecules to be built from smaller components, as well as make new opto-mechanical devices.
Figure: (A) Artistic composition that shows a molecule in the proximity of a “picocavity” where the field of a plasmonic nanoparticle is focused down to the atomic scale, producing effects of molecular optomechanical coupling. The blue spheres represent atoms of a metallic lattice in a nanoparticle and the local field distribution is represented with red and green colors depending on the intensity of the field, according to ab-inition calculations of the atomic-scale localization of the optical response. (B) Evolution of the anti-Stokes intensity (black line and symbols) of the 1160cm-1 vibration of a biphenyl-4-thiol molecule in a monolayer located in a plasmonic picocavity, as a function of the incident laser power. A quadratic dependence of the aS signal is observed. The corresponding phonon population evolution is depicted in orange.
The research is funded in part by the excellence scientific and technological research program of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, FIS2013-41184-P), the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) investment in the Cambridge NanoPhotonics Centre, as well as the European Research Council (ERC), and the Winton Programme for the Physics of Sustainability. | <urn:uuid:d7b59580-e529-4cfc-832b-b07071a03c24> | {
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Notice the signs and symptoms of abuse before it is too late.
Millions of people go to the doctor every year and receive prescriptions for medications to alleviate symptoms that interfere with their daily lives. However, these life-saving medications are also incredibly dangerous if used incorrectly.
Intentional or accidental abuse of prescription drugs can occur with or without an actual prescription if taken in a dosage or by a method other than what was prescribed. In fact, some people use them for non-medical reasons to seek out the feelings and sensations they can cause when taken in high doses.
This guide was created to help you catch the warning signs of prescription drug abuse in your loved ones – or yourself – before it is too late to get help. This guide discusses the risk factors of addiction, the general warning signs of drug abuse, and specific addiction indicators for many commonly-abused prescription drugs.
- The Risk Factors – Why do some people become addicted to prescription pills while others do not? Learn more about the risk factors for developing a problem.
- Behavioral Changes – Most are not able to completely hide an addiction, but are still likely to try to hide it. Although minor, these signals may indicate of a deeper problem.
- Physical Symptoms – Most commonly abused drugs broken down by the physical symptoms of abuse to help you better identify what medication they may be misusing.
- How You Can Help – If you are concerned that a loved one might be abusing prescription drugs or might be at risk for developing a problem, there are ways you can help.
How Can So Many Be Abusing Prescription Drugs?
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) reports that in 2014, 15 million people used prescription drugs non-medically, which indicates a growing social issue in the United States. The same report also found that the only substances that are abused more frequently are alcohol and marijuana. This problem is snowballing due to increased availability of these drugs, less oversight on inappropriate prescriptions, and drug users’ perception that the drugs are not as dangerous as they actually are.
Because these drugs are prescribed by doctors, who are highly respected professionals in our society, people tend to perceive them as less harmful than they potentially can be. There are a number of judgment biases in the field of psychology that explain how perceptions of prescription pills become warped in the minds of their users. Prescription drug users may suffer from the risk compensation effect, believing their drug to be safe because they have a prescription from a doctor. They believe they can appreciate the drug for its sensational effects instead of its assistance in daily functionality and adjust their dosage as they please.
“Nobody knew how bad John’s addiction was, until it was too late”
This cycle becomes an easy transition to addiction. For example, the Partnership for Drug-Free Kids shared the story of John who fell victim to drug abuse when he was prescribed Vicodin for a back injury.
He was taking 30-40 pills a day until the stress became too much for his body. His mother had no idea he was addicted to his medication until she admitted him to the hospital shortly before he died of multiple organ failure. Sharing John’s story, she said, “Because he falsely believed he could handle abusing drugs, and because of the embarrassment that he felt, he never asked for help.”
The Risk Factors
The line between drug use and abuse is very thin, and most of the time people cross it without realizing they have done so. As with any drug, tolerance to prescription pills can increase, and the drug user may in turn increase their intake over time. Although some escalate their usage simply because of tolerance issues, others may do so because they find that their prescription pills fill needs other than their intended use.
Some find that their pills allow for easier and more fluid social connections because their inhibitions are lowered and their confidence is artificially inflated. If someone is trying prescription drugs among a group of people taking them recreationally, they may be succumbing to the pressure of fitting in. A person who deals with chronic pain, constant panic attacks, or any other debilitating physical or mental health issue may find themselves taking more pills to cope.
Why do some people become addicted while others are able to quit taking prescription pills? While the full answer to this question is complex, there are certain life factors that predispose someone toward abuse of drugs. If the drug user has previously experimented with drugs, they are more likely to abuse their prescription.
Other factors include:
- Mental disorders such as depression or anxiety
- Living in poverty
- Family history of addiction
- Suffered from Abuse, neglect or other trauma
Less severe risk factors include drug availability (how easy the drug is to obtain), aggressive behavior as a child, major life changes or transitions, and association with other drug users. These risk factors should not be taken as definitive signs that a person will abuse drugs, however. Many people who have several of these risk factors will never face addiction issues, and many people who do not have any of these risk factors will.
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Whether or not these issues play a part in your loved one’s life, there are certain behavioral signs to watch for if you suspect an addiction to prescription drugs is forming. Most users are not able to completely hide a severe addiction, but they are still likely to try to hide their abuse, so these minor signals may indicate that more investigation is needed.
Keep an eye out for these behavioral changes:
- Your loved one becomes more irritable or exhibits sudden mood swings or personality change without an obvious cause.
- They become forgetful or clumsy when it is out of their nature.
- They skip work, class, or other regular activities, or their performance in these areas suffers.
- They lie, become more deceitful, and/or avoid eye contact.
- They lose interest in personal appearance and/or things they once loved.
- They have either a major loss or increase in appetite.
- They have an extreme and sudden change in their choice of friends and hang-out locations.
- They are suddenly asking to borrow money or have extra money with no obvious source.
- They become angry and abusive, or engage in reckless behavior.
The Physical Symptoms
Some drug abusers display these behaviors, but some don’t. In either case, it is beneficial to know what physical symptoms to watch out for. If they have a prescription, the physical symptoms will likely be easier to spot because you may know what drug they are abusing. If they don’t have a prescription, we have broken down the physical symptoms by drug in the sections that follow to help you better identify what medication they may be misusing.
Opioid Pain Relievers
Opioid pain relievers are one of the most commonly abused prescription drugs. They are prescribed to treat both short- and long-term conditions such as surgery recovery and cancer. These drugs often contain or go by the name of codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, fentanyl, or morphine. They have the tendency to be abused because they make the user feel relaxed and intensely happy. Physical symptoms to watch out for include:
- Confusion and lack of coordination
- Lowered blood pressure
- Dry mouth
- Weakness, dizziness, sleepiness
- Constricted pupils
- Watery or droopy eyes
- Nausea, vomiting, and constipation
- Respiratory depression (inadequate ventilation)
- Sleep deprivation or “nodding”
- Slow, slurred speech
- Slow gait
- Dry skin, itching, or skin infections
- Constant flu-like symptoms
- Bruises or “track marks” (if injecting)
Depressants are also known as sedatives, sleep aids, tranquilizers, and barbiturates. They are often prescribed to treat anxiety, sleep disorders, and panic attacks. The user may feel a sense of well-being, intense happiness, and/or excitement when using and abusing these types of prescription drugs. Some physical effects to watch out for include:
- Decreased attention span
- Impaired judgment
- Lack of coordination/dizziness
- Lowered blood pressure
- Memory problems
- Slurred speech
- Respiratory depression
- Slowed reflexes
Stimulants cause the messages between the body and the brain to move faster so they make the user more alert and physically active. They are prescribed to treat attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD or ADHD), obesity, and narcolepsy. Some of the most commonly-used medications are Adderall, Ritalin, and Concerta. The user experiences increased alertness, attention, mood, and energy.
- Loss of appetite or weight loss
- Memory loss and problems thinking clearly
- External indications of mood or emotional problems (aggressive or violent behavior)
- High body temperature and skin flushing
- Anxiety and delusions
- Dilated pupils
- Sweating, shaking or tremors
- Restlessness and hyperactivity
- Paranoia or nervousness
- Increased blood pressure, heart rate, or irregular heartbeat
- Repetitive behaviors
What To Do If You Are Concerned For A Loved One
First of all, do not feel guilty or responsible for your loved one’s behavior. Addiction is a mental illness and nobody is “to blame” when it happens. The most important thing is to recognize when there is a problem and address it immediately.
Tell them your concerns in a loving and non-judgmental way, listing specific examples of their behavior that worries you. Avoid threats, preaching, punishment, bribes, and emotional appeals. These methods will increase the guilt and shame in your loved one, which will only serve to increase their prescription drug abuse. Admitting that they have a problem and taking responsibility for their actions are the first steps on the road to recovery, and offers you both a chance to work toward a solution.
Don’t Wait Until It’s Too Late To Recognize A Problem
If you suspect someone you know is abusing prescription drugs, the first thing you should do is talk to them. Don’t wait until their symptoms become severe! Contact us at DrugRehab.org for guidance and get you the best help possible.
- SAMHSA – Prescription Drug Misuse and Abuse
- BMJ Journals – Risk compensation theory should be subject to systematic reviews of the scientific evidence
- DrugFree.org – Medicine Abuse Project, Helping an Adult Family Member or Friend with a Drug or Alcohol Addiction
- Psychology Today – Addiction as Self-Medication
- Mayo Clinic – Drug Addiction
- National Institute On Drug Abuse – Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents
- MedlinePlus – Substance Use: Prescription Drugs | <urn:uuid:ab2a9984-7b94-42b4-9c76-3f254c9d7445> | {
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The weird hexagon swirling around Saturn's north pole is much taller than scientists had thought, a new study suggests.
Researchers have generally regarded the 20,000-mile-wide (32,000 kilometers) hexagon — a jet stream composed of air moving at about 200 mph (320 km/h) — as a lower-atmosphere phenomenon, restricted to the clouds of Saturn's troposphere.
But the bizarre structure actually extends about 180 miles (300 km) above those cloud tops, up into the stratosphere, at least during the northern spring and summer, a new study suggests. [Stunning Photos: Saturn's Weird Hexagon Vortex Storms]
The hexagon, which surrounds a smaller circular vortex situated at the north pole, has existed for at least 38 years; NASA's Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft spotted the sharp-cornered feature when they flew by Saturn in 1980 and 1981, respectively.
Scientists started to get much more detailed looks at the hexagon in 2004, when NASA's Cassini spacecraft began orbiting the ringed planet. But Cassini's hexagon observations were pretty much confined to the troposphere for a decade after its arrival; springtime didn't come to Saturn's north until 2009, and low temperatures in the stratosphere continued to compromise measurements by the probe's Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) instrument for another five years.
"We were able to use the CIRS instrument to explore the northern stratosphere for the first time from 2014 onwards," study co-author Sandrine Guerlet of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique in France, said in a statement from the European Space Agency (ESA).
Those observations have now been newly analyzed. And they revealed a surprise: the presence of a familiar shape high above the clouds.
"As the polar vortex became more and more visible, we noticed it had hexagonal edges, and realized that we were seeing the pre-existing hexagon at much higher altitudes than previously thought," Guerlet added.
The formation of a stratospheric hexagon appears to be tied to the warming brought on by the change of seasons, the research team wrote in the new study. Indeed, Cassini spied a vortex high above the south pole during its early years at Saturn, when that hemisphere was enjoying summer. (Saturn takes 30 Earth years to orbit the sun, so seasons on the ringed planet last about 7.5 years apiece.)
But the southern stratospheric vortex wasn't hexagonal. And neither, for that matter, is the vortex that spins around the south pole lower down, in the tropospheric clouds, the researchers said.
"This could mean that there's a fundamental asymmetry between Saturn's poles that we're yet to understand, or it could mean that the north polar vortex was still developing in our last observations and kept doing so after Cassini's demise," study lead author Leigh Fletcher, of the University of Leicester in England, said in the same statement.
That demise came on Sept. 15, 2017, when mission team members steered Cassini into a fiery death in Saturn's atmosphere. The long-lived orbiter was low on fuel, and the team wanted to make sure Cassini never contaminated the Saturn moons Titan and Enceladus — both of which may be capable of supporting life as we know it — with microbes from Earth.
The asymmetry between north and south is just one vortex-related mystery that scientists are chewing on. Another is the northern feature's striking shape: It's unclear why the jet stream should form into a hexagon. Earth's jet stream has done no such thing, for example.
The $3.9 billion Cassini mission — a joint effort of NASA, ESA and the Italian Space Agency — also dropped a lander called Huygens onto Titan's surface in January 2005. As the new study shows, data gathered during the mission could still help solve some of the ringed planet's perplexing mysteries, even though Huygens and the Cassini orbiter are no longer with us.
"The Cassini spacecraft continued to provide new insights and discoveries right up to the very end. Without a capable spacecraft like Cassini, these mysteries would have remained unexplored," ESA Cassini-Huygens project scientist Nicolas Altobelli said in the same statement. "It shows just what can be accomplished by an international team sending a sophisticated robotic explorer to a previously unexplored destination — with results that keep flowing even when the mission itself has ended."
The new study was published online Monday (Sept. 3) in the journal Nature Communications. | <urn:uuid:d8da5b05-4e73-4fe5-8b97-978fe22a4108> | {
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by Marc Massa
The worldwide energy crisis in the early 1970s changed the glass industry forever, as architects, builders and homeowners began to look beyond the appearance of windows and consider the profound effect that glass coatings and window designs can have on annual energy costs. In both residential and commercial applications, consumers began looking for a reliable measure of energy efficiencyas well as a way to differentiate among the relatively limited selection of products available. The glass industry introduced a number of innovative technologiesincluding high-performance reflective coatingsto answer the new need for energy-saving products.
As the global economy improved in the early 1980s, concerns about energy efficiency remained, and glass manufacturers continued efforts to develop innovative technologies and processes that would maximize window performance.
Low-emissivity coatings were one of the biggest developments in the flat glass industry during the last decade. "Low-E" coatings enable homeowners and commercial architects to cut heating costs by reflecting radiant furnace heat back into the buildings interior. In addition, these coatings reduce condensation levels by increasing the glass temperature.
Today, low-E glass is more readily available than ever beforeand is widely used in both new construction and replacement windows. In fact, research conducted by AFG Industries indicates that low-emissivity glass is used in 37 percent of new starter homesand in 61 percent of luxury homes. It is also widely used to maximize year-round energy efficiency in commercial buildings across North America.
During the 1990s, glass manufacturers have responded to the ever-increasing demand for low-E glass by developing and marketing a wide array of products, with different coatings aimed at achieving different performance characteristics. However, the wealth of product options in the marketplace today means consumers are still faced with energy-efficiency measures and performance factors that are often confusing.
The truth is, the modern window marketplace is confusing for a good reason: There is no single product that is best for every application. Instead of shopping in a "one product fits all" marketplace, consumers can choose from a plethora of good products and a variety of energy-efficient solutions based on what is right for their needs. While this is an obvious benefit for both the glass industry and consumers, it can make choosing the "best" product rather complicated.
In order to ensure that customers are using "low-E" products effectively, glass manufacturers and window fabricators need to educate homeowners and commercial architects about energy-efficiency issues. Customers need to understand that choosing the "best" window is based on their own unique climate, annual BTU requirements, and aesthetic considerationsinstead of universal energy-efficiency standards that may govern their selection of other products.
For example, passive solar energy is a "free" energy resource that can reduce heating costs during winter monthsand consumers in northern areas should choose glass products that permit maximum solar heat gain. In these cooler climates, pyrolytic low-E products block 71 percent of radiant furnace heat from escaping a building in winter, while allowing 72 percent of available solar heat to enter.
While pyrolytic products traditionally have been viewed as better suited to northern regions, new technologies enable sputter-coated products to achieve high solar heat gain coefficients as wellmaking them energy efficient in these areas.
Conversely, consumers in more southern regions should select glass products that minimize solar heat gain, to keep annual cooling costs low. Generally speaking, sputter-coated glass products block more solar heat than pyrolytic coatings, making these products ideal for areas with warm temperatures year-round. But, again, technology innovations enable pyrolytic products to perform well in these regions.
A basic rule for consumers to remember is this: In northern climates, high passive solar heat gain ratings are important, while products with lower solar heat gain ratings are better suited to southern regions. Low-E ratingswhich reflect heat transfer rates between interior and exterior spacesare desirable in all areas of North America.
With the wide array of energy-efficient, low-E products available, consumers have never been in a better position to make smart choices and lower their annual energy bills. We in the glass industry need to communicate the differences among products, and ensure that builders, architects, and homeowners understand how year-round efficiency is truly achieved.
While many industries have adopted universal standards and can endorse clear-cut performance measures, the glass industry needs to recognize the differences among different regions and varying climatesand help end-users make intelligent product choices. The good news is that with the wealth of products available today, every consumer can achieve maximum energy efficiency and benefit from the highest-quality glass products ever available.
Marc Massa is director, product sales and marketing for AFG Industries in Kingsport, TN. With nine manufacturing facilities located across North America, AFG is one of the few manufacturers that provides both pyrolytic and sputter-coated products.
AFG Industries recently launched Comfort TiŽ low-E glass. This new sputter-coated product uses a base coat of ultrahard titanium to achieve record-low emissivity ratings and excellent passive solar heat gain rates. The company says the glass is a particularly good choice for residential windows and patio doors in northern climateswhere it helps maximize furnace efficiency during colder months. It adds that Comfort Ti is a product of the "Twin Mag" process, which achieves superior hardness and thermal performance.
Š Copyright 1998 Key Communications, Inc. All rights reserved. No reproduction of any type without expressed written permission. | <urn:uuid:8b53181d-7c4b-44f6-930c-108393a7215b> | {
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In the latest update to his e-text “Searchlights and Sunglasses,” author Eric Newton highlights important tools that help journalists mine public data. Here’s one way of introducing open data in the classroom.
The students in the introductory journalism course at the University of Wisconsin-Madison always respond with a collective groan when we arrive at “data week” on the syllabus.
They went into journalism for words, not numbers, they say. They’re not even sure they have Excel on their laptop, they say. They just aren’t comfortable with data, they say.
And even after they complete our data-driven assignment, those sentiments still hold true for many. The difference between those who change their tune and those who would still rather write a 1,000-word story than sort a spreadsheet is that some students begin to see the power of data.
It was data that helped Washington Post journalists uncover how some investors were using predatory debt collection practices to take away debtors’ homes and then flip those homes for profit.
It was data that allowed the Las Vegas Sun to figure out that hundreds of deaths in a single year were due to preventable mistakes — a discovery that prompted Nevada to pass several new health transparency bills.
It was data that ProPublica used to track government spending on construction and recovery after Hurricane Sandy devastated the East Coast.
Thinking About Data as Clues
Data gets a lot more interesting to students when they stop thinking about it as numbers and start thinking about it as clues — clues that could help uncover important trends, reveal wrongdoing or simply provide the public with information it needs to know.
In “Searchlights and Sunglasses,” Newton points out that journalists who “embrace data find rich returns in readership.” But even as learning how to manage data proves to be a worthwhile investment, it is still an investment — one that students do not appear to readily buy into.
One tool that might convince young journalism scholars to buy into the power of data is a tool Newton mentions in his book: FollowTheMoney.org.
Follow The Money is an effort by the National Institute on Money in State Politics to make information about election spending available to the public. It provides data on election spending from 2000 and beyond, allowing users to look at both those who donate (e.g. individuals, industries) and those who receive campaign contributions (e.g. PACs, candidates, parties). Plus, it’s free.
Campaign finance isn’t exactly an issue that sparks enthusiasm among budding journalists, but Follow the Money makes a dense topic easy to navigate. That’s something that could help students build a healthy relationship with data, as they see that something that initially looks daunting is actually quite straightforward.
Followthemoney.org student assignment
Feel free to borrow or modify any portion of this three-part assignment. Part one covers the basics of data gathering-and-interpreting, whereas parts two and three ask students to do a bit more advanced work with data.
- The first part of the assignment is a worksheet that guides students through the basics of working with FollowtheMoney.org. It asks them specific questions and shows them, generally, where to find the answers. This should give them some confidence in using the site, which is generally navigable. After answering the questions posed in the worksheet, the students are asked to craft two leads based on two different facts discovered during the guided tour.
- If the students are up for a challenge, the assignment might be followed with instructions for them to use FollowtheMoney.org to search and find interesting data that is not mentioned in the guided worksheet. They might create one or several leads based on that information, or write a short, 300-word story based on one compelling trend they identify.
- And if the students really want to see what they can do with data, a third part of the assignment might be to find 10 points of interest about election money in 2014 and create an infographic using that information. We have used Infogr.am for infographic assignments in the past, though students report that Piktochart is equally useful. The finished product might look something like this infographic about health spending in California that uses data from Followthemoney.org.
Mallory Perryman is a doctoral student at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and serves as the lead teaching assistant for J202: Mass Communication Practices, the first course students complete once admitted to the journalism program. She completed her undergraduate and master’s studies at the Missouri School of Journalism.
Eric Newton and EdShift curator Katy Culver will be presenting Thursday, Oct. 30, at the University of Missouri’s Reynolds Journalism Institute, covering “Green Shoots in Journalism Education.” Sign up for the livestream to learn more about positive curriculum, course and assignment innovations, including incorporating social media. | <urn:uuid:7bb4e3d9-9da5-4855-9a14-ed5518035a47> | {
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By Mica Rosenberg
(Reuters) - A U.S. appeals court ruled Tuesday in favor of environmental groups fighting to protect the site of a historic 1920s-era labor battle between miners and companies in West Virginia from being destroyed by modern-day coal mining.
The Sierra Club and a coalition of local historical associations sued the government for removing the Blair Mountain Battlefield in southern West Virginia from the National Register of Historic Places in 2009, a move the group said would open up the area to large-scale surface mining.
The mountain was the scene of a five-day clash in September 1921 between more than 5,000 West Virginia coal miners and around 3,000 men backed by the coal companies, the largest armed labor conflict in the nation's history. President Warren Harding had to send in federal troops to quell the violence.
In a 2-1 ruling, a panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit overturned a lower court's 2012 ruling throwing out the Sierra Club's claim against the Department of the Interior and the National Park Service.
The appeals court found the groups had a right to challenge the government's delisting of the site since their members - including descendants of veterans who fought in the battle - would be harmed if it is altered by mining.
The Department of Justice, which represented the government in the case, did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
"The site is considered hallowed ground by many folks in the labor movement and folks who are involved in coal mining in West Virginia," said Peter Morgan, a Sierra Club attorney.
Several coal companies own permits to the land but are not currently mining there, the ruling said. The coal companies pushed for the site, which is on privately owned land, to be delisted from the Register because of their interest in one day developing the coal resources there, the opinion said.
"The companies did not act as disinterested bystanders in connection with the Battlefield's nomination for inclusion in the Register," the opinion written by D.C. Circuit Judge Sri Srinivasan said.
West Virginia is the country's second-largest coal producer after Wyoming. Environmentalists criticize the industry for using a mining technique they term "mountain-top removal" that requires clear-cutting large swaths of land.
The West Virginia Coal Association, which represents mining interests in the state, wrote a friend of the court brief supporting the government in the case.
"Our overriding concern is a third-party group like the Sierra Club's only interest is putting up another roadblock to mining coal," said Jason Bostic, the association's vice president.
The United Mine Workers of America submitted a friend of the court brief supporting the environmentalists in the case.
The case is Sierra Club, et al. v. Sally Jewell, The U.S. Department Of Interior, et al. in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, No. 12-5383
(Reporting by Mica Rosenberg in New York; Editing by Alexia Garamfalvi and Lisa Shumaker) | <urn:uuid:b1750d17-d190-48e4-9f2d-f37ce0c3310a> | {
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By Rong Jiaojiao, China Features
Water has hit the headlines amid the sweltering summer heat in Southwest China's Chongqing Municipality and Sichuan Province. The worst drought in 50 years left 7.5 million people in Chongqing and 3.1 million people in Sichuan in great thirst.
The water depth in the Chongqing section of the Yangtze River, China's longest, hit 3.5 meters (11.5 feet), its lowest in 100 years. About 2.5 million hectares, or 6.18 million acres, of crops were affected.
The drought is just a small part of a much-larger problem. All of China is running out of water. By mid-August 2006, drought conditions throughout China had affected a total 13.88 million people nationwide and destroyed 665,000 hectares, or 1.64 million acres, of crops in just three months, according to the State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters.
Although possessing the fourth-largest fresh water reserves in the world, China, by virtue of its population, has the second-lowest per capita water holdings in the world, averaging about 2,200 cubic meters of water per person, a quarter of the world average.
Figures from the Ministry of Water Resources show that 400 of China's more than 600 cities lack water and 110 cities, including the national capital Beijing and adjacent port city Tianjin, face extreme shortages. Beijing in 2008 can expect to face a water shortage of up to 1.1 billion cubic meters.
Outside of the cities, the agricultural heartland, which feeds much of the country and houses the majority of the population, is facing a similar problem as surface water resources and water tables continue to decline in volume.
The water shortage nationwide will reach 50 billion cubic meters by 2030 -- up from the current 6 billion cubic meters, according to the Ministry of Water Resources.
"While a decade of near double-digit economic growth has increased people's income and living standards, it simultaneously has put a serious strain on natural resources and in some cases, pushed them to breaking point," said He Shaoling, a researcher with China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research. "The most notable of these is fresh water."
Droughts, over-exploitation of water resources, increasing pollution levels, inefficient delivery methods and temperature increases have led to water scarcity in China, she said, which is "an unavoidable issue threatening national security".
"The crucial point of China's developing water crisis is the problem of supply and demand," said Ma Jun, Beijing author of China's Water Crisis and currently an environmental consultant with Sinosphere Corporation. "It is urgent to balance the water shortage with ballooning water demand while allocating water resources more effectively between north and south, rural and urban, industrial and individual."
Home to more than 45 percent of China's population, the northern plains contain only 19 percent of the nation's fresh water stocks, while housing 58 percent of its cultivated land. The Yellow River, the main river in the north and heart of Han Chinese civilization, dried up during 21 out of the 27 years between 1972 and 1999.
Elsewhere in the north, hundreds of thousands of relatively new wells aimed at drawing ground water and aided by advances in modern, efficient pumping methods are now drying up as the water table continues to drop by one meter per year.
While the landlocked northern areas of China are tortured by drought, the southern coastal cities also fail to escape the dry spell in spite of richer water resources. "Chemical spills, rampant pollution and poor stewardship of the land have tainted much of the area's water supply," said Prof. He.
Though the water resources of the Yangtze River drainage basin are rich with an annual water runoff of more than 980 billion cubic meters, which is 37 percent of all the water runoff of the country, the problems of water pollution and extravagant use of water still cause severe water shortages.
In rural areas, the situation is grimmer. More than 300 million people in rural areas are short of clean drinking water and pollution is so severe that the Ministry of Water Resources estimates 40 percent of water in the country's 1,300 or so major rivers is fit only for industrial or agricultural use.
The Ministry's 2003 report revealed that the water condition in 70 percent of cities along the Yellow River failed to meet the healthy standard while only two lakes out of 11 in the Yangtze River drainage basin meet water quality standards.
In November 2005, a nitrobenzene spill caused by an explosion at a PetroChina refinery in northeastern Jilin Province forced authorities in Harbin, capital of the neighboring Heilongjiang Province, to temporarily cut water supplies to more than 3 million local people. The incident prompted the resignation of China's environmental chief.
Meanwhile, as new industrial developments continue to mushroom, demand for water is constantly generated. Factories and urban residents used 34 percent of the nation's water in 2004, up from 25 percent in 1998, according to the Ministry of Water Resources. Consequently, that has hurt grain production, which fell 8.4 percent to 469.4 million tons during the same period, according to the National Bureau of Statistics.
"The farmers now face strong competition for water from cities and industry," said Prof. He Shaoling. Across the whole of the North China Plain, where half of China's wheat is grown, 3.6 million wells have been sunk, mostly for irrigation. "The aquifer below is being steadily drained and the water table is 90 meters below the surface and dropping by three to six meters a year," she said, adding that cities have dumped untreated pollutants and waste into the water, making crops wither and the water unusable.
"This will result in the reduction in the quality of life of agricultural peasants as crop sizes decrease in line with water availability," she said. "Also, it will undermine the food security of China. If current agricultural yields and population increases continue at present rates of expansion, China may be forced to go to international markets to import staples," she said.
To address China's water shortage and help alleviate drought in the north, the government is spending almost 500 billion yuan (62.5 billion U.S. dollars) on a diversion scheme to ship the water north. China will build a canal north from the Three Gorges Dam that ultimately will tunnel under the Yellow River to bring some 38-48 billion cubic meters of water to the dry Yellow, Huaihe, and Haihe rivers.
"The south-to-north water diversion project will alleviate shortages in China's northern plain, but it won't come close to solving them," said Ma Jun. "We should give priority to conservation because there is now inefficient use of water in agriculture, in the cities, in the urban and industrial uses along the river."
China has been a production marvel when it comes to labor costs, but not for water costs. To produce a unit of GDP, China uses approximately six times more water than the Republic of Korea and ten times more than Japan, according to Zhai Haohui, vice minister of water resources.
"What China needs most is a dependable and safe internal water supply and a clean environment to act as a stable platform for sustainable economic growth," he said.
So far the government has adopted a multi-faceted strategy to the water issue, he said. Water conservation and recycling programs have been introduced and the water price in major cities including Beijing raised as part of an attempt to stem demand.
In addition, steps are being taken to curb rapid deforestation and soil erosion across the country. More innovative forms of water creation, including artificially seeding clouds with dry ice, are introduced, and hydropower, which creates large evaporating reservoirs, is increasingly being replaced with wind power.
"A better management of water resources is also required to reduce the number of regional fights over water from the Yellow River," Ma Jun said. "Local officials should be judged not just by how fast their local economies grow, but also by how well they protect the environment."
"Water is the lifeline of a country's economy and a regional economy. Economic growth cannot be allowed to come at a steep environmental cost. It is time for the government to cope with the realities of declining water stocks and their implications for the whole society," he said. | <urn:uuid:803716f4-c362-4654-bf84-de83f88df858> | {
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A new study underscores the degree to which cognition is shaped by social environment — and, indeed, that cognitive and social processing can’t be disentangled, its authors say.
The study involved 70 high achievers, including students from Cal Tech and Baylor College of Medicine. The participants first took an IQ test in isolation and then in a competitive situation—getting real-time feedback about how they ranked against peers.
Performance declined for everyone in the implicitly competitive environment, but two clear groups emerged: One group, by the end of the competitive session, was performing roughly as it had in isolation, and the other’s performance remained low throughout. (Among those who performed least well when ranked, women were overrepresented.)
Here’s how the experiment worked:
Even fictional, arbitrary stereotypes can hurt performance on standardized tests, according to a new study.
Researchers gave a total of 184 people—three groups: college freshmen, high-school students and visitors to a university—a make-work test involving looking at abstract or representational images.
Supposedly based on that test, participants were told they had either a “concave” or “convex” information-processing style, and received some details about the two styles. (All of this was bogus; no such learning styles exist.)
Some students were told that their style, whichever it was, hurt performance on tests, because of “lower levels of attentional functioning,” while others learned that styles were unrelated to test performance. The participants were asked how much they identified with “their” group and took two tests involving working memory—for instance, an arithmetic test with several steps.
For the people who were told their learning style was inferior, the stronger their identification with the group, the worse the performance. This pattern held whether the stereotype was presented as scientific fact or a popular assumption….
Content engaging our readers now, with additional prominence accorded if the story is rapidly gaining attention. Our WSJ algorithm comprises 30% page views, 20% Facebook, 20% Twitter, 20% email shares and 10% comments.
Gary Rosen is the editor of Review and the former managing editor of Commentary magazine. His articles and reviews have appeared in the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Washington Post, and Los Angeles Times. He is the author of "American Compact: James Madison and the Problem of Founding" and the editor of "The Right War? The Conservative Debate on Iraq." | <urn:uuid:8696d4cc-3798-46ec-b830-94c2322f8f8a> | {
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Different and the same: a folk history of the Protestants of independent Ireland
Deirdre Nuttall (Eastwood Books/Wordwell, €25)
This illuminating book is about “the stories of the ‘old’ Protestant communities of independent Ireland and how these stories have justified feelings of belonging, entitlement, estrangement, marginalisation, and more in the context of a State that they have sometimes historically perceived as hostile, or at least indifferent, to their interests”.
The evidence here would strongly suggest that while assimilation and integration has been accepted by the Protestant community generally, the journey has been anything but smooth for many, and still not over for some. The book is primarily a cultural, not faith-based, exploration of those who weren’t in the elite Protestant groups. While these are stories and histories specific to southern Irish Protestants, there are many aspects which could equally be applied to southern Catholics. Marginalisation, economic and social deprivation, feeling different were by no means a Protestant preserve.
The author has a background in folklore, archaeology, social anthropology and ethnology, and thus has a valuable grounding in categorising and characterising social and cultural communities such as this. Ms Nuttall examines narratives and remembrances of origin, the past, identity, loyalty and culture, love and marriage, feelings of difference and sameness, land and landscape, of rural and urban.
The idea emerged from the absence of Protestant contributions to the collections assembled by the Irish Folklore Institute and the Irish Folklore Commission in the 1930s.
That absence did not originate in any sectarian bias per se, but was largely the consequence of the emphasis on collecting stories from those of a rural and Gaelic background– the “noble Catholic peasantry”, as Ms Nuttall describes them.
Her source material was principally, though not exclusively, a series of 98 interviews and 76 responses to questionnaires that were generated by letters placed in The Irish Times, the Irish Independent, regional newspapers, the Irish Farmers’ Journal – but not the Church of Ireland Gazette, as she didn’t want to skew towards the most religiously-observant people.
She also followed interviews in the broadcast media that emphasised the desire to hear the stories of ordinary ‘small house’ Protestants. Most respondents were over 70 years of age.
The author is acutely conscious that “All these stories are subjective; they are not an objective historical record of the recent past, and they may not be reflective of everyone’s experience”. This is a wise caveat – the feelings of alienation and nostalgia for a ‘loyal’ past often articulated by the respondents in this study would not, for instance, have been as evident in this reviewer’s household (Church of Ireland, 1950s and 1960s Dublin and Cork, middle-class). His family felt more the ‘same’ than ‘different’.
Throughout, context is interwoven through the stories that Ms Nuttall details; this is one of its many strengths and attractive features. The Introduction is a model of its kind, a balanced and informative account of what constitutes a ‘Protestant’; the effect of demographic changes; and whether Protestants really do constitute a distinctive and delineated cultural group.
This well-written book captures a sense of people-hood and distinctiveness that, though, appears to be on the way out – Ms Nuttall writes that “It is hard to avoid the conclusion that the story of the Protestants of independent Ireland as a cultural, if not a religious, minority is drawing to a close”.
That’s quite sobering, if true. What does it say to northern Protestants and the chances of their traditions being treasured and surviving in an all-island entity? | <urn:uuid:17deb4f7-ed39-4759-93ce-b5f18edc3ba2> | {
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(Washington, DC) Today the American Principles Project (APP), in conjunction with the Pioneer Institute and the Heartland Institute, released a video of Dr. Megan Koschnick’s presentation discussing how certain aspects of the Common Core standards are developmentally and age inappropriate. Dr. Koschnick gave her presentation at a September 9, 2013 conference at the University of Notre Dame. APP, Heartland, and Pioneer sponsored the conference, entitled “The Changing Role of Education in America: Consequences of the Common Core.”
“Why do we care if [Common Core standards] are age inappropriate? Well, you can answer that with one word – stress,” said Dr. Megan Koschnick during her presentation. “Instead of thinking about what’s developmentally appropriate for kindergarteners, they are thinking [college] is where we want this kindergartener to end up, so let’s back track down to kindergarten and have kindergarteners work on these skills from an early age. This can cause major stress for the child because they are not prepared for this level of education.”
Dr. Koschnick’s presentation echoes the concerns set forth in the Joint Statement of Early Childhood Health and Education Professionals on the Common Core Standards Initiative (March 2, 2010) and with the concerns set forth in the The Answer Sheet blog in the Washington Post, entitled A Tough Critique of Common Core on Early Childhood Education (January 29, 2013). This blog, written by Edward Miller and Nancy Carlsson-Paige, quoted Dr. Carla Horowitz of the Yale Child Study Center as stating, “The Core Standards will cause suffering, not learning, for many, many young children.”
Reactions to Dr. Koschnick’s presentation at the Notre Dame conference, by those who were in attendance, include:
Khadine Ritter of Ohio: “As a mother of two young children, I am astounded by the irresponsibility of those in government who seemingly never consulted child development experts to determine if these standards were age appropriate. They are toying with a generation of students, but we won’t see the detrimental consequences until it is too late. I hope public officials will now do their homework and watch Dr. Koschnick’s important presentation.”
Professor Gerard Bradley of University of Notre Dame Law School: “Many critical observers of Common Core have focused upon the inadequate math and ELA standards at the high school end of education — and rightly so. But, Dr. Koschnick’s arresting presentation tells us that there is much to criticize at the front end, as well.”
APP Education Director Emmett McGroarty: “Dr. Koschnick sets forth her concerns as a child psychologist in clear, but troubling, detail. I urge every parent, every teacher, and every administrator to watch Dr. Koschnick’s presentation and to read the Joint Statement and the blog article by Mr. Miller and Ms. Carlsson-Paige.”
Heartland Institute’s Joy Pullman: "Dr. Koschnick’s analysis makes it clear what other early childhood professionals have said: Common Core asks small children to behave like little adults, and they are not little adults. Anyone who cares for a small child could tell you this. This is a further consequence of the Common Core lead writers’ lack of experience and professional reputation, and of its committees excluding experts in early childhood."
Jamie Gass, Director of Pioneer Institute’s Center for School Reform: "In addition to the weaker academic content in Common Core’s ELA and math standards, it now appears that due to haste and inexperience Common Core’s authors also introduce material to schoolchildren at developmentally inappropriate ages. Given this new and troubling information drawn from Dr. Koschnick’s analysis, it’s not difficult to see why parents and a growing number of child psychologists across the country are up in arms over Common Core’s deficiencies."
You can watch the video of Dr. Koschnick’s full presentation here or below: | <urn:uuid:fdcf8fce-bec0-4906-a574-be2e38222d0e> | {
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by Kim Lamb Gregory
CSU, Channel Islands, biology Professor Amy Denton, Ph.D., wears a silver bracelet engraved with: 80º 6′ 59.04″ N, 12º 8′ 29.04”E.
“The coordinates are my personal ‘farthest north,’ ” Denton said. “I reached that latitude in July of 2015.”
Hammered out by an Icelandic silversmith, the bracelet represents a spot just north of the island of Spitsbergen, part of the Svalbard (Norway) archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. It’s just one of the frozen frontiers where Denton has collected and photographed arctic plants, and developed a passion for the stark beauty of the northernmost parts of the earth.
“I fell in love with the Arctic because it’s quiet and cold; and if you’re interested in evolution, the plants that live there live at the very extremes of tolerance,” she said.
Growing up next to a noisy freeway exit in Long Island, New York, Denton’s professional journey to the Arctic began with childhood visits to the American Museum of Natural History.
“I loved going there and seeing the dinosaurs, so as a little kid I thought I would study dinosaurs,” she said. “I was good at science. I collected rocks, seashells, leaves — I liked the natural history aspects of biology.”
Her interest blossomed into paleobotany as she pursued her bachelor’s degree in environmental science/plant biology at State University of New York at Binghamton.
“Because I loved dinosaurs, I loved the whole idea of fossils,” she said. “I loved that you could look at and touch something that was alive 400 million years ago, which was the case with plants.”
A desire to live near mountains took her to Seattle, Washington, where she applied for the Ph.D. program studying plant evolution at the University of Washington.
In 1997, Denton’s dissertation took her to Tibet with a group of Scottish plant enthusiasts studying rare rhododendrons that grew in high mountain passes.
“We were the first people to go over these passes that no one had traveled since the beginning of the 20th century,” Denton said. “We stayed at around 14,000 feet the whole way. There was snow on the mountains and it was foggy and cloudy, rugged and very green. The rhododendrons can be 30 feet tall.”
In 2000, Denton accepted a faculty job at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks teaching botany and working as curator of the U. of A. Museum of the North herbarium.
Living in a cabin on five acres, she was accustomed to moose wandering into her driveway, and no sounds except an occasional icicle cracking off the roof.
Denton enjoyed her time in Alaska, roaming the far north reaches of the state and collecting plants, amassing an expertise that she began sharing with CSUCI students after joining the university shortly after it opened, intrigued by helping to build a university from the ground up.
Denton now teaches classes on plant evolution, botany and climate change, which she stresses, is a true crisis.
“The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the world,” Denton said. “The thing that’s scary that a lot of people don’t understand is that the climate has changed on earth many times, but it’s happening so quickly, organisms don’t have a chance to adapt.”
Warming oceans and melting ice are threatening to destroy a balance of nature that will move up the food chain and affect every living plant, animal and human.
Through her CSUCI classes and with courses on the Arctic through the Osher Lifelong Living Institute (OLLI) for people 50-plus, Denton hopes to inspire others to protect the Arctic that protects us.
Off Campus is periodical column that features area college professors and their work beyond the campus. Kim Lamb is the communication specialist at CSU, Channel Islands. | <urn:uuid:6a1858a3-c132-4c7f-9d02-af02be7416ad> | {
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Galaxy Quest: Just How Many Earth-Like Planets Are Out There?
A team of planet hunters estimates that about 22 percent of the sun-like stars in our galaxy may have planets about the size of Earth that are bathed in similar amounts of sunlight — and potentially habitable.
That's the conclusion of a new analysis of observations taken by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope, which was launched in 2009 to hunt for potentially habitable Earth-like planets around other stars.
Kepler's goal was to find out if planets like Earth were cosmic rarities or a common occurrence. The telescope continually monitored the brightness of more than 145,000 stars, watching for telltale dips in brightness that might indicate a planet was passing between the star and the telescope.
At a conference to discuss Kepler findings this week, scientists who have combed through the first three years of data say that so far, they've detected indications of 3,538 possible planets, of all different sizes.
Of those planets, 104 are in the so-called habitable zone, where temperatures are mild enough to potentially allow life. Of those, "we're finding about 24 planets that are actually less than twice the size of the Earth," says William Borucki, the principal investigator for the Kepler mission at NASA Ames Research Center. At that size, he says, you might very well expect at least some or many of them to be rocky rather than gaseous.
Earlier this year, however, a critical part of the telescope failed, cutting its work short. Scientists worry that they may not have had enough time to determine how often Earth-like planets orbit sun-like stars.
Now, Erik Petigura and Geoffrey Marcy of the University of California, Berkeley, along with Andrew Howard of the University of Hawaii, have tried to answer that question with an extrapolation that used Kepler data from 42,000 sun-like stars.
They report in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that they found 603 likely planets, including 10 that are roughly Earth-sized and receive similar amounts of sunlight.
They also checked how well their software could detect Earth twins by creating data for fake planets and seeing how many of these fake planets were picked up or missed.
"You can hope that you are finding all the planets, or you can make guesses about how many planets you are missing, but you really don't know until you subject ... your analysis to a complex and thorough battery of tests," Petigura says.
Other planet hunters have been closely examining the group's work, says Natalie Batalha, Kepler mission scientist at NASA Ames Research Center.
"This is the first time that a team has offered such a number for stars like the sun, based on a thorough detection analysis," says Batalha. "My office was crowded with people, actively talking about the details of the work. The mood was very festive, and the dialogue was very productive."
David Charbonneau of Harvard University says the researchers have "done a careful study, and the results are very interesting."
But he notes that the team did not detect a single planet that is the same size and temperature as Earth. Instead, he points out, the group found planets that are larger and hotter, and used them to calculate the prevalence of more Earth-like worlds.
"The analysis of the Kepler data is by no means finished, and with dedicated effort it may be possible to further clean out the noise and some true Earths may pop out — but for now we have to be satisfied with knowing the population of planets that are broadly Earth-like, but in truth are probably too big and too hot for life," Charbonneau told NPR via email.
Earlier this year, Charbonneau and his colleague Courtney Dressing unveiled a study showing that around 15 percent of small red dwarf stars have a roughly Earth-sized planet in their habitable zones.
Marcy says if you combine that result with this newer study looking at sun-like stars, it suggests that our Milky Way galaxy contains something like 40 billion Earth-sized planets with lukewarm temperatures. "So that's really the stunning number, I think," says Marcy.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. | <urn:uuid:771ebfe6-ff59-44ed-94c6-3d1645571c6b> | {
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Mercury Space Capsule
Get Up Close with the History of Space Exploration
The Exploratory has an entire hangar dedicated to the marvels and milestones of space exploration. A replica of a Mercury Space Capsule gives visitors an up-close look at the small pod that represents the United State’s first manned spaceship.
The Mercury Space Capsule is compact, only 6-feet 10-inches long and 6-feet 2½-inches in diameter. And while small, the capsule’s significance is grand, representing America’s first steps toward human space flight. The five-year run of the historic Project Mercury missions were the precursor to the first moon landing in 1969.
The original group of astronauts chosen for the program were called the Mercury Seven and included: Scott Carpenter; L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., John H. Glenn, Jr., Virgil I. “Gus” Grissom, Walter M. Schirra, Jr., Alan B. Shepard, Jr., and Donald K. “Deke” Slayton.
The Mercury Space Capsule protected the space pioneers as they blasted off into space, and then brought them back down to Earth. | <urn:uuid:bbbcaac1-53f9-4f75-bc6d-060dbfc76a5a> | {
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“Federal action on chemicals seems to be slowing, even as the number we encounter daily grows. With the Trump administration seemingly getting the federal government out of the business of cleaning up the environment, states will have to show the way. Before President Trump was elected, Massachusetts, California and Maine led the charge, regulating certain toxic substances that the federal government had let slip by. Now Washington State has moved to the fore in this fight.
When Stephen Swanson, a retired E.R. doctor, learned that his drinking water contained the industrial pollutant PFOA and several related chemicals, he was alarmed. Dr. Swanson, who lives on Whidbey Island, Wash., began to search for information about the chemicals, trying to figure out how they had gotten into his well and whether the contaminants that he and his family had been drinking for years might have affected their health.
What he found was worrisome. PFOA, best known for its use in the making of Teflon and other nonstick products, had seeped into his well water from a nearby Naval air station that had used firefighting foam that contained the chemicals. PFOA, he learned, stays in human bodies for years and endures in the environment for millenniums. Even at very low levels, exposure to the chemical had been linked to certain cancers, thyroid disease, pre-eclampsia and other health problems. There is also a substantial literature showing that PFOS, a closely related chemical also used in firefighting foam, could lead to a similar constellation of effects.
Dr. Swanson’s experience is not uncommon. According to research from the Environmental Working Group and Northeastern University, at least 15 million Americans in 27 states have PFOA or PFOS in their tap water…
Unlike the federal government, Washington State came up with an ingenious solution. Late last month, it passed the first state laws banning firefighting foam and food packaging containing not just PFOA and PFOS, but the entire class of chemicals to which they belong. Though chemical manufacturers have argued that some compounds in the class are safer than others, Washington banned them all. This class — known as PFAS — is huge. The E.P.A. has received information from manufacturers about hundreds of unique PFAS chemicals. Around the world, thousands are in commercial use. Like PFOS and PFOA, they may affect immune and liver function as well as hormone levels. But, as Dr. Swanson discovered, almost nothing is known for sure about their health effects…
Firefighting foam that doesn’t contain any of the PFAS chemicals, which a growing number of entities around the world are beginning to adopt, is part of the solution. The approach Washington State is taking — banning the entire class of compounds, instead of just one — presents another. Washington’s new laws won’t make it any easier to clean up the extensive mess we’ve already made. Nor can they undo the exposure people have already had or address the health problems that has caused. But by tackling the whole class of dangerous compounds together, the state has shown a way out of the endless contamination cycle for the rest of us, who keep hoping for the best and getting the worst.”
Read the full article by Sharon Lerner. | <urn:uuid:bc6ce4c0-042a-459e-a5a4-d535e11641e1> | {
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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2010
Policy and Mandates of the Patient Protection and Affordability Act 2010
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) of 2010, signed into law to provide affordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending (United States House of Representatives, 2009). Descriptions of the process and development of the PPACA will be discussed along with who is involved and their prospective roles. Discussion of the PPACA policy’s or mandate’s impact on health care delivery, providers, and consumers. One of the mandates is the change in private health insurance coverage and practices. New requirements are designed to expand coverage and be accessible to more individuals and prevent individuals from losing insurance coverage. The requirements will be phased in over time.
PPACA Development and Process
Early in the spring of 2009 a group of bipartisan senators started working together to come to a census on health care reform. The senators assessed there may be a possibility of a successful bipartisan bill. Three former Senate Majority Leaders Howard K. Baker (R. Tenn.), and Tom Daschle (D. S.D.), released the outlines of a health care reform proposal in June 2009, under the auspices of the Bipartisan Policy Center (BPC) (Hayes, 2011). The proposal includes many of the same provisions enacted in the PPACA. This includes insurance market reforms. The Senators are seeking to reform unfair insurance practices including exclusion for pre-existing conditions and excessive premium variations depending on an enrollee’s health status (Baker, 2009).
In the Senate two committees have jurisdiction over health care legislation. The Senate Finance Committee, chair... | <urn:uuid:8d708914-d755-49e0-b8e9-c0612e50e573> | {
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The world’s first pilots were radio-frequency devices that commanded German navy ships to collide with Allied boats during World War I. During World War II, the pilots detonated bombs for the first time. The end of great wars left scientists with a brilliant technology that he could not use anywhere. Sixty years later, some of us spend an hour looking for a remote control before we remember that the TV has buttons.
Everything, especially technology, is growing. A pilot is no longer needed to control a given machine, it is enough to program a specific sequence and the machine will make it our will. So, referring to the above example with a bomb, programmed does not need someone to manually detonate it – all you need is control technology.
What is control technology? It is nothing more than a software or machine designed to achieve a specific purpose.
Because computers do not understand ordinary spoken languages, they require their own machine language to complete the task. It is a binary language created exclusively by combining a series of zeros and ones in a specific combination. Every application you use on your desktop, tablet, phone is constructed by combining an unimaginable combination of numbers 1 and 0.
Our whole life is now filled to the brim with technology controlled, from the coffee maker brewing morning coffee, through traffic lights on the way to work, and on the machines in production plants.
Computers follow the instructions or sequences programmed in them. A block diagram can be used to help in the design of sequences. Actions can be deployed, organized or deleted if it is no longer needed.
There are many objects in our homes that use control systems. They include:
Robotics is an expanding field made possible by control. Robots’ abilities will improve with the development of better sequences and technologies.
One of the areas in which robotics plays an important role is unmanned exploration of distant planets. Thanks to pre-programmed actions and remote control capabilities, man, with the “hands of technology”, is able to do many impossible things.
Computer-aided design (CAD) or computer-aided production (CAM) involves the use of computers to design products in 2D or 3D. They are then produced in printers.
3D printers and laser cutters are examples of CAD or CAM operation. Man no longer has to operate the machine, it is enough to program a specific shape and turn on the machine.
The software can be used to create sequences in a block diagram, for viewing simulations on the screen.
Symbols connected together form a block diagram. The programming of a flowchart consists of:
Visual programming or block diagram can be used to focus on the solution’s logic without distracting from the complexity of the programming language written.
Games are based on complex sequencing and programming. Depending on the player’s decision, the game changes. The more complicated is sequencing and programming, the more options a player has.
Examples of software that can be used to create games include:
For example, a typical Scratch game consists of a script or a list of commands that cause an object to behave in a certain way. Uses your own block diagram programming language to create interactive stories, animations, games, music and art. It is also possible to share your works with other people in the online community. Users create explicit instructions by combining blocks of code in a specific order on various elements called sprites. The screenshot below shows the game Flappy Bird “from the kitchen” using Scratch.
It’s easy to see that control technologies have their pros and cons. Like everything in this world. On the one hand, machines save us from the monotony of constantly performing the same operation, but also enough to put into circulation something new, so that the machine did not know how to behave. | <urn:uuid:00a3d7c7-e88e-4675-806e-a1179a26d811> | {
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I''m putting in a stepping stone path. The stones will be on top of 4" of packed, 3/4"- (three quarter minus) stone - which packs to a nice, solid base. My question is, if I know that the volume of the stone in the path is going to be (for example) one cubic yard (3''x3
· The formula for calculating the volume of crushed stone. Crushed stone 5-10, 5-20 mm: 0.74 cubic meters in one ton. 20-40 millimeters: 0.76 m3. 25-60, 40-70 mm: 0.72 m3. Before making a decision about buying or using crushed stone in …
Stone, crushed Volume to Weight conversions - Aqua-Calc Convert stone, crushed volume to its weight. See conversion formulas, and volume, weight and density in various measurement units.
Table 10-1.Soil Conversion Factors. economical haul distance is the mass diagram method. A mass diagram is a graph or curve on which the algebraic sums of cuts and fills are plotted against linear distance. Before these cuts and fills are tabulated, the swells and compaction factors are considered in computing the yardage.
· Hi there, Trying to get a final answer on a conversion I use much too often. Can somebody help me out with converting 3/4 inch A gravel from cubic meter to metric ton. Example, I need 55 cu. meters of A gravel. I would like to know how many tons that would be.
Calculate 2B Gravel. Type in inches and feet of your project and calculate the estimated amount of Gravel Stone in cubic yards, cubic feet and Tons, that your need for your project. The Density of 2B Gravel: 2,410 lb/yd³ or 1.21 t/yd³ or 0.8 yd³/t. A:
Many transportation agencies require crushed stone or sand and gravel to be free from clay or dust, requiring the ... These are volume-tonnage conversion factors. A 100 ft. thickness of limestone and diabase contains about 360,000 tpa and 400,000 tpa ...
Volume to weight, weight to volume and cost conversions for Refrigerant R-434A, liquid (R434A) with temperature in the range of -40 C (-40 F) to 60 C (140 F) Weights and Measurements An a.u. of length is a non-SI Fundamental Physical unit of length.
Soil or rock from the borrow expands when dropped on the lorry or the landfill - or stockpiled. One cubic from the borrow does not translate to one cubic dump. Bulking or swell factors for some materials: 1 kg/m3 = 0.0624 lb/ft3
· Use this formula to determine how much crushed stone you will need for your project: (L''xW''xH'') / 27 = cubic yards of crushed stone needed. In the construction world, most materials are measured in cubic yards. Multiply the length (L), in feet, by the width (W), in feet, by the height (H), in feet, and divide by 27.
Volume-to-Weight Conversion Factors U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery April 2016 EPA''s 1997 report, "Measuring Recycling: A Guide for State and Local Governments", was a guide to facilitate standardization of
Convert volume to weight: Stone, crushed - AquaCalc
About Stone, crushed. 1 cubic meter of Stone, crushed weighs 1 602 kilograms [kg] 1 cubic foot of Stone, crushed weighs 100.00959 pounds [lbs] Stone, crushed weighs 1.602 gram per cubic centimeter or 1 602 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e. density of stone, crushed is equal to 1 602 kg/m³.
Volume is calculated in m3 (length x width x depth). 1 m3 = 1.5t – 2.2t of crushed stone depending on the grading and degree of compaction. 2.1 tonnes of Type 1 = 1m3 1m3 of well compacted scalpings is heavier than 1m3 of 75mm clean stone, (consider the ...
We stock Crushed Concrete 6F1 and Crushed Concrete 6F2 ideal for ... We stock 6F1 and 6F2 Crushed Concrete ideal for capping and ground make up. 6F1 Crushed Concrete. Grade: 25mm to Dust. Cubic Volume: 1 ton ... 1 ton = 7m2 at 100mm ... Hardcore
Stone or Gravel 1 cubic yard = 2,632.5 lbs Rock, Loose 1 cubic yard = 2,570 lbs Metal Scrap 1 cubic yard = 906 lbs Wood Scrap, Loose 1 cubic yard = 329.5 lbs Conversion factors are those used by the California Integrated Waste Management Board
Crushed stone is quoted at a weight of 2700 pounds per cubic yard. Your stone dealer tells you he has a truck that can deliver 20 tons of stone per load. You need to know who many cubic yards that comes out to. Here is the math: 20 tons X 2000 pounds per ton = 40,000 pounds. 40,000 pounds / 2700 pounds per cubic yard = 14.29 cubic yards.
Stone Tonnage Calculator rohrers-admin 2018-06-06T15:51:08-04:00 Tonnage calculations are based on averages and should be used as estimates. Actual amounts needed may vary.
Stone, crushed volume to weight conversion About this Weight of Stone, crushed calculator; For instance, calculate how many ounces, pounds, milligrams, grams, kilograms or tonnes of a selected substance in a liter, gallon, fluid ounce, cubic centimeter or in a cubic inch This page computes weight of the substance per given volume, and answers the question: How much the substance weighs.
32 · Material. Conversion: Tons / C.Y. Description & Uses. 3/8" Crushed Stone. 1.35. Dry …
Convert Stone crushed volume to its weight. See conversion formulas volume weight and density in various measurement units Read More 3 4 crushed aggregate conversionanrexim I need to order 30 cubic yards of 3/4 inch stone for our get crushed gravel. 3/4
Limestone, crushed 1 cubic foot 88.00 0.044 FEECO Limestone, finely ground 1 cubic foot 100.00 0.050 FEECO Limestone, solid 1 cubic foot 165.00 0.083 FEECO Mortar, hardened 1 cubic foot 100.00 0.050 FEECO Mortar, wet 1 cubic foot 150.00 0.075
By taking advantage of our free crushed stone calculator, you can quickly determine how much aggregate that you''ll require in order to get the job done right the first time. It''s so simple to use that you''ll wonder why you haven''t used it before. See for yourself why a crushed stone calculator is so valuable, and how to use it properly.
Stone, crushed volume to weight conversion 1 cubic foot of Stone, crushed weighs 10000959 pounds [lbs] Stone, crushed weighs 1602 gram per cubic centimeter or 1 602 kilogram per cubic meter, ie density of stone, crushed is equal to 1 602 kg/m³ In Imperial or US customary measurement system, the density is equal to 1000096 pound per cubic foot [lb/ft³], or 092601 ounce per cubic
729 · The same excavation in feet: Excavated area is 200 feet long 20 feet wide and 2 feet deep …
Weight Conversion Tables How may tonnes in a cubic metre - This one of the many questions we are asked Dry sand fine 1.28 tonnes per cubic metre Dry sand coarse 1.6 tonnes per cubic metre Topsoil (some moisture) 1.44 tonnes per cubic metre Ballast 1
· Standard Volume-to-Weight Conversion Factors Paper Product Volume Weight (lbs) Source Books, hardback, loose 1 cubic yard 529.29 Tellus Books, paperback, loose 1 cubic yard 427.5 Tellus Egg flats one dozen 0.12 U.S. EPA Egg flats 12"x12" 0.5 U
· Standard Volume-to-Weight Conversion Factors Paper Product Volume Weight (lbs) Source Books, hardback, loose 1 cubic yard 529.29 Tellus Books, paperback, loose 1 cubic yard 427.5 Tellus Get Price production of crushed stone southcoastholidays
The conversion for riprap varies by size but generally speaking, a conversion of 2 tons per cubic yard is sufficient. Limestone has an in situ unit weight of approximately 160 pounds per cubic foot but voids on average reduce the unit weight of riprap to closer to 150 pounds per cubic foot. Work with Us. We have job openings posted.
Posts Related to convert cubic meters to tonnes quarry stone » weight 1 cubic meter iron ore » mt to cum conversion for crusher sand Read more conversion ratio for crushed stone …
66 · To convert tonnages into volumes (from tons to cubes) of gravel, sand, or other mediums into …
· Seeking information on how I can estimate the volume of crushed stone to purchase if the only data available is the final volume (from bid drawings) of the material in-place after compaction,(i.e., what would the typical "fluff factors" be for #2 crushed stone, #3 washed crushed stone, subbase Type 4, etc.) Stone/Gravel suppliers have some estimates but I seek other data if available.
Construction Converter. Use this construction conversion tool to convert between different units of weight and volume. Please note that this type of conversion requires a substance density figure. A list of some common construction density approximations is provided below. Please enter a density figure, select a unit to convert from and to ...
About Gravel, Dolomite. 1.865 gram [g] of Gravel, Dolomite fits into 1 cubic centimeter. 1 865 kilograms [kg] of Gravel, Dolomite fit into 1 cubic meter. 1.07804 ounce [oz] of Gravel, Dolomite fits into 1 cubic inch. 116.42815 pounds [lbs] of Gravel, Dolomite fit into 1 cubic foot.
· #1 – The # 1 crushed stone grade is the largest of the crushed stone grades and includes stone between 2-4 inches long. This material is great for larger jobs or for filling in larger holes. #3 – This size of the stone ranges from 1/2 to 2 inches long.
Quick Conversion Factors Ton/CY Rock 1.25 Crusher Fines 1.8 Compacted 1.5 Loose Infield Mix 1.75 Compacted 1.25 Loose Rip Rap 1.65 Class 6 Base 1. 75 compacted | <urn:uuid:cff2799c-f433-4fd5-9dd2-0a8ea38b7c90> | {
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The American education system has a long list of programs intended to serve students who need something more from teachers than standard instruction. There are trained special educators for students whose disabilities get in the way of their learning. There are special programs for English-language learners, gifted-education services for academically talented children, and targeted funds to support schools educating high numbers of children living in poverty.
But what about the homeless child who also needs special education services? The student caught in the juvenile justice system? The immigrant child living in fear of deportation?
These are arguably among the school system’s most vulnerable students.
In this special report, Education Week takes a close look at these students, their needs, and the challenges schools face in engaging them in learning.
Take, for example, the young woman whose expressive face graces the cover of this report. Willow, whose last name is being withheld in this report, attended—and cut class—in five different regular, alternative, and online schools in her freshman year. She eventually landed in the Wyoming Girls School, a juvenile justice facility in Sheridan, Wyo. Now with a high school equivalency certificate in hand and a scheduled release later this spring, Willow credits the teachers in her prison school with providing the encouragement she never got in the regular school system.
Education Week visited Willow’s school to examine the state of education—and teaching—for the nation’s 50,000 students living behind bars, a population that experts say is often “invisible” in national discussions about improving education.
Indeed, many of the populations examined in this report are hidden—sometimes intentionally so. Students whose families face deportation may not want to share their fears or discuss their home situations with their teachers. And, even though 18 percent of the nation’s homeless students also have disabilities, their learning needs often get lost, disrupted, or postponed as they shuffle from school to school. For similar reasons, the college potential of students in the foster-care system is often unrecognized by both educators and the students themselves.
As Jean Peterson, a Purdue University researcher who studies gifted children who have been through trauma, put it: “A lot of kids in the system don’t see themselves as ‘bright.’ Their intelligence might be put to surviving—getting groceries, taking care of younger siblings.
“Educators need to point out to them, ‘You have not had the easiest life, but look at all you’ve done.’”
For the educators working with student groups profiled in this report, that advice might have wide application.
A version of this article appeared in the March 07, 2018 edition of Education Week as Educating Students Who Are ‘Invisible’ | <urn:uuid:fe1419ae-e25c-4dc6-8b12-79b5a6590523> | {
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The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, often referred to as the Freedmen’s Bureau, was established on March 3, 1865. The duties of the Freedmen’s Bureau included supervision of all affairs relating to refugees, freedmen, and the custody of abandoned lands and property. These documents come from the Registers and Letters Received by the Commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Series 2: Letters Received. Additional resources are available on the Freedmen's Bureau Instructions Page. Please help us transcribe these records to learn more about the lives of formerly enslaved men and women during the Reconstruction Era. | <urn:uuid:ebde9c70-8b04-4410-8aec-c666d8d2731c> | {
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There are 12 pairs of ribs, one on each side. All twelve of them articulate with the vertebral column. The first seven ribs connect directly to the sternum via cartilage processes (cartilago costalis) and are called true ribs (costae verae). The remaining lower five pairs of ribs are called false ribs (costae spuriae). The 11th and 12th ribs (costae fluctuantes) do not connect with the cartilaginous arch.
The 3rd to 10th ribs have a typical shape. The wedge-shaped head of the rib (caput costae) has two articular surfaces (facies articulares capitis costae). The tubercle of the rib (tuberculum costae) has one articular surface (facies articularis tuberculi costae). The intercostal vein, artery, and nerve (V-A-N) run in close proximity to the costal groove (sulcus costae). An invagination facilitates contact with the rib cartilage at the ventral end of the body of the rib (corpus costae).
The 1st, 2nd, 11th, and 12th ribs have an atypical rib structure. The 1st rib (costa prima) is hidden under the clavicle and is not palpable. It is broad, stumpy, with the strongest curving, and has only one articular surface on the head. The 2nd rib (costa secunda) is the first palpable rib. It displays only an outline of the costal groove (sulcus costae) and the tuberosity for serratus anterior (tuberositas musculi serrati anterioris) – the origin of the serratus anterior muscle (musculus serratus anterior). The heads of the 11th and 12th ribs have only one articular surface. They do not connect with the costal arch and have no tubercle (tuberculum costae). | <urn:uuid:d8871324-8035-4a8e-944c-81a8df8e9408> | {
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Cell Phones Cutting Fatherhood By Frying Men's Sperm
Cell phones are lowering men's chances of fatherhood, a new study suggests. Researchers found that men who store their cell phones in their pant pockets could be unintentionally lowering their fertility.
Lead researcher Dr. Fiona Mathews of Biosciences at the University of Exeter and her team did a systematic review of ten previous studies, which involved 1,492 samples.
Researchers said the sperm samples were collected from fertility clinics and research centers, and sperm quality was determined through three factors: motility (the ability of sperm to move properly towards an egg), viability (the proportion of sperm that were alive) and concentration (the number of sperm per unit of semen).
The latest study revealed that 50 percent to 85 percent of sperm samples in the control group have normal movement. However, only 8 percent of the samples from the cell phone exposure group had normal movement.
Researchers said that cell phone exposure also lowered sperm vitality. However, the study found no link between sperm concentration and cell phone exposure.
"Given the enormous scale of mobile phone use around the world, the potential role of this environmental exposure needs to be clarified. This study strongly suggests that being exposed to radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation from carrying mobiles in trouser pockets negatively affects sperm quality. This could be particularly important for men already on the borderline of infertility, and further research is required to determine the full clinical implications for the general population," Mathews said in a news release.
The latest findings were published in the journal Environment International. | <urn:uuid:1e854df9-50c6-4303-93e1-29aac8179830> | {
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Cocklebur • Xanthium
Conditions: Allergic rhinitis.
Symptoms: Itchy, stuffy, or runny nose; post-nasal drip; sneezing; itchy, red or watery eyes.
Physical description: Grows 2-4 feet high; round, slightly ribbed stems that have purple specks; lobed leaves; each plant contains a male and female flower that contain two seeds.
Environmental factors: Found in cropland (especially cornfields), fallow fields, floodplain zones of rivers and ponds, degraded meadows, dried-up mud holes, partially stabilized areas of beaches and sand dunes, vacant lots, and waste areas; can live virtually anywhere; its seeds are transported primarily by air, however, they are also carried via animals when the burs get stuck to their hairs.
Cross-reactivity: 80% of all plants in the Asteraceae family.
- “Cocklebur.”Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cocklebur
- “Common Cocklebur.” Illinois Wildflowers. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/cocklebur.htm
- “List of plants in the family Asteraceae.” Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-plants-in-the-family-Asteraceae-2040400
- “Herbicides, Agronomic Crops, and Weed Biology.” Scribd; Edited by Andrew Price, Jessica Kelton, and Lina Sarunaite. https://es.scribd.com/document/291652593/HerbicidesAgronomicCropsWeedBiology15ITAe-pdf
Did You Know?
Cocklebur is a member of the sunflower family and is also called the “hitchhiker” because of how it attaches itself. George de Mestral, a Swiss electrical engineer, was inspired by stiff hooks of cocklebur when he created Velcro. | <urn:uuid:66efe321-6622-4664-a129-374859ceb575> | {
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To make someone very angry or upset. A noun or pronoun can be used between "steam" and "up." Hearing her talk about you like that really steamed me up.
1. Very angry or upset. Hearing her talk about you like that made me really steamed up.
2. Heavily intoxicated. Please don't get too steamed up when you're out with John tonight.
Stirred up, aroused with ardor, excitement, anger, or other strong emotion, as in She was all steamed up about the results. The precise meaning depends on the context. [Colloquial; early 1900s]
1. mod. angry. Now, now, don’t get so steamed up!
2. mod. alcohol intoxicated and fighting. He was really steamed—and could hardly stand up. By midnight, Larry was too steamed to drive home, and he had to spend the night. | <urn:uuid:c91d5e8c-c339-4a2a-bf55-52814b840040> | {
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A century after the last passenger pigeon perished at the Cincinnati Zoo, the species that once darkened North American skies in the billions is stirring once more in the hearts and minds of geneticists, and will shortly be back in the public spotlight.
That last bird, named Martha, is on hand at the Smithsonian Natural History Museum in Washington, D.C., for the opening this coming Tuesday of a special exhibit on the passenger pigeon and its extinction.
Visitors will be able to see Martha, of course, who has been beautifully preserved and presented, as well as learn about how humans hunted a once prolific bird to extinction. Many ecologists and conservationists consider the demise of the passenger pigeon as a cautionary case study in how humans adversely impact other species.
But therein lie seeds of hope, as well.
Because the story of the passenger pigeon is so well-known, and because examples of the birds remain, scientists have long dreamt of making the species the first candidate for "de-extinction."
That process starts with sequencing the pigeon's DNA, which requires more than 80 million fragments. Scientists at the San Francisco-based Long Now Foundation are doing just that, using the material from "Passenger Pigeon 1871."
So while an otherwise anonymous cousin provides the material for a comeback, Martha will handle public relations.
It's not quite Jurassic Park (thankfully), and we hope they succeed, if not in bringing a species back to life, at least in helping Americans better understand the responsibilities that come with stewardship of the Earth. | <urn:uuid:2eb871d8-e9a9-41a1-8907-de780178972b> | {
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Parry Sound, town (1991 pop. 6,125), S Ont., Canada, on Parry Sound, an inlet of Georgian Bay of Lake Huron. It is an active port and the center of a popular vacation area.
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Sounding , sound·ing1 / ˈsounding/ • n. the action or process of measuring the depth of the sea or other body of water. ∎ a measurement taken by sounding. ∎ the… sound barrier , sound barrier Name for the cause of an aircraft's difficulties in accelerating to a speed faster than that of sound. When approaching the speed of so… Puget Sound , Puget Sound PUGET SOUND is an inland waterway, connected to the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Juan de Fuca, which borders Washington State and… Phonetics , phonetics (fōnĕt´Ĭks, fə–), study of the sounds of languages from three basic points of view. Phonetics studies speech sounds according to their prod… Echolocation (physiology) , Echolocation is the process of using sound waves to locate objects that may be invisible or at a distance. Some bats use sound to locate their insect… Acoustics , The area of physics known as acoustics is devoted to the study of the production, transmission, and reception of sound. Thus, wherever sound is produ…
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Even if the Paris agreement to limit the global temperature rise to below 2C is met, summer heatwaves in major Australian cities are likely to reach highs of 50C by 2040, a study published on Wednesday warns.
Researchers led by the Australian National University in Canberra used observational data and simulated climate models to assess future extreme weather events in New South Wales and Victoria. They examined what these weather extremes might look like even if the Paris agreement target of limiting climate change to a 2C increase is met.
The lead author of the study, the climate scientist Dr Sophie Lewis, said Sydney and Melbourne could expect unprecedented summer temperatures of 50C under two degrees of global warming.
The researchers concluded this could be avoided by limiting global warming to 1.5C, the best-case scenario target set under the Paris agreement, though the researchers did not project what temperatures could be expected under this reduced global target.
“What previous studies have done is look at changes in the frequency of record-breaking temperatures so, for example, how much more common 40-degree days might be in future,” Lewis said.
“Our study wanted to look at what the maximum temperatures in an extreme summer of the future would be. That is what we need to know to plan for the future. We know that two degrees of global warming doesn’t sound like much of an increase but it in fact will lead to extreme weather events becoming more severe.”
Governments needed to start thinking about how the public transport system would cope during peak hour in extreme temperatures, how emergency departments would respond to increased demand from elderly people and others vulnerable to heatstroke, and how energy requirements would be met during peak temperatures, she said.
“The only thing we can do to prevent these extremes is to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions as quickly and deeply as we can, though some warming is already locked in the system so we will see some increase in the extremity of temperatures regardless,” Lewis said.
The research was published in the science journal Geophysical Research Letters.
The Environment Victoria chief executive, Mark Wakeham, described the findings as “alarming”.
“It’s preposterous that in the face of these warnings and clear signals that we don’t have a plan to cut emissions,” he told Guardian Australia. “Beyond that we must dramatically improve our built environment to cope.”
Housing standards needed to be improved, including retrofitting older homes to make them more energy efficient and cooler, and more shade needed to be incorporated into cities and towns, he said.
“We also need updated emergency management plans for extreme heatwaves,” he said. “This study by respected researchers confirms that climate change is not just an environmental disaster but it presents an enormous challenge to human health and the economy.
“I don’t think we have any plans in place that would be adequate to withstand days of 50 degrees and it is another urgent warning to our leaders and all levels of government that we need a strong plan to cut commissions and deal with climate change.” | <urn:uuid:715879b7-8f23-43e5-8eeb-2f87b4d6c432> | {
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One further element of IP addressing needs to be covered subnetting. Subnetting a network allows an administrator to carefully control network traffic. In large networks, it is important to control which machines can talk to each other, where network broadcasts are seen and to limit network collisions. Using a subnet mask, you can define which parts of an IP address are the network parts, and which are the node parts. To understand how this works, we need to delve into a little mathematics.
There are 5 different address classes that can be used:
As an example, 10.1.1.1 is a class A address, because the first octet (10) falls within 1 to 126 the class A range. Similarly 250.10.10.10 is a class E address, because the first octet (250) is between 240 and 254.
In simple, classful subnetting, the address class determines the subnet mask:
In the above subnet list, an octet set to 255 indicates a network address whilst an octet set to 0 indicates a node (computer) address. This defines which nodes are parts of the same network. As a practical example, consider the IP addresses and subnets in Figure 434.
The N signifies a network portion of the address, whilst an n signifies a node portion of the address. If the network portions of 2 subnets do not match, the IP addresses are in different networks and thus require a gateway to communicate with each other. In the above table, 192.168.100.120 and 192.168.100.150 are both in the same network, because the network portion of the IP addresses match. 192.168.101.130 is in a different network. If the reasoning for this is unclear, mentally draw a line to the right of the last N in all 3 columns. Everything to the left of this line must be identical for each IP address, otherwise they are in a different network. Think of this like an address the N refers to the street, city and country you live in, whilst the n specifies your unique house number.
It is an absolute rule of subnetting that no host may have the first or last IP address in the subnet assigned to them. The .0 and .255 addresses are reserved for network broadcasts.
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CHAPTER ELEVEN ESSAY QUESTIONS
1.) How did the types of art and the ideas used change from 1700-1900? Used some specific examples and artists in your essay.
2.) The art of Francisco Goya varies a lot. Some of his pieces are very different from each other. Compare Saturn Devouring One of His Sons with The Family of Charles IV.
3.) Analyze Beethoven’s life as a whole. Use Specific examples of his actions, along with the good and bad things that he did.
4.) Compare two different types of music or composers from the time. Support them up with facts.
5.) Who were three of the most influential intellectual people of the time? Give specific examples as to how they were influential. | <urn:uuid:8b4ecd63-0dc4-4902-ab1b-1788d8d4dc14> | {
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There is no denying humanity’s impact on the environment. In the book, “The species that changed everything. The story of humankind’s conquest of nature,” authors Hans K. Stenøien and Reidar Andersen argue that our human-altered warming planet is pushing some plants and animal species towards extinction.
Currently, on a nature reserve in Southeastern China, three Abies beshanzuensis, or Chinese fir trees sit untouched as the last of their kind.
Threatened by the changing climate and human disturbance in the surrounding area, researchers are racing against the extinction-clock to better understand these trees, as they could inspire powerful new ways to treat various cancers.
Last of Their Kind
Originally Chinese chemists were drawn to Abies beshanzuensis for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Though chemists were able to collect samples from the tree without disturbing them in their habitat, Chinese fir trees proved to not be an effective treatment towards these diseases. However, researchers did not come out completely empty handed.
Through examining and modifying some of the molecules of the Abies beshanzuensis, organic chemist Mingji Dai and distinguished professor Zhong-Yin Zhang from Purdue University discovered that one of the synthetic analogs was a potent and selective inhibitor of SHP2.
For the uninitiated researchers have looked to SHP2 as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatments like breast cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, laryngeal cancer, and oral cancer.
"This is one of the most important anti-cancer targets in the pharmaceutical industry right now, for a wide variety of tumors. A lot of companies are trying to develop drugs that work against SHP2,” says Mingji Dai
Cancer therapies usually target cancer by interfering with specific proteins that assist with the growth and spreading of tumors. The chemist duos new Abies beshanzuensis inspired treatment bonds itself to the SHP2 protein, providing a longer lasting assault on a molecule. This could in fact dramatically improve pharmaceutical treatments of cancer around the world.
Cancer Across the Globe
According to the World Health Organization, cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and was responsible for approximately 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Statistically, 1 in 6 deaths across the planet is due to cancer.
It will be interesting to see if the chemist duo will continue their research to improve cancer treatments for the millions of people who suffer from the disease around the world. | <urn:uuid:f318b795-7173-4d49-8b25-5e5baa7be6a2> | {
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America is known as the country for equal rights... I wanted to make a list of people who have suffered the most prejudice throughout American history. This is my opinion, I'm curious to see who agrees with me, and who can come up with a better list. This list is in order from least to most.
I was initially confused because the post said that it went from least to most which in my brain would indicate the bottom of the list is least oppressed, but read the comments and realized I was just confused.
I agree mostly with the list. Although I think leaving out Native Americans specifically was a HUGE problem. I mean it says a lot about a country that its very foundation rested upon the genocide of another group.
I understand where Jean Marie is coming from and I think too many White Americans are in denial about how much discrimination there was and is towards African-Americans. But I'm not a big fan of the oppression olympics (basically when you try to rate who is more oppressed), because its important to distinguish individuals and groups. [It often times turns too much into denying the suffering of one group because another suffered objectively more] Which is NOT to say that I don't think one group has not been consistently persecuted more and for longer than another group, its just not very helpful to get into debates like who was more oppressed women or Black Americans? (The main reason being that the question ignores the very existence of Black women, and non-white women and poor white women, and that black men are sometimes oppressors of black women in addition to whites). There's this really useful concept called Intersectionality that progressives use today. [Like you can assume that a Working Class Queer Black Atheist Woman who is a radical gets all sorts of oppression from all sorts of directions]
Also for transparency, I grew up in a mixed black and Latino neighborhood. I didn't have my first white friend until I went to high school and was 14 years old so I actually feel more comfortable around black culture than mainstream white culture. I want to take African-American studies courses sometime in my life because I think that no meaningful American History can take place that doesn't include them in a significant way.
Obviously the working class has it shittier than the middle and upper classes. But I think oppression of women is so ingrained in Western culture and has such a long history. Even rich women don't seem to be exempt from it. 1/6 American women were survivors of rape or attempted rape in their lives. That's over 17 million. That's not 1 out of million thing, its pretty widespread. Recently I found out 6 of my friends had also been raped and I had just never known because we're usually quiet about it and I didn't learn til I started asking/talking about it. Domestic Violence is also extremely pervasive and rich men and middle class men and not just working class men (as I think is a common perception) beat their wives. (And actually a lot of men are raped too, like 1/33 = 3% which is NOT like 1 in million but still way too common).
I don't know that I would rank oppressions. But I would argue that women, working class, ethnic minorities especially the traditionally oppressed ones, religious minorities, LGBT, immigrants, and others I can't think of all still face a lot of discrimination and that society at large really needs to step up and stop the oppressions of those groups.
Oh definitely! My next door neighbor was originally from Mississippi and is in his 70s. I can't even imagine what stories he has.
It's definitely important to know things like this. on a different note, I went abroad to Japan, and I had some classmates whose grandparents survived the atomic bomb attacks. It opened up my eyes even more to know that I knew people whose families were actually attacked by nuclear weapons :O
Women should always be at the top in lists like these, they have been suffering, maybe not at the genocide level, but at a sick amount through history. Pagans have been slaughtered for thousands of years and deserve either second or first place (i cannot judge accuately where pagans or woman suffered more).
Comparatively, atheists have had very little prejudice over the years. | <urn:uuid:7b84ab6e-c8a4-4fd0-a28d-1142401823ff> | {
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Activated carbon, also known as activated charcoal or activated coal, is a form of carbon with small and low-volume pores which increases the surface area available to facilitate adsorption or chemical reactions. The increased surface area of activated carbon makes the material suitable for adsorption, a phenomenon where particles such as atoms, ions or molecules of gas, liquid or solid are adhered to a surface. These particles are held within the carbon’s internal pore structure by electrostatic attraction or chemisorption. This adsorption ability allows activated carbon to play an important role in many industries as it can help to reduce dangerous matter in chemical process, activate chemical reactions, and also act as a carrier for biomass and chemicals.
The most common product forms of activated carbon include:
The different forms of activated carbon allow it to be used in a wide range of applications according to their preferred properties.
Granular activated carbon has a wide range of uses in both gas and exhaust air treatment applications. As a carrier medium for special impregnating agents or catalysts, activated carbon is useful in the recovery of solvents, in the purification of process gases, in the removal of dioxins, heavy metals, organic impurities. It is often employed to remove pollutants in air conditioner and exhaust system. It can also be used to remove odorous substances in kitchen exhaust food and refrigerator filters.
Activated carbon is used in the pharmaceutical industry to manufacture medications to treat overdoses and poisonings through oral ingestions. Activated carbon which are packaged in tablets or capsules are popular in many countries and are commonly sold in pharmacies for relieve of indigestion, diarrhea or any other stomach troubles.
Water Treatment Industry
Currently, the use of activated carbon has been widely established in the water treatment industry, ground water rehabilitation and the treatment of service water. Activated carbon is typically used in its powdered or granular form, depending on the specific type of application and process.
The following parameters are typically used to determine the pollution levels:
Research have to be conducted to study the type of adsorption behavior of pollutants based on the above parameters. After which, the data obtained allows the determination of suitable type of activated carbon to combat the pollution.
Having a safe BOD level in wastewater is essential in producing quality effluent. If the BOD level is too high, then the water could be at risk for further contamination, interfering with the treatment process and affecting the end product. COD is an application that is usually used in industrial settings; however, municipalities treating wastewater with chemical pollutants may use it as well.
Driven by the idea of providing top-quality Activated Carbon for our customers, we at Tradeasia International aim to organize and offer top-notch Activated Carbon that widely used in several industries such as Gas, Pharmaceutical, Water Treatment, etc. Apart from that it also uses in environment pollution treatment. We are a leading Activated Carbon Suppliers that serves the purpose of many of our clients, at budget-friendly rates. Paired with our comprehensive supply capability, Tradeasia International is one of the best Activated Carbon Suppliers based in South East Asia. Tradeasia International tends to make sure that the desired product is delivered within the given time frame without compromising on the quality at all. | <urn:uuid:e9c02666-363b-49a3-8d38-061651d9e2dc> | {
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Knowledge is Power in Cyber attacks
As part of its commitment to improve the levels of understanding and professionalism in the face of a growing tide of cybercrime and attacks, the Institute of Information Security Professionals (IISP) (www.iisp.org) has launch a new Framework to expand on the established IISP Skills Framework.
The Framework defines the knowledge that information security professionals need to do their jobs and gives access to an up-to-date and wide-ranging body of knowledge, including standards, papers and external reference works that underpin cyber and information security.
By combining the IISP Skills and Knowledge Frameworks information security professionals to have a consistent view of cyber and information security along with an established set of metrics. The Knowledge Framework can also be used for curriculum development, training plans and career paths, as organisations strive to improve their ability to defend against and respond to cyberattacks.
“With a continuously shifting and evolving threat landscape and the development new technologies, practices and legislation, it is virtually impossible for any individual or organisation to stay informed and up-to-date,” said John Hughes, co-chair of the IISP Accreditation Committee and lead author of the Knowledge Framework. “The IISP Knowledge Framework helps by providing easy access to core information as well as topical updates, linked to an in-depth body of knowledge to explore subjects in more detail.”
The Framework is currently available free of charge to IISP Members and will be made available to other organisations under licence. | <urn:uuid:be4a8a73-109c-4345-8c95-dca317a72e5e> | {
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Theology can play a central role in defining the moral fiber of a society, including its commitment to poverty alleviation and stewardship of Earth. Allen White, Senior Fellow at Tellus Institute, talks with Leonardo Boff, a founder of liberation theology, about the origins of the movement and the vital connections between ecology and social justice.
Half a century ago, you were among a small group of theologians who were instrumental in conceptualizing liberation theology. What spurred this synthesis of thought and action that challenged the orthodoxy of both Church and State?
Liberation theology is not a discipline. It is a different way of practicing theology. It does not start from existing theological traditions and then focus on the poor and excluded populations of society. Its core is the struggle of the poor to free themselves from the conditions of poverty. Liberation theology does not seek to act for the poor via welfarism or paternalism. Instead, it seeks to act with the poor to tap their wisdom in changing their life and livelihood.
How, then, do we act with them? By seeing the poor and oppressed through their own eyes, not with those of an outsider. We must discover and understand their values, such as solidarity and the joy of living, which to some extent have been lost by society’s privileged. Some of those who subscribe to liberation theology choose to live like the poor, sharing life in the slums and participating in residents’ organizations and projects. This method can be described as “see, judge, act, and celebrate.” Seeing the reality of the poor firsthand awakens an outsider to the inadequacy of his perceptions and doctrines for judging it and how to change it. This occurs in two ways: first, through understanding the mechanisms that generate poverty and, second, by awakening to the fact that poverty and oppression contradict God’s plan and that actions must thus be taken to eliminate them.
How does this understanding and awakening manifest itself?
Following understanding and awakening is action: How can we work with the poor to end oppression and achieve social justice? The opposite of poverty is not wealth but justice. This commitment to action spurred the birth of thousands of ecclesiastical communities, Bible circles, and centers for the defense of human rights, all focused on the rights of the poor, the landless, and the homeless, and the advancement of people of African descent, the indigenous, women, and other marginalized groups. These expressions of liberation theology are not rooted in rituals, but rather in the celebration of life and its victories in light of the Gospel. This approach is visible in the words and actions of Pope Francis, particularly in his encyclical Laudato Si’: On Care for Our Common Home. This style of theology has created a type of priest and religious life that unites faith and social commitment to the poor and welcomes all who wish to participate. This method of living and thinking faith has helped the Church to better understand the reality of the poor and to shift away from doctrines and rituals. The Church of Liberation helped found political parties such as the Workers’ Party of former president Lula in Brazil that embody the commitment to social change that Jesus viewed as essential to a more just and fraternal society. This kind of thinking encouraged Latin American countries to introduce social policies that embraced millions of people who previously lived on the margins and in misery.
What led you to such social activism?
What drove my commitment to social change was my work in the slums of Brazil. The poor were our teachers and doctors. They challenged us to answer the question, how can our Christian faith inspire us to look for a different, more just world where brotherhood and sisterhood are deeper and richer and love is made easier? It was not the politics and works of Karl Marx, Johann Baptist Metz, or Jürgen Moltmann that inspired us to get close to the poor. Marx was neither father nor godfather of liberation theology, though he has helped us in fundamental ways. He showed how poverty results from the way society is organized to exploit and oppress the weakest among us, and he called attention to the fact that the ruling classes, in conjunction with certain segments of the Church, manipulated the Christian faith to be a source of passivity rather than a force for indignation, resistance, and liberation.
In the 1950s and 1960s, liberation theology took root most deeply in Latin America, especially in Brazil. Why this region, and why this country?
The Church in Brazil in the 1950s and 1960s was unique in Latin America and, I would say, even the world. We had many prophetic bishops who opposed the military dictatorships, denounced torture, and publicly defended human rights. Thanks to the great Bishop Hélder Câmara, a coordinated pastoral meeting was organized for the first time. It involved more than 300 bishops and led to the creation of the National Conference of Bishops, which, in turn, developed strategies for social change that became widely adopted. For a long time, the Conference advocated for basic social justice and agrarian reform.
This initiative led to a shift away from the concept of “development of underdevelopment,” which draws attention to the historic and structural roots of underdevelopment, to a focus on the process of liberation. The educator Paulo Freire, author of Pedagogy of the Oppressed and Education as the Practice of Freedom, helped to shape the minds of bishops, theologians, and pastors. It marked the beginning in Brazil, and soon Peru, of liberation theology as a foundational concept in the Catholic Church.
In 2009, you wrote that “everyone must be freed from this system that has continued for three centuries and has been imposed across the planet.” What is the “system,” and what makes escape so urgent?
Every modern society is indebted to the founding fathers of the Enlightenment worldview beginning in the seventeenth century with Descartes, Newton, Bacon, and others. Together, their work gave rise to the idea of conquest of people and the Earth. The Earth was no longer viewed as the great Mother, alive and purposeful. Instead, it was reduced to something to be exploited by humans for wealth accumulation. In the capitalist system that emerged out of this, value is ascribed to accumulated capital rather than to work, now simply a vehicle for such accumulation. This system creates vast economic inequalities as well as political, social, and ethnic injustices. Its political manifestation is liberal democracy, in which freedom is equated with the freedom to exploit nature and accumulate wealth. This system has been imposed worldwide and has created a culture of limitless private accumulation and consumption. Today, we realize that a finite Earth cannot support endless growth that overshoots the Earth’s biophysical limits and threatens long-term human survival and Mother Earth’s bounty.
Your recent writings suggest that ecology should be an additional pillar of the movement. What is the connection between ecology and social justice?
The core of liberation theology is the empowerment of the poor to end poverty and achieve the freedom to live a good life. In the 1980s, we realized that the logic supporting exploitation of workers was the same as that supporting the exploitation of the earth. Out of this insight, a vigorous liberation eco-theology was born. To make this movement effective, it is important to create a new paradigm rooted in cosmology, biology, and complexity theory. A global vision of reality must always be open to creating new forms of order within which human life can evolve. The vision of James Lovelock and V. I. Vernadsky helped us see not only that life exists on Earth, but also that Earth itself is a living organism. The human being is the highest expression of Earth’s creation by virtue of our capacity to feel, think, love, and worship.
After publication of your 1984 book Church: Charisma and Power, the Vatican prohibited your writing and teaching, a turning point in the strained relationship between liberation theology and the Church. How did you respond to this?
The imposition of “silentium obsequiosum” in 1985 by the Vatican forbade me from speaking and writing. That is when I began to study ecology, Earth science, and their relation to human activity. This coincided with an invitation to participate in a small, international group convened by Mikhail Gorbachev and Steven Rockefeller to explore universal values and principles essential for saving Earth from the multiple threats she faces. I had the opportunity to meet leading scientists while actively participating in drafting a text that significantly inspired Pope Francis’s recent encyclical, Laudato Si’. I was determined to ensure that the views of the Earth Charter would be based on a new paradigm incorporating the interdependency of all creatures—indeed the whole living fabric—and the need for mutual care. This paradigm must extend beyond a purely environmental ecology to an “integral ecology” that includes society, human consciousness, education, daily life, and spirituality.
This must start with the new paradigm for physical reality that has emerged from the thinking of Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Stephen Hawking, Brian Swimme, Ilya Prigogine, Humberto Maturana, Christian de Duve, and many others who see the universe as a process of cosmogenesis—expanding, self-regenerating orders of increasing complexity. The basic law governing this cosmological vision is that everything has to do with everything else at all times and in all circumstances. Nothing is outside this integrated vision. Knowledge and science are interlinked to form a greater whole. Contrary to the earlier atomized paradigm, this helps us develop a holistic view of a world in continuous motion. Mutation, not stability, is the natural state of the universe and Earth. And we humans are intrinsic to this process. So I believe there are four major trends in ecological thinking: environmental, social, mental, and integral. Together, these form a reality in which the component parts are dynamically in tune with each other.
Do you see elements of liberation theology in Pope Francis’s recent encyclical Laudato Si’?
The encyclical Laudato Si´ is the fruit of the theological ecology that developed in recent years in Latin America. The Pope adopted the method of “see, judge, act, and celebrate” and used it to organize the encyclical. He makes use of the basic categories that we used in Latin America, such as the “relatedness of all with all,” the focus on the poor and the vulnerable, the intrinsic value of every being, the ethics of care and collective responsibility, and—especially—the condemnation of the system that produces the cry of the poor and the cry of the earth, a system that is anti-life, perhaps even suicidal. The document is full of the resonances of liberation theology and encourages liberation theologians as well as like-minded churches and theology everywhere.
Many view religion in the contemporary world as a source of strife and exclusion rather than the harmony and inclusiveness needed to foster global solidarity. Do such critics of religion have a valid point?
Almost all religions show signs of the sickness of fundamentalism. Fundamentalism is not a doctrine but a way of understanding doctrine. Fundamentalists think that their doctrine and their truth is the only one. Others are wrong and deserve no rights. From these conflicts is born the bloodshed we know too well, conflicts pursued in God’s name. But this is a pathology that does not eliminate the true nature of religion. Everything healthy can get sick. That is what is happening today. On the other hand, compare the conflicts driven by fundamentalism with the hopefulness of leaders like the Dalai Lama, Desmond Tutu, and Pope Francis, who are clamoring for cooperation among religions and spiritual paths to help overcome the current ecological crisis.
What is your view on the prospects for a progressive transformation of religious institutions and for the overall shift in of planetary civilization we call the Great Transition? And what role would religious institutions play in this transformation?
I think the legacy of the financial crisis is the insight that the global capitalist system met its limit in 2007–2008. More than an economic crisis, it was a crisis of Earth’s limited resources. Shortly after the onset of the financial crisis, scientists announced the infamous Earth Overshoot Day, calling attention to the fact that the pressure we put on Earth exceeds its biocapacity. But this moment, which should have provoked reflection on our profound lack of environmental consciousness, passed with little public reaction.
Because of the inseparability of the ecological and the social, the looming depletion of resources could lead to social unrest of great proportions. Today, at least forty armed conflicts afflict the world. Our system does not have the tools to solve the problems it has created. As Albert Einstein eloquently stated, “We cannot solve the problems using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.”
We have to think and act differently. The Earth Charter explicitly states, and Pope Francis has repeated, “Common destiny beckons us to seek a new beginning. This requires a change in the mind and in the heart. It requires a new sense of global interdependence and universal responsibility to reach a sustainable way of life locally, regionally, nationally and globally.” This is the foundation for a different way of inhabiting the Common Home in which material resources are finite. In contrast, human and spiritual capital are inexhaustible because they are intangible and include limitless values such as love, solidarity, compassion, reverence, and care. This places life at the center: the life of Mother Earth, the life of nature, and human life. | <urn:uuid:1ff853ea-dd0e-4fd0-88d0-09012b359f44> | {
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Few standardized tests are as mysterious as the ISEE. Almost every parent has some knowledge of the SAT or the ACT, but the ISEE is a relatively new, nuanced exam riddled with mysterious grading scales and shrouded in myth. To add to parental confusion, for many students, the ISEE represents their first real experience with standardized testing with an impact on their future. The ISEE directly impacts a student’s educational options in a new and often terrifying way. This post aims to demystify the ISEE by separating myth from reality and providing clear, concise test preparation advice.
First, Some Context
Before launching into a discussion of stanine scores and test prep strategies, it is important to note one crucial fact about the ISEE: it is intended to measure a student’s cumulative learning. Unlike the SAT or the ACT, which most high school students take, the ISEE is a content-heavy exam designed to tease out a student’s aptitude in a unique set of academic skills that are inherently cumulative. This does not mean the ISEE is by any means uncoachable (we’ll get to that shortly). Rather, defining success of the ISEE requires the proper perspective. The skills needed on the exam cannot be learned overnight. Foundational math skills and fluency in reading skills, and a well-developed vocabulary are critical to excellent scores on the ISEE. No test prep guru can magically fix cumulative gaps overnight. Likewise, we should acknowledge the ISEE’s role in the broader admissions package. Superb ISEE scores do not have nearly as much impact on a student’s admissions decision as the ACT or SAT exams do on college admissions. Application essays, interviews, teacher recommendation letters, and transcripts can help balance out a student’s admissions package.
Levels of the ISEE & Composition of the Test
The ISEE contains four sections: verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, reading comprehension, and mathematics achievement. The exam also includes an essay, which is not scored. However, a copy of the essay is sent to the schools when the student applies. The nitty-gritty details of exam content are too nuanced to explain in this format. For more information, please review the test maker’s website (erblearn.org). There are currently four versions of the ISEE that are administered based on the grade to which a student is applying. Applicants to grades 2 through 4 sit for the Primary Level exam, applicants to grades 5 and 6 sit for the Lower Level exam, applicants to grades 7 and 8 sit for the Middle Level exam, and applicants to grades 9 through 12 sit for the Upper Level exam. For example, an eighth-grade student applying to Strake Jesuit will take the Upper Level exam. A sixth-grade student applying to seventh grade at St. Francis Episcopal Day School will take the Middle Level exam. There are few differences between the formats of these exams. The Lower and Upper Levels of the exam are similar to the Middle Level test in overall design and length, but the Lower Level is slightly shorter, and the Upper Level is somewhat longer. However, all three levels vary in rigor and are engineered for test takers of different ages.
One of the most trying aspects of the ISEE is its length. Outside of a few nationalized exams like the STAR or the ERB, the ISEE often represents the most daunting exam a student has ever seen in both length and rigor. Multiple hours of focused test-taking combined with the novel pressures of school admissions create a uniquely stressful cloud around the ISEE, especially for students with learning differences. Luckily, with the proper test preparation, any student can stave off the mental stress of the exam and demonstrate his or her academic potential.
Scoring the ISEE
An ISEE score report is uniquely confusing for both parents and students. Riddled with jargon such as “stanine score” and “percentile rank,” the ISEE scoring methods often lead to profound misunderstandings. In short, students receive a percentile rank from 1 to 99 based on the number of multiple-choice questions they answer correctly. For instance, if a student receives a percentile rank of ’65’ on Verbal Reasoning, it means he or she performed equal to or better than 65% of test-takers in her cohort. This cohort, or norm group, is comprised of the most recent three years of test-takers for the same exam level (primary, lower, middle, or upper). The norm group is further refined to applicants applying to the same grade (e.g. 9th-grade upper level exam takers are separated from 11th graders). Next, percentile ranks are grouped into nine percentile ranges known as stanines. These stanine scores are abundantly helpful to admissions directors as they help determine where a student falls in the broader academic spectrum. The percentile rank, on the other hand, is not as important. For example, a student in the 40th percentile and a student in the 55th percentile will receive the same stanine score for that section. Admissions directors often ignore the minute differences in percentile score.
Parents should know that ISEE scoring is essentially incomparable with standard academic scoring, such as the methods used on a math test or an English essay. In fact, the majority of students who take the ISEE fall into the stanine range of 4 to 6 (54%), while the minority fall into the stanine ranges of 1 to 3 (23%) and 7 to 9 (23%). It is also helpful to point out that the highest stanines are attained by a minuscule fraction of test-takers. Nationwide, only 4% of students obtain a 9, while a marginal 7% of test-takers are awarded an 8. This grade distribution remains largely unchanged year after year, as the ISEE test makers continue to test new questions and design the test to trend toward the middle. This can come as a shock to both students and parents who are used to elite scores on other exams. However, it is important to note that the ISEE is designed to be difficult.
Why Is the ISEE So Difficult?
The ISEE is inherently tricky for two reasons. Firstly, this exam is designed with very different goals than the exams students take in school. A seventh-grade teacher expects most students to finish with a test average of 80% or higher. The teacher wants his or her students to reflect mastery over the material. The ISEE, on the other hand, is intended to sort students into discrete groups based on perceived acuity. The teacher wants almost every student to score well on the exam, while the ISEE creators need to show distinctions in student ability, hence the incredibly low percentage (23%) of students who score a seven or higher each year. Secondly, the ISEE contains content that is intentionally outside the scope of most curriculums. In other words, they give questions that most students should not be able to answer. Remember, the same ISEE is administered to incoming ninth-graders and to incoming twelfth-graders. These two groups should not have an equal level of comfort with the material. That’s why one of the first steps we take when preparing students for the ISEE is to teach them to be comfortable with confusing questions.
A Note on Multiple Test Dates
Since August of 2016, students can register and sit for up to three official ISEE administrations. This is crucial because single test scores don’t always reflect a student’s potential. The heightened anxiety for their first standardized test in an unfamiliar environment is only one factor that leads to fluke test scores. Poor sleep, a cold, a demanding baseball tournament, you name it, the score reflects a student’s headspace o that day. Therefore, we recommend at least two attempts. It’s important to note this policy also allows families to submit test scores to schools selectively. Students can submit just one score or a portfolio of exam scores, depending on their admissions goals. However, Students are not able to individually send their highest section scores per test date, unlike the ACT and SAT “super scoring” method.
Our Approach to ISEE Preparation
ISEE prep, especially under a time crunch, should not seek to cram a student’s brain with content outside of his or her comfort zone. Instead, students should utilize the ISEE as an opportunity to master essential test-taking skills. We teach students the essentials of pacing, managing anxiety, and exam strategy. The key to success on the ISEE is to teach students how to identify questions with a high probability of success. Spending adequate time on these “money questions” and ignoring the pitfalls of trick questions and “out-of-scope content” is the best way to keep students calm and confident on test day. There is no penalty for guessing on the ISEE, as students are scored on the number of questions answered correctly. So, we teach to evaluate a question’s potential, pace themselves accordingly, and demonstrate their potential calmly throughout the sections.
Need Some Help?
Our mission is to arm students with the proper tools and tactics they need to achieve their academic potential. Outside of our tried and true executive functioning skill curriculum, a few select team members specialize in ISEE preparation. For more information, please reach out today. | <urn:uuid:b6a1fb07-0169-49bf-9f5a-446d2d329af4> | {
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1904 – Birth of Karlis Irbitis, Latvian aeroplane designer.
1918 – Australian World War I fighter ace Francis Ryan “Frank” Smith shoots down four Fokker D.VIIs with his Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a, his last victories of the war.
1947 – U.S. Air Force Capt. Charles “Chuck” Yeager becomes the first person to fly faster than sound. Yeager “breaks the sound barrier” in his Bell X-1 “Glamorous Glennis” (shown); he reaches 670 mph or Mach 1.015 at an altitude of 45,000 feet (13,700 m) at Muroc Dry Lake, Calif.
1964 – First flight of the Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion, an American heavy-lift transport helicopter developped for the U.S. Marine Corps.
1980 – Death of Francesco Pricolo, Italian aviator, aeronautical engineer and chief of staff of the Italian Regia Aeronautica during the World War II.
2011 – A Moremi Air Cessna 208B Grand Caravan crashes shortly after take-off from Xakanaka Airstrip, Botswana, killing eight of 12 onboard. | <urn:uuid:e62288dc-b89d-40cd-9460-e80cec8203c6> | {
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The increasing scarcity of water around the world has become more evident at the beginning of this century. Management of this valuable resource is not only an environmental issue, it is also an important economic issue and its management has significant social implications. Moreover, the predicted decreases in annual rainfall around Australia, threatening the image of providing a sustainable water source for a majority of its population. The solution partly lies through the promotion of water conservation strategies involving wastewater recycling and reuse. A pilot scale 5-stage wastewater treatment system was investigated in regards to its feasibility for removing Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Turbidity, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N), Nitrate Nitrogen (N03-N), Organic Nitrogen (Org-N) and Total Phosphorus (TP) for the period of one year from Jan.2004 to Dec. 2004. The system readily reduced the concentration of BOD5 from average 189 mg/L to 5 mg/L (removal rate of 94%), TSS from average 216 mg/L to 3 mg/L (removal rate of 97%) and Turbidity from average 105 NTU to 2 NTU (removal rate of 96%). The removal rate for nitrogen and phosphorus was also quite satisfactory and this system was capable of reducing the Total Nitrogen (TN) from average of 41 mg/L to 5 mg/L (removal rate of 86%) and TP from average of 9 mg/L to 2 mg/L (removal rate of 81%). | <urn:uuid:a27c5f4e-d844-4af8-8665-24053e2c2fce> | {
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We cannot diminish
of a partnership
with vision and
those with the
skill to make
Anna Sanko, ARC..
Funded in part by:
The National Endowment for the Humanities
CT Commision on Culture & Tourism
Ethel & Abe Lapides Foundation
Beyond Amistad: African American Struggle for Citizenship, 1770-1850
“The Amistad incident was a turning point in our nation’s history,” said Congresswoman Rosa DeLauro. “This teacher’s institute will play a critical role in continuing the narrative on African American’s struggle for equal rights a central part of American history and Connecticut’s role in this effort. This funding will expand educational resources and reach as many young people as possible.”
In speaking about The Prudence Crandall Museum, a National Historic Landmark administrered by the Connecticut Commission on Culture and Tourism, “I’m so pleased to be able to share this unique and important landmark with teachers from throughout the country, and to have the opportbuity to collaborate with the staffs of the Architecture Resource Center and the other particiating historic sites in exploring the rich and diverse history of our state.”
The Prudence Crandall Museum
As part of the National Endowment for the Humanities We the People initiative organizations around the country were selected to provide Landmarks of American History and Culture Workshops for Schoolteachers. Landmarks of American History and Culture Workshops provide the opportunity for K-12 educators to engage in intensive study and discussion of important topics in American history. These one week academies give participants direct experiences in the interpretation of significant historical sites and the use of archival and other primary historical evidence. Landmark Workshops present the best scholarship on a specific landmark or related cluster of landmarks, enabling participants to gain a sense of the importance of historic places, to make connections between what they learn in the Workshop and what they teach, and to develop enhanced teaching materials for their classrooms.
The Architecture Resource Center in partnership with the Yale University Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition, received $135,000 to launch the ”Beyond Amistad: African American Struggle for Citizenship, 1770-1850” program during the summer of 2007. Eighty school teachers participated in two one-week workshops to study the history of New England slavery and “to make history come alive” for their students through the study of Connecticut's historic sites, people, and resources that illuminate slavery and freedom.
“By the time the nation ratified their citizenship and right to vote with the 14th and 15th Amendments, black Americans had been intimately involved in the shaping of their country for two hundred years,” said Dr. Robert Forbes, Lecturer in History Yale University. “Beyond Amistad” will use the window of Connecticut’s historic sites to enable teachers to understand the role of African Americans in making manifest the principles of the American founding.”
Viewing the celebrated Amistad incident of 1839-41 as a catalyst and turning point, this institute explored architectural sites in Connecticut that underscore the centrality of the pre-twentieth-century African American struggle for equal rights to the larger American narrative.
For more information see: http://www.yale.edu/glc/ctlandmarks/ | <urn:uuid:7fea1496-4b71-4cb2-bebf-ed28e2d2ee85> | {
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People may joke about their "addiction" to chocolate or potato chips, but for people struggling with obesity, it's no laughing matter. In fact, efforts in the past several years to link obesity with a physical addiction to food have garnered a great deal of attention. One of the most recent studies comes from Yale University.
Led by Ashley Gearhardt, a Yale student, and Kelly Brownell, Director of the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at the University, the study examined 48 healthy women for signs of food addiction. The research showed that a woman's brain activity is affected by food similar to the way an addict's brain responds to the use of drugs. The study is another stepping stone in proving that obesity can be the result of a food addiction—not a lack of self-control—but its results still proved surprising.
The research team used functional MRI to monitor brain activity throughout the study. The women were divided into two groups: one was asked to look at the ingredients of a chocolate shake and sample the finished product, while the others looked and sampled a tasteless, no-calorie solution. The women in the study that showed signs of food addiction displayed very high brain activity when shown pictures of the chocolate milkshake, compared to the other group that had very low brain activity when shown pictures of a tasteless shake. Similar to a drug addiction, once the women tasted the shake, their activity decreased back to normal, but caused them to crave more chocolate.
Gearhardt created a 25-point questionnaire to assess food addiction for the study, the Yale Food Addiction Scale, similar to one used to diagnose a drug addiction. After using the scale, Gearhardt found that there were some overweight women that did not display any food addiction symptoms, but some average weight women did; showing food addictions were not correlated to an increase in weight. Much to her surprise, the study showed the relationship between food addiction and weight gain is a bit complicated and yet to be explained.
You may also be interested in learning more about the Fort Bend County Black Nurses Association who are celebrating the 10th anniversary of their fight against obesity. | <urn:uuid:c4c2f253-d805-4c2b-922b-534e50579a53> | {
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UAV bio-inspired sensing
Bio-inspired UAV flight control
Small unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to dramatically change current practices in many areas such as, search and rescue, surveillance, and environmental monitoring. Currently the utility of these systems is limited by their operational endurance and their inability to operate in strong turbulent winds, especially those that often occur in urban environments. Animals such as birds, bats and insects are adapted to be able to fly in these conditions and actually use them to their advantage to minimize their energy output. We are using inspiration from these biological flyers to develop technologies to improve UAV flight performance.
One current focus of our research is the use of distributed arrays of force and flow sensors on the wings of UAVs to enable them to sense how the aircraft is interacting with the air around it. This approach is inspired by similar sensor arrays found in birds, bats and insects for air-flow sensing, as well as the water-flow sensing systems of fish. The sensory information available from distributed sensor arrays offers the potential to greatly improve the agility and robustness of autonomous fliers by giving them the ability to sense the aerial environment they are operating in and respond more rapidly and appropriately. This is particularly the case for next generation vehicles with morphing wings, where each part of the wing can be tailored to the local flow conditions.
We are currently developing small fixed wing experimental aircraft with arrays of force and flow sensors in order explore the sensory information available from these types of sensors. Through wind tunnel testing and outdoor flight testing we are exploring how these types of sensors can be used in flight control systems and what advantages this offers.
- Sergio Araujo-Estrada
- Dr Kieran Wood, University of Bristol
- Dr Tom Richardson, University of Bristol | <urn:uuid:b3f177d7-d0e3-40cc-8265-e90ac7b91648> | {
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We've been working closely with RED and G-Technology to look at shooting and production workflows beyond 4K resolution.
Today’s digital video cameras are able to make images that exceed the quality of film. Higher resolutions like 4K, 6K and 8K capture more detail than ever before, but call for increasing data rates, file sizes and storage requirements. The good news is that as cameras have improved, so has the capacity, speed and reliability of storage, so that now, shooting in the highest resolutions is neither experimental nor difficult: it’s just an amazing option for you to use if you need the best pictures possible.
The rapid and inexorable rise of video camera capability over the last decade and a half has been little short of miraculous. The very first digital cameras couldn’t shoot video and their images did little to worry film stock manufacturers. But the rate of progress was staggering. The cameras available today can capture video at sixteen times the resolution of HD (four times the linear resolution), extending the choices available to filmmakers beyond what they could reasonably have imagined just a few years ago.
Sixteen times the resolution of HD actually does mean sixteen times the data. Shooting at 60p doubles this. A single frame of uncompressed 8K video contains as much data as around thirty copies of War and Peace. A feature film would create more raw data than half a million books. This sounds tricky.
Storage has improved
But cameras aren’t the only technology to evolve in multiples every few years. Storage has improved too. Almost without realising, we now talk about terabytes instead of gigabytes. Storage is more reliable too. Experienced users realise that all drives are not equal, and that “enterprise” level drives last longer under tougher conditions.
While storage technology has improved, two other factors have conspired to make super high resolution cinematography practical and realistic. Storage prices per megabyte have dropped dramatically, and video compression techniques have evolved. At the same time, computers, largely due to the availability of almost unbelievably fast GPUs, are able to work with very high resolution video, and can easily cope with proxy workflows where complex multi-layer editing is required.
Put all of these improvements together and the result is that shooting at resolutions higher than 4K is a highly practical proposition on all levels.
Here’s an example: 8K at various compression ratios, with both REDCODE and Apple ProRes. The frame rate is 24 fps.
At 5:1, in REDCODE, you have visually stunning quality, and the storage rate is less than a terabyte per hour. We’ve shown equivalent data rates for Apple ProRes. This is a low-compression discrete cosine-based codec with a higher data rate but a very low processor overhead.
Shooting at 6K and at 4.5K reduces the storage requirements proportionately.
Even 8K is managable today
What this demonstrates is that today, shooting in the studio or on location even at 8K resolutions is manageable and practical. Using tools like the capacious G-Speed Shuttle XL with ev series bay adaptors and the G-Drive ev Raw SSD, as well as G-Technology’s EV Series RED Mini Mag reader, as long as you plan an efficient workflow, there’s no reason why you can’t shoot in extremely high resolutions with confidence and with a realistic budget. And if you do, it will be worth it. There are tangible benefits to shooting in the highest possible quality, and with today's storage technology, there's no reason not to. | <urn:uuid:a0c3410e-1244-4eb8-bcc4-7f85a592d301> | {
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Paramedics to the Rescue
written by Nancy White
2011 (Bearport Publishing)
Source: Orange County Public Library
Check out STEM Friday at Ana's Nonfiction Blog
I picked up Paramedics to the Rescue because this is a subject that I had not seen featured in a book before. Nancy White creates an interesting mix of information and stories involving paramedics. I never thought about this, but paramedics have only been around since the mid-1960s. There have been ambulance drivers for several decades, but they didn't give medical treatment to patients. This book tells how the profession got started in the United States. One of the hooks for reluctant readers are the stories contained in this text. I would read one as a way to sell it to students. You could choose the story of Lawrence Van Sertima who was bitten by a venomous snake on 9/11. Paramedic Al Cruz had to convince the government to allow a plane to fly to Miami from San Diego in order to deliver the medication needed to save Van Sertima's life. Paramedic Lisa Desena, who set up a first-aid station near the collapsed Twin Towers on 9/11, is also featured. Another facet of Paramedics that I like is the emphasis on training and working together. That lesson can easily transfer to the classroom so students can understand that teamwork and studying are extremely important.
If your class is studying careers in medicine or if you're looking for a nonfiction book to catch the eye of reluctant readers, you should find a copy of Paramedics to the Rescue. You could read sections of the book and invite a paramedic to speak to your class. They may even bring in equipment to show students what they use to save lives. This book is also a good source for science related vocabulary (unconscious, intravenous, proficient). | <urn:uuid:ed98a8d3-af73-4670-9fb6-11bfcaaee636> | {
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This 15-Year-Old Girl Could Be The Nation's Top Young Scientist
A 15-year-old girl developed a prototype probe that may make her the nation's top young scientist.
According to The Daily Good, Hannah Herbst from Boca Raton, Fla., won first place in the 2015 Discovery Education 3M Young Scientist Challenge.
She developed a prototype probe that converts the movement of the ocean's currents into energy, and it only costs $12 to make.
Herbst beat out nine other middle-school finalists and was awarded a $25,000 prize.
The Daily Good reports that her energy probe consists of a 3D-printed propeller, a pulley, and a hydroelectric generator, which converts the movement of the ocean into usable energy.
She created the project while writing to a 9-year-old pen pal living in Ethiopia.
Through letters, she learned that her friend's family did not have a reliable source of power or electricity.
"I really want to end the energy poverty crisis and really help the other methods of renewable energy collection to generate more power and to make our world a better place for everyone," Herbst said.
Photo Credit: Discovery Education 3M Young Scientist Challenge Facebook | <urn:uuid:08c4798c-28d3-456e-97cd-5ee5dd8cce92> | {
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Childhood Anxiety & Related Disorders
Does My Child Have An Anxiety Disorder?
As discussed throughout this website, anxiety is useful in certain situations, some of the time. But how do you, the parent or caregiver, know when the signs of anxiety you are seeing in your child might be significant enough to qualify for an anxiety disorder? An appointment with your family physician or a trained mental health professional is a good first step. However, in preparation for that visit, or to decide whether a visit is needed, it can help to understand what professionals look for in diagnosing an anxiety disorder.
To begin with, there are eleven different "types" of anxiety disorders, and each anxiety disorder has a list of commonly occurring symptoms clustered into 4 areas:
- Physical responses
Next, anxiety specialists have identified that when a child experiences anxiety more often (e.g. most days, and for months at a time), and more intensely than other children of the same age, it is more likely that the child has an anxiety disorder. Finally, those children who experience a specific list of anxious symptoms, more frequently and intensely than peers, are more likely to also experience significant disruption in their lives. This disruption can interrupt or even stop him or her from participating in a variety of typical childhood experiences such as:
- Attending school
- Joining social, athletic or recreational clubs
- Meeting age expected demands such as sleeping through the night, doing homework, and making friends.
It is common for children and teens to experience anxiety symptoms of more than one anxiety disorder. This means as you read the definitions below, it would be fairly common to say, "Yes! This sounds like my child, but so does this other description!" Fortunately, the helpful approaches outlined throughout this website can be used for various anxiety problems, so that even if your child has 2, 3, or more disorders, many of the same tools can be used for all the disorders.
Be sure to watch our video below for more information...
Does your child have mild to moderate anxiety? If your child has mild to moderate anxiety, or has yet to be diagnosed with a disorder, click here to learn about a variety of general anxiety topics that can benefit you and your child or teen.
Does your child have a diagnosed (or suspected) anxiety disorder? Below is a list of nine anxiety disorders. Click on the links for a more detailed description, (including a video and stories), as well as home management strategies that are specific to that disorder.
Body Focused Repetitive Behaviours. Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviours, or BFRBs, are a cluster of habitual behaviours that include hair pulling (called Trichotillomania), skin picking (called Skin Excoriation), nail biting, nose picking, and lip or cheek biting. In both Trichotillomania and Skin Excoriation, the individual experiences ongoing and repetitive engagement in either pulling out of one’s hair or skin picking (dependent on the disorder), resulting in noticeable hair loss, or skin abrasions or lesions. This occurs despite extensive efforts to stop these behaviours. In both disorders there is significant impairment or disruption in routine life functioning for the individual.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Children and teens with this disorder worry excessively and uncontrollably about daily life events and are often nicknamed “worry warts”. Their worries include fear of bad things happening in the future such as global warming or parents divorcing, being on time or making mistakes, a loved one becoming ill or dying, personal health, academic performance, world events, and natural disasters.
Health Anxiety. Although health anxiety is not a disorder, there are several disorders defined by excessive anxiety related to somatic or physical symptoms, or having an illness or condition. In children, these health worries are excessive, ongoing, and uncontrollable, and often result in frequent visits to medical professionals and reassurance seeking from loved ones all due to exaggerated fears of being ill.
Hoarding Disorder (HD). Individuals with this disorder experience ongoing and significant difficulty getting rid of possessions regardless of their value; and strong urges to save and/or acquire, often non-essential, items, that if prevented leads to extreme distress. As a result, living space becomes severely compromised with extreme clutter. In addition, the individual experiences significant impairment in social, occupational, and other important areas of functioning.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Children and teens with this disorder have obsessions, or unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that make them anxious or uncomfortable, and/or they engage in compulsions (repetitive physical or mental behaviors) in an attempt to reduce their anxiety or discomfort. Some compulsions may include repeated hand washing, checking, tapping, or mental routines (such as counting backwards from 100 and selecting “good” images to think about). An example of an obsession is "I might get sick and die from touching a bathroom door,” followed by the compulsion of washing hands for 5 minutes to reduce the anxiety and perceived likelihood of becoming sick.
Panic Disorder & Agoraphobia. Panic disorder is characterized by the sudden onset of intense fear, called an anxiety or panic attack, followed by at least one month of worry about having additional attacks and/or fear of something bad happening as a result of the panic attack. Symptoms include: difficulty breathing, racing heart, sweating, needing to escape, sense of danger or doom, and chest pain, among others. Agoraphobia occurs when the youth has a significant fear of being in at least two locations where escape appears difficult or s/he might be unable to get help, and therefore will avoid these situations as much as possible.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. This is an anxiety disorder that can develop after being directly involved, witnessing, or learning about a frightening, traumatic event. This disorder can be extremely debilitating for the child and is far more than simply being upset for a few days after a scary event. Symptoms include ongoing upsetting vivid memories, nightmares, flashbacks of the event, increased arousal such as being jumpy or irritable, and avoiding reminders of the incident. One of the most common situations for a child to develop PTSD is from being in a significant automobile accident.
Social Anxiety Disorder. These children and teens have an intense fear of social and/or performance situations because they worry about doing something embarrassing or being negatively judged by others. They may avoid social activities such as going to parties, performing in recitals, speaking to peers or adults, or even going to school. On the extreme end of this disorder is the rare condition Selective Mutism (children have the ability to speak but refuse to speak in social situations such as school).
Selective Mutism. Selective mutism is a childhood anxiety disorder that is diagnosed when a child consistently does not speak in some situations, but speaks comfortably in other situations. These children are capable of speaking yet are unable to speak in certain social situations where there is a demand to speak, such as at school, at dance class, at soccer practice, or at the corner store. In other situations, these same children may speak openly with others and may even be considered a “chatterbox”.
Separation Anxiety Disorder. These children have excessive anxiety about being separated from parents and/or primary caregivers, such as a grandparent or a nanny, or the home. For example, they may cling or cry when a parent leaves the home, or refuse to go to school, on play dates, or to sleep alone in their own bed. They may not be able to be alone in a different room from the parent or caregiver even in their own home.
Specific Phobias. Phobias are characterized by persistent, excessive and unreasonable fears of an object or situation, which significantly interferes with life, and the child or teen is unable to control his/her fear. Some common phobias for children and teens include fear of dogs and insects, swimming, heights, loud noises, and injections (needles). | <urn:uuid:d791b4b4-9dc1-4df5-b1be-be7321d9a602> | {
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A lot of readers email us the same question every day, “Are electronic cigarettes harmful to my health?” We used to respond to every email and comment individually…and then we got smart.
For your researching pleasure, here are summaries of 5 recent e cig safety studies that will help answer your burning e cig health questions.
And remember, there is a lot of contradictory information out there about electronic cigarette safety and health risks, so read as much as you can and make your own, informed opinion.
For more information, check out our top vaping tips article.
Author: Konstantinos Farsalinos, doctor at the Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
Summary: According to Dr. Farsalinos, E-cigs have little to no effect on the “cardiac function of the heart.” He also discussed the fact that nicotine is present in e-liquid (unless you choose a zero-nicotine option) but that “it is absorbed at a slower rate than in cigarettes.”
Author: Professor Igor Burstyn, Drexel University School of Public Health
Summary: In the first study ever funded by “The Consumer Advocates for Smoke-free Alternatives (CASAA) Research Fund,” Professor Burstyn specifically focused on the chemicals which make up the “liquid” part of the e-cig. After extensive research, he found its make-up is not harmful to users.
Carl V. Phillips, the Scientific director at CASAA concluded that E-cigarettes and other many other tobacco-free alternatives are “about 99% less harmful than smoking, and so smokers who switch to them gain basically the same health benefits as if they quit tobacco and nicotine entirely.”
Authors: McAuley TR, Hopke PK, Zhao J, Babaian S. (Consulting for Health, Air, Nature, & A Greener Environment)
Summary: E-Cig emissions don’t affect indoor air quality! After testing the compounds present in E-cigs, and comparing the risk of second-hand harm to humans (indoors) to that of cigarette smoke, the researchers found that there was “no apparent risk to human health from e-cigarette emissions based on the compounds analyzed.”
Study: Electronic Cigarettes as a Harm Reduction Strategy for Tobacco Control: A Step Forward or a Repeat of Past Mistakes?
Authors: Michael Siegel, professor of Community Health Sciences at Boston University’s School of Public Health and Zachary Cahn, a grad student at Berkley, with a focus on “substance control policies.”
Summary: E-cigs can help reduce cravings for tobacco, partly due to its nicotine content, but not solely! The researchers found that even non-nicotine “placebos” help too. In other words, just the mere physicality of holding a cigarette-like apparatus (like an e-cig) can potentially be enough to satisfy cravings and therefore help a smoker wean off tobacco.
The researchers also concluded that “tobacco companies, based on their history of lies and deception, simply cannot be trusted to develop and market a safer tobacco alternative.”
Study: Action on Smoking and Health
Author Quoted: Amanda Sandford, research manager for ASH in London
Summary: In various articles on electronic cigarettes, Amanda Sandford is quoted as saying “Nicotine, compared to tobacco smoke, is relatively benign. It is the addictive component of tobacco, of course, and that is what keeps people coming back to smoking, but the harm [in smoking] comes largely from the inhaling of tobacco smoke…Nicotine itself, once it is isolated and extracted from tobacco and just used in its pure state, is relatively harmless.”
Make sure to check out our resources section for more info, studies, guides, research and more! | <urn:uuid:7ed48ac7-b755-4cfa-9c03-755c713d1d00> | {
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- Artistic Changing Landscapes
- Type of work
Williams built a sculpture, Ghost Trails, based on a map he found from the 1940’s tracing the meanderings of the Mississippi River. In an ambitious move, he decided that the piece needed to be launched in the waters that inspired it and built a raft and floated it on the river itself. The sculpture was then used as the backdrop for a performance choreographed by former resident Monique Moss.
Bernard Williams holds a B.F.A from the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, and a M.F.A from Northwestern University. Williams taught art at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago from 1991-2003 and 2010. He is currently represented by the Thomas McCormick Gallery (Chicago), the G.R. N’Namdi Gallery (Chicago-Detroit), and Slate Gallery (Brooklyn, NY).
“Early on during my stay, I was taken with newspaper reports of a young man losing his life in the river. This became a subtext for my sculpture project concerned with invisible root systems and the river’s meandering history. I decided to mount the river myself, to risk the river. Getting onto the river with the sculpture and the raft became a sort of meditation on all the mentioned aspects of the river: the invisible undercurrents, early riverboat traffic among flatboats, keelboats, and steamboats delivering cargo of all types, the fantastic meandering routes, and the river’s appetite for consumption.” – Bernard Williams | <urn:uuid:cbe73987-251a-4d1f-896e-75b87c6c156e> | {
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Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation can do heart attack victims more harm than good, says an expert panel convened by the American Heart Association.
Many people are reluctant to help heart attack victims because they are nervous about giving mouth-to-mouth. Studies have also shown that a single person can't perform both mouth-to-mouth and the recommended 80 chest compressions per minute.
Given that blood oxygen levels in heart attack victims decline only gradually, says panel chairman Lance Becker of the University of Chicago, "if you're scared of mouth-to-mouth, just do the compressions".
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:5b066d5b-eaf9-48b9-9816-281db217f96d> | {
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Every day, someone is involved in an auto accident that results in injuries to the neck and upper back. In layman’s terms, it is often referred to as a whiplash. While this is not an actual diagnosis, it is a term familiar to most when referring to the type of injury when the occupants of one vehicle are injured due to a second vehicle striking the first from behind.
The severity of injury is often very different from one victim to another. Besides the size of each vehicle and the speed of impact, there are a number of other factors that can affect the seriousness of these “whiplash” injuries. Some of the more common factors include:
- The body position at impact
- The overall health of the victim
- The awareness of the impending impact
- The gender of the victim
The body position at impact
The position of the victim at the time of impact can greatly affect the severity of injury. Research has shown that if the head is turned to one side, it brings the ligaments and muscles to tension which then requires less force to produce the injury.
The overall health of the victim
The overall health of an individual is a key component in the severity of injury. When a person’s muscles are in better shape, they are stronger and provide greater stabilization of the neck on impact.
Another health factor is the condition of the spinal disc and joints. If there is preexisting arthritic degeneration, it weakens the joint integrity and requires less force to produce injury. This degeneration can also delay or limit the healing process of the damage area.
The awareness of the impending impact
Whether or not the occupant is aware of the approaching impact is a key factor affecting the amount of injury. When the victim is unaware of the pending impact, they are unable to brace or stabilize their neck.
The research has demonstrated that the actual injury takes place in 1/10 of a second after impact; that is quicker than we can blink our eye and quicker than our muscles can tighten to protect the neck.
Those that are aware that the collision is about to happen can tighten their neck muscles, thereby providing some stabilization of the neck. This lessens the sudden whipping action and thus decreases the severity of injury.
The Gender Of The Victim
While men and women are equal in many ways, unfortunately, they are not when it comes to the potential severity of an injury. On average, a female’s musculature and spinal vertebra are smaller than the male. Since they are smaller and weaker, they are less likely to provide enough protective stabilization during the impact.
As you can see, there are many factors that can contribute to the severity of a whiplash injury. These factors are the reason that no two injuries are the same even if they are in the same vehicle! Proper consultation and examination are a must if the full extent of an injury is to be documented.
Dr. Adam Elsey has years of experience documenting and treating those that have been injured in car collision, His thorough history helps to discover all the factors that may affect the severity of an injury. Should you or someone you know suffer a whiplash type injury, call Dr. Adam Elsey at 314.731.4301 right away.
Resource Link: http://www.spine-health.com/conditions/neck-pain/factors-affecting-whiplash-injury | <urn:uuid:e06d46b6-fd41-4152-a1da-653699c28bdc> | {
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Dengue is a worldwide spread arboviral disease. Huánuco region is an endemic area for dengue. Understanding the influence of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) in dengue endemic areas can provide important insight for improving public health policies. The purpose of this study was to understand the KAP about dengue in the marginal urban city of Tingo Maria, district of Rupa-Rupa, a rain forest area in Huánuco region and its association with positive serology for dengue. An analytical, retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out in which a randomized sample of 112 people were evaluated using a semi structured questionnaire and tested for IgG against dengue virus. Most participants recruited were from marginal urban settlements. The median age was 38 years and 64% were female. A bivariate analysis showed an association between educational level and serological positivity. Over 95% of participants with only primary school education had a positive serological test for dengue. No statistical significances were found between attitudes towards dengue control initiatives (p=0.221), preventive practices against dengue (p=0.773), and the level of knowledge about dengue (p=0.073). Although attitudes, preventive practices and level of knowledge were not related to positive serology in dengue cases, educational level showed an association with serological positivity for dengue.
Nota bibliográficaPublisher Copyright:
© 2022 Brazilian Society of Parasitology. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:b970cb2d-2f8a-41bf-a6f0-1f6b19cb2303> | {
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Foolish Meaning and Definition in Dictionary
Definitions from Wordnet 2.0
- having or revealing stupidity; "ridiculous anserine behavior"; "a dopey answer"; "a dopey kid"; "some fool idea about rewriting authors'' books"
- devoid of good sense or judgment; "foolish remarks"; "a foolish decision"
Would you like to add your own explaination to this word 'Foolish'?
Foolish Meaning and Definition in Wikipedia
Foolishness is when someone acts without wisdom or sense. A foolish decision is one made without careful reasoning or judgement. An act of foolishness is called folly. A person who shows foolishness may be called a fool. It is different to stupidity, which is the lack of intelligence.
A fool's errand is a useless piece of work.
A fool's paradise a happy state for which there is no good reason.
The wise fool is a common literary character, a person who appears at first to be unintelligent but then reveals him or herself to possess a grest deal of wisdom. An example of this is Sancho Panza in Cervantes' Don Quixote. Sancho is an uneducated peasant who at first seems to have little sense or experience. However, as the tale unfolds, he reveals himself to possess a wealth of common sense, first expressed through endless proverbs, but then through his own skill. In this sense he provides a comic juxtaposition to Quixote himself, who is highly educated but insane; both of them supply what the other lacks.
Words and phrases related to 'Foolish'
'Foolish' example sentence in quotations
* You must not think me necessarily foolish because I am facetious, nor will I consider you necessarily wise because you are grave. - Sydney Smith
* To be idle is a short road to death and to be diligent is a way of life foolish people are idle, wise people are diligent. - Buddha
Click here for more related quotations on 'Foolish' | <urn:uuid:0b7617a7-a3df-4a0c-b863-e2cacff31d45> | {
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A student who had pioneering surgery for epilepsy says her life has turned around since the treatment.
Natalie Seed, 21, a forensics student at Lincoln University, had an implant inserted near her collarbone to stimulate a nerve in the neck.
By sending regular, tiny pulses of electrical energy to the brain, the device can help prevent a seizure.
Natalie, from West Yorkshire, said her seizures had dropped from about 12 a day to two a week since the surgery.
"It neutralises the build up of energy in your brain which causes the seizure and is operated magnetically," the student from Featherstone said.
"If you swipe a magnet that you carry around with you across the box it gives a higher stimulation instantly that neutralises the seizure and reduce the severity and length of it."
One side effect is that her voice gets lower and husky when the magnet is swiped.
She was six when she fractured her skull in her school playground - an accident which probably triggered her severe epilepsy.
By the age of nine, she was having twelve seizures a day. Almost 456,000 people in the UK suffer from epilepsy, making it the second most common neurological condition after migraines.
Natalie said: "It was very hard to cope with the different seizures as you would never know when they would come.
"It affects your social life and your family life and schooling - my attendance wasn't quite up to most people's.
"It was a new type of therapy and I was one of the first in the country - sort of a guinea pig," Natalie said.
Her mother Jackie said: "It affected our quality of life - things had to be cancelled and it was difficult to lead a normal life.
"But the treatment has made a big difference and given us a new lease on life - to see her grow in confidence is amazing." | <urn:uuid:ce2f334b-3572-47cf-a2dd-8019ac45a830> | {
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Graphs can quickly convey relationships and trends between and among data in ways that a data table or text narrative struggles to achieve.
Each type of graph has a purpose that it is best suited for.
Some have purposes they should never be used for.
Editors who know these principles can more effectively ensure that the graphs suit their intended purpose and fit scientific and mathematical standards for data communication.
This is a round-up of advice and resources explaining the best practices (and some pitfalls) for data presented in graph form.
Pitfalls of Graphs
- Exaggerated scale (affects perception of line slope / change over time)
- Scale doesn’t start at zero (affects perception of scale of change)
- Type doesn’t suit data (implies relationships that don’t exist)
Types of Graphs and Their Best Uses
Editing by Design, Jan White, pp. 159–162, 168.
Statistics Canada’s guidelines for graphs
See chapters 16 & 17 in Geoff Hart’s Writing for Science Journals | <urn:uuid:5d070e17-f0cc-4581-8a76-a257b34aa6b4> | {
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Nov 14, 2018
Manufacturing is changing fast.
Advances like 3D printing, virtual design technology, artificial intelligence (AI) and more integrated communication between the actors in the entire production chain are creating new opportunities.
As traditional logistics and manufacturing models phase out, there’s uncertainty about what the industrial future may hold.SHUTTERSTOCK, PHONLAMAI PHOTO
“In the past we’ve had mass production as a major manufacturing paradigm, and we’ve had lean manufacturing,” said Li Zheng, Professor, PhD Supervisor and Vice President at Tsinghua University in Beijing. “But now we’re seeing a new paradigm.”
In that paradigm, engineers, scientists, designers and everyone else involved in manufacturing can do things they could only dream about a decade ago.
The result is a brave new manufacturing world.
The New Labor Market Opportunities
For all the talk of new opportunities, there is a downside. As traditional logistics and manufacturing models phase out, there’s uncertainty about what the industrial future may hold.
A recent World Economic Forum report predicted machines will perform a significant portion of manufacturing tasks by 2025, eliminating some 75 million jobs. On the other hand, the new AI-enabled relationship between human labor and machines will create an extra 133 million jobs, according to the report.
The report also predicts the labor market will change as freelance and part-time labor become more prominent.
The new opportunities that do arise will accrue to those able to harness the new tech. The new technological reality will disrupt our educational system itself. In fact, it will have to, as the workforce is unprepared for the new reality, as one prominent academic in the field argues.
More from Forbes>> | <urn:uuid:1c911427-90f9-421a-b545-aa7510e0ca44> | {
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An analysis of the Hubble Space Telescope's deepest view of the universe offers compelling evidence that monster black holes in the centers of galaxies were not born big but grew over time through repeated galactic mergers.
"By studying distant galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF), we have the first statistical evidence that supermassive black-hole growth is linked to the process of galaxy assembly," said astronomer Rogier Windhorst, of Arizona State University in Tempe, Ariz., and a member of the two teams that conducted the analysis. "Black holes grow by drawing in stars, gas, and dust. These morsels come more plentifully within their reach when galaxies merge."
The two teams will present their results in a press conference on Jan. 10 at the 207th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Washington, D.C.
The HUDF studies also confirm the predictions of recent computer simulations by Lars Hernquist, Philip Hopkins, Tiziana di Matteo, and Volker Springel of the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., that newly merging galaxies are enshrouded in so much dust that astronomers cannot see the black-hole feeding frenzy. The computer simulations, as supported by Hubble, suggest that it takes hundreds of millions to a billion years before enough dust clears so that astronomers can see the black holes feasting on stars and gas from the merger. The telltale sign that black holes are dining is seeing light from galaxies that varies with time.
The two HUDF teams believe they are seeing two distinct phases in galaxy evolution: the first phase - the tadpole stage - representing the early-merging systems where central black holes are still enshrouded in dust, and the much later "variable-object phase," in which the merged system has cleared out enough gas for the inner accretion disk around the black hole to become visible.
"The fact that these phases were almost entirely separate was a surprise, because it is commonly believed that galaxy mergers and central black-hole activity are closely related. Our nearby universe has mature galaxies, but in order to understand how they formed and evolved, we must study them over time," Windhorst explained. "The HUDF provides an actual look back in time to see snapshots of early galaxies so that we can study them when they were young."
A link between the growth of galaxies through mergers and the feeding of the central black holes has long been suspected. The evidence, however, has been inconclusive for many years. "The HUDF has provided very high-quality information. It is the first data we could use to test this theory, since it allowed us to study about 5,000 distant galaxies over a period of four months," said Seth Cohen of Arizona State University and leader of one of the teams.
The HUDF observations have now shed light on how the growth of monster black holes kept pace with that of galaxies. A team of astronomers, led by Amber Straughn of Arizona State University, searched the HUDF for "tadpole galaxies," so-called because they have bright knots and tails caused by mergers. These features are produced when the galaxies lose their gravitational grip on their stars, spewing some of those stars into space. The team found about 165 tadpole galaxies, representing about 6 percent of the 2,700 galaxies in the tadpole galaxy study.
"To our surprise, however, these tadpole objects did not show any fluctuation in brightness," Straughn said. "The flickering light when it is present comes from the material swirling around an accretion disk surrounding a black hole. The material is heated and begins to glow. As it spirals down toward the black hole, it can rapidly change in brightness. This study of tadpole galaxies suggests that black holes in newly merging galaxies are enshrouded in dust, and therefore, we cannot see them accreting material."
Cohen's team studied the brightness of about 4,600 HUDF objects over several weeks to many months. The Hubble team found that about 45 (non-tadpole) objects, representing 1 percent of the faint galaxies in the study, fluctuated significantly in brightness over time. This result indicates that the galaxies probably contain supermassive black holes that are feeding on stars or gas.
"A black hole's typical mealtime lasts at least a few dozen million years," Windhorst said. "This is equivalent to black holes spending no more than 15 minutes per day eating all their food - a veritable fast food diet."
The HUDF analysis also reinforces previous Hubble telescope studies of monster black holes in the centers of nearby, massive galaxies. Those studies showed a close relationship between the mass of a galaxy's "central bulge" of stars and that of the central black hole. Galaxies today have central black holes with masses ranging from a few million to a few billion solar masses.
Arizona State University, Tempe, Ariz. | <urn:uuid:a1432a91-acf9-44d7-83db-b17420537506> | {
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Japanese electronics giant Sony has revealed technology that generates electricity from shredded paper.
At an environmental products fair in Tokyo, Sony invited children to put paper into a mixture of water and enzymes, shake it up and wait for a few minutes to see the liquid become a source of electricity, powering a small fan.
“This is the same mechanism with which termites eat wood to get energy,” Sony public relations manager Chisato Kitsukawa says.
It was part of Sony’s drive to develop a “bio battery” that turns glucose into power. According to Sony, bio batteries are environmentally friendly and have “great potential”.
As researchers scramble to find new, cost-effective sources of power, perhaps entrepreneurs can take inspiration from Sony’s innovations, looking at seemingly inanimate objects in a new light. | <urn:uuid:ec113154-b462-4059-b5ea-87d917a42a67> | {
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Protein's destructive journey in brain may cause Parkinson's
Clumps of alpha-synuclein move through dopamine-producing cells, mouse study finds
By Laura Sanders, 14:24 PM November 16, 2012
The insidious spread of an abnormal protein may be behind Parkinson’s disease, a study in mice suggests. A harmful version of the protein crawls through the brains of healthy mice, killing brain cells and damaging the animals’ balance and coordination, researchers report in the Nov. 16 Science.
If a similar process happens in humans, the results could eventually point to ways to stop Parkinson’s destruction in the brain. “I really think that this model will increase our ability to come up ...
Source URL: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/proteins-destructive-journey-brain-may-cause-parkinsons | <urn:uuid:72b90c61-e6cc-4148-b665-8cadccdbcba1> | {
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The University Record, April 22, 1998
Marilyn Roubidoux, associate professor of radiology, reads mammogram film. Michigans standards of mammography have been a model for stricter federal quality standards, which were enacted in October. Photo by Bob Kalmbach
By Dave Wilkins
Health System Public Relations
Michigan's strict mammography regulations, enacted in 1989 and beefed up in 1994, improved the quality of mammograms and did not limit access to the cancer-screening procedure, according to a new analysis.
These findings are significant beyond Michigan's borders, because federal mammography standards have been enacted that closely mirror the Michigan model. The success of Michigan's law, which was the first of its kind in the nation, suggests the federal regulations also will reap positive results. The White House authorized the stricter national standards in October.
Each year, more than 20 million U.S. women receive mammography exams, a procedure shown to be an effective method of controlling breast cancer morbidity and mortality. Prior to the federal mammography regulations, quality standards varied from state to state.
The study analyzing the effects of Michigan's mammography law is detailed in the April issue of the American Journal of Public Health. The article's lead author is Lou Fintor, a faculty research investigator in the Department of Internal Medicine.
The bottom line is that after Michigan enacted its stricter standards:
The image quality of mammograms improved significantly, meaning doctors can better read and interpret them.
The number of mammography facilities and machines operating in the state did not decline significantly.
Trends in overall use of mammography in Michigan were similar to those in other states, strongly suggesting the tougher regulations did not limit access to mammography.
The mammography study was a collaboration between the National Cancer Institute, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Michigan Department of Community Health and the Michigan Department of Consumer & Industry Services. | <urn:uuid:2a2d5d23-2d18-46fe-94ab-57b0ff8b6b29> | {
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In central Illinois the Illinois River widens into Lake Peoria, about 20 miles (32 kilometers) long. The city of Peoria is at its south end, on the west bank. It is the one of the largest cities in Illinois.
The focal point for Peoria’s cultural and recreational activities is Lakeview Park, a 2,700-acre (1,100-hectare) park system. It contains the Lakeview Center for the Arts and Sciences, a planetarium, and a theater. Lake Peoria provides a site for boating, water skiing, and fishing. Bradley University is within the city.
Peoria is a center of trade, transportation, and industry. The Illinois River, open year-round, is a part of the inland waterway link between the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Gulf of Mexico. An airport also serves Peoria. Composite freight terminals link the barge, rail, and truck lines that serve the city. Leading manufactures include earth-moving equipment, steel and wire products, and chemicals. An agricultural research laboratory develops new uses for farm products.
Peoria was first settled in 1680 by the French. It is sometimes called the state’s oldest city, though settlement was not continuous after that date. Fort Clark, built here by Americans in 1813, was renamed for the Peoria Indians in 1825. The city was chartered in 1845. Peoria has a council-manager type of government. (See also Illinois.) Population (2010) 115,007; metropolitan area (2010) 379,186. | <urn:uuid:b722e2b7-e927-4046-af85-a56518cf6e16> | {
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Men take note: Storing your cellphone in your pants pocket may result in impaired sperm, lower testosterone and may cause infertility. New research suggests that carrying around a cellphone in your pocket could lower sperm motility and viability.
Previous research has suggested that Radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted by the devices can have a detrimental effect on male fertility. Most of the global adult population own mobile phones, and around 14% of couples in high and middle income countries have difficulty conceiving.
Until now, the research on the existence of an smartphone-sperm apocalypse has sent mixed signals. So, a team led by Dr Fiona Mathews, of Biosciences at the University of Exeter, conducted a “meta-study” or study of studies published in the journal Environment International on June 10, 2014 – Which found that cell phone usage was associated with an 8.1 percent descent in sperm motility (how fast the little guys swim) and 10 percent change in sperm viability (if they can make it to the egg alive).
“Given the enormous scale of mobile phone use around the world, the potential role of this environmental exposure needs to be clarified. This study strongly suggests that being exposed to radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation from carrying mobiles in trouser pockets negatively affects sperm quality,” explained University of Exeter’s professor Fiona Mathews.
“This could be particularly important for men already on the borderline of infertility, and further research is required to determine the full clinical implications for the general population.”
HERE ARE 7 REASONS WHY ALL MEN SHOULD OWN AN RF SAFE FLIP COVER RADIATION SHIELD!
Ask yourself this. Is your male reproductive health at risk from smartphone radiation?
RF Safe’s stylish flip cover radiation shield is a feature rich smartphone flip cover case that deflects cell phone radiation. It’s designed to to keep an RF shield in-between the cellphone user and device to block potentially hazardous RF radiation without any negative impact on signal strength or call quality.
1. Brain damage
There is evidence that long time cell phone usage affects brain tissue in a negative way.
It’s also a studied fact that cell phone usage weakens the blood and brain barrier which then allows more toxins and chemicals to disturb your hypothalamus and pineal gland, this eventually leads to lower levels of circulating testosterone.
Evidence linking cell phone radiation to brain tumors is beig supported by a growing body of evidence!
Research published by Dr. Lennart Hardell indicates that brain tumor risk increases with more years of cell phone use. Proving the effects of cell phone radiation are cumulative with more hours of use, those with the most usage had a 300% increase in having a brain tumor on the same side as a cell phone was most used. The official technical abstract of this study can be found here: http://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ijo.2013.2111.
In a Saudi-Arabian study the researchers found out that mobile networks caused fatigue and headache. In the study they also noted that eventually when you go to sleep with your mobile phone next to you, the mobile networks will disturb your normal sleeping cycles, by making the REM-stages shorter.
A small 2008 study found that participants took an average of six minutes longer to reach deep sleep after being exposed to mobile phone radiation. They also spent an average eight minutes less time in the deepest stage of sleep. This is believed to be the most refreshing part of the sleep cycle
‘We can now say that exposure to radiation before bed – at a level equivalent to making a call on a mobile for 30 minutes – does seem to lead to a small increase in electrical activity in the brain,’ says Dr Sarah Loughran of the Australian centre for electromagnetic bioeffects research at the University of Wollongong.
In a recent erectile dysfunction study the researchers found out that men who had serious case of ED were 2.6 times more likely to keep their mobile phones in the front pocket.
This has something to do with the fact that your phone would then be very close to your package, which would eventually disturb your testicles ability to produce testosterone.
Studies also show that cell phone radiation is very well capable of causing oxidation damage in the cells.
There’s no point of eating any antioxidants to improve testosterone levels if you keep your phone next to your balls everyday, since the radiation will oxidize the leydig cells inside your testicles and that occurrence leads to low testosterone.
5. Alters DNA
Study clearly show that cell phone radiation and mobile networks were able to alter human DNA in a negative way. When that alternation starts to happen inside testicles you’re in trouble. “These findings have clear implications for the safety of extensive mobile phone use by males of reproductive age, potentially affecting both their fertility and the health and wellbeing of their offspring” (De Iuliis 2009).
Cell phone usage has also been linked to mitochondrial damage inside the leydig cells (the cells that produce testosterone inside testicles).
Add in the fact that cell phones increased the oxidative damage in those exactly same cells and we have ourselves a major problem…
In studies with male rats, exposure caused degeneration in the seminiferous tubules, reduction in the number of Leydig cells and testosterone production as well as increases in luteinizing hormone levels and apoptotic cells.
The same study that found out about the mitochondrial effects mentioned above, also found out that cell phone radiation and mobile networks cause infertility with lowered sperm motility, volume, and quality.
Makes me wonder why the government endorses the idea of putting Wi-Fi networks inside schools… | <urn:uuid:06b89f2f-f9b5-405b-99b5-33d46b3a645a> | {
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What is Neurofeedback and How Does Neurofeedback Therapy Work?
The goal of all neurofeedback treatments is to transform an unhealthy, dysregulated brainwave pattern into a normal, healthy, organized pattern.
Neurofeedback Theory and Practice
The theory of neurofeedback is based on a simple concept – When you have information on what your brainwaves are doing, your brain can use that information to change how it works.
Neurofeedback is also known as EEG Biofeedback. Neurofeedback is guided exercise for the brain. It is a learning modality designed to retrain dysregulated brainwave patterns.
The goal of all neurofeedback is to transform an unhealthy, dysregulated brainwave pattern into a regulated, healthy, organized pattern. By doing this, the brain becomes more stable and is able to operate optimally and efficiently. It is completely noninvasive and is considered by the Food and Drug Administration to be safe.
For more information on what neurofeedback is, please view this article.
No Serious Side Effects
In fact the Food and Drug Administration recognizes that neurofeedback has NEVER produced a serious side effect since it was first discovered over 40 years ago.
Published scientific research has demonstrated neurofeedback’s efficacy in managing many neurological conditions such as ADHD, Migraine and Tension Headache, Insomnia, Chronic Pain, Post Stroke Syndrome, Anxiety and Panic Attacks as well as many others.
BrainCore Neurofeedback Training
Before training sessions begin, a comprehensive assessment is performed. This assessment procedure allows the psychologist to determine, in a scientifically objective manner, whether a client’s brainwave patterns are dysregulated.
The assessment provides the psychologist with the neurofeedback training protocols that will be used during the training sessions. These protocols are unique to each individual, and provide a design for training that will be the most effective for that individual. The protocols are designed to retrain the brainwave patterns toward normal. As the brainwave patterns normalize, the brain is able to operate more optimally and efficiently.
Neurofeedback Training Protocols
Once the protocols are determined the individual is hooked up to a computer using wires and electrodes and the computer records their brainwave activity. These electrodes are noninvasive, as no electrical current is put into the brain. The electrodes simply record the brainwaves coming from the brain. Information about these brainwaves is displayed on the technician’s monitor.
The software automatically detects when the brainwaves are properly ordered and it feeds that information back to the patient. This feedback appears in the form of a game, movie, or sound which signals the patient that the brainwaves are becoming more ordered. For example, the patient is watching a puzzle of a picture that is being filled in piece by piece. As long as the patient’s brain waves are moving in an orderly direction, the puzzle pieces are filled in and the patient hears a tone. If the brainwave patterns move away from an orderly pattern, then the puzzle does not get filled in and no tone is produced. The patient is actually controlling the completion of the puzzle with their brain and by doing so; the brain is learning how to regulate itself.
In another design, the patient performs the training while watching a movie. In this case, the patient may watch a movie on Netflix that is being controlled by their ability to regulate their brainwaves. The movie will get brighter and the volume louder as the brain waves normalize and become darker and quieter when they become dysregulated.
The brain’s natural desire to watch the movie clearly will drive those neurological circuits that normalize the brainwaves and allow the picture to be visualized. The more those circuits are driven and used – the more neuroplastic changes take hold. The patient learns how to use those new circuits during the demands of everyday life.
Progress testing is done on a case by case basis, typically after 10 – 20 sessions. The initial assessment battery is repeated at NO CHARGE and the progress and results are discussed.
Feel free to contact us for more information on how we can utilize neurofeedback to help you.
Research On Neurofeedback Training and Results
For the past 40 years, neurofeedback has been studied in research labs at prominent universities throughout the world. Dr Frank H. Duffy, a Professor and Pediatric Neurologist at Harvard Medical School, stated that:
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Gulf Seafood Deformities Alarm Scientists
By Dahr Jamail, Al Jazeera
22 August 12
Eyeless shrimp and fish with lesions are becoming common, with BP oil pollution believed to be the likely cause.
The fishermen have never seen anything like this,” Dr Jim Cowan told Al Jazeera. “And in my 20 years working on red snapper, looking at somewhere between 20 and 30,000 fish, I’ve never seen anything like this either.”
Dr Cowan, with Louisiana State University’s Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences started hearing about fish with sores and lesions from fishermen in November 2010. | <urn:uuid:6c52ba0b-9bcc-4205-b59a-2235c67a06a9> | {
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The Capper-Volstead Act is the law that Andrew Volstead considered his important accomplishment and one of the reasons his house is a National Historic Landmark. The museum was originally created by the Minnesota Association of Cooperatives. A good summary of this important law is found on the University of Wisconsin's website. "The Capper-Volstead Act was signed into law on February 18, 1922 by President Warren Harding.
The Capper-Volstead Act has been called the "Magna Carta" of cooperatives in the agriculture industry, and the act has played and continues to play a vital role in enabling agricultural producers to collectively process, prepare, handle and market their products. Farmers have increasingly used the cooperative model of social needs, and the significance of the Capper-Volstead Act has grown accordingly. The legal protection from prosecution under the antitrust laws provided by the Act has allowed agricultural cooperatives to grow and prosper -without such protection business organization because they have found it well suited to their economic and a wide range of cooperative activities would be hampered or prohibited outright."
How many cooperatives can you count in the surrounding area? They are all using this law and it's framework in their business and profits are returned to the owners. Cooperatives are used in other businesses that are not farm related such as MVTV Wireless, grocery store or food co-ops and housing co-ops which are owned by it's members. The latest co-op to form in Granite Falls is a brewery co-op. Bluenose Gopher Cooperative Brewery is currently in the midst of a vital capital campaign.
Investment dollars are held in escrow at the Granite Falls Bank until the goal of $200,000 is reached. The money will be returned if this amount isn't raised by the deadline of December 28, 2017. Investor class members as well as patron class members will receive dividends from the profits of this business as determined by the board of directors. The brewery was the first in Minnesota to be listed on the Department of Commerce's new MNvest platform. There are currently 208 patron members and 17 investor class members. The annual meeting will take place on May 13 which will also elect the board of directors. If you're interested in serving on the board of directors to help move this project forward, stop into the chamber office or submit your application online at www. bluenose.coop. The brewery's mission is to help revitalize downtown and create a great gathering spot where customers can enjoy local products. | <urn:uuid:4e3e2d96-fb3b-4fd1-85a2-1303005714f5> | {
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Bigger dogs, with larger brains, perform better on certain measures of intelligence than their smaller canine counterparts, according to a new study led by the University of Arizona.
Larger-brained dogs outperform smaller dogs on measures of executive functions – a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for controlling and coordinating other cognitive abilities and behaviors. In particular, bigger dogs have better short-term memory and self-control than more petite pups, according to the study published in the journal Animal Cognition.
“The jury is out on why, necessarily, brain size might relate to cognition,” said lead study author Daniel Horschler, a UA anthropology doctoral student and member of the UA’s Arizona Canine Cognition Center. “We think of it as probably a proxy for something else going on, whether it’s the number of neurons that matters or differences in connectivity between neurons. Nobody’s really sure yet, but we’re interested in figuring out what those deeper things are.”
Canine brain size does not seem to be associated with all types of intelligence, however. Horschler found that brain size didn’t predict a dog’s performance on tests of social intelligence, which was measured by testing each dog’s ability to follow human pointing gestures. It also wasn’t associated with a dog’s inferential and physical reasoning ability.
The study’s findings mirror what scientists have previously found to be true in primates – that brain size is associated with executive functioning, but not other types of intelligence.
“Previous studies have been composed mostly or entirely of primates, so we weren’t sure whether the result was an artifact of unique aspects of primate brain evolution,” Horschler said. “We think dogs are a really great test case for this because there’s huge variation in brain size, to a degree you don’t see in pretty much any other terrestrial mammals. You have chihuahuas versus Great Danes and everything in between.”
Horschler’s study is based on data from more than 7,000 purebred domestic dogs from 74 different breeds. Brain size was estimated based on breed standards.
The data came from the citizen science website Dognition.com, which offers instructions for dog owners to test their canines’ cognitive abilities through a variety of game-based activities. The users then submit their data to the site, where it can be accessed by researchers.
Short-term memory was tested by dog owners hiding a treat, in view of their dog, under one of two overturned plastic cups. Owners then waited 60, 90, 120 or 150 seconds before releasing their dog to get the treat. Smaller dogs had more difficulty remembering where the treat was hidden.
To test self-control, owners placed a treat in front of their seated dog and then forbade the dog from taking it. Owners then either watched the dog, covered their own eyes or turned away from the dog. Larger-breed dogs typically waited longer to snag the forbidden treat.
Horschler and his colleagues controlled for whether or not the dogs had been trained. They found that larger-brained breeds had better short-term memory and self-control than smaller dogs, regardless of the extent of training the dogs had received.
In the future, Horschler said he’d like to do comparative studies of cognitive abilities in different breed varieties, such as the miniature poodle and much larger standard poodle, which are essentially the same except for their size.
“I’m really interested in how cognition evolves and how that arises biologically,” Horschler said. “We’re coming to understand that brain size is in some way related to cognition, whether it’s because of brain size specifically or whether it’s a proxy for something else.” | <urn:uuid:481f117f-0dce-4845-80bb-0d7e7d2313a6> | {
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Humanities › History & Culture Ten Fugitive Nazi War Criminals who went to South America Mengele, Eichmann and Others Share Flipboard Email Print History & Culture Latin American History South American History History Before Columbus Colonialism and Imperialism Caribbean History Central American History Mexican History American History African American History African History Ancient History and Culture Asian History European History Genealogy Inventions Medieval & Renaissance History Military History The 20th Century Women's History View More By Christopher Minster Professor of History and Literature Ph.D., Spanish, Ohio State University M.A., Spanish, University of Montana B.A., Spanish, Penn State University Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. our editorial process Christopher Minster Updated March 01, 2019 During World War Two, the Axis powers of Germany, Japan, and Italy enjoyed good relations with Argentina. After the war, many fugitive Nazis and sympathizers made their way to South America via the famous “ratlines” organized by Argentine agents, the Catholic Church and a network of former Nazis. Many of these fugitives were mid-level officers who lived out their lives in anonymity, but a handful were high-ranking war criminals sought out by international organizations hoping to bring them to justice. Who were these fugitives and what happened to them? 01 of 10 Josef Mengele, the Angel of Death Bettmann / Contributor / Getty Images Nicknamed “the Angel of Death” for his ghoulish work at the Auschwitz death camp, Mengele arrived in Argentina in 1949. He lived there quite openly for a while, but After Adolf Eichmann was snatched off a Buenos Aires street by a team of Mossad agents in 1960, Mengele went back underground, eventually winding up in Brazil. Once Eichmann was captured, Mengele became the #1 most-wanted former Nazi in the world and the various rewards for information leading to his capture ultimately totaled $3.5 million. In spite of the urban legends about his situation—people thought that he was running a twisted laboratory deep in the jungle—the reality was that he lived the last few years of his life alone, bitter, and in constant fear of discovery. He was never captured, however: he died while swimming in Brazil in 1979. 02 of 10 Adolf Eichmann, the Most-Wanted Nazi Bettmann / Contributor / Getty Images Of all of the Nazi war criminals who escaped to South America after the war, Adolf Eichmann was perhaps the most notorious. Eichmann was the architect of Hitler’s “Final Solution”—the plan to exterminate all of the Jews in Europe. A talented organizer, Eichmann oversaw the details of sending millions of people to their deaths: construction of death camps, train schedules, staffing, etc. After the war, Eichmann hid out in Argentina under a false name. He lived quietly there until he was located by the Israeli secret service. In a daring operation, Israeli operatives snatched Eichmann out of Buenos Aires in 1960 and brought him to Israel to stand trial. He was convicted and given the only death sentence ever handed down by an Israeli court, which was carried out in 1962. 03 of 10 Klaus Barbie, the Butcher of Lyon Peter Turnley / Contributor / Getty Images The notorious Klaus Barbie was a Nazi counter-intelligence officer nicknamed “the Butcher of Lyon” for his ruthless handling of French partisans. He was equally ruthless with Jews: he famously raided a Jewish orphanage and sent 44 innocent Jewish orphans to their deaths in the gas chambers. After the war, he went to South America, where he found that his counter-insurgency skills were much in demand. He worked as an advisor to the government of Bolivia: he would later claim that he helped the CIA hunt down Che Guevara in Bolivia. He was arrested in Bolivia in 1983 and sent back to France, where he was convicted of war crimes. He died in prison in 1991. 04 of 10 Ante Pavelic, the Murderous Head of State Keystone / Stringer / Getty Images Ante Pavelic was the wartime leader of the State of Croatia, a Nazi puppet regime. He was head of the Ustasi movement, proponents of vigorous ethnic cleansing. His regime was responsible for the murders of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Serbs, Jews, and gypsies. Some of the violence was so horrific that it shocked even Pavelic’s Nazi advisors. After the war, Pavelic fled with a cabal of his advisors and henchmen with a great deal of plundered treasure and schemed his return to power. He reached Argentina in 1948 and lived there openly for several years, enjoying good, if indirect, relations with the Perón government. In 1957, a would-be assassin shot Pavelic in Buenos Aires. He survived, but never quite regained his health and died in 1959 in Spain. 05 of 10 Josef Schwammberger, Cleanser of the Ghettoes Photographer Unkown Josef Schwammberger was an Austrian Nazi who was put in charge of Jewish ghettoes in Poland during World War Two. Schwammberger exterminated thousands of Jews in the towns where he was stationed, including at least 35 which he allegedly murdered personally. After the war, he fled to Argentina, where he lived in safety for decades. In 1990, he was tracked down in Argentina and extradited to Germany, where he was charged with the deaths of 3,000 people. His trial began in 1991 and Schwammberger denied taking part in any atrocities: nevertheless, he was convicted of the deaths of seven people and involvement in the deaths of 32 more. He died in prison in 2004. 06 of 10 Erich Priebke and the Ardeatine Caves Massacre Stefano Montesi - Corbis / Contributor / Getty Images In March of 1944, 33 German soldiers were killed in Italy by a bomb planted by Italian partisans. A furious Hitler demanded ten Italian deaths for every German. Erich Priebke, a German liaison in Italy, and his fellow SS officers scoured the jails of Rome, rounding up partisans, criminals, Jews and whoever else the Italian police wanted to get rid of. The prisoners were taken to the Ardeatine Caves outside of Rome and massacred: Priebke later admitted to killing some personally with his handgun. After the war, Priebke fled to Argentina. He lived there peacefully for decades under his own name before giving an ill-advised interview to American journalists in 1994. Soon an unrepentant Priebke was on a plane back to Italy where he was tried and sentenced to life imprisonment under house arrest, which he served until his death in 2013 at the age of 100. 07 of 10 Gerhard Bohne, Euthanizer of the Infirm Keystone / Stringer / Getty Images Gerhard Bohne was a lawyer and SS officer who was one of the men in charge of Hitler’s “Aktion T4,” an initiative to cleanse the Aryan race through the euthanizing of those who were sick, infirm, insane, old or “defective” in some way. Bohne and his colleagues executed around 62,000 Germans: most of them from Germany’s hospices and mental institutions. The people of Germany were outraged at Aktion T4, however, and the program was suspended. After the war, he tried to resume a normal life, but outrage over Aktion T4 grew and Bohne fled to Argentina in 1948. He was indicted in a Frankfurt court in 1963 and after some complicated legal issues with Argentina, he was extradited in 1966. Declared unfit for trial, he remained in Germany and died in 1981. 08 of 10 Charles Lesca, the Venomous Writer Photographer Unknown Charles Lesca was a French collaborator who supported the Nazi invasion of France and the puppet Vichy government. Before the war, he was a writer and publisher who wrote rabidly anti-Semitic articles in right-wing publications. After the war, he went to Spain, where he helped other Nazis and collaborators flee to Argentina. He went to Argentina himself in 1946. In 1947, he was tried in absentia in France and sentenced to death, although a request for his extradition from Argentina was ignored. He died in exile in 1949. 09 of 10 Herbert Cukurs, the Aviator Herbert Cukurs was a Latvian aviation pioneer. Using airplanes that he designed and built himself, Cukurs made several groundbreaking flights in the 1930’s, including trips to Japan and Gambia from Latvia. When World War Two broke out, Cukurs allied himself with a paramilitary group called Arajs Kommando, a sort of Latvian Gestapo responsible for massacres of Jews in and around Riga. Many survivors recall that Cukurs was active in the massacres, shooting children and brutally beating or murdering anyone who did not follow his commands. After the war, Cukurs went on the run, changing his name and hiding in Brazil, where he set up a small business flying tourists around Sao Paulo. He was tracked down by the Israeli secret service, the Mossad, and assassinated in 1965. 10 of 10 Franz Stangl, Commandant of Treblinka Photographer Unknown Before the war, Franz Stangl was a policeman in his native Austria. Ruthless, efficient and without a conscience, Stangl joined the Nazi party and quickly rose in rank. He worked for a while in Aktion T4, which was Hitler’s euthanasia program for “defective” citizens such as those with Down’s syndrome or incurable illnesses. Once he had proved that he could organize the murder of hundreds of innocent civilians, Stangl was promoted to commandant of concentration camps, including Sobibor and Treblinka, where his cold efficiency sent hundreds of thousands to their deaths. After the war, he fled to Syria and then Brazil, where he was found by Nazi hunters and arrested in 1967. He was sent back to Germany and put on trial for the deaths of 1,200,000 people. He was convicted and died in prison in 1971. | <urn:uuid:cb28b1ee-a18a-472a-a969-73ebd96d547a> | {
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I'm currently revising my notes for labor economics. Main change: I'm cutting the week on slavery to add a full week on immigration. It's a tough choice because I'm so fond of my slavery lectures. But on reflection, the topic of immigration is simply more important in today's world. Indeed, I have come to see immigration as the most important issue on earth.
Parts of my slavery notes are being moved to my lectures on human capital. But cuts must be made. My favorite section that I'm leaving on the cutting room floor: "why do slaves have a positive price?" Full treatment:
IV. Why Do Slaves Have a Positive Price?
A. In many slave systems, free workers and slaves sometimes did the same kind of
work, and slaves could be "rented."
B. The rental rates for slaves and the day rates for free laborers were
comparable. On the plus side, slaves could be worked harder, but on the
minus side, they had to be monitored more.
C. In other words, a free worker and a slave-owner earned about the same income
for one worker's labor. Free and slave labor competed in the same market.
D. What does this show? That free workers have always earned more than
E. Slaves have a positive price because the owner gets to keep the difference
between the competitive market wage and the cost of upkeep.
P.S. While the slavery notes are leaving my labor econ syllabus, I'll keep them at the bottom of the labor econ webpage as a bonus lecture. | <urn:uuid:25348b40-6799-47c7-b80e-f47eaa91fd6e> | {
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Noah Wilson-Rich began studying the health of honey bees as a graduate student at Tufts University in 2005. Growing up in Connecticut, he was not a nature-loving kid; he recalls being scared of "creepy-crawlies."
An undergraduate course in sociobiology, and a subsequent lab project, changed that. He became fascinated by eusocial insects—bees, ants, termites, and wasps—which live in colonies and share their colonies' upkeep. He knew that communal living, while essential to the insects' survival, also makes them vulnerable to infections.
Spread all over eastern Massachusetts, his clientele includes five-star hotels in downtown Boston and innkeepers on the Cape.
Then, when Wilson-Rich was a year into his graduate program, a mysterious ailment hit beehives across the United States. "Honey bees were disappearing in shockingly large numbers. Not dying—they were just gone from the hives," he says. The phenomenon has been labeled colony collapse disorder (CCD).
Seven years later, no single, underlying cause has been identified to explain the large-scale die-off of bees. A growing list of pathogens, parasites, and pesticides are prime suspects. "CCD, in fact, appears to be many syndromes rolled into one. Every time a victory is declared, another disease agent pops up and there are new battles to fight," says Jay Evans of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA’s) Bee Research Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland.
Honey bees don't just provide honey: They pollinate food crops. So the spread of the disease has very important practical implications. Realizing this, Wilson-Rich threw himself into lab work.
Academics and apiarists
Even a graduate student working on a pressing, real-world problem needs diversions. That fall, Wilson-Rich went to the Topsfield agricultural fair, an annual event in Essex County, Massachusetts. Naturally, he was drawn to the Bee House and its observational hives. Local honey was on sale, and apiarists were on hand to talk about what they do. The young entomologist—whose knowledge about insects had so far come largely from textbooks—put his name on the sign-up sheet for a beekeeping course. Before long, he was a certified beekeeper.
Back at Tufts, in the lab of Philip Starks, Wilson-Rich was focused not directly on finding the cause of CCD, but on understanding how honey bee immunity works. A starting point was to develop methods to test bees' immune function. Because the honey bee genome had just been sequenced, many investigators were using microarrays to look at gene-expression patterns in normal and infected bees. "However, if we look only at gene activation, it is possible to miss post-transcriptional or post-translational modifications," Wilson-Rich says. So he decided to test for the presence of specific compounds in the blood of bees.
To induce an immune response, he used a nylon filament as a needle. An ice cube served as the anesthetic. When the honey bee's body is infected, its blood darkens with the same compound that darkens human skin. In bees, melanin production is triggered by the enzyme phenoloxidase (PO) via the formation of quinones that are toxic to pathogens. How dark the blood turns is a measure of the insect's ability to mount an effective immune response, a relationship that has been documented in other invertebrates.
In the hive, bees have age-specific roles. Young adult “nurses” tend to the brood; older “foragers” procure food. Wilson-Rich's data indicated that as bees age, the amount of protein in their blood goes down but the amount of PO goes up. Foragers exhibit greater PO activity, a potent defense that could be conferring herd immunity to the hive. With CCD, nurses prematurely turn into foragers without sufficient immunity; disease resistance of the colony drops and disastrous consequences follow. With his thesis adviser and an undergraduate student, he published his findings as first author in the Journal of Insect Physiology in 2008.
A nontraditional path
Like any good graduate student, Wilson-Rich attended academic conferences. He also went to meetings of beekeepers associations in New England. He noticed a disconnect. "At conferences, scientists were talking about CCD and ways to make bees healthy, while beekeepers were wondering why their bees were dying and what they could do to prevent that," he says. "It was frustrating to see so little communication between these two groups." He decided to become a link between scientists and beekeepers.
Counterintuitively, research showed that urban honey bees survive winters better than their country cousins do. They also yield more honey. Promoting beekeeping—in Boston—became Wilson-Rich's new mission. He would coax Bostonians to install hives in backyards and on rooftops and decks. His own early aversion to insects helped him reassure clients who shared his fears. He figured out that he could install and maintain beehives and then help hive-owners harvest the honey. It had the makings of a modest business.
An alternative funding model
Wilson-Rich's transition from academic scientist to private sector honey bee health researcher/entrepreneur happened in steps. In 2009, when he was at Tufts, he entered the Dow Chemical Company's Sustainability Innovation Student Challenge. While he was infecting bees in the lab, it occurred to him that he could, perhaps, inoculate them with something fortifying so that they would not fall prey to CCD. For bees in a hive, he decided that an oral vaccine would be a viable alternative. He won a $10,000 award for his idea and filed a patent for his method to immunize honey bees. Buoyed by this success, he worked hard in the lab and continued to write papers.
By 2010, he thought he had enough publications to graduate—but his research adviser didn't share this view. His defense date kept getting pushed back. A postdoc offer that he'd lined up was rescinded, he says. That same year, he entered Massachusetts Institute of Technology's famous $100K entrepreneurship contest and won $2000 for his elevator pitch. At the end of the year, he defended his dissertation on "Genetic, individual, and group facilitation of disease resistance in honey bees (Apis mellifera) and two species of paper wasps (Polistes dominulus and P. fuscatus)."
Best Bees Company LLC was born on 1 January 2010. "It was based on a no-investor, no-inventory model," he explains. He buys a new hive only after he sells the previous one. Today, he's the chief scientific officer of the company he founded; he uses 100% the profits to research honey bee health. "This funding model has been going strong for over 3 years now, and in our 4th year we hope to be up to 200 hives sold and managed," he says. Spread all over eastern Massachusetts, his clientele includes five-star hotels in downtown Boston and innkeepers on Cape Cod.
In some ways, his career resembles that of an academic faculty member—but with important differences. He earns his bread and butter by means of a full-time teaching contract in biology at Simmons College. His research program is not in a university biology building but at the Best Bees' lab, which is located in a warehouse space in Boston's South End. The company has seven "employees," but no one takes a salary. The chief operating officer runs his own software business; the rest are student interns who work there to earn college credit. Space is set aside for lab equipment—machines to run polymerase chain reactions, gel electrophoresis, and so on—but now desks occupy that space. Assays are sent out to commercial labs or done in the labs of the college interns who work with Wilson-Rich.
Right now, their revenue is generated by beehive sales and service, but they're seeking other revenue streams. "We continue to apply for research grants through traditional funding sources like NSF [the National Science Foundation], NIH [the National Institutes of Health], USDA, and others," he says, but so far none of those grants have come through. He is hopeful that someday the products from the company's applied research projects could generate income for research—even salaries. Bee-business-generated funding remains modest, some tens of thousands of dollars each year.
Science in the lab and the field
This summer, Best Bees will field-test an antifungal vaccine, made from yeast sugar, along with a probiotic supplement for bees. They hope the vaccine will act against the fungal spore Nosema, a growing threat to hives in the United States and one of the parasites linked to CCD. Rick Reault, the president of the Middlesex County Beekeepers Association in Massachusetts, says that he wants the vaccine to work because local apiarists prefer to keep their practice organic. Plus, there are limited foraging areas for bees due to habitat loss—and the supplement could help bees' overall health. "Both products have already passed the palatability test—a great thing for any oral medicine," Wilson-Rich says.
Evans, of the USDA bee lab, says that if Wilson-Rich takes good notes and maintains controls, it will be interesting to see the data that come out of this experiment. Wilson-Rich says he is committed to the level of rigor that he learned in the lab of his Ph.D. adviser. Best Bees already has manuscripts in preparation, using original data and with author lists that include undergraduate student-interns.
Wilson-Rich, who loves being on stage, also accepts speaking engagements to spread the message of beekeeping. "I used to be a theater kid," he says. "My first role was as a tree in a play." Since his TEDx talk last year, he has received more outreach invitations. This winter, he was in Kenya as part of the Bees Without Borders program, which trains people from impoverished communities in the income-generating skill of beekeeping. He continues to sell and manage hives to keep his company's operations growing. And, for what it's worth, he was named one of the 50 Sexiest Scientists Alive by the online magazine Business Insider, at number 8. He is working on a book called The Bee, A Natural History, to be published by Ivy Press in the United Kingdom.
Like the proverbial subject of his studies, he stays busy. | <urn:uuid:33d6c5bc-3599-460b-92d2-0c8c39f998cb> | {
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Imagine a World Without Mathematical Optimization
Author: Edward Rothberg, PhD
I have devoted the past 23 years of my professional life to the development of mathematical optimization technologies and, during that time, have witnessed how mathematical optimization has literally transformed numerous industries and touched countless areas and aspects of our everyday lives.
Indeed, mathematical optimization is everywhere in our modern world, and has a profound and positive impact on so many things – from the energy we use to the water we drink to the cars, trains, and airplanes we ride in and the products and services that we rely on.
Leading companies around the world and across a wide range of industries utilize mathematical optimization to solve their complex, real-world problems and make optimal business decisions that maximize their operational efficiency. For us as consumers, this – generally speaking – means that these companies can more consistently deliver better products and services, at a lower cost.
So – given that mathematical optimization is such an essential element of today’s world – why is it that so few people seem to truly grasp the power of mathematical optimization and its presence in so many parts of our daily lives?
I think the answer to this question lies in the fact that mathematical optimization applications are usually used to address highly complex, large-scale business problems – and are thus not as tangible or visible to most people as other AI technologies such as machine learning (which has many consumer-facing applications such as speech recognition and autonomous driving).
So I started wondering how I could illustrate the importance of mathematical optimization in our everyday lives – and realized that a good way to do this would be to imagine a world without mathematical optimization.
Indeed, as the old saying goes, “you don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone” – and it is my hope that, by imagining a world without mathematical optimization, you can gain an appreciation of its true value in our world today.
In this series of blogs, I will highlight the impact of mathematical optimization on today’s business landscape and explain how various industries (and our lives) would be fundamentally changed if we didn’t have mathematical optimization technologies.
We have all experienced airline flight delays (which can be caused by a variety of factors including weather conditions, aircraft technical issues, and airport congestion), and everyone hates to wait for however long it takes (it’s usually a matter of minutes or hours) for their flight to finally take off.
In a world without mathematical optimization, however, a bad storm could cause your flight to be delayed for days or even weeks. Why would this be the case?
Without mathematical optimization, such a situation would wreak havoc on airline schedules, which involve a lot of moving pieces including aircraft, passengers, pilots, cabin crew, maintenance personnel, airport staff, luggage, and freight. If there’s a disruption that causes any one of these pieces not to be in the right place at the right time, that creates a hole in the schedule – which will have a disastrous, domino effect that reverberates throughout the entire operational network, throwing everything out of whack and triggering widespread delays. Using manual tools and techniques, it would take airlines days or weeks to plug all the holes in their schedules and get flight operations back on track.
With advanced planning and scheduling systems powered by mathematical optimization, however, airlines can automatically generate robust, resilient schedules that take into account various factors including demand forecasts, capacity requirements, and the likeliness of disruptions. When disruptions occur, airlines can use such systems to dynamically revise and reoptimize their schedules – so that they can make the best decisions on how to redeploy their resources to minimize delays and get flight operations running smoothly again as soon as possible.
So, the next time you are stuck at the airport for a few minutes or hours due to a flight delay, just think about how much worse your situation would be in a world without mathematical optimization.
This is, however, only one example of how mathematical optimization is utilized by companies in the aviation industry – there are numerous other applications. Indeed, mathematical optimization is used by companies across the aviation ecosystem – including airlines, airports, ground handlers, cargo carriers, and MRO providers – to improve their operational efficiency and on-time performance, and reduce costs.
Needless to say, global aviation operations as we know them today – which run with such great speed and precision and on such a global scale – would not be possible without mathematical optimization.
Let’s say you are thinking of building a house or constructing an addition to your house – you probably need to go out and purchase a fair amount of lumber. In today’s world, you can assume and expect that the wood you need will be available when you are ready to commence construction – in the right quantity and at a reasonable price.
In a world without mathematical optimization, however, you may have to put your construction plans on hold as there may be a shortage of lumber available on the market or a spike in prices for the commodity. Why would this happen?
In order to ensure that they are able to consistently meet consumer demand by delivering the right products to the market at the right times and at the right prices, lumber companies use mathematical optimization to create long-term planting and harvesting plans. Armed with these strategic plans – which cover a 20 to 30-year time horizon and take into account numerous factors including the amount of available land, the ages of trees on certain plots of land, inventory levels, demand levels, and expected prices – lumber producers can make optimal decisions on where, what, and when to plant and harvest. With mathematical optimization, these companies can attain the long-term visibility they need to prevent shortages, mitigate price fluctuations, and keep lumber supply and demand in balance over the long haul.
So, as you stand there admiring your newly-constructed dream house, remember that you may have not been able to build that house – at that time or at that cost – without mathematical optimization.
It’s important to note that this is just one example of how lumber producers and other companies in the forestry industry and related industries such as paper and pulp manufacturing use mathematical optimization.
Indeed, the breadth of mathematical optimization applications in today’s business world is enormous and ever-expanding. In this blog, we have just scratched the surface as aviation and forestry are merely two of over 40 industries that have been transformed by mathematical optimization.
In the next blogs in this series, we will take a look at other industries where mathematical optimization has had a profound impact, and see how these industries and our everyday lives would be dramatically different without mathematical optimization technologies. | <urn:uuid:ef8cdb7c-e3fc-4577-8b61-ce2d871a4067> | {
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The Journal of Know-how and Science Schooling (JOTSE) has been created as a contribution to the event and improvement of scientific and technological schooling by constituting a typical space to share experiences to all those who, one way or the other, are concerned in the educating and studying processes of engineering studies, in all modalities. The upper education establishments intention to improve the quality of training by revamping training content material, educating methods, learning environments and the competence of lecturers, in addition to to extend cooperation. The establishments make full use of the possibilities provided by digitalisation. They develop their pupil admissions, procedures for the popularity of prior studying and degree programmes in order to step up nationwide and worldwide mobility. Another goal for the higher training establishments is to wind down using bridge programmes so that mobility between degrees will be made simpler.
Eligible candidates could apply for admission to a wealthy postgraduate program with the Sydney School of Schooling and Social Work comprising advanced learning and professional courses. Master’s levels embrace capstone unbiased research initiatives, supervised by specialists in the discipline of examine, which prepare college students for higher levels by analysis.
Enhancing outcomes, says Peter McLaren, executive director of the non-revenue initiative Next Gen Training, will require a shift in the classroom from a trainer-centred strategy to at least one that helps students work through concepts themselves. McLaren, who helped to write down the Subsequent Era Science Standards, used to show basic science in East Greenwich, Rhode Island, and remembers a lesson he as soon as taught on gases. He had borrowed his ex-spouse’s fragrance bottle and sprayed it across the front of the classroom. I requested the scholars to boost their arms after they may smell something,†he recounts. The youngsters had been engaged and excited, and then McLaren proceeded to elucidate what was happening to the gas molecules. The youngsters’ enthusiasm was quickly snuffed out by his ‘let me clarify’ lecture.
The programs on the Bachelor’s diploma programme in schooling science are a mix of lectures and classroom instruction, the place you’re employed on practical exercises, do shows and work on projects together together with your examine group. You research the latest theories on information and learning, and you examine subjects overlaying instructional sociology, politics and economics in a comparative perspective, anthropology, philosophy, psychology and academic idea. | <urn:uuid:71e2962d-9701-4e12-a5ef-60985779cba7> | {
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Picture this. You’re sitting in your math class while the professor is explaining order of operations — and you actually GET it. Don’t think it’s possible? Would it help if your professor was wearing leopard skin boxers over his pants? Mathematics professor Ben Moulton thinks it might.
Moulton believes that every student has a different learning style, and the best way to help a student learn is to determine how he or she learns. “Math is hard because it’s so sequential,” he says. “It takes a big amount of linear thinking and if you miss the basics, or just one early step, you become lost immediately.” Moulton has found that music is a great tool for reinforcing those basics.
One semester, he recalls, he tried explaining functions until he was blue in the face to his class and there was one student who simply couldn’t get it. While teaching him one-on-one, Moulton discovered an analogy with CD’s and disc collections that helped make the concept clear to the student. The next time he taught functions, Moulton brought in Bruce Springsteen and other LP’s to help explain how to plug in the g of x. Moulton also brings in the harmonica, keyboard and guitar in order to give the more “kinesthetic” students the best chance to understand the material through tangible examples — even going as far as dressing drastically.
Moulton’s biggest recommendation to students struggling with math is an invitation to visit him and others. He will work directly with you to find out your studying habits and learning ability, then help you make a small list of professors that would be best suited to your learning style. | <urn:uuid:5627c106-14fa-40e0-9ff5-d228a1488303> | {
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What is the Sheet Metal Fabrication Process?
The sheet metal fabrication process includes 7 basic steps: drawing, material selection, fabrication, finishing, quality control, packing and shipping. Each step in the process includes special considerations and techniques to ensure that your part is produced correctly.
At AP Precision, every project starts with a drawing. Whether digital, blue print, or a sketch, we use this drawing as a guide in the sheet metal fabrication process. Some sheet metal fabrication processes, like CNC machining and laser cutting, require a vectorized map that shows measurements as well as tolerance and material specifications. The drawing dictates which sheet metal fabrication process is appropriate for the project: laser cutting, turret punch, press brake, welding, and more.
The two most popular sheet metal materials are stainless steel and aluminum. The sheet is sold by the thickness, tolerance, and composition. The required material type may be included in your drawing, or the fabrication team can make a recommendation based on your project. At AP Precision we work with steel, copper, aluminum, brass and other alloys. Not sure which material is right for your part? Contact our team for guidance on materials and fabrication techniques.
We employ a range of sheet metal fabrication techniques to meet our clients’ needs. Depending upon the size of your part, the number of parts required, materials used, and the end finish, we may combine multiple sheet metal processes to fulfill your specifications. Our sheet metal fabrication processes include
Laser-Cutting: We use fiber lasers to render complex curves, craft high-tolerance parts, execute high-efficiency yields, manipulate ultra-thin components, and etch plates. Laser cutting is an efficient process for both small and larger projects. We can cut sheet metal, copper, and brass plates with this technique.
Turret Punch: The turret punch can be used for medium tolerance components, weldments, stamped parts, louvers, and logos.
CNC Press Brakes: The press brake helps us bend sheet metal parts. We typically use this process to craft tools, architectural parts, or small components.
Welding: During the welding process, our team can securely join two or more sheet metal pieces together. At AP Precision we offer both Gas Metal Arc (MIG) and Shielded Metal Arc (Stick) welding, as well as spot welding, brazing, soldering, riveting, and more.
Sheet Metal Finishing Processes
We work with specialty vendors to deliver custom finishing processes like anodizing, chem film, passivation, sand blasting, zinc plating, and more. Learn more about our trusted partner services here. We also offer in-house powder coating.
Quality Control, Packing & Shipping
Once the part is cut, bent, welded, and finished, it is labelled by our team and sent to quality control for review. Our experienced Quality Control team uses ISO 9001 standards to ensure your order meets all required specifications. Professional packing and shipping is the last step of the sheet metal fabrication process to make sure your parts arrive in pristine condition.
Have more questions about what’s involved in the sheet metal fabrication process? Contact our experienced team of technicians to learn more, or check out our blog for additional insights. | <urn:uuid:2253e5dd-0cc9-4e91-bd4a-9cb269f7f19b> | {
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Glycemic loads and what they mean for you
Glycemic loads and the glycemic index make for a potentially confusing pair of concepts, but taken together they can be a big help in your weight loss diet, and are especially useful for diabetics attempting to control blood glucose levels accurately. It was developed building on the idea of the gycemic index but designed to take account of the fact that some foods have far lower carbohydrate contents than others - so the measure the actual affect on the bloodstream of eating the food, the quantity of carbs actually consumed must be recognised.
For dieters it's a great help to be able to determine not just the speed a carb is metabolised into sugar, but also how much of it is going to hit your bloodstream altogether. The clue is in the names - GI is an index pure and simple, and the GI of 20g of rice is exactly the same as the GI of 250g rice! However sheer commonsense tells you that the impact of the second portion on your blood sugar / feelings of fullness / ultimate success in dieting, is going to be hugely different. So clearly a measure of the IMPACT of the index was needed.. hence some clever people in Harvard came up with the idea of the "GL". It definitely gives a fuller picture
To calculate the glycemic load for specific portions of food can be calculated using the quantity (in grams) of it's carbohydrate content, multiplied by the glycemic index, and divided by 100.
For example, lets take an 'average' banana, containing 48g carbs, with a gycemic index of 52.... (remember as a natural and naturally varying substance, all values are averaged/approximated in this case)52 x 48 / 100 = a glycemic load of 10
Lots of people are naturally attracted to the idea of a diet where the counting is made simple in this way. One snag is that you need to know how many grams of carbs your food contains, which can be more complicated to calculate. But after that it's a simple case of adding stuff together - The Glycemic Index institute in Sydney recommends targetting a total GL of 60 to 80 grams - with an overall GI for the diet of around 50-55.
Click here to return from Glycemic Loads to The Glycemic Index diet
Click here to return to Vegetarian Weight Loss Success Home | <urn:uuid:bf836a44-1651-4b88-a6ec-310620d2da5c> | {
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Aug 16, 2020 · one page essay topics the statistical analysis section describes how you manipulated those data to get your results. as previewing text creative writing site is …. as previewing text is …. action research paper – certain actions of a business is a result of the company’s extensive research evident in analysis section of research paper sean penn essay this …. data analysis section of research paper example service posted on april 15, 2020 by tang tang in blog . after the abstract one the same page and starting a new analysis section of research paper paragraph are keywords, in italics, that will assist others in researching. besides, data coding will also done and how to write critical analysis entered into the computer and analysis done using uw transfer essay reddit statistical package for social sciences (spss) software analysis section of research paper term paper buy the analysis section of research paper methods section is the most important part of a research paper because it provides the information the reader needs to judge creative writing business the study’s validity. the reason for how to write a conclusion to a research paper this analysis is to make your work credible. then, persuasive essay peer editing sheet the writer draws a conclusion about what the evidence shows and makes a claim about what the ev. how to write a drama essay create analysis section of research paper a heading for the analysis section of your paper. as seen on the research paper example on this website, a research paper is associated with three things: in a psych research paper the methods section describes what you did to get your data. introduction. math word problem solving strategies this should be the easiest part of the paper to write, as it is write essay about books a run-down of the exact design and methodology used to perform the research. to analyze means to break a topic or concept down into its parts in order to different modes of writing inspect and sociology research proposal example understand it, and to restructure those parts in a way that makes sense to you. offering recommendations is also standard in the discussion section of a quantitative research paper, and. | <urn:uuid:c506a290-5bb2-493d-8454-f5bb4b355e8f> | {
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Thankfully and at all, consumers are growing more aware of and curious about the effects of certain ingredients going onto and into our bodies. Sure, you likely press fresh OJ to boost your immunity during flu season. And yes, we do want certain ingredients—such as retinol, hyaluronic acid, and our other favorite actives—to penetrate the skin, or else we wouldn’t use them.
However, the unfortunate fact is that many unwanted aggressors find their way into our bodies via the skin. This journey can take place through environmental pollutants, a variety of lifestyle factors, and often through the products adorning our bathroom shelves.
Fast Facts on Skin and Body Care
The skin is your body’s largest organ, and special care must be taken to adequately protect it. Since different studies show that your skin can absorb up to 60% of the products you apply, it’s important to know which formulas promote both skin health and overall wellness. Even further, it’s essential to be fully aware of which ingredients you should avoid to prevent disturbances and adverse reactions.
According to a survey by the Environmental Working Group, people use an average of nine topical products daily containing 126 unique ingredients. A quarter of women use upward of 15 products, thus significantly increasing the chemical tally. Next, a 2003 study shows that risky substances can seep into your skin barrier and potentially lead to irritation, inflammation, sensitivities, and greater health risks such as hormonal disruptions and chronic illness. Simply put, even a basic skin and body care routine harness the potential to impact your health.
Skin and Absorption
It’s challenging to definitively pin down exactly how much of specific products—and which products at that—can absorb into your bloodstream and thus pose potential risks.
First, each body is different. Absorption levels will vary based on the health and integrity of your skin, which body parts (and their surface area) are exposed to application, and the length of time (daily and long-term) you used certain products.
Next, regarding products and ingredients, different factors come into play. In terms of formulation, the chemical size will be a key determinant. It’s more challenging for larger molecules to penetrate your skin’s protective layers, while smaller molecules have an easier time seeping through. Additionally, absorption will depend on the strength and amount of chemicals in a given product. You’ll know that a certain substance will be more potent if it’s high on the ingredient list (typically within the first five listings), or if the concentration percentage is above average.
How to Protect the Health of Your Skin and Body
The best way to prevent potentially (and proven) toxic ingredients from absorbing into your system is to be an active, educated consumer. To start, do research on the best and worst ingredients for skincare. However, you can’t take everything at face value; be sure to look to the sources and studies behind certain information. It’ll take time and effort, but your health and skin are well worth it.
Looking at the standards set by the EU is a great starting point. They’re much more stringent than the limits in place in the US; over 1,300 chemicals are banned across the pond, while the US has outlawed 11 and restricted not a great deal more.
In addition to avoiding disruptive culprits, swap them for clean skincare products backed by science and research. You can go beyond marketing claims by looking into a given brand’s story as well as its products’ ingredient list. The best skincare and bodycare brands will take care to educate their consumers not only on their offerings but healthy living at large.
At the end of the day, your strongest line of defense will be a healthy skin barrier, which you can maintain by using clean products that reduce inflammation, boost collagen, and replenish hydration and moisture levels.
Michele Ross is a beauty and lifestyle writer based in Los Angeles. She’s passionate about clean skincare and hiking in the California sunshine (with adequate SPF, of course).
EWG on Skin Deep + stats
Cosmetic ingredients do not remain on the surface of the skin. They are designed to penetrate, and they do. Scientists have found many common cosmetic ingredients in human tissues, including phthalates in urine, preservatives called parabens in breast tumor tissue and persistent fragrance components in human fat. Do the concentrations at which they are typically found pose risks? For the most part, those studies have not been done. But a small but growing number of studies serve as scientific red flags (Swan 2005, Sathyanarayana 2008, Swan 2010). | <urn:uuid:753ee65a-c346-475c-9308-0a3586abb5c9> | {
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Novel Mechanism Discovered in First Line of Immune Defence
News Sep 10, 2013
Scientists from A*STAR's Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) have discovered a new defense mechanism that the immune system utilises to combat infections. The team's discovery of how a novel protein unexpectedly activates an immune response shows how this mechanism can also be used to get rid of tumour cells. This research was done in collaboration with University Hospital Basel, Switzerland, published in July 2013 in Nature Immunology.
The immune system combats microbes using several strategies, of which early activation of defence is one of the most important. The mechanisms used by the immune system to counterattack microbes often rely on the immediate recognition of microbes, or of cells that have been affected by the infection of microbes.
The team at SIgN led by Prof Gennaro De Libero has identified a novel mechanism of how the immune system readily detects invading microbes and effectively initiates early immune responses, by activating a special class of cells called gamma delta lymphocytes. Gamma delta lymphocytes were discovered more than 30 years ago and had been identified as cells that are capable of early protection as they play a decisive role in the first line of immune defence. However, many studies into discovering the mechanisms of how these cells are activated when microbes attack have been unfruitful.
The team's discovery of a protein called Butyrophilin 3A1 shows how it binds to microbial antigens and hence activates human gamma delta cells. These cells are then able to coordinate an immune response to clear the infection caused by invading microbes.
This protein has also been found to bind antigens that are produced in large amounts in tumour cells, which then activates gamma delta cells against these tumour cells. The discovery of this mechanism thus represents a novel target that will help to eradicate tumours and combat infections.
Prof De Libero said, "The identification of the molecular mechanisms of how human gamma delta cells get activated opens doors to novel opportunities for immunotherapy of infections and tumours."
Prof Philippe Kourilsky, Chairman of SIgN said, "This study is a breakthrough in immunology and also an excellent example of basic science as an important premise to medicine."
Prof Laurent Renia, Acting Executive Director of SIgN said, "We are delighted that this excellent science has paved the way for many others in immunology and other fields. I believe that these findings present great promise in developing new treatments for cancer therapy and infectious diseases."
Cold and Flu Season is Well Under Way But Don't Stifle a Sneeze Warn DoctorsNews
Pinching your nose while clamping your mouth shut to contain a forceful sneeze isn't a good idea, warn doctors. One young man managed to rupture the back of his throat during this manoeuvre, leaving him barely able to speak or swallow, and in considerable pain.READ MORE
Immunosuppressive Cells in Newborns Play Important Role in Controlling Inflammation in Early LifeNews
New research has characterized the transitory presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in mouse and human newborns, revealing a critical role of these cells in regulation of inflammation in the early stages of life.READ MORE
Fast-tracking T Cell Therapies with Immune-mimicking BiomaterialsNews
A new approach to amplify patient-specific T cells outside the body could increase the efficiency of cancer immunotherapies.READ MORE
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Precision Medicine & Biomarkers Leaders Summit: USA
May 07 - May 08, 2018 | <urn:uuid:88d5e6cb-acf5-4475-a04f-91c3b5b54751> | {
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I. In architecture: “lateres,” band-stones, which run through the thickness of a wall and bind it together, Vitr. 2, 8, 7.—
II. In music: diatonum , i, the natural or diatonic series of notes without breaks or intervals, the diatonic scale, Vitr. 5, 4, 3 sq.; Macr. Somn. Scip. 2, 4.
A Latin Dictionary. Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by. Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. and. Charles Short, LL.D. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1879.
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American College of Asthma, Allergy & Immunology (ACAAI)
November 6, 2014
Whether allergy sufferers have symptoms that are mild or severe, they really only want one thing: relief. So it's particularly distressing that the very medication they hope will ease symptoms can cause different, sometimes more severe, allergic responses.
According to a presentation at the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) Annual Scientific Meeting, an allergic response to a medication for allergies can often go undiagnosed. The presentation sheds light on adverse responses to topical skin preparations; helps identify patients who are hypersensitive to antihistamines, and identifies allergic responses to various drugs used in the treatment of asthma.
"Allergy to a topical corticosteroid may not be evident right away because its job is to bring down inflammation," said allergist Luz Fonacier, ACAAI fellow and presenter. "But you should suspect an allergy to your medication if your rash doesn't respond, get worse with the medication, or improves initially, then flares." Other topical medications that can cause allergies are antibiotics (bacitracin and neomycin found in adhesive bandages and "cut" preparations), topical anesthetics (found in lip balm) and antifungals.
If you suspect you're having an allergic response such as itching or worsening of the rash, you should stop the medication and see your allergist. For most topical medications, a patch test can be done to determine if you are reacting to the actual drug component, the preservatives, the fragrance, or the delivery system of the drug.
"It's surprising that the main medications used to relieve allergies can cause new allergies, or worsen already existing allergies," said allergist Sami Bahna, MD, ACAAI past president and presenter. "They are, therefore, rarely suspected. The majority of antihistamine reactions affect the skin, appearing as hives or a rash."
For more information about allergies, and to locate an allergist in your area, visit AllergyandAsthmaRelief.org. The ACAAI Annual Meeting is being held Nov. 6-10 at the Georgia World Congress Convention Center in Atlanta. For more news and research being presented at the meeting, follow the conversation on Twitter #ACAAI. View the latest news online at ACAAI Annual Meeting Press Kit.
The ACAAI is a professional medical organization of more than 6,000 allergists-immunologists and allied health professionals, headquartered in Arlington Heights, Ill. The College fosters a culture of collaboration and congeniality in which its members work together and with others toward the common goals of patient care, education, advocacy and research. ACAAI allergists are board-certified physicians trained to diagnose allergies and asthma, administer immunotherapy, and provide patients with the best treatment outcomes. For more information and to find relief, visit AllergyandAsthmaRelief.org. Join us on Facebook, Pinterest and Twitter. | <urn:uuid:c417e280-5d88-4e86-b3d5-19c1c4f36059> | {
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Wherever people and large carnivores coexist, conflicts between the two are usually inevitable. Traditionally, tiger-human conflicts in Russia were resolved by simply killing the tiger, and cumulatively such deaths represented a significant mortality factor.
Human-tiger conflicts generally fall into two categories: attacks on people and predation on domestic animals. Tigers that attack people are considered problem tigers unless they are defending cubs or themselves. In most instances, tigers that have attacked people in Russia have been previously wounded in botched poaching attempts and either attack the poacher or some unlucky person who just happens to bump into the wounded cat. Tigers that prey on domestic animals are considered a problem if they do so very close to human habitations. That is, a tiger that kills a cow that wanders a kilometer into the woods unattended is not considered a problem, but one that kills cows in barnyards requires management.
Figure 1. A WCS analysis of tiger-human conflicts in the Russian Far East indicates
that most conflict tigers have previously been wounded in encounters with people.
WCS has worked with government tiger-human conflict response teams since 1999, lending our expertise and qualified personnel to resolve human-tiger conflicts in ways more favorable to both tigers and people. The resolution techniques we have developed include scare tactics, negative conditioning and capturing tigers to assess their condition. Tigers in good condition that have not presented a threat to human life may be released on site or in a new area far from human settlements.
A lecture on immobilization at WCS's
annual wildlife health training.
Photo by Dale Miquelle, WCS.
WCS is able to assess the effectiveness of our interventions, because all problem tigers that are captured and subsequently released are equipped with radio collars and regularly monitored. Together with the Russian government, we have conducted the first successful rehabilitations and translocations of wild Amur tigers in the Russian Far East.
Since 1999, WCS has also provided training for government employees responding to conflict situations. Today our focus is on not only improving local expertise in wildlife immobilization, capture, and handling – skills necessary for managing tiger-human conflicts – but also developing a core group of professional veterinarians capable of addressing issues of wildlife health and disease in the Russian Far East. Each year we organize a 10-day workshop for government response team members, local veterinarians, and veterinary students that provides participants with knowledge of and hands-on experience using the variety of methods available for managing wildlife health issues.
Read a recent article (download as PDF doc) about translocating a conflict tiger (English is on the second page) | <urn:uuid:df0eb0a1-faca-499f-8a59-e65deb98070b> | {
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How can Congress get around the Tenth Amendment and regulate almost every aspect of American life?
One way is by claiming that the Tenth Amendment doesn’t apply because Congress is merely acting within the scope of its enumerated powers. But to make this claim, one must assume that some of the enumerated powers are much broader than they really are.
One of the enumerated powers cited by advocates of the modern monster-state is the Commerce Power. This derives primarily from two sources:
(1) the Constitution’s grant to Congress of authority to “regulate Commerce . . . among the several States” and
(2) the Constitution’s grant to Congress of authority to “make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing powers. . .”
According to promoters of the monster-state, those constitutional phrases go further than allowing Congress to regulate trade among the states. They also allow Congress to control manufacturing, wages, agriculture, crime, mining, land use, firearm possession, and a range of other activities.
How can they justify this? Basically, they make two arguments. The first argument was spun during the New Deal by a University of Chicago law professor. (Too many law professors spend entirely too much time fabricating constitutional theories to promote big government.)
This professor argued that during the Founding Era the word “commerce” meant more than trade. Instead, he contended, “commerce” included all gainful economic activities. Hence Congress has a license to regulate the entire economy.
An even broader version of this theory was published more recently by a Yale law professor. He maintains that “commerce” means any human interaction – so the federal government can regulate almost anything, so long as it doesn’t trample one of the specific guarantees in the Constitution, such as Free Speech.
On investigation, however, the claim that “commerce” meant “all gainful activities” or “all interactions” turns out to be completely untrue. It flies in the face of much of what we know about the Founding Era, including specific representations by leading Founders that most regulation would be reserved to the states.
But because it is sometimes necessary to prove the obvious, several other academics (such as Georgetown University’s Randy Barnett and I) have examined literally thousands of appearances of the word “commerce” in the historical records from the Founding Era. And those records show clearly that “Commerce” in the Constitution means trade and associated activities, but no more (e.g., http://www.umt.edu/law/faculty/natelson/articles/Commerce%20Clause.pdf).
The second argument for an almost unlimited Commerce Power currently prevails on the U.S. Supreme Court. (Don’t let anyone tell you the present court is “conservative” on such matters.) This argument acknowledges that when the Founders wrote “Commerce,” they meant only trade and a few allied activities, such as navigation.
But it goes on to say that modern economic life, unlike life during the Founding Era, is highly interdependent, so it is now “necessary and proper” for Congress to regulate everything that substantially affects commerce.
But this argument also ignores history. Economic interdependence is nothing new: the promoters of the Constitution themselves emphasized it. But they also assured the public that, interdependent or not, most activities could be regulated only by the states.
They added that the Necessary and Proper Clause added nothing to federal authority, but merely clarified that the legal “doctrine of incidental powers” applied to the Constitution. And no power could be “incidental” if its scope swamped the principal power. In other words, Congress couldn’t take over a big field like manufacturing or agriculture on the pretense of regulating commerce.
If the Supreme Court were doing its job in this area, it would restrict Congress to the authority granted by the people through the Constitution. Because the Court is not doing what it should, it is up to the people to recall the federal government to its constitutional limits. | <urn:uuid:1229df28-0239-40f9-a87b-9eddbcbc8f26> | {
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1. Show where in the complex plane are: 1, i, and write all these numbers in the form
2. State the rule for multiplying two complex numbers of the form , and from that figure out the inverse of a complex number: that is, express as
3. Find how to invert a number in the other notation: if find a, b in terms of x, y.
Hint: it helps to multiply
4. Show on a diagram where in the complex plane is a cube root of -1, we’ll call it How many cube roots does -1 have? Show all possibilities on the diagram. Next, what about cube roots of 1? Show them on another figure. (Note: is commonly used for a cube root of -1. we also use it, of course, for angular frequency. Take care not to confuse the two.)
5. Draw a complex number z as a vector (pointing from the origin to z), then draw on the same diagram as vectors iz, z/i, (being the cube root of -1.)
6. Using , from , deduce the formulas for
7. Suppose the point z moves in the complex plane is such a way that at time t , where A is real and . Where is z at t = 0? Where at t = 1 second? Where at t = 0.5 seconds? Where at t = 0.25 seconds? Describe how z moves as time progresses.
How would your answer change if A were pure imaginary instead of real?
8. Consider again , . Differentiate both sides to find an expression for the velocity as the point moves along its path. How does the velocity vector relate to the position vector? Next, find by differentiating again the acceleration vector, and comment on its direction.
9. State briefly how z behaves in time if for real . How would this behavior change if had a small imaginary part, , where is small? Sketch how z would move in the complex plane, both for positive and negative.
10. Consider the quadratic equation . For b = 1, both roots equal 1. Sketch (in the complex plane) how the larger root moves as b varies from 1.2 down through 1 to 0.8.
When you’ve done that, do the same for the other root, preferably in a different color. | <urn:uuid:c8015710-f103-425b-bcb3-309b72e5ff99> | {
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If you are looking for a fun Easter Counting Activity to practice counting to 10 you are going to love these free printable Count and Clip Cards. This easter activity for preschoolers has toddler, preschool, and pre-k chidlren count the number of pretty Easter Eggs in the basket and clip the numeral they counted. Simply download pdf file with Easter printables for preschoolers and you are ready to play and learn with Easter Math.
Easter activity for preschoolers
This easter math activity is a fun way for preschoolers to count to 10 with an Easter activity for preschoolers! Not only is this preschool Easter printable FREE, but it is easy to play and NO PREP too! Whether you are a parent, teacher, or homeschooler you will love this fun, hands-on easter math activity to add to your Easter preschool theme!
Free easter printables for preschoolers
Start out by printing the pages in the free download (below) in color. I suggest laminating the pages for durability and to make this a reusable math activity.
Easter Counting Activity
Now, simply cut each page into 4 counting cards.
Easter math activity
Kids will use a clothespin or other manipulative to mark how many eggs are in the Easter basket.
HINT: You can make this activity self checking by putting a dot sticker on the back of the card where the clothespin should cover
Easter Arts and Crafts
- Water Resist Easter Egg Craft
- Easter Egg Wreath Printable Easter Crafts
- Easter Egg Craft Ideas for Kids
- Mason Jar Preschool Bunny Craft
- Super cute Religious Easter Crafts
- Must try, Edible Peeps Playdough
- Bunny Paper Bag Puppet Craft Idea
- Recycled Easter Basket craft for preschoolers
- 20 Jelly Bean Crafts and Activities
- Lots of Cute Easter Bunny Crafts for Kids
- Ink Pad Spring Craft for Preschoolers
- Make a family Easter Resurection Garden
- Plus check out all these clever Plastic Easter Egg Activities
- 100 Easter craft ideas for kids
Free Easter Printables
These fun activities use our free easter printables to save you on prep work!
- Neighborhood Printable Easter Scavenger Hunt
- Super cute Easter Color by Number Hat Craft
- Free Printable Bunny Ears Template to print in color or black and white
- Free Printable Easter Bingo
- Easter Printables Egg Color Sorting
- Learn Color Words with this Easter Printables Reader
- Simple Easter Printable Color Matching
- Counting Eggs Easter Playdough Mats
- Free Printable Easter Mazes
- Visual Discrimination Egg Activities for Preschoolers
- Easter Printables Tracing and Coloring Pages
- Easter Color by Number Worksheets or try these Easter Color by Number Pages
- Bunny Letter Matching Easter Worksheet Preschool
- Count and Trace Jelly Bean Eggs Easter Activities for Preschoolers
- Alphabet Mats Easter Printables
- Free Jelly Bean Counting Worksheet
- Count and Clip Easter Math Activities for Preschoolers
- Preschool Math Puzzle Easter Printables
- Easter Sight words Activity
Make learning fun by adding one of these engaging easter activity ideas to your Easter Theme
- Alphabet Easter Memory Game
- Color by Letter Easter Worksheets
- Phonics Easter Egg Printables
- Practice pattersn with this super cute Easter Activities for Preschoolers
- Alphabet Easter Matching Game
- Letter Tracing Free Easter Printables
- Count and Clip Easter Math Activity
- Alphabet Easter Egg Hunt
Easter Science Experiments
- Easy Floating Egg Experiment
- Amazing Egg in a Bottle Science Experiment
- Fun Egg Drop Project
- Beautiful Chromatography Flowers made with science!
- EASY Egg geode experiment for kids of all ages!
- Amazing Food Coloring Flower Experiment Worksheet where you can turn a flower into two seperate colors!
- Have you tried making butter experiment
- Colorful Jelly Bean Experiment exploring difusion and color matching with a simple activity for kids
- You’ve got to try this simple Color Changing Slime
- Simply Rainbow Density Experiment for springtime
- How Big is a Raindrop – try this raindrop experiment to find out!
- MUST try Beautiful capillary action experiment
- How to Make a Weather Vane the EASY way
Download Counting to 10 Easter Clip Cards
By downloading from my site you agree to the following:
- This is for personal and personal classroom use (to share this resource, please direct others to this post to download their own free copy)
- This may NOT be sold, hosted, reproduced, or stored on any other site (including blog, Facebook, Dropbox, etc.)
- Graphics Purchased and used with permission
- I offer free printables to bless my readers AND to provide for my family. Your frequent visits to my blog & support purchasing through affiliates links and ads keep the lights on so to speak. Thanks you! | <urn:uuid:7184fade-c4af-4012-9ca5-7bdf6460f694> | {
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Lunar Rover vs modern electric cars: how do they compare?
On the 50th anniversary of the first Moon landing, we take a look at the electric car that was developed for later missions and how it compares with earthbound electric models you can buy today...
After decades when they were, at best, an eccentric choice, electric cars have come of age; many are now good enough to go head to head with petrol and diesel rivals, and sales are growing fast.
The Kia e-Niro, for example, is such a brilliant all-rounder that we named it our Car of the Year at the 2019 What Car? Awards, while the likes of the Audi E-tron, Jaguar I-Pace and Tesla Model 3 have taken desirability to new levels. But how do these vehicles compare with perhaps the most famous electric car of them all?
As NASA celebrates the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 making the first Moon landing, we put the Lunar Rover head-to-head with its modern descendants to see how far we've come (and, yes, we know that the rover wasn’t actually used until 1971).
One of the things that makes the e-Niro such a game changer is that it combines its everyday usability with a surprisingly affordable price: £32,995 after the government’s £3500 electric car grant is factored in.
By contrast, the four Lunar Rovers are estimated to have cost US taxpayers $38m, or £7.6m per car at the 1971 exchange rate.
The Lunar Rover was designed to have a range of up to 57 miles. However, in reality it never went more than 4.7 miles from the lander, because NASA decided the astronauts needed to be able to walk back if there was a breakdown.
As a bonus, its warranty lasts for five years, even if your mileage is the equivalent of going to the Moon and back.
Most bespoke electric cars have their motors on the axles, while those based on conventional models (such as the Volkswagen e-Golf) house them under the bonnet, where the engine would usually be. However, the Lunar Rover used four 0.25-horsepower motors mounted within its wheels.
This layout frees up space, reduces overall weight and improves efficiency. However, it also increases unsprung weight, which has a detrimental effect on ride comfort and handling.
Speaking of wheels, the Lunar Rover's were enormous, with a 32in diameter, while instead of conventional tyres, titanium chevrons provided traction. Even today, with big wheels very fashionable, 22in is generally the maximum.
There’s no 0-62mph time for the Lunar Rover, principally because it wasn’t capable of anything like 62mph. But high-spec Teslas are among the fastest accelerating cars on the road, with the Model S needing as little as 2.4sec.
We said the Lunar Rover couldn’t get anywhere near 62mph and we weren’t exaggerating; it’s highest recorded speed was 6.8mph.
As for the Model S, that tops out at 155mph, while the likes of the E-tron and I-Pace also have more performance than you'll ever need, with both able to reach 124mph.
In addition to two astronauts and the various equipment they required to stay alive, the Lunar Rover was designed to shift 27kg of moon rocks.
While we don't have directly comparable figures, we can tell you that the I-Pace has room for seven carry-on suitcases and the Model 3 up to 10.
With a requirement to keep weight down, equipment on the Lunar Rover was strictly limited to essential items: a communications antennae, a navigational gyroscope and a TV camera to relay footage back to Earth.
The e-Niro also has a camera, albeit one designed to help with parking. Plus, you get climate control, automatic lights and wipers, leather upholstery, heated front seats, sat-nav, and an 8.0in touchscreen infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto smartphone mirroring.
NASA was literally shooting for the Moon when it developed the Lunar Rover, and there's no doubt that it was the right car for the job. However, as you'd probably expect, today's earthbound electric models are better in every way except exclusivity.
For all the latest reviews, advice and new car deals, sign up to the What Car? newsletter here
As good as many of the latest electric cars are, the fear that their batteries will run flat before you get to where you’re going continues to put many people off. So, What Car? has developed a test that shows their Real Range between charges. Here we reveal the best and worst performers.
18. Smart Forfour EQ
- Real Range 57 miles
- Miles per kWh 2.9
- Full charge cost £2.42*
- Cost per mile £0.042
With an 80bhp electric motor, the Forfour EQ feels much quicker than its 0-62mph time of 12.7sec would suggest. Plus, it handles well because the bulk of its weight is positioned lower down than in the petrol models.
Sadly, the electric ForFour travelled just 57 miles between charges – the smallest Real Range figure of any car we’ve tested.
17. Smart Fortwo EQ Cabrio
- Real Range 59 miles
- Miles per kWh 2.9
- Full charge cost £2.43
- Cost per mile £0.042
The two-seater Fortwo travelled two miles farther than the four-seater Forfour, but range anxiety is still likely to be a major problem.
It’s a shame, because the EQ is cheaper to run and more composed than any conventional Fortwo.
16. Volkswagen e-Up
- Real Range 66 miles
- Miles per kWh 3.5
- Full charge cost £2.28
- Cost per mile £0.035
Volkswagen’s smallest electric car is a version of the Up city car, meaning it’s great to drive and smart inside, but not all that roomy.
The e-Up is also a lot more expensive than its petrol-engined sisters, despite having a very limited range.
=14. Hyundai Ioniq Electric
- Real Range 117 miles
- Miles per kWh 3.9
- Full charge cost £3.57
- Cost per mile £0.030
The Ioniq is really three cars in one; it’s available as a conventional hybrid, a plug-in hybrid and a fully electric car. In the latter form it has a Real Range of just 117 miles, but enough torque to make for brisk acceleration around town. | <urn:uuid:edf26935-bfe9-4003-b6df-2f0e323ae254> | {
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New research led by the American Museum of Natural History reveals that the evolution of modern birds was greatly shaped by the history of our planet's geography and climate. The DNA-based work, published today in the journal Science Advances, finds that birds arose in what is now South America around 90 million years ago, and radiated extensively around the time of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event that killed off the non-avian dinosaurs. The new research suggests that birds in South America survived this event and then started moving to other parts of the world via multiple land bridges while diversifying during periods of global cooling.
"Modern birds are the most diverse group of terrestrial vertebrates in terms of species richness and global distribution, but we still don't fully understand their large-scale evolutionary history," said Joel Cracraft, a curator in the Museum's Department of Ornithology and co-author of the paper. "It's a difficult problem to solve because we have very large gaps in the fossil record. This is the first quantitative analysis estimating where birds might have arisen, based on the best phylogenetic hypothesis that we have today."
Cracraft and lead author Santiago Claramunt, a research associate in the Museum's Department of Ornithology, analyzed DNA sequences for most modern bird families with information from 130 fossil birds to generate a new evolutionary time tree. | <urn:uuid:c268305b-e193-4ad4-be73-92e476cc61d8> | {
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The Teutonic Knights
were members of the Teutonic Order
, a monkly order established in the twelfth century as hospitale sancte Marie Theutonicorum Jerosolimitanum
or the Hospital of St. Mary of the Germans in Jerusalem. Originally founded to care for wounded German crusaders, it quickly grew in wealth and power to gain political influence within the Catholic Church.
In 1221, the Order was granted the same privileges as the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller by Pope Honorius. By this time, the Order's rapidly growing wealth and influence were recognized by many countries and the Knights were often invited to help subdue "pagan" uprisings. The term pagan was often applied by the ruler of a country to any group which opposed their rule as in the case of Hungary in 1211 and Achaia in 1250.
Some rulers found it difficult to evict the knights after they were invited to take part in the "baptism by fire and sword" of pagan groups. This was the case in Hungary where King Andrew II eventually threw out the order in 1225. In Achaia in the Peloponnesus, the Order remained firmly entrenched until almost 1500.
Although their knights were sworn to individual poverty by their vows as monks, the Order itself was quite wealthy and well-endowed by their crusading activities. When the Third Crusade came to an end at Acre in 1291, the Teutonic Knights began to look for new justification for their existance. They settled in Marienburg (Polish: Marbork) in 1309 at the request of the Polish Duke Conrad of Mazovia. They rapidly expanded their at first small territory through shrewd diplomacy and at times outright conquest. Much of this happened at the expense of their supposed benefactor. In 1360, to quell the border skirmishes which threatened to distract the Polish king Casimir III's attention from more pressing matters, Silisia and Pomerania were temporarily ceeded to the Order for the purpose of "baptizing the pagans."
With the marriage of Lithuanian Grand-Duke Wladislaw Jagiello to the 11-year old Polish Queen Jadwiga in 1385, and Jagiello's subsequent conversion to Catholicism, Lithuania formally accepted christianity and the Teutonic Knights were once again threatened with the loss of their holdings and mission.
By this time, the Order was a highly productive member of Hanseatic League and turned huge profits on the labors of their mostly Polish and Lithuanian subjects. As such, a perennial state of near-war existed between the Teutonic Knights and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1410 at the battle of Grunwald (German: Tannenberg), the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth defeated the army of the Teutonic Knights and their sponsors. It is reported that over 22 nations were represented on the side of the Teutonic Knights. This loss bankrupted the Order and in 1467 they were forced to ceed their lands along with western Prussia to Poland.
In 1525, Grand Master of the Order Albrecht von Brandenburg converted to Luthernism, effectively ending the order as a political entity. | <urn:uuid:c72c9c44-a2f1-4e5a-9347-cfe5aea288e0> | {
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The next chance for SpaceX to return a Falcon 9 booster to landing at Cape Canaveral will come in mid-July, when the company plans to launch a Dragon supply ship to the International Space Station, a company official said Tuesday.
Scott Carpenter launched atop an Atlas rocket to become the second American to orbit the Earth today in 1962, flying for 4 hours and 39 minutes aboard Aurora 7 while making three revolutions of the globe.
Two more Galileo satellites successfully catapulted into space from the French Guiana jungle aboard a Soyuz rocket Tuesday, putting Europe’s multibillion-dollar navigation system on track to begin limited global service later this year.
A prototype for a future winged Indian spaceship took off early Monday on a suborbital flight 40 miles over the Bay of Bengal and steered itself to an on-target splashdown, testing a heat shield and guidance, navigation and control algorithms.
A Russian-built Soyuz rocket lifted off from South America at 0848 GMT (4:48 a.m. EDT) Tuesday with two new navigation satellites for Europe’s Galileo system, readying the network for initial operating capability later this year.
The 13th and 14th operational members of Europe’s Galileo navigation satellite network are set for liftoff Tuesday aboard a Soyuz rocket from French Guiana. Track the progress of the flight with this timeline of key events.
A spectacle never seen before — a space shuttle external fuel tank traversing city streets — was witnessed in Los Angeles on Saturday as the relic was moved to the museum that will construct a rocket science attraction. | <urn:uuid:5173b486-8b82-4b6c-abec-904f053ccb22> | {
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Medical Content Created by the Faculty of the
Harvard Medical School
The test doesn't have any significant risks. Bone density tests that use x-rays expose you to about one-tenth the amount of radiation as in a single chest x-ray. This is too small an amount to be likely to cause any harm, except to a fetus in a pregnant woman. | <urn:uuid:a8cb6d28-d8fe-418b-bd02-f950acc44cdb> | {
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The Henry Ford museum in Dearborn, MI, has tons of interesting exhibits dedicated to turn-of-the-century industrialism. But tucked away, behind a still-running Edison Triple Expansion Steam engine in a section called Made in America, is a small case which gives you a glimpse into not only one of the great friendship of the 20th century, but just how creepy our American forebears were. Inside an exhibit dedicated to Thomas Edison and his competitors is presented a vial filled with the inventor’s dying breath.
It’s a strange exhibit, to be sure. The same case also contains Nikola Tesla’s death mask, gazing forever on the still-running Edison engine, which seems a little cruel considering their cut-throat relationship. But back to the vial. Exactly how the vial came to be in the museum’s possession goes all the way back to 1896, when Henry met Thomas.
Henry Ford and Thomas Edison were titans of the 20th century, and surprisingly close friends. Ford considered Edison his boyhood hero and, when the two met at a convention of the Association of Edison Illuminating Companies in 1896 Ford was ecstatic, even capturing a candid photo of the inventor. Ford was there because he was an engineer working for one of Edison’s subsidiary companies, Detroit Edison. The introduction was described in I Invented The Modern Age: The Rise of Henry Ford, which lays out a more than a little over-the-top meeting between the two. Ford was introduced to Edison as an inventor of the gas-powered car, which was both wrong and (given that this was a conference about electric power) also perceived as a slight by the chip-on-his-shoulder Ford. But according to the account, Edison was into it, and supposedly began peppering Ford with questions before he banged on the table and declared, “Your car is self-contained–carries its own power plant–no fire, no boiler, no smoke and no steam. You have the thing. Keep at it.” Ford would later say that that bang on the table meant the world to him.
Thomas Edison was not known as a warm or friendly guy, but several years later, as Ford’s star rose, Edison and the automaker began corresponding. The pair even worked together on projects, mostly Ford supplying the cash and Edison losing it on failed products.
The two men even took annual camping tips together along with their families or sometimes with Harvey Firestone, the founder of Firestone Tire and Rubber, President Warren Harding, and naturalist John Burroughs. They even bought houses next to each other and tried to build an electric car together, with disastrous results.
Thomas Edison died of complications due to diabetes on October 18, 1931 in West Orange, New Jersey at 84 years old. There at his side was Edison’s personal physician and his son, Charles Edison. The way the museum describes it, the idea to capture the inventor’s final breath came to Charles when he noticed an empty test tube rack by his dying father’s bedside. Charles gathered several vials full of Edison’s final breath, had the doctor seal the tubes in paraffin, and sent one to Henry Ford as a memento of their close friendship.
What are we supposed to make of this story, particularly that there are multiple vials of an intrinsically-singular last breath? Well, at the very least, it stands a testament to how, uh, intense the friendship was between these two very well-adjusted historical figures.
The legacies of these two giants of the electric age are incredibly intertwined. Even the building the vial sits in is a testament to their friendship. The Henry Ford Museum was built by Ford as a museum dedicated to industrial history. Originally named the Edison Institute, it opened on the 50th anniversary of the invention of the electric light bulb. The adjacent Greenfield Village recreates turn-of-the-century life in America, and even contains Edison’s original Menlo Park laboratory.
While the name may have changed, the museum is still dedicated to the history of manufacturing in general as well as the Ford Motor Company’s history specifically. When Henry Ford died over a decade after Edison, many of his personal items made their way into the museum’s collection—including the last breath of his mentor and friend. There’s no way to know if this is the very last breath of Edison, or if the precious terminus inventor gasses didn’t escape long ago, but it still a fascinating piece of the American story. Today it sits, practically hidden, as a small, unassuming reminder of a friendship at the top of the world. | <urn:uuid:832af7b0-4874-47cd-bb07-dbc8d8712d6b> | {
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