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One of the ironies of Barack Obama's presidency is that he's considered anti-business. The reality is business has fared remarkably well under Obama, especially compared with many other constituencies that have struggled.
With Obama's first term now officially over, the stock market performance during his first four years ranks in the top third of presidents who have served since 1900, according to analysis by S&P Capital IQ. The S&P 500 rose by 58 percent during the calendar years ranging from 2009 through 2012. The stock market fared worse during the first terms of 13 presidents since 1900. Here are the four presidents who notched a better stock-market performance than Obama during their first full terms:
--Franklin Roosevelt: 149 percent increase in the S&P 500 from 1933 through 1936.
--Calvin Coolidge: 133 percent increase. (1925 - 1928)
--Dwight Eisenhower: 76 percent increase. (1953 - 1956)
--Bill Clinton: 70 percent increase. (1993 - 1996)
There are all sorts of asterisks and anomalies, of course. Coolidge first took office in 1923 after Warren Harding died, and the stock market's performance during his first four years as president (1923 - 1926) was weaker than during his first full term, from 1925 through 1928. And during his first full term, Coolidge presided over a bubble economy that burst the year he left office, leaving his successor, Herbert Hoover, to grapple with the beginning of the Great Depression--and a 72 percent drop in the stock market during his one term, the biggest decline under any president, by far. FDR came into office with the stock market near a low point and got credit for gains during his first term that were largely a snapback from the plunge under Hoover.
A mild recession at the beginning of Eisenhower's first term lasted less than a year, with the stock market surging once it was over. Clinton enjoyed a booming economy and a roaring stock market during his entire presidency.
Obama, like FDR, inherited a damaged economy and a bear market that was bound to turn upward at some point. But Obama had one advantage during his first term that no president has ever had: An activist Federal Reserve aggressively pursuing policies meant to inflate stock prices, among other things.
Under Chairman Ben Bernanke, the Fed began an unprecedented "quantitative easing" policy just a few weeks before Obama first took office. It intensified those policies early in Obama's presidency, a move that coincided with the bottoming out of the stock market and a rally that has now lasted nearly four years. So while Obama did reappoint Bernanke to a second term of his own in 2010, it may be Bernanke more than Obama who can claim credit for the healthy performance of the stock market during Obama's first term.
Investors would love to know, of course, whether the stock market will continue it ascent during Obama's second term, or lose altitude. Most Wall Street forecasters are predicting modest stock market gains over the next few years, predicated on an economy that picks up steam. The Fed has also suggested it will continue its market-friendly policies until 2015, perhaps longer.
The biggest risk is that inflation becomes more of a problem than expected, forcing the Fed to end quantitative easing prematurely. That would test whether stocks are fairly valued or artificially inflated by the Fed--a challenge most investors would rather not face.
Meanwhile, history suggests a more subdued stock-market performance during Obama's second term. On average, the stock market has gained 38 percent during a president's first term since 1900, according to S&P Capital IQ, but only 17 percent during a second term. If that pattern holds, businesses will have even more to gripe about in four years.
Rick Newman is the author of Rebounders: How Winners Pivot From Setback To Success. Follow him on Twitter: @rickjnewman.
More From US News & World Report
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Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. The thyroid gland, located at the base of the neck just below Adam's apple, produces hormones that control the body's metabolism.
A person with hyperthyroidism has an overactive thyroid gland, which sets off a chain reaction of symptoms. The most common symptoms include increased heart rate (tachycardia), abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), muscle weakness or tremor (tremor), insomnia, weight loss, sweating, and heat intolerance.
If you're feeling more anxious, irritable, or moody than usual, it could be a sign of hyperthyroidism.
Images Coming soon
Other common symptoms include −
Losing weight without trying
Hyperthyroidism can cause weight loss because it increases your metabolism. This can help you lose weight if you have an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), which slows down metabolism and causes weight gain. Hyperthyroidism may also cause fatigue, which can lead to less physical activity and result in weight loss.
Hyperthyroidism can cause weakness, muscle aches, and stiffness because the thyroid gland is overproducing hormones that stimulate the muscles. In some cases, people with hyperthyroidism develop carpal tunnel syndrome − a painful compression of nerves in the wrist that causes weakness and numbness in the hand − as well as tendonitis (inflammation of tendons) in their hands or feet.
Hyperthyroidism can also cause an increased appetite and thirst. You may feel like eating a lot more food than usual, or you may feel hungry even when you've just eaten. You may develop a sudden craving for salty foods like chips or pickles, or crave ice cubes and cold drinks like pop or water all the time. Your symptoms might also include−
Fatigue − feeling tired or exhausted all of the time
Heart palpitations − an uncomfortable feeling in your chest that's caused by irregular heartbeats, which can be felt as skipped beats (BPs) or fluttering in your chest.
This symptom can be caused by several factors, such as hyperactivity of the thyroid gland and its effects on hormone production. People with hyperthyroidism may have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep, or they may wake up earlier than usual and have trouble going back to sleep.
Sweating more than usual
Hyperthyroidism causes an increase in metabolism that can lead to excessive sweating. This can happen at any time of day or night and often results in drenching sweat patches on clothing that are difficult to dry out completely even after repeated washings.
A rapid or irregular heartbeat
The next is that your heart may be beating too quickly. A rapid heartbeat can be caused by a number of different factors−hyperthyroidism is just one of them. Too much caffeine or nicotine, anxiety, lack of sleep, and even exercise can all cause a rapid heartbeat that isn't related to hyperthyroidism at all.
If you get regular physicals, the doctor will check for these other causes during your heart checkups−but if he finds that your heart is beating too rapidly outside of any specific situation where stress and exercise are in play, then it could mean you're experiencing the first symptom of hyperthyroidism− an overactive thyroid gland.
Feeling short of breath
The next symptom to watch out for is feeling short of breath, particularly when you're lying down. In some cases, hyperthyroidism can cause your lungs to work overtime, causing you to take deep breaths and feel like you can't get enough air. This sensation of breathing difficulty may come on suddenly and be accompanied by a cough or wheezing.
Other times, it's more gradual and a person may feel like their breathing is getting harder to control. This can be especially dangerous for people with asthma, as their breathing problems may become worse due to the extra effort required to breathe.
An overactive thyroid gland can cause your body to produce too much thyroid hormone. When this happens, your metabolism speeds up, and as a result, your heart beats faster, you breathe more quickly, and your muscles move more vigorously than normal. The body's basic processes of nutrient absorption, digestion, and waste elimination also speed up.
The nervous system is particularly affected by the hormone changes in an overactive thyroid gland. Nerves in the brain become overstimulated. This causes anxiety to occur more easily and makes it difficult to slow down once the nervousness begins. It is not uncommon for people with hyperthyroidism to experience brief periods of extreme nervousness or panic attacks that will suddenly occur for no apparent reason. These feelings can be mild or quite severe, but they are usually short-lived (lasting just a few minutes) if they do happen.
Most people with hyperthyroidism will experience mild tremors in their hands and fingers. This is also a very common symptom. It may be hard to tell whether your finger tremors are caused by hyperthyroidism or Parkinson's disease, which is a neurological disorder that also causes tremors in the hands and fingers. Parkinson's disease usually causes more severe tremors than hyperthyroidism does, so if you're experiencing mild hand tremors, it's probably due to your thyroid condition.
In more severe cases, hyperthyroidism can lead to weakness in the muscles that control eye movements, difficulty swallowing, and other problems with movement and muscular function.
3 ways to manage the symptoms
If you're experiencing a lot of muscle weakness in your hands and feet, try carrying a water bottle around with you and sip from it frequently. When your body is dehydrated, its muscles are more likely to weaken. When you make sure that your body is properly hydrated, your muscles will feel less fatigued and weaker.
Massage can help relieve the pains that result from muscle weakness caused by thyroid hyperactivity. Massage encourages blood circulation and helps you relax, which are both important for relieving pain.
Exercise is another way to reduce the symptoms of thyroid hyperactivity including muscle weakness and tenderness or pain. Exercise strengthens your muscles and improves blood flow so that they don't experience as much fatigue or pain.
Changes in bowel habits
Most people who suffer from hyperthyroidism will experience alterations in their bowel patterns, such as constipation, diarrhea, and changes in the frequency of bowel movements. This is due to the fact that the thyroid gland controls metabolic processes, one of which is digestion. When the gland is overactive, these processes may be disrupted.
Menstrual changes in women
One of the biggest problems that women with hyperthyroidism experience are menstrual changes. Menstrual cycles in women with hyperthyroidism may become irregular, shorter, or longer, and there could be an increase or decrease in the amount of bleeding or the flow could change to being very heavy. There may be spotting between periods or bleeding after intercourse. In addition, women with this disease may have more frequent or painful menstrual cycles and they often report feeling bloated just before their periods as well as during their periods.
When you're diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, the first thing your doctor will probably want to do is put you on medication to slow down your thyroid's production. The most commonly prescribed drug is called methimazole and it acts by competing with iodine for a spot in the thyroid gland− it wins out over iodine and halts the production of thyroid hormone.
The problem is that there are a lot of possible side effects of taking methimazole over the long term. It can cause bone loss and muscle aches, which can be uncomfortable, but some people also experience weight gain, fatigue, hair loss, depression, and gastrointestinal issues.
Images Coming soon
In conclusion, hyperthyroidism is a condition that can cause a variety of symptoms, including weight loss, anxiety, and irritability. If you think you may have hyperthyroidism, it is important to see a doctor so that you can receive treatment.
1. What is hyperthyroidism?
When the thyroid gland generates an abnormally high amount of thyroid hormone, a condition known as hyperthyroidism can develop. This can result in a wide range of symptoms, some of which include decreased body weight, anxiety, irritability, and exhaustion.
2. What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?
The most common cause is Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that affects about 1% of women and 0.05% of men in the U.S. The immune system makes antibodies that attack the thyroid gland, causing it to overproduce hormones. Other causes include toxic adenoma, which is a benign tumor in the thyroid gland, thyroiditis, inflammation of the thyroid gland that can be caused by infection or other conditions such as pregnancy or autoimmune diseases like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.
3. What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
The symptoms of hyperthyroidism can vary depending on the underlying cause. However, common symptoms include weight loss, anxiety, irritability, and fatigue.
4. How is hyperthyroidism treated?
Treatment for hyperthyroidism typically involves medications to suppress thyroid hormone production. In some cases, surgery may also be necessary.
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Delhi is full of monuments that belong to an era spread over one thousand years. Every warrior who dreamt of ruling India had to capture Delhi first. The most prominent ruler of the Khalji dynasty built the second city of Delhi after Lalkot. The early 14th century saw Mongol forces invading India and Allauddin Khilji built a walled city known as Siri to protect the city from invading Mongol raiders. Khilji lived in Lalkot and Siri was more of a military garrison as per initial plan, but later several extravagant buildings were built in this city.. Which was also called Dar-Ul-Khilafat (Seat of Islamic Caliphate) Some say that the name Siri came from the fact that severed heads of Mongols were buried under the foundations and walls of this city. However, scholars like Syed Ahmed Khas do not approve of this theory, and link the name to the presence of a small town called Siri at the spot. We can explore the dilapidated remnants of Siri in Hauz Khas and Green Park area.
This trail begins in Hauz Khas area, near Shahpur Jat village we see large rubble masonry walls and a bastion too. We can walk into the village and after exploring the narrow bylanes we can see the Tohfewala Gumbad. A simple but large mosque built in Khalji-Tughlaq style.
Inside the Gulmohar enclave we can see the Moseque of Darwesh Shah, while this is inside the fort area, it is a Lodi period monument.
We need to reach the Panchasheel park area to see the fortifications of the Siri fort. It is inside a park near DDA park and the entry to this area is from the step-by-step nursery school. It is possible to see the construction pattern and thickness of the fortification. According to historic details the width of this wall was as big as 18 feet and soldiers could move inside to carry supplies and shoot arrows at the attackers.
Another location to closely inspect the walls of Siri fort is near the ASI Children’s museum. Though the walls here are not very tall, we can see the width and rubble masonry and also understand the overall plan of Siri.
There is a beautiful Lodi period masjid inside a walled area here. Apart from Quranic calligraphy we can also appreciate the corbelled gate to the mosque and the domed structure.
Inside the elite Hauz Khas enclave there are couple of more important heritage monuments. Eidgah built under Nasiruddin Tughlaq’s period by Iqbal Khan or Mallu Khan and the Chor Minar built by Allauddin Khilji.
We all know the iconic Qutb Minar of Delhi … an architectural marvel from the Mamluk era. But let us go a bit ahead by about a hundred years and we find mention of another Minar. Not so tall and grand and not celebrated either … today located inside a quiet housing area in Hauz Khas enclave, this monument stands in fairly good condition. It is a 13th century monument built during Allauddin Khalji reign between 1290-1320CE. One can notice many holes on the top cylindrical part about 225 of them. It is said that when a thief was caught and beheaded, his head was hung on a spear and displayed here…. Therefore, it was also known as the tower of beheading.
Well the monument looks very interesting … perhaps cute …. but it has a morbid past. According to ASI records Khalji beheaded about 8000 Mongol settlers in Delhi during Mongol raid on the city to ensure they could not join the aggressors. Those severed heads were displayed here. There is an opening to go up through a spiral staircase but it was locked. So predictably there are ‘haunted’ stories about this monument too.
One of the most important structures built for Siri fort was the Hauz Khas tank or Hauz Alai. This is next to the Deer Park in Hauz Khas village. The tank was repaired by Firozshah Tughlaq.
Hauz Alai was built in 1295 CE by Alauddin Khilji and it was repaired by Firoz Shah Tughlaq in 1354. This was about 70 acres in area and Timur in his chronicles mentions that an arrow could not be shot from one side to the other. There are couple of important buildings around this area – One mosque, a large L shaped Madarasa and Firoz Shah Tughlaq’s tomb.
According to Sir Syed the Madarasa was an elite centre of learning in that period and was headed by Syed Yusuf Bin Jamal Hussaini till 1388CE. Sultan Firoz Shah’s tomb is right next to the Madarasa and was built by his son Nasiruddin Tughlaq in 1389 CE. It also houses graves of Nasiruddin Tughlaq and Alauddin Sikander Shah (Firozshah’s grandson)
It is interesting to see the scale and grandeur of the rubble masonry and how it shines more than contemporary concrete buildings in the area.
There are several Lodi era tombs in this locality, Bagh-i-Alam ka Gumbad inside the deer park is special because of its location inside thick forest. There is another unnamed tomb nearby called Kali Gumti
This is the tomb of Miyan Sheikh Shihabuddin Taj Khan and it was built during Sultan Sikander Lodi’s reign in 1501 CE by Sultan Abu Saeed (Forgotten Cities of Delhi – Rana Safvi page 26)
There are a few more Lodi era tombs. Some do not have any grave inside and perhaps they were built and not sold. Chhoti Gumti and Sakri (narrow) Gumti are two such examples.
Just across the road from Sakri Gumti we can see a tomb styled monument called Barah Khamba (built on 12 pillars) The texture of rubble masonry and the proportionate design of arches makes it a must visit monument.
Before we exit the trail on the Aurobindo marg we see two large tombs inside a gated garden area. It is the Dadi Poti tombs. According to a local story, these tombs were built by a noble lady. Her name is not known. The larger tomb was built for herself and the smaller one for her faithful lady servant. There is an interesting open hexagonal lantern made in red sandstone on the Poti’s tomb.
This is the story of Siri … the second city of Delhi! There are many Lodi era tombs in Delhi. The most majestic of those are inside Bagh-e-jadd or the Lodi gardens. That needs another elaborate visual travelogue.
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Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitos which leads to an asymptomatic or mild dengue-like disease. A large ZIKV outbreak started in Brazil in early 2015, recently spreading to more than 25 countries in the Americas. Alarmingly, the ZIKV Brazilian outbreak has been linked to thousands of microcephaly cases in babies born to infected mothers, leading the WHO to recently declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Thus, control efforts are desperately needed to contain the outbreaks and avoid further spread to other countries. No ZIKV vaccines have been developed, although vaccines for the related dengue virus (DENV) based on the Membrane (M) and Envelope (E) proteins, which induce protective immunity, are in advanced clinical trials, and one (Dengvaxia) was just approved in Mexico, Brazil, and the Philippines. Vaccinia virus (VACV) was used to eradicate smallpox, a disease caused by variola virus, a related poxvirus. VACV has also been successfully used as a replication-competent or -defective viral vector for the development of effective human and animal vaccines, as it elicits strong and long-lasting humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to heterologous antigens expressed in its genome. We recently generated VACV vectors with a built-in safety mechanism that replicate only in the presence of tetracycline antibiotics. When administered as a vaccine (in the absence of antibiotics), the vector does not replicate but retains its immunogenicity, and therefore is safer for human use. Conveniently, the vector can be propagated in cell culture at high titers in the presence of tetracyclines, unlike other replication-defective VACV-based vectors such as modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA). More recently, we developed a novel method to generate and purify recombinant VACV vaccines without the use of selection markers in as little as one week, a process that normally takes months. Our goal is to use this method to rapidly generate recombinant VACV vaccines expressing the ZIKV E and M proteins and to test their immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy in mice.
In Aim 1 we will rapidly generate and characterize replication-defective VACV vaccine candidates expressing the ZIKV E protein (VACV-ZIKVs). A number of ZIKV E and M-E gene constructs were designed for expression of E alone or as virus-like particles (VLPs) to maximize induction of serum neutralizing (SN) antibodies.
In Aim 2 we will test the immunogenicity (SN titers and CMI responses) and safety of VACV-ZIKV vaccine candidates in mice. Concurrently, in Aim 3 we will develop a ZIKV mouse challenge model based on current models for the related DENV to test the efficacy of our VACV-ZIKV vaccine candidates. Our goal is to use our accelerated VACV platform to rapidly select the best antigen strategy that leads to high levels of SN antibody production, CMI responses, and protection in mice.
The goal of this project is to rapidly generate a safe and efficacious Zika virus vaccine. We plan to use our accelerated vaccine platform to rapidly select the best antigen strategy that leads to high levels of high levels of serum neutralizing antibody production, cell-mediated immune responses, and protection in mice.
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WILLIAM BRADE (1560 - 1630)
William Brade (1560 – February 26, 1630) was an English composer, violinist, and viola player of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras, mainly active in northern Germany. Little is known about his early life, and around 1590 he left England to pursue a musical career in Germany. He switched employments often between the various courts in north Germany and Denmark. He among other served at the Court in Copenhagen for three periods and a total of approx. 11 years as the leader of Christian IV´s viol players. All of Brade's surviving music is for string instruments, and most is for dancing. The earlier music, for example in his collection published in 1609 in Hamburg, is based on English models. Later he began to work with Italian models, writing the first known canzona by an Englishman; in addition he began to arrange his dances into suites, a practice which would become common during the Baroque era. Some of the dances he wrote were in forms previously unknown in Germany (for example the branle, maschera, and volta). Stylistically, his music is more homophonic than much of the music by his English contemporaries, who still preferred a polyphonic idiom. As a performer, he was famous for his fine technique; he was one of the most famous early violinists, and highly regarded in Germany. Several pieces by other composers were published in Hamburg as tributes to him after his death.
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History majors at Franciscan University learn from world-class historians whose breadth of historical expertise spans from the cradle of civilization to post-modern electoral politics.
Our Anthropology Program offers students a broad-based, cross-cultural understanding of the dynamic nature of humankind, steeped in the Christian philosophical tradition and reliant upon the most advanced biological, sociological, and psychological insights.
The study of history and anthropology fulfills the mission of Franciscan University by assisting our students in their discovery of truth. Furthermore, while we steadfastly honor the free agency of man, we also believe that Christ gives purpose and meaning to our subjects and our disciplines, and that both are best understood in the light of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the Franciscan tradition.
It is the mission of the Department of History and Anthropology to teach our students the disciplines that they have chosen to study. Anthropology studies humans as biological and cultural beings in a holistic and comparative perspective from our earliest beginning to the present. The Anthropology Program offers students a broad-based, cross-cultural understanding of the dynamic nature of humankind. Students will learn the methods and works of anthropologists and related researchers, particularly in each of the four principle sub-fields: cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics.
For history, this includes introducing students to the historical past and training them to interpret the past in an honest and forthright manner. This is accomplished by imparting to the student the principles of historical method, which include: providing an adequate knowledge of the facts of the historical past; teaching the techniques necessary for the critical and analytical examination of historical evidence; fostering an appreciation for the synthetic and holistic study of the past (including the various aspect so culture, such as religion, intellectual ideas, politics, society, and economics); and introducing the student to the key historiographical debates regarding the interpretation(s) of the past.
This Core Curriculum "reflects our ongoing
commitment to academic excellence and the integration of faith and
reason. Based on the Western intellectual tradition, our Franciscan
educational heritage, and the Catholic mission of Franciscan University,
the new core purposefully exposes our students to more of the
fundamental knowledge and critical authors they need to become
well-educated Catholics" —Father Terence Henry, TOR, chancellor of
Franciscan University of Steubenville
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Develop and improve your relationship with teenagers.
The teenage years are complex, exciting and often turbulent. Growth, development and learning are intrinsic to this period and every teenage experience is different. For anyone who cares about a teenager’s wellbeing, development and learning, this Practical Guide offers a theoretically informed way of thinking about, understanding and actually living with teenagers.
Focusing on the three major issues prevalent in teenage years: achievement, belonging and control, and the behaviors that fall within these categories, experienced professional educational psychologist Kairen Cullen expertly draws upon a wealth of experience and the different psychological theories and approaches that can be used to address each issue.
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Grand Central Parkway
Union Tp., Park Drive East to Nassau County Line
Directions via Google Maps
The plan for New York City’s original parkway system was conceived by distinguished landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903). Olmsted is best known for his work with Calvert Vaux (1824-1895); the two designed both Central Park (1858-76) and Prospect Park (1865-95), as well as Riverside (1875-1900) and Morningside Parks (1883-95). During the second half of the 19th century, Olmsted emerged as the nation’s foremost advocate of public parks situated in urban locales. The designer keenly recognized the ill effects of overcrowding in America’s cities. He attributed poor health, unsanitary conditions, and crime to the smothering effect of urban landscapes. Olmsted sought to improve the quality of urban life through the proliferation of parks, which he hoped would provide a soothing and therapeutic effect.
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Understanding Kelley's Covariation Theory
Kelley's Covariation theory assumes that we use the level of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency about a person’s behavior to explain the behavior as mainly caused either by the person’s situation or by the person’s own characteristics or dispositions.
Covariation theory is an alternative theory of attribution (developed by Harold Kelley, 1967) explaining how people determine the causes of a person’s behavior by focusing on the factors present and absent when a behavior does not occur, and specifically on the role of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.
The covariation theory focuses on the factors that are present when a behavior occurs and the factors that are absent when it does not occur.
- Does your sister always fall madly in love with a potential romantic partner after the first date, regardless of that person’s particular traits? If so, you probably make a dispositional or personal attribution (e.g., my sister gets infatuated easily).
- Did your sister ridicule most potential romantic partners but she feels very passionate about this one particular new partner? If so, you probably make a situational attribution (e.g., this person is very special).
As shown in Exhibit I, covariation theory has three main components: consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.
|According to covariation theory, we use the level of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency about a person’s behavior to explain the behavior as mainly caused either by the person’s situation or by the person’s own characteristics or dispositions.||Consensus||Distinctiveness||Consistency||Attribution|
|Other people all think your sister’s boyfriend is great.||Your sister is very picky about her dating partners. It is unusual for her to like one this much, so quickly.||Your sister continues to like this person over time.||This boyfriend really is special.|
|Other people think your sister’s boyfriend is horrible.||Your sister quickly likes all her dating partners.||Your sister continues to like this person over time.||Your sister tends to fall in love quickly. This boyfriend is nothing special.|
|Your sister quickly decides she doesn’t like this guy.||You can’t tell if this boyfriend wasn’t right or if your sister just falls in and out of love quickly.|
The first component of covariation theory is the consensus of the attitude or behavior, that is, whether other people generally agree or disagree with a given person. If many people agree with that person or behave in a similar manner, we are more likely to make a situational attribution than we would if few people agreed with the target individual.
- In the case of your sister’s dating life, we will likely make a situational attribution about the characteristics of the particular dating partner she likes if other people also really like that person.
- On the other hand, if most other people find that person rude and annoying, we are less likely to make a situational attribution about this person.
Consensus means information about whether other people generally behave in the same way toward the stimulus as the target person.
Second, we consider the distinctiveness of the person’s attitude or behavior, meaning whether the person’s attitude or behavior in this situation is relatively unique or whether the person generally reacts in a similar way across different situations.
- Once again, your sister’s liking of a particular partner, while ridiculing others, would make her attraction to that partner quite distinctive. In turn, we are more likely to make a situational attribution in this case.
Distinctiveness refers to information about whether a person’s behavior is generally the same toward different stimuli.
Third, we consider the consistency of the person’s attitude or behavior, that is, whether the person’s attitude and/or behavior is similar over time.
- If a person’s behavior is highly consistent over time and across situations (e.g., your sister likes a particular partner over time, even when they engage in different types of dating activities), we are likely to make a dispositional attribution.
- On the other hand, if a given behavior is unusual for a particular person, we are likely to make a situational attribution (e.g., your sister feels very attracted to a partner after their first date, but not so much after third date).
Consistency is information about whether a person’s behavior towards a given stimulus is the same across time.
Let’s go through this process using another example. Imagine that you are trying to decide whether next semester you want to take a class in politics. You ask a friend, Joan, whether she would recommend the politics class she took last year. If Joan raves about this class, do you believe her and sign up?
If you are smart, your decision about whether to take the politics class Joan recommends will be influenced by the three main components of covariation theory.
- Consensus — Do her opinions have high consensus? Do many people like this class, or does only Joan like it? If everyone says it is a great class, then you can make a situational attribution (Joan liked the class because it was good), whereas if others say it is a really boring class, you should make a dispositional attribution for her attitude (Joan likes boring classes).
- Distinctiveness — Next, consider the distinctiveness of Joan’s attitude about this class. Does Joan rave about all of the classes she takes? If so, that doesn’t tell you much about this particular class because you should make a dispositional attribution for her attitude (it is just Joan, who likes all classes). But if Joan hates most of her classes, then her liking for this particular class should be attributed to the situation (the class).
- Consistency — Finally, consider whether Joan’s liking for this class is consistent over time. Maybe you asked Joan about the class on a day when she was in a particularly good mood, and later on she’ll report a different opinion. To make a strong dispositional attribution for her attitude toward the class, you need to ask Joan about the class on more than one occasion to make sure that her attitude is consistently positive.
In sum, according to the covariation model, we make different attributions Opens in new window depending on the consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency of a person’s attitude and/or behavior (Fiedlerr, Walther, & Nicke, 1999).
If consensus and distinctive are low and consistency is high, we make an internal or dispositional attribution (Joan just loves this class). In contrast, if consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all high, we make a situational attribution (this class is really great).
Finally, in any case in which a person’s attitude or behavior is low in consistency, we can’t make a dispositional or situational attribution.
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Interior of the compound of Alum Bagh
Artist: Dodgson, Sir David Scott (1822-1898)
Medium: Lithograph, coloured
This lithograph is taken from plate 15 of 'General Views of Lucknow' by Sir DS Dodgson. The Alam Bagh in Lucknow was built by the last Nawab of Avadh, Wajid Ali Shah, as a residence for one of his wives. He was deposed and exiled by the British in 1856, when they annexed the province. This was one of the causes for discontent which culminated in Indians erupting against British rule in 1857. At Lucknow, the bulk of the Indian rebel troops were concentrated in Alam Bagh. Taken by surprise when attacked by Havelock's force fighting towards the relief of Lucknow in September 1857, they fled in confusion and Alam Bagh was secured. Leaving a small force in charge, Havelock returned to the Residency. In November 1857 Kavanagh famously made his way from the Residency to Alam Bagh disguised as an Indian, for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. He then guided Campbell's relieving force into the Residency, evading a hail of bullets. The grave of General Havelock is pcitured to the left.
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UNV 504 Week 3 Discussion 1
Colleen Barrett is the former president of Southwest Airlines. She is a proponent of servant leadership and provides a case study of servant leadership in “Southwest Airlines’ Colleen Barrett on ‘Servant Leadership’” and “Servant Leadership.”
Describe the ways Southwest Airlines uses servant leadership. What did you learn about servant leadership from the video? In what ways will you apply servant leadership in your field?
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< Back to front page Text size – +
Posted by Dr. Claire McCarthy December 27, 2012 07:45 AM
Did you know that at least one in ten middle school students reports being bullied?
That's a lot of kids--and one of them could be yours. Bullying is a serious problem. The more we study it, the more we understand that not only is it dangerous and damaging while it's happening, but victims (and bullies) have a higher risk of mental and physical problems long after the bullying has ended.
Children who have something different about them, such as being overweight, having a learning disability or neurological problem, or a different sexual orientation, are at higher risk of being victims of bullying. Even children with health problems have a higher risk--a recent study showed that a third of kids with food allergies are bullied just because of their allergies!
We are also learning that adults can sometimes be part of the bullying problem--by ignoring it, encouraging it, or even doing it themselves. And most of those adults have no idea that they are doing it.
Are you part of the problem? Answer these questions:
- When you want your child to do or stop doing something, do you every use phrases like "don't act like a sissy" or "you throw like a girl!" or 'you're getting fat"?
- Is "tough love" part of how you parent?
- Do you spend limited time talking to or being with your child?
- Have you ever wondered if your child might be bullied--and not said or done anything?
- Have you ever wondered if your child might be bullying someone--and not said or done anything?
- Do you praise your child for being aggressive?
- Would you be proud of your child for being successful and popular--even if you suspected he or she might be bullying people?
- Do you ever talk about other people in a demeaning way in front of your children?
If you answered yes to any of those questions, you may indeed be part of the problem. It's time to take a long, hard look at yourself and your parenting, and make some changes.
Here are a few more questions:
- Do you know the signs that a child might be a victim of bullying?
- Do you know the signs that a child might be a bully?
- Have you talked to your child about cyberbullying--and about what they do online?
- Do you regularly tell and show your child that you love them no matter what?
If you answered no to any of those, it's time to start learning--and talking.
To learn more about bullying and how parents can be part of the solution and not part of the problem, visit www.stopbullying.gov.
The author is solely responsible for the content.
About MD MamaClaire McCarthy, M.D., is a pediatrician and Medical Communications Editor at Boston Children's Hospital . An assistant professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School and a senior editor for Harvard More »
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WASHINGTON, Feb. 20 (UPI) -- American Indians have the highest poverty rate of any ethnic group in the United States, the U.S. Census Bureau said Wednesday.
The group, which includes both Inuit and Indian residents of Alaska, has an overall poverty rate of 27 percent, demographers said. Blacks are the only other group with a poverty rate more than 10 percent above the national average of 14.3 percent, with 25.8 percent living in poverty.
Whites and Asians had poverty rates below the average, while Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders were slightly above average at 17.6 percent and Hispanics had a poverty rate of 23.2 percent.
Census officials said the American Community Survey allows reporting of detailed information for ethnic and other groups.
"With the American Community Survey, we can look at the poverty rates for even the smallest race and Hispanic-origin groups," said Suzanne Macartney, an analyst in the poverty statistics branch.
Among Hispanics, people of Cuban descent had the lowest poverty rate, 16.2 percent, while Dominicans had the highest, 26.3 percent. Vietnamese and Koreans had similar rates of 14.7 percent and 15.0 percent, while the rate for Filipinos is 5.8 percent.
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The German Shorthaired Pointer (Deutscher Kurzhaariger Vorstehhund or German Shorthaired Pointer), It is a breed of dog developed in the 1800 in Germany, used for hunting.
The exact origin of the German Pointer is not clear. In accordance with the American Kennel Club, It is likely the German Shorthaired Pointer descended from a breed known as German Bird Dog, which in turn is connected with the Old Spanish Pointer introduced in Germany in the 17TH century.
It is also likely that within their ancestors are German dogs and other tracking dogs, as the English pointer. However, as the first book of origins is not created until 1870, It is impossible to identify all the dogs that were needed to create this race.
It is a versatile dog, without a doubt the most complete and efficient for hunting breed, Thanks to its physical qualities and innate aptitudes, Standing out mainly in:
- Find and display the birds elegantly.
- Collect both land and water without distinguishing between the hair and feather.
- It is the best partner of the bird of prey and the most characteristic in the art of falconry.
- It demonstrates its value facing animals as temperamental and determined as the wild boar.
- Able to follow a trail of blood as well as a Bloodhound.
- In the home is the faithful, patient and excellent companion of children.
The breed emerged in the 19th century due to the need for a versatile dog, that serve for the various forms of hunting, instead of having a different race for each specialty. With the fixed hunting features, German breeders began the work of selecting dogs for its kind, and arriving at the end of the 19th century to the first racial standard, which over time, It has undergone changes to adapt to the natural evolution of forms of hunting.
Its main features are:
- A special smell.
- A persistent and effective search.
- Great passion for work in water.
- Elegant style.
- Great physical endurance.
- The courage to face large and aggressive animals without hesitation.
- Higher than normal canine intelligence (ranks 17 in the list of Stanley Coren's: "The intelligence of dogs").
- The males measure of 62 to 66 cm and females in 58 to 63 cm., and weigh in 25 to 30 Kg.
- Coupled with this and its easy training, It is currently one of the most prized hunting worldwide breeds.
The exhibition in the Braco or Pointer is par excellence a moment of great beauty and emotion, a true expression of the hunting art. It is the culmination of an extensive search, in which the dog after traveling many kilometers, among bushes, thorns, slopes, ravines or immense Plains, Locate the bird carried by their emanations, This makes the German Shorthaired Pointer best and inseparable companion of the versatile Hunter.
The layer of the German short hair Pointer, It is short and flat with a dense layer protected by rigid hairs make the water resistant layer and allow the dog to keep the heat in cold climates. The color can be dark brown in English is defined as color “liver” (incorrectly as “chocolate” or “Brown”), black (Despite any area of black it is grounds for disqualification in American Kennel Club), or liver and white or in black and white.
Commonly the head is a solid color or a nearly solid with the body is mottled or “marking” with the liver and white, sometimes with so-called large solid color stains “Saddle”.
Although the standard of the German Shorthaired Pointer allows a slightly Sandy colouring (“Mark Gelber”) in the extremities, This color is rare, any yellow coloration in contests of sample is by the AKC and the CKC, and the dog is disqualified.
The German Shorthaired Pointer has longer life expectancy than many breeds of the same size, generally they live between 12 and 14 years, There have been cases of copies that have lived in 16 to 18 years.
Characteristic of the German Shorthaired Pointer coloration provides unmatched camouflage in the seasons of winter. To be standing next to dead trees and in the dirty snow, the mixture of the colors of Brown layer, black and white makes the dog bit visible.
The German Shorthaired Pointer is good with children, but be careful because the breed can be a little gross, especially when they are puppies.
German Shorthaired Pointer
The race generally along well with other dogs, Although females seem to be much more dominant in the interaction. A strong hunting instinct is the most important feature of this breed, It is not always good if you share a home with other small pets such as cats and rabbits.
But with a proper training, German Shorthaired Pointer, You will learn to distinguish what is the prey and what is not, which is why, You can live in a friendly manner with other family pets.
German Shorthaired Pointer needs a good daily dose of exercise, post is an aggressive animal and need to spend this accumulated energy, If physical activity is not provided it will look like a hyperactive and it is possible to develop destructive tendencies.
It is good to take into account that this race is not a pet suitable for a home of sedentary or owners without experience.
- Group 7 / Section 1 – Continental show dogs
- Alternative names: Duitse-kurzaar / Braque allemand á poil court / German short-haired pointing dog
Dogs breeds: German Shorthaired Pointer
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KOROLYOV, Russia — The future of the Russian space program is just a stairway and a corridor away from its past.
On one side of the Federal Space Agency's Mission Control Center, just outside Moscow, you'll find a darkened auditorium, with plaques commemorating four decades’ worth of Soviet and Russian space crews. This is where ground controllers managed the Mir space station until its fall four years ago.
On the other side, the lights are on in a very similar auditorium, where controllers and a huge display screen keep track of the international space station. This is where Russia has placed its bets for at least the next decade — a decision that could have an impact on NASA's own vision for future space exploration.
Russia's role in supporting the space station takes the spotlight this weekend with the launch Friday night of a two-man relief crew and millionaire space passenger Greg Olsen aboard a Russian Soyuz capsule. The 10-day mission underlines how crucial Russia has been to the station's operation in the wake of the 2003 Columbia disaster and continuing safety concerns about the U.S. shuttles.
"It certainly is fair to say that the Russian space program saved the space station itself," said Yuri Karash, a space policy consultant based in Moscow.
Now the orbital outpost is a key point of contention as Russia re-energizes its space effort and tries to match NASA's ambitions for future exploration.
Russia's 10-year plan for space
What a difference four years makes: In 2001, when Mir plunged out of orbit, it looked as if Russia's space program was going down with it , scraping by on a budget of less than $200 million a year.
Today, boosted by Russia's oil revenue, the government has committed to a 10-year plan for space exploration, funded to the tune of $1 billion a year. That's far less than the price tag for NASA's 13-year, $104 billion plan to return to the moon. But while America's space effort is struggling with safety issues and tight budgets, Russia is now seen as having the world's safest, most cost-effective human spaceflight system.
Unlike NASA, the Russians plan to keep selling tickets to space, seeing it as a way to boost both budgets and public perception of the space program. Their goals are ambitious here as well, with plans to sell a trip around the moon for $100 million a seat .
Of course, the Russian space effort has never suffered from a shortage of grand plans. Among the ideas floated in the past are the Enterprise commercial space module, the free-flying Mini Station 1, the Marpost spacecraft for Martian exploration and yet another bargain-basement Mars mission . Nothing ever came of any of these.
"There are many more plans available than money," Karash observed.
This time, however, Russia's plans sound more ... well, down to earth.
Nikolai Sevastianov, the president and general designer of Russia's Energia rocket company, outlined for MSNBC.com a development program that for the most part builds on tried-and-true hardware design.
Energia, the Russian space industry's equivalent of the Boeing Co. and Lockheed Martin Corp., is heavily involved in the space station construction.
"We are planning to build three additional modules which will be part of the ISS,” Sevastianov said, estimating that the Russian side of the station could be complete in 2011.
He said Russia's 10-year space roadmap called for an expansion of satellite operations, drawing upon commercial as well as state funding. New lines of launch vehicles, such as the Angara rocket, would take their place alongside an upgraded version of the Soyuz rocket, Russia’s traditional launcher for manned spaceflight.
Kliper: Piloted spaceship gains its wings
Ironically, even as NASA is turning away from the winged shuttle to go with a wingless "Apollo on Steroids" capsule, Russia is planning its transition from the wingless Soyuz capsule to a winged Kliper space plane. The Russians hope that the Europeans will sign on as partners in the project by the end of this year, and that Kliper will make its first test flights by 2011.
Considering that the Soyuz has an unparalleled safety record, why would Russia want to mess with success? "The available hardware does not allow us to achieve new qualities in terms of human flight into space," said Alexei Krasnov, director of manned spaceflight programs for Russia's Federal Space Agency. "Only three crew members can fly on the Soyuz vehicle. That's pretty small."
Krasnov said the Kliper, like NASA's Crew Exploration Vehicle, could be configured in different ways, depending on the mission. "For example, for a flight to the international space station, it would be sufficient to have maybe two blocks, and for the flight to the moon, there would be an additional configuration added to provide for this capacity," he explained.
DSE-Alpha: Lunar tourism
Sevastianov said the same add-on strategy would be used if Space Adventures, the Virginia-based company that brokered Olsen's visit to the space station, came up with clients for the trip around the moon, known as the DSE-Alpha mission. The way he explains it, going around the moon wouldn't be as revolutionary as it sounds.
"Actually, we had a prototype of the Soyuz vehicle, called Zond, which went around the moon in the late 1960s and 1970 — and there were even turtles that flew aboard the vehicle," Sevastianov said.
"As you can see, this technology has already been developed and is already in use," Sevastianov said. "Of course, we have a myriad of other details we have to work on, and we have to address the ground support issues, but these issues are all resolvable."
Sevastianov and Krasnov both emphasized that the round-the-moon tour is not part of Russia's wider plan for lunar landings. Krasnov said commercial ventures such as DSE-Alpha and Olsen's trip to the space station were aimed at improving the public's perception of spaceflight rather than advancing Russia's space program.
"It's like when you have mountain climbing," he explained. "Some people can train, qualify and go. Some years from now, a similar belief will be achievable for spaceflight in low Earth orbit."
Waystation or aging experiment?
Russia, like the U.S., sees the moon as central to the future of space exploration. Where they differ is how to get there.
The leaders of Russia's space effort see the station as essential to the next giant leap.
"In the future, it will be not only international territory, but an international spaceport," Sevastianov said. "Your president says that the moon will be the platform for flights to Mars. It's my opinion that the space station is the platform for the next step toward the moon."
In contrast, NASA sees the space station more in terms of an international obligation that has to be honored, as well as a trial run for the real adventure. "Until we establish missions back to the moon, it's the world's only real test bed for living in space," NASA spokesman Allard Beutel told MSNBC.com.
Once the new space initiative hits its stride, the space station doesn't figure all that prominently in NASA's grand plan. NASA Administrator Mike Griffin's description of the scenario for moon missions doesn't include the station at all, and this week he said the tilt of the station’s orbit means it can “not be a real steppingstone for exploration.”
Under NASA’s current plan, the Crew Exploration Vehicle that's slated to go into service by the year 2012 could be used to carry crew members to the space station as well as to the moon, depending on how it's configured.
But NASA is also planning to develop a new heavy-lift launch vehicle, based on shuttle technology, which would carry up the extra hardware required for trips beyond Earth orbit. The plan calls for the crew capsule and the heavy-lift payload to dock in orbit, without coming anywhere near the space station.
NASA’s seemingly lukewarm support for the space station is "troublesome for the whole idea of international cooperation in space,” Krasnov said.
"Today, the international space station project lacks stability and perspective," he said. "The lack of perspective is a very big worry for the international community engaged in this project, in many aspects — in terms of the expenditures, planning, hardware, launch, the design of the space shuttle. The evident problems with the space shuttle fleet today put a question mark over whether this hardware will be launched."
Krasnov worried that NASA could leave the station in the lurch, scaring off potential partners in future space projects.
"There won't be any guarantees for anybody who might consider joining the United States in the new space exploration vision — that this vision would not be changed again someday," he said. "And then again, it would be a question of why we've done this much but have not achieved all that we planned for, and now we've jumped in a different direction."
Krasnov said working out the long-term future of the space station was the main topic on the international space agenda, first between the United States and Russia, then with the European Space Agency, Canada and Japan.
The Russians clearly favor taking a path to the moon that goes through the space station rather than around it. For example, Sevastianov said it would be more economical and reliable to assemble components for a moon mission at the space station instead of developing a new heavy-lift vehicle.
"As part of this space expedition, humans would first fly from Earth to the ISS," Sevastianov said. "And then we'll get all the necessary things and they'll be part of the complex, and humans will go on from there."
Why go to the moon at all?
But why will they go? One of the common criticisms of NASA's space vision is that neither the agency nor the White House has made a dramatic case for space exploration, beyond the sheer need to explore. Alexei Krasnov, the Russian space agency's director of manned spaceflight, tried to tackle the "Why Go to the Moon" question in more practical terms during an interview earlier this month with MSNBC.com:
Video: Return trip Human space exploration is at a threshold, he said. " It's not spaceflight only for the sake of spaceflight anymore. We were there, we saw that, we've had that experience. Yes, we are gaining new experiences in terms of having humans in long-duration missions, and the impacts to the human body, and how to address those impacts. But basically, what we have failed to achieve so far are the industrial capabilities.”
Using the space station is the best way to concentrate on that, Krasnov said. “It was designed initially to have these capabilities, which we drifted from, in terms of the zero-gravity environment and the best environment for space science experiments."
Looking beyond Earth orbit, Krasnov said lunar expeditions had to be aimed at more than "just to have your foot on the surface, to plant the flag there again." He went back to the potential industrial exploitation of lunar mineral and chemical resources . "There are some interesting ideas in terms of possible energy sources as a spin-off for this."
By energy sources, Krasnov said he was referring to the potential use of lunar helium-3 as a fuel for fusion reactors. For years, advocates of lunar exploration have referred to the promise of helium-3; however, the development of reactors that could make use of such fuel is thought to be decades down the line, and even then, there could well be more cost-efficient sources of fusion fuel than the moon.
Will history repeat itself?
Although Russia and the United States have the same targets in mind — the moon, Mars and beyond — there's virtually no chance of a new international space race breaking out. Instead, the Russians seem to be positioning themselves for a place in an internationalized space exploration initiative.
"If there would be such a concept adopted by the international community, certainly with an appropriate decision on the U.S. side, there would be redundancy achieved, which is necessary anyway for a program of such complexity," Krasnov said.
It's happened before — with the international space station, as a matter of fact. Back in the 1990s, NASA determined that it would be just too expensive to go it alone on the Space Station Freedom project, and invited Russia to join in the venture. Russia, meanwhile, decided it was too expensive to keep up the aging Mir space station. Compromises were made, and a deal was struck.
The United States and Russia are likely to forge a similar compromise this time around. "At some point we could combine the two exploration programs," Karash said. "This would be the most effective division of labor between the countries."
Karash believes the space station will have to play a leading role in human spaceflight for another 15 years or so. But by that time, if bases are being built on the moon as planned, perhaps even the Russians will acknowledge that the station has run its course, he said.
"Unless America has lost its mind, it will never stop flying to the space station until they have the Crew Exploration Vehicle completed and they have another destination," Karash said. "Believe me, by that time not very many people will see the ISS as anything other than a space hotel."
© 2013 msnbc.com Reprints
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One day, I realized that our son (about two years old) had emotional depth. That was the day I read this story to him.
The interesting thing about babies/toddlers is that they display their emotions on their sleeves. And I may be demonstrating my lack of sophistication, but it seems to me that for the most part the emotions of an otherwise well-cared for baby are fairly straightforward:
- Fear (crying);
- Pain (crying);
- Hanger (crying);
- Anger (crying);
- Happiness (smiling or laughing);
- Contentment (smiling or laughing);
- Surprise (crying);
- Pleasure (smiling or laughing).
Not on this list are things I think of as complex emotions.
All this to say that I am clearly very naïve about the emotional depth of toddlers, because this story brought out a bunch of hitherto unobserved emotions in our little guy. Thank goodness, this story has a happy ending, otherwise I would have had a weepy toddler on my hands with insufficient emotional development to deal with his anxiety, worry, suspense, and intense relief.
This beautiful (and beautifully illustrated) story is about an elephant (Little One) and his mother, who are waiting on the plains for the rains to come. When they don’t come, mother must leave on a mysterious journey to bring the rains – and Little One must stay behind. Little One is worried – how will he communicate with his mother? When will he see her again? She reassures him that she will be with him – in the sun and the moon and the song of the wind.
Then she leaves. (This is the point where internal toddler worry began).
At first, Little One is comforted by the sun, the moon, and the song on the wind. But she then mother still does not return. The clouds cover the sun and the moon, and Little One is unable to hear his mother’s song. (This is the point where worry developed into panic and toddler eyes became red).
Little One remembers, though, that his mother said to meet her at the moon. He starts walking and sings/calls to his mother.
Far in the distance, her shadow appears on the plain below the full moon. (This is the point where our toddler screamed out, “THERE IS MOMMY!!” in utter relief.)
Sure enough, mother elephant comes to embrace Little One. Hugs are had all around, and most especially in my lap. Everything is as it should be – until the story is read the next time and we all re-board the emotional roller coaster.
This emotionally tense book was a surprise hit – we thought the story would be too sleepy and the concepts beyond our kid. But he got it – parental abandonment followed by reunification. And honestly? It was exhausting (and kind of hurtful) for me t0 watch our little guy get so wrapped up in the story, so upset, and then so relieved at the end. But he kept choosing the story, and I kept reading it – I figure that imaginary emotions are good practice for real-life emotions, all of which I hope he feels one day.
And, of course, there is my relief at knowing our own Little One cares about others – even if those others are imaginary elephants in his library book.
As for the illustrations, Gianna Marino is a painter in the fine arts as well as an author and illustrator. Her work is beautiful and can be seen here. Each two-page spread is an evocative painting of Little One in what seems to be a correctly rendered landscape (elephants live in a variety of habitats – I’ve only seen them in forests and zoos so have no idea if the plains painted by Ms. Marino are accurate). The colours are vivid. More importantly, the illustrations bring life to the story. I don’t think I ever was a believer in the “young kids require simple illustrations” school of thought, and it is really nice to have children’s books with more complex pictures (see also i live in music, for a book “illustrated” using fine art).
Last word? A lovely and loving book, evocative for a two-year-old, slightly stressful for me.
Rating: A solid B. Definitely gifting-worthy. Not a “must have”, but would add to any child’s library. I wouldn’t reread it as an adult because I can’t bear suspense – but I am an emotional wimp and get emotionally wimpier every day.
Reading Ages: 2-4, but I think 4 is the ceiling. The words are not complex and neither is the story. A four-year-old could be learning to read the book to themselves and would definitely enjoy the pictures. I think it’s too simple to gift to a five-year-old, but I think that a five-year-old who had grown up with this book would likely re-read it.
Cutest word learned by our little guy: Baobab. He spent some time afterwards trying to convince us that there were baobab trees in our neighbourhood (there aren’t).
Heartbreaking moment: When our little guy sat there, staring intently at the book with his teary eyes and open mouth, bated breath, waiting anxiously to see if mother would come back on the next page.
How exactly does mother elephant’s absence cause the rains to come? Goodness knows. I should think the rains would come even if she didn’t abandon her child for the better part of the dry season.
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The Special Exhibition
"Death By Salt. An archaeological investigation in Persia"is a special exhibition of the Deutsche Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Leibniz Research Museum for Georesources.
A dead young man, an ancient Persian salt mine and an archaeological excavation -
A dead young man, an ancient Persian salt mine and an archaeological excavation - these are the topics of the special exhibition "Death By Salt. An archaeological investigation in Persia". The exhibition on the ground floor of our special exhibition building DBM+ focuses on the archaeological research work around the salt mine of Chehrābād in present-day Iran. In 1993, Iranian workers found the mummified head of a man there. He is the first of a total of 8 "Salt Men" discovered so far. The oldest is about 2,400 years old. A young man - "Salt Man 4" - also died in a mining accident 2,400 years ago. He was mummified along with his equipment by the salt.
These finds are unique.The "Salt Men" are the only examples of people mummified in salt and preserved to this day. A team of international archaeologists has spent years investigating the lives, work and deaths of miners in ancient Persia.
We show the results in our special exhibition. There you can take a closer look at Salt Man 4 and the Douzlākh salt mountain, where the salt men were found - digital applications such as augmented reality make this possible.
And in the exhibition, "Salt Man 4" is given a name: "Farshid". What did his last day look like? In a graphic novel, we reconstruct the possible last days of young Farshid.
In the digital tour you can visit three exhibition parts:
- The special exhibition "Death by Salt" is located on level 1 of the digital tour.
- On level 2 we present other exciting research projects from Iran: The projects of the Priority Programme (SPP) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) "The Iranian Highlands: Resilience and Integration of Pre-modern Societies." The core focus of all projects is resilience: How did societies or cultures of the Iranian Highlands establish resilient and crisis coping ways of life?
- And you can visit a joint exhibition of the German Mining Museum Bochum, the Saltmen and Archaeological Museum Zanjan and the National Museum Tehran: "Human Search for Ressources". The exhibition shows the history of human experiences and achievements in mining.
On this homepage you can find out everything about the exhibition - the explosive background, so to speak: The excavation director Prof. Dr. Thomas Stöllner takes you underground,Dr. Natascha Bagherpour Kashani talks about working in and with Iran and Sasan Saidi tells how he came to study art overnight.
Here you find the film of the opening.
Thomas Stöllner and Susan Zare guide you through the exhibition and the evening. Into their conversation, they weave in greetings and statements from our supporters and sponsors, show impressions from a long-standing research project and take a look behind the scenes of the exhibition together with you.
|Tu. to Su.||09:30 until 17:30 o'clock|
|each first Thursday||09:30 until 20:30 o'clock|
|closed||mondays as well as on 01.01. | 01.05. | 24. to 26. and 31.12.|
We reserve the right to change opening hours at short notice.
Please note that animals are not allowed in our house.
Death By Salt - The Mystery Tour at the German Mining Museum
More info and booking at www.raetselraum.de/tod-im-salz/
The tour is available in German only.
Here you will find all the events surrounding the special exhibition: lectures, theme days, late shifts and much more.
Offers for children
On Tour with Amyra and Archibald Loge
How do archaeologists actually work? What secrets do we have to unlock in a salt mine in Iran? And what is it about the "death by salt"? Join Amyra and Dr Archibald Loge on a search for clues!
You can find them in our virtual tour of the exhibition "Death by Salt. An archaeological investigation in Persia". Just keep an eye out for Amyra!
Questions and Answers
Visitors with mobility impairments and visitors with prams are asked to call the visitor service in the current situation. We will open the door for you and unlock the lift.
+ 49 234 5877-126
The museum can be reached independently by people with mobility impairments. Separately designated parking spaces are available in the immediate vicinity. The winding tower and some parts of the exhibition mine are also accessible for people in wheelchairs. Please contact our visitor service before your visit.
For guests with disabilities and for appropriate groups, our museum offers individually adapted guided tours by appointment.
We will be happy to advise you before your visit.
+ 49 234 5877-126 (Tues. to Fri. between 09:00 and 15:00)
Research On End of Shift - The Lecture Series (only available in German)
Equipped for salt mining from head to toe -
Karina Grömer and Gabriela Ruß-Popa
Behind The Scenes
Podcast: Dominic Bachmann from the science blog "Unterirdis.ch" met up virtually with Prof. Dr Thomas Stöllner to talk about the exhibition.
The podcast is only available in German.
The Douzlākh salt mine is located in the north-eastern part of the western Iranian highlands. This region has a long and turbulent history from the Stone Age to the modern era, but one that still leaves us with many mysteries to solve.
An interview with Sasan Saidi about his work on the graphic novel.
The salt man as holder of information and storyteller - a discussion.
Prof. Dr. Thomas Stöllner gives us exclusive insights into his work as a mining archaeologist.
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We'll see I guess, but I suspect you're wrong.
Gold is money; it has been used as such since the dawn of time. The development of what people use as a currency goes right back to the barter economy. A person would swap 3 chickens for a sheep, etc. Eventually, there comes a time when a particular commodity which has a demand/market in its own right (which is also its scarce, durable, divisible, etc) is used by people not only to trade for other goods, but used in anticipation of being able to be used for future transactions. I could sell you 3 chicken for a gold coin even though I don't personally want the gold coin for any manufacturing or aesthetic purpose, but because gold coins are demanded by lots of other people who I may want to buy thing off in the future. Eventually you get to a critical mass and that commodity becomes the means of exchange throughout an economy. Money is born...
Its for this reason that nearly all currencies started off as measures of weight, not as an intrinsic measure of value in their own right. Pounds Sterling was literally one pound of sterling silver. "Franc", "dollar" and "mark" all have similar origins. Interestingly, as of today, the current value of a British Pound is about 1/228th of a pound of sterling silver, which merely goes to show the effects of hundreds of years of continual debasement.
Anyway, people eventually realised that paper or coins that were controlled by a central bank that represented a value of precious metal would be much easier to use rather than lugging around the precious metals themselves. And so it was for an extended period of time. Then, some governments decided to create completely fiat money, money that had no intrinsic base to it and was merely printed by the government (this was usually used as a way of deliberating inflating their way out of debt such as in the Weimar republic in Germany).
Fiat money is in an of itself only valuable because society as a whole accepts it as a means of exchange. Unfortunately, giving government the power to print its own money to pay for whatever it wants creates a huge incentive for abuse. Inevitably, governments use the money supply as a way of taxing individuals through inflation. The productive capacity of an economy is (over the very short-run) fixed, but by printing more money, the government is able to buy more of that output as a greater share of the total money supply would be under its control. Obviously, more money chasing the same level of goods creates inflation, which in turn reduces the value of the money held by all individuals (hence the "inflation tax").
Anyway, in the early 1970's, after the collapse of the Breton Woods system, the US government got rid of the gold standard and introduced completely fiat money. This is fine, so long as they don't abuse the immense power at their hands. But alas, that brings us to the current day. Politicians are able to create huge liabilities either through outright borrowing or by creating entitlement programs that agree to pay people large pensions or other benefits in the future. Obviously, the politicians who create these liabilities in order to get voted in are long gone by the time that the liabilities themselves fall due. The current US government debt is close to 100% of GDP, but including the present value of future unfunded social security, Medicare and Obamacare liabilities, the number is many, many times higher than this. There is no way that the US government can possibly ever repay this money. Ever. The interest payments on the debt alone are projected to be more than 20% of GDP within several decades.
There are three options available to them:
i) Renege on the entitlement promises
ii) Default on your debt
iii) Inflate your way out of debt by printing more money
Now ii) is unlikely, and there is a chance that there will be some movements on i), but ultimately, the US government will resort to iii). And it already is. That's what is politely referred to as "Quantitative Easing". The US government is engaging in hundreds of billions of dollars worth of quantitative easing, and has been for over a year.This is happening at precisely the same time that it is racking up debt at ever increasing levels (the current budget deficit alone is more than 10% of GDP). And this is going on well before the real debt of the unfunded pension liabilities starts to hit.
The US government will debase their currency into oblivion over the next few decades. But they can't debase gold. Gold is money, it has always been used as such. It is an alternative currency. And that's why the gold price is hitting a new record high every other day. Whilst is has some purposes in manufacturing, etc, it is not an investment, per se, it is money itself. And it is the only way that people can protect themselves from the coming hyper-inflation in the US.
That's why I think you'll see it hit US$1500 /oz by 2012 and US$3000 / oz this decade. That's also why you'll see the US$ continue to collapse.18 months later, and I could agree with myself more. Now the AUD/USD is over 1.07 and gold is over US$1500 / oz. I have been long gold since it was US$600 / oz.
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It is a parasite or saprophyte, and entirely destitute of chlorophyll, being pure white throughout.
saprophyte sap·ro·phyte (sāp'rə-fīt')
An organism, especially a fungus or bacterium, that grows on and derives its nourishment from dead or decaying organic matter.
An organism, especially a fungus or bacterium, that lives on and gets its nourishment from dead organisms or decaying organic material. Saprophytes recycle organic material in the soil, breaking it down into in simpler compounds that can be taken up by other organisms.
saprophytic adjective (sāp'rə-fĭt'ĭk)
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As the U.S. opioid epidemic continues to reach a new level of crisis, a new Yale study suggests a possible answer for regulators to curb the rising tide of opioid prescriptions and, hopefully, mortality rates and treatment costs.
The researchers point out that there are few restrictions currently in place that curb opioid prescriptions for healthcare plans under Medicare. They say that Medicare formularies could help reduce the number of opioids in circulation by closing these gaps.
Dr. Elizabeth Samuels – a postdoctoral fellow in the National Clinical Scholars Program and the study’s first author – points out that some states have already passed legislation limiting opioid prescriptions.
“People are looking for any way to control the increase in opioid-use disorder. This is one strategy,” she said.
Going against guidelines
The researchers say that the lack of restrictions for opioid prescriptions under Medicare have persisted despite federal guidelines recommending increased controls.
To find out how pervasive the problem was, the researchers conducted an observational study that reviewed the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' formulary files from 2006, 2011, and 2015. Information was collected for the Medicare Advantage program and all Part D plans, including data on all prescribed opioid medications except for methadone.
Findings of the study showed that one-third of all drugs prescribed under Medicare in 2015 had no restrictions, such as prior authorization or step therapy. Additionally, dosage recommendations made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were only followed for 13 percent of prescriptions during that year.
Samuels notes that there was a modest increase in the coverage of opioids between 2006 and 2015, with many new drugs being added to the formulary list.
Restrictions decrease risk of death
While the 2015 results fall well short of federal recommendations, the researchers say that the number of restrictions actually doubled from 2006 to 2015.
They cite a study by a private insurer showing that increasing restrictions – such as including prior authorization, quantifying limits, and drafting provider-patient agreements – could reduce opioid prescriptions by 15 percent.
“Improving the way opioids are prescribed through clinical practice guidelines can ensure patients have access to safer, more effective chronic pain treatment, while reducing the risk of opioid use disorder, overdose, and death,” the CDC said.
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Scientists at the University of Sheffield have developed a ground-breaking new material which they hope could help thousands of women worldwide.
It is very common for postmenopausal women to develop weaknesses in their pelvic floor.
This can lead to problems such as pelvic organ prolapse, where the pelvic organs drop down and push against the vagina walls, or stress urinary incontinence where urine leaks out at times where the bladder is under pressure, for example sneezing or laughing.
These issues are thought to affect 50% of postmenopausal women worldwide, many who undergo vaginal mesh procedures, which involve surgeons using material to help repair the problems.
The current material used, polypropylene, is highly controversial. It has been used very successfully in hernia repair but using a large amount of the material can end up with severe complications.
Last month the Government announced it was launching an audit of all women who have undergone the surgery since 2005, in order to find out the scale of the complications.
However, the new material is closer to human tissue characteristically, and has oestrogen inserted into the mesh to speed up the healing process.
Scientists have been working on the material for six years, but many are still critical of it.
Kath Sansom, from the ‘Sling the Mesh’ campaign said: “It is like a horrible case of Groundhog Day. Have they learnt nothing from the past and the devastation of polypropylene?
They now suggest using polyurethane – the key word here is ‘poly’, which means it is still plastic, which is unstable and can change once implanted.”
However, Dr Naside Mangir, a Urology surgeon who helped develop the material, says: “We sympathise with the sceptics, because they are suffering due to these mesh complications, but actually we are on the same side – we are working for them.
Not all plastics are bad – not all of them are good, but you need to design and use them purposefully. When we can do this, they help save lives.”
Commenting on the announcement, Chair of the APPG on Surgical Mesh Implants, Owen Smith MP said: “Whilst I welcome new interventions to treat stress urinary incontinence and prolapse, I would urge great caution over the use of synthetic materials to treat these conditions.
It is crucial that lessons are learnt from the use of polypropylene mesh and the life-changing complications women have experienced since undergoing surgery. This new material must undergo rigorous and strict clinical trials and should only be used if such complications can be ruled out.”
Professor Sheila MacNeil, Professor of Tissue Engineering at University of Sheffield said: “For the past decade patients have not been listened to, and the new materials have not been developed – that’s is the real problem. We badly need to develop new materials that are better.”
“We are now getting criticised as though we are wanting to put nasty plastic into a patient. To say plastic is an oversimplification – we have various different polymers as heart valves, artificial blood vessels, coating for pacemakers.”
The next stage in the process will be trying the material on animal experiments, before it can even be considered for human use.
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We thank you for choosing to read, “Planting your organic garden a “How to” guide. And we hope you enjoy learning as much as we enjoyed writing this book as a teaching tool. In the following chapters you will learn about organic gardening on a whole other level. We will cover lessons in preparing your soil organically so that your plants will actually grow better. No matter what soil you have you can plant seeds in it and make your garden grow, that is if your soil has been amended. We will tell you some tips, tricks and techniques that have been proven to be useful in growing an organic garden any place. Want to know how to make your own pesticides and fertilizers? Chapter 2 will instruct you in the preparation of your own homemade pesticides and fertilizers. In this book not only will you learn that but you will learn how to hire certain plants and bugs in your garden to work for you. We will talk about the good residents in your garden, those that you should never bother, and bad residents in your garden, those that deserve an eviction notice.
About Merlyn Seeley
See more books from this Author
Published June 30, 2012
by Merlyn Seeley.
Health, Fitness & Dieting, Crafts, Hobbies & Home.
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Corning helps expand the solar industry knowledge base
Get smart about solar energy – it is going to be an important part of our
future so it pays to know the “how’s and why’s” of this exciting technology.
Here are just a few examples of how Dow Corning is helping expand the solar
energy knowledge base:
Science and Engineering Yes! Expo – Dow Corning and Hemlock
Semiconductor Group participated in this Detroit, Michigan event visited
by more than 20,000 high school students.
Science Classes in Korea – Dow Corning Korea and the Korea
Environment Education Association sponsored environment and science classes for
30 schools in Jincheon, North Choongcheong Province. 1,200 students conducted
solar cell tests and helped build a photovoltaic-powered car.
Solar Physics – Dow Corning presented a course on Solar Physics to
the Detroit (Michigan) Area Pre-College Engineering Program for
underrepresented minorities pursuing careers in science, mathematics,
engineering and technology-related fields.
these information sources for solar teaching materials, solar information,
solar energy education and more:
for information on how silicones are helping solar power become an accessible,
self-sustaining energy alternative.
|Read these helpful solar education pages:
Solar Energy 101 – How solar
cells convert sunlight into energy
Solar Energy 102 –
How solar power works in residential homes
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Toggle: English / Spanish
Breast ultrasound is a test that uses sound waves to examine the breasts.
Ultrasonography of the breast; Sonogram of the breast
How the Test is Performed
You will be asked to undress from the waist up. You will be given a gown to wear.
During the test, you will lie on your back on an examining table.
Your health care provider will place a gel on the skin of your breast. A hand-held device, called a transducer, is moved over the breast area. You may be asked to raise your arms above your head and turn to the left or right.
The device sends sound waves to the breast tissue. The sound waves help create a picture that can be seen on a computer screen.
The number of people involved in the test will be limited to protect your privacy.
How to Prepare for the Test
You may want to wear a two-piece outfit, so you do not have to completely undress.
On the day of your test, DO NOT use any lotion or powder on your breasts. DO NOT use deodorant under your arms. Remove jewelry from your neck and chest area.
How the Test will Feel
This test usually does not cause any discomfort, although the gel may feel cool.
Why the Test is Performed
Breast ultrasound is usually ordered when more information is needed after other tests are done. These tests may include
Your provider may order this test if you have:
- A breast lump found during a breast exam
- An abnormal mammogram
- Clear or bloody nipple discharge
A breast ultrasound can:
- Help tell the difference between a solid mass or a cyst
- Help look for a growth if you have clear or bloody fluid coming from your nipple
- Guide a needle during a breast biopsy
A normal result means the breast tissue appears normal.
What Abnormal Results Mean
Ultrasound can help show noncancerous growths such as:
- Cysts, fluid-filled sacs
- Fibroadenomas, noncancerous solid growths
- Lipomas, noncancerous fatty lumps that can occur anywhere in the body, including the breasts
Breast cancers can also be seen with ultrasound.
Follow-up tests to determine whether treatment may be needed include:
There are no risks associated with breast ultrasound. There is no radiation exposure.
Harvey JA, Mahoney MC, Newell MS, Bailey L, Barke LD, D'Orsi C, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria palpable breast masses. J Am Coll Radiol. 2013;10:742-9.e1-3. PMID: 24091044 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24091044.
Katz VL, Dotters, D. Breast diseases: diagnosis and treatment of benign and malignant disease. In: Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Katz VL, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2012:chap 15.
Mainiero MB, Lourenco A, Mahoney MC, Newell MS, Bailey L, Barke LD, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria Breast Cancer Screening. J Am Coll Radiol. 2013;10:11-14. PMID: 23290667 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23290667.
Stavros TA. The breast. In: Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JM, et al., eds. Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2010:chap 20.
- Last reviewed on 11/4/2014
- John A. Daller, MD, PhD., Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2013 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
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Basic facts and background information
The British Museum was founded in 1753, the first national public museum in the world. Visitor numbers have grown from around 5,000 a year in the eighteenth century to nearly 6 million today.
The eighteenth century: origins of the British Museum
The origins of the British Museum lie in the will of the physician, naturalist and collector, Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753). Over his lifetime, Sloane collected more than 71,000 objects which he wanted to be preserved intact after his death. So he bequeathed the whole collection to King George II.
The gift was accepted and on 7 June 1753, an Act of Parliament established the British Museum.
The founding collections largely consisted of books, manuscripts and natural specimens with some antiquities (including coins, prints and drawings). In 1757 King George II donated the 'Old Royal Library' of the sovereigns of England and with it the privilege of copyright receipt.
The British Museum opened to the public on 15 January 1759 . It was first housed in a seventeenth-century mansion. Entry was free.
Why should we visit this place?
The British Museum in London is one of the world's largest and most important museums of human history and culture. It has more than seven million objects from all continents. They illustrate and document the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. As with all other national museums and art galleries in Britain, the Museum charges no admission fee. It was the first museum in the world to be open to everyone. The museum gradually grew over the next two hundred years. It has nearly six million visitors a year and is the third most popular art museum in the world.
Some of the museum's most popular and important exhibits include the Rosetta Stone (=a stone with writing carved into it. French soldiers found it in Egypt in 1799) and the Elgin Marbles (=are series of ancient Greek sculptures).
Written by Hannah Müller
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There are three kinds of core equality predicates in Scheme, described
below. The same kinds of comparisons arise in other functions, like
memq and friends (see List Searching).
For all three tests, objects of different types are never equal. So
for instance a list and a vector are not
equal?, even if their
contents are the same. Exact and inexact numbers are considered
different types too, and are hence not equal even if their values are
eq? tests just for the same object (essentially a pointer
comparison). This is fast, and can be used when searching for a
particular object, or when working with symbols or keywords (which are
always unique objects).
eq? to look at the value of numbers and
characters. It can for instance be used somewhat like
(see Comparison) but without an error if one operand isn’t a
equal? goes further, it looks (recursively) into the contents
of lists, vectors, etc. This is good for instance on lists that have
been read or calculated in various places and are the same, just not
made up of the same pairs. Such lists look the same (when printed),
equal? will consider them the same.
#t if x and y are the same object, except
for numbers and characters. For example,
(define x (vector 1 2 3)) (define y (vector 1 2 3)) (eq? x x) ⇒ #t (eq? x y) ⇒ #f
Numbers and characters are not equal to any other object, but the
problem is they’re not necessarily
eq? to themselves either.
This is even so when the number comes directly from a variable,
(let ((n (+ 2 3))) (eq? n n)) ⇒ *unspecified*
eqv? below should be used when comparing numbers or
= (see Comparison) or
(see Characters) can be used too.
It’s worth noting that end-of-list
symbol of a given name, and a keyword of a given name, are unique
objects. There’s just one of each, so for instance no matter how
() arises in a program, it’s the same object and can be
(define x (cdr '(123))) (define y (cdr '(456))) (eq? x y) ⇒ #t (define x (string->symbol "foo")) (eq? x 'foo) ⇒ #t
1 when x and y are equal in the sense of
eq?, otherwise return
== operator should not be used on
SCM values, an
SCM is a C type which cannot necessarily be compared using
== (see The SCM Type).
#t if x and y are the same object, or for
characters and numbers the same value.
On objects except characters and numbers,
eqv? is the same as
eq? above, it’s true if x and y are the same
If x and y are numbers or characters,
their type and value. An exact number is not
eqv? to an
inexact number (even if their value is the same).
(eqv? 3 (+ 1 2)) ⇒ #t (eqv? 1 1.0) ⇒ #f
#t if x and y are the same type, and their
contents or value are equal.
For a pair, string, vector, array or structure,
equal? compares the
contents, and does so using the same
so a deep structure can be traversed.
(equal? (list 1 2 3) (list 1 2 3)) ⇒ #t (equal? (list 1 2 3) (vector 1 2 3)) ⇒ #f
For other objects,
equal? compares as per
which means characters and numbers are compared by type and value (and
eqv?, exact and inexact numbers are not
even if their value is the same).
(equal? 3 (+ 1 2)) ⇒ #t (equal? 1 1.0) ⇒ #f
Hash tables are currently only compared as per
eq?, so two
different tables are not
equal?, even if their contents are the
equal? does not support circular data structures, it may go
into an infinite loop if asked to compare two circular lists or
New application-defined object types (see Defining New Types (Smobs)) have an
equalp handler which is called by
equal?. This lets an application traverse the contents or
control what is considered
equal? for two objects of such a
type. If there’s no such handler, the default is to just compare as
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Address : 506, 3rd EYE THREE (III), Opp. Induben Khakhrawala, Girish Cold Drink Cross Road, CG Road, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009.
Telephone : 079-40098991
Facts for Prelims
News: Recently, thousands of dead fish were seen on Texas coast. The phenomenon took place due to what is called as ‘Fish Kill’.
What is Fish Kill?
• It is the sudden and unexpected death of many fish or other aquatic animals over a short period and mostly within a particular area. It occurs mainly due to low levels of dissolved oxygen in the water that causes suffocation of the fish.
What are the factors that cause the phenomenon?
• First was the warm water. When sea surface temperatures rise, it becomes difficult for the fish to breathe as oxygen dissolves easily in colder water in comparison to warmer water.
• Another factor that contributed to the Texas fish kill was calm seas. Experts suggest that one of the ways for oxygen to enter the water is by mixing with wind and waves. But in the past few weeks, the waves along the Texas Gulf Coast have been very calm, causing the depletion of dissolved oxygen.
• Overcast weather was another reason as due to cloudy skies, phytoplankton were unable to carry out the process of photosynthesis.
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Autism Awareness - The watch will fit a wrist that is 6 inches or greater for security.
A time to raise awareness of the issues that affect those with an Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Here are some facts about Autism.
Autism now affects 1 in 110 children and 1 in 70 boys
The new numbers that were currently released say 1 out of 88 children will be diagnosed with autism.
1 in 54 boys.
Autism prevalence figures are growing
More children will be diagnosed with autism this year than with AIDS, diabetes & cancer combined
Autism is the fastest-growing serious developmental disability in the U.S.
Autism costs the nation over $35 billion per year,
a figure expected to significantly increase in the next decade
Wearing the Freedom watch, loved ones suffering from Autism don’t need to be watched constantly. Parents can enjoy more independence while you enjoy peace of mind. Freedom is a revolutionary way to prevent wandering and be notified in case of an emergency. The Freedom watch has a 30-day battery life*, lockable wristband, built in panic button, and can be located within 10ft using either a smartphone or PC anywhere in the world using Google Maps. The portable receiver even allows you to set moving safe zones which, if crossed, sets off both an audible and visual alarm.
Autism receives less than 5% of the research funding of many less prevalent childhood diseases
Boys are four times more likely than girls to have autism
There is no medical detection or cure for autism
Technical Support for Freedom by LOK8U Address: Lok8u LLC, 12858 Dunbarton Drive, Bristow VA, 20136
Opening Hours: 9am - 5.30pm EST
Family Wandering Emergency Plan
Make sure your family has a plan in case of a wandering emergency. Before an emergency happens, sit
down together and decide how you will get in contact with each other, where you will go and what you
will do in an emergency. Keep a copy of this plan in your emergency supply kit or another safe place
where you can access it in the event your child is missing.
ALWAYS CALL 911 IMMEDIATELY IF YOUR LOVED ONE IS MISSING FROM YOUR HOME.
Clearly state your child's name.
State that they have a cognitive impairment, provide the diagnosis, state they are endangered and have no sense of danger.
Provide your child’s radio frequency tracking number (if applicable).
Provide your child's date of birth, height, weight, and any other unique identifiers such as eyeglasses and braces.
Tell them when you noticed that your child was missing and what clothing he or she was wearing.
Request an AMBER Alert be issued (if your child is a minor) or a Silver Alert be issued (if your child is an adult)
Request that your child's name and identifying information be immediately entered into the National Crime
Information Center (NCIC) Missing Person File.
Search known areas your child would likely be, or attracted to. If you have an emergency point person assigned to contact
neighbors, pick up your other children from school, watch your children, etc., alert them while searching known areas your
child would likely be. If you have other small children, never leave them unattended.
EMERGENCY CONTACT NAME:
EMERGENCY CONTACT NUMBER:
TIP: create an emergency point person who can contact neighbors, fax your alert form to
local law enforcement, and assist in making arrangements for your other children.
Should your child go missing, make sure this contact has a cell phone, knows what your child is wearing, any identifying
features, where you child was last seen, how long your child may have been gone, any medical needs or allergies your
child may have, your child’s likes and dislikes and main attractions. Ideally, the emergency contact will be a relative or
close friend. Provide your emergency contact with a copy of this plan and ask them to keep it in a safe, accessible place.
TRANSMITTER TRACKING NUMBER (if applicable) _________________________________________
IDENTIFYING MARKS, MEDICATIONS & MEDICAL NEEDS_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- PAGE 1 of 2 -
AWAARE C O L L A B O R A T I O N
ADDRESS ASSIGNED SEARCH LOCATION
TIP: list the main places your child may likely go within the neighborhood, as well as the most
dangerous areas nearby, such as ponds, lakes, pools, etc. Search these areas first. If you have assigned
“search angels” ahead of time, make sure they know which location is assigned to them. Draw maps of these locations, or
physically show the volunteers the location to which they are assigned before an emergency happens.
TIP: Before an emergency happens, assign at least five (5) willing “search angels” who will
commit to searching for your child in the event of an emergency. Make sure they would be immediately
available (are typically home) are willing, and know and understand which search location is assigned to them.
NAME NUMBER ADDRESS ASSIGNED LOCATION
LAW ENFORCEMENT FAX NUMBERS: (in case local law enforcement does not have your child’s information on file,
have your assigned emergency point person fax it.)
National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC): 1-800-THE-LOST (1-800-843-5678)
LOCAL MEDIA CONTACT NUMBERS:
OTHER NOTES: (make any notes you feel may be important in case of a wandering emergency.)
Keep this document with you at all times. Keep a copy in a safe, accessible place within the home. Keep this with your
child’s first responder alert form, documentation of diagnosis, medical papers and any other important information.
Standard Return Policy Overview
You may return merchandise purchased for a refund or a replacement, provided that the procedures and requirements are followed. All returns require a return merchandise authorization (RMA) number. An RMA number must be issued within 14 calendar days after the date of purchase. An RMA number is valid for 14 calendar days after it is issued. Call 952-457-3401 or email [email protected]
A restocking fee of 20 percent will apply to the value of merchandise returned for a refund if product is resalable. Refunds are applied to the payment method used at the time of purchase. We will only refund the value of the merchandise returned, not the shipping cost. On items with free shipping returned for a refund, the original shipping cost that we paid the shipping courier will be deducted from your refund.
If you purchased a product that you wish to exchange for an alternate item, you can return the item for a refund and simply place a new order for the item you desire. We do not apply store credit to your new purchase. If we see a new purchase for equal or greater value of your return, we will waive the 10 percent processing fee.
Merchandise that is discovered to be defective upon receipt will be replaced. You may also return defective merchandise for a refund; however, a 10 percent processing fee will apply. The processing fee will only apply if you choose to return the merchandise for a refund. No fee will be assessed if we are permitted to resolve the issue by replacing your defective merchandise.
All packages are inspected for damage prior to leaving our warehouse. If your merchandise is damaged during shipment by the shipping courier, please contact us immediately as we must be informed within 10 calendar days from the date of receipt for all damage/shipping related claims. Damaged merchandise can be replaced with the same model only. You may also return damaged merchandise for a refund; however, a 10 percent processing fee will apply. The processing fee will only apply if you choose to return the merchandise for a refund. No fee will be assessed if we are permitted to resolve the issue by replacing your damaged merchandise.
If an item you received is defective, we will definitely replace the item with a new one. We will ship the replacement product to you at our cost, and use every good measure to ensure that the replacement order is processed quickly.
We will send a product replacement for an authorized return following the completion of receiving and inspection at our facility. The replacement will ship within four business days following our receipt of your return (excluding weekends and national holidays). We do not send advance replacements or replacements before we receive and inspect the returned merchandise.
To receive a replacement quicker, you may place a new order for the same item (shipping not included), and we will issue a refund for the full value of the returned product (including shipping), upon completion of our return procedure
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20 January to 16 April 2016 (closed Sundays)
During the First World War, the Scottish Women’s Hospitals were set up in war zones across Europe to tend sick and wounded servicemen in countries including Serbia, France, Bulgaria and Russia.
The hospitals were staffed almost entirely by female doctors, surgeons, nurses and support staff and were funded by communities from across the UK and beyond.
Renowned Scottish artist John Bellany (1942-2013) produced a series of oil paintings and drawings inspired by the experiences of the wounded soldiers and the nurses that cared for them. These previously unseen works will feature in the exhibition which also includes a specially commissioned poem by Scotland’s Makar, Liz Lochhead, her creative response to the Bellany works.
Archive photographs, film and objects on loan from public and private collections tell the wider story of the Scottish Women’s Hospitals.
Image © Bellany Estate
There are a number of events being held at the Scottish Parliament during the John Bellany and the Scottish Women's Hospitals exhibition. All events are FREE!
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A History in Maps
Published by the British Library and Distributed by the University of Chicago Press
|Publication Date: September 28, 2012 ||978-0-7123-5879-8 |
|416 pages, 400 color plates ||Cloth $45.00 |
Over the past two thousand years London has developed from a small town, fitting snugly within its walls, into one of the world’s largest and most dynamic cities. This beautifully illustrated book charts that growth and the city’s transformation through hundreds of maps culled from the collection of the British Library’s Map Library.
These visual records range from sweeping images of the entire city to nuanced studies of its elements and neighborhoods. Including official documents, individual endeavors, hand-drawn renditions, and technologically advanced replicas, these maps represent a variety of perspectives. Utilitarian maps show the city as it is and serve to elucidate its inner workings, while carefully wrought plans show the city as it was envisioned—whether those plans were executed or not.
The maps and panoramas collected here are more than topographical records. They all convey unique insight into the concerns, assumptions, ambitions, and prejudices of Londoners at the time the maps were created. In addition to offering readers a tour of London past and present, this book reveals the inside story behind one of the world’s greatest cities.
Peter Barber is head of map collections at the British Library.
Please contact Micah Fehrenbacher at (773) 702-7717 or [email protected] for more information.
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Revolutionary healthcare-related ideas are going to come from the developing countries, and not the developed ones. Resources – manpower, infrastructure and financial – are all restricted in developing countries. Countries like India, Brazil, Latin American countries, China, etc are going to be at the forefront of innovative healthcare strategies, because reach and affordability is going to be paramount in these countries.
Despite Arvind Kejriwal’s, and by extension his party AAP’s, political histrionics in New Delhi, they have been on point as far as education and healthcare is concerned. Credit must be given where due, and they certainly deserve every bit of praise that they have received for their healthcare reforms in the capital.
The introduction of free health clinics in New Delhi, known as 'Mohalla' (community) clinics – equipped with smart-tablets that collate data from several medical devices like ECG, pulse oximeter, glucometer, BP monitor, etc – have cut down on manpower costs and have increased efficiency.
Moreover, the consultations are now paperless and completely digital, making the entire exercise environment friendly as well. All this, at nearly 1/20th the cost of a fully fledged clinic. The medical details of every patient is available (on cloud) at the touch of a button.
The success story of these community clinics was recently featured in the Washington Post, and is what prompted the question at hand: What New Delhi’s free clinics can teach America about fixing its broken health care system.
The technology that made the instant diagnosis possible at Peeragarhi, a West Delhi district, was a medical device called the Swasthya Slate. This $600 device (roughly Rs 40000), the size of a cake tin, performs 33 common medical tests – including blood pressure, blood sugar, heart rate, blood haemoglobin, urine protein and glucose.
It also tests for diseases such as malaria, dengue, hepatitis, HIV, and typhoid. Each test only takes a minute or two, and the device uploads its data to a cloud-based medical-record management system that can be accessed by the patient.
A proposal to open thousand of such clinics in New Delhi has been made. This simple yet effective technology can teach the developed world a thing or two. Solutions are often simple, if our hearts are in the right place.
This success story also highlights the developed countries (especially the US) disincentivising the reduction in healthcare expenditure, as exemplified by the experience of the man who developed this tech, Kanav Kahol.
Kanav Kahol was a biomedical engineer and a researcher at the Arizona State University’s department of biomedical informatics, until he became frustrated at the lack of interest shown by the medical establishment in reducing the cost of diagnostic testing. He worried that billions of people were getting no medical care or substandard care because of the medical industry’s motivation to keep the prices high. In 2011, he returned home to New Delhi to develop a solution.
It is plainly visible that the American free market enterprise in healthcare is out of control. There are just too many middlemen (read salespersons/companies, and insurance companies) who make huge profits while patients end up paying five to ten times the real cost of surgery/treatment.
The big difference in corruption in healthcare between India and the US is that while in India kickbacks are unregulated and unequal, in the US it is institutionalized and legal (in different forms). For example in India it is often seen that a salesperson of a machine/instrument/drug/implant is often several times richer than the doctor he is selling it to.
Very rich doctors making a killing off the kickbacks do exist in India, but they are such a minority that it just exemplifies the inequality. The biggest kickbacks I have got till date are pens, writing pads and laptop-bags with company logos. In the US, the bounty is shared in a more egalitarian manner in the form of consulting fees, speaking fees, travel scholarships and royalties. In other words institutionalized.
The US is far from a model healthcare system; as this recent article by The Guardian, that tries to determine which country has the world's best healthcare system, states: The US scores poorly on many fronts, ranked 11th out of 11 in the Commonwealth Fund 2014 list. And yet it far outstrips all its peers in terms of the amount it spends on healthcare – a whopping 17 percent of the GDP.
Almost all visits to the doctor (often a specialist, rather than general practitioner) will generate “co-pays” for the patient and revenue streams for the physician that some fear encourages excessive testing and intervention: a consumer, rather than care-led, culture.
Preventive medicine and public health are harder to incentivise. Patchy access to insurance can leave emergency rooms clogged with chronic conditions. Obesity and mental illness often go entirely untreated.
Though the system fosters excellence and innovation in places, the messy combination of under-insurance and over-insurance has left the US with the highest healthcare costs in the developed world and some of the worst overall health outcomes. But of course, the pitfalls of the US in healthcare does not necessarily mean Indian healthcare is particularly awesome.
India neither has a capitalist driven private healthcare model like US nor a socialized universal healthcare program like UK, France, Scandinavian countries, etc. Our government hospitals are terribly staffed, have poor infrastructure and are maintained worse than public toilets. Only the middle class and the elite can get some form of treatment, if they can afford it, in private hospitals (80 percent of healthcare expenditure in India is private).
The very poor are left to the mercy of government hospitals’ machinery. They can get lucky sometimes but again it is a matter of luck. The government spends a little more than 1 percent of the GDP on healthcare, which is among the lowest in the world.
While New Delhi’s healthcare model brings in some cheer, it is just a small change in a huge nation. There is still a very long way to go. Before we can start comparing our healthcare to developed countries, we have to fix the rot in our own system – where we spend more on politicians, corruption, defence and freebies than on healthcare.
Our healthcare system would truly be great the day the best medical professionals/infrastructure/facilities are available to everyone, and not just those who can pay for it!
Published Date: Jul 21, 2016 07:13 pm | Updated Date: Jul 21, 2016 07:13 pm
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Anna’s Lesson on Listening
Our youngest Anna likes to talk. Though there is nothing wrong with liking to talk, taken to the extreme it is very annoying. Anna has a tendency to cut people off and talk over people. So we have been having a discussion about Listening.
First lesson is that we have one mouth and two ears. This is a great reminder that we should be listening more than we talk. Listening is more than just hearing. Hearing is about the physically being aware that there is noise going on. Listening is about actively listening. Active listening is about hearing and understanding the message. This takes more than just your ears. It takes a whole of body and mind to actively listen.
Anna today summed it up as:
1. Listen more than talk
2. Listen with all your body
3. Make eye contact
Though not a comprehensive list it is a great list to start with. What else would you add to the list for active listening?
For a related article please click through to Communication Basics.
Posted on Saturday, 17 Nov 2012, in Uncategorized and tagged Active Listening, Actively Listen, Actively Listening, Communication, Communications, Eye Contact, Hear, Hearing, Interpersonal relationship, Lead, Leader, Leadership, Listen, Listening, Manage, Management, Manager, People Skills, Teacher. Bookmark the permalink. 18 Comments.
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Irish Peatland Conservation Council (IPCC) 1982-2017 – a 35 Year History
A 35 year history of the Irish Peatland Conservation Council and a timeline of actions that have saved the Bogs of Ireland. IPCC’s Chief Executive – Dr Catherine O’Connell reflects on the highlights.
In the Beginning
The Irish Peatland Conservation Council began in 1982 as the National Peatland Conservation Committee. This Committee was set up following a debate on the future of Irish bogs organised by An Taisce and held in University College Dublin. This organisation led by Prof Gerry Doyle later became the Irish Peatland Conservation Council (IPCC). For three years the NPCC voluntary committee worked hard to develop the first inventory of peatland sites in Ireland and an Action Plan for their conservation. They also proposed a management structure for a campaigning organisation which they felt was needed to be a voice for Irish bogs. In 1985 the NPCC resigned and the IPCC was formed under the leadership of Dr Neil Lockhart. The Committee of the IPCC began to engage in lobbying, education, fundraising and purchasing sites with Dutch funding. The “friends of the bog” supporters fundraising scheme was launched and the first issue of Peatland News was published. By August 1986, Dr Lockhart had established IPCC as a charitable organisation and a company limited by guarantee. The signatories to the Memoranda and Articles of Association were: Dr Neil Lockhart, Prof. William Watts, Prof Frank Mitchell, Dr Reg Parker, Mr William Finlay S.C., Prof Frank Convery, Prof Palmer Newbould.
Serving the Public
Dr Peter Foss took up the role of Chairman of the IPCC late in 1986 and under his leadership, the IPCC grew into an independently funded and thriving conservation organisation which has made its mark in the nature conservation history books of Ireland. The first member of staff of the organisation was employed in 1988 as Information Officer and worked from an office in Pearse Street rented from Trinity College Dublin. By 1990 both Dr Foss and Dr Catherine O’Connell were full time employees of the IPCC (the latter as Education Officer). Our growth necessitated renting bigger offices first in Lower Mount Street and then in Capel Street. Under the leadership of Dr Foss, the organisation’s supporters increased to the thousands and its staff increased to four (Oscar Duggan in the role of Customer Care and Patrick Crushell (and later Noreen McLoughlin) as Conservation Officer). In this time four peatlands were purchased, four Peatland Conservation Plans were published, a peatland education programme was established and the Irish Government designated 250,000ha of peatlands as Special Areas of Conservation.
To mark the 20 year anniversary of the IPCC, it was highly appropriate for the organisation to publish “Celebrating Boglands” a beautiful anthology of prose, art, poetry, music and natural history to celebrate its achievements.
In the photograph shown (from left to right) are Matthijs Schouten, Peter Foss, Catherine O’Connell, Éamon de Buitléar, Pauline Bewick and His Excellency, Mr Jacobus van der Velden. Fiona Fallon seated.
To the Bog of Allen
The work, policies and finances of the IPCC are directed by a voluntary Committee of Management. One of the most challenging times for the Committee in the history of the organisation was the decision to purchase the Bog of Allen Nature Centre (formerly Peatland World) from Teagasc in 2003. So many issues were discussed in relation to buying this property and planning its renovation and use. The Committee voted in favour of the project and the property was purchased for €275,000 in October 2003.
The Bog of Allen Nature Centre was purchased by IPCC in 2003. It is a centre of excellence for peatland education, conservation and research. © Photo: J. FitzGerald
Further changes came with the resignation of Dr Peter Foss from the staff early in 2004 and the appointment of Dr Catherine O’Connell as Chief Executive. Her role was to establish the Bog of Allen Nature Centre as a centre of excellence for peatland conservation, education and research. The team who moved to the Bog of Allen Nature Centre in June 2004 included Mary Mulvey as Centre Renovations Manager, Caroline Hurley as Conservation Officer and Oscar Duggan.
IPCC are experiencing a new phase of growth and development since the move to Kildare. The staff have increased to six with a new post of Gardener being created. Currently Nuala Madigan is the Environmental Education Officer, Katie Geraghty is the Conservation Officer, Tristram Whyte is the Conservation Policy & Fundraising Officer. The volunteer contribution to the organisation has grown exponentially.
IPCC has established a network of peatland nature reserves which includes fen, raised bog and blanket bog habitats. The first site purchased was Fenor Bog in Co. Waterford. Two additional peatland sites were acquired from Bord na Móna in 2005 and are being managed for nature conservation by IPCC. One of these was extended with a purchase from a private land owner in 2009. Girley Bog in Co. Meath was purchased in 2013 and IPCC were donated Coad Bog in Co. Kerry in 2015. Renovation of the Nature Centre to provide administrative offices, nature conservation gardens, a research library and classroom have been completed. An educational experience for school and special interest groups visiting the centre is available. The sixth Peatland Conservation Plan 2020 for the Bogs of Ireland was published in 2009. A busy future is predicted.
Committee of Management
The achievements of the IPCC over the past 35 years have always been directed by our most dedicated volunteers who are members of the Committee of Management of the IPCC. Special tribute must be given to all of those who served on the Committee and made the decisions that have made IPCC what it is today.
The major events, publications and sites saved between 1982 and 2017 by the Irish Peatland Conservation Council.
First Peatland Inventory for Ireland compiled
|1983||European Parliament Resolution on the Protection of Irish Bogs passedDutch Foundation for Conservation of Irish Bogs formed|
|1984||International Mire Conservation Group formed|
|1985||Save the Bogs Fundraising Campaign launchedWetland Archaeological Research Unit established in UCD|
|1986||Clara Bog, Co. Offaly saved
IPCC publish the first issue of Peatland News
The Wild Boglands Bellamy’s Ireland published
|1987||Guide to Irish Peatlands & Rua the Red Grouse published
Irish Government declare a peatland conservation target of 50,000ha
Scragh Bog purchased
|1988||1,100 entries in the first Save the Bogs Poster Competition|
|1989||WWF-UK fund the development of a Peatland Conservation Campaigner for Ireland
Sheheree and Ardkill Bogs saved
|1990||Peatlands Park, Co. Armagh launched
International Mire Conservation Group tour Irish peatlands
Anti Moss Peat Peatlands Campaign Consortium founded
2,000ha of raised bog transferred from Bord na Móna for conservation
Wild Beauty of Bogs Expo Tour
|1991||IPCC ‘s education programme is the national winner of the Ford Conservation Awards
Irish Peatlands the Critical Decade published
|1992||Peatland Education Pack for post primary schools and Our Story published Cummeragh River Bog purchase|
|1993||IPCC launches its Nature Shop (formerly Enviro Shop) to raise funds for bog conservation
Lough Boora Parklands on Cutaway bog established
|1994||Peatlands in the Primary School Curriculum published
Kerry Bog Pony rediscovered by John Mulvihill of the Kerry Bog Village
|1995||IPCC launch a 10 year teacher training programme on bogs into the classroom entitled Wake Up to Bogs
Clochar na gCon Bog purchased
|1996||IPCC’s web site launched at www.ipcc.ieBogs of Ireland published by UCD’s Environmental Institute|
|1997||Peatlands 2000 Conference heldIrish Government begin to designate 250,000ha of peatlands as Special Areas of ConservationIPCC Guide to Community Composting & The Save the Bogs Story publishedIPCC co-ordinate the first Hop To It National Frog Survey|
|1998||Towards a Conservation Strategy for the Bogs of Ireland & The IPCC Peatland Management Handbook published|
|1999||Fenor Bog Co. Waterford purchased in partnership with Móin Fhionnurach Development Association|
|2000||IPCC undertook a fen inventory of Ireland and published the resultsCutover and Cutaway Bogs Education Pack published|
|2001||Bogs and Fens of Ireland Conservation Plan 2005 publishedRaised Bog Study Tour and Conference heldIPCC join the Irish Environmental Network|
|2002||Celebrating Boglands published to mark 20 years of IPCC’s work
NGO SAC Shadow List of Conservation Worthy Sites published by IPCC
|2003||Bog of Allen Nature Centre, Co. Kildare purchased
IPCC launched a national training programme on garden composting
|2004||IPCC undertook a survey of the Bog of Allen in Kildare and Offaly|
|2005||Lodge Bog and Lullymore West Bogs donated by Bord na Móna to IPCC for conservation. Conservation Management Plan published for Lodge Bog|
|2006||IPCC launched an exhibition highlighting co-operation between the Dutch and Irish people in conserving bogs Conservation Management Plan published for Lullymore West Bog|
|2007||IPCC celebrate 25 years of saving bogs at the Bog of Allen Nature CentreButterfly monitoring transect established on Lullymore West Bog|
|2008||IPCC’s Chief Executive is appointed the Chair of the Irish Peat Society, the national committee of the International Peat Society IPCC purchase an additional 9 acres in Lodge BogGuide to Composting, Wildlife Gardening and Sustainable Living published
IPCC nominated a centre for Discovering Primary Science
IPCC purchase another portion of Lodge Bog, Co. Kildare
|2009||IPCC join the Environmental Pillar of Social Partnership IPCC publish its sixth action plan for peatland conservation in Ireland entitled Ireland’s Peatland Conservation Action Plan 2020
Bogland – a Future in Ireland Exhibition launched IPCC appointed as a Consultant on the EPS Stop Food Waste CampaignVisitor Guides to IPCC’s Nature Reserves in County Kildare published, IPCC begin trials of the Canadian Sphagnum moss transfer method of raised bog restoration
|2010||IPCC publish Nature Box – Irish Habitats and Wildlife during International Year of Biodiversity
IPCC launch an upskilling course for the general public focusing on best practice monitoring, management and measuring of Irish habitatsMet Éireann Weather Station established in the Bog of Allen Nature Centre, Lullymore
|2011||IPCC are appointed to the Peatlands Council by Government
IPCC a tutor on the SEAI Schools Energy Programme. IPCC publish a Conservation Management Plan for Lodge Bog
|2012||IPCC celebrate 30 years at the Bog of Allen Nature Centre
IPCC launch a new-look modern web site at www.ipcc.ie
|2013||IPCC purchase part of Girley Bog in Co. Meath|
|2015||IPCC are donated Coad Bog in Co. Kerry|
|2016||IPCC begin a conservation programme for breeding Curlew on Lodge Bog in Co. Kildare|
|2017||IPCC publish a management plan for Coad Bog in Co. Kerry and introduce grazing by donkeys to enhance the breeding habitat for marsh fritillary butterflies on Lullymore West Bog in Co. Kildare. IPCC celebrates 20 years of the National Hop to It Frog Survey|
IPCC celebrates 30 years since our foundation on International Bog Day 2012. Click on this link to see photographs from our birthday.
Text, Photographs and Images © Irish Peatland Conservation Council, Bog of Allen Nature Centre, Lullymore, Rathangan, Co. Kildare. Email: [email protected]; Tel: +353-45-860133.
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One of the more colorful scientific de-conversion stories comes from Jerry Coyne, a professor of genetics and evolutionary biology at the University of Chicago. It happened in 1967 when Coyne, then 17, was listening for the first time to the Beatles’ “Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band” album while lying on his parents’ couch in Alexandria, Va.
Suddenly Coyne began to shake and sweat. For reasons he still doesn’t understand, it dawned on him at that moment that there was no God, and he wasn’t going anywhere when he died. His casual Judaism seemed to wash away as the album played on. The crisis lasted about 30 minutes, he says, and when it was over, he had left religion behind for good. He went on to study how new species evolve, and found the Darwinian view of nature perfectly in tune with his abandonment of faith.
That Coyne’s conversion came from listening to the Beatles also means his conversion had nothing to do with reason or evidence and instead occurred because of some sudden, intuitive insight. Yet, to this day, Coyne tries to make it sound like he is an atheist because of reason, evidence, and science.
The most significant part of the story is that Coyne is like Dawkins and Myers – they all became atheists when they were teenagers. This means it was “adolescent logic” that led to their atheism. For example, having abandoned belief in God at 17, it’s safe to say Coyne has never given any serious, open-minded thought to God since he was 17. To this day, when he thinks about God and argues about God, he does so with the mind of a 17-year-old (or an adult trying to explain why a 17-year-old’s logic was right). And that explains why his arguments about God and religion are the arguments of an adolescent – demanding signs and magic while treating religious people, and those not hostile enough to religion, as if they are not part of the right clique.
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What is Automated Manufacturing ?
Automation, within the context of producing , is that the use of kit to automate systems or production processes. the top goal is to drive greater efficiency by either increasing production capacity or reducing costs, often both. Automation has become known more as using machines to scale back work performed by humans. it’s become related to electromechanical systems that are programmed to perform many sorts of processes.
Fixed automation manufacturing, also mentioned as hard automation, may be a system during which the automated production processes and assembly are preset to supply one product. The sequence of production and operation is fixed by the configuration of tooling, equipment and machines allocated for high-production needs.
Programmable automation allows for the configurations and operation sequences of kit to vary supported commands coded or programmed into the system. With a programmable automation system, new programs are often written for every process. It allows for production of products in batch quantities starting from a several dozen products to as high as thousands of units produced in one run.
Flexible automation may be a manufacturing method designed to simply adapt and answer changes in production needs, like the sort and quantity of the merchandise . Machines are controlled by computerized systems programmed and operated by humans utilizing computer coding or HMIs (Human Machine Interfaces). The system are often configured, i.e., programmed, to supply multiple product types simultaneously. Production and material-handling systems are controlled by a central computing system . The system is right for batch processes for companies that produce a spread of products in low-to-medium production runs.
How Vancouver Automation can help you ?
Material Handling is an essential part of every automation system. Whether moving heavy awkward parts or small intricate precision components, efficient manipulation and control is essential. From the newest motor assembly to the most intricate surgical device, material handling and its flow ensures that components can be turned into assemblies that guarantees an assembly solution will not choke off critical up time or contribute to costly damage to parts or operators. Vancouver Automation through its 4 experience along with its partners to provide technologically leading solutions that ensure the backbone of the custom equipment link together in support and harmony. There are many solutions that are tried and true and new flexible solutions that deal with the complexities in the market today. Material handling solutions range from linear solutions in layout and form too numerous to detail but include our partners: Robert Bosch power and free conveyor, belt driven solutions coupled with flexible feeders, bowls, hoppers with vision, and escapement devices that verify orientation and control throughout the assembly process.
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Pescadero: The Saga of the Sandbar
In August, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) proposed to breach the sandbar at the mouth of Pescadero Creek in an effort to avoid fish kills, which have occurred in past years when the sandbar has breached naturally later in the year. After the sandbar formed in early September, two efforts were made to breach it. Volunteers have assisted state parks staff, working with NOAA and other agencies, to monitor the process and results.
Fish kills following the breach of the Pescadero sandbar in past years have been attributed to the decline in water quality that occurs with the draining of the lagoon at the first low tide after it opens. Researchers think that the turbulent mixing of oxygen-depleted water and lagoon sediments further removes oxygen from the water and adds hydrogen sulfide. Fish that do not leave the areas with low water quality can suffocate. In 2011, for example, 235 dead steelhead--a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act--were collected following the sandbar breach.
By breaching the sandbar earlier, NOAA hoped that the water quality of the lagoon could be maintained and the likelihood of a fish kill reduced.
First Sandbar Breach
The sandbar closed this year on September 8 or 9. The closure was documented by state park volunteer Nancy Frost, who has recorded the status of the sand bar for months. Her photos provide a record that contributes to analysis of the complex water system.
On October 4, NOAA directed volunteers from Pescadero, agency staff members, and residents from Camp Glenwood to dig a trench using shovels to reopen the sandbar. This was the sandbar before digging began.
The Sandbar Returns
In the days that followed, the channel began to fill with sand deposited by waves that washed over it at high tide. Although some ocean water entered the lagoon, no water drained from the lagoon at low tide.
By October 25, the channel completely disappeared--the sandbar was back in place.
New plans were made.
Second Sandbar Breach
Since the channel created by first breach closed, it was decided to try to create a larger channel with mechanized equipment. This approach raised problems, since the equipment would have to be brought on the beach through an area used by another threatened species--the Western Snowy Plover, which winters on Pescadero State Beach and nested there last year for the first time in over 30 years.
The second attempt to breach the sand bar took place on October 23. State park Plover Watch volunteers spent the day on the beach watching the plover flock and monitoring the impact of the activity.
Luckily the plovers were north of the sandbar and were only slightly disturbed when the excavator passed down the beach.
The next phase of the project was already underway--with biologists from state parks and other agencies monitoring the water in the lagoon and Pescadero Marsh to ascertain the impact of the sandbar breach.
It is hoped that the results of their study of water quality before, during, and after the breach will contribute to a better understanding of how the lagoon system responds to breaching and will help inform future management decisions.
In addition to successfully opening a large channel through the sandbar, the excavator distributed the sand that had been dug up and leveled the area around the channel.
Following the October 23 breach, the movement of water widened the channel considerably, as can be seen in the photo below, taken on the morning of the 24th.
Initially, water flowed out of the lagoon at low tide and entered at high tide, but within a few days the only movement of water was at high tide, when waves washed into the lagoon. By November 3, no water came into the lagoon from the ocean, even at high tide, but larger swells later in the week again caused some inflow.
A Historical Note
Visitors to Pescadero State Beach often ask about the tunnel in the cliff south of the mouth of Pescadero Creek. The tunnel is a useful reminder that efforts to control the creek and the sandbar at its mouth date back more than a century.
According to an assessment of the Pescadero-Butano watershed prepared in 2004 (page 3-28), efforts to alter the flow of Pescadero Creek and break the sandbar go back as far as the late 19th century. The tunnel was the result of one such effort. According to the report:
During the drought of 1897-1898, Pescadero Creek did not have sufficient rainfall to breach the sandbar, though there was enough rain to cause flooding of the adjacent farmlands following a healthy rain during December 1898. Pescadero farmers raised an estimated $200 to drill a tunnel through the point on the south side of the beach, hoping that the hole would offer an outlet to the creek and prevent further flooding. The tunnel provided limited success and eventually plugged up with sand.
Water still occasionally flows through the tunnel, but it has not overcome the sand bar.
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Dealing with kid’s Tantrum is truly one of the most challenging part in parenting. Every child has its own behavior and moods that shifts depending on certain situations. Tantrum is an emotional outburst usually associated with children that can be identified by stubbornness, yelling, screaming, shrieking and angry ranting. A child with tantrum maybe difficult to handle at times because they usually express angry and violent speech that cannot be controlled immediately.
Tantrums are normal to toddlers because they are in the period of too many emotional, physical and social adjustment especially in interacting with people. It is a normal part of a child’s development As they grow it decreases; they go along with these adjustments and harness their social interaction.
What is the best way to deal with children’s tantrum?
In a research and study by a group of scientist last 2011, it suggests that two emotions, anger and sadness, have different behavioral manifestations and different time courses within tantrums. The best way to deal with children’s temper tantrum was to get the child past the peaks of anger and the quickest way past the anger was to do nothing. Once the child was past being angry, what was left was sadness, and sad children reach out for comfort. The scientist have found it as an effective solution to end the temper tantrum.(source: http://www.npr.org and http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/emo/11/5/)
It will help parents how to intervene and give them a sense of control in situations of children’s tantrum.
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In 1899, two men had an important meeting. The first man was Harry Daugherty—a lawyer and well-known political “fixer”—and the second was Warren Harding—at the time, a newspaper editor from Marion, Ohio, and a candidate for the Ohio state senate. Daugherty was impressed with Harding’s charisma and handsome face—indeed, he was so impressed that he suggested that Harding would make a great president. On paper, Harding didn’t seem presidential—he wasn’t too smart, he’d had countless affairs with women, and he’d never distinguished himself either as a politician or an editor. When he served in the U.S. Senate, he passed no notable legislation. The only reasons Harding continued to ascend in government were that 1) Daugherty helped him, and 2) he looked like a great, charismatic leader. Eventually, Harding ran for president, was elected, and became—according to most historians—one of the worst presidents in American history.
Warren Harding is, notoriously, one of the worst presidents in American history—an incompetent man who, Gladwell argues, only won the presidency because he dazzled the populace with his face and demeanor and because he had a “master puppeteer,” Harry Daugherty, controlling him. It’s important to notice that for once, Gladwell begins a chapter with an example of a mistaken judgment (i.e., electing Warren Harding) rather than a brilliant insight, setting the tone for the rest of the chapter.
So far, Gladwell has been talking about how thin-slicing can be an effective, accurate way for humans to study the world. But of course, there’s no guarantee that thin-slicing be accurate. Sometimes, people’s “slices” of the world aren’t representative of the truth. The election of Warren Harding is a good example of the “dark side of rapid cognition”: sometimes, in their haste to make a decision, people base their decision on bad evidence. In the case of Harding, American voters assumed that Harding would be a great president because of the intuitive “evidence” that he looked presidential.
In this chapter, Gladwell will clarify and qualify some of the arguments he’s made so far. While continuing to argue that snap judgments are an important part of human nature and a powerful tool for understanding the world, he will acknowledge that at times, snap judgments can be prejudicial and objectively wrong.
Psychologists have studied the way people jump to conclusions using a tool called the Implicit Association Test, or IAT. On the IAT, subjects were given a list of words and asked to divide them into two categories: words that reminded them of men or careers, and words that reminded them of women or family. Then, they were asked to perform a similar test, but with one important difference: they were asked to divide a list of words up into two new categories: words that reminded them of women or careers, and words that reminded them or men or family. The second version of the test was much more challenging for test-takers: they took more time to complete the test, and there was a wider range of responses. The reason that people found the second test more difficult to complete is that, stereotypically, people tend to associate women with family, while associating men with work. The point of the IAT is that people tend to have strong preconceptions about race, gender, age, etc.—and these preconceptions influence the speed with which they make snap judgments.
The reason that subjects took longer to complete the second version of the IAT is that this version of the test went against the stereotypical, sexist association of women with domesticity and the home. Thus, the results of the IAT suggest that people use stereotyping as a kind of “mental shortcut”—they use convenient stereotypes about races, genders, etc., to make quick decisions. A further implication of the IAT is that people are more likely to behave in a bigoted way when they’re in a hurry or when they’re in a high-stakes situation: when the pressure is on, people fall back on stereotypes instead of using their rational minds.
In one disturbing version of the IAT, subjects were asked to divide up a series of photographs into two categories: good or European American, and bad or African American. Subjects completed this version of the test far more quickly than the second version, in which the categories were switched to “bad or European American” and “good or African American.” How should we interpret the results of the IAT test? It would be easy to conclude that most Americans are secretly (or not so secretly) racists. But perhaps the truth is subtler: even if people are conscious of believing in the equality of races, their adaptive conscious minds might harbor some racist attitudes. This means that when people interact with people of different races, they might be a little stiffer and less friendly—even if, consciously, they’re not racist at all.
Gladwell uses the theory of the adaptive unconscious to propose an interesting theory of bigotry: even if people don’t subscribe to overtly bigoted beliefs, they can still behave like bigots because of the influence of the adaptive unconscious. The passage also reiterates some of Gladwell’s ideas about free will—the existence of an adaptive unconscious complicates our usual understanding of free will by showing how people can behave in a racist manner even when they’re consciously trying to be fair-minded.
There are many other applications of the idea that the adaptive unconscious can be irrationally prejudiced. In job interviews, it’s been shown, the taller candidate has the higher chance of getting the position, all other things being equal. Indeed, the average American CEO is 1) a man, and 2) about six feet tall, almost three inches above the national male average. Perhaps it’s true that, while the majority of American businesspeople aren’t consciously racist, sexist, or “heightist,” they have an unconscious bias in favor of tall, white men—explaining why a disproportionately large number of CEOs are tall, white men.
It’s often argued that there is a strong, conscious bias against women, people of color, etc. in job interviews. Gladwell doesn’t deny that such a conscious bias exists in some cases, but he suggests that more often people may be unaware of their biases because they’re unaware of their unconscious behavior. This would explain why bigotry can be so difficult to fight—people might not even realize that they’re participated in bigoted behavior.
In the town of Flemington, there’s a Nissan car dealership whose sales director is a man named Bob Golomb. Golomb is a phenomenal salesman—indeed, he sells about twenty Nissans a month, more than twice the rate for an average salesman. In part, Golomb excels at sales because he’s good at thin-slicing. He can assess a person’s interest in buying a car within a couple seconds of meeting them. And yet Golomb doesn’t assess anyone on the basis of their appearance—he claims, “everyone who walks in the door has the exact same chance of buying a car.” So although Golomb sizes people up very quickly, he tries to pay attention to more than just a person’s height, gender, race, or age—in short, he avoids the “Warren Harding” problem.
Golomb’s record as a car salesman is interesting because it shows how thin-slicing and rapid cognition need not be prejudicial. Golomb sizes people up in a few seconds, essentially judging a book by its cover. And yet, Golomb doesn’t (supposedly) let stereotypes cloud his judgment: he avoids the Warren Harding problem (i.e., making the wrong decision about a person based on limited evidence about that person) by considering all the superficial evidence about his clients (their mannerisms, facial cues, etc.). In short, Gladwell argues, there’s a right way and a wrong way to judge a book by its cover.
It turns out that car dealerships suffer because of the Warren Harding problem. One study concluded that, all things held equal, white men receive initial price offers for cars that are about 200 dollars less than the initial prices offered to white women, and nearly a thousand dollars less than the initial prices offered to black men. One might think that the study proves that car dealers are racists: car dealers assume that women and black people are less intelligent than white men, and therefore try harder to sell them an overpriced vehicle. The problem with this hypothesis is that the men and women who participated in the study were college graduates, and certainly didn’t give off the impression of stupidity. So if car dealers are consciously racist, then they are so obliviously racist that they ignore all the evidence about their customers. This seems pretty unlikely, Gladwell says.
Following the evidence Gladwell has already considered, it would seem that car dealers are just as susceptible to errors of the adaptive unconscious as any other person, like the subjects who took the IAT. Most car dealers may not be overtly, consciously racist (in fact, Gladwell argues, it’s pretty unlikely that they all are), but like many people they can allow preconceptions to cloud their judgment. Of course, it’s also worth noting that just because someone is a college graduate it doesn’t mean they appear intelligent on the “snap-judgment” level, so this caveat doesn’t really invalidate claims of racism or sexism (as Gladwell claims).
The most likely explanation for the racism of car dealers is that, unconsciously, they assume that women and black people are less sophisticated than white men. Like the people who voted for Warren Harding, or people who take a long time to finish an IAT, they immediately jump to conclusions about their potential customers because they’ve been unconsciously trained to think this way.
Put in “Blink terminology,” a bad car dealer will thin-slice one small aspect of a person’s appearance, and then extrapolate irrational conclusions from that evidence.
Gladwell asks: Is it possible to fight Warren Harding errors? Unconscious discrimination seems difficult to change, because people don’t realize how pervasive it is. Interestingly, when people take the IAT immediately after looking at pictures of famous and beloved black figures like Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela, they find it easier to complete the IAT quickly—visual cues can reconfigure the adaptive unconscious to associate races with positive qualities. But there are also some clear limits to how greatly humans can change their own unconscious minds. In the next three chapters of his book, Gladwell will look at three examples of how people can “confront the possibilities of first impressions and snap judgments.”
At the end of this chapter, Gladwell suggests that it’s possible to fight unconscious discrimination—and, in general, that it’s possible to strengthen and train the adaptive unconscious. If it’s possible to condition the unconscious mind to respond negatively to images of black people, it might also be possible to train the unconscious to respond differently. In general, Gladwell is trying to argue that, although the adaptive unconscious is far from perfect, it’s also possible to improve it and use it as a force for good.
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- New studies reinforce the American Heart Association's recommendation to limit daily sodium (salt) intake to less than 1,500 milligrams.
- Suggestions by some groups that healthy people can consume more sodium are based on incorrect analyses of observational studies and misinterpretations of clinical research.
- Because most dietary sodium comes from processed and prepared foods, the American Heart Association urges health organizations, the food industry and policy makers to provide people with heart-healthy, low-sodium alternatives.
EMBARGOED UNTIL 4 pm ET, Friday, Nov. 2, 2012
DALLAS, Nov. 2, 2012 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- New studies support limiting daily sodium consumption to less than 1,500 milligrams, according to a new American Heart Association presidential advisory.
The advisory, published in the American Heart Association's journal Circulation, is based on a thorough review of recent laboratory, animal, observational and clinical studies that reaffirm the association's 2011 advisory that limiting sodium (salt) to less than 1,500 mg per day is linked to a decreased risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease, including stroke.
"Our recommendation is simple in the sense that it applies to the entire U.S. population, not just at-risk groups," said Nancy Brown, chief executive officer of the American Heart Association. "Americans of all ages, regardless of individual risk factors, can improve their heart health and reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease by restricting their daily consumption of sodium to less than 1,500 milligrams."
Some recent reports have led to confusion and mixed messages about the healthiest levels of daily sodium for all subgroups of the population.
"People should not be swayed by calls for a change in sodium intake recommendations based on findings from recent studies reporting that a reduction in sodium consumption does not improve cardiovascular health," said Paul K. Whelton, M.D., M.Sc., lead author and Show Chwan Professor of Global Public Health in the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine in New Orleans, La. "Our detailed review of these studies identified serious methodological weaknesses, which limit the value of these reports in setting or revising sodium intake policy.
"Our focus should be on finding effective ways to implement, not change, the existing American Heart Association policy on sodium intake."
Reducing sodium intake can help fight high blood pressure, which affects more than 76 million U.S. adults and is a major cause of cardiovascular disease.
Yet, most American adults and children consume sodium far in excess of their physiologic needs and guideline recommendations--with an average daily intake more than 3400 mg per day. Only individuals, primarily those with specific, rare disorders, who have been advised by their physicians to do otherwise, should not reduce their sodium intake to 1500 mg/day, but this is difficult in the current environment. Most of the sodium the public consumes is "hidden" in processed and prepared foods. The American Heart Association advocates improved nutritional labeling of sodium content and stringent limits on sodium in all foods – fresh, processed and prepared -- provided to everyone and in particular in schools, marketed to children and purchased by employers and government programs.
Study authors conclude that a comprehensive approach to cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention is multifactorial that includes regular physical activity, healthy body weight, managing blood pressure, controlling blood sugar, avoiding tobacco and a healthy diet. Sodium reduction is a very important component of a healthy diet.
"An integral component of our campaign to improve the nation's cardiovascular health by 20 percent by 2020 is a nationwide decrease in sodium consumption," said Donna Arnett, Ph.D., M.S.P.H., president of the American Heart Association. "It will require a joint effort between health organizations, policy makers and the food industry to achieve this goal by creating an environment conducive to helping all Americans make healthy, low-sodium food choices."
Co-authors are: Lawrence J. Appel, M.D., M.P.H.; Ralph L. Sacco, M.D., M.Sc.; Cheryl A. M. Anderson, Ph.D., M.P.H., M.S.; Elliott M. Antman, M.D.; Norman Campbell, M.D.; Sandra B. Dunbar, R.N., D.S.N.; Edward D. Frohlich, M.D.; John E. Hall, Ph.D.; Mariell Jessup, M.D.; Darwin R. Labarthe, M.D., M.P.H., Ph.D.; Graham A. MacGregor, M.B., B.C.H.; Frank M. Sacks, M.D.; Jeremiah Stamler, M.D.; Dorothea K. Vafiadis, M.S.; and Linda V. Van Horn, Ph.D., R.D.
Author disclosures are on the manuscript.
For the latest heart news, follow us on Twitter: #Heart News
The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association receives funding mostly from individuals. Foundations and corporations donate as well, and fund specific programs and events. Strict policies are enforced to prevent these relationships from influencing the association's science content. Financial information for the American Heart Association, including a list of contributions from pharmaceutical companies and device manufacturers, is available at www.heart.org/corporatefunding.
Additional resources, including multimedia, are available on the right column of this link:
For Media Inquiries: (214) 706-1173
Darcy Spitz: (212) 878-5940; [email protected]
Julie Del Barto (Broadcast): (214) 706-1330; [email protected]
For Public Inquiries: (800) AHA-USA1 (242-8721)
The American Heart Association logo is available at http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/prs/?pkgid=9940
Source:American Heart Association
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This key culminating unit brings together all the understanding the students have acquired with an in-depth investigation of how their choices affect their brains, as well as how their brains affect their choices. The students begin by drawing upon their understanding of how neurons collaborate to form a circuit by investigating the reward pathway. They experience a virtual hands-on laboratory to investigate how certain drugs of abuse can hijack this pathway and stimulate the drive to repeat destructive behaviors. Students grapple with the question of substance abuse as a chronic neurological disorder and explore public policy issues to address the questions of how to deal with substance abuse.
- 5.1: What circuits do drugs affect in our brains?
- 5.2: How do drugs alter synaptic transmission?
- 5.3: Should animals be used in scientific research?
- 5.4: How is dopamine involved in addictive behaviors?
- 5.5: When does drug abuse become addiction?
- 5.6: What are the long-term effects of drug abuse and addiction?
- 5.7: Is addiction a chronic disease?
- Assessment opportunity: Unit 5 Quiz Questions
Unit 4 Overview || Final Project >
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Figure 1: Reactor head sitting on the reactor vessel.
On November 15, 2011, operators began restarting the Unit 2 reactor at the Brunswick nuclear plant located south of Wilmington, North Carolina. The reactor had been shut down 11 days earlier to find and remove a damaged fuel assembly from the reactor core.
About 17 hours into the startup, the operators observed indications of unusually high leakage of reactor cooling water into the containment building. With all the valves and piping, a small leakage rate is normal. But instruments inside containment detected unusually high leakage. A maintenance crew was sent into containment to repair a valve that had been leaking a little before the outage.
The workers completed maintenance on the leaking valve, but the leak rate continued increasing. At 2:12 am on November 16, the indicated leak rate reached 5.88 gallons per minute. This leak rate exceeded the maximum limit established by the plant’s operating license. Workers had a short time to find and fix the leak or the reactor would have to be shut down.
Workers re-entered the containment building and observed water dripping from equipment and running down the containment walls. The operators in the control room noted that the temperature in the upper part of the containment was 240°F, or 40°F above the normal temperature in this area with the reactor at 100 percent power.
The leak rate continued to increase. By 2:53 am, it reached 10.11 gallons per minute. The head of operations ordered workers out of the containment building. At 3:01 am, the operators declared an Unusual Event—the least serious of the NRC’s four emergency classifications—due to the high rate of leakage inside the containment. The operators manually scrammed the reactor (i.e., depressed two pushbuttons to cause all the control rods to rapidly insert into the reactor core and interrupt the nuclear chain reaction) at 3:09 am. As the temperature and pressure inside the reactor vessel decreased following the reactor’s shut down, the leak rate also decreased. It dropped to 0.13 gallons per minute by 2:38 am on November 16.
The following day, workers on the refueling floor were able to turn several of the retaining nuts for the reactor vessel head by hand. This should not have been possible. As shown in Figure 1 above, the reactor vessel head is the domed-shaped part on top of the cylindrical reactor vessel. It is fastened to the reactor vessel by numerous heavy-duty bolts and nuts around the dome as shown in Figure 2.
When workers had reassembled the reactor vessel after the repairs earlier in November, they used a stud tensioning rig to tighten the nuts onto the bolts. Figure 2 shows four stud tensioners (in yellow) suspended over four nuts about to be tightened. Procedures guided the workers on the proper sequence to install the nuts and directed them to tighten the nuts to 13,000 pounds per square inch force. The stud tensioner had a digital read-out. The workers tightened each nut until the digital read-out said 1,300. They believed that the value in the read-out window was ten times the pressure. In reality, it displayed the pressure. They had tightened the nuts to one-tenth of the proper pressure.
The procedure used a second method of assuring proper tensioning. As the nuts were tightened onto the bolts, the applied pressure caused the bolts to elongate. The procedure had the workers measure the bolt lengths before and after tensioning and ensure each bolt elongated by 0.041 to 0.049 inches. As workers measured the bolt lengths after tensioning, they noted results ranging from -0.001 to 0.004 inches. They assumed that these values were not actual lengths but rather the deviation from the target elongation of 0.045 inches. Based on the measurement results, they thought all nuts had been tensioned within the acceptable range. But once again, they misunderstood what the instruments were telling them. The read-outs actually showed the elongation, or lack thereof. Because the nuts had not been properly tensioned, the bolts had not properly elongated.
A worker and a quality control inspector signed off each bolt and nut as being properly tensioned when in fact, none were.
The NRC discovered that formal training on reactor vessel disassembly and reassembly had not been conducted at Brunswick since 2000. Only 4 of the 13 workers who reassembled the reactor vessel head in mid November 2011 had been formally qualified to do the tasks.
Because the reactor vessel head had not been properly reassembled, increasing pressure inside the reactor vessel during the reactor startup lifted the head enough to squirt water out past the flanges. The water was hot, increasing the temperature in the top portion of the containment. And the water drained down into the basement of the containment where instrumentation recorded the increasing leakage rate.
The direct safety implications of this event are minor. Instrumentation inside containment detected the leakage and the plant’s operating license limited the leak rate low enough that a shut down was required before reactor cooling was jeopardized.
However, the indirect safety implications of this event are troubling. Administrative measures such as personnel qualifications, training, and second party verifications are intended to yield quality outcomes. Here, few of the workers were qualified or trained for the assigned tasks. And none of the parties involved understood what they were doing. In other words, none of the administrative measures succeeded.
In this case, the breakdown in administrative measures became self-evident—the reactor vessel started spraying down the containment with increasing amounts of hot water. But what if unqualified and untrained workers with little understanding of the task at hand performed maintenance on the emergency diesel generators, or emergency core cooling pumps, or standby gas treatment system, and such? Would those failures also conveniently reveal themselves? Or might they remain undetected until called upon to mitigate an accident? The time to discover that a car’s air bag as a hole in it is not as that car wraps itself around a tree.
The NRC discovered that the company stopped training workers on reactor vessel disassembly and reassembly procedures in 2000. The lack of training contributed to this event. Was other training also eliminated or reduced as a cost saving measure? If so, are there other latent safety problems lingering at Brunswick due to workers not having been properly trained? Time will tell.
“Fission Stories” is a weekly feature by Dave Lochbaum. For more information on nuclear power safety, see the nuclear safety section of UCS’s website and our interactive map, the Nuclear Power Information Tracker.
Support from UCS members make work like this possible. Will you join us? Help UCS advance independent science for a healthy environment and a safer world.
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Coffee has become a popular lifestyle drink nowadays. You may love the caffeine, flavor, or both. However, there are many different kinds of coffee, and you want to try the best one instead of ordering the same thing over and over again. In this article, we will help you understand the differences between espresso vs americano.
Continue reading below to find out about:
– What are espresso and americano,
– The history of espresso and americano,
– The caffeine levels of espresso and americano, and
– The strength and flavor of espresso vs americano.
What is espresso?
Espresso is a very strong dark coffee. It is generally thicker than other kinds of coffee brewed by other methods, and it usually has a higher concentration of dissolved and suspended solids with a layer of crema (foam with creamy consistency) on the top. It is served in smaller portions, either in one- or two-ounce cups. It is also used as the base for many other coffee drinks, such as americano, macchiato, latte, cappuccino, mocha, and flat white.
Espresso is made by using a special coffee maker. During the process, the ground coffee is packed into a metal filter with pressurized, nearly-boiling water running through it. By forcing out a small amount of such water through the finely ground coffee, you can extract very rich coffee.
Contrary to the common belief, espresso actually contains a smaller amount of caffeine than standard brewed coffee. It is true that espresso has more caffeine per unit volume than other coffee drinks, but don’t forget that the serving size is rather small. Of course, the actual caffeine content of a coffee drink depends on several factors such as the size, origin, and roast method, but a typical serving of espresso usually has 120 – 170 mg caffeine.
The history of espresso
The brewing method of espresso has been performed for a very long time. According to Wikipedia, the word “espresso” itself is an Italian word which means “to force out” or “to express”. There is another term popularly used, “expresso”, but this spelling is considered incorrect by many experts as the letter x is not a part of the standard Italian alphabet.
People in Italy simply refer to it as caffe because it is the usual coffee to order. In Spain, the usual way to order it is cafe solo, indicating that the coffee is served without milk.
The first steam-driven instantaneous coffee maker was patented in Turin in 1884 by Angelo Moriondo. This is believed to be the first Italian bar machine with controlled steam and water supplies. Espresso became popular in the United Kingdom in the ’50s, particularly in the form of cappuccino. It became popular in the United States in the form of latte. Throughout the ’80s and ’90s, it was popularized in Seattle, then nationally and internationally, by Starbucks.
The flavor of espresso
As mentioned above, espresso is a very strong coffee. It has a rich flavor. Note that the precise flavor depends on the bean and roast. With a darker roast, the taste is more intense and bitter. With a lighter roast, the taste is less acidic. In most cases, the flavor strength of espresso alone can help you to feel more awake, in addition to the caffeine.
Espresso’s main variables are the size and length. Many cafes have standardized shots of varying sizes and lengths, but they usually only vary the number of shots used in the coffee drink. This is because changing between a double and triple only requires the changing of the filter basket, which is relatively easier. Changing between normale, ristretto, and lungo requires the changing of the grind, which is more difficult. A finely-tweaked grind is a crucial aspect for consistent espresso quality.
What is americano?
The difference between espresso vs americano may be simpler than you think. Americano is watered-down espresso. If you can’t handle the intense strength of espresso, americano is a great alternative which allows you to enjoy the rich flavor with just a fraction of the strength. Americano has a strength that is similar to traditionally brewed coffee, but with a different flavor. (See also : Americano vs Cappuccino)
Americano is made by diluting espresso with hot water. You can make it by pouring espresso into a cup of hot water or by pouring the hot water into the already brewed cup. Either way, the result is the same. In the United Kingdom and Italy, a typical serving of americano uses about 1 – 16 fl oz hot water and double espresso.
Of course, americano has a similar caffeine amount as the espresso used as the base. The added water simply lowers the flavor intensity and the amount of caffeine per unit volume.
The history of americano
As you may have expected, the word “americano” means “American”. It came from either American Spanish or Italian in the ’70s. There is a popular yet unconfirmed belief that the name of this drink became popular during World War II. At that time, American soldiers in Italy would add hot water to espresso in order to estimate the coffee to which they were accustomed. After all, the term “caffe americano” means “American coffee” in Italian.
In Australia, people refer to espresso as “short black” and americano as “long black”. There is an emphasis on the preparation order. The hot water is added into the cup first before pouring the espresso. Meanwhile, in the western United States, people use the term “italiano” for short americano with 1:1 espresso/water ratio.
The flavor of americano
The flavor of americano is similar to that of espresso, but with a lower intensity. It is not as strong as espresso. This is great for people who find that espresso is too strong. Again, the precise flavor depends on the bean and roast method used to make the espresso base.
Nevertheless, there are several variations of americano. Iced americano combines espresso with cold water, rather than hot water. Meanwhile, lungo is made by extracting the espresso with more water to give more volume, but this also extracts some bitterness. Caffe crema is made in a similar fashion as lungo but significantly longer. Finally, “red eye” or “a shot in the dark” is made by using drip coffee rather than hot water.
Espresso vs Americano
|- Very strong dark coffee||- Watered-down espresso|
|- High flavor strength/intensity||- Relatively lower strength/intensity|
|- Smaller portions, usually served in one- or two-ounce cups||- Has more volume, may use 1:1 espresso/water ratio or 1 – 16 fl oz water with double espresso|
|- Originated in Italy||- Believed to originate in Italy during World War II, made popular by American soldiers|
Now, you understand the differences between espresso vs americano. Espresso is a very strong dark coffee with great flavor intensity, usually served smaller portions. On the other hand, americano is watered-down espresso. It is made by adding hot water into espresso. It has a lower strength and higher volume, but the total caffeine amount remains similar.
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ARV-1801 (sodium fusidate) is an experimental therapy being developed by Arrevus to treat pulmonary exacerbations in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Although investigational in the U.S., the treatment is part of standard care in the U.K. and Australia.
How does ARV-1801 work?
CF is a genetic disease caused by mutations in a gene called CFTR, which encodes for a protein channel that controls the movement of ions in and out of cells. When the ion balance in cells is not maintained correctly, the tissues and organs become coated in thick, sticky mucus, which interferes with their function.
In the lungs, this mucus is especially problematic; in addition to inhibiting the movement of the lungs and the movement of oxygen into the body, it also makes the lungs much more susceptible to infections.
ARV-1801 contains sodium fusidate, a potent antibiotic against the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which is responsible for about 70% of lung infections in CF patients. The antibiotic is also effective against one of the drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Sodium fusidate acts against bacteria by inhibiting an important step in protein synthesis. Because bacteria and people have different protein synthesis pathways, only the bacteria are affected by the therapy.
The compound also has anti-inflammatory and mucus-clearing properties.
ARV-1801 in clinical trials
A study published in 1982 in the journal Acta Paedriatica reviewed CF cases of Staphylococcus aureus over 15 years. During this period of time, 191 CF patients were treated with sodium fusidate in combination with oxacillin or dicloxacillin (antibiotics similar in structure to penicillin) given for 14 days. For patients who were allergic to the penicillin family of antibiotics, sodium fusidate was instead given in combination with rifampin.
The researchers found that a single course of treatment was sufficient to eradicate the infection in 74% of the cases. Repeated or extended treatment was successful in most of the remaining cases, with the infection lasting six months or more in 9% of the cases. Most patients were treated twice per year (on average) but a reduction in efficacy was not seen with repeated use of the treatment.
Arrevus is planning to conduct a Phase 2 clinical trial to study ARV-1801 in treating pulmonary exacerbations in CF patients.
Last updated: Feb. 20, 2020
Cystic Fibrosis News Today is strictly a news and information website about the disease. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.
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Bangladesh's foreign minister has revealed the real impetus behind the developing world's participation in climate talks: the carrot of billions from the rich countries that was dangled in front of them to get them to agree. Now the money is still not materialising, the threats have started to get less and less veiled
Efforts by developed countries to redistribute promised funds to help poorer parts of the world avoid environmental disasters have been described as "dismal" by the foreign minister of Bangladesh.
Dipu Moni said wealthier nations must begin immediately delivering the billions of pounds' worth of aid they have earmarked for climate change projects. "Our achievements – social, economic, environmental – of the past decades will be reversed if [rich countries] take away the funds promised for adapting to climate change," she said in an interview. "The disbursement of the financing has been dismal so far. We are not seeing the funds."
A total of $30bn has been promised by the end of this year but, after three years of delays in channelling promised money, only $2.4bn has been made available.
Moni said the world's most vulnerable countries were being "marginalised", even while the danger of disasters related to global warming was increasing rapidly. Bangladesh is among the countries most at risk from climate change, and its low-lying lands and agriculture-dependent people are already frequently prey to devastating floods and storm surges.
She said it was essential for developed countries to make good on their funding promises if their commitments made at recent UN climate change talks in Durban were to be believed: "This is the litmus test for the big emitters, the developed countries, the test of whether they mean it."
Smaller developing countries, such as Bangladesh, could no longer be expected simply to follow the lead of China, India and other rapidly emerging big economies in the climate change negotiations. In a distinction that will reverberate through world capitals as leading nations discuss the next steps towards a legally binding global agreement on climate change, Moni insisted Bangladesh and similar nations would forge their own path, independently of the lead given by countries such as China, India, Brazil and South Africa.
"We have been lumped along with big emitters in the same category [as other developing countries that are much bigger economies]," Moni said. "But we and the most vulnerable countries and the least developed countries should be in a different category. India and China have their development challenges, but we are not big emitters so our challenges and demands are different."
Green technologies such as solar power remained too expensive for small developing countries, Moni added. "For us, it's hugely expensive and that has to be understood by the west."
Bald eagles still not saved by DDT ban…
No matter how many times the myth is repeated
by Steve Milloy
Today’s hapless echo of the DDT-bald eagle myth is reporter Scott Richardson of Bloomington, IL’s Pantagraph.com, who wrote:
Bald eagle numbers were plummeting when I was growing up not far from Starved Rock State Park.
The birds were listed as endangered until after the feds banned DDT. The agri-chemical had found its way into the food chain, first into the fish, then into the eagles that ate them. Egg shells were weakened so much they broke when mature eagles tried to keep them warm.
Today, the birds have rebounded. It’s a joy to see them wintering on the eagle refuge on Plum Island across from Starved Rock State Park. Many can be found there during the cold months when they are forced southward from Wisconsin, Michigan and Canada to find open water to feed. The colder the winter, the more eagles turn up there…
But as JunkScience.com readers know from “100 Things You Should Know About DDT“, DDT had nothing to do with the near demise of the bald eagle, and DDT’s ban had nothing to do with the rebound in bald eagle population:
66. Bald eagles were reportedly threatened with extinction in 1921 — 25 years before widespread use of DDT. [Van Name, WG. 1921. Ecology 2:76]
67. Alaska paid over $100,000 in bounties for 115,000 bald eagles between 1917 and 1942. [Anon. Science News Letter, July 3, 1943]
68. The bald eagle had vanished from New England by 1937. [Bent, AC. 1937. Raptorial Birds of America. US National Museum Bull 167:321-349]
69. After 15 years of heavy and widespread usage of DDT, Audubon Society ornithologists counted 25 percent more eagles per observer in 1960 than during the pre-DDT 1941 bird census. [Marvin, PH. 1964 Birds on the rise. Bull Entomol Soc Amer 10(3):184-186; Wurster, CF. 1969 Congressional Record S4599, May 5, 1969; Anon. 1942. The 42nd Annual Christmas Bird Census. Audubon Magazine 44:1-75 (Jan/Feb 1942; Cruickshank, AD (Editor). 1961. The 61st Annual Christmas Bird Census. Audubon Field Notes 15(2):84-300; White-Stevens, R.. 1972. Statistical analyses of Audubon Christmas Bird censuses. Letter to New York Times, August 15, 1972]
70. No significant correlation between DDE residues and shell thickness was reported in a large series of bald eagle eggs. [Postupalsky, S. 1971. (DDE residues and shell thickness). Canadian Wildlife Service manuscript, April 8, 1971]
71. Thickness of eggshells from Florida, Maine and Wisconsin was found to not be correlated with DDT residues.
Warmist Armageddon prophet has the "Mother of All Hockey Sticks"
Katharine Hayhoe, a research associate professor at Texas Tech University and expert reviewer for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, gave a presentation on climate science to REP members via conference call on March 9, 2010. REP members from across the U.S. participated in this call. Katharine previously spoke to REP members at our annual conference in San Antonio, in September 2007.
A PDF of Katharine's March 9, 2010 presentation is available. From page 49 of the PDF we see The Mother of All Hockey Sticks:
It's just a prophecy so there is no way you can prove it or disprove it -- so Ms Hayhead no doubt thought she might as well be hung for a sheep as a lamb. From a scientific point of view however, the prophecy is absurd. A gross and sudden departure from nature's regularities is most unlikely. Real scientists predict the future from what has happened regularly in the past but the Hayhead wants none of that.
More HERE. (See the original for links)
He contributed to all five IPCC Assessment Reports but says: "I feel rather unconfortable about using not only unpublished but also un reviewed material as the backbone of our conclusions (or any conclusions)...I feel that at this point there are very little rules and almost anything goes"
A ClimateGate email:
From: GIORGI FILIPPO To: Chapter 10 LAs -- Congbin Fu , GIORGI FILIPPO , Bruce Hewitson , Mike Hulme , Jens Christensen , Linda Mearns , Richard Jones , Hans von Storch , Peter Whetton Subject: On "what to do?" Date: Mon, 11 Sep 2000 16:58:02 +0200 ???(MET DST)
...First let me say that in general, as my own opinion, I feel rather unconfortable about using not only unpublished but also un reviewed material as the backbone of our conclusions (or any conclusions). I realize that chapter 9 is including SRES stuff, and thus we can and need to do that too, but the fact is that in doing so the rules of IPCC have been softened to the point that in this way the IPCC is not any more an assessment of published science (which is its proclaimed goal) but production of results. The softened condition that the models themself have to be published does not even apply because the Japanese model for example is very different from the published one which gave results not even close to the actual outlier version (in the old dataset the CCC model was the outlier). Essentially, I feel that at this point there are very little rules and almost anything goes. I think this will set a dangerous precedent which might mine the IPCC credibility, and I am a bit unconfortable that now nearly everybody seems to think that it is just ok to do this. Anyways, this is only my opinion for what it is worth.
Who is Filippo Giorgi?
Filippo Giorgi obtained a Laurea in Physics from the University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy in 1982 and a Ph.D. from the School of Geophysical Sciences of the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA in 1986. From 1986 to 1998 he was a scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado, USA.
Since 1998 he is at ICTP, where he is the head of the Earth System Physics (ESP) section.
Giorgi is an international expert in climate modeling and climate change research. He authored or co-authored over 200 papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals and is included in the list of most highly cited scientists in the geosciences (which places him in the top 0.5% of this category). He has been PI or co-PI of over 25 research grants in Europe and the U.S. From 2002 to 2008 Giorgi was one of the vice chairs of Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which won the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. He contributed to all five IPCC Assessment Reports to date.
SOURCE (See the original for links)
Everything is caused by climate change
They give no reasoning for their claim below. It is just a reflex twitch. A hundred years ago they would have said: "It's the Jews" -- with equal lack of logic
SCIENTISTS have found the world's first hybrid sharks in Australian waters. Leading researchers in marine biology discovered 57 animals along a 2000 km stretch from Queensland to NSW.
The predators are a cross between the common blacktip shark and Australian blacktip shark, two related but genetically distinct species.
The scientists say interbreeding between the two shark species is a sign the animals are adapting to climate change. They also warn that hybridisation could make the sharks stronger.
Dr Jennifer Ovenden, of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, said: "Hybridization could enable the sharks to adapt to environmental change as the smaller Australian black tip currently favours tropical waters in the north while the larger common black tip is more abundant in sub-tropical and temperate waters along the south-eastern Australian coastline."
She added: "Wild hybrids are usually hard to find, so detecting hybrids and their offspring is extraordinary. To find 57 hybrids along 2000km of coastline is unprecedented."
Dr Jess Morgan, a researcher at the University of Queensland researcher, told The Australian that it was unusual for sharks to breed in this way. "Sharks physically mate, which is usually a good way to make sure you don't hybridize with the wrong species," she said.
Colin Simpfendorfer, of James Cook University's Fishing and Fisheries Research Centre, said: "The results of this research show that we still have a lot to learn about these important ocean predators."
Australia: A real environmentalist thinks the Greens are clueless
When the Bureau of Meteorology releases its annual data this week, it will probably announce that Australia has just had the second or third wettest year in its recorded history. No surprise. The most miserable summer in Sydney in 50 years. The coldest autumn nationally in more than 50 years. Record flooding in Victoria. A Christmas Day in Melbourne with hailstones the size of eggs. Massive floods in south Queensland. Cyclone Yasi in north Queensland. Heavy rainfall across the desert inland. Extreme rainfall and cold in Darwin.
Multiple-choice question: what's it all mean?
(a) Onset of global warming impact.
(b) Latest cycle of El Nino - Southern Oscillation.
(c) Combination of global warming and El Nino.
(d) Monumental mishandling of the landscape.
The most interesting explanation I have heard for the extreme weather comes from a landscape restorer, Peter Andrews.
He chooses (d).
"Our landscape is still on a dramatic downward spiral," he told me. "When the heavy rains came recently I saw the Goulburn River was running brown. The river was thick with soil. About one farm an hour was being carried down that river. "
He discounts the argument that we are seeing the impact of global warming. "The whole global warming argument misses the point. Yes, we are facing an environmental disaster. Yes, it is urgent. Yes, it is caused by our own activities. But we have misdiagnosed the problem … In terms of dealing with Australia's problems, the global warming industry is a giant con."
His philosophy, boiled down to its essence, is that our landscape was working brilliantly at retaining water and soil until European settlement began making "improvements".
By changing the landscape, we changed the weather. Transforming the land by cropping, herding and irrigation created a cycle of heating and cooling on the land, a cycle of boom and bust, that could only grow more extreme.
Peter Andrews? We wrote about him several years ago. Since then he's been on the ABC's Australian Story, written two books and gathered a following for his land restoration technique called Natural Sequence Farming. His great calling card is the one landscape he has been able to shape and control, the Baramul Stud in the upper Hunter Valley, owned by the retail magnate Gerry Harvey.
During the long drought, I visited Baramul and it remained watered, retaining moisture in the soil. During the big wet of the last two years, Baramul has gained soil, not seen it washed away.
"While other properties have been eroding around us, in the last five years we've gained about 10 million tonnes of soil and sand," he told me. "The reed beds in the creek are now functioning as the system functioned in the millions of years before settlement. The reeds slow the flow of water and help store water in the landscape. The extensive presence of reeds we have now is the same pattern that [Charles] Sturt described when he made his journey down the Darling River."
Gerry Harvey is happy. His wealth may be taking a beating as the share price of Harvey Norman slides thanks to a structural decline in traditional retailing, but Baramul is thriving.
Andrews, like Harvey, is a businessman, not some anti-farming zealot. He's been a farmer, and thinks farming can be done so much better. Even cotton farming could be transformed into a practice less alien to the landscape and more productively.
He believes most of the agricultural sector has misread its own lifeblood, the landscape, causing a massive build-up of heat on the land, which then draws cool air from the ocean.
"As soon as all the crops ripen, there is a build-up of heat on the land that is not managed by plants. This heat joins the weather system, causing a massive increase in thermal build-up. This causes extreme weather …"
It is a big theme to consider on the first Monday of the year, especially with the linkages Andrews sees between the wet Sydney summer, the storms in Melbourne, and the rainfall across northern and central Australia.
It's all linked, he says, and the accelerating cycle of extreme weather is a challenge made by our own hand.
He regards the global warming debate, and the government's responses via a carbon tax, as an exercise of expensive irrelevance on a massive scale, compared with the immediate challenge of soil and water loss and the build-up of salinity in the landscape. He sees the threat to the nation's long-term productive capacity as more immediate than the threat posed by higher global temperatures.
Andrews is also disenchanted by the attempts to restore the Murray-Darling river system, a process that has so far pleased no one, and led to the federal government's purchase of water rights for billions of dollars.
"Cattle are the main reason why the Murray-Darling is in a mess," he said. "It used to function perfectly. The amount of evaporation today is a disgrace. It is about 54 per cent. It used to be zero. Water was recycled many times after rainfall."
On the other great issue facing farmers, coal seam gas mining, and the practice of extraction by hydraulic fracturing, known as fracking, Andrews also has strong views. "Fracking is exceptionally dangerous. Groundwater is the most critical thing in the landscape and coal seam gas is a real threat to groundwater."
All this should make him a hero to the Greens, but he is appalled by the thought. "The Greens have no idea. They are clueless."
For more postings from me, see DISSECTING LEFTISM, TONGUE-TIED, EDUCATION WATCH INTERNATIONAL, POLITICAL CORRECTNESS WATCH, FOOD & HEALTH SKEPTIC, GUN WATCH, AUSTRALIAN POLITICS, IMMIGRATION WATCH INTERNATIONAL and EYE ON BRITAIN. My Home Pages are here or here or here. Email me (John Ray) here. For readers in China or for times when blogger.com is playing up, there are mirrors of this site here and here
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It's easy for kids to feel intimidated by a research project. This new user-friendly guide is the simple answer to some not-so-easy questions. With big, helpful headings, humorous illustrations, and bold graphics, this fun and fast guide offers a logical, step-by-step approach to finding it, writing it, and getting it done!
Popular author Marvin Terban gives kids all the skills they need to complete a research paper. The book is written in a light, breezy style, with lots of bullet points and no huge blocks of text. Becasue, let's face it, if you're already stuck with a huge research assignment, who has time to read a thick book about research?
From choosing a topic to making an outline, doing online and traditional research, tackling the writing process, and completing footnotes and a bibliography, kids will find everything they need for paper-writing success!
- 11, 12, 9, 10
- Interest Level
- Grades 4 - 7
- Scholastic Reference
- Number of Pages
- Reference, Dictionaries, Reference, Series
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Urban agriculture is practised to a substantial degree in many cities in the world. In discussions on a sustainable development of urban agriculture the positive and negative relationships play an important role, whether based on facts or on prejudice. Health is a major issue in this. There is indeed an obvious relationship between urban agriculture on the one hand, and the health and environmental conditions of the urban population on the other. This third issue of the Urban Agriculture Magazine focuses on the relationship between urban agriculture and health.
We offer you 10 articles on a diversity of topics surrounding the theme; food security, food policies, use of waste and wastewater and zoonoses. The guest editor for this issue was Karen Lock, from the European Centre on the Health of Societies in Transition, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Further support was received from Marianne Lindner, from the ETC Health Group, who recently finished an analysis of key issues in urban health and health-care in developing countries.
- Mitigating the Health Risks Associated with Urban and Periurban Agriculture
- Food Policies are Essential for Healthy Cities
- Designing a Research Agenda on Malaria and Agriculture
- Pesticide Soil Contamination: a Case Study from Perth, Western Australia
- Supporting Farmers towards Safe Year-round Vegetables in Periurban Manila
- Zoonoses of Dairy Cattle, with Reference to Africa
- Public Health Issues of Wastewater-fed Aquaculture
- Reducing Health Risks of Urban Organic Solid Waste Use
- Reducing the Health Risks of Using Wastewater in Agriculture: Recommended Changes to WHO Guidelines
- The Use of Wastewater for Urban Agriculture: the Example of Dakar, Nouakchott and Ouagadougou
- Periurban Irrigated Agriculture and Health Risks in Ghana
- Ecological Sanitation: Closing the Loop
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You’re not feeling like yourself—and you can’t remember the last time you did. You used to love the outdoors: fly fishing, hiking, goofing around at the beach. You used to live for weekends, and would spend yours with friends and family, trying new things. But now you spend your Saturdays glued to the couch, blinds drawn, limbs like lead, mind numb. Maybe it’s related to your diabetes—or were you always this way? When did your life change? Untangling the complicated web of depression and diabetes can feel a bit like playing chicken or egg.
Here’s what we know: statistics indicate that people with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are two to three times more likely to suffer from depression than those who are healthy. This isn’t just because being chronically ill makes a person depressed, although that’s often a facet of it.
The more carefully and consistently you manage your diabetes, the better you emotionally feel. However (and this is a big however), many patients don’t understand what’s causing their depression—over the years, these feelings become the chronic pain of living. For these patients, breaking bad habits and improving their emotional state seems impossible. Depression and poor diabetes maintenance grow into a self-destructive cycle, whereby poor management becomes a means of self-punishment, which leads to even greater feelings of hopelessness and inadequacy.
How does this cycle begin? It has to do with the blurry line between depressive symptoms and cognitive symptoms of diabetes. Side by side, the cognitive effects of depression and high blood sugar look almost identical: lethargy, brain fog, lack of inertia—all of these could indicate depression, diabetes, or both. Most mental health professionals don’t rule out diabetes before making a diagnosis of depression. As a result, many people live for years with undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes, suffering from the cognitive and physical symptoms. For these individuals, a diabetes diagnosis can be a crushing blow after years of depressive decline.
If you struggle with depression and diabetes, seek help by contacting a therapist or certified diabetes educator (CDE). Although your diabetes may or may not have caused your depression, without a doubt, it has made it worse—and proper maintenance can make it better. Keep your friends and family in the loop about how your health is affecting you emotionally. While they may not be able to offer a solution, they can provide support, kindness, and understanding.
How do you keep positive and avoid self-destructive behaviors? Share your experiences in the comments section!
Eliot LeBow, LCSW, CDE, is a diabetes-focused psychotherapist. His private practice, located in New York City and is also available via Skype. LeBow, who has been living with type 1 diabetes since 1977, treats the many diverse cognitive, behavioral, and emotional needs of people living with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
All the advice included in this blog is therapeutic in nature and should not be considered medical advice. Before making any changes to your diabetes maintenance program, please consult with your primary physician or endocrinologist.
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At Claremont Graduate University’s School of Community & Global Health, students and faculty collaborate on creative, interdisciplinary research that leads to innovations in health and quality of life for individuals and communities at home and abroad.
We are tackling today’s most vexing health issues through hands-on, community-focused research and education. This means not only preventing premature disease and suffering but also optimizing the well-being of individuals through personal growth and enriched community environments that nurture positive health outcomes. We believe workable solutions can come only through the interaction of scientific research and community action, stemming from an approach that is integrative across the life, behavioral, and social sciences and that is responsive to community needs.
Research Centers and Affiliates
Pacific Rim Research Center
The Pacific Rim Transdisciplinary Tobacco & Alcohol Use Research Center engages in research in both countries. It focuses on the nations’ culturally diverse youth as it examines neurocognitive, genetic, environmental, social, and cultural factors influencing tobacco and alcohol use behavior in order to develop more effective prevention programs.
China Seven Cities Study
The China Seven Cities Study is a longitudinal investigation of substance use and lifestyles in seven of China’s most populated urban areas.
Pacific Rim Global Health Framework
The Pacific Rim Global Health Framework is an international consortium that promotes the study of global health and collaborates on the development of state-of-the-art, interdisciplinary, scientific training that will lead to the reduction of chronic, non-communicable diseases.
Parenting to Prevent Problem Behaviors in Filipinos
The Parenting to Prevent Problem Behaviors in Filipinos research project involves the design and implementation of a culturally tailored parenting intervention program to prevent the development of problem behaviors.
Study of Tobacco Use Among Young Adult South Asians
The Study of Tobacco Use Among Young Adult South Asians aims to broaden our knowledge of the factors that influence tobacco use among South Asians living in the United States.
Weaving an Islander Network for Cancer Awareness Research and Training
The overarching goal of the Weaving an Islander Network for Cancer Awareness, Research and Training (WINCART) Center is to contribute to the reduction of cancer health disparities among Pacific Islanders in Southern California.
Action Plans & Memory Consolidation: Reducing HIV Risk in Drug Users
This ongoing HIV-related study experimentally evaluates short-term prospective effects of new interventions on preventive behaviors and underlying basic processes in a large sample of drug offenders.
Habitual & Neurocognitive Processes in Adolescent Obesity Prevention
The Habitual & Neurocognitive Processes in Adolescent Obesity Prevention study aims to develop a novel intervention strategy to improve nutrition behavior and reduce risk of obesity among adolescents.
Imaging Implicit Alcohol Associations
This project seeks to understand the neural substrates involved in implicit associative processes through the imaging of alcohol-relevant implicit associations that have been shown to consistently correlate with and predict levels of alcohol use.
Imaging Implicit Marijuana Associations
This project seeks to understand the neural substrates involved in implicit associative processes through the imaging of drug-relevant memory associations that have been shown to consistently correlate with and predict levels of drug use.
Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Decisions and Impulse Control in Nutrition Behavior
The goal of this project is to evaluate key neural pathways involved in control and more automatic processes (dual processes) related to decisions about food consumption.
Teenage Stimulant Use: Neurally Plausible Spontaneous and Reflective Processes
This project seeks to understand and elucidate the processes underlying the early development of stimulant gateway progression and its likely risks.
Obesity Prevention Tailored for Health II
The Obesity Prevention Tailored (OPT) for Health II project is an innovative research study that will test a behavioral intervention designed to promote healthy eating and physical activity.
Obesity and Psychosocial Adjustment During Adolescence
This project seeks to describe the shapes of growth curves for overweight status and multiple psychosocial adjustment problems during the period from age nine to age 15.
Stressful Life Events, Genetic Variants and Obesity Among Chinese Adolescents
This project seeks to investigate effects of stressful life events, genetic variants, and their interactions on depressive symptoms, food consumption, physical activity and inactivity, and obesity in a representative sample of Chinese adolescents.
This project seeks to understand the cognitive processes through which television advertising influences alcohol use in a large sample of adolescents tracked longitudinally over four years.
Marketing and Explanatory Processes in Tobacco Progression Among Vulnerable Youth
This project explores tobacco marketing at retail outlets in lower socioeconomic neighborhoods as a potential cause tobacco use among vulnerable, lower SES, multi-ethnic youth.
Dual Processes in HIV Risk Behavior in Drug Abusers
This project investigates these hypotheses and several alternatives in a population at known risk for the transmission of HIV: adult non-injection drug users.
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As Dorothy Couchman points out in her post, the previous chapter moved from “the self-fashioning gestures of male planters in the eighteenth-century Chesapeake” to “William Blake’s 1793 engravings of slaves being tortured in Suriname.” In Chapter Five “’Popping Sorrow’: Loss and the Transformation of Servitude,” Gikandi focuses on the representations of the slaves as subjects. This chapter serves as a transition into the next chapter’s deeper exploration of “the meaning of the scenes of merrymaking that dominate descriptive accounts of West Indian and American slavery and how they should be read or interpreted” (202). His exploration of the “happy slave” revolves around the performance of sorrow.
For writers creating a new black modernity through their narratives, the former slaves Olaudah Equiano, Mary Prince and Frederick Douglass argued that slaves must recognize the negation defining their existential condition in order to recreate themselves as subjects. These authors work to interpret these scenes play and celebration by teaching their readers to read what seem to be markers of pleasure as melancholic signs of oppression. Douglass, Gikandi reminds us, “detested any suggestion that the experience of slavery would generate any kind of pleasure for the enslaved. . . . as far as he [Douglass] was concerned, slave holidays and performances were part of the master’s cunning, attempts to manipulate affect, rather than provide a vehicle through which the real feelings and sensibilities of slaves could be expressed” (197, 199). Building on but complicating these arguments, Gikandi asks that we interpret both these scenes of merrymaking and the slave narratives critique of them within a larger context of sensibility, aesthetic taste, and cultural memory.
For me, the most striking moments were the complicated relationship between affective performances and the moments when the black bodies depicted become marked by gender. Although not a major focus of the book, the discussion of the female, enslaved bodies of Mary Prince and unnamed mixed-race women illustrate the complicated performance of self required to create a black subjectivity within a slave society.
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By Scott Hendren
Microsoft Excel is an application that many companies use to perform calculations for their designs. The Behavioral Modeling Extension (BMX) enables Excel to be integrated directly into the Creo Parametric 4.0 model so that the model conforms to your design requirements. This integration is accomplished using an Excel Analysis analysis feature that references an external Excel file to make calculations. Once an Excel spreadsheet is created, it can be easily referenced by multiple models.
Consider the model shown below:
A spreadsheet can be used to drive the geometry based values and calculations in the spreadsheet. An example spreadsheet is shown below:
In this spreadsheet, the cells highlighted in blue are values that come from Creo. These values can be dimensions or parameters. In Creo, you create an Excel Analysis feature. In the Excel Analysis dialog box, you click the Add Dimension button and select a dimension from the model, then select the applicable cell. For example, you could select the THICKNESS dimension shown below:
Then, select cell B4 in the spreadsheet above. The value of THICKNESS in the Creo model will replace the value in the spreadsheet. This process is then repeated until you have extracted all the values you require from the Creo model.
You can use the power of Excel to conduct multiple calculations, then can push the results of those calculations back to Excel to drive the geometry.To do so, in the Excel analysis dialog box, you click Output Cells, then select the cells in Excel where the calculated results are found.
For example, if we were using the spreadsheet to calculate the Total Heat Transfer, you would select cell D65 from the spreadsheet shown below:
In the ANALYSIS dialog box, you can create a parameter from the result or results returned to Creo, as shown below:
Note that the default naming convention is XL_ROW#_COL# but you are of course free to change that to something more meaningful.
In our example, when changes are made to the geometry - say the number of fins or some other geometrical change, the spreadsheet will be loaded, values will be passed from Creo to the spreadsheet, calculations will occur in the spreadsheet, then values will be passed back to the Creo model.
It should be noted that Creo stores the full path to the spreadsheet in the model. If the spreadsheet can't be found, the model will still regenerate, but will use the last known values. You may want to use the config.pro option excel_analysis_directory to set a fixed path to your excel analysis spreadsheets.
Using Excel Analysis Features allow you to avoid creating very complicated relations in the model. You can use the power of Excel to do some of the heavy lifting for you, and to take advantage of data and calculations that have previously been setup.
Take some time to experiment with Excel Analysis features, and I think you will find them to be a very powerful design tool.
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Burzagli as a young officer
June 7, 1873|
|Died||September 13, 1944
|Allegiance||Kingdom of Italy|
|Years of service||1892-1931|
|Battles/wars||World War I|
Ernesto Burzagli CB (June 7, 1873 – September 13, 1944) was a prominent figure in the Kingdom of Italy during the early 20th century. During a lifetime career in the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina Italiana), he rose to the rank of Admiral and Chief of Staff. In 1933, King Victor Emmanuel III appointed Burzagli as a Senator in Rome.
Despite his life service to the state, Burzagli was arrested in 1944 after clashing with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Although he was released a short time later, Burzagli was forced to withdraw from public life.
Burzagli was from a noble family of Montevarchi, but was born in Modena, as his father had relocated there to assume a position as a professor of physics at the Military Academy of Modena. Burzagli graduated from the Accademia Navale di Livorno in 1892, and after serving on a number of ships in the Royal Italian Navy, he was assigned as a military attaché to Tokyo, Japan in May 1904. He arrived just in time to become an official foreign observer of the Imperial Japanese Navy in the Russo-Japanese War, and witnessed first-hand the naval bombardment of Port Arthur. After the end of the war, in April 1906, he was received by Emperor Meiji of Japan, and received the Order of the Rising Sun before his return to Italy.
In 1912, Burzagli was assigned command of an Intrepid-class destroyer. Promoted to commander in 1914, he saw combat in World War I as commander of a squadron of destroyers, and from May 1916 to March 1917, served on the General Staff of the Italian Navy. In 1917, Captain Burzagli sailed the RN Libia across the Atlantic Ocean to New York. Near the end of the conflict, he was promoted to higher rank.
At the end of the war in 1919, Burzagli was sent to Albania to command the Vlore naval base, and played an active role in the suppression of pro-independence Albanian uprising, personally undertaking several reconnaissance flights over rebel-held territory, for which he was awarded the Bronze Medal of Military Valor.
Burzagli was given command of the cruiser RN Libia from February 1921 to February 1923, and during this period, the ship circumnavigated the globe. On his return, Burzagli was promoted to the rank of rear admiral; and he and assigned to head the Accademia Navale and the Italian Institute of Marine War.
He wrote a treatise in four volumes, Manual of Navigation (1927).
Burzagli was promoted to Divisional Admiral in 1926, and promoted again to Vice Admiral in 1928. He was Naval Chief of Staff from 1927-1931. He was no longer Naval Chief of Staff in 1932 when Italy announced plans to retire two battleships, twelve cruisers, 25 destroyers, and 12 submarines—in all, 130,000 tons of naval vessels.
In 1933, he was also named a Senator. In the Senate, he served as a member of the Commission for Examination of Law Conversion (1936–1939), a member of the Commission for Finances (1939–1943), and a member of the Commission for the High Court of Justice (1940–1943).
Burzagli withdrew from the active service in 1936. After the withdrawal to Montevarchi near his estate of Moncioni, he entered in friction with Benito Mussolini for his clear opposition to Italy's entrance into the Axis Powers, and for his subsequent opposition to Italy's entrance into World War II.
In the spring of 1944, he refused to collaborate with the authorities of the Italian Social Republic and was arrested. However, he was released in consideration of his reputation and his advanced age.
He is buried in a monumental tomb in the cemetery of Montevarchi.
- • Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy, Kingdom of Italy, 1905.
- • Officer of the Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy, 1916.
- • Commander of the Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy, 1919.
- • Grand Officer of the Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy, 1926.
- • Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy, 1933.
- • Knight of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, Kingdom of Italy, 1915.
- • Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1922.
- • Commander of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1923.
- • Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1931.
- • Knight of Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1936.
- • Order of the Rising Sun, 5th Class, Japan, 1906.
- • Order of the Sacred Treasure, 5th Class, Japan, 1906.
- • Companion of the Order of the Bath, United Kingdom
- • Knight of the Légion d'honneur, France.
- • Knight of the Order of Saint Anna, Russia
- • Knight of the Military Order of Savoy, Kingdom of Italy, 1918.
- • Commander, First Class, of the Order of the White Rose, Finland.
- • Commander of the Order of the Sun, Peru.
- • Commander of the Order of the Star of Romania, Romania
- • Grand Officer of the Order of the Star of Romania, Romania
- • Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite, Morocco.
- • Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau, Netherlands
- • Grand Officer of the Military Order of Aviz, Portugal, 1920.
- • Grand Cross of the Order of Naval Merit, Spain
- • Medaglia commemorativa delle campagne d’Africa, Italo-Abyssinian War, 1895.
- • Russo-Japanese War Medal, Japan, 1904-1905.
- • Medaglia commemorativa delle guerra italo-turca, Italo-Turkish War, 1911-1912.
- • Bronze Medal of Military Valor, 1912.
- • Medaglia commemorativa della guerra 1915-1918, 1919.
- • Medaglia commemorativa della guerra italo-austriaca, 1915–1920.
- • Medaglia commemorativa dell'Unità d'Italia.
- • Medaglia interalleata della Vittoria, Kingdom of Italy, 1919.
- • Navy Cross, United States
- • Medal of the Centenary of the Independence of Peru, 1821-1921
- • Croce d'argento per anzianità di servizio.
- • Croce d'oro per anzianità di servizio.
- • Medaglia d'onore per lunga navigazione.
- • Medaglia Mauriziana al merito di dieci lustri di carriera militare, Kingdom of Italy
- Burzagli, Ernesto. (1927). Manuale dell'Ufficiale di Rotta. Genoa:
- __________ and A Grillo. (1932). Manual del oficial de derrota (Navigation Manual translated from Italian to Spanish). Barcelona: G. Gilli
- Senato della Repubblica: biographical summary
- File:Portarthur.jpg; File:Giapp.jpg
- Malcolm, James. (1917). State Service: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine Devoted to the Government of the State of New York and Its Affairs, p. 268.
- Library of Congress: RN Libia
- Segrè, Claudio G. (1990). Italo Balbo: A Fascist Life, p. 188.
- Zivkovic, Georg. (1971). Heer- und Flottenführer der Welt; Army and navy-leaders of the world, p. 587.
- Great Britain Foreign Office. (1930). Documents of the London Naval Conference, 1930, p. 96.
- "Italy Will Retire 130,000 tons of Navy; Two Battleships, All That She Owns, Are Included in the Sweeping Economy Move. Four New Cruisers to Go [plus] Eight Old Ones, 25 Destroyers and 12 Submarines Also to Be Taken Out of Service," New York Times. August 18, 1932.
- Estratto Bolletino d'Informazioni, Marzo 1934
- Honor awarded in 1906 -- "Cruiser 'Livia' in Kobe to Greet Italians," Osaka Mainichi. July 28, 1922.
- appointment to Order of the Bath, p. 1 and appointment, p. 2
- Légion d'honneur: diploma
- Order of White Rose of Finland: diploma
- Peru: diploma, Order of the Sun
- See Talk:Ernesto Burzagli#Order of Ouissam Alaouite
- Order of Orange-Nassau: diploma
- Presidencia da Republica, Chancelaria das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Anuário: Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas, Ciadadãos Estrangeiros, 1910-2006, p. 75.
- Spanish Order of Naval Merit: diploma
- Augusto B. Leguía, President of Peru: diploma, Medal of the Centenary of Peru
- Medaglia d'onore per lunga navigazione: diploma
- Bernotti, Romeo. (1971). Cinquant'anni nella Marina militare. Mursia: .
- Canevari, Emilio. (1948). La guerra italiana, retroscena della disfatta, Tosi.
- Ceva, Lucio. (1981). Le forze armate, Torino: UTET.
- Great Britain Foreign Office. (1930). Documents of the London Naval Conference, 1930: Consisting of the Treaty Signed on April 22, the Minutes of Plenary Meetings, Memoranda Submitted by the United States, French, United Kingdom, Italian and Japanese Delegations of Their Position at the Conference, the Report of the First Committee .... London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
- Leva, Fausto. (1936). Storia delle campagne oceaniche della R. Marina. Rome: Ufficio Storico della Marina.
- Malcolm, James. (1917). State Service: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine Devoted to the Government of the State of New York and Its Affairs. Albany, New York: State Service Magazine Co., Inc.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Peru). (1922). Discursos y documentos oficiales en el primer centenario de la Independencia. República del Perú. Lima: Impressa Torres Aguirre.
- Po, Guido. (1929). L'opera della R. Marina in Eritrea e Somalia dall'occupazione, alla visita di S.A.R. il Principe Ereditario (The Action of the Italian Royal Navy in Eritrea and Somalia from the Occupation through the Visit of H.R.H. Crown Prince Umberto). Introduzione, Ernesto Burzagli. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato (Italian State Printing Office).
- Rea, Alberto. (1977). L'Accademia aeronautica: cronistoria dalle origini al 1975. Rome: Ufficio Storico SMA.
- Sadkovich, James J. (1994). The Italian Navy in World War II. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 10-ISBN 0-313-28797-X; 13-ISBN 978-0-313-28797-8
- Segrè, Claudio G. (1990). Italo Balbo: A Fascist Life. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10-ISBN 0-520-07199-9; 13-ISBN 978-0-520-07199-5 (paper)
- Umetani, Noboru (梅溪昇編 Umetani Noboru ). (1991). Meiji Period Foreign Decoration History Compilation (明治期外国人叙勲史料集成 Meijiki gaikokujin jokun shiryō shūsei ). Kyoto: Shibunkaku Shuppan (思文閣出版). 10-ISBN 4-7842-0666-3; 13-ISBN 978-4-7842-0666-7
- Vitale, Massimo Adolfo. (1959). Vitale, L'Italia in Africa: serie storico-militare. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato (Italian State Printing Office).
- Wright, Herbert Francis. (1931). Proceedings of the London Naval Conference of 1930 and Supplementary Documents.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
- Zivkovic, Georg. (1971). Heer- und Flottenführer der Welt: Army and navy-leaders of the world. Chefs des armées et des flottes du monde. Osnabrück: Biblio-Verlag. 10-ISBN 3-7648-0666-4; 13-ISBN 978-3-7648-0666-8
- This article also derives significantly from the content and style of the "Ernesto Burzagli" article on the Italian Wikipedia.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ernesto Burzagli.|
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Introduction to Cucumber Testing Tool
Every tech company, regardless of its size, must have a testing team to make sure that its product is stable, reliable, and user-friendly.
With advancements in technologies and development tools, applications have become more complex, with thousands of individual components and millions of possible scenarios. This translates to a complicated and time-consuming testing process for the testing team.
Thankfully, a plethora of automation testing tools have surfaced in recent years that have made the lives of these teams much better. One such popular testing tool is Cucumber.
Table of Contents
- Introduction to Cucumber testing tool
- What is Behavior Driven Development?
- Key terms used in Cucumber
- How does it work?
- Benefits of Cucumber testing tool
Introduction to Cucumber testing tool
Cucumber is an open-source software testing tool that enables you to write test cases in an easy-to-read format. This ensures that anyone, irrespective of their technical capabilities, can understand the test cases.
Cucumber is widely used by testers for testing the behavior of the software. In other words, this tool is primarily used to write the acceptance test for a website application as per the behavior of the application's functionalities. It offers an easy-to-understand testing script for system acceptance and automation testing.
Now to comprehend the working of Cucumber better, we need to understand more about a concept called Behavior Driven Development testing framework.
What is Behavior Driven Development (BDD)?
In this software development technique, which evolved from Test-Driven Development (TDD), the developers write new code only when the test cases fail. In the BDD approach, one can create scripts from the perspectives of both the developer and the customer.
Initially, there will be a brainstorming session where the developers, QA testers, project managers, product stakeholders, and user acceptance testers come together and finalize the test cases that should be passed so that the application can be called successful.
Here is an example test case for a user authentication feature. These are the key test cases that should be passed to call it a successful feature -
- When the correct username and password are given, the user should be able to log in.
- If there is an incorrect username and correct password input, then the user should not be able to log in.
- If there is a correct username and incorrect password input, then the user should not be able to log in.
BDD follows the “Given-When-Then” approach for writing test cases.
- Given the entered credential are correct
- When the login button is clicked
- Then display a proper validation message.
The test case scenarios can become complex and elaborate when additional features are added, such as:
- User logging in without signup
- User forgetting the password
- User forgetting the username
- User logging in using the wrong social login method, and so on.
In such situations, the developers usually complete the coding and then pass the code to the testing team. This would lengthen the process unnecessarily and push the testing process almost close to the release date, resulting in rapid and ineffective testing. Cucumber BDD was designed to overcome these situations and make the entire testing process seamless for the tester through a given-when-then approach.
Key terms used in Cucumber
There are a few common terms used by a tester while using Cucumber. Here are the common ones you must know -
- Feature File - This contains the code that is written in English (Gherkin Language)
- Features - These are the list of features or functions that are to be tested. (Ex. User login, Create Account, Forgot Password)
- Tags - They are used to segregate the test cases
- Scenarios - They depict what happens after a specific click or wrong input. (Ex. Error message if the password is wrong)
- Step Definition - This file contains the actual code written by the developer.
How does it work?
- The test cases are created by the testers as the developers develop the code, both happening in parallel. So when the code comes to the testing phase, the test cases will be ready.
- The Cucumber tool will first read the English language text in the feature file.
- Then it would search for the exact match of the step in the definition file. As soon as it finds the match, it will execute the test cases and showcase the result as pass or fail.
- The code developed by the developer should be in accordance with the defined test scripts. If not, code refractories will be required. The code freezes only after all the test Scripts are successfully executed.
Benefits of Cucumber testing tool
- It focuses on end-user experience, making the lives of all stakeholders simpler.
- Unlike other testing tools, Cucumber provides an end-to-end testing framework.
- It acts as a bridge between various teams like business analysts, manual testers, developers, and automation testers.
- It is very reliable and has proven to be quite effective for all types of organizations.
- Writing the test cases in Cucumber is very easy.
- It supports most programming languages.
- The setup and execution of the testing environment are also easy and quick.
Testing tools like Cucumber have become critical assets for testers across the globe as it enhances the effectiveness and efficiency of the testing process. It also aids the business and the developers in launching the product on time. Cucumber’s support for most languages and its robustness have made it a go-to tool for most organizations of today.
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Missouri’s Meramec River is one of the largest free-flowing waterways in the state. With a source southwest of St. Louis, in Dent County, and the mouth at the Mississippi River in Arnold, some 20 miles south of St. Louis, its meandering 220 miles drain nearly 4,000 square miles in a watershed covering six Missouri counties. It is used extensively for fishing, boating, and canoeing and is surrounded by extensive hiking and biking trails.
In late April 2017, the St. Louis region experienced exceptionally heavy rains. In Sullivan, Missouri, nearly seven inches of rain fell from April 29 through May 1. Local authorities watched with concern as the rivers swelled beyond capacity. Being in such close proximity to the affected area, Surdex Corporation (in Chesterfield, Missouri), an aerial mapping company since 1954, monitored the flood waters and was able to conduct aerial imagery acquisition—despite the exceptionally cloudy and rainy conditions—to pull together a complete coverage of the flooded area for local communities and disaster recovery officials. With the projection that the flood would crest early on Wednesday, May 3, Surdex acquired aerial imagery on May 2, processed the images, and provided web services containing the orthoimagery within 24 hours.
The Meramec crested on Wednesday, May 3, at 36.52’, breaking the over-100-year record by three feet. This was preceded by a crest of 31.48’ on December 19, 2015, essentially exhibiting two nearly “100-year” floods within a 16-month period. The Meramec Caverns attraction was again closed for a period of time, along with several campgrounds, boat access areas, etc.
Platform and Sensors
For the Meramec River effort, one of Surdex’s Leica ADS100 large-format pushbroom sensors was used to acquire the imagery. This sensor simultaneously acquires 4-bands of imagery (red, green, blue, near-infrared) from nadir, forward-looking, and aft-looking arrays. Pixels in each array are at full resolution, avoiding artifacting from pan-sharpening and providing optimal stereoscopic geometry. The pushbroom nature of the sensor provides a maximum amount of near-nadir aspect down the center of each strip, reducing the seamline effort and avoiding much of the building lean and elevated structure issues. In addition, the 20,000 pixel width (at nadir) reduces the number of swaths required to acquire large areas, optimizing acquisition times to address narrow windows afforded by the weather. The Meramec imagery was acquired at approximately 12,500’ AGL (above ground level) to achieve a resolution of 1’ (~30cm). Precision ABGPS and IMU data was acquired to both reconstruct the push-broom imagery and to provide absolute position and orientation.
The ADS100 was hosted by one of Surdex’s Cessna 441 (Conquest) aircraft. This twin-turbine aircraft is equipped to fly up to 37,000’ and is equipped with RVSM (reduced vertical separation module) and precision radar to operate above 28,000’ in airliner airspaces. It can cruise at speeds above 300 knots with an endurance of over seven hours on a single tank of fuel. The Conquests are ideal for quickly ferrying at night to projects anywhere within the United States to acquire imagery under ideal atmospheric conditions.
Capture Area and Resolution
In the case of the Meramec flooding, local media coverage combined with the historically problematic area was sufficient to define the area of capture. Surdex chose to acquire approximately 620 square miles of coverage, including coverage from the mouth at the Mississippi River near Arnold, Missouri out to St. Clair, Missouri. This final flight plan included eight flight lines at a resolution of 1’/30cm.
With concerns that weather, principally scattered cloud cover, would interfere with successful acquisition, Surdex determined that at least two overflights of the flight plan would be executed, with the belief that the combined acquisition would result in data largely free of cloud/cloud shadow. A mission was flown from approximately 12:00 pm to 1:30 pm and a second mission from approximately 3:30 pm to 4:30 pm.
Processing For quick response situations, a revised process is utilized to expedite data production:
- Ground control is not introduced into the aerotriangulation unless it is readily available.
- Only existing elevation model data is utilized with no update/edit of the existing data.
- Automated seamlines are used with little or no editing.
- Radiometric balancing is performed to a large degree, but localized modifications are not done.
- All technicians work under emergency response conditions, supplying a steady work force with a target completion of 24 hours or less.
Production steps include:
- Image processing from source imagery to raw imagery
- ABGPS/IMU processing
- Imagery inspection
- Radiometric balancing
- Cutting to tiles for delivery and web hosting
Only raw imagery processing, aerotriangulation, and initial orthorectification were accomplished using the Leica Geosystems XPro software suite that exploits ADS100 imagery and data. All mosaicking, imagery processing, and production tiles were generated using an extensive suite of custom software developed by Surdex over the last decade. All processing is performed in a “4×12” environment (4 bands x 12 bits/pixel depth) until the final orthoimagery tiles are generated. is provides the maximum amount of latitude in radiometric balancing from both a global and localized perspective. It also supports generation of color (red, green, blue) and color infrared (near infrared, red, green) products in addition to standard 4-band data sets.
Surdex’s software creates a final mosaic in a “master tile” layout of contiguous tiles covering a project area. Custom software can then be used for final product deliverables such as:
- Produce 4-band, color, or color infrared data renditions.
- Output in various map projections and differing linear units (US survey foot, international foot, meter, etc.).
- Generation to desired tile layouts, such as the US Public Land Survey System (PLSS), Digital Orthophoto Quarter-Quadrangles, etc.
- Down-sampling of the data to diff ering resolutions, such as 1’ to 1-meter.
- Differing compressions such as JPEG, JPEG200, MrSID, etc.
A “relative aerotriangulation” is performed with absolute position solely relying upon ABGPS and IMU data. e relative adjustment reduces strip-to-strip shear during orthorectification, and this relatively short task in the overall timeline ensures a good quality product for even expedited projects. For detailed analysis at a later date, control points can be introduced into the solution, and orthorectification, mosaicking, and balancing repeated to achieve more-traditional production quality standards.
Owing to the necessity of rapid delivery during a disaster, only existing elevation data (lidar, USGS NED, local data, etc.) is used for orthorectification with no effort at updating the data. For the Meramec River project, Surdex used the USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED). is means elevated structures such as bridges and overpasses may exhibit layover and/or smearing since localized elevation models are not employed as on a typical project. However, the pushbroom aspect of the ADS100 ensures the maximum amount of near-nadir aspect during acquisition, minimizing the distortion of elevated features.
For expedited projects, generally only minor editing of automated seamlines by technicians is performed in order to reduce the timeline. Surdex uses a custom automated seamline generation tool to generate initial seamlines. However, in the case of cloud and cloud shadow cover for the Meramec situation, Surdex technicians had to selectively use imagery from each of the two acquisition missions to maximize clear imagery. This was guided by a delineation of cloud cover during imagery inspection.
Surdex has developed a vast array of tools to address global balancing of the final orthoimagery. Using what-you-see-is-whatyou- get (WYSIWYG) prototyping in the company’s specialized tools, the distributed processing environment ensures high quality results–even for expedited projects. Radiometric balancing and “colorimetry” (tone, brightness, contrast, etc.) were based on image metrics employed on all projects and the expertise of highly skilled image processing technicians.
Until five to seven years ago, dissemination of emergency response data relied on “tennis shoe” delivery of hard drives to the users. However, the proliferation of high bandwidth internet connectivity and standards for web hosting of geospatial data has made this step considerably quicker and easier:
- As soon as data is ready, it is hosted out as an imagery service under REST (representational state transfer) protocols that make it accessible by virtually any off -the-shelf GIS system as well as Java viewing for desktops, PCs, smart phones, smart tablets, etc.
- For users requiring “hard pixels,” projects the size of the Meramec River response can be delivered using FTP protocol.
- For larger response eff orts, the hard drives are hand-delivered or shipped by commercial carrier/courier.
By adhering to protocols such as WMS (Web Map Service) and OGC (Open GIS Consortium) for image services, a number of exploitation uses are accommodated for users with varying levels of geospatial awareness and tools:
- A simple Java viewer provides a product to the general public.
- Within a GIS software suite, such as Esri’s ArcMAP and ArcGIS.
- Google Earth.
Of particular benefit is the use of previous imagery and/or geospatial data to present a before—and after—view of the flood. For example, other image layers can be “swiped” against the disaster imagery using a slider to expose imagery prior to the flood to examine the extent of damage. This presentation of the data is a simple, but powerful, means for characterizing the situation.
Surdex exposed an image service that was used by Esri to add to their ArcGIS Online service and also employed two additional web services that were distributed to anticipated users and news media outlets.
The timeline achieved by Surdex was exemplary. The projected flood crest was the early morning hours of Wednesday, May 3. This was accomplished by both good planning and a workforce willing to work the extra hours to achieve the 24 hour timeline from completion of acquisition.
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ADHD, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is commonly diagnosed during childhood. Many adults live with the disorder, some with treatment plans and others who are completely ignorant to what their symptoms really mean. ADHD Adulthood reports that an estimated 48% of adults who meet the criteria for ADHD haven’t addressed their concerns with a healthcare provider.
If you exhibit any of these signs of Adult ADHD, consult your physician about potential treatment options. These are the multiple ways you can combat ADHD outside of the doctor’s office.
Know your medication options
It’s crucial to your well-being to find the right treatment options for your ADHD. These may or may not include medication.
WebMD lists the medications commonly used to treat ADHD as well as their potential side effects. The drugs tend to cut down on hyperactivity, interrupting, and fidgeting in 70% of adults. Many sufferers find that prescription drugs aren’t the right choice for their ADHD. It’s imperative you consult your doctor before taking any action. Read on for alternative treatment methods to medication.
The health benefits of exercise are irrefutable. You may be hitting the gym to improve your physical health and are unknowingly doing wonders for your mental health. Consistent exercise is a powerful treatment for ADHD and is proven to improve concentration, memory, and mood.
Exercise is an increasingly supported non-pharmacological intervention method for ADHD. Research suggests that “intense aerobic exercise enhances brain structure and function,” and as a result, is beneficial to those affected by ADHD.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
People living with ADHD experience the same stressors and distractions as those unaffected. These complications can be tougher to address and manage for an adult with ADHD. Their inner critic may become more easily frustrated and as a result distract from the tasks at hand.
This is where cognitive behavioral therapy can help. ADDitude encourages those affected by ADHD to challenge their thoughts in order to change their lives. “Cognitive behavioral therapy is a short-term, goal-oriented form of psychotherapy that aims to change these negative patterns of thinking and change the way a patient feels …” the site states.
Family therapy among partners, children, and siblings helps identify how your ADHD is affecting your family members or how their actions are affecting your treatment. Since adults typically prioritize their health concerns below those of their children or spouse, this therapy is a useful treatment option.
Explore the constraints ADHD imposes on your family life and how to handle them. This therapy will relieve stress and anxiety at home and benefit your mental health.
Create more structure
WebMD offers a few suggestions to reach your full potential while struggling with ADHD. It’s good to create a definitive structure that will help you raise your productivity despite the disorder.
Manage your relationships, goals, and daily tasks to clear your mind better and ease any ADHD-associated anxiety. By utilizing calendars, creating a rough idea of a daily routine, and identifying your support system, you’ll set yourself up for success.
Cut down on distractions
Cut out distractions, large or small, to increase your productivity despite ADHD. The background noise that increasingly bogs down our minds may seem harmless. However, it can be detrimental to your concentration.
Turn off the TV or use noise-cancelling headphones to block out interruptions.
Try relaxation therapy
Common relaxation therapies like yoga and meditation have proven themselves as worthy tactics to battle the anxiety associated with ADHD. Meditation counteracts overactive brain activity and increases activity in the prefrontal cortex. This part of your brain is responsible for attention span, organization, and impulse control.
Find the relaxation tactic best for you based on how you handle stress. These often include muscle relaxation techniques and deep breathing exercises.
Consult a life coach
If you struggle with organization, self-esteem, and productivity, then hiring a life coach could be a viable option. There are an abundance of life coaches who work exclusively with patients struggling with ADHD.
A life coach can help you find perspective and manage overwhelming thoughts and distractions in your everyday life. Finding the right coach is crucial to your success. ADDitude recommends finding your local chapter of CHADD or consulting your doctor or psychologist to find a coach to match your needs.
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You may think your snoring is harder on other members of your household than on you. After all, they’re the ones complaining. Yet snoring could be a sign that you have sleep apnea in Middlesex. If so, you likely struggle to stay awake during the day – and you may even be putting your health at risk. Medical research has linked apnea to serious conditions like heart disease.Doctor Ralph Reilly on sleep apnea solutions Read Transcript
Dr. Ralph R.: Well, sleep apnea is sort of a buzzword now. Most people have heard of it. When I first took my first seminar on that was over 30 years ago, and no one had even heard of it. We know now that this sleep apnea or people ceasing to breathe for lengths of time while they're sleeping causes a lot of health problems. It causes high blood pressure, is probably the most common. Fatigue during the day where people don't realize it, but when they're having a massive breath like that, when they get hypoxic at night, they wake up probably hundreds of times a night and don't even realize it though, and they're having fatigue during the day.
Dentistry, we can't really claim to treat sleep apnea because that would require a sleep study to be able to make the diagnosis for that, but we do what a lot of the people call “snore guards” or the dental appliances, and that's basically what we call a mandibular advancement device, that if you were to make a snoring sound, you'd put your jaw back. You make a restricted opening in the back of your mouth, and the air vibrates your soft palate. If you remember just back to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, the first thing was to pull the jaw forward. So, if someone is making a snoring sound and they move their jaw forward, it's impossible.
The airway gets enlarged, so it's a matter of not only fitting a device but determining how much opening or how much protrusion of the jaw is needed to create the airway that they need so that they're not obstructed. As opposed to the other alternatives, which are the CPAP machines, which, they're getting a lot better, but they're still pretty cumbersome as far as wearing and sleeping with at night, especially if you travel or you go camping. The dental device can be a lot quicker, easier fix kind of thing for the problem.
Our dentists can treat your sleep apnea symptoms with mouthguards. The mouthguards will:
- Stop you from snoring so you and other members of your household can rest
- Reduce your risk of conditions associated with apnea, such as high blood pressure
- Keep your airway open as you sleep so you can breathe easily
- Help you stay more alert and focused during the day
- Give you a more comfortable and convenient alternative to a CPAP machine
If you’re often tired during the day or are experiencing other sleep apnea symptoms, call 732-506-2876.
A Sleep Apnea Appliance Is Less Intrusive Than a CPAP
Sleep apnea is commonly caused when your airway becomes obstructed as you sleep, often by your tongue or soft tissues. Two of the most common sleep apnea treatments are:
- A CPAP machine, which sends a stream of pressurized air down your throat to keep your airway open
- A mouthguard that gently moves your jaw into a position that keeps your airway clear
Cases of severe sleep apnea may require a CPAP, but those suffering from mild or moderate sleep apnea can use a mouthguard called a mandibular advancement device. Many sleep apnea sufferers find a mouthguard:
- Comfortable – A CPAP can dry out your nose and throat. You’ll breathe more naturally with a mouthguard, so you’re less likely to get dry mouth.
- Simple to Use – Unlike a CPAP, it’s as easy to use a mouthguard in a tent in the woods as it is in your own bedroom. A mouthguard requires no electricity or batteries.
- Noninvasive – A CPAP has a mask that covers at least part of your face and a tube that connects the mask to the machine. The mask and/or tubing can be difficult to adjust to and may bother your bed partner.
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The Quake Catcher Network is 6,000 tiny sensors, part of the densest networks of seismic sensors ever devoted to studying earthquakes, and it began rolling out in the San Francisco Bay Area where volunteer installers delivered 200 sensors to people who signed up to host them.
The researchers were interested in locating sensors near the Hayward Fault, which runs roughly northwest-southeast through the East Bay, because it is considered the fault most likely to generate a major earthquake in the Bay Area within the next 30 years. They hope to install more than 500 sensors in the Bay Area this year, shipping the majority to hosts for self-installation. Quake Catcher Network is developing complementary networks in Southern California, the Pacific Northwest, Anchorage, Salt Lake City and Memphis.
These regions are key because of their proximities to faults that have the potential to generate major earthquakes of magnitude 6.7 or above. The 1994 Northridge earthquake in Southern California was a magnitude 6.7 and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in the Bay Area was a magnitude 6.9.
To volunteer, you need to have a computer, about 5 years old or less, running a Windows or Macintosh operating system, with a spare USB port to which the sensor can be connected. You'll need a constant Internet connection so that data from the sensor can periodically be sent to the project's server and a space on your floor about the size of a small Post-it Note for mounting the sensor. The USB port will provide power to the sensor, monitor any strong seismic shaking and upload data to the server when it recognizes a strong new signal that might be earthquake-related.
"We're looking for people to host the sensors for the duration of our project (three years), but we'll take any volunteers willing to host these sensors for over a year," said Jesse Lawrence, assistant professor of geophysics at Stanford University, where the project is based.
Maps of the target areas in the Bay Area and other parts of the country are on the project's web page so interested volunteers can get a rough idea of whether they might be eligible to host a sensor. The software runs in the background, typically using a very small amount of computing power but the sensors only work when the computer is on, so priority will be given to hosts with 24/7 computer usage with battery backup.
Installation takes just a few minutes, requiring only a quick dab of adhesive to attach the sensor to the floor while the computer is downloading the network's free software. The sensors can be easily removed. The Quake Catcher team has already installed more than 2,000 of earlier versions of the sensors in 67 countries around the world. The largest/densest networks were installed in Chile and New Zealand, both earthquake-prone countries. The older sensor models could detect a magnitude 2.6 earthquake at a distance of approximately five kilometers. The newer models, developed by O-NAVI, are more sensitive.
"This network will help us better understand the earthquake process, how the shaking that causes most of the damage radiates from the epicenter of the earthquake, and how to reduce the impacts of earthquakes," said Richard Allen, the director of the UC Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, who is participating in the project.
Because the sensors are constantly on the job, they will be able to send data to the project's server while an earthquake is happening. Soon, the server will be able to send out electronic notifications to anyone who has signed up to get the Quake Catcher mobile phone app or computer program.
"Seismic waves travel slower than Internet traffic, so notifications could reach some participants before the seismic waves do," said Cochran. "We are still investigating how reliable and accurate this process will be."
Half of the sensors are reserved for educational purposes and are available to K-12 teachers who apply to the program. The Quake Catcher team provides free educational software to help teachers demonstrate how earthquake motions are detected and monitored.
"With more sensors in high-rise buildings, earthquake engineers will be able to monitor the response of the buildings to earthquake shaking on spatial scales not currently possible" said Monica Kohler, a senior research fellow at Caltech.
The Quake Catcher Network operates on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing, which is the underlying architecture for dozens of scientific projects.
Other researchers integral to the Quake Catcher Network are Tom Heaton at the California Institute of Technology, Jack Baker and Carl Christensen at Stanford, Debi Kilb at UC-San Diego, and Michela Tauffer at the University of Delaware. The project is supported by the National Science Foundation.
- Geologists Predict Another Earthquake Near Chile
- Creeping Fault Behavior And Dynamic Weakening In Earthquakes
- Scientists Explain Source Of Mysterious Tremors Emanating From Fault Zones
- California Earthquakes: 3 Areas Of San Andreas Fault System Overdue
- 10,000 Earthquakes Each Year Just In Southern California
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In order to future proof our buildings and prepare for a 100% renewable energy future, we need to reduce the environmental footprint of our buildings. The easiest and best way to do this is to use the Passivhaus standard as a base point. By improving the performance of our buildings we can reduce the energy use to a level where the requirements for heating and cooling is minimal and can be easily met by the smallest air source heat pumps (referred to from this point as heat pumps) which also happen to be the best performing.
This study will use figures from House 1 at 3 Oakley to illustrate this argument. This house is a very good example of how to build a Passivhaus in Adelaide. All the calculation were worked out in the Passivhaus software PHPP. Because the house produces around 7 times the electricity it consumes and has battery storage, it is likely there will be no need to draw electricity from the grid. The cost of the electricity is therefore based on the 16c per kWh feed in tariff. This rate is used in all calculations.
The annual heating and cooling requirement for House 1 is 2,011 kWh. By using 5 star heat pumps which have a stated performance COP of over 5, the system should be able to achieve efficiencies of at least 4.2 COP, so the actual electricity required to heat and cool the house will be 479 kWh (2,011/4.2) in a calendar year. This means the annual cost for heating and cooling will be under $80. To put this in perspective, a 336l Daewoo rcp-307 fridge/ freezer consumes 483 kWh per annum, so the annual heating and cooling cost for this house is about the same as the cost of running an average fridge.
For the domestic hot water system the total requirement as calculated in PHPP, (Passive House Planning Package) based on an internal 323 l storage tank with a heat loss rate of 1.485 w/k, is 3,521 kWh. Some manufacturers claim the COP for the good quality CO₂ heat pumps manufactured in Japan is up to 5.7. The big advantage of using the CO₂ heat pumps is that they perform exceptionally well in cold conditions. PHPP assesses the actual COP performance for the “Reclaim” unit in House 1 to be 4.01. The “Reclaim” unit has a COP of 4.0 at 5°C. This is considered an extreme and rare event in Adelaide so the unit should always perform above this figure. The Reclaim unit also has a smart controller that allows you to set the heat time to 10.00 am so that the unit will only draw electricity from the solar PV system and acts as a form of battery storage because this hot water is available for use when the sun is not shining. This will improves the actual COP because it will usually operate during or near the warmest part of the day. If there is a shortage of hot water there is a boost function that over-rides the settings. Based on this amended usage profile I have used a COP of 4.5. Using this COP figure the annual hot water cost is $125 ((3512/4.5)*.16).
As part of our focus on moving away from the use of fossil fuels and non-renewable energy in order to mitigate the effect of greenhouse gasses, it is important to try to use only renewable electric energy in our homes. We have a moral obligation to do this even if there is a cost penalty associated with that choice. However, this section will look at the raw costs of such a move and ignore the moral component. So the question to ask is how much of a penalty is there in removing gas from our buildings, or is there actually a financial benefit in doing so.
The actual extra cost of installing gas in the home (not including appliance costs) over and above an electric only option, is $3,500 to $5,500 depending on the number of appliances and the pipe run lengths. For a typical gas instantaneous hot water unit we add $1,000 for the supply of the Hot water unit. Annual running costs for this gas system for a 4 person family would be about $1,000 comprising a $285 annual access charge and and a bit over $700 for actual gas used.
If we look at a high quality “Reclaim” CO₂ heat pump with a 315 litre storage tank, the supply and install cost is about $5,500. So if we take the standard cost argument of comparing the heat pump finished cost to the shelf price of a gas instantaneous unit we are down $4,500. Not a good result but still justifiable from a moral viewpoint. However, if we look at the the total gas install and supply cost of $4,500 to $6,500 compared to $5,500 for the electric heat pump option, the costs are comparable. If we then compare the running costs of gas versus heat pump ($1,000 – $125) we are in front by $875 a year when we go with the heat pump option. Even if we ignore the cost of the gas and compare the $285 access charge to the total Passivhaus cost of $205 ($80 + $125) for annual heating, cooling and total hot water, it is $80 cheaper with the all electric option even after including heating and cooling. For House 1 the hot water calculation also includes the hot water used by the dishwasher and the washing machine.
So even ignoring the moral argument, if you were to go with the gas option, your annual costs for hot water would be at least $875 more per annum and your install setup costs would be around the same. So when someone tells you that gas is cheaper, tell ’em they’re dreaming.
We all seem to understand that good quality heat pumps work well in our hot Adelaide summers. However, some people will question their performance in Winter. Some time ago, I was taken aback by a statement made by a person who lives in the Adelaide Hills. She stated that “heat pumps do not work in the Hills, you need gas because it is just too cold”. If we look at the data from Mount Barker in the Adelaide Hills, we find that in the coldest month the mean maximum temperature is 14.3°C and the mean minimum temperature is 6.1°C. If we want to take this data to an extreme the coldest temperature ever recorded in Mount Barker was -1.1°C (34°F). So we can use this as a reference point.
These heat pumps work best in high performance buildings that have a low heat demand, when sized correctly. If I refer to the report “Evaluation of Cold Climate Heat Pumps in Vermont” (link below) table 14 (enclosed) provides a comprehensive overview of the results. This study was undertaken by the Vermont Public Service Department, USA form the beginning in November 2015 through to the 2017 heating season. The study covered in-situ heat pumps usage by metering a total of 77 heat pump systems at 65 unique service accounts. The study takes actual field data and compares it to listed averages performance COP’s of the units. These figures are listed in Figure 14 on page 24 of the report. This graph shows that at 0°C (32°F), the average actual COP of all the units was around 3.3. From a temp of -8°C (17.6°F) starting with a COP of 2.8, as the temperatures continued up to 3.3°C (38°F) COP 3.6, the manufacturers stated COP and actual measured COP the figures were comparable. At -20°C (-4°F) the actual measured COP was around 1.5 which is still significantly better than electric resistance heating performance COP of 1.0. To put things in perspective, The average coldest day of the year in Vermont, January 29, has an average low of -13.3°C (8°F) and high of -3.3°C (26°F). So even on the average coldest day of the year the heat pump will be performing at a COP of 1.85(min) to 2.95(max). Still a very good level of performance for an air source heat pump. If we go back to Mount Barker where the lowest ever recorded temperature was -1.1°C (34°F), a good quality correctly sized heat pump would still deliver COP’s over 3.0 which would be more than adequate.
This is an extract from an article titled “Ellis Passivhaus laughed at Chicago’s Polar Vortex” in treehugger.com written by Lloyd Alter. Link Below.
In January 2019 Chicago experienced a polar vortex that drove outdoor temperatures down to -31°C at night with a maximum of -28°C during the daytime.Over a 34 hour period temperatures averaged -27°C. This presented a good opportunity to assess the performance of the Ellis Passivhaus air source heat pump heating performance. Ellis Passivhaus maintained an interior temperature of > 21.5°C throughout, far above the required 20°C comfort standard. The ERV (energy recovery ventilator) continuously delivered fresh filtered air while retaining > 84% of the energy in the extract air stream. Despite the heating system’s 140 kW per hour rated capacity (48K BTUs), actual use averaged 7,5 kWh per hour (< 26K BTUs) during the 48 hour event or ~ 90% less than comparable Chicago stock all else equal. All systems performed flawlessly. And this is while using a Mitsubishi air source heat pump, when everyone has been saying for years that heat pumps are not efficient at such low temperatures and can’t cope.
Using natural CO₂ as the refrigerant and achieving a high coefficient of performance (COP), CO₂ heat pumps offer both ecological and financial benefits. Instead of the more conventional R134A refrigerant gases, CO₂ Heat Pumps use super-critical carbon dioxide as the refrigerant. The technology offers a means of energy conservation and reduces the emissions of greenhouse gas. CO₂ is a natural refrigerant and has an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of zero and a global warming potential (GWP) of only 1. CO2 refrigerant is a non HFC refrigerant. Traditional HFC refrigeration systems affect climate change in two distinct ways: direct and indirect contribution. Direct contribution results from the release of refrigerants into the atmosphere. Indirect contribution refers to the energy used to operate traditional refrigeration equipment. The less energy required to operate the equipment, the lower the impact on the environment.
The Reclaim CO₂ heat pump has a smart controller that offers 5 different operation modes and settings. The PV setting mode allows you to maximize the energy your PV system produces to offset hot water energy costs by restricting the operation to daytime. If needed a single shot boost will allow you to heat up the water outside of set times.
Every inch of our homes are not only beautifully designed, they are calculated and built to surpass the World’s most rigorous energy efficiency, comfort and sustainability standards for buildings. Every component, every wall, window and even appliance is taken into consideration when meeting the Passivhaus performance standards
To date there have been over 60,000 Passivhaus units built around the world.
available from 9:00 – 18:00
Main picture- Colorado Passivhaus by Andrew Michler, Colorado, USA
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Sleeper ships are a viable means of interplanetary travel, but they are most commonly associated with star ships. Sleeper ships have been seen or mentioned in many science fiction sources, including the original Star Trek episode "Space Seed," the original Planet of the Apes movie, the Alien movies, the early 90’s TV series Earth 2, the novel A Deepness in the Sky by Vernor Vinge, in "Known Space" stories by Larry Niven, and many others.
A sleeper ship is a "low C" option of interstellar travel. Low C (C standing for the speed of light) options assume that obtaining significant fractions of light speed are either impossible or highly impractical, and astronauts must consign themselves to voyages of centuries or millennia.
Basically, the crew of the ship spends most of the many decades in transit in suspended animation, where they age very slowly or not at all. Their physical condition is monitored by computer and they will eventually be awakened at their destination by automated ship’s systems. Exact methods for suspended animation will be discussed in a future article, but include techniques such as cryonics, chemically induced hibernation, fluid replacement, cryogenic suspension, nanotech restructuring, or combinations thereof. The length of a voyage may not be limited by the technology of the stardrive but by how long the human crew can safely remain in suspended animation without risking permanent medical complications.
Sleeper ships are usually associated with low C drive technologies, such as fission rockets, fusion rockets, simple antimatter rockets, and simple lightsails. However, they can be used with just about any form of interplanetary or interstellar propulsion, as the suspended animation process is assumed to consume less shipboard resources than an active human being who will need a constant supply of air, water, food, and other consumables. A good example of this is the ships of the Alien movies, which use suspended animation as a matter of course despite the presence of FTL drives. Suspended animation may also be used as a "cheap" means of interstellar passage on more sophisticated ships, as per the Traveller universe, where a "Low Passage" in cryogenic suspension is the cheapest means of buying transport on the FTL ships that travel between star systems. Another option is the sleeper ship "lifeboat"--if a larger, more advanced starship runs into trouble deep in the vast voids between the stars, small sleeper ship subcraft can serve as a means of getting the crew to a habitable system despite the vast distances involved.
Depending on circumstances, it may not be wise to have the entire crew in suspended animation for the entire voyage. Individual crewmembers may have to be awakened for rotating ‘watches’ while the rest of the crew sleeps so they can monitor sysetsm and do routine maintenance. For example, on a ten year voyage with a crew of twenty, two crewmembers at a time would spend a year awake to tend to the ship. On very long voyages of centuries or more, the ship would have to run on automatic for most of the time, with the crew being only occasionally awakened for brief periods for routine maintenance or emergencies.
|A suspended animation cryopod from the movie Aliens. Image (c) Twentieth Century Fox.|
Engines of Creation by K. Eric Drexler
A Deepness in the Sky by Vernor Vinge
On the Web:
Sites on suspended animation, cryogenic suspension, and cryonics science:
http://www.ibiblio.org/astrobiology/index.php?page=future03http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=10201 http://www.halfbakery.com/idea/Suspended_20Animation http://www.cryonics.org/ http://www.cryonet.org/ http://www.crystalinks.com/hibernation.html
|Home||Site News||FAQ||Tech Levels||Contact||Links|
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Utah Food Bank Addresses Food Insecurity and Hunger among Children
A healthy diet and proper nutrition are critical for the growth and development of children. Lower dietary quality and undernutrition can negatively affect overall health, cognitive development, and school performance.1 Lower dietary quality and undernutrition can be caused by food insecurity, which is defined by the Dietary Guidelines for America as “the limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways.”2 In 2014, 15.4% of people living in the United States experienced food insecurity.3 In Utah, 14.2% of people experienced food insecurity rate in 2014.4 Additionally, in Utah alone, 1 in 5 children are unsure where their next meal will come from.5 Ensuring all children have access to food and a healthy diet is important for their development, including in the classroom.
Utah Food Bank has been fighting hunger statewide for over 100 years and has implemented various programs that address food insecurity and hunger among children. Specifically, Kids Cafe, the BackPack Program, and the Mobile School Pantry Program are initiatives Utah Food Bank implements to ensure children are not hungry during the school day or at home. Kids Cafe, which began in 2001, provides nutritious meals for children across 42 after-school sites, where 50% or more of the participants receive free or reduced-cost breakfasts and lunches at school. The program also includes after-school sites at elementary schools, community centers, and after-school programs around Salt Lake County.6 The BackPack Program, which is a nationally recognized program by Feeding America, provides participating children with a backpack containing easy-to-prepare food to help sustain them through the weekend when they don’t have access to school meal programs.7 Lastly, the Mobile School Pantry Program, which selects schools based on the percentage of students who qualify for free or reduced-cost lunch, started as a pilot program in one school during the 2012–2013 school year, serving 313 students and impacting a total of 226 households.8 Once a month, at a pre-determined date and time, Utah Food Bank staff and corporate volunteers distribute food and other items, such as diapers and hygiene products, to students to bring home to their families. During the 2015–2016 school year, the Mobile School Pantry Program was operating in 33 schools.
Through their multiple programs and expansive reach across the state, Utah Food Bank has seen a decline in the number of Utahns facing hunger on an annual basis and an increase in stable access to food among school-age children.8 During Utah Food Bank’s 2015 fiscal year, Kids Cafe provided more than 283,000 meals to children across the state. In the same year, Utah Food Bank delivered nearly 64,000 backpacks through the BackPack Program over the course of the school year at 35 sites across the state.7 Through the Mobile School Pantry Program, Utah Food Bank served 29,056 households and 148,995 clients and provided 643,165 pounds of food during the 2015–2016 school year. Of those clients, 81,981 were under the age of 18. Additionally, teachers and parents from the Mobile School Pantry Program schools noted improved behavior and attention among participating students, which are important factors contributing to academic success.9 During the 2016–2017 school year, Utah Food Bank will continue to implement the Kids Cafe and BackPack Programs and expand the Mobile School Pantry Program to 56 schools across Utah. Not only have these programs provided thousands of meals to Utah children who might otherwise have gone hungry, but they have contributed to limiting the negative consequences associated with hunger that impact children both in school and at home.
2 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th Edition. December 2015. Available at http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/
Mobile School Pantry Program
Disclaimer: Reference in this web site to any specific product, process, service, organization, or company does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by U.S. Government or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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Raising Capital-Types and Shares
Stock markets around the world help companies to raise capital through the issue of stocks and shares to interested investors. Some share issues are private offerings while others are public offerings. In this article we will look at the differences between the two and also at the shareholders rights.Each market in the world is slightly different in the way that stocks (American term for share) and shares (UK term for Stock), are issued. However there are many commonalities. Below are the commonalities.
Preferred Shares tend to be a safer investment. They receive a precedence position in the distribution of assets if a company closes. Dividends are also paid to preferred stock holders before common stock holders; however dividend amounts are often limited by the specific terms of the issue. Voting rights for preferred stockholders vary depending on the country and terms of the specific issue.
Ordinary, or Common Shares take a lower precedence in dividend disbursement and disbursement of assets should the company be liquidated. However, if profits are high, dividends may be very high. Voting rights are included in Ordinary Stocks. Issues of Ordinary and Preferred shares are priced separately.
Companies issue common stock in return for consideration, generally, money. A common stock certificate is a contract between a company and its shareholders. A shareholder's rights and obligations are governed by the various corporate laws and regulations in the country of incorporation, the articles of incorporation, the bylaws of the corporation, and the stock contract.
Residual interest in corporate assets
Because the stockholder has a residual interest in corporate assets, common stock is often characterized as the “first issued and last retired.” Common shareholders have a residual claim to earnings and assets in the event of bankruptcy or dissolution.
The right to maintain their pro-rata interest in the corporation. In simple terms, their proportion of the company the investor owns must remain the same.
Right to vote and receive dividends
The common stockholder has a right to vote on everything the company does including issuing shares, but not a right to a dividend. Some companies issue different classes of shares with different rights and privileges, for example, different voting and dividend rights.
Raising Money Through Share Issues
Companies usually issue shares to raise working capital from the public for start-up or expansion purposes.
There are mainly two types of share issue. The most common type is a public offering where shares are distributed to the market. The second type is the private placement method where the shares are offered to specific buyers.
A cheaper way of raising new capital than a public offering is the private placement. As the name implies, no public market is involved, and, consequently, no full disclosure to the SEC in the United States is required. Shares are placed with a few selective companies or individuals. In the UK a private placement is called a placement and as in the U.S., this method is a more discreet way of raising new capital.
Private placements are also arranged by investment banks. In this case they act in an agency capacity, and are not required to purchase any unsold shares. Their role is essentially to bring the issuer together with a select band of investors.
To improve liquidity in the private placement market in the U.S., in 1990, the SEC abolished a rule which had required that buyers of securities should hold them for at least two years.
The usual buyers of private placements are life insurance companies, some financial institutions and sophisticated individual investors. Buyers often find these transactions attractive because issues can be tailored to fit the buyer’s specific needs. These transactions are common in many countries.
A public offering is quite different from a private one. The actual structure of the offering depends to a large extent on the country where the transactions are to take place. Generally, stock offerings directly from a company are somewhat different from stock trades between individual investors. Stock from a company is purchased in the primary market. Stocks purchased from other investors are purchased in the secondary market. The secondary market is far more active than the primary. Stocks purchased in the primary market quickly make their way to the secondary market, where they are traded between investors.
n the U.S., as in most markets around the globe, corporations wishing to issue equity securities will use an investment bank. It is typical for an issuer to hear presentations from several competing investment bankers before selecting the bank to manage the offering. The investment bank chosen would work with the management team of the company to decide how much money is to be raised and what type of security is the best, given the market conditions at the time of issue. By contracting with theinvestment bank to purchase the issue at a certain price, the issuer is assured of the required funds and can begin plans to deploy the new capital.
If an investment bank agrees to buy shares from an issuer at a price of $10 ½ per share then at what price do you think the investment bank should price the issue to the public?
A) $9 ½
B) $9 5/8
C) $10 5/8
D) $10 ¾
The pricing of the issue would depend on the market conditions at the time. Of course the price should at a minimum be slightly higher than the price paid to the issuer. So you are probably correct in thinking that $10 5/8 would be a good price.
Once the investment banker and the issuer have decided on the amount of money to raise and the type of security to issue, council for both parties prepare and file the relevant documents to satisfy the various laws and regulations governing the sale.
With this out of the way the managing underwriter begins to form a syndicate of investment banks to distribute the issue in an orderly way, and to spread the risk, in case of an adverse downturn in the market.
The lead manager’s responsibility is to assemble a syndicate that will successfully distribute the issue in a manner which satisfies the issuer. The manager would take the largest share in the offering and progressively decreasing amounts would be allocated to other members of the syndicate.
A list, which is called a Tombstone, is published in the national press of the United States and in the UK. This shows the lead manager and the syndicate members plus the amount of the issue. Every year a top twenty ladder is published which shows who have been the most successful lead managers.
Issue Pricing Derived From
· the company’s earnings record
· anticipated dividend payments
· number of shares being offered
· price/earnings ratio compared to like companies
· current market sentiment
Determining the price of a new issue is as much an art as a science. Because of the volatility of the market, what may seem an attractive price on the morning of the offer may not be so attractive when the syndicate members call their customers for firm orders? The lead manager has to balance the wish for the maximum possible proceeds with the need to price at the most salable level.
Pricing is determined by a number of factors as shown here. If the lead manager gets it wrong then severe losses may be incurred by the lead manager and the syndicate members.
Compensation to the lead manager and the syndicate members is in the form of the spread between the price paid to the issuer and the price offered to the public, and the commission fee paid to the lead manager by the issuer. If the sale is risky the underwriter will try to demand greater compensation for the increased risk.
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Thursday 10 October is World Mental Health Day. Here at The Students’ Union, we are running events for students across all campus sites to discuss the importance of self-care, how to manage your mental wellbeing and exactly how to recognise mental health symptoms. You can check out everything that is going on here.
Everything you encounter in life can affect your mental health in either a positive or negative way. To help with this, we have put together some areas to look out for when managing your mental health:
The Stress Bucket
As we worry over a long period about things like exams, money or relationships, stress can start to build up and feel overwhelming. The ‘stress bucket’ theory relates to our stress filling up and gradually overflowing.
When this happens, it is very important that we empty the bucket, or at the very least reduce the amount of stress inside it. If we don’t do this, we could start to experience symptoms such as mood swings, or other feelings that may manifest themselves in mental health illnesses.
What point on the graph do you find yourself? It’s good to know your stress level and when to take a break.
When we worry about small or big things, we are activating the ‘fight or flight response’ part of our brains. This starts to increase the likelihood of unwell mental health. There are different ways of reducing the likelihood of this breakdown: such as exercise, playing sports and talking to a close friend or counsellor.
Ways that alcohol can affect your mental health:
While a glass of wine after a long day can seem like a good way to relax, it can actually have the opposite effect and contribute to feelings of depression and anxiety. While alcohol can have a temporary positive effect on your mood, in the long term, it can have a negative impact on your mental health.
Check out five ways that alcohol can have a negative effect on your mental health here.
How can The Students' Union support you and your mental health?
At The Students’ Union, we are here to support you throughout your time at UWE Bristol, through our campaigns, events and services. Here are some of our major campaigns that can support well mental health that you can get involved in:
Movember: This year, we are supporting the Movember Foundation in a bid to raise awareness for mental health, prostate cancer and testicular cancer. Last year, our Movember campaign raised an incredible £4,000 and even won ‘Campaign of the Year’ at the National Student Fundraising Awards! For more information, check out this page.
MOVE: is a great way to get involved with a range of physical activities which can also have a positive effect on your mental wellbeing. To view the MOVE timetable click here.
Feel Good February: is a month of health and wellbeing initiatives across UWE Bristol that aim to help students and staff get active and feel great. For more information, click here.
For more information on The Students’ Union and UWE Bristol’s Wellbeing services, click here.
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Could You be Suffering from Lumbar Lordosis?
By: Brian Howell
This article is not meant to be taken as medical advice and consulting a physician is of the utmost importance for proper diagnosis!
Lumbar Lordosis (LL) is an excessive curve of the lumber spine. The lumbar spine does have a natural lordotic curve that is necessary for proper balance and functional movement in conjunction with the other natural curves of the spine. However, Lumbar Lordosis is characterized by an exaggerated frontal curvature accompanied by an anterior (frontal) tilting of the pelvis. This appears as an anterior protrusion of the abdominals creating an excessive prominence of the hindquarters.
How does Lumbar Lordosis occur?
It isn’t easy to identify a specific cause of Lumbar lordosis due to the variety of potential causes, some preventable and some inherent through genetics. First, the genetic conditions that contribute to LL are conditions such as Achondroplasia Discitis or dwarfism, Osteoporosis, and birth defects which all inhibit the patient from assuming correct posture. The next category for LL causation would be negative daily habits and a sedentary lifestyle. A large contribution comes from poor posture held for extended periods of time (work related or unhealthy static postures) and obesity/sedentary lifestyle that causes muscles to work improperly.
Negative effects of Lumbar Lordosis.
The effects of LL range from some being mild in early onset and others severe stemming from untreated LL. First the mild effects consist of pain or discomfort in the hip joint, groin region, lower back, and hindquarters. If LL is left untreated mild discomforts will evolve into severe conditions such as lumbar disk degeneration (LDC), hip bursitis, and Sacroiliac joint dysfunction. The severe effects also create dysfunctional muscles around the pelvis, abdominal region, and hamstrings. Also, a prominent characteristic of the LL population is "Dominant, overly tight hip flexors and low back muscles" (DAWSON-COOK, 2011).
What to do to prevent Lumbar Lordosis?
Not to be confused these remedies should only be used after physician clearance and asymptomatic of the chronic conditions that LL can lead to. To prevent the mild effects, stretching of tight muscles and strengthening of the weak(under active) muscles is ideal.
Stretching: Focus on hip flexors and lower back muscles (hold each stretch 30-40 seconds repeat two times).
1) Hip Flexor: Start in a kneeling position, step forward with one leg creating roughly a 100-120-degree angle. Next slowly press hips forward toward the lead foot until mild discomfort/stretch is felt and repeat on the opposite side.
2) Low back/Erector Spinae: Start lying in a supine (on back) position and slowly bring knees to the chest. Like assuming an upright fetal position.
Strength Training: Focus should be on strengthening core muscles, pelvic muscles, and hamstrings.
1) Core: Begin with planks, assume a standard push up position with hands under shoulders, feet no wider than shoulder width apart, and maintain a neutral/flat back positioning. If the full plank cannot be maintained modify by starting with elbows under the shoulders and place knees on floor in a kneeling position and complete timed intervals as tolerated. Follow with side planks using the same guidelines with modifications. Start on right/left side with elbow under the shoulder of targeted side with feet stacked or if needed feet slightly split. When in position reach free arm up towards the ceiling and hold the position for timed intervals as tolerated. If locked out legs cannot be maintained knees can be placed on the floor to lessen intensity.
2) Pelvic stability: The first movement is the pelvic bridge, begin by assuming a comfortable position lying on your back with feet flat on the floor shoulder width apart. Once position is assumed slowly raise your hips/bottom off the floor straight towards the ceiling focusing on not over extending hips to keep focus on glute muscles and to eliminate overarching the back. Complete 6-10 slow and controlled repetitions, add sets as tolerated with rest. To add intensity, start with upper back/shoulders and head resting on stability ball to increase stabilization throughout the core.
Next, would be called clam shells which target the glute medius. Begin with lying on your side in a comfortable position. A pillow can be added to support the head. Keep your feet on top of one another throughout the movement with a slightly larger than 90-degree angle in the knees. Also, keep your hips perpendicular to the floor throughout the movement to keep the focus on the glutes. If needed, begin by completing repetitions with back and buttocks against a wall. Complete 6-10 repetitions and add sets as tolerated.
3) Hamstring strength/pelvic stability: Firstly, Heel-on-ball rolls. This movement tackles both hamstring strength and pelvic stabilization. To start assuming a position lying on your back, place heels up on stability ball with hands down at your side. Once a comfortable position is assumed begin by lifting hips off the floor, pushing heels into ball and pulling the ball towards your buttocks. Finishing with heels under the knees and in a slow and controlled manner extend legs back into the starting position with hips off the floor/mat. Complete 6-10 repetitions adding sets as tolerated. If no stability ball is present use sliding foot mats on slick surface.
The spine has natural curves for balance and functional movement however, when the lumbar curve is extended past its natural positioning Lumbar Lordosis becomes present. This extended curve can be caused by inherent genetic properties along with poor posture habits throughout everyday life and sedentary onset of obesity. This condition can cause mild pain/discomfort in the early stages which can be prevented by lifestyle changes and various movement-based interventions. However, left untouched it can develop into severe effects that require surgical intervention. After its all said and done this article is meant to merely inform readers of this condition and not to be taken as medical advice and physician diagnoses/clearance is of the utmost importance!
- Cook, S. D. (2011). How's Your Posture? American Fitness, 29(3), p.24–30.
- Walker, M. L., Rothstein, J. M., Finucane, S. D., & Lamb, R. L. (1987). Relationships Between Lumbar Lordosis, Pelvic Tilt, and Abdominal Muscle Performance. Physical Therapy, 67(4), 512–516. doi: 10.1093/ptj/67.4.512
- Been, E., & Kalichman, L. (2014).
Perspective Lumbar lordosis. The Spine Journal, 14(1),
87–97. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2013.07.464
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Developed by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, the full form of PHP is Hypertext Preprocessor. It was first launched in the year 1995. Earlier, PHP referred to Personal Home Page but later renamed Hypertext Preprocessor. Although PHP is a conventional programming language, it is specifically an HTML-embedded, server-side scripting language for web development. The structure and syntax of PHP are imitated from C, C++, and Java. PHP works with several frameworks along with HTML to create feature-rich web applications. PHP code is first devised to be embedded on the server where it is processed by a PHP interpreter. The primary intention of PHP is to give developers the freedom to create dynamic and interactive web pages. In general, PHP facilitates back-end development and thus, it allows developers to add various functionalities to websites and web apps. Also, PHP is a quite popular scripting language. Some popular websites that use PHP include Wikipedia, Facebook, and Tumblr.
Highlights of PHP
Following are the key highlights of PHP:
- PHP is abbreviated as Hypertext Preprocessor.
- It is a server-side scripting language like ASP.
- It is a foundation for several databases like MySQL, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, and Informix.
- PHP is open-source and is completely free to download and use.
Benefits of PHP
While PHP offers a lot of advantages to developers, the following its most notable benefits:
- Free to Use: PHP is open-source and is free to use.
- Platform independent: PHP code can easily run on all major operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux.
- Server Compatibility: PHP is compatible with almost all servers.
- Secure: With multiple layers of security, PHP can prevent virus threats and other malicious attacks.
- Effable and learnable: PHP has a straightforward syntax that is easy to learn and implement.
To Sum it Up
PHP is among the most popular programming languages for web development. To be specific, it is a scripting language that is ideal for server-side or back-end development . The full form of PHP is Hypertext Preprocessor, and it allows developers to create dynamic and feature-rich web applications. People are also reading:
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Crystal, dodecahedron, octahedron, maccle … This is how we’ve been describing some of the new stones on our site lately. If you’re not a gemologist, it probably hasn’t meant much to you, so we asked our in-house GIA certified gemologist Rachel Kaminetsky to give an overview of the different shapes of diamonds, and how particular physical characteristics are described.
First of all, all crystals are classified according to the internal structure and arrangement of the atoms that compose them. Diamond belongs to the cubic crystal system, which is the most symmetrical of crystal systems. The basic crystal shape, or habit, of diamond is the octahedron; a form with eight equal triangular sides, looking like two pyramids connected at the base.
Octohedrons from the Mir Mine in Russia.
Other shapes of diamonds are the cube (6 equal square sides, or faces) and the dodecahedron (12 equal “diamond” or rhombus-shaped sides).
Dodecahedron sourced from Canada.
Rough diamonds are found in a wide range of shapes and appearances, although their internal arrangement remains orderly and symmetrical. However, during formation, conditions surrounding the diamond may change, causing a shift in direction of the stacking atoms, and resulting in some unique features.
Parallel grooves, trigons, which are triangular depressions, or cubic faces, which are square or rectangular depressions are all examples of growth marks.
Diamond crystal displaying trigons on its surface.
Twinned crystals, such as maccles (the flat, triangular diamond crystals) are the result of a crystal distorted during growth. They have two opposing crystal directions, making it a challenge for diamond cutters, who are “dictated” how a diamond may be cut by the internal structure of the gem. However, for designers who prefer using rough, all these characteristics may pose a beautiful and unique feature in a one of a kind creation.
For more information on our stones, please contact us directly at [email protected]
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Consider the planning stage of a large scale project. Successful completion of the project requires completion of hundreds of different activities by several different groups or companies. Ideally, we want to complete the project as soon as possible. This could be done if each activity was completed in parallel. However, it is often impossible to begin some activities before some other activity has been completed. For example, construction of buildings cannot begin until the forest cover over the Penny Bay area (site of Disneyland) has been cleared. Thus we shall break a project into a set of well-defined activities. Further, we should know the estimate time it will take to complete each activity.
The questions that the CPM/PERT analysis can answer include the following. (a) What is the earliest time that we can complete the entire project? (b) Given an activity, what is the earliest we can begin to do it? (c) Which activities are the bottlenecks? These are activities that, if their completion is delayed, the entire project will be delayed. (d) What is the latest time that we can begin an activity, and still not delay the project? For example, it will take six months to hire and train a set of people to wear stuffed animal costumes and dance on the street; Disneyland will open in December 2005. So we don’t have to begin the hiring and training until summer of 2005.
Graphical modeling of Project Activities
In classical modeling of CPM/PERT as graphs, it is convenient to represent each activity as an edge. The weight of the edge indicates the time required to complete it. Each node represents a milestone, which is the point in time when a particular activity is completed and/or some activity is begun. The edges are directed, and the head of the edge is incident on the node representing the milestone corresponding to the completion of the activity.
The requirement that some activity cannot begin before another activity has been completed imposes a precedence relationship. Therefore, the arrows in our graph will depict the sequence in which the activities can be completed (equally: the paths indicate the sequence in which milestones can be achieved).
The graph also models the precedence relations of the milestones. If activity u must be completed before starting activity v, we indicate this by an arrow from the milestone (complete u) to the milestone (begin v). However, there may be no real activity between these two events – in which case this edge will have a weight = 0; such edges are called dummy edges, since they only represent a precedence, but not a real activity.
To successfully model a project in terms of a PERT network, we must first list out all precedence relationships. It is sufficient, for each activity, to identify its immediate predecessors.
Consider a project to construct a small Hydroelectric Power Plant. The details of the different activities, their precedence constraints, and the estimated times are shown in the table below.
File environmental impact report; get approval
Economic feasibility study
Preliminary design and cost estimation
|Project approval and funding commitments|
Call quotation for equipment (turbines, generators)
Select supplier for equipment
Final design of project
Select construction contractor
Arrange construction materials supply
Power station building
Power lines erection
Turbines, generators installation
Build-up reservoir water level
Commission the generators
Start supplying water
Once we have the project plan data in a form such as above, it can be expressed in the form of a directed graph using the following method.
(i) Construct a node, s, representing the start of the project.
(ii) For each activity that has no immediate predecessor, make an edge incident from s.
(iii) Other activities are added to extend the graph according to the list of immediate predecessors; when there are two activities such that some of their immediate predecessors are the same, but some are not, we need to introduce a dummy activity to represent the precedence constraint.
(iv) In the end, all activities that have no successor are connected to a common node that represents the finish of the project.
We now construct the graph for our hydroelectric plant project. In the graph, I denote the edges by the activity names, in lower case letters. Each node represents the end of the activity or activities that are depicted by the edges incident to it; likewise, it depicts the point in time when we can begin any activity whose corresponding edge is incident from this node. The weight of the edge is the duration of the activity it represents. The dashed lines are the dummy edges: these edges are not given any name, and have weight=0. They are used to depict the precedence constraints.
Figure 33a shows the first few steps in constructing the PERT graph. We begin with node s, and add the edge a, for activity a, that will take 6.2 weeks. Since activity a is an immediate predecessor for both b and c, so the edges for these two activities are incident from the node depicting end of activity a, namely node A.
Figure 33b shows the situation where a dummy node is required. Activity c is an immediate predecessor of activity c. However, both of activities b and d are immediate predecessors of task e. Therefore we need a dummy edge connecting the events depicted by nodes B and D. Since task e can only begin when all activities depicted by the edges incident to its starting node (namely node D in the figure), this dummy edge ensures that task b is also completed before task e begins.
(a) Partial PERT graph for tasks a, b, c (b) Partial PERT chart for tasks b, c, d, e
In this way, the entire graph is completed, as shown in Figure 34.
Figure 34. The PERT graph for our example
Once the PERT graph is completely constructed, we process in two stages. In the first stage, called the Forward pass, we estimate the earliest possible start time for each activity. In the second stage, called the Backward pass, we estimate the latest allowed start time for each activity.
We begin from the start node, and compute the earliest time that each successive activity can begin. Clearly, earliest start time at node s = 0. Any edge (activity) that is incident from this node can be traversed in time equal to its weight. This gives the completion time of the activity. The maximum completion time due to each edge incident on a node is the earliest start time of any activity that begins from this node. This is the necessary and sufficient condition for all precedence constraints to be satisfied.
Thus in our graph, the earliest end time of activity a = 6.2; this is written in square brackets next to the node for “end of activity a”, namely node A.
Figure 35. First few steps of the forward pass
Notice that activity e has two immediate predecessors: b (which cannot be completed before 15.3), and d (which cannot be completed before 17.7). Thus, task e, which begins from node D, cannot begin before the maximum of these two, namely 17.7; therefore e cannot end before 17.7 + 10.2 = 27.9. Following this logic, the forward pass is completed as shown in Figure 36. From the graph, it is clear that the earliest time when we can complete the project is 68.8.
Figure 36. Forward pass for hydroelectric plant PERT example
For the backward pass, we begin at the finish node (in our case, node Q). The objective is to answer the following question: given the earliest completion time for the overall project, what is the latest time we can begin a given activity, without causing any delay to the project?
Certainly we cannot complete the project before 68.8 weeks. The last activity that we perform is q, which takes 1.1 weeks and cannot begin until all other activities are done. Thus if q is stated at any time after 68.8 – 1.1 = 67.7 weeks, then the project will get delayed. Since the start of activity q is at node M, we write this limit, 67.7, in the square bracket next to node M (see Figure 37a).
We work out the latest allowed start time for each node using this logic. The only case where we need to pay some attention in this process is depicted in Figure 37b. Node L indicates that activity l¸ whose duration is 18.4 weeks, must be completed no later than 59.7. Therefore it must begin at a time no later than 59.7 – 18.4 = 41.3 weeks. Using the same logic for activity k, we see that latest start time for activity k is 64.4 – 24.8 = 39.6. So which of these two figures, 41.3 and 39.6, is the correct figure for event J ? Clearly, we must pick the smaller of the two numbers – since if we denote the latest time at node J by 41.3, then we could only complete activity k at 41.3 + 24.4 = 65.7, which will delay the project completion time (if we reach node K at any time later than 64.4, we will delay the project).
Figure 37a. First few steps of Backward Pass Figure 37b. Logic at branch points
Once more, we follow this logic all the way back to the start node, and complete the latest allowed completion time for each activity. The final graph is after the backward pass is shown in Figure 38. We make the following definition:
Slack time: The slack time for an event is the difference between its latest and earliest time.
Figure 38. Completed PERT graph for the example problem
Further, we define a critical path as any path from the start to finish such that every event on the path has a zero slack time. Note that a given graph may have more than one critical path.
The activities on any critical path are called the critical activities. Because of these terms, the procedure is also called the Critical Path Method. We can now answer the questions raised in the beginning:
(a) What is the earliest time that we can complete the entire project?
This is the time that we reach the final event (in our example, node Q), as computed by the forward pass.
(b) Given an activity, what is the earliest we can begin to do it?
This is the time indicated by the number at the node corresponding to the start of the activity in the PERT graph, after performing the forward pass.
(c) Which activities are the bottlenecks?
The critical activities are the bottleneck activities.
(d) What is the latest time that we can begin an activity, and still not delay the project?
This is the number computed by the backward pass (the second number in the square brackets next to the event of interest).
While good in theory, CPM/PERT are sometimes less useful in practice because of two reasons.
(a) It is often very difficult to estimate exact time for any activity. Hence most modern PERT methods actually associate three time values with each activity: the best case time, the expected time, and the worst case time. Then a probabilistic model is built, using the worst case, best case, and expected duration of each task. However, such estimates are based on a series of assumptions, many of which may not be practically correct.
(b) The second problem is that in constructing PERT graphs, we only consider the precedence relations between tasks. However, in real life projects, several tasks may share some physical resources (e.g. cranes may be used in different tasks during the project). If two or more jobs require the same resource, it may not be possible to do them simultaneously. This type of constraint is not captured by PERT. To consider such cases, we must use a different type of problem model. Such models are studied in a different area of IELM, called resource constrained scheduling. It is sometimes possible to construct LP formulations of such models.
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Improve Autoimmunity with these Three Paleo Hacks
Getting quality sleep can reduce the risk chronic disease processes such as autoimmunity. Lack of sleep interferes with our ability to function, contributes to an imbalance in hormones, and can contribute to inflammation. Sleep, really is much more important than we realize! However, many of us are not getting quality sleep, simply because we are on electronic devices leading up to bedtime. These devices emit blue light, and blue light interferes with our natural internal clock, aka circadian rhythm. Therefore, we don’t get deep sleep, and we wake up more frequently during the night. What can we do to counteract this?
Blue Blocking Glasses
The first thing we are going to discuss is blue blocking glasses. Blue blocking glasses are simply orange hued glasses that block blue light from the eyes. It is important to wear them when you are on electronic devices up to two hours before bedtime. According to this study of 22 subjects in 215 light exposure trials, nocturnal plasma melatonin concentrations were suppressed by short wavelength light in a dose-dependent manner. Maximum suppression of melatonin was observed 30-45 min after the lights were on. This means that when you turn the lights off, the effect of melatonin suppression occurs a half hour later. Do you wake up shortly after falling asleep? This may be why! Another study by The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism found light elicits acute physiological and alerting responses in humans. Blue light increased body temperature and heart rate as well as suppressing melatonin. Limit screen time 2 hours before bed. However, if you must be on a screen, wearing blue blocking glasses can help block this melatonin suppressing light.
Although most blue light emission comes from i-pads, smartphones, and tv screens, regular light bulbs also emit some blue night that can affect your sleep! One way to fix this is by switching to warmer red lights or hue lights a few hours before bedtime. You can now find a wide array of “smart lights” which make it easier to switch the hue from blue light to a warmer colored hue a few hours before you go to bed. According to Lucid Dreaming App,
“Philips Hue is a new kind of a adjustable LED lightbulb – it’s color (hue), and brightness can be controlled remotely, using an iPhone. The bulb has similar dimensions to standard light bulbs, fits in the same socket, and draws only 8.5 watt of current. Most importantly, the bulb can be adjusted to reduce blue light late in the evening and increase it during the day, helping you sleep and concentrate better.”
Sleep Hacking Takeaway:
- Reduce screen time 2 hours before bed
- Try blue blocking glasses when viewing screens in the evening
- Adjust the lights in your house to hue lights, in order to better regulate your circadian rhythm
Stress Hacking: Restorative Yoga/Yoga Tune-Up
When we are stressed the body releases more cortisol. We face that autonomic “fight or flight” response and this leads to a cascade of reactions within the body. When struggling with autoimmune conditions, it is important to manage stress as much as possible, in a very stressful world. According to this Harvard Review,
“Stress is unpleasant, even when it is transient. A stressful situation — whether something environmental, such as a looming work deadline, or psychological, such as persistent worry about losing a job — can trigger a cascade of stress hormones that produce well-orchestrated physiological changes. A stressful incident can make the heart pound and breathing quicken. Muscles tense and beads of sweat appear.”
The researchers suggested that prolonged stress or chronic stress contributes to many health issues including anxiety, depression, heart disease and even metabolic syndrome. Do you know what else chronic stress contributes to? Autoimmune Disease! Stress is actually a big contributing factor to Autoimmunity. According to researchers, there are many factors that contribute to autoimmune diseases, such as genetics, environmental, hormonal, and immunological issues. However, the onset of at least 50% of Autoimmune Diseases has no known specific trigger factor. The researchers suggested that stress has been implicated in the development of autoimmunity, and that numerous studies have proven this effect. Stress does not cause the disease, but it is a trigger for the onset of autoimmunity, as well as a trigger for flare-ups.
Exercise is a great stress reducer, but can also contribute to stress on the body. This is especially true for individuals who are already struggle with autoimmune disease. The stress of the exercise on the body can actually make the condition worse, not better. Restorative yoga is a great option for getting your body moving, relieving stress, and not putting too much of a physical stress on the body. According to Mickey Trescott:
“All yoga poses are considered restorative in some fashion, simply due to the varied benefits of doing them; stretching and strengthening your body; improving breathing; inverting the body to help with lymph drainage; hormone regulation; immune system strengthening, and the list goes on. There are a select group, however, that receive the name Restorative, due to their profoundly restful and regenerative effect on the body, mind and spirit. And what stressed out, depleted, autoimmune-fighting, recovering body doesn’t need more of that?”
Restorative yoga uses props such as blocks and blankets. It involves getting in comfortable positions and holding these positions for periods of time. The idea is that you are relieving stress, and quieting the body! For more information on restorative yoga and some poses to try it home, click here.
Another way to hack stress gently is called Yoga Tune-Up. Yoga tune-up is a program designed by Jill Miller, that provides gentle myofascial release, relaxes contracted muscles, improves blood and lymphatic circulation, and stimulates the stretch reflex in muscles. This method can be done at home, and involve the use of tune up therapy balls or massage balls. Yoga tune up involves easy, gentle, do-it-yourself massage techniques for pain relief and stress reduction.
Stress Hacking Takeaway:
- Try gentle restorative yoga poses
- Try Yoga-Tune Up
Immune Health Hacking: Psycho-neuro-immunology (PNI)
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the study of the immune system and it’s connectedness to the mind and the body. It’s a fairly new field, even being called “the new psychiatry.” According to Dr. Kelly Brogan,
“In the practice of functional medicine, the diagnosis becomes secondary to the individual’s personalized interplay of factors and the “biomarkers” that can light the way toward healing. Cytokines in the blood, or inflammatory messengers, such as CRP, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha have taken the stage as predictive and linearly correlative with depression. Researchers have validated that, in melancholic depression, bipolar disorder, and postpartum depression, white blood cells called monocytes express pro-inflammatory genes leading to secretion of cytokines, while simultaneously leading to decreased cortisol sensitivity, the body’s stress hormone and inflammatory buffer – a feedforward cycle.”
According to Dr Brogan there are many triggers that drive the inflammation leading to depression. Many are related to an imbalance in our gut microbiome, such as not being born vaginally, not breastfeeding, consuming gluten, GMO’s, and NSAIDS (like Ibruprofen). Stress and nutrition also play a big role in psycho-neuro immune health. We now know there are many contributing factors to immune health. What we want to know is…
Are there ways to hack this process by suppressing the production of these inflammatory cytokines?
The answer to this question lies in the vagus nerve! What is the vagus nerve? The vagus nerve is perhaps the most important nerve for the parasympathetic (rest and digest area) of the nervous system. The vagus nerve connects the brain to the gut, and helps control mood, behavior, anxiety, and depression. The vagus nerve plays an important role in gut health and digestion. It connects the gut with the mind. According to selfhacked,
“In people with fatigue, food sensitivities, anxiety and gut problems, brain fog and depersonalization, the vagus nerve is almost always at play. These people have lower vagal tone, which means a lower ability of the vagus nerve to activate.”
How does vagus nerve stimulation play into PNI and inflammatory cytokines?
Reading through various studies, I came to realize that vagus nerve stimulation actually helps to balance the activity of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in the body. According to this research, activation of afferent vagus nerve fibres by endotoxin or cytokines stimulates hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal anti-inflammatory responses. What does that mean? It means that through stimulating the vagus nerve, we can help control inflammatory responses in the brain and gut!
When you stimulate your vagus nerve, it releases an array of anti-stress enzymes and hormones such as acetylcholine, prolactin, vasopressin, and oxytocin. Vagus nerve stimulation has been associated with many benefits such as improved mood, decreased anxiety, increased memory, less brain fog, better immune function, and even better sleep. Vagus nerve stimulation helps to balance inflammation, may decrease allergic responses, and tension headaches.
There are ways you can indirectly stimulate your vagus nerve to suppress inflammatory cytokines and relieve anxiety and depression:
One way is a pulsed magnetic stimulator that actually stimulates the vagus nerve. According to selfhacked,
“Out of everything I’ve tried, the micropulse or ICES device has been the single most effective solution to brain fog, fatigue, inflammation and oxidative stress to date. It’s also supposedly amazing for chronic pain and wound healing. It’s not a miracle or cure, but then again, nothing is. I believe that chronic health issues are almost never fixed by any single intervention unless the issue is extremely mild to begin with. But ICES – so far – is the best single intervention I’ve tried and I’ve tried quite a lot of stuff.”
What are some other easy and free ways to stimulate the vagus nerve?
- Relax and take 3 deep breaths several times throughout the day. Make sure these breaths are deep diaphragmatic breaths.
- Singing loudly! The vagus nerve extends down into the vocal cords. Singing helps to stimulate this nerve, and relieve anxiety. So go ahead and sing loud and off key…try to hit those high notes!
- cold water immersion. According to Newsmax Health, “Cold water facial immersion, especially after exercise, can quickly stimulate the vagus nerve and help reduce the heart rate while activating the digestive and immune systems. The area behind the eyeballs is a particularly accessible zone for stimulation.The best way to practice this technique is, while seated, bend your head forward into a basin of cold water, and submerge your forehead, eyes, and at least two-thirds of your cheeks. During studies of this technique, the water temperature was kept at about 50-53 degrees Fahrenheit.”
Immune Hacking Takeaway:
- Take time each day to take several deep breaths
- Sing loudly whenever you can
- Try a magnetic vagus nerve stimulator
- Try cold water immersion
We hope that you are able to incorporate some of these Autoimmune hacking techniques into your daily routine, and reap the benefits of increased immune health as well as overall better brain and gut health. Keep on the lookout for part 2 of this series, where we will explore even more ways to hack autoimmunity! Happy hacking!
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In his 1952 book Die Monarchie im modernen Staat (The Monarchy in the Modern State), renowned constitutional scholar Karl Loewenstein described the institution of monarchy as one of the oldest and most durable institutions, and for that reason one of its most honored.
Loewenstein grew up and did much of his early work in his native Germany, but fled to the United States due to the rise of the Nazis. The year of the book’s initial publication coincided with the coronation of Elizabeth II as queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. After 67 years on the throne, she is today the longest-reigning living monarch in the world.
Around a century ago, most of the world’s land surface consisted of colonies belonging to European empires or kingdoms. In that era, republics were rare.
There has been a sea change since then. Monarchies in 2019 are definitely in the minority, accounting for only 28 of the 193 member nations of the United Nations. (The count would become 43, however, if the countries belonging to the British Commonwealth, which recognize the British sovereign as “head of state,” are counted individually.)
However, as the series of articles published in The Sankei Shimbun over the past five years has made abundantly clear, citizens in a constitutional monarchy in the 21st century are by no means being ruled by a political arrangement that has become outmoded.
To the contrary, it is these very countries that have often taken the lead in the world in coming to grips with various issues, such as citizen participation, gender equality, human rights, and the preservation of the global environment. Moreover, the royal houses in these nations are often deeply involved in these efforts.
Regardless of whether we are talking about a monarchy or a republic, if the people in power do not pay careful attention to the demands of the times — or if they prove unable to respond appropriately — then they will lose the confidence of the majority of that nation’s people. When that happens, their form of government is destined to disappear.
As a matter of fact, since the publication of Loewenstein’s work, a number of monarchies in the Middle East and Asia have disappeared. Subsequently, even republics that had been established with the support of the people have degenerated into long-lasting dictatorships. I am sure my readers have fresh memories of how the reform movement known as the “Arab Spring” (2010-2012) collapsed in such a manner.
Successful Monarchies are ‘Symbols of National Unity’
The key to the success of a monarchical system, especially a constitutional monarchy, is that it provides continuity and stability to a nation and its people. Governments might come and go, but since there is no term limit for a king or queen, foreign relations continue on an even keel.
Domestically as well, although ethnic or party confrontations may arise, monarchs are able to moderate the tensions from a position of “impartial neutrality” above the fray. Thus, the monarchical system can play a major role in our contemporary world.
However, if a monarch or royal family hoard wealth and power, and if the ruler assumes the airs of an emperor or king like the absolute rulers of the past, then that will mark the start of their downfall.
Today, we are in an age in which, unless a constitutional monarch respects democratic politics and human rights and functions as a “symbol of national unity,” he will find it difficult to survive. Today’s monarch must eschew a luxurious lifestyle that sets him apart from the way the majority of his subjects live, and moreover must be willing to serve as a “moral compass” for his people.
Thailand’s King Chulalongkorn (1853-1910), also known as Rama V, who reigned from the middle of the 19th century until early in the 20th century, made this wise analogy: “We cannot cultivate rice in Siam using European agricultural textbooks about wheat.”
True enough. It makes no sense to ignore traditions and customs that have put down deep roots over a long span of time in a country or region — for example, by imposing Western-style values on the various countries of Asia.
Nevertheless, at the same time we have to recognize that certain ways of thinking, such as democratic politics, respect for human rights, gender equality, and multiculturalism have already found acceptance at the global level.
The monarchical system is by no means outdated, including that of Japan, which just celebrated a change of emperors and welcomed a new era. Nations with sovereigns who respect these broadly accepted standards are invaluable to maintaining continuity and stability in the 21st century.
Moreover, their presence contributes to the realization of societies that are both physically and emotionally wealthy. In fact, the continuance of stable imperial institutions will be increasingly necessary to achieve the goals of these societies.
Oldest Monarchy in the World
With his enthronement, Crown Prince Naruhito has become the 126th emperor in Japanese history. This is the oldest family lineage for any monarchy existing in the world today.
However, there are many 21st century issues related to Japan’s imperial institution.
First among them is the problem of a dwindling number of members in the imperial family. Of the 15 publicly recognized members of the imperial family, the vast majority (12) are women. If any of the five unmarried daughters in the imperial family marry men outside the nobility, under the Imperial House Law, they will become commoners (subjects of the state) and have to renounce their imperial privileges.
Moreover, according to Article 1 of the Imperial House Law, only males can inherit the Chrysanthemum Throne.
These issues related to Japan’s imperial institution, including succession to the throne, require careful consideration if we are to preserve this oldest and most prestigious of our institutions.
This article was first published in the March 21 column on Life, Science and Art in The Sankei Shimbun.
(Click here to read the column in its original Japanese.)
Author: Dr. Naotaka Kimizuka, Professor at Kanto Gakuin University
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Triangular "DNA origami" were made to assemble on etched carbon and silicon
Shapes of DNA have been used to enhance the production of circuits for next-generation computer chips.
Researchers reporting in Nature Nanotechnology have now shown how to get engineered "DNA origami" to self-organise on silicon.
The origami can be designed to serve as a scaffold for electronic components just six billionths of a metre apart.
Making chips with components closer together leads to smaller devices and faster computers.
The six nanometre mark is nearly eight times better than the current industry produces.
Several research groups have shown that DNA itself can be used to store or manipulate data, and the juggling of DNA in a test tube or within bacteria has been shown to solve simple computational tasks.
The current method, by contrast, leverages the ability to design DNA strands into regular shapes such as triangles.
The computer industry would like to make use of next-generation materials with favourable electronic properties such as carbon nanotubes or nanowires.
Such structures are tiny and difficult to manipulate, but the chemical groups hanging off of DNA molecules could be used as anchor points for them.
Those anchor points can be as little as six nanometres (nm) apart, making these DNA-bound circuit components smaller and thus faster than can currently be produced.
The current industry standard for etching electronic components from larger structures - a so-called "top down" approach - has components at a distance of 45nm.
DNA offers many anchor points for tiny circuit components
But the new "bottom-up" technique promises distances nearly four times better than the planned industry move to 22nm.
What makes the technique particularly useful is that the regular shapes of the circuit-loaded DNA origami allows them to fit neatly into shaped pits the researchers bored into silicon or carbon using standard techniques.
This self-assembly occurs when a liquid filled with the origami is put in contact with the etched surfaces in what the authors call a case of "bottom-up keys" fitting into "top-down locks".
Because the eventual placement of the components puts them so much closer, the approach could lead to computers that are both smaller and faster.
However, the motivations are also economic - industry-wide shifts to smaller components are phenomenally expensive to the manufacturers.
"The combination of this directed self-assembly with today's fabrication technology eventually could lead to substantial savings in the most expensive and challenging part of the chip-making process," said Spike Narayan, a science and technology manager at IBM's Almaden research centre.
Fuller integration of the technique could take as much as 10 years, IBM said.
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A year ago we were still in the theoretical phase of working land. We already met Bhudeva though we were not yet the owners and we were bewildered by the vastness of permaculture and could not imagine how to begin reviving 9 hectares of land. Then we found Sepp Holzer’s raised beds and something told me we’d found a good beginning.
Raised beds is a common gardening term and usually refers to small and manageable areas of garden that are slightly elevated from ground level and neatly arranged to accommodate plants. This IS NOT what we are talking about. When we say raised beds we are referring to Sepp Holzer Hugelkultur … very large raised beds that:
- Are made up of fallen wood or other residue organic matter that has substantial mass.
- Provide a fertile growing area for many years without the need to bring in extra fertilization.
- Soak up a lot of water and as a result can survive droughty months without any need for irrigation.
- Make harvesting easier by reducing the need to bend down to ground level.
- Drastically increase the surface growing area where available land may be limited.
Paul Wheaton posted an excellent article on such raised beds so I don’t need to. I urge you to read his article to gain a basic understanding of what hugelkultur raised beds are and then, if you’re still interested, continue reading about our efforts to create them.
If you have a small garden this is probably a lesser-issue. However, we have 9 hectares of land and this was quite an issue. We have an evolving vision of the entire property but there are still many things that can and are being shuffeled around in that vision. Here is what we knew:
- We wanted to build a few raised beds … how many would depend on how much wood we would have (which was still an unknown when we decided to get started).
- We wanted the raised beds to be our primary gardening area for annuals.
- Therefore we wanted the raised beds close to our future (and current) house.
- But we didn’t want them taking up space that would be set aside for one of our forest gardens which we also want close to our future house.
So we decided to start building the beds just south of the intended location of our future house. The house is intended to be mostly underground so a forest garden cannot be placed to the south where it would block out the sun. The only inhibiting factor for this location was timing. Eventually the area of the house and its surroundings will become a construction site (though a relatively delicate one) and we do not want the raised beds to be in the way or to get trampled. Fortunately there is enough space for both 🙂
The raised beds started with a symbolic gesture. I simply placed a small pile of medium sized pieces of wood that were lying around from an old and ailing tree we pruned heavily (it seems to be reviving wonderfully). Most of the materials then came from a maor thinning we did of a dense and overgrown prune orchard behind the existing house (the one we currently live in).
We currently know of only two kinds of trees that are not suitable for raised beds. Hardwoods such as Acacia (which is a strong native here) contain chemicals which deter the microbiological fungi that are responsible for rotting wood (which make them extremely durable and rot resistant). Then there are walnut trees (also abundantly available here) beneath which nothing ever grows due to another chemical that is present in the tree (though we don’t know if its just in the leaves or in the bark itself) … so we don’t want that in the raised beds either. So our raised beds are mostly of prune trees with a few more mixed in.
Building the raised beds was a lot of work for one person. I am confident that a few people working together could have done it much faster … however it is possible to do on your own. Converting a branched tree into pieces that can be piled together can be quite a meditation. I eventually found a work-process that I could follow fairly regularly (dragging trees from where they were lying around, spreading them near the raised beds, chainsaw cutting and then piling).
How you go about it ultimately depends on what kind of wood you have available to you. I had lots of relatively thin pieces (even the tree trunk) and only occassional massive pieces. In some cases I used the heavy trunk pieces to quickly create a base … very rewarding as it feels like rapid progress 🙂 However I ultimately found that is it better to use the thinner pieces to create the base and then to lay on top of them the heavier pieces to weigh them down. Some of threes were tall, straight and fairly thin (most branches pointed up and alongside the trunk) and I just placed them as is on the ground … a pile of such trees formed a formidable base with relatively little work.
The good thing is that it isn’t rocket science and eventually it is all buried by dirt. My main objective was to make sure I got fairly large beds (at least 1 meter high just the wood) and as much wood mass as I could into the beds. Because I was using fairly thin branches, whenever I could I tried to insert pieces into spaces that formed inside the bed. There was still much space for dirt to settle inside.
Another good things is that we now have 3 different “densities” of raised beds to observe and experiment with over the years. We have one very dense bed, two mixed bed and two low-density (and smaller) beds.
We built 5 raised beds. They are located on a slight-slope that faces south. The land also slopes slightly from east-west. The raised beds are oriented roughly west-to-east and they are interlaced so that water can flow between them:
Again this isn’t rocket science and only time will tell if our choices will work well for us. We tried to leave enough space between the beds so that after burial, which widens the beds, there would still be enough space to walk comfortably between them with a wheel-barrow for carrying stuff in and out (tools, harvest, etc.).
The blue space you see in the diagram is where we got the dirt. We dug a small lake … however that is a topic on to itself … and it is too early of an experiment so I am nowhere near confident enouh to write about it. .. stay tuned though 🙂
To bury the raised beds we hired Florin our wonderful tractor guy for a day (we had him to lots of other things that needed doing that day).We decided to dig a test lake and to use the dug up earth to bury the beds. The lake is placed in the lowest corner of this part of the land … so hopefully it will collect water without us having to penetrate the aquipher for water (as seems to be the norm around here).
The beds were spaced in such a way that a tractor good just get through and dump earth onto the beds. This is important to plan for if you intend to use a tractor. It would have been easier to do this one row at a time (or two rows at first) so that there would have been unhindered access for the tractor but just having the tractor arrive at our property is costly so we decided to maximize using it.
It took a lot of earth to bury the raised beds. It would have been an unimaginably difficult task (a few strong people over a few days) to get this done without heavy machinery.
Because of the limited access to the central bed the tractor had to dump a few loads when its not aligned parallel to the bed itself. This resulted in a “wide-dump” causing dirt to fall to far to the sides of the bed creating a wider bed then we had hoped for.
It is better (for the shape of bed that we were aiming for) that the tractor come up parallel to the bed and dump the earth right on top.
We then had the tractor haul over a pile of hay that we would use for mulch.
We also had the tractor haul over a pile of cow-manure that was sitting next to our barn (last years our neighbors housed their cows there for some time ) and had composted there. We didn’t know if the amount would be sufficient for the 5 beds so we preferred to leave it in a pile we could use as we see fit. In retrospect that was a mistake. Spreading it manually will not create more of it. It was hard work to spread the manure over the beds and I definitely regretted not having the tractor dump it directly onto the beds (with supervision to make the best of what is available).
Then came the mulch … and planting the beds … both of which I will get too in separate future posts 🙂
While we were building our raised beds our neighbors were all busy doing the same traditional, expensive, labor intensive, fertility destroying activities they (and most Romanian peasants) have been doing for eternity:
People who passed by were curious about what we were doing with the piles of wood on our land … or to be specific … why we weren’t cutting it up into firewood … or to be even more specific … why were we burying precious firewood with dirt. We give a brief and passionate explanation to those who ask and get on with our work. The beautiful thing about these raised beds is that when you hear the reasoning it makes sense even if you’ve had no gardening or farming experience … it makes TONS of sense if you have had any experience … yet it it still mostly met with doubt.
If all goes well, then this time next year we will be free to relax or do new things while our neighbors will all be doing the same work again. Maybe in a few years when we’ve shown that we can get better results with less work and less expenses some of them will come around to inquiring about what is going on.
Beware: Sitting & Digging Dogs
Our dogs love sitting on on raised piles … usually of hay … though raised beds work great for them too. They demonstrated their affections from the start:
At first it was cute … heck it was an achievement that they just sat there instead of trying to bark the tractor into submission … but now we are constantly demanding they get off. It isn’t pleasant to see them walking over or sitting (or digging into) the raised beds now that they are planted … and to the dogs the plants make no difference. So our recommendations: (a) get them off from the very beginning and (b) get used to it 🙂
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Stock seed or basic seed is seed which is needed for the production of F1 hybrid seeds. Generative reproduction often happens after a (long) crossing- and selection process. By pollinating a selected plant to itself repeatedly, a pure line will remain after a while. This seed is called the ‘grower’s seed’. This seed is reproduced a number of times by strict selection.
Parental lines 100% save at SeedCare
This is called ‘basic seed’. This (pre-)basic seed or stock seed then serves as the basis from which the seed will be widely reproduced to hybrid seed. The seed that is received from the inbred on a parental line is called stock seed. The genetic characteristics of this seed are very homogeneous, which also causes the parental lines to be weaker because of a lack of heterogeneity.
The homogeneous genetics, however, are needed for the production of a pure F1 Hybrid. The heterosis effect which follows after the crossing of two parental lines obtained in this way makes the hybrid plants stronger.
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What is a Prop-65 Warning?
California labeling law Proposition 65 (also known as Prop 65) is a law meant to notify residents in California of exposure to Prop 65-listed chemicals.
Note that Prop 65 warnings are only required under California law, not federal law, and are intended to apply only to California residents. Prop 65 does not ban the sale of products that contain the chemicals; it only requires warnings. According to the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, a “Proposition 65 warning does not necessarily mean a product is in violation of any product-safety standards or requirements.”
What kinds of substances require warnings?
California Prop 65 lists over 800 chemicals such as pesticides and heavy metals that require warnings if they reach a certain limit. Prop 65 warnings are required on a wide variety of consumer products including food, furniture and supplements.
PROP 65 WARNING FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS - FOR ULTIMATE IMMUNE SUPPORT
WARNING: Consuming this product can expose you to chemicals, including lead, which are known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
Additional Information on Ultimate Immune Support Prop-65 Warning
This Prop 65 warning for Ultimate Immune Support is required due to lead, which naturally occurs in some food-based ingredients. Ultimate Immune Support meets federal guidelines for lead levels, but does not meet the more stringent Prop 65 standard (no more than 0.5 micrograms of lead per day). As a point of reference, the United States Pharmacopeia lead limits for safe daily consumption is no more than 5 micrograms per day, which is 10 times Prop 65 lead limits.
Should I be concerned?
All Further Food products undergo rigorous testing for safety and quality. Prop 65 standards for the state of California are extremely high. In fact, they are more stringent than federally mandated regulations and international standards.
Lead is commonly found in our environment and in the foods we eat. Many raw fruits and vegetables contain lead levels that exceed Prop 65 standards, which is 0.5 micrograms per day. For example, strawberries contain 2 micrograms of lead while spinach contains 7 micrograms of lead, which are 4X and 14X higher than Prop 65 daily lead limits, respectively. Just because a product carries a Prop 65 warning does not necessarily mean the product is unsafe.
We take pride in creating products that nourish your body and help you transform your well-being. The safety and quality of our products is our #1 priority. If you have any additional questions about Prop 65, please reach out to us at [email protected]
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VIB researcher Mohamed Lamkanfi, connected to the Ghent University, discovered that mice that do not produce the receptor protein NLRP6, are better protected against bacterial infections and can easier remove bacteria from the body. Therapeutic drugs that neutralize NLRP6 could be a possible treatment option, in addition to the use of antibiotics, for fighting bacterial infections. His research was published in the leading scientific magazine Nature.
Mohamed Lamkanfi (VIB – Ghent University): “Our lab investigates the role of the innate immunity, which is of crucial importance to protect the body against bacteria and other pathogens. We started looking for genetic mutations that lead to an increased sensitivity to infections. Our research showed that mice with NLRP6 are less resistant to bacteria and have greater difficulty removing the bacteria from the body. This NLRP6 plays a disastrous role in the entire process.”
New therapeutic track?
The discovery of Mohamed Lamkanfi is not insignificant. The first line treatment for bacterial infections is and will remain antibiotics, of course. However, due to the intensive use of antibiotics in the fight against infections, also the resistance of the bacteria grows against this group of medicines. Sometimes this makes it much more difficult for doctors to treat a patient efficiently.
Mohamed Lamkanfi: “Our search for products to help immune systems in the fight against bacterial infections is very important. In spite of the availability of antibiotics bacterial infections continue to pose a serious threat to public health all over the world. Now that we have exposed the role of the receptor protein NLRP6 in the immune response, we can start thinking about the clinical application thereof for the treatment of bacterial infections. A vaccine, in my opinion, seems less suitable, but a medicine that neutralizes the receptor protein NLRP6, is a possibility. Of course not in the immediate future, but it does deserve all the attention to research this further.”
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by Sally Colby
It’s easy to laugh at a goat that becomes stiff and falls over onto its side as if fainting. Thanks to videos shared through social media, these fainting goats have become fairly well-known in a short time.
But fainting, or Myotonic, goats aren’t just for laughs. They’re an important meat breed, and that’s why Sherry Siebenaler, of North Hero, VT, raises them.
“A man showed up in Marshall County, Tennessee, with four goats,” said Sherry, explaining what little is known about how the breed originated. “No one knew where he was from, but they assumed he was from Nova Scotia per his dress and mannerisms. He had three does and a buck, and they all had the myotonia condition that makes them faint. The man was going to move on, but a doctor in town had fallen in love with the goats and thought they were unique, so he bought the goats. He continued to breed them for that genetic fault, and that’s where all the Myotonic goats originate.”
Sherry grew up on her family’s dairy farm, and had a couple of Toggenburg dairy goats when she was young. She eventually sold the goats and started raising Morgan horses, but her love for goats remained strong. Her interest led her to research various meat goat breeds. “I came across the Myotonic goat and really wanted one,” she said, “but I couldn’t find one because of where I lived. They were all in the south.” Sherry eventually located and purchased two Myotonic goats — Bobby and Snowflake. She also obtained several goats from a breeder in Tennessee, and started to develop a herd free of CAE, CL, scrapie and other small ruminant diseases.
The myotonia trait is a genetic mutation, and although they’re referred to as ‘fainting’ goats, they aren’t really passing out. According to Oklahoma State University’s breed description website, myotonia means that when Myotonic goats are startled, the neurochemicals that would normally prepare them for a fight-or-flight response are withheld. The result is that the animal becomes stiff-legged and falls to the ground. While in a ‘faint,’ animals are not in pain and are aware of their surroundings.
Sherry loves the fainting trait, but she’s breeding for more than that. Right now, she’s in the process of growing her herd to meet the demand for goat meat, and plans to offer a unique, value-added product made from goat meat. She will eventually add a line of goat sausage, which she says is quite popular. Sherry says there’s a strong demand for goat meat, and that Myotonic goats have an especially high carcass yield.
With her retail meat license, Sherry can sell meat directly from the farm, but she wanted to work through some of the details of creating her specialty product. For that, she went to the Mad River Food Hub in Waitsfield, VT, where she learned more about how to produce her product from start to finish. “They walk you through the facility, show what the facility can do for you, how to use the equipment,” she said. “They helped me make my product and package it. I handed it out as free samples and everyone wanted more. Eventually, I want a USDA kitchen here at home so I can bring my meat home from the butcher, make my product and sell it.”
Sherry received a grant and guidance through a farm viability program at the University of Vermont, which helps farmers with all aspects of an agricultural enterprise, from developing a business plan to soil management. She plans to build the herd to 40 does, 20 of which will kid in spring and the rest will kid in fall. She’s putting up a dual-purpose barn that will be used to store round bales and to provide housing for the goat herd.
“I’m breeding for the old meat style goat and a clean herd,” said Sherry. “The herd is entered in the federal scrapie program. I’m going for export scrapie certification so I can eventually export certified scrapie-free goats.” The downside of that program is that once the certification process begins, no outside does can be added to the herd. Sherry wanted additional bloodlines, so she purchased four doelings from Goat Flower Farm in Lancaster, PA. “I lost a year on the export scrapie certification,” said Sherry, “but it was worth it to get that bloodline.”
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Derech Binah: The Hebrew Primer
This best-selling primer has taught hundreds of thousands of children to read Hebrew!
This best-selling primer has taught hundreds of thousands of children to read Hebrew! Special focus on:
- Visual Discrimination: Find the letter that doesn't belong. Connect the letters that are the same.
- Auditory Discrimination: Connect the letters that sound the same. Hebrew rhyming words.
- Print Writing: Each lesson includes a ruled machberet page for students to practice forming block print letters.
- Reading Games: Playful pages enliven the continuous drill work required for a firm reading foundation.
- Prayer Practice: Blessings, prayers, Hebrew songs, and the Four Questions. All presented in large, clear type.
- Speed Reading: A playfully competitive approach to encourage reading fluency.
- Words to Read and Understand: Students practice reading the alef bet with real Hebrew words, both modern and prayer.
Derech Binah introduces look-alike letters together, along with reading exercises to help discriminate between them. Depend on the primer that has already brought a generation of students to Hebrew literacy.
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(Alleen in het Engels)
The blackbird is only a partially migratory bird, so he stays all year round near the houses of the Aube department. Some people mistake it for a crow, which is quite negative.
In winter, the couple protects themselves from the bad weather and do not find much food.
The birds search into the ground with their beaks and they use the ivy, with its strong leaves, as a shelter and a dining room, with its caloric black berries, full of vitamins and lipids.
In the spring, it is a talented singer.
The couple is constantly active and the male, very dark with a yellow beak and a yellow-orange eye-ring, uses his virtuoso talent and sings rolling notes on a ridge, at dawn and dusk.
The female is rather brown and very dynamic, but mute.
A couple nest
After mating, the birds build their nest together as a couple, a few meters above the ground, with grass, moss and leaves, strengthened with mortar made from mud and their saliva mixed together, in a hedge or in some ivy, to protect themselves from dangers.
A few numbers: Weight: 100 g (the crow weights 240 g), longevity: 10 years (the crow lives for 20 years), size: 24 cm (the crow is 48 cm long)
The female lays four greenish-blue eggs, incubated for two weeks alternatively with the male, while they eat on the ground, earthworms, fruits, spiders, snails.
The babies stay in the nest for fifteen days (they are altricial), fed by their parents.
They often jump before they can fly and are victims of predators.
The blackbird runs, stops, raises its body, jumps on both legs, listens (worrying about a potential danger), hits the ground with its beak, scratches it with its strong legs, tilts its head to listen when some earthworms come up.
The blackbird’s host: the underestimated ivy
In winter, when the shrubs stay dormant, the ivy is always green, and its yellow flowers bloom to feed the last butterflies and bees, then after pollination, it offers black berries to the birds.
The ivy does not become encrusted: it grows around its stake without destroying it but rather protecting it.
The ivy’s spikes fix themselves to a support from which the ivy can climb towards the light, but contrary to popular belief, it does not become encrusted, it grows around its stake without destroying it but rather protecting it.
Yet it is not aparasite like the mistletoe that sucks the sap from the branches.
Its spikes arefull of glue warts, a powerful glue that could be used in surgicalmedicine.
The higher the ivy climbs, the more the leaves change shape: shadow leaves, intermediate leaves, light leaves.
It is a natural green wall available for all. It protects from the rain and can make the temperature rise up to 4 degrees.
With the authorization of « l’Est Eclair / Libération Champagne »
Head and featured photo © Herbert Aust
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The New-York Historical Society is dedicated to teaching its visitors about the city’s and country’s past, which includes the HIV/AIDS pandemic that reached its peak in the 1990s, and unfortunately continues today. Today is World AIDS Day, a worldwide day of remembrance for those who have died, support for those who are suffering, and an opportunity to teach others how to prevent the disease from claiming even more lives.
Artist Keith Haring rose to fame in a world scarred by AIDS, crime and the crack epidemic, and used his art to speak on the issues that were touching his life. When he was diagnosed with AIDS, his commitment to using his art for public good became even more important. In 1989 he founded the Keith Haring Foundation, established to assist AIDS-related and children’s charities as well as maintain resources and archives of his work. The Keith Haring Foundation gifted New-York Historical a piece of Haring’s Pop Shop’s painted ceiling, and items from the Pop Shop itself are on display in our Luce Center. Opened in 1986, the Pop Shop intended to allow people greater access to his work, which was now readily available on products at a low cost. The Haring Foundation continued to run the Pop Shop until 2005.
Haring’s work is now synonymous with the city. His murals and characters can be seen everywhere from the FDR drive to Sesame Street, and most can recognize his distinctive style, even if they don’t know his name. And at his death in 1990, it felt as if his best was yet to come. No one knows what the millions of people whose lives were cut short by AIDS would have done with their lives, but the point is their lives were cut short. Perhaps with World AIDS Day’s commitment to awareness, we can spare the next generation the same fate.
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Okay, okay, okay… What do you get when you cross 6 West Linn High School Environmental Science Classes, an eroding creek bank, and 3 beautifully sunny days?
Well looking back at the last 3 days, apparently the answer is: a feat of bioengineering and the beginnings of a restored riparian zone. We warned you that this wasn’t funny [see post title] despite the fact that one tends not to be so dry when working around streams… Dang it! It appears that hanging out with the punsters at West Linn High School does rub off on you.
Wordplay aside, the students at West Linn got a ton of work done in the last three days. At this site West Linn went through all the steps of stabilizing an eroding bank with bioengineering. Before the students arrived, an earth mover had sloped the streambank to be a gradual slope as opposed to a steep cliff of dirt, but in order to prevent further erosion, a lot of work needed to be done with bioengineering techniques, to stabilize the bank in the long-term. On the first day students arrived, we placed fascine bundles of willow and dogwood in trenches, anchored them down and buried them. These will grow into new trees and will create a nice matrix of roots that will hold in the soil and prevent sediment from washing into the stream. On the second day, students spread out straw, rolled out a carpet of natural fiber fabric, and staked it down. This will keep soil from washing in the stream in the short-term as we wait for those fascines bundles to take root and grow. On the final day, students planted and staked over 300 trees and shrubs to provide a nice diverse community of plants for the riparian zone. For more specifics and better pictures on how this is accomplished check out this previous posting here.
West Linn did a wonderful job, and we look forward to having them back at Abernethy!
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The Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Test (Whole Blood/Serum/Plasma) is a rapid detection of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in whole blood, serum or plasma.
For in vitro diagnostic use only. It is intended for over-the-counter and for prescription use.
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen is the coat protein of Hepatitis B,it does not have infectivity. It is often associated with the presence of hepatitis b virus, so it is a sign of infected with hepatitis B virus. In a typical Hepatitis B infection, HBsAg will be detected 2 to 4 weeks before the ALT level becomes abnormal and 3 to 5 weeks before symptoms or jaundice develop. HBsAg has four principal subtypes: adw, ayw, adr and ayr. Because of antigenic heterogeneity of the determinant, there are 10 major serotypes of Hepatitis B virus. The test utilizes acombination of monoclonal antibodies to selectively detect elevated levels of HBsAg in whole blood, serum or plasma.
The Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Test (Whole Blood/Serum/Plasma) is a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay based on the principle of the double antibody–sandwich technique. The membrane is pre-coated with anti-HBsAg antibodies on the test line region of the test.While detecting a positive sample, HBsAg in the specimen (whole blood, serum or plasma) reacts with the particle coated with anti-HBsAg antibody. The mixture migrates upward on the membrane chromatographically by capillary action to react with anti-HBsAg antibodies on the membrane and generate a coloured line. The presence of this colored line in the test region indicates a positive result, while its absence indicates a negative result.To serve as a procedural control, a colored line will always appear in the control line region indicating that the proper volume of specimen has been added and membrane wicking has occurred.
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Stress in the body can lead to a lack of oxygen. There are four major types of stress that deplete oxygen.
Toxic stress – This comes from our polluted environment. We need extra oxygen to detoxify our bodies on a regular basis.
Emotional stress – The flight or fight response that everyone is familiar with which causes the production of adrenaline and adrenal related hormones, which uses up our oxygen supply.
Physical Stress – Reduces circulation and the subsequent oxygen supply to a great many cells and tissues throughout the body.
Infections – Use up “free radical” forms of oxygen to combat bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Frequent use of drugs counteract infections also depletes cellular oxygen since oxygen is required to metabolise them out of the system. Research has convincingly shown that there is a significant difference in the amount of oxygen in a strong healthy person than that of a weak chronically ill person.
The initial symptoms of oxygen deficiency are as follows:
- · Overall body weakness
- · Muscle aches
- · Depression
- · Dizziness
- · Irritability
- · Fatigue
- · Memory loss
- · Circulation problems
- · Poor digestion
- · Acid stomach
- · Lowered immunity to cold, flu, and infection
- · Bronchial Problems
- · Bacterial, viral and parasitic infection
Aerobic Oxygen could help change and improve your health
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SmartShell uses hydraulics, not bulk, for structural strength
By Ben Coxworth
April 20, 2012
When things like bridges or stadium roofs are built, they’re designed to withstand not just the stress that they will experience on a frequent basis, but also the maximum stress loads that they’ll only be subjected to once in a while – these could take the form of things like snowfalls or wind storms. This means that much of the heavy, costly materials that the structures are made of will only occasionally prove necessary. Researchers from the University of Stuttgart, however, have come up with an alternative. They’ve designed a lightweight structure that actively adapts to increased loads via built-in hydraulics.
Known as the SmartShell, the open-air structure covers over 100 square meters (119.6 sq yds) of the university’s Vaihingen campus. Its curving wooden shell is only four centimeters (1.6 in) thick, and has supports at each of its four corners. While one of those supports is static, the other three incorporate hydraulic drives, made by project partner Bosch Rexroth.
The shell also contains sensors in various locations, that are linked to a control system. When these sensors detect a change in the structural load being placed on a particular part of the shell – such as might be caused by a shift in the wind – the hydraulics react independently within milliseconds to compensate for that load, keeping material stresses and deformations to a minimum.
Computer models were used to determine what movements would be necessary in order to counter specific load values on different parts of the shell.
The scientists believe that the technology could find use in a wide range of structures, where it would minimize weight, materials costs, and structural fatigue.
SmartShell was officially unveiled to the public this Monday.
Source: University of StuttgartShare
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Published at Wednesday, 30 September 2020. Addition Worksheets. By Tiffney Peltier.
Math games for first graders take the simple skills that children learned in kindergarten and build on them by introducing new concepts in an encouraging learning environment that works with kids at their own levels. Whether a child needs to review concepts from kindergarten or is ready to move on to more challenging addition and subtraction skills, online games can give him or her exactly the right kinds of math problems to work with. Both teachers and parents can use this technology to track kids has progress, thereby making it easier to know what academic level a child is at and when he or she is ready to move on. First graders are still very playful and often learn better when they are allowed to incorporate this natural instinct into their academic experience. Online math games for first graders combine a robust curriculum designed to promote proficiency with unique, entertaining characters and settings that grab and keep kids has attention. Many young children have not yet developed the attention span necessary to sit and learn from traditional print media for long periods of time, so breaking up traditional lessons with a few math games can help keep them from getting restless while still focusing on learning essential skills. Games can also be used to encourage struggling students by showing them that math can be fun rather than frustrating
A step-by-step set of preschool worksheets will introduce new challenges to your child - skills and concepts they have not yet learned. With your support and encouragement, your child will learn these new skills, achieve their goals, and gain confidence that will be vital when they start kindergarten or school. Starting big school brings a lot of changes into a child has life, and your child needs to believe that he or she can face new challenges and cope well.Physical activity is not only important for your child has health - it will help them cope with the sheer physicality of interacting with twenty children on the playground. Bumps and shoves are inevitable, so make sure your child has lots of physical play to develop gross motor skills too. Your attitude towards starting school will greatly influence that of your child. If you are enthusiastic and excited about school, your child will be to. Regardless of your experiences at school, it is vital that you be positive and teach your child that learning is important - and it can be fun!
You can find worksheets for a wide range of courses--almost any course you want to teach your children. These include spelling, writing, English, history, math, music, geography, and others. They are also available for nearly all grade levels. There are printable middle school, high school, elementary school, and even pre-school worksheets. So what kinds of worksheets should you get? Anything where you feel that your child needs further drill. We often have this notion that worksheets are just for math. This, of course, is not true. While they are excellent tools for reviewing math facts such as the multiplication tables and division facts, they are just as useful for reviewing parts of speech or the states in the union.
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Copyright © 2021 Caldwellcobeekeepers. All Rights Reserved.
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This course is for anyone who is interested in finding out a little more about smoking and tobacco. It will give you a brief look at tobacco, nicotine cravings, available support and nicotine replacement therapy.
(although an understanding tobacco section is included in all our other courses, this generic stand-alone module is specifically for those who find that the other course topics aren't currently relevant to their learning needs)
Parents wish to protect their children, and many parents who smoke already take some action. However we know that parents often do not understand enough about the way that tobacco smoke behaves and the harm it causes and so welcome information and support.
This course is designed for money advice organisations, foodbanks and community organisations who offer any type of financial advice and support to clients. It has been designed to help inform you of ways to raise the issue of smoking as part of the support that they provide.
The aim of the IMPACT project is to raise awareness of the links between smoking and poor mental health and to encourage mental health practitioners to discuss these links. This eLearning course supports this aim and is followed up by a two-hour face-to-face training session (details on the IMPACT website). If you are not yet booked on a face-to-face course but would still like to do the online portion of the training, please contact Jim O'Rorke on [email protected] to get the enrolment key.
As part of the NUS Healthy Body, Health Mind award criteria, participants are required to complete this stop-smoking and smoking prevention eLearning course. It is made up of 3 modules which are approximately 30 - 45 minutes each and the course page includes links to further resources and documents. In order for to receive recognition for completing the eLearning, each participant would need to complete a quiz for each module and include details in their HBHM submission report.
Sometimes our role is to provide opportunities for people to make healthier choices and be inspired to change their behaviour. This course takes a brief look at behaviour change and how we can create an enabling environment for people to be inspired towards change.
We are hoping to create a list of 5 - 10 minute modules that with include basic fast facts about smoking and tobacco. Watch this space.
We are hoping to create future modules based on the needs of our online community. Please feel free to email us if there are any topics that you feel are missing.
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Atomic energy as well as atomic power plants themselves are undoubtedly hot issues today. This post is going to be about the Kola APS, its structure and operating priciple.
A model of the Kola APS.
The basic operating principle of an atomic power station is very simple: a power station has two contours both filled with water. The first contour is radioactive. It consists of VVER-440 reactor, a volume compensator, a main circulating pump and 6 circulating loops. In the second contour there is a steam generator, turbines, an electro generator, a condenser and condensing pumps. This contour is not radioactive.
The reactor of the Kola atomic power station is water-moderated. It works on thermal neutrons. Desalinated water serves as a heat-carrier – it takes heat away from the active zone of the reactor. Thermal capacity of one reactor is 1375 MW which makes up 440 MW of electricity.
And this is a mockup of a fuel element.
These fuel elements made of zirconium contain uranium-235 in tabloid form. Tubes are collected in fuel assemblages of decagonal form. Assemblages with nuclear fuel are located in the active zone. There goes an operated chain reaction which heats the distilled water of the first contour to 572 F. To avoid boiling in a contour high pressure is retained. With the help of circulating pumps water goes to the steam generator.
The steam generator is a place where heat exchange between water of the first and second contours proceeds. Water of the second contour passes from one modular condition to another – steam, and water of the first contour goes back to the reactor.
Steam formed in the second contour rotates the turbine connected with the electro generator with high speed. The electric power goes to the transformer and then, via transmission line to consumers while the steam of the second contour turns to water again and goes back to the steam generator.
The launch of the 1st power unit. The 25-th of Juny, 1973.
A press conference.
The generator hall. Here are turbines and generators.
Everything that is painted green concerns steam generation and steam lines.
Blue – electric systems.
And red – fire-prevention systems
The reactor room itself.
An amusing thing – there is life buoy fixed on the car which pulls out cores from the reactor.
To leave the reactor room you have to pass a radiation check.
Ion-exchange resings. Reserve
Nuclear waste disposal centre.
The access is forbidden
Location:Polyarnie Zori, the Murmansk region
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Civil War in the American South
From the ASERL press release:
ATLANTA—(April 4, 2011)—Over the past 18 months, members of the Association of Southeastern Research Libraries (ASERL) have been developing a new, collaborative web portal to provide one-stop access to materials about the American Civil War Era, 1850 through 1865. The new website, www.american-south.org , was launched today to connect users to primary-source materials held across ASERL libraries about the intellectual and cultural underpinnings of the Civil War. The site currently links to more than 3,600 digitized items, and is expected to grow to more than 5,000 items in the near future.
“ASERL libraries have vast and uniquely valuable collections relating to the American Civil War Era,” commented John Ulmschneider, ASERL’s Board President and University Librarian at Virginia Commonwealth University. “We knew the sesquicentennial would raise public interest about the War, so we developed this new website to make these once-hidden collections available for scholars, students, and the public to discover, explore, and enjoy.”
ASERL libraries are selecting and digitizing materials from their collections to contribute to this shared website. The items vary from manuscripts and letters to sermons, economic data, and other types of publications. They all share a common link: all were written and published during the Civil War Era, 1850 through 1865, and all document the intellectual and cultural milieu leading up to and defining the Era. The www.american-south.org website was developed for ASERL by the Digital Library of Georgia, and features advanced search functionalities to help users quickly discover the items they seek and to browse the collection by specific filters, including contributing library, format, and other aspects of the collection.
“As research librarians, we are delighted to see this shared collection come online,” noted Ulmschneider. “What would have been disparate, local collections now have increased public visibility and much greater utility for scholars and students, with a single, shared search tool. The www.american-south.org website will become an invaluable tool for researchers, students, and educators as we learn more about the American Civil War.”
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Port Norris, New Jersey is a small town located along the Maurice River, where the river meets the Delaware Bay. Port Norris was established in 1811. The town was a major center for oysters, however it is still an important center for oysters. In the first half of the 20th century, there was a bustling oyster harvesting and processing community that settled in this little community.
The communities of Port Norris and the neighboring Bivalve were once known as the “oyster capital of the world” because it was the wealthiest municipality per capita in the state and among the top ones in the country during the 20th century. There were many millionaires, in this area, per square mile just because of the oyster industry during its heyday.
The oysters were harvested using oyster schooners from the Delaware Bay and brought into the Maurice River to the docks that lined the river.
The oyster business really took off along the Maurice River with the arrival of the Bridgeton and Port Norris Railroad in 1872. Once the oysters were at the docks, they were loaded onto freight trains and shipped to markets in Philadelphia and New York. By the 20th century, Delaware Bay oysters, shipped from the Maurice River, were served from Baltimore to New York and as far west as Kansas City, shipped using the Central Railroad of New Jersey and the Pennsylvania Railroad until the 1930’s when trucking took over the shipping needs.
The industry in Port Norris was successful until the late 1950’s when a parasite called MSX (Haplosporidum nelsoni) and then later hit by Dermo (Perkinsus marinus) in the 1990’s. These two parasites depleted the oyster population in the Delaware Bay. This had a devastating affect on Bivalve and Port Norris communities. So this once wealthy community was decimated after these parasites made their presence. Little remains of this once booming area, besides a few seafood businesses such as Bivalve Packing Company and now Port Norris is among the poorest towns in the most impoverished county in the state.
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What would the design landscape of Africa look like if colonialism had never happened? Designer and Nottingham Trent University lecturer Carl Harrison asks the tricky, pertinent question…
What we do know from historical records is that the culture of sub Saharan Africa, prior to the invasion of European colonisers, was quite different from that of today. Colonialism - with its imposition of foreign systems through force and coercion had a decided effect on the development of indigenous creative design solutions.
Which begs the question: "If colonialism had never happened, what direction could the traditional makers of things have taken and how different might the creative language and design landscape of Africa be today?"
At the advent of the colonial period, the makers of functional objects within traditional African culture were not considered to be artists. In fact, many societies would not have understood the concept of whether a traditional object was beautiful or not. The idea of the artist was a western construct that had no place in African society. Instead, traditional makers of things were an important asset of any community and carried out roles that helped maintain the bonds that held communities together.
For example, the traditional potter was seen as a special individual involved in the act of "transformation" - which took place when a soft material such as clay was transformed with the application of heat into a hard impermeable ceramic. Potters created the beer drinking pots used to communicate with the ancestors as well as the large pots that stood empty near the doorways of houses, allowing the spirit of male members of the family to escape safely from battles.
Traditional potters were mainly women, who also happened to be midwives - involved in yet another kind of magical transformation. Interestingly, in some African countries, newborn children are described as being like unfired pots as their initial skin colour is different at the moment of birth.
Like the ceramicists, mask-makers were not considered to be artists either. The African mask was never an aesthetic object. It had a functional purpose - it was a metaphysical vehicle through which the ancestors or the spirits could be contacted - and its communal importance was of far more value than it visual or "artistic" qualities.
We have, at this point, to take on the uncomfortable possibility that these things only became 'art' with the advent of colonialism. Spiritually vibrant and meaningful objects were turned into no more than visual curiosities or niceties to adorn the walls of western homes, thus interfering with Africa's vibrant cultural development process. By not understanding the real importance of these objects, the western world reduced their value. Reducing the value of these objects also fitted well with the colonial political necessity of reducing the value of its subjects.
The implication is that the existence of "art" in Africa could be interpreted as being part of a greater colonialism of the mind which continues today. The definition of an object as art plays exactly into the hands of the western world. It places Africa's objects within the western creative realm. It takes away "your" - namely, Africa's - ownership and gives it to "us".
We must therefore return to our question. What would indigenous product be like in Africa if colonialism had never happened? If colonialism had not interrupted the unique creative development of Africa, what would be the outcome today? Although it is difficult to say without reservation what the direction may have been, it is possible to consider what emotional and financial benefits Africa could have gained by an uninterrupted creative development process.
One thing we can be sure of is that there would have been ownership over the creative process. Many of the countries that are at present low-cost producers of goods designed in the west for western markets would possibly have developed their own unique and indigenous solutions to design problems. Solutions that came from their own historical creative vocabulary, based in turn on their own culture.
Another outcome of this may also have been a stronger confidence in cultural tradition. Unfortunately during my work and life in Africa over the past 25 years I have seen many examples of how undervalued many aspects of traditional culture have become. In some respects the potential of this cultural creativity has not been realised, except as a means of entertaining foreign tourists, or in the creation of low-cost objects for sale in many of the craft bazaars across the continent or by the roadside.
It may also have resulted in the better recording of disappearing cultural traditions, traditions that could have been of some as yet unknown economic value in the Africa of the future. An analogy can be drawn here with the continuing destruction of the rain forests of South America. With each tree that falls another opportunity to learn and grow evaporates.
If we are able to leap in imagination at this point, we could begin to ask ourselves some very exciting questions, which could result in some totally innovative and indigenous creative directions. For example, if traditional views about communication were used by Africa's contemporary designers, then what would their telephones look like?
What I am not proposing is that everything that has been absorbed from the west since colonial times be forgotten or unlearned. Or that it is in fact of no value, or that there is nothing of traditional culture present in contemporary African objects. Contemporary Africa today has very successful artists and designers and their work helps raise the profile of the continent by being very popular with world audiences.
What I am proposing is that the ancient creative traditions and roles of the makers of things be re-visited before their full meanings disappear forever. Because within these may lie something that Africa can one day claim with pride: This is something of our own, and with this we can build our own future.
About the author
After many years of helping to develop small-scale industries in Africa, designer Carl Harrison is presently involved in developing the International Design and Education Association (IDEA) based at Nottingham Trent University in the UK, where he is a lecturer. This is an association of International Design Education and Development agencies working towards sustainable design solutions of the future. Apart from forging manufacturing links for trade associations that are looking for partners in the developing world, IDEA is also involved in developing training programmes for traditional craftspeople and larger industries.
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Role of the Auto Industry in the Stock Market
The auto industry and Wall Street have had a love-hate relationship since the big three U.S. automakers -- General Motors, Ford Motor and Chrysler -- started trading in the stock market in the early 20th century. The auto sector is one that has produced groundbreaking initial public offerings but has also been riddled with problems and caused investors financial loss. From corporate bankruptcies to government bailouts and the departure from the pubic markets altogether, the role of the auto industry in the stock market has been volatile at best.
Auto stocks have a long history on Wall Street. General Motors, for instance, first went public in the stock market in 1916, at which time the company was generating enough cash to pay shareholders quarterly dividends. It wasn't until 1956 following the death of Ford Motor founder Henry Ford that this automaker had its IPO. Ford generated more than $600 million from the new offering, which turned out to be the largest IPO of that era. For decades, auto stocks were leaders on Wall Street until foreign competition increased, which in addition to antiquated business practices and outdated vehicles, began to weigh heavily on the financial performance of U.S. auto companies.
In 2008, the economy was deep in recession and major automakers GM and Chrysler, were on the brink of failure. Between 2008 and 2009, the U.S. government stepped in to provide $85 billion in loans and other financial stimulus to prevent these companies from closing. Investors returned to the stock market as shares of auto stocks and the broader stock market advanced in hopes that the U.S. economic recession was coming to an end. It wasn't the first time that Chrysler received a government bailout. In 1979 when Chrysler was close to failing, the U.S. government provided $1.5 billion in loans in exchange for stock warrants, which the government eventually sold for a $500 million profit.
GM's 1916 IPO began with such promise for investors but it didn't end well. When automaker General Motors could not produce a profit even after receiving federal money, the company filed for bankruptcy protection in 2009. GM was no longer permitted to list shares on the New York Stock Exchange as a result shares were demoted to the over-the-counter markets, where bankrupt companies can trade. Also in 2009, auto parts maker Delphi Automotive -- a former GM division -- emerged from a lengthy four-year bankruptcy. Eventually, both GM and Delphi Automotive shares became worthless and equity investors earned nothing. Both GM and Delphi started over with new stocks in the stock market.
Consolidation and Private Sector
In 1998, U.S. automaker Chrysler combined with Germany's Daimler to create one of the largest car makers in the world. The business combination struggled and the Daimler-Chrysler stock reached its best level in years when rumors of the forthcoming breakup of the two businesses surfaced. By 2007, Chrysler exited the publicly traded markets altogether and joined the private sector upon being acquired by private equity firm Cerberus in a $7.4 billion deal. Chrysler went bankrupt in 2009 and Italian car maker Fiat became its new owners. Chrysler's sales flourished under Fiat ownership and investors hoped the company would return to the stock market. In 2013, it was unclear whether or not Chrysler would in fact have an IPO.
Each month, U.S. automakers disclose their sales performance and the results have been known to not only influence the stock market but the entire economy. In 2012, auto sales increased by 13 percent. That performance made auto stocks attractive to investors. The strong sales also benefited companies in related sectors, including the companies that make satellite radios for vehicles and companies that make car batteries, for instance, according to a 2012 "Barron's" article. In 2012, auto sales were also responsible for 30 percent of U.S. economic growth in the first half of that year.
- New York Daily News: U.S. Auto Sales Vroom 13 Percent in 2012 as The Industry Enjoys its Best Performance in Five Years
- Reuters: GM IPO Raises $20.1 Billion
- CNN Money: Auto Parts Maker's IPO Completes Six-Year Comeback
- The Wall Street Journal: The Real Cost of the Auto Bailouts
- CBS News: Cerberus Takes Control of Chrysler
- The Detroit Bureau: Chrysler Stock Offering on Indefinite Hold
- Barron's: Thank Auto Sales for 2012′s Improving Economy
- National Public Radio: Examining Chrysler's 1979 Rescue
- The Detroit Bureau: Delphi Files for IPO
- The New York Times: Government Sells Stake in Chrysler
- ABC News: DaimlerChrysler Merger A Fiasco
- The Wall Street Journal: GM Files Long Awaited IPO
- CBS Money Watch: GM Shares Priced at $33 for IPO, Near High End of Forecasts
- Michigan Live: GM makes history with IPO: A Look at the Five Most Notable Public Stock Offerings Ever
- The Financial Times: Facebook IPO Offers Parallels with Ford’s in 1956
- Reuters: US STOCKS-Wall St Climbs on Extended Auto Bailout, Tech Cos
- USA Today: DaimlerChrysler's Shares Hit Six-Year High
Geri Terzo is a business writer with more than 15 years of experience on Wall Street. Throughout her career, she has contributed to the two major cable business networks in segment production and chief-booking capacities and has reported for several major trade publications including "IDD Magazine," "Infrastructure Investor" and MandateWire of the "Financial Times." She works as a journalist who has contributed to The Motley Fool and InvestorPlace. Terzo is a graduate of Campbell University, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts in mass communication.
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Recastled CEO Kosha Gada says the James Webb telescope is going to be able to look deep into space, “as far back as the origins of the universe”.
It comes as the space telescope is finally set to launch on Christmas Eve on mission to explore the early universe.
The project cost $10 billion and took almost 30 years to construct the “largest space telescope ever built” after several delays.
“It is a showcasing of and a return to American ingenuity in the field of astronomy,” Ms Gada told Sky News host Chris Smith.
“It’s going to be able to give us pictures deep into space, as far back as the origins of the universe.
“Basically, photographic images of the stars that came out of the big bang theory, some 14 billion years ago.”
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The Foundation of Matematics consist of mathematical logic, axiomatic set theory, proof theory, model theory, and recursion theory.Thre are related to philosofi of matematics.
Philosofi of matematics consist of :
“Platonists, such as Kurt Gödel, hold that numbers are abstract, necessarily existing objects, independent of the human mind”
“Formalists, such as David Hilbert (1862–1943), hold that mathematics is no more or less than mathematical language. It is simply a series of games...”
“Intuitionists, such as L. E. J. Brouwer (1882–1966), hold that mathematics is a creation of the human mind. Numbers, like fairy tale characters, are merely mental entities, which would not exist if there were never any human minds to think about them.”
The Foundation Of Matematics :
1) Strong : example geometri in Ingland to be foundation of matematics
2) Viewless :
Epistimologi : learn the science of mathematics resources.(Emanuel Khan)
Based on Critical Thinking
1. Syntetic apriory : not see the person can understand. The science obtained from Kontradiktion.
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Among us there are lucky ones who perfectly remember movies that had been watched a long time ago, books that had been read at school, the names of random acquaintances and phone numbers of friends. But most people complain about forgetfulness, writes Julie Beck in a column published in The Atlantic. So why do we forget everything?
Literary critic at The New York Times Pamela Paul reads countless books. She remembers their covers, editions and stores where they were bought, but admits that in a few days she forgets the content. And this is understandable.
The amount of memory is limited, says the Canadian psychologist Faria San, «that’s the problem. And everything that the brain considers garbage, it sweeps.
According to the forgetting curve, in the first hour after studying the material, up to 60% of the information is lost. Six days later, up to 20% remains in memory.
How to deceive a curve? If you have at least two days in reserve, psychologists recommend repeating the study immediately after reading, after 20 minutes, 8 hours and a day. For information to be postponed for a long time, after two or three weeks and two or three months it is necessary to refresh knowledge once again.
Apparently, technologies could be blamed in our holed memory. As researcher Jared Horvath from Melbourne University markes, we have lost the skill of «digging» in memory — because in our time everything can be googled. When people know that in the future they will easily return to information, they lose the incentive to remember it, according to an article by psychologists at Columbia University. By the way, for the same reason, the ancients, including Socrates, called writing a «killer» of memory.
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In a recent study, Horvath and his colleagues found out that those who watch serials a lot forget the plot quicker than the viewers who watch an episode a week. The same with books: reading in one place (for example, in an airplane) is poorly remembered.
Therefore, if you want to be known as an erudite, read in several approaches. By the way, Pamela Paul still thought of a way to memorize books — she started a «reader’s diary.» In this book, which she called Bob (book of books), the critic makes extracts from the read volumes.
And in the book of the world champion in mnemonics Boris Nicholas Conrad «How to remember everything!», an excerpt describes the method of remembering in a dream.
The best advice is very simple: [for memory to stay sharp], sleep should be deep and long enough.
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More than 20 million Americans are living with diabetes, and another 40 million are in the early stages of the disease. Managing diabetes can be a challenge all year long, but the holidays can pose special problems. All those extra treats, meals and drinks can add up to extra pounds and higher glucose levels. But a little planning, and will power, can keep diabetes in check, according to Susan Steinweg, a registered nurse and a certified diabetes educator. She's also the coordinator of Carroll Hospital Center's Diabetes Center.
Why are the holidays a particularly perilous time for those with diabetes?
Typically, the holidays are a time for traditions, family and food, and nurturing through food is a common theme. Individuals with diabetes often feel obligated to partake of these tempting delicacies, and once they do, like all of us, they often overindulge. This overindulgence can lead to weight gain and blood glucose level elevations.
What is a good strategy for handling the season?
Do not go to any holiday gatherings "starving." Have a healthy snack before attending. Bring a platter of fresh-cut vegetables with low-fat dip to share and to nibble on. Choose only the food items that are "worth it" and sample them. Do not feel obligated to try everything or to eat everything once you have put it on your plate.
When not at parties or gatherings, continue to be careful with your food choices and increase your activity level. Walking is a great way of burning calories that otherwise would be stored as fat, resulting in weight gain.
What happens if you do overindulge at a party? Do drinks count?
Strive not to overindulge at a party. You will feel sluggish and tired as a result, and you will lack energy to participate in holiday activities. Most folks regret overeating mentally and physically. However, if you should overindulge, exercise more and cut back on portion sizes throughout your day.
Alcoholic beverages do count. Your body recognizes alcohol as a toxin and immediately tells the liver to "detoxify" the alcohol. The calories are immediately stored as fat. People living with diabetes must be especially careful when consuming alcohol, as their blood glucose could drop suddenly, causing safety issues, including loss of consciousness, falls and accidents.
People with diabetes should always include a light snack when consuming alcohol to prevent sudden drops in their blood glucose. Many alcoholic beverages contain sugary mixes and fruit juices, which also will affect a person's blood glucose in a negative way. So stick to one light beer or a glass of wine, and avoid mixed drinks unless they are mixed with diet tonic. One mixed drink (with diet tonic) should be the "limit."
What about pre-diabetes?
Like all of us, people with "pre-diabetes" need to also pay particular attention to their intake over the holidays. Pre-diabetes is the state that occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. In other words, it is the very early stages of diabetes. Most people with "pre-diabetes" have an opportunity to slow their progression to diabetes by eating well, exercising and losing 5 percent of their body weight. Though it may not be realistic to lose weight during the holidays, certainly focusing on making healthy choices, cutting portion sizes and getting plenty of exercise can be steps in the right direction.
What are the long-term repercussions for those who don't manage their disease well?
Diabetes is a sneaky disease. Early on in their diagnosis, most folks do not notice any symptoms of diabetes. They spend some time in denial doubting that they even have it. It is hard to believe that you have diabetes if you don't feel any different, and that makes it easy to ignore.
However, diabetes that is not well controlled can lead to serious complications. These very debilitating complications can include heart and circulatory issues, kidney disease, eye disease, neuropathy ("pins and needle" sensations, pain, burning in the hands and feet) and erectile dysfunction.
Early diagnosis, education and support from certified diabetes educators are essential. We help people understand their diabetes — how to monitor their blood glucose levels using a meter and how to care for themselves, for example —and we're here to answer any diabetes health-related questions they may have.
Diabetes is hereditary, so if you have diabetes, make sure your loved ones are screened regularly.
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from Ideology to Aggression
Trying to hide their true motives from the eyes of the world with a series of historic and demographic falsifications, today's proponents of Greater Serbian ambitions are only continuing the promotion of an idea that has been smouldering with various degrees of intensity for over a century. A true appraisal of the events that led to one of the most bloody wars in recent history must take this into account, for until now it has been an unjustly neglected dimension of this Balkan conflict.
The process of condensing written material that has documentary value is problematic in and of itself. In this case the purpose is certainly not to distort historical facts by taking them out of context, but rather to attempt to present a clear and compact overview to the wider public, in the hope that the more studious reader will eventually refer to the original versions of these historical documents.
One of first outlines of Serbian territorial aspirations on the Balkans
The "Nacertanije" is the first written treatise to outline Serbian territorial aims on the Balkans, as well as their "historical right" to assume a leadership position in that part of Europe. It was written in 1844 by Ilija Garasanin, who was at the time serving as Minister of Internal Affairs of Serbia in the government of King Alexander Karadordevic.
Ilija Garasanin (1812-1874) was very active in Serbian public life in the 19th century. He held many government posts, including Minister of Internal Affairs, Foreign Minister and Prime Minister, under both King Alexander Karadordevic as well as King Milos Obrenovic. As one of the most prominent Serbian statesmen of the time, he was very influential in shaping Serbian politics and policies.
What follows are some of the key points of his political program to empower Serbia.
* * *
Serbia must place herself in the ranks of the other European states, creating a plan for her future to compose, so to speak, a domestic policy to whose principles she should firmly adhere over a fixed period of time, and according to which she should govern herself and decide all her affairs.
Activity and agitation among the Slavs has already begun and will, indeed, never cease. Serbia must understand this movement as well as the role which she must play within it.
If Serbia ponders what she is now, the position in which she finds herself and the kind of people that surround her, she is confronted with the undeniable fact that she is small and cannot long remain so. Only through alliance with other surrounding peoples can she solve her future problems.
With these factors in mind, a plan may be constructed which does not limit Serbia to her present borders, but endeavors to absorb all the Serbian people around her.
If Serbia does not faithfully pursue this policy, and, worse still, rejects it, failing to arrange her problems by a well- ordered plan, she will be buffetted back and forth like a small vessel by the cross currents of every alien tempest until finally she will be dashed to bits on some unsuspected reef.
The Serbian state must strive to expand and become stronger; its roots and foundation are firmly embedded in the Serbian Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries and the glorious pageant of Serbian history. Historically speaking, the Serbian rulers, it may be remembered, began to assume the position held by the Greek Empire and almost succeeded in making an end of it, replacing the collapsed Eastern Roman Empire with a Serbian-Slavic one. Emperor Dusan the Mighty had even adopted the crest of the Greek Empire. The arrival of the Turks in the Balkans interrupted this change, and prevented it from taking place for a long time. But now, since the Turkish power is broken and destroyed, so to speak, this process must commence once more in the same spirit and again be undertaken in the knowledge of that right.
. Such an enterprise would be endowed with inestimable importance and great prestige among European cabinets, as well as in the eyes of its own people; for then we Serbs could appear before that world as the heirs of our illustrious forefathers, doing nothing that is new other than completing their work. Hence our present will not be without a link to the past and will comprise one dependent, integrated, and systematic whole. Thus, the Serbian Idea and its national mission and existence will stand under the sacred law of history. Our aspirations will not be reproached as something novel and untried, that they signify revolution and rebellion; but all must acknowledge that this is politically necessary, grounded in past ages, and originating in the state and national life of the Serbian people whose roots continually send forth branches to blossom anew.
If we consider the rebirth of the Serbian kingdom from those standpoints, then others will easily understand the South Slav idea and accept it with joy; for probably in no single European country is the memory of the historical past so vivid as among the Slavs of Turkey, for whom the recollection of the celebrated events of their history is especially cherished and fondly remembered. . .
The Serbs were the first, of all the Slavs of Turkey, to struggle for their freedom with their own resources and strength; therefore, they have the first and foremost right to further direct this endeavor. Even now in many places, and in certain European cabinets, it is anticipated and expected that a great future is imminent for the Serbs, and it is this fact which has attracted the attention of Europe. If Serbia is thought of as merely a principality, the nucleus of a future Serbian kingdom, then the world need not concern itself any more than it did with the Moldavian and Wallachian principalities where there is no independent principle and whom it considers Russian satellites.
A new Serbian state in the south could give Europe every guarantee that it would be orderly and strong, and able to maintain itself between Austria and Russia. The geographic position of the country, its topography, abundance of natural resources, the martial spirit of its inhabitants, their elevated and fiery national feeling, and linguistic and ethnic homogeneity of all contribute to a sense of permanency and a promising future.
In order to determine what we can accomplish, and how we are to proceed, the government must know the particular conditions and circumstances of the peoples residing in the surrounding provinces.
When we take into a closer consideration the topography, geographic position and military tradition of these countries and their inhabitants, together with their mentality and ways of thinking, we well easily come to the conclusion that this is the part of Turkey upon which Serbia can exert the greatest influence. The determination and organization of this influence seems to us to be the main task of Serbian policy in Turkey.
Serbia must propose the possible points of this policy to both segments of the people residing there, Orthodox and Catholic, because of her prestige, years of experience and the diplomatic recognition accorded to her. One of the main points which should be set forth is the principle of complete freedom of religion established by law. The principle must include all Christians, and who knows if in time this cannot be extended to some Mohammedans as well? They must be satisfied and rendered complacent. Furthermore, the hereditary princely dignity must become the most important and fundamental law of the state. Without this principle which is the very embodiment of national unity, an enduring and permanent fusion between Serbia and Serbs in neighboring areas is unthinkable.
Not only must the fundamental constitutional laws of Serbia be extended to Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with the administrative system of the Principality of Serbia, but a number of young Bosnians should be accepted into the Serbian administration to train them as political, financial and legal specialists. Later these people would apply what they have learned in Serbia in their own countries, and put into practice the knowledge which they have gained. Here it must be observed that these young people should be specially supervised and educated in their work so that the redeeming idea of a general unification prevails and remains uppermost. This requisite cannot be sufficiently emphasized.
As a third step, it would be advisable to print a short and general history of Bosnia, in which the names of several men of the Mohammedan faith and their renowned deeds would be included. It is recommended that this history be written in the spirit of the Slavic people; the entire work should be permeated with the spirit of the Slavic people, and the national unity of the Serbs and Bosnians. Through the printing of these similar patriotic works, as well as other necessary actions which should be liberated from the influence of Austria and inclined more to Serbia. Croatia and Dalmatia in this way would procure books which would be impossible to print in Austria. The natural result would be the merger of these two lands in a closer relationship with Bosnia and Serbia.
At first glance it may be thought that Serbia must be on friendly terms with those areas (Srem, Backa, and Banat), since in origin, language, law, and custom they are one and the same with the Serbs of Serbia. If this is not the case then the blame falls in part, at least, upon Serbia herself, because she has not proceeded to win the friendship of these Serbs. But it is to be hoped that because of the hostile influence of Austria this weak relationship will be improved in the same degree as the Principality of Serbia shows that it is well-organized, strong, and just state. For the present, if nothing else, at least an effort should be made to become acquainted with the most important people in those provinces, and to establish one important newspaper which would act usefully in the interest of the Serbian cause under the Hungarian constitution.
The article "Serbs All and Everywhere", first published in the book "Treasurebox for the History, Language and Customs of Serbians of All Three Faiths" in 1849, is a typical example of Karadzic's views on the language and ethnicity of Serbia's neighbors. He also tries to negate the existence of any significant number of Croats, distorting historic and linguistic facts to prove his arguments. At this time, the Croats, along with the Bulgarians, were seen as the biggest obstacle to Serbian dominance on the Balkans. In this way Karadzic, either consciously or unconsciously, fits into the scheme of Greater Serbian ideology quite well.
* * *
It is known for certain that Serbs now live in present-day Serbia (between the Drina and Timok rivers, and between the Danube and the Sar mountains), in Metohija (from Kosovo over the Sar mountains, where Dusan's capital Prizren, the Serbian patriarchate of Pec, and the Decani monastery are located), in Bosnia,Herzegovina, Zeta, Montenegro, Banat, Backa, Srijem, the western Danube region from Osijek to Sentandrija, Slavonia, Croatia (Turkish and Austrian), Dalmatia, and in the entire Adriatic littoral from Trieste to Bojana.
I said at the start that it is known for certain because it is still not known how many Serbs are in Albania and Macedonia. Along the Cetina river (in Montenegro) I was talking with two men from Dibra, who were telling me that in those places there are many Serbian villages, in which Serbian is spoken the way they speak it, that is, across between Serbian and Bulgarian, but always closer to Serbian than Bulgarian.
In the aforementioned places there are at least 5 million people who speak the same language, but by religion they can be split into three groups: it can be estimated roughly that about 3 million are Greek Orthodox, and of this 1 million in Serbia (with Metohija), 1 million in the Austrian provinces (Banat, Backa, Srijem, western Danube, Slavonia, Croatia, Dalmatia and Boka), and 1 million in Bosnia, Herzegovina, Zeta and Montenegro; of the remaining 2 million it can be said that about two-thirds are Muslim (in Bosnia, Herzegovina, Zeta etc) and one-third are Roman Catholic (in the Austrian provinces, and in Bosnia, Herzegovina and the Bar nahija).
Only the first 3 million call themselves Serbs, but the rest will not accept the name. Those of the Islam faith think that they are real Turks, and call themselves that, although only one in a hundred can even speak Turkish. Those of the Catholic faith use the name of the place in which they live: for example Slavonian, Bosnian (or Bosniak), Dalmatian, Dubrovnian, etc., or, as is common among writers they use ancient names such as Illyrian or Illyrianist.
However, in Backa they are called Bunjevacs, in Srijem, Slavonia and Croatia they are called Sokacs, and around Dubrovnik and in Boka they are called Latins. Bunjevacs possibly get their name from the Herzegovinian river Buna, from where these people, as it is told, migrated some time ago; the Sokacs may be called so out of a sense of irony (from the Italian word sciocco), but today they say: "I'm a Sokac", or "Sokica" as with Bunjevac, Bunjevka.
All of the wiser people among the Orthodox and Catholic Serbs recognize that they are one people and strive to totally uproot or at least lessen the hatred because of different religions as much as they can. Even so, those of the Catholic faith still have a hard time calling themselves Serbians, but they will adjust to this in their own time, because if they don't want to be Serbs, then they have no national name at all. To say that one is Slavonian, another Dalmatian, still another Dubrovnian is useless, because all these are place names and do not describe any nation. To say that they are Slavs is too general, as Russian, Poles, Czechs and all other Slavic peoples fall under that name.
To say that they are Croats, I would say that in truth only the Cakavian speakers could use this name. They are the descendants of Constantine Porfirogenitus' Croats whose language is a little different from Serbian, but still closer to Serbian than any other Slavic dialect. Today's Croatians in the Zagreb, Varazdin and Krizevci districts, whose land was called Croatia after the Battle of Mohacs in 1526 (and was until then called upper Slavonia), speak a language which is a crossover from Slovenian into Serbian. I don't know how the name Croatian can be used for our Catholic brothers who live in Banat, Backa, Srijem, Slavonia, Bosnia, Herzegovina or in Dubrovnik, who speak the same language as the Serbs.
The borders of this first (Dalmatian) Croatia were as follows: along the sea to the Cetina river in the South, in Hercegovina at Imotski, in Bosnia at Livno, along the river Vrbas to Jajce, and its capital was in Biograd near Zadar and later in Bihac; for Pannonian Croatia it is known that their capital was in Sisak, but the borders of this district are harder to determine than that of the first.
In Dalmatia (except for the littoral and the islands), on the dry land that was once the heart of Croatia, there is today nobody who by language differs from the Serbs. However, on the islands and in the littoral, where the people hardly mixed with those from the slightly different from Serbian, and I believe that these coastal people and islanders are the remainders or descendants of the old Croats.
Among today's Slovenes can be counted today's Croats from the districts of Zagreb, Varazdin and Krizevci, whose language is gradually becoming Serbian; but where did these people come from to where they are now? If what Porfirogenitus said is true, that the Pannonian Croats were between the Drava and Sava, and that their capital was in Sisak, it would follow that they would be Cakavians and not Kajkavians.
As for the numbers of these dialects among the South Slavs, I would say that the Stokavians are at least three times as numerous as the Kajkavians and Cakavians combined, and that there are certainly more Kajkavians than Cakavians.
An article detailing views of Serbian cultural and political superiority over the Croats, which basically negated the existence of the Croatians as a separate nation
Nikola Stojanovic (1880-1964) was a politician and lawyer from Mostar. Before World War I he was very active in opposing the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and founded an opposition paper called "Narod" (Nation). During the war he was part of the Yugoslav Committee, which worked to unite the South Slavs. He was considered an expert on Bosnia-Herzegovina, and was an adviser for that region during the Peace Conference of 1918-19.
The following article, first published in "Srbobran" (a Zagreb-based Serbian periodical) number 168-9 in 1902, shows that his commitment to the Yugoslav ideal only went as far as it would help to realize greater Serbian aims. It is apparent that Stojanovic was influenced by scholars like Karadzic, who tried to negate the validity of any claims the Croatians make to a separate nationhood, by saying that the Croatians can only be defined by Catholicism and as a "subservient" people. Stojanovic also displays a certain disdain and even hatred for the Croatians, a trait that later Greater Serbian ideologists and politicians would exhibit towards any other nation that hindered the realization of their goals.
Immediately after its publication, this article touched off an anti-Serbian riot in Zagreb, the Croatian capital.
"Serbs and Croats are, according to some, two tribes of the same nation; to others two separate nations (nationalities); still to others one nation, one tribe.
A tribe originates in the time before the formation of a state, a nation emerges in a state at the initiative of one tribe. In our history, this role was filled by the tribe of Stevan Nemanja, but after this we have many examples showing that Serbian leaders didn't want or didn't comprehend the union of interests of all religions, without which there can be no talk of a political union. The Serbs were politically united during the defense of Kosovo and by the subsequent shared fate of slavery under the same authority.
Cultural unity, founded by Saint Sava, was at its best in this magnificent defense and in the later amalgamation of the Serbian aristocracy with democracy into one indivisible, wonderful whole-democracy with aristocratic pride. In this lies the importance of the Battle of Kosovo, in this sense the Serbian defeat in Kosovo meant one great victory.
During the time of their independence, or after their union with the Hungarians, the Croatians did not have a developed national consciousness nor a comprehension of the common interests of all Croats. The Congress of Split in 924, when the Croats changed their church liturgy from Slavic to Latin, and the fact that before the pact with Koloman there was 12 tribes (which is shown on the Croatian coat of arms) most clearly shows this. The Croatian nobles united with the Hungarian nobility in 1102, with whom they were united by religion-the one unifying element of those times.
Feudalism was imposed on the common people. The difference in religion between the nobles and the serfs, which was the key to Serbian resistance, could not play a role among the Croats, because they all had the same faith. Of course, the clergy helped make the people even less capable of political action. This is how it came to today's situation, where the mass of people do not participate in any political struggles, and the Croatian interests are represented by a few cliques who serve everybody's interests except those of the Croatians, and have succeeded in having them identified with the Croatian people.
The Croatians have neither a separate language, nor unified customs, nor a firmly unified lifestyle, nor, most importantly, a sense of mutual affiliation, and because of this cannot be a distinct or separate nation.
Their celebration of Zvonimir, who by choice became the pope's vassal, of those thousands of soldiers, who in the service of Austria fell on the battlefields of central and southern Europe, their elevation of Ban Josip Jelacic as a national hero, who was nothing more than a servant of the Viennese camarilla used against the Hungarians, are very typical of the Croatian people. That nation which sees its ideal in the service of others cannot seek anything more than to be that-servants. This is the morale that rules Croatia today.
It is a sad fate of a nation that is ever a servant and a toy in someone else's hands! Can there even be talk of national pride? And what can this group accomplish in a battle with a nation whose image of a hero is identical to the image of a Serbian and where along with democratic rule there is a great noble feeling and pride?
Croatians often assert that they have some sort of cultural advantage over the Serbians. Those who do not have a distinct view of the world (in religion, customs, education etc.), no national art nor literature, dare to speak of Croatian culture.
Croatians, therefore, are not and cannot be a separate nationality, but they are on the way to becoming part of the Serbian nationality. Taking on Serbian as their literary language was the most important step in this unification.
The process of blending is unstoppable, as these are masses speaking the same language, and by the same token we must reject without any declamation of unity a battle between the intelligentsia and the middle class; as the Serbs and Croats in today's form are two political parties.
The struggle which is going on between liberalism and conservatism is personified in the struggle between the Serbs and the Croats. The contrast between the historical state right which serves as the basis for all Croatian parties (which is not found in any liberal parties-at least not in Europe) and the natural ights expressed in Serbian national thought which is the basis of Serbian political programs (and shows no trace of clericalism or conservatism) is the best proof of this.
There are hardly any Croatian newspapers that do not have priests in the editorial staff or managing them; there are no important corporations where the clergy is not represented. Identifying Catholicism with Croatianism, they have truly succeeded in setting up a great obstacle for the penetration of Serbian thought. It is interesting that in Djivo's (Ivan Gundulic) classic city this did not come to pass.
The proud people of Dubrovnik decided on Serbianism, although the other Dalmantian cities, which were under the influence of the same Italian culture, decided on Croatianism. Dubrovnik was a free republic, but the remaining cities were under the domination of Venice. The liberated people decided to go with the liberated and progressive Serbian nation, the subjugated people chose subservient and regressive Croatia.
This is the best proof that only concepts of freedom separate us, that we are simply two political parties.
On the basis of this principle the Serbs must unite with other Balkan nations, leaving internal Balkan questions for another time. Croatians, as the representatives of foreign expansionist desires, are totally excluded from this, not because of their national characteristics, rather as a nation that allowed its fate to be managed by a few cliques who are obviously serving the interests of foreign governments.
With the education of the masses and their participation in politics, the clericist idea will finally subside. The fall of clericalism in our nation means the fall of Croatianism.
We hope that this will happen soon, for there is a sizeable number in the intelligentsia among the Croats who are spurring this process along, seeing that a unified Serbian nation means economic, political and cultural independence, and freedom from German encroachment.
Excerpts written mainly around the turn of the century, revealing his Greater Serbian inclinations
There is no one work of Cvijic that can be set aside as some kind of geographic doctrine for the Greater Serbian idea, but his political inclinations regarding Serbia's expansion can be seen throughout his body of work. In this section, statements from various articles and publications by Cvijic in which he clearly shows his Greater Serbian inclinations in the context of an academic/scientific work are presented. All of these statements reflect the assertions of present Greater Serbian ideologists, and it can be seen that Cvijic's work, since he was a reputable geographer, is used as 'scientific proof' of their territorial claims.
* * *
First, some of Cvijic's general thoughts on Serbia's need and fitness to dominate the surrounding areas. Here he displays a great deal of emotional involvement in the subject at hand: ". . . all Serbs were inspired by high national morale and a desire to avenge the old defeats and found a new, even larger state." (Cvijic, "Balkansko Poluostrvo i juznoslovenke zemlje, osnove antropogeografije, I, Zagreb 1922.)
"The world must know and realize that Serbia can operate with a much larger entity that the territory it now holds. The greatest possible territorial transformations may take place with Serbia. And we must not flinch from this fear pouring into the world if it is useful to our national interests." (Cvijic, "O nacionalnom radu", commemorative speech 1907, reprinted in Govori i Clanci, I, Beograd 1921 p. 51-76).
Cvijic also claims provides reasons for the incorporation of surrounding Balkan territories into Serbia. The Dinaric region he speaks of is Bosnia and Dalmatia: "Outside of the Morava-Vardar depression (South Serbia and Macedonia) there are no territories in the western half of the Peninsula suitable for forming durable life. . .The economic and trading interests of certain Dinaric regions even now aim for the Morava-Vardar depression; these lands canot acquire life and importance unless they join with the Morava-Vardar state. . ." (Cvijic, "Geografske osnove makedonskog pitanja", Questions balkaniques, Paris 1916. Reprinted in Govori i Clanci I, Beograd 1921, p. 27-51.)
He has this to say about Bosnia and Herzegovina. Note that he boldly assumes the Serbian nature of this region thus making it seem that Serbia has a right to claim territory that it never held: ". . . it is widely known that Bosnia and Herzegovina are lands settled entirely by people who are purely Serbian in race. . ." "As an unassailable minimum for the principle of nationality it must stand that one cannot relinquish that central dominion, the heartland of a nation to another country, a foreign state (Austro-Hungary); this is what Bosnia and Herzegovina are to the Serbian people." (Cvijic, Aneksija Bosne i Hercegovine i srpsko pitanje, 1908. Reprinted in Govori i Clanci I, Beograd 1921, p. 202-233).
He has the following to say on Serbia's need and 'right' to an Adriatic outlet: ". . .the aspirations of Serbia for the Albanian coastline are justified and conditioned not only by geographic but also by historic tradition." ". . .for economic independence, Serbia must acquire access to the Adriatic Sea and one part of the Albanian coastline: by occupation of the territory or by acquiring economic and transportation rights to this region. This, therefore, implies occupying an ethnographically foreign territory, but one that must be occupied due to particularly important economic interests and vital needs. Such occupation might be called an anti- ethnographic necessity and in such a form it is not against the principle of nationality. In this case it is all the more justified because the Albanians of northern Albania came about through a merging of the Albanians and Serbs."
(Speaking of the Serbian army in the Balkan Wars): ". . .every soldier knew that this military march must secure one part of the Adriatic castline and an Adriatic port, on which economic independence of his country would depend. . . a single thought and a single will led all members of the Serbian people to spread their state territory to the shores of the sea and an Adriatic port." (Cvijic, "Izlazak Srbije na Jadransko More", Glasnik Srpskog Geografskog Drustva, 1912. Reprinted in Govori i Clanci II, Beograd 1921, p. 9-25).
He also made ethnographic arguments for Serbian claims to coastal regions when, like Vuk Karadzic, he asserted that the people of Dubrovnik were Serbians: "It seems that the Slavs who settled these lands in the 6th and 7th centuries were settled at first on the steep cliffs above the town where the is located today, on cliffs that used to be wooded with an oak forest, known then as a 'dubrava'. This, then, is the origin of the Serbian name form the city of Dubrovnik, that replaced the earlier Greek-Romanese name (Ragusa).
Subsequently the development of the city was marked by this two-fold Slavic- Roman identity. The Latin and Slavic people merged here, a mixture that can always be noted though the population quickly and completely became Serbian." (Cvijic, "Iz drustvenih nauka." Selected texts. Cvetko Kostic, editor. Beograd 1965.)
A memorandum presented to the Royal Yugoslav government which outlines methods for removing Albanians from southern Serbia - a blueprint for ethnic cleansing
Vaso Cubrilovic (b.1897) was a historian, teacher and politician. As a youth he was in the Young Bosnia political movement and was involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. After the war he was a high school teacher and professor in Belgrade. He was also a political adviser for the royalist government of Yugoslavia. After World War II, he became a member of the Communist Party and as such held various posts in the Federal Yugoslav government. He was also a member of the Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Cubrilovic presented the following memorandum to the Stojadinovic government in 1937. While it deals with a specific topic, the expulsion of Albanians from southern Serbia, it also expresses Serbian paranoia at losing land or their perceived dominance in the Balkans. It shows the Machiavellian lengths some Greater Serbian ideologists will condone and employ to reach their goals, all of which is apparent in the present conflict. It is also interesting to note that many of the measures Cubrilovic suggests were and still are being used by the present Serbian regime in Kosovo.
* * *
The problem of the Albanians in our national and state life did not arise yesterday. It played a major role in our life in the Middle Ages, but its importance became decisive by the end of the 17th century, at the time when the masses of the Serbian people were displaced northwards from their former ancestral territories of Raska and were supplanted by the Albanian highlanders. Gradually the latter came down from their mountains to the fertile plains of Metohija and Kosovo. Penetrating to the north, they spread in the direction of Southern and Western Morava and, crossing the Sar Mountain descended toward Polog and thence, in the direction of the Vardar. In this way, by the 19th century, the Albanian triangle was formed, a wedge which based on its Debar-Rogozna axis in its ethnic hinterland, penetrated as far into our territories as Nis and separated our ancient territories of Raska from Macedonia and the Vardar Valley.
This Albanian wedge inhabited by the anarchist Albanian element hampered any strong cultural, educational and economic connection between our northern and southern territories in the 19th century. This was the main reason why Serbia was unstable, until 1873, when it managed to establish and maintain continuous links with Macedonia, through Vranje and the Black Mountain of Skopje, to exercise the cultural and political influence on the Vardar Valley that was anticipated because of the favorable geographical and transportation links and the historical traditions in those regions.
Although the Bulgarians began their state life later than the Serbs, at first they had greater success. This explains why there are permanent settlements of southern Slavs from Vidin in the north to Ohrid in the south. Serbia began to cut pieces off this Albanian wedge as early as the first uprising, by expelling the northernmost Albanian inhabitants from Jagodina.
From 1918 onwards it was the task of our present state to destroy the remainder of the Albanian triangle. It did not do this. There are several reasons for this, but we shall mention only the most important.
Even the Balkan Christians learned from the Turks that not only state power and domination, but also home and property are won and lost by the sword. The concept of the relations of private ownership of land in the Balkans was to be softened to some extent through laws, ordinances and other international agreements issued under pressure from Europe, but this concept has been to some degree the main lever of the Turkish state and the Balkan states to this day.
We do not need to refer to the distant past. We shall mention only a few cases of recent times. The removal of Greeks from Asia Minor to Greece and of Turks form Greece to Asia Minor, the recent removal of Turks from Bulgaria and Romania to Turkey. While all the Balkan states, since 1912, have solved or are on the way to solving the problems of national minorities through mass removals, we have stuck to slow and sluggish methods of gradual colonization.
The results of this have been negative. That this is so is best shown by the statistics from the 18 districts which comprise the Albanian triangle. From these figures it emerges that the population is greater than the total increase in our population from natural growth plus new settlers (from 1921 to 1931 the Albanian population increased by 68,060 while the Serbs show an increase of 58,745-a difference of 9,315 in favor of the Albanians).
Taking into account the intractable character of the Albanians, the pronounced increase in their numbers and the ever increasing difficulties of colonization by the old methods, with the passage of time this disproportion will become even greater and eventually put in question even those few successes we have achieved in our colonization from 1918 onwards.
Without a doubt, the main cause for the lack of success of our colonization in those regions was that the best land remained in the hands of the Albanians. The only possible way for our mass colonization of those regions was to take the land from the Albanians. After the war, at the time of the rebellion and actions of the insurgents, this could have been achieved easily by expelling part of the Albanian population to Albania, by not legalizing their usurpations and by buying their pastures.
Here we must return again to the gross error of our post-war concept about the right to possession of the land, instead of taking advantage of the concept of the Albanians themselves about their ownership of the land they had usurped-scarcely any of them had title-deeds issued by the Turks, and those only for land purchased, to the detriment of our nation and state, we not only legalized all of these usurpations, but worse still, accustomed the Albanians to Western European ideas of private property.
Prior to that, they could never have had these ideas. In this way, we ourselves handed them a weapon to defend themselves, to keep the best land for themselves and make the nationalization of one of the regions most important to us impossible.
This concentration of Albanians around the Sar Mountain has great national, state and strategic importance for our state. We have already mentioned the way it came into existence and the importance of this region for linking the regions around the Vardar Valley firmly with our ancient territories. The greatest force of the Serbian expansion ever since the beginnings of the first Serb state in the 9th century has always been based on the continuity of this expansion, as well as on the expansion of the ancient territories of Raska in all directions, hence including its expansion towards the south.
This continuity has been interrupted by the Albanians and, until the ancient uninterrupted connection of Serbia and Montenegro with Macedonia along the whole of its extent from the Drin River to Southern Morava is re- established, we will not be secure in our possession of this territory. From the ethnic standpoint the Macedonians will fully unite with us only when they enjoy true ethnic support from the Serbian motherland, which they have lacked to this day. This they will achieve only through the destruction of the Albanian block.
From the military-strategic standpoint, the Albanian block occupies one of the most important positions in our country-the starting point from which the Balkan rivers flow to the Adriatic, the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. The holding of this strategic position to a large degree determines the fate of the Central Balkans, especially the fate of the main Balkan communication line from Morava to Vardar.
It is no accident that many battles of decisive importance for the destiny of the Balkans have been fought here (Nemanja against the Greeks, the Serbs against the Ottomans in 1389, Hunyadi against the Ottomans in 1446). In the 20th century, only that country which is inhabited by its own people can be sure of its security; therefore it is an imperative duty for all of us that we should not allow these positions of such strategic importance to be in the hands of a hostile alien element.
The more so since this element has the support of a national state of the same race. Today this state is powerless but even in this condition, it has become a base of Italian imperialism, which aims to use it to penetrate into the heart of our state. Our element, which will be willing and able to defend its own land and its state, is the most reliable means against this penetration.
The Albanians cannot be repulsed by means of gradual colonization alone: they are the only people who, during the last millennium, managed not only to resist the nucleus of our state, Raska and Zeta, but also to harm us, by pushing our borders northwards and eastwards. Whereas in the last millennium our ethnic borders were shifted to Subotica in the north and Kupa in the north-west, the Albanians drove us from the Skadar and its region, the former capital city of Bodin, from Metohija and Kosovo.
The only way and the only means to cope with them is the brute force of an organized state, in which we have always been superior to them. If since 1912 we have had no success in the struggle against them, we are to blame for this, as we have not used this power as we should have done. It is not possible to speak of any national assimilation of the Albanians in our favor. On the contrary, because they base themselves on Albania, their national awareness is awakened and if we do not settle accounts with them at the proper time, within 20-30 years we shall have to cope with a terrible irredentism, the signs of which are already apparent and which will inevitably put all of our southern territories in jeopardy.
As we have already stressed, the mass removal of the Albanians from their triangle is the only effective coursefor us. To bring about the relocation of a whole population, then the first prerequisite is the creation of a suitable psychosis. It can be created in many ways.
As is known, the Muslim masses, in general, are very readily influenced, especially by religion and are superstitious and fanatical. Therefore, first of all we must win over their clergy and men of influence, through money or threats, to support the relocation of the Albanians. Agitators to advocate this removal must be found, as quickly as possible, especially from Turkey, if it will provide them for us.
Another means would be coercion by the state apparatus. The law must be enforced to the letter so as to make staying intolerable for the Albanians: fines and imprisonments, the ruthless application of all police dispositions, such as the prohibition of smuggling, cutting forests, damaging agriculture, leaving dogs unchained, compulsory labor and any other measure that an experienced police force can contrive.
Health measures: the brutal application of all the dispositions even in homes, pulling down encircling walls and high hedges around
houses, rigorous application of veterinary measures which would result in impeding the sale of livestock on the market, etc. can also be applied in an effective and practical way. When it comes to religion the Albanians are very touchy, and thus they must be harassed on this score, too. This can be achieved through illtreatment of their clergy, the destruction of their cemeteries, the prohibition of polygamy, and especially the inflexible application of the law compelling girls to attend elementary schools, wherever they are.
Private initiative, too, can assist greatly in this direction. We should distribute weapons to our colonists as need be. The old forms of cetnik action should be organized and secretly assisted. In particular, a tide of Montenegrins should be launched from the mountain pastures, in order to create a large-scale conflict with the Albanians in Metohija.
This conflict should be prepared by means of our trusted people. It should be encouraged and this can be done easily once the Albanians revolt; the whole affair should be presented as a conflict between clans and, if need be, ascribed to economic reasons. Finally, local riots can be incited. These will be bloodily suppressed with the most effective means, but by the colonists from Montenegrin clans and the cetniks, rather than by means of the army. There remains one more means, which Serbia employed with great practical effect after 1878, that is, by secretly burning down Albanian villages and city quarters.
The method of the colonization of Toplica and Kosanica after 1878, when the Albanians were expelled from these regions, is full of lessons. The method for the colonization of these regions was laid down in the law of January 3, 1880. On February 3 of the same year, the People's Council approved the law on the amendment of agrarian relations according to the principle of the land to the peasants. Without hesitation, Serbia sought its first foreign loan in order to pay Turkey for the lands taken. It did not set up any ministry of agrarian reform or costly apparatus for the problem of colonization, but everything was done in a simple and practical manner.
The police organs distributed the land to all those who wanted to till it. People came from Montenegro, Sjenica, Vranje, Kosovo, Pec, etc. and thirty years later Toplica and Kosanica, once Albanian regions of ill-repute, gave Serbia the finest regiment in the wars of 1912-18, the Iron Second Regiment. In those wars, Toplica and Kosanica paid and repaid, with the blood of their sons, those tens of millions of dinars which Serbia had spent for their resettlement.
Hence, if we want the colonists to remain where they are, they must be assured of acquiring all the means of livelihood within a few years. We must ruthlessly prohibit any speculation with the houses and properties of displaced Albanians. The state must reserve for itself the unlimited right to dispose of the fixed and movable assets of the people transferred and must settle its own colonists there immediately after the departure of the Albanians. This must be done because it will rarely happen that a whole village departs at once. The first to be settled in these villages should be the Montenegrins, as arrogant, irascible and merciless people, who will drive the remaining Albanians away with their behavior, and then the colonists from other regions can be brought in.
Whenever our colonization policy has been criticized for its lack of success, its defenders have always excused themselves with the inadequate financial means the state has allocated for this work. We do not deny that it is so up to a point, although it must be admitted that more has been spent in our country on the maintenance of this apparatus and its irrational work than on the colonization itself. Nevertheless, if the state has not provided as much as it should, it must be understood that every state to ensure the holding of the insecure national regions, by colonizing these regions with its own national element, must be included among the primary interests.
All other commitments rank inferior to this task and this commitment. For these problems, the money can and must be found. We have already mentioned the instance of Serbia during the colonization of Toplica and Kosanica and the benefits it had from this. When the small Serbian principality did not hesitate, as a free and independent kingdom, to seek its first loan for the colonization, can it be said that our present-day Yugoslavia is unable to do such a thing? It can and must do it, and it is not true that it lacks the means to do it.
For such an important national, military, strategic and economic task, it is the duty of the state to sacrifice a few hundred million dinars. At a time when it can spend one billion dinars for the construction of the international highway from Subotica to Caribrod, any possible benefit from which we will enjoy only in the distant future, it can and must find a few hundred million dinars, which will put us back in possession in the cradle of our state.
In view of all that has been said above, it is no accident that our examination of the question of colonization in the south, we proceed from the view that the only effective method for solving this problem is the mass resettlement of the Albanians. Just as in other countries, gradual colonization has had no success in our country. When the state wants to intervene in favor of its own element, in a struggle for land, it can only be successful if it acts brutally. Otherwise, the native, with his roots in his birthplace and acclimatized there, is always stronger than the colonist. In our case, this must be kept especially well in mind, because we have to deal with a rugged, resistant and prolific race, which the late Cvijic describes as the most expansive in the Balkans.
All Europe is in a state of turmoil. We do not know what each day and night may bring. Albanian nationalism is mounting in our territories too. To leave the situation as it is would mean, in case of any world conflict or social revolution, both of which are possible in the near future, to jeopardize all of our territories in the south. The purpose of this paper is to avert such a thing.
A program which clearly states Serbia's territorial ambitions and "right" to dominate Yugoslavia
Stevan Moljevic (b.1888) was a lawyer in Banja Luka before the war. In 1941 he fled to Montenegro after the Independent State of Croatia was declared. During the war he was an adviser to General Draza Mihajlovic, leader of the Cetniks. He released this memorandum on June 30 of 1941 in Niksic (Montenegro), 2 months before he joined the Cetnik National Committee and its executive council. The ideas Moljevic expressed in this memorandum reflect the views of most cetnik programs of the time, as well as those of the present.
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The experience of the Serbian nation in this war, provoked with the loss of their state and their freedom, has brought them to these unwavering convictions:
1. That the power of the country is not based on the size of its territory, not the number of inhabitants, nor even on the richness of the land, but rather on the independence of thought, the concept of love for the country, its freedom and independence, internal unity and spiritual ties of the nation when subject to foreign invasion, and the readiness of its people to sacrifice everything they have including their lives for their country and its freedom.
2. That this identity of national view, sense and love of the nation and its independence can only be reached if it is gathered in a homogeneous Serbia. Examples of this are Serbia and Montenegro in past wars and Greece in the present war.
- to create and organize a homogeneous Serbia which must consist of the entire ethnic territory on which the Serbs live, and to ensure the necessary strategic and transportation lines and hubs, as well as economic areas which would enable and secure free economic, political and cultural life and development for all times.
These strategic and transportation lines necessary for the security, life and existence of Serbia, even if some of these areas do not have Serbian majorities in the local population, must serve the interests of Serbia and the Serbian nation so that the horrible suffering that they have endured at the hands of their neighbors does not have a chance to repeat itself.
Moving and exchanging inhabitants, especially Serbians for Croatians and Serbians from Croatian areas, is the only way to establish a border and create better relations between them, and this prevents the possibility that the frightful crimes which happened in the last war and especially those in the present war in all areas where Croatians and Serbians are intermingled (and where Croats and Muslims planned the extermination of Serbs) are not repeated.
A basic mistake of our state administration was that in 1918 the boundaries of Serbia were not firmly set up. This mistake must be corrected immediately, for tomorrow it will be too late. These borders must be struck now, and they must include the entire ethnic territory on which Serbs live with unhindered access to the sea for all Serbian districts that are in the vicinity of the coast.
2. In the south (Montenegro and Herzegovina) the Southwest Serbian province should take over the territory of the Zeta Banovina (Royal Province):
3. In the west the Western Serbian province should include-like the Vrbas Banovina-northern Dalmatia, the Serbian part of Lika, Kordun and Banija and a part of Slavonia, so that the railroad from Plaski to Sibenik and the northern rail connection from Okucani over Sunja to Kostajnica belong to this region.
For this Serbian province, which would have 46 districts and nearly 1.5 million inhabitants, on which the entire Sipad enterprise falls, as well as the iron mine at Ljubja, and over which the Adriatic railway Valjevo-Banja Luka-Sibenik runs, it will be necessary to secure the Zadar area and the surrounding islands to ensure its outlet to the sea. 4. The Northern Serbian province should get, in addition to the territory of the Danube Banovina, the Serbian districts of Vukovar, Sid and Ilok and from the Vinkovci district Vinkovci, Luze, Mirkovci and Novi Jankovci municipalities and also the entire city and district of Osijek.
5. The Central Serbian province-the Drina Banovina-should have the following Bosnian districts returned to it: Brcko, Travnik and Fojnica.
In the future, Serbia must, with the conviction of its past and its mission on the Balkans, be the bearer of the Yugoslav idea and the first defender of Balkan solidarity and Gladstone's principle of "the Balkans for the Balkan people." As time goes on, smaller states must combine in larger communities, unions and bloks, and Serbia's friends will expect this of her. Serbia will gladly respond to these expectations, for this is at the heart of its historical mission on the Balkans.
The Serbians already started on this path when they created Yugoslavia, and they will continue on this path. However, the first step in this path was taken incorrectly in that the Serbs and Montenegrins immediately allowed themselves to be melted into Yugoslavia while the Croats, Slovenes and Muslims took a different course and take all they can from Yugoslavia without giving anything in return. This mistake must be corrected and it can only be done if the Serbs, with the resurrected Yugoslavia, must immediately and unhesitatingly create a homogeneous Serbia in the borders that were previously outlined. Only after this has been achieved will we approach all other questions relating to the Slovenes and Croats.
Yugoslavia would thus be arranged on a federal basis with three federal units: Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Only when this state of affairs is settled, when all Serbian regions are united in a homogeneous Serbia, can a limited rapprochement with Bulgaria be conceived. Until then strengthening closer relations through economic and cultural co-operation might be possible (first through the press, books, churches and social gatherings and then through a customs union).
The Serbs, who almost 5 centuries earlier were the only people on the Balkans to seriously resist Ottoman encroachment from the east; the Serbs, who in their struggle against Ottoman imperialism were the first to rise up against the Turks; the Serbs, who were the first to resist German encroachment from the west; were thereby granted the right to leadership on the Balkans, and they will not, nor cannot, renounce this leadership neither for themselves nor because of the Balkans and its fate.
They must fulfil their historical mission, and they can only do this if they are united in a homogeneous Serbia in the framework of Yugoslavia which they will imbue with their spirit and give their indelible stamp. Serbia must have hegemony on the Balkans, therefore they must previously gain hegemony in Yugoslavia. Only this hegemony must be great in spirit, far-reaching in outlook, courageous in political thought, and decisive in political action, and up to the present the Serbs have shown these traits in every challenging moment in their history. And as the present moment is only the last period of the past, so the future should be an extension of this past.
The social order in Yugoslavia, founded on unlimited liberalism, was in the chaotic post-war period abused and misused in favor of the stronger against the weak, and in favor of the individual against the community. This damaged the necessary balance in economic life, and led to a crumbling of national and social morals and public life.
In Serbia, work must be the basic goal and purpose of every man and he must be justly rewarded for the quality and quantity of his work; capital must be the means for the Serbian people to realize their historical mission in the field of national defense, the national economy, and the national culture, as well as to secure their national existence, but the state must be the primary bearer of capital and capitalism.
The state must ensure that every citizen has the possibility to get work and compensation, and to insure everyone in the case of sickness, old age and disability. The freedom of individuality, personal initiative and personal property must be protected for every citizen by law; only these freedoms must not be misused in such a way that they will infringe on other citizens or the community.
The church, as an organization, must be recognized and aided only if it is totally independent from outside influence and if its supreme leadership is in Serbia. Political parties in Serbia cannot be founded on a religious basis.
A leading position should be taken by the intellectuals, the enlightened sons of the Serbian nation and its youth, so that they set an example with their zeal, self-sacrifice, order, work and discipline and so that they may shine in the execution of their duties.
This memorandum is a critique of the Yugoslav system from a Serbian nationalist point of view, which assumes that Serbia was exploited by other Yugoslav republics and must correct the situation without hesitation
Dobrica Cosic (b.1921) was the president of the Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences at the time the Memorandum was written, and he had a leading influence on its content and direction. Cosic is a writer who has held numerous cultural and political posts since the end of World War II, among them representative in the Federal parliament, president of the Serbian literary community, and editor of several papers and literary journals. He is presently the president of the new Yugoslav Federation.
The resulting blow to moral values and to the reputation of leading public institutions and a lack of faith in the competence of decision-makers have spread apathy and bitterness among the public and produced alienation from all the mainstays and symbols of law and order. An objective examination of Yugoslav reality suggests that the present crisis may end in social shocks with unforseeable consequences, including such a catastrophic eventuality as the fragmentation of the Yugoslav state. No one can close his eyes to what is happening and to what may happen. Certainly, our nation's oldest institute of scientific and cultural creativity cannot do so.
In these fateful times, the Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences feels obliged to express its views on society's condition in the conviction that this will help us find a way out of our present troubles. The nature of this document, however, obliges us to limit ourselves to the key issues of Yugoslav reality. Regretfully, these issues include the undefined and difficult position of the Serbian nation, a position brought to the fore by recent events.
In order to understand the primacy of ethnicity in the present practice of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia it is necessary to consider the influence of the Comintern on the Communist Party of Yugoslavia between the two world wars. The Comintern's strategy during that period derived from the conclusion that following the failure of the proletarian revolution in Western Europe, the Communist parties of Eastern, Central, and Southern Europe had to depend on national movements, even though they were expressly anti-socialist and based on the idea of national rather than class unity.
Stalin engaged in crushing all opposition to such a strategy (as, for example, in the case of Sima Markovic, one of the founders of the Yugoslav Communist Party). In this spirit, the solution to the national question was formulated and developed theoretically by Sperans (Kardelj) in his book "Razvoj slovenskoga narodnoga vprsanja" (The Development of the Slovene National Question), which generally served as the ideological model for Yugoslav development in the direction of a confederation of sovereign republics and autonomous regions, which was finally achieved by the Constitution of 1974.
The two most developed republics, which achieved their national programs with this Constitution, are now the most ardent defenders of the existing system. Thanks to the political position of their leaders at the centers of political power, they have held (both before and after the decisive years of the 1960s) the initiative in all matters affecting the political and economic system. They modelled the social and economic structure of Yugoslavia to suit their own desires and needs. Nothing would seem more normal that they now defend the structure that they stubbornly took so long to build, a structure that represents the attainment of most of their national programs.
No one needs convincing that separatism and nationalism are active on the social scene, but there is insufficient understanding of the fact that such trends have been made ideologically possible by the Constitution of 1974. The constant reinforcement of and the competition engendered by separatism and nationalism have driven the (ethnic) nations further from one another to a critical degree.
The manipulation of language and the confinement of scientific and cultural professionals within the ranks of the republics and regions are sorry signs of the growing power of particularism. All new ethnogeneses are unfortunate products of locally closed, regional ideologies and shackled logic, and they are also symptomatic of a retreat from a common past, a common present, and a common future. It is as if everyone wished to flee as fast and as far as possible from a collapsing house. Mental attitudes warn us that the political crisis has reached the critical point, threatening the complete destabilization of Yugoslavia. Kosovo is the clearest expression of this.
No form of political oppression and discrimination on the basis of nationality is properly acceptable in modern society. The Yugoslav solution to the nationalities question could be considered at its inception an exemplary model of a multinational federation in which the principle of the unity of the state and state policy was successfully joined with the principle of the political and cultural autonomy of nationalities and national minorities. During the past two decades the principle of unity has become progressively weaker and the principle of national autonomy is stressed, which has in practice changed into a sovereignty of the parts (republics, which are not ethnically homogenous as a rule).
The weaknesses that were present in the model from the beginning became more and more visible. All nations are not equal: the Serbian nation, for example, did not obtain the right to its own state. Unlike national minorities, portions of the Serbian people, who live in other republics in large numbers, do not have the right to use their own language and alphabet, to organize politically and culturally, and to develop the unique culture of their nation. The unstoppable persecution of Serbs in Kosovo in a drastic manner shows that those principles that protect the autonomy of a minority (Albanians) and not applied when it comes to a minority within a minority (Serbs, Montenegrins Turks and Gypsies in Kosovo). Considering the existing forms of national discrimination, present-day Yugoslavia cannot be considered a democratic state.
. . .Yugoslavia is seen less as a community of citizens, nations and nationalities all equal before the law, and more as a community of eight equal territories. But even this variety of equality does not apply to Serbia because of its special legal and political position which reflects the tendency to keep the Serbian nation under constant supervision.
The guiding principle behind this policy has been "a weak Serbia, a strong Yugoslavia" and this has evolved into an influential mind-set: if rapid economic growth were permitted the Serbs, who are the largest nation, it would pose a danger to the other nations of Yugoslavia. And so all possibilities are grasped to place increasing obstacles in the way of their economic development and political consolidation. One of the most serious of such obstacles is Serbia's present undefined constitutional position, so full of internal conflicts.
The Constitution of 1974, in fact, divided Serbia into three parts. The autonomous provinces within Serbia were made equal to the republics, save that they were not defined as such and that they do not have the same number of representatives in the various bodies of the federation. They make up for this shortcoming by being able to interfere in the internal relations of Serbia proper through the republic's common assembly (while their assemblies remain completely autonomous). The political and legal position of Serbia proper is quite vague-Serbia proper is neither a republic nor a province. Relationships in the republic of Serbia are quite confused.
The Executive Council, which is a body of the republic's assembly, is in fact the Executive Council for Serbia proper. This is not the only absurdity in the limitation of authority. The excessively broad and institutionally well established autonomy of the provinces has created two new fissures within the Serbian nation. The truth is that the proautonomy and separatist forces insisted on increasing autonomy, but this would have been difficult to achieve had they not received moral and political support from those republics in which separatist tendencies have never died out.
Relations between Serbia and the provinces cannot be reduced solely or even primarily to a formal legal interpretation of two constitutions. It is primarily a matter of the Serbian nation and their state. A nation that has regained statehood after a long and bloody struggle, that has achieved civil democracy, and that lost two and half million kinsmen in two world wars underwent the experience of having a bureaucratically constructed party commission determine that after four decades in the new Yugoslavia it alone was condemned to be without its own state. A more bitter historic defeat in peacetime cannot be imagined.
The expulsion of the Serbian nation from Kosovo bears spectacular witness to its historic defeat. In the spring of 1981 a very special, but nevertheless open and total war, prepared by administrative, political, and legal changes made at various periods, was declared against the Serbian people.
Waged through the skilful application of various methods and tactics, with a division of functions, and with the active, not merely passive, and little concealed support of certain political centers within Yugoslavia (more pernicious than the support coming from outside), this open war, which has yet to be looked in the face and called by its proper name, has been continuing for almost five years. It has thus lasted longer than the entire Yugoslav war of liberation (from April 6, 1941 to May 9, 1945).
The Balli (anti-communist nationalist) uprising in Kosovo and Metohija that broke out just before the end of the war with the participation of fascist units was broken miltarily in 1944-45, but it appears not to have been broken politically. Its present form, disguised with a new content, is proceeding more successfully and is moving towards a victorious outcome. A final showdown with neo-fascism did not materialize; all of the measures so far taken have only removed the expression of this aggression from the streets and in fact, its racially motivated and unretracted goals, which are being sought after by all means and atall costs, have only been reinforced. Deliberately drastic sentences are even pronounced on young offenders in order to incite and inflame inter-ethnic hatreds.
The physical, political, legal and cultural genocide perpetrated against the Serbian population of Kosovo and Metohija is the greatest defeat suffered by Serbia in the wars of liberation she waged between Orasac in 1804 and the uprising of 1941. Responsibility for this defeat falls primarily on the still living Comintern heritage in the nationalities policy of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and on the acquiescence of Serbian communists in this policy and on the exorbitant ideological and political delusion, ignorance, immaturity, and chronic opportunism of an entire generation of post-war Serbian politicians, always on the defensive and always more concerned with the opinions others have of them and of their hesitant explanations of Serbia's position than with the true facts affecting the future of the nation that they lead.
Kosovo is not the only region in which the Serbian nation is being pressured by discrimination. The absolute (and not merely relative) fall in the number of Serbs in Croatia is sufficient proof of this assertion. According to the 1948 census there were 543,795 Serbs in Croatia (14.48% of the total). According to the 1981 census their number has been reduced to 531,502 or only 11.5% of the total number of inhabitants in Croatia.
Over 33 peacetime years the number of Serbs in Croatia has declined, even in relation to the immediate post-war period when the first census was taken and when the effects of the war on the number of Serbian inhabitants in Croatia was well known. Lika, Kordun, and Banija have remained the most underdeveloped regions of Croatia and this has greatly encouraged the emigration of Serbs to Serbia and migrations to other parts of Croatia where the Serbs, being newcomers, are a minority and socially inferior group, greatly exposed to assimilation.
In any case, the Serbs in Croatia are otherwise exposed to a sophisticated and quite effective policy of assimilation. One component of this policy is the prohibition of all Serbian associations and cultural institutions in Croatia, which had had a rich tradition dating from the Austro-Hungarian and pre-war Yugoslav periods, and the imposition of an official language that bears the name of another nation (Croatia), thus giving concrete shape to national inequality.
A constitutional provision has made this language obligatory for the Serbs in Croatia, and nationalistically inclined Croatian linguists are distancing it systematically and by well-organized actions from the language used in the other republics of the Serbo-Croatian language area, and this is helping to weaken the ties binding the Serbs in Croatia to other Serbs. Such action is gladly undertaken at the cost of interrupting language continuity among the Croats themselves and of eliminating international terms that are invaluable for communicating with other cultures, particularly in the field of science and technology.
But the Serbian community in Croatia is not just cut off from their homeland culturally; that homeland cannot keep itself informed of their circumstances or of their economic or cultural situation anywhere near the extent to which it is possible for some nations in Yugoslavia to maintain contact with their compatriots in other countries. The integrity of the Serbian nation and its culture in Yugoslavia as a whole is an issue vital to its survival and progress.
With the exception of the Independent State of Croatia from 1941- 45, Serbs in Croatia have never been as persecuted in the past as they are now. The solution to their national position must be considered an urgent political question. In so much as a solution cannot be found, the results could be disastrous, not just in relation to Croatia, but to all of Yugoslavia.
Outside of Serbia proper there are 3,285,000 Serbs or 40.3% of their total population. In the general disintegration process which has taken over Yugoslavia, the Serbs are hit with the most intense disintegration. The present course which our society in Yugoslavia has taken is totally opposite from the one that has moved for decades and centuries until the formation of a unified state. This process is aimed at the total destruction of the national unity of the Serbian people.
Having borne for over half a century the stigma and handicap of being the jailer of the other Yugoslav nations, the Serbian nation was incapable of deriving support from its own history. Many aspects of this history itself were even brought into question. The democratic bourgeoisie tradition for which Serbia had struggled successfully in the 19th century has remained in the shadow cast by the Serbian socialist and labor movement until quite recently because of narrow-mindedness and lack of objectivity on the part of official historiography.
This so impoverished and restricted the true picture of the contribution made by Serbian bourgeoisie society to law, culture, and statesmanship that, deformed in this manner, it could not provide mental or moral support to anyone nor could it serve as a foothold for preserving or reviving historical self-confidence. The brave and honorable efforts at liberation exerted by the Serbs of Bosnia-Herzegovina and by all Yugoslav youth, which included Young Bosnia, experienced a similar fate and were pushed into the historical background by the contributions of a class ideology whose proponents and creators were Austrian Marxists, confirmed opponents of movements of national liberation.
Influenced by the ruling ideology, the cultural achievements of the Serbian people are undergoing alienation, being usurped by others or denigrated, or they are ignored and retrogress; the language is being displaced and the Cyrillic script is gradually being lost. In this connection, the realm of literature is serving as the main arena for caprice and anarchy. The cultural and spiritual integrity of no other Yugoslav nation is so roughly challenged as that of the Serbian nation. No other literary and artistic heritage is so disordered, ravaged, and confused as the Serbian heritage. The political criteria of the ruling ideology are imposed on Serbian culture as being more valuable and stronger than scientific or historical criteria.
After the dramatic interethnic conflicts of the world war, it had appeared that chauvinism has lost momentum was even on the road to oblivion. This appearance has proven deceptive. It was not long before nationalism began rising up once more, and every change in the constitution served to promote its growth. Nationalism has been promoted from above; its chief proponents have been politicians. The fundamental cause of this multi- dimensional crisis is to be found in the ideological defeat of socialism at the hands of nationalism, which has produced the centrifugal processes that have brought the Yugoslav community to the brink of ruin and which has destroyed the old system of values.
Its roots lie in the ideology of the Comintern and in the nationalities policy of the pre-war CPY. The revanchism directed at the Serbian nation as an "exploiting" nation that was built into this policy has had far-reaching consequences for inter- ethnic relations, the social organization, the economic system, and the fate of moral and cultural values since the Second World War.
The Serbian nation has been encumbered with a feeling of historical guilt and has remained the only nation not to solve its national problem and not to receive its own state like the other nations. Therefore, the first and foremost action must be to remove this burden of historical guilt from the Serbian nation, to categorically deny the contention that it enjoyed a privileged economic position between the two world wars, and to refrain from denigrating Serbia's liberation-oriented history and contribution in creating Yugoslavia.
Complete national and cultural integrity of the Serbian people is their historic and democratic right, no matter in which republic or province they might find themselves living. The attainment of equality and an independent development have profound historical meaning for the Serbian people.
In less than fifty years, over two successive generations, the Serbian nation has been exposed to such severe trials-twice exposed to physical extermination, to forced assimilation, to religious conversion, to cultural genocide, to ideological indoctrination, and to the denigration and renunciation of their own traditions beneath an imposed guilt complex, and thereby disarmed intellectually and politically, that they could not but leave deep spiritual wounds that cannot be ignored as this century of the great technological takeoff draws to a close. In order to have a future in the international family of cultured and civilized nations, the Serbian nation must have an opportunity to find itself again and become a historical agent, must re-acquire an awareness of its historical and spiritual being, must look its economic and cultural interests square in the eyes, and must find a modern social and national program that will inspire this generation and generations to come.
The present depressing condition of the Serbian nation, with chauvinism and Serbophobia being ever more violently expressed in certain circles, favor of a revival of Serbian nationalism, an increasingly drastic expression of Serbian national sensitivity, and reactions that can be volatile and even dangerous. We must not overlook or underestimate these dangers for a moment under any circumstances. But a principled struggle against Serbian chauvinism cannot be based on the reigning ideological and political symmetry in historical guilt. The rejection of this symmetry, fatal to the spirit and morale, with its trite falsehoods and injustices, is a precondition for mobility and effectiveness on the part of democratic, Yugoslav, humanistic awareness in contemporary Serbian culture.
The fact that ordinary citizens and the working class are not represented in the appropriate councils in the Federal Assembly cannot simply be ascribed to favoritism for ethnic nationalisms; it is also the result of an attempt to place Serbia in a position of inequality and thereby weaken her political influence. But the greatest calamity is the fact that the Serbian nation does not posses a state like all of the other nations. True, the first article of the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Serbia contains a provision to the effect that Serbia is a state, but the question immediately arises: What kind of a state is one that lacks authority within its own territory and lacks the means to protect the personal property of its citizens, to prevent genocide in Kosovo, and to prevent the emigration of Serbs from their ancient homeland?
This position underlines the political discrimination against Serbia, especially when one remembers that the Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has imposed internal federalism on Serbia, creating a permanent source of conflicts between Serbia Proper and the provinces. The aggressive Albanian chauvinism in Kosovo cannot be contained until Serbia ceases to be the sole republic whose internal relations are ordered by others.
The Federal Constitution has formally established the equality of all the republics but this has been rendered worthless in practice by forcing the Republic of Serbia to renounce many of its rights and powers in favor of the autonomous provinces, the status of which is regulated by the Federal Constitution to a considerable extent. Serbia must openly state that this is an imposed arrangement.
This is especially true in regard to the position of the provinces, which in reality have been promoted to republics and which regard themselves far more as constituent elements of the Federation rather than as parts of the republic of Serbia. Besides failing to consider a state for the Serbian nation, the Yugoslav Constitution also created insurmountable difficulties to the establishment of such a state. In order to satisfy Serbia's legitimate interests, a revision of that constitution is unavoidable. The autonomous provinces must become true integral parts of the Republic of Serbia by granting them a degree of autonomy that would not destroy the integrity of the Republic and would make it possible to act in the common interests of the wider community.
The unhappy matter of Serbian statehood is not the only deficiency that must be corrected by constitutional amendments. The 1974 constitution turned Yugoslavia into a very unstable state community, prone to consider alternatives other than the Yugoslav alternative, as has been made clear in recent statements by public figures in Slovenia and the earlier positions taken by Macedonian politicians.
Such considerations and fragmentation lead to the notion that Yugoslavia is in danger of further corrosion. The Serbian nation cannot meekly await the future in such a state of uncertainty. Therefore, all of the nations within Yugoslavia must be given the opportunity to express their wants and intentions. Serbia would then be able to declare and define her own national interests. Discussions and agreements in this vein must precede an examination to the Constitution. Naturally, Serbia must not take a passive stand in all this, waiting to hear what others will say, as she has done so often in the past.
The position of equality that Serbia must strive for presupposes the same initiative in deciding on key political and economic issues as enjoyed by others. Four decades of Serbian passivity have been bad for Yugoslavia as a whole by failing to contribute ideas and critical appraisals based on her longer state tradition, enhanced feeling for national independence, and rich experience in struggling against home-grown usurpers of political freedom. Unless the Serbian nation within Serbia participate on an equal footing in the entire process of decision making and implementation, Yugoslavia cannot be strong--and Yugoslavia's very existence as ademocratic, socialist community will be called into question.
The human resources of the entire country must be involved to the utmost extent in social reform in order that we may become a productive, enlightened, and democratic society capable of existing on the fruits of our own labor and creativity and able to make our fair contribution to the human race.
The Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences is taking this occasion to express once again its willingness to promote this portentous undertaking and the historical aspirations of our generation with all the resources at its disposal.
Every political practice is founded on ideological theories which are melded into the collective consciousness of a society. The selections included in this book trace the development of one ideology that over the last century and a half has grown and transformed into not only political doctrine and cultural chauvinism but also dangerous extremism. This extremism has manifested itself many times in the past, and Princip's assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (which started the first World War) and the terrorist activities of Draza Mihajlovic's cetniks during World War II are only two notable examples. Political extremism which includes the ideological conviction of the right of one nation to impose its will onto that of another is a basic tenet of Greater Serbian ambitions.
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If someone were to ask you what distinguishes skinny cities from fat ones, you might think of the prevalence of fast-food joints, the average length of automobile commutes, or the relative abundance of parks and jogging trails. But there’s also another, more underground factor: their sewage.
Researchers with the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee collected raw sewage samples from the intakes of municipal wastewater treatment plants in 71 cities around the country. Their results, published last month in mBio, the American Society for Microbiology’s open-access journal, showed that the microbial content of that sewage predicted each city’s relative obesity with 81 to 89 percent accuracy.
The finding actually isn’t all that surprising, says lead author Ryan Newton, a visiting professor at UWM’s School of Freshwater Sciences. Other studies have shown that bacterial imbalances in your intestines can lead to metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes. Newton’s study, however, is the first to demonstrate that those microbial differences also play out across entire populations, even after our poop gets flushed, mixed together, and sent through miles of pipes.
The UWM study was enabled by computing advances that have allowed scientists to rapidly sequence microbial populations and look for patterns in the results. Other researchers are using similar techniques to look for correlations between gut bacteria and a wide range of health conditions.
Newton isn’t the only scientist who sees sewage as a promising place for data dives. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Underworlds project, which began in January, will study sewage for the presence of viruses such as influenza and polio; bacterial pathogens that cause cholera typhoid fever, and other diseases; and biochemical molecules ranging from antibiotics to illegal drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine. Scientists hope the resulting data could help predict epidemics and track other public health trends within particular neighborhoods.
As scientists gain a better understanding of the interplay between microbes and human health, they may eventually be able to look at municipal sewage to figure out which communities would be the best to target with public health campaigns designed to, say, get people to eat less sugar or more vegetables.
And just as important, sequencing sewage could eliminate the thorny problem of doing public health surveys. Unlike people, your poop can’t lie about what you had to eat.
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A mature all-white male orca, the only one of its kind known, has been spotted in the North Pacific off the east coast of Russia, scientists announced Monday (April 23). After seeing its towering white dorsal fin breaking through the water's surface, the team named the distinctive beast "Iceberg."
Researchers first spotted the mature killer whale with his pod of 13 relatives in August 2010 in waters around the Commander Islands; he was seen twice that month, and photographed. When the researchers, part of the Far East Russia Orca Project, returned during the summer of 2011, they couldn't find him.
His pod is one of 61 identified social orca units, according to data collected by the Far East Russia Orca Project (FEROP) during their 12 years studying the killer whales. [See photos of Iceberg the Orca]
"In many ways, Iceberg is a symbol of all that is pure, wild and extraordinarily exciting about what is out there in the ocean waiting to be discovered," said Erich Hoyt, FEROP co-director and research fellow from the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. "The challenge is to keep the ocean healthy so that such surprises are always possible."
In fact, the researchers suggest the area around the Commander Islands where Iceberg was first seen should form part of a network of reserves that would protect habitat for whale, dolphin and porpoise species off eastern Russia. Their call for such reserves, they say, is in response to overfishing and increased oil and gas exploration, which threatens marine mammals due to high noise levels, ship traffic and potential oil spills.
Iceberg appears very healthy at his ripe-old age of 16, an age determined by the size of his dorsal fin, which extends nearly 6.6 feet, or 2 meters, high, Hoyt said, adding that he seems to be doing OK socially as well.
But the team had wondered about Iceberg's health, particularly because of the only other record of a white orca. A 2-year-old female, all-white orca was captured at Sealand of the Pacific in Victoria, British Columbia, in 1970. Named Chimo, the whale died at age 4. Scientists discovered she had a rare genetic disorder called Chediak-Higashi Syndrome, which leads to partial albinism and a compromised immune system.
"But there is no evidence that Iceberg has anything like this," Hoyt told LiveScience. "We don't even know if he is a true albino."
From Iceberg's morphology, researchers think Iceberg is a fish-eater, unlike some groups of killer whales that primarily eat other marine mammals.
"His pod's sounds are different than most of the orcas around that area, so they could be from an area closer to the Arctic or in the Aleutians, we don't know," Hoyt said. In fact, one of the key elements of the orca project is to learn about the animals' unique dialects.
The team is leaving next month to begin their 13th year in the region studying orcas. "We are hoping to find his pod again," Hoyt said.
Copyright 2012 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Chapter 3 consumer behavior: how people make buying decisions why do you buy the things you do how did you decide to go to the college you’re attending where do like to shop and when. Consumer buying behavior stage 4 − purchase decision in this stage, the consumer actually buys the product generally, a consumer will buy the most favorite. We have summarized the findings of the previous report on “driving through the consumer’s buying decision is not influenced by the at this stage. Buyer decision process the buying decision process is the decision-making process used by consumers regarding market transactions before, during, and after the purchase of a good or service it can be seen as a particular form of a cost–benefit analysis in the presence of multiple alternatives.
Stages in consumer decision making process this explains the consumer buying decision process a consumer goes through several stages before purchasing a product. Lo 3 identify the types of consumer buying decisions and the first stage in the consumer decision-making process is lhm_ch05_62-81qxp 1/2/07 8:51 am page. But actually, when it comes to how to influence consumer behavior, every single step in the consumer decision-making process plays an important role for businesses to maximize profit, it’s imperative that they pay attention to every stage in the buying process. 5 stages of the customer buying cycle ultimately leading to a purchasing decision purchase : the action of ordering and buying from your ecommerce site.
31 factors that influence consumers’ buying purchase decisions may vary by age, gender, and stage of involvement buying decisions and the consumer’s. Este vídeo es sobre stages of consumer buying decision process.
From this model it is evident that the buying process stages in the consumer decision making the third stage of the consumer decision-making. 5 steps of decision making process you want to figure out how the consumer makes decisions and how you can get them to make a decision to selection stage. Stages of consumer buying decision process consumers go through all the five stages of buying 5 consumer decision making process. Consumer behavior: how people make buying decisions figure 32 stages in the consumer’s purchasing process outlines the buying stages consumers.
5 steps of decision making process there are 5 steps in a consumer decision making process a need or a want is in this stage you are also beginning your risk.
Consumer can refer to individual consumers or organisational consumers consumer behaviour is stage, consumers to the consumer buying decision. It is the duty of the marketer to understand how the consumers actually make their buying decisions he has to study the consumer buying decision process or model. Purchase decisions: at this stage in the decision making process, consumers have recognized a need, done some research on the product, and evaluated available alternatives they are now ready to make a purchase decision, the actual buying of a specified product many factors influence the purchase decision. The consumer buying decision they go through a few stages dan bosomworth described the growing importance of social media in the mckinsey consumer decision.Download
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V What is a Hard Drive?
A Hard Drive is a storage device for your computer that is used to hold your Operating System, programs and data.
You can think of a hard drive like a filing cabinet in an office. It is used to store all of the files that you will need to perform your job.
Hard drives come in many different types and sizes, which we will discuss completely in this chapter.
Hard drives use different technologies and interfaces:
We will discuss all these architectures, except SCSI, in this chapter. SCSI is somewhat unique, and has its own long history therefore it is covered in Chapter 0101 the next chapter.
Home - Table Of Contents - Contact Us
CertiGuide to A+ (Core Hardware) (http://www.CertiGuide.com/aplush/) on CertiGuide.com
Version 1.0 - Version Date: December 6, 2004
Adapted with permission from a work created by Tcat Houser.
CertiGuide.com Version © Copyright 2004 Charles M. Kozierok. All Rights Reserved.
Not responsible for any loss resulting from the use of this site.
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On January 26th, the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality issued one of the final critical permits needed to begin construction of the Atlantic Coast Pipeline (ACP).
Responding to the news, North Carolina Farm Bureau President Larry Wooten said, “North Carolina Farm Bureau and our state’s farmers applaud and thank Governor [Roy] Cooper and his administration for approving the permits that will allow the Atlantic Coast Pipeline to move forward. We believe, and our farmers across the state believe, that natural gas in rural North Carolina is important for advancing our number one industry and certainly it’s important for economic development in rural North Carolina.”
What is the Atlantic Coast Pipeline (ACP)?
Put simply, the ACP will help deliver natural gas to rural North Carolina. The new pipeline will link North Carolina to the abundant natural gas supplies of the Marcellus and Utica shale regions in the northeast. Traveling approximately 600 miles, the pipeline will move up to 1.5 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day. While most of that supply will used for electricity generation, there is sufficient volume to enable local natural gas distribution companies to expand their system to meet the demands of farmers and help drive rural economic development projects.
KEY ACP INFO
- 600 miles from West Virginia, thru Virginia, ending in Robeson County, NC
- Provides 1.5 billion cubic feet per day of natural gas
- 36-inch diameter pipe in NC
- Expected to provide $7.7 million in local property tax revenues in NC
- Possibility of $134 million in annual energy cost savings in NC
Why the ACP is good for Agriculture?
As we have discussed before, rural infrastructure initiatives are critical to the success of our rural economy. This is exactly the intent of the ACP – to boost our rural economy. While boosting our rural economies, the availability of natural gas is a key component to growing the State’s largest industry – Agriculture. This is a win-win situation.
Before the pipeline has even been built, the ACP partners are already meeting with farmers to discuss viable areas to extend natural gas to their farms. Access to natural gas provides farmers lower input costs and less price volatility. It’s also a critical component to siting NEW economic development projects. Currently, North Carolina is served by a single interstate pipeline delivering natural gas from the Gulf of Mexico. Adding additional supply from another region of the country provides diversity and competition, leading to the needed lower costs and price volatility. As the state’s largest general agricultural non-profit, a win for North Carolina’s rural economy and our farmers are great reasons to support this economic development project.
The Bottom Line.
North Carolina’s economic development infrastructure is reliant on a modern energy policy that promotes affordable and reliable energy production and delivery while protecting our farmers, landowners, and natural resources. We look forward to the ACP providing a key component to the infrastructure needed to grow our State’s largest industry and fuel rural economic development.
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|For Immediate Release
February 18, 1999
Contact: Tom MacKenzie
U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE APPROVES INTERNATIONAL PAPER'S
RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT CONSERVATION PLAN
On February 18, International Paper announced that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service approved its habitat conservation plan for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker. This innovative plan is the most ambitious ever approved under the federal Endangered Species Act in which a private landowner will voluntarily expand and enhance red-cockaded woodpecker habitat on its own property rather than simply maintaining existing populations or relocating woodpeckers to public forestland.
"Not only is it the largest plan of its kind, it is also breaking new ground," said Jamie Rappaport Clark, director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "It is pioneering the concept of endangered species mitigation banking in the Southeast."
In an effort to enhance the long-term survival of the species, International Paper will increase its 1,300 acres of habitat scattered across four southern states to 5,300 acres at the company's Southlands Experiment Forest in Bainbridge, Georgia. This land will be specifically managed to develop, grow, and sustain the woodpecker population. International Paper
will voluntarily increase its responsibility from 18 active red-cockaded woodpecker clusters to as many as 30 active clusters, a 67-percent increase. The company will manage intensively for red-cockaded woodpeckers by installing artificial nesting cavities and creating new habitat for nesting and foraging.
The plan, which has the potential to contribute to the recovery of the species, was developed in partnership with state and federal wildlife agencies and the Environmental Defense Fund, a nonprofit environmental organization that has publicly criticized red-cockaded woodpecker habitat conservation plans in the past.
"It is rare to have the federal Government, state government, a major forest products company, and environmentalists agree on anything," said Michael Bean, chairman of the Environmental Defense Fund's Wildlife Program. "However, though endangered species conservation has often been controversial, this plan demonstrates that it is possible to find common ground on which both endangered species and landowners can prosper."
This Habitat Conservation Plan demonstrates that forests can be simultaneously managed for the ecological values represented by the woodpecker and the economic interests of timber production.
"International Paper is committed to sustainable forest management for the entire forest ecosystem, not just for the management of timber, and this red-cockaded woodpecker habitat
conservation plan is indicative of our dedication to the conservation and enhancement of endangered wildlife species on our forest lands," said George A. O'Brien, vice president of International Paper's forest resources division.
International Paper's forest management practices are guided by the Sustainable Forestry InitiativeSM, a program that integrates the perpetual growing and harvesting of trees with the protection of wildlife, plants, soil, air, and water quality.
Currently, 18 red-cockaded woodpecker groups on company-owned land in South Carolina, Alabama, and Louisiana face uncertain futures because their populations are too small to ensure long-term breeding success and surrounding land-use patterns have created fragmented habitats. Consolidating red-cockaded woodpecker management at Southlands Experiment Forest and increasing the population there from two to as many as 30 groups may provide a link between two large red-cockaded woodpecker populations located in the Apalachicola National Forest and the Red Hills region near Thomasville, Georgia, creating the potential for genetic interchange.
This plan also marks the establishment of the first mitigation bank for endangered species created in the Southeast on private land. This concept enables International Paper to increase its red-cockaded woodpecker population by assuming red-cockaded woodpecker mitigation responsibilities of other landowners who desire timely land management flexibility at market-driven rates.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the principal federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting, and enhancing fish and wildlife and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Service manages the 93-million-acre National Wildlife Refuge System comprised of more than 500 national wildlife refuges, thousands of small wetlands, and other special management areas. It also operates 66 national fish hatcheries and 78 ecological services field stations. The agency enforces Federal wildlife laws, administers the Endangered Species Act, manages migratory bird populations, restores nationally significant fisheries, conserves and restores wildlife habitat such as wetlands, and helps foreign governments with their conservation efforts. It also oversees the Federal Aid program that distributes hundreds of millions of dollars in excise taxes on fishing and hunting equipment to state fish and wildlife agencies.
" " "
Release #: R99-021
1999 News Releases
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|City/Town: • Malvern|
|Location Class: • School|
|Year Built: • 1929 | Year Abandoned: • 2003|
|Historic Designation: • National Register of Historic Places|
|Status: • Under Renovation|
|Photojournalist: • James Kirkendall|
Contrary to common belief, the education of many southern black Americans took place on southern plantations while many were slaves. Some masters allowed a few of their slaves to become skilled workers or artisans by permitting them to be apprentices or employees of craftsmen outside the plantation. In fact, it was quite profitable for the plantation to have a number of skilled slaves in order to avoid having to hire expensive mechanics, craftsmen, machinists, seamstresses, etc. Education was also taking place among the children, often without the master’s knowledge. Many of the children of the masters thought it quite amusing to play “school” and teach the slave children how to read and do math. To the children it was a game, but in actuality it was part of the beginning of the black education movement in the South after the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. In fact, many slaves were able to use their talents and skills to gain their manumission, or to do enough work outside the plantation to buy their way out of slavery.
After the Emancipation Proclamation and the flight of the blacks to northern cities, many religious organizations and education-oriented groups realized the need for education among the black refugees. Plantation life had left many blacks unable to cope with life in the city or with finding jobs. Benevolent societies sprang up in cities such as Boston, Chicago, New York, Cincinnati, and Philadelphia in 1862-1863. Together with church organizations, they provided food, clothing, religious leaders, money, and teachers for the newcomers. Church organizations were the leaders in the freedman’s school system in its beginning stages. At the forefront of the religious groups was the American Missionary Association, organized in 1849 to operate Christian missions and educational institutions at home and abroad. Other religious groups included The Baptist Church, North (or Home Mission Society), the Freedman’s Aid Society, and the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church; a great deal of the money and supplies these groups provided were dispensed through the Union Army. In March 1862, the New England Freedman’s Society, along with General Edward L. Pierce and numerous other educators, initiated the Port Royal Experiment. The Experiment involved developing the economy, directing blacks to economic independence, and organizing schools.
In 1863 the Freedman’s Inquiry Commission suggested the creation of a government agency to deal specifically with the care of the freedmen. In 1865 Congress passed an act creating the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, otherwise known as the Freedmen’s Bureau. The Bureau was useful because it committed the United States to the task of caring for the freedmen, and because it made that care a part of the official structure by which the South was being controlled. Even though the Freedmen’s Bureau was able to remedy many of the flaws of the relief programs for the freedmen, it was the strongly motivated individuals of the religious groups and benevolent organizations that were mainly responsible for the education of the blacks. These individuals were for the most part devout Christians and well-trained teachers from New England.
One of the zealous individuals that became one of the most significant figures in southern black education was Julius Rosenwald. Rosenwald was quite successful as a businessman, but his philanthropic work has always overshadowed his financial success. He entered the clothing business in New York in 1878. In 1895 he invested $35,000 in the stock of Sears, Roebuck, and Company, and in less than thirty years it grew into $150,000,000. He became president of the mail-order firm in 1910 and then chairman in 1925. During the years Rosenwald was most active as a philanthropist, Sears and Roebuck expanded into the retail chain-store business, and he was actually absent from the company from 1916 to 1919. As early as 1910, Rosenwald was a trustee of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama and made gifts on behalf of the rural school movement to the Institute, primarily through close contact with Booker T. Washington. His funds made possible the erection of sixteen YMCA buildings and one YMCA building for blacks. This stimulated gifts from others for similar projects in many cities in both the North and South, including the financial support for a large black housing project in Chicago. Rosenwald was active in a number of Jewish organizations and granted substantial financial support to the National Urban League. Also, he was appointed a member of the Council on National Defense and served as chairman of its committee on supplies.
In 1917 Rosenwald established the Julius Rosenwald Fund. This fund was destined to attract more money to the benefit of black education than any other philanthropic undertaking to this date. The fund’s broad purpose was for the betterment of mankind irrespective of race, but it was aimed more specifically at creating more equitable opportunities for black Americans. Unlike many charity organizations, the Rosenwald Fund was to only help a school if the community, blacks and whites alike, had raised some of the money themselves; however, the black community usually provided the labor. Rosenwald and the directors of his trust first directed their attention toward building rural schools, later toward high schools and colleges, and finally toward the providing of grants and fellowships to enable outstanding blacks and whites to advance their careers. Not only did the Rosenwald Fund help to build rural schools, it was also responsible for a number of buildings and libraries on college campuses. The directors of the trust were also involved to a certain extent in the direction of the curriculum at all levels of education. Their emphasis was on the educational needs of country children. They maintained that some vocational skills were necessary, as were the ability to do some math, to read and write clearly, to have some understanding of biological processes and farming, and to understand the fundamentals of sanitation and health.
State records indicate that when the fund ceased activity in 1948, it had aided in the building of 389 school buildings (schools, shops, and teachers’ homes) in 45 counties in Arkansas. The total amount contributed by the fund was $1,952,441. The state or counties owned and maintained all of the schools, and the land was usually donated by a white landowner. In Arkansas, R. C. Childress of Little Rock was the Rosenwald Building Agent. Childress was the first degree graduate of Philander Smith College and was the second black person to work for the state Education Department. He dedicated his life to education and, consequently, the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff named Childress Hall for him, and the high schools in Wynne and Nashville were named for him.
The Malvern Rosenwald School building was built in 1929. A total of $32,150 was allocated to Arkansas for the 1928-1929 budget year, which allowed the completion of 29 schools, three teachers’ homes, seven vocational shops, and three school additions comprising five classrooms. Of the 29 schools completed during that period, the Malvern Rosenwald School was one of two eight-room schools built. (The other eight-room school, Scipio Jones High School in North Little Rock, has since been demolished.)
The cost to construct the Malvern Rosenwald School was $18,450, and it was one of the most expensive schools constructed during the 1928-1929 budget cycle. Of the $18,450 cost of construction, $200 came from black contributions, $16,150 came from public funding, and the Rosenwald Fund gave a grant of $2,100.
The plan of the Malvern Rosenwald School did not use a standard plan offered by the Rosenwald Fund. However, buildings constructed using Rosenwald funds were not required to use the standard plans, as long as the plan used was approved by the fund. Still, the school did employ characteristics, notably an auditorium space, found in the school plans developed by Samuel Smith, who was the General Field Agent for the Rosenwald Fund. Smith recognized that school buildings often served as community centers, and he incorporated that ideal into his designs. He once wrote that, “the best modern school is one which is designed to serve the entire community for twelve months in the year…whenever possible a good auditorium, large enough to seat the entire community, should be erected in connection with every community school. If there are not sufficient funds for an auditorium, two adjoining classrooms with movable partitions may be made to serve this purpose.” The Malvern Rosenwald School was large enough for a separate auditorium, rather than using adjacent classrooms with a movable partition.
Smith was also very concerned with having the maximum amount of natural light get into the classrooms, especially since the rural areas where many of the buildings were built often did not have electricity. The Malvern Rosenwald School faces almost due east in order to allow east-west sunlight into the rooms. East-west sunlight allowed a more comfortable light (as opposed to an all-day exposure to southern sunlight), and also allowed for better ventilation since shades would not be needed to cover the windows all day long.
When the Malvern Rosenwald School initially opened in 1929, the building housed classes for first through ninth grades. However, by the 1939 fall semester, a group of Malvern’s black citizens had protested about the conditions that existed at the school, such as the teachers’ qualifications, the curriculum, and the lack of an opportunity for students to get a high school education in Malvern.
The Hot Spring County School Board took the protests of the citizens seriously, and instituted several changes to address their concerns. In 1942, tenth grade was added to the building with eleventh grade added the following year. By 1945 the school produced its first seven high school graduates.
In order to handle and meet the needs of the additional students, the school board also hired a new principal, Emma Peyton of Little Rock, and a new teacher, Hiram L. Tanner. As the new principal, Peyton’s first move was to reorganize and reactivate the PTA. To instill pride in the school and its programs, Peyton’s slogan was “It’s not my school, it’s not your school, it’s our school so let us make it the best school.” Peyton also established a hot lunch program, and the PTA led the way to get the dishes and cooking utensils necessary for the program. PTA volunteers cooked and served meals to an average of 250 students each day.
Tanner, on the other hand, in addition to his teaching duties, was given the mission of organizing boys’ and girls’ basketball teams. By the end of the season, several games had been played both in Malvern and in other communities. All of the home games were played on an outside court in the school yard, and it was the first year that Malvern played in the annual Junior High School District Tournament at Arkansas State A & M College in Pine Bluff (now the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff).
Because of the additional students at the school, it also became necessary to enlarge the building to accommodate them. A new addition with several classrooms was constructed on the south end of the building. With its brick construction, large windows, and gable roof, the addition mimicked the architecture of the original building. (However, it was soon necessary to add a second addition to the building. The second addition, built c.1955, also reflected the original building in its use of brick construction and large windows, but employed a flat roof, a feature popular in school design of the period.)
By the 1941-1942 school year, Tanner had become principal of the school, and he requested ten students from the National Youth Administration (NYA) to do some minor work around the school. Each of the students was paid ten dollars a month for the work that they did. One of the projects completed was the cement sidewalk that led to the street in front of the building. The sidewalk not only involved the work of the NYA, but also involved the cooperation of the mayor, who was also school board president, and the Works Progress Administration, Public Works Administration, and the PTA.
The Malvern Rosenwald School was also important to the area’s black community during World War II. Tanner and Edward Bailey, principal of the Perla School, were put in charge of conducting the sugar ration program for all of the blacks in Hot Spring County, which they conducted from the Malvern School. Tanner and Bailey also enlisted three other teachers, a local businesswoman, and three students to help with the program. One of the students met people arriving at the school to receive their ration books. The students noted the names of the people along with the number of people in their immediate family. They were then given a number, and waited in the auditorium until their number was called. The system avoided having people wait in long lines, and allowed them to socialize instead.
By the early 1950s, it became apparent that a new high school was needed for Malvern’s black population, and the new Wilson High School opened in 1952. On February 29, 1952, the school board assigned an insurance value to the new building of $249,000, and the Malvern Rosenwald School was assigned a value of $40,000. After Wilson High School opened, the name of the Rosenwald School was changed to Tuggle Elementary School in honor of Sophronia Tuggle, a long time educator in the Malvern area.
It is likely that Tuggle Elementary School remained in use until c.1970 when integration affected schooling in Malvern. Wilson High School was closed as a result of integration in 1970, and it is likely that Tuggle was closed at the same time. However, the Malvern Rosenwald School building has remained a part of Malvern’s black community up to the present time.
Schools, especially Rosenwald Schools, along with churches were often the centerpieces of a community, and it was no exception in Malvern. The Malvern Rosenwald School was the center of life in this part of Malvern not only while it was a school, but for several years after. Even up until 2003, it served as the location for a Head Start program in the area, and today it houses programs of the Central Arkansas Development Council. As the only surviving Rosenwald School in Hot Spring County, the Malvern Rosenwald School is a rare and tangible reminder of the philanthropic legacy of Julius Rosenwald.
This old school is currently in progress of renovation, and this project is overseen by Henry Mitchell. Mitchell wants to see this property brought back to life, and you can help donate or give him a call at 501-818-9126 to see how you can help!
Read more at: Arkansas Preservation
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The United Kingdom’s first baby with DNA from 3 people was born in the UK after developing a revolutionary IVF treatment to prevent babies from inheriting fatal disorders.
The method, Mitochondrial Donation Treatment (MDT), takes tissue from healthy female donors’ eggs to make IVF embryos free of harmful abnormalities that their mothers will likely pass on to their offspring.
However, it’s not the world’s first baby with three parents, before this in 2016, a Jordanian couple had a baby with an MDT procedure with the help of Dr. Zhang in America.
The embryos combine the biological parents’ sperm and egg with tiny battery-like structures called mitochondria from the donor’s egg.
The embryo contains DNA from both parents as well as a little amount of genetic material, around 37 genes, from the donor.
This process of combining DNA from parents and taking a few genes from the egg donor has led to the phrase three-parent babies.
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy (MDT/MRT)
Mitochondria are the “powerhouse” of the cell and it contains its own genetic material, the majority of our DNA is stored in the nucleus whereas a minor fraction is also present in the mitochondria.
About one in 6000 babies are affected by mitochondrial disorders worldwide, for affected women some babies are born healthy as they inherit a little proportion of mtDNA others may inherit far more and develop more severe disorders.
Mitochondrial Donation Treatment or Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy was founded by a group of researchers based in the UK from the Newcastle Fertility Centre.
This research aimed at helping those women conceive who have serious mutations in their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), offspring inherit mitochondria from their mothers so, there’s a full chance that the baby has all those serious mutations.
Why do we Inherit Mitochondria from our Mothers only?
While fertilizing the ovum the tail of sperm (which contains mitochondria) is left behind. Since sperm cells do not contain any mitochondria so the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is single-handedly inherited from mothers.
There are several approaches to this, but most teams employ one of two, some extract the nuclei of two eggs, one from a donor and one from a prospective parent.
The nucleus of the would-be parent is then implanted into the donor’s egg, which still includes the cytoplasm, the fluid outside the nucleus that contains the mitochondria.
The resultant egg can subsequently be fertilized by sperm, resulting in an embryo with three genetic parents.
Others start with a fertilized egg, known as a zygote, the DNA-containing nucleus of this zygote is then collected and transplanted to another fertilized egg that has had its own nucleus removed.
The resulting zygote has three genetic parents as well.
Risks and Ethics Related to MRT
MRT may not always prevent mitochondrial disorders, according to research in cells in a laboratory and in monkeys, if this occurs in humans, the effects could be severe.
When extracting nuclear DNA, it is impossible to avoid bringing some cytoplasm, including mtDNA, with it.
Embryologists were able to keep the ensuing “carryover” to less than 1% of the embryo’s total mtDNA, but research has shown that this “carryover” increases over time1.
According to new research, the little number of defective mitochondria that are inevitably passed over from the mother’s egg to the donor egg can grow while the kid is in the womb in some situations. Reversion or reversal could cause an illness in the child 2.
Although clinical experience with MRT has been positive, the number of documented cases is simply too small to draw any firm conclusions about its safety or efficacy.
Scientists were well aware that the experiments would never be risk-free, and that they might potentially waste perfectly good donor eggs and embryos.
But they don’t really have any clue as to why reversion happens. In the end, we all need to give it some time to reach a solid conclusion.
- Jessica Hamzelou, ‘Three-parent baby technique could create babies at risk of severe disease‘, MIT Technology Review, 02 March 2023, https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/02/1069296/three-parent-baby-technique-risk-of-disease/
- Nuno Costa-Burges et al., ‘First pilot study of maternal spindle transfer for the treatment of repeated in vitro fertilization failures in couples with idiopathic infertility‘, Fertility and Sterility, 12 February 2023, https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(23)00136-X/fulltex/
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