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Welcome to Year 3 Miss Connors, Mrs Jamison and Mrs Woodier This term in maths we will continue to look at fractions before moving onto time. Please encourage your children to tell the time at home! In English, the children will be studying the Shakespeare’s As You Like It and producing their own performance inspired by the play. For the remainder of the term, our English work will relate to our next context topic, ‘Africa’. Sound will be our topic in science. The children will identify how sounds are made, learn about volume and investigate how sound travels.	<urn:uuid:5ba4cc7c-3a80-4298-817d-c9f1538c595e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "url": "https://www.hemlingtonhallacademy.co.uk/year/year-3-2/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400245109.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926200523-20200926230523-00219.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9229715466499329, "token_count": 124, "score": 3.5, "int_score": 4 }
In Harriet: A Jane Austen Variation, Alice McVeigh reimagines Jane Austen’s Emma through the eyes of two of its characters, Harriet Smith and Jane Fairfax. Harriet Smith, a 17-year-old orphan of uncertain parentage, is delighted when rich Miss Emma Woodhouse of Hartfield takes her under her wing. This Harriet, far from the naïve ingenue Emma takes her for in Austen’s telling, is determined to maximize her opportunity to escape Mrs Goddard’s boarding school and marry well. McVeigh also develops Jane Fairfax’s story, expanding on her character, her background, and the ups and downs of her liaison with Mr. Frank Churchill, before and during her time in Highbury. Both characters are well developed in separate first-person narratives. Harriet’s voice is particularly well wrought. Her observations are humorous, and it’s a pleasure to revisit this familiar story though a different lens. She is, for example, far less deceived by Mr. Elton than Emma, and McVeigh exploits every opportunity for dramatic irony offered by Harriet’s secret sharp wit as she gradually discovers what really matters to her in life. The challenges faced by young women without independent means in the 18th century are explored in both storylines. Jane Fairfax’s dependence on others exposes her to dangers, and through this McVeigh brings new depth to the original story. Despite the book’s title, Jane’s story is of equal importance to Harriet’s. Fans of Emma will find all their favorite characters here and enjoy nuggets of familiar dialogue, as well as references to other Austen novels, including Mansfield Park and, to a lesser degree, Pride and Prejudice. Only Mr. Knightley’s character is reimagined in a manner that may not please everyone. Additionally, overuse of parenthesis and ellipsis distracts from the narrative. Still, McVeigh never introduces any plot or storyline that contradicts Austen’s original, and in tone and language she successfully recreates this familiar part of Jane Austen’s world. Readers will find Harriet: A Jane Austen Variation an enjoyable, intelligent, reimagining of a well-loved story.	<urn:uuid:60f1c008-3e64-4a58-89d9-c25589554d82>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://www.blueinkreview.com/book-reviews/Harriet-a-jane-austen-variation/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00735.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9407472014427185, "token_count": 475, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3 }
Can we park smarter? High costs and technology issues haven’t dampened enthusiasm for networked parking systems You turn the wheel hesitantly and crane your neck to look for any available parking down the street. The person behind you honks irritably. Feeling pressured, you impulsively turn onto the side street. As you do, you glimpse a free space on the street you just left — and it’s taken by the time you circle around again. We’ve all been there. City parking can be a nightmare. But if you lived in a city like San Francisco or Los Angeles and had the right app on your phone, you might have found that spot sooner. These cities are using smart parking systems with sensors in the pavement to detect open spaces so that drivers can find available parking spots right from the app. And it helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions. That’s because drivers looking for parking cause about 10 percent of gasoline emissions. Drivers looking for parking go slowly, which backs up the cars behind them, and that adds up to about 30 percent of all city traffic. But implementing citywide smart parking means significant upfront costs. Each sensor costs a few hundred dollars, though the price varies between companies, so depending on the size of the city, it can cost millions of dollars just for installation. That makes most cities reliant on outside funding from the federal government and other institutions. And once the system is in place, reliability can be an issue. San Francisco’s sensors, provided by Fyber (formerly StreetSmart), detect large metallic objects above them. But interference from power lines and other utilities sometimes prevents the sensors from receiving a signal, so San Francisco only achieved 86 percent reliability. Los Angeles consistently achieves at least a 90 percent reliability rate, says Peer Ghent of Los Angeles’ parking management system, who also notes that it’s not realistic to expect the sensors to work 100 percent of the time. The U.S. Department of Transportation is already convinced — it has spent millions of dollars funding projects to relieve traffic congestion. In 2011, San Francisco got a $19.8 million federal grant to start a pilot smart parking program called SFpark. The program studied six areas around the city, covering 7,000 of the city’s 28,800 on-street parking spots and 15 of the 20 city-owned garages. San Francisco’s program is the most in-depth study, but other cities have made significant process as well. New York City is currently testing pilot areas in several boroughs, while Moscow and Barcelona have already installed large-scale — and successful — smart parking systems. Worldwide smart parking is expected to grow rapidly, up to one million on-street spaces by 2024, according to the research firm Navigant Research. “If you’re in favor of revitalizing downtown areas and you’ve read the literature, I think you have to support these trends,” says Ghent. In 2013, two years after launching SFpark, San Francisco published a detailed report asserting that the program had reduced weekday greenhouse gas emissions by 25 percent. Traffic volume went down and drivers cut their search time nearly in half. They achieved these results by incentivizing drivers to do things like park in less congested areas, or arrive at a parking garage before the morning rush and leave after the evening rush. Those incentives come in the form of variable pricing, in which drivers pay lower parking rates in underused areas or at less popular times, encouraging them to change where and when they park. This pilot program effectively demonstrated that smart parking has a significant impact on driving behavior and therefore on emissions. Los Angeles saw similarly promising results, though the city didn’t directly measure congestion or emissions. “We wanted to prove that we could shift parking demand,” Ghent says. Occupancy increased by 15 percent in underutilized areas, he says, and while the average price per parking spot went down, total revenue went up. San Francisco also saw a revenue increase — about $1.9 million total. That may be because smart parking systems are easier on the customer. Drivers can pay using cash or credit cards and they get an alert on their phone when their time is running out. That means fewer parking tickets, but oddly it also means more revenue for cities. In part, that’s because more cars can park each day. But it’s also because the system motivates more people to actually pay for their parking. It turns out that, before SFpark, only 45 percent of drivers fed the meter during the workweek. During the pilot, that number rose to 54 percent. That’s not a huge difference, but it was enough to offset the revenue lost to parking tickets. A major concern is that any new system intimidates people, says Willson. And that might make people less likely to visit those districts. There hasn’t been any data so far to suggest that actually happens, he says, but adds that it’s still important to make the public aware of changes. “We want to help people understand what the impacts are going to be,” says Mary Catherine Snyder of the Seattle Department of Transportation. Spreading awareness has helped Seattle residents feel more comfortable with the changing rules, she says. When the city implemented paid parking in the evening, for instance, it posted orange reflective signs to catch headlights. It also plays ads on television and in movie theaters, posts notices on every pay station, and distributes postcards. Seattle, as a smaller city, has been able to collect data manually — literally having employees walk the streets — rather than spend money on a sensor system. That means they can only collect data once a year, but with that limited information they’ve been able to establish a demand pricing system that promotes more efficient parking. “In my opinion, if you do it right, you have even fewer spaces,” Willson says. It’s a low value use of precious urban land, he says, land that could be better used for parks or bike lanes. Many cities actually have too many spaces because of mandates that require businesses to provide a certain amount of parking, but those mandates are leftover from a time when driving was considered ubiquitous. He and other parking experts, like Donald Shoup from University of California, Los Angeles, have argued that there are about twice as many spaces as are necessary. Eliminating excess parking across an entire city could make way for more useful projects. Smart parking’s data-driven method makes it a useful tool for cities to use parking more efficiently, especially those worried about backlash from residents. “People don’t like to pay for parking,” says Snyder, “but using data takes the politics out of talking about parking meter rates.”	<urn:uuid:95096dbd-5531-41e0-b47a-d3576f57641e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://scienceline.org/2016/02/can-we-park-smarter/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720238.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00332-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9561351537704468, "token_count": 1408, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3 }
War has touched Iowans’ lives frequently over time. Even before Iowa was a state, armed conflict was part of life in the Iowa territory. Throughout the years hostilities between groups with opposing viewpoints have resulted in open warfare. Lives were lost as confrontations resulted in violent exchanges. Sometimes actual bloodshed was avoided. As you will see, in one case, only a few bees lost their lives! But too often the violent actions of humans created more destruction than the loss of a few bees as people struggled to establish homes in the Iowa territory. Even before European settlers arrived in the area that would become Iowa, native peoples at times entered into violent confrontations. In the early 1800s the Sauk and Mesquakie and the Ioway Indians lived in Iowa. The Sauk and Mesquakie lived in eastern Iowa along the Mississippi River. The Ioway lived in southeastern Iowa not far from the Sauk and Mesquakie. In 1821 a major battle took place between the two tribes when the Sauk and Mesquakie angered the Ioway by trying to acquire additional hunting grounds. In Iowa the federal government had constructed 22 forts as fortifications against possible Indian attacks. In 1809 Black Hawk, a Sauk chief, led an Indian attack on Fort Madison killing several soldiers. This was an omen of future clashes between Black Hawk and the federal government. A treaty created by the federal government in 1804 called for the removal of the Sauk and Mesquakie from their land in western Illinois. In 1831 Black Hawk and his tribe were forced to move across the Mississippi River to the Iowa side. It was a very difficult move for Black Hawk and his followers. They suffered from hunger and cold. In the spring of 1832 they decided to go back to their lands in Illinois. When they got back to Illinois they clashed with the military over a three-month period. This became known as the Black Hawk War. In the end the Indians were defeated. The Honey War Sounds like a peculiar name for a war. But the Honey War of 1839 turned out to be an unusual war. It was unusual because no human lives were lost! The war was the result of a dispute over the boundary between southern Iowa and northern Missouri. Iowans claimed the border was further south; the Missourians claimed it was further north. The difference between the two lines was about 2,600 acres of rich farm land. The people living in the disputed area thought they lived in Iowa. When the Missouri government tried to collect taxes from these settlers, the Missouri tax collector was arrested by Iowa authorities. The Missouri governor sent the militia to the border area. The Iowa governor called for Iowa volunteers to meet at the border. Each man supplied his own weapon, so they didn’t carry typical fighting gear. Reportedly one volunteer showed up ready to do battle with the aid of his family’s ancestral sword, and another brought a sausage stuffer as a weapon! And yet another was armed with a plow blade! Everybody thought war between Iowa and Missouri was unavoidable. But before any shots were fired, the Missouri troops were dismissed and the Missouri government agreed to the northern boundary line. But that doesn’t explain the curious name. Well, it turns out that at one point during the disagreement someone destroyed a tree oozing with bees and honey in the disputed area. It must have been a memorable event because the name stuck! Iowans and the Mexican War When the United States went to war with Mexico in 1846 Iowans were affected. President James K. Polk issued a call for volunteers. The Iowa Territory put together 12 companies of men. In the end they never actually went to battle because other states supplied more than enough volunteers. But individual Iowans did attach themselves to units from other states and fought in the Mexican territory. A group of Mormons from Iowa joined the fight in California. Kansas Problems Bleed Into Iowa Between 1854 and 1856 the new territory of Kansas was the scene of a number of violent events. The U.S. Congress had passed a law that gave the citizens of Kansas the right to determine if they would be a slave state or a free state. This caused pro-slavery and abolitionist people to travel to Kansas hoping to influence the outcome of the pro-slavery or anti-slavery issue. Newspapers referred to the troubles in Kansas as "Bleeding Kansas." Iowans played a role in the events in Kansas. Anti-slavery groups who traveled to Kansas from the East traveled across Iowa. They followed routes designed by William Penn Clarke, an Iowa City abolitionist. These travelers met in southwestern Iowa where they received arms and training before moving into Kansas. Fremont County, Iowa, offered hideouts and a medical aid station for those who were returning from Kansas and the violence there. The Spirit Lake Massacre Not all conflicts on Iowa lands ended so harmlessly as the Honey War. In 1857 the tragedy that became known as the “Spirit Lake Massacre” took place. A band of Sioux Indians attacked settlers in the Iowa great lakes region near Spirit Lake. Thirty-two white settlers were killed. Some were taken hostage by the Indians. Fourteen-year-old Mary Gardner lived through the hostage ordeal and was ransomed back from the Sioux. Historians debate the actions surrounding the Spirit Lake Massacre. Some historians think the Sioux were seeking revenge for the killing of a chief and his family by a white man years earlier. - Boundaries for Iowa. (1983, February) Goldfinch, 4, 1-3. - Kallestad, S. (2002). The Territorial Militia. The Iowa National Guard Web site. www.iowanationalguard.com - Sage, L. A History of Iowa, Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press, 1974. - Schwieder, D. Iowa: The Middle Land. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press, 1996. - Snook, D. (2002). The Mexican War. The Iowa National Guard Web site. www.iowanationalguard.com	<urn:uuid:6f7058b9-d3ea-4dcb-afa2-dff8e80c0717>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "url": "http://www.iptv.org/IowaPathways/mypath.cfm?ounid=ob_000260", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982297973.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195817-00180-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.974829912185669, "token_count": 1262, "score": 3.859375, "int_score": 4 }
A in circle was accepted as a symbol of 3rd USA Army. Now this symbol is used as sign by many people, who consider themselves as an anarchist and sympathize with anarchist ideas. A writer, philosopher and producer of BBC company Peter Marshall said, that this symbol has an idea (developed by Peter Kropotkin and other anarchic theorists) about "Anarchy is Order" ("Anarchie ist Ordnung" and so on). You see, it's like, A in letter O, which are first letter of those words Anarchy and Order. Representation in codesEdit The symbol of capital "A in circle" in Unicode is represented as U+24B6 or e2 92 b6 in hexadecimal code. Decimal representation of the symbol in XML - Ⓐ The symbol of small "a in circle" in Unicode is represented as U+24D0 or e2 93 90 in hexadecimal code. Deciaml representation of the symbol in XNL - ⓐ	<urn:uuid:c7dfc500-629c-497d-bb83-711a4506eb69>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "url": "http://everything.wikia.com/wiki/A_in_circle", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886117874.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823055231-20170823075231-00034.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9303537607192993, "token_count": 213, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3 }
The best way to preserve and protect your vision is through regular professional eye examinations. For teens, if corrective lenses are needed, it’s also a matter of determining if you’re “ready” for contacts. This may not be based on any sort of age guidelines – only your willingness to care for and wear lenses properly. Between examinations, if you notice a change in your vision – or your eye is injured in any way – tell your parents so they can contact your eye doctor as soon as possible. What Can You Expect from a Comprehensive Eye Exam? Each eye doctor has a routine, but most comprehensive eye exams follow a similar pattern. First, the doctor will review your personal and family health history to check for eye disease, diabetes, high blood pressure or poor vision. Then, your eye doctor will conduct tests to check for: - Vision - The doctor will check for nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and astigmatism. While you look at an eye chart, the doctor will measure your vision precisely, and, if necessary, determine a prescription for corrective lenses. - Coordination of eye muscles - The doctor will move a light in a set pattern to test your ability to use both eyes together. - Side (peripheral) vision - The doctor will move an object at the edge of your field of vision to make sure you can see it. - Pupil response to light - The doctor will shine a light in each eye and watch the pupil's reaction. - Color testing - The doctor will ask you to describe figures in a series of illustrations made up of numerous colored dots or circles. This tests your ability to differentiate colors. - Eyelid health and function - The doctor will examine your eyelid, inside and out. - The interior and back of the eye - After dilating your eyes (by both using a few eye drops and dimming the lights so the pupils will widen), the doctor will use a special instrument called an ophthalmoscope to see through to the retina and optic nerve at the back of the eye. This is where clues to many eye diseases first show up. - Measurement of fluid pressure - The doctor will measure the pressure inside your eye using an instrument called a tonometer. High pressure inside the eye, can be an early indicator of glaucoma and other diseases. Test Your Vision While this is not a substitute for a comprehensive eye exam by an eye doctor, it may help you test your vision and alert you to a vision problem that requires professional attention. And it’s even kind of fun. You’ll need a friend to help you, so grab someone and try it! Print out the Snellen Eye Chart(17.3 KB, PDF) Tape it on a bare, windowless wall approximately 4 feet above the floor. Sit in a chair 10 feet from the wall. If you normally wear contact lenses or glasses, wear them for this test. Ask your friend to hold a cover (such as a handkerchief or paper cup) over one of your eyes and use a flashlight to point at each line of the chart, starting at the top. Keeping both eyes open, read each letter out loud as your friend points. Record the number, such as 20/20, of the smallest line you can read correctly. Repeat steps four and five with the other eye. Most people should be able to read the 20/20 line with both eyes; if you can't, you may need vision correction. Talk to your parents and decide when to make an appointment to see your eye care professional.	<urn:uuid:93dc7df7-84ca-40e7-b3bb-0cb459fd4751>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://bausch.com/vision-and-age/teenager-eyes/eye-exams", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422119446463.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124171046-00250-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9013586044311523, "token_count": 758, "score": 3.546875, "int_score": 4 }
For decades, David Sloan Wilson has been fighting against the "selfish gene" orthodoxy in the "levels of selection" debate in evolutionary theory, arguing that "group selection" also frequently occurs. That never struck me as outlandish -- after all, if you look at modern Tasmania, for example, one group (Europeans) appears to have been selected for and another group (Tasmanians, who now exist only in a limited number off mixed race individuals) got themselves rather decisively selected against. Same with the late Chatham Islanders who were wiped out by the Maoris. The English, for instance, cooperated with each other much better than did the American Indians. (Most of your famous Indian chiefs were politicians or religious leaders or both who were exceptions to this rule: they could temporarily overcome the notorious fractiousness of the Indians. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, by way of example, won undying fame by getting 1,500 braves to show up at the same place at the same time.) And that's a big reason why there are so many more people of English descent in North America than people of American Indian descent. Or to put it in selfish gene terms, that's why there are so many more English gene variants than American Indian alleles around these days. William D. Hamilton didn't seem to object much to group selection, but his famous expositor Richard Dawkins has, perhaps because it raises the R-word. But now Edward O. Wilson, the grand old man of evolutionary theory, has teamed up with the other Wilson to write an article in the Quarterly Review of Biology summarized in New Scientist propounding multi-level (e.g., group) selection: RETHINKING THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF SOCIOBIOLOGY EO Wilson & DS Wilson Current sociobiology is in theoretical disarray, with a diversity of frameworks that are poorly related to each other. Part of the problem is a reluctance to revisit the pivotal events that took place during the 1960s, including the rejection of group selection and the development of alternative theoretical frameworks to explain the evolution of cooperative and altruistic behaviors. In this article, we take a "back to basics" approach, explaining what group selection is, why its rejection was regarded as so important, and how it has been revived based on a more careful formulation and subsequent research. Multilevel selection theory (including group selection) provides an elegant theoretical foundation for sociobiology in the future, once its turbulent past is appropriately understood.: "The old arguments against group selection have all failed. It is theoretically plausible, it happens in reality, and the so-called alternatives actually include the logic of multilevel selection. Had this been known in the 1960s, sociobiology would have taken a very different direction. It is this branch point that must be revisited to put sociobiology back on a firm theoretical foundation. Accepting multilevel selection has profound implications. It means we can no longer regard the individual as a privileged level of the biological hierarchy..."In that noted science journal, the Huffington Post, Dan Agin offers some rather overheated commentary on the purported liberal political implications: The selfish-gene mantra of conservative psychologists and columnists is now more or less dead. Will we see the public media focus on this new development? There will be die-hards. There are people who don't like the idea that society is as important as genes in determining behavior. They don't like the idea that nature can select societies as well as individuals.Okay, but the idea that "nature can select societies as well as individuals" isn't necessarily terribly "progressive." It was a favorite notion of, among many others, Mr. A. Hitler. The good news is that conquering land really doesn't pay these days, so peace has become, from a group-selectionist point of view, more rational than in the past. The bad news is that if we don't need to team up to go conquer the other group's land before they conquer ours, then large-scale cooperativeness might be outdated, and the level of most effective selection drops down to smaller groups. For example, Crazy Eddie's clan is doing very well in Darwinian terms in Brooklyn these days. (Remarkably, in Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle's classic 1973 sci-fi novel, "Crazy Eddie" is the exact opposite of Crazy Eddie the fraudulent hi-fi huckster -- "Crazy Eddie" is a legendary idealist character who counsels the ultra-Malthusian aliens in the book to institute controls on their population for the good of all!) Somebody should find out what James Q. Wilson thinks of all this.	<urn:uuid:06c6fa33-3af9-461a-b780-edfefa1afc84>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://isteve.blogspot.com/2007/11/steve-wilson-would-be-good-name-for.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894865.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00187-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9613911509513855, "token_count": 970, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
In sixteenth century Cremona, Andrea Amati developed the instrument models and construction standards which further refined by his family and colleagues, remain the standards of violin making. But do we know how the violin developed, or what happened before Cremona? In "B.C. Before Cremona", John Huber presents that history, and illustrates instrument development with photographic examples of ancient stringed instruments. 96 pages, hardcover.	<urn:uuid:84b1d9e9-02db-4cc7-8d09-5fea0cef88af>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.metmusic.com/media/edition-bochinsky/3360-bc-before-cremona-by-john-huber", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103917192.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701004112-20220701034112-00522.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.925663411617279, "token_count": 89, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3 }
Texas Transgender Health Program is a collaborative effort organized by Equality Texas Foundation and Texas Health Institute to improve the health of transgender, gender non-binary, and Intersex Texans. The primary goal is to reduce the number of suicides and suicide attempts by transgender people. The National Center for Transgender Equality’s Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey documents the extent of this important health issue. A majority of the Texas transgender population lacks access to health services at an affordable cost and has disproportionately poorer health outcomes compared to the broader population. This is especially true among our youth and people of color. “We believe creating transgender culturally competent health environments is one of the most important programs THI can be involved in,” said John Oeffinger, THI Director of eLearning and Training and Texas Transgender Health Program Co-Project Director. “We are excited to work with Equality Texas Foundation and believe our two organizations can make a positive difference in the health of transgender Texans.” “I am looking forward to the Partnership between THI and EQTX. Increasing access to health services and reducing suicidality for trans/non-binary folks is so important. This will literally be a life saving project, one that Texas needs drastically.” said Lou Weaver, Equality Texas Transgender Programs Coordinator. The Equality Texas Foundation works to secure full equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Texans through education, community organizing, and collaboration. Texas Health Institute (THI) translates emerging research on population and preventative health into practical applications for communities. THI’s programs and education offerings accelerate the implementation of new findings, creating opportunities for people to lead a healthy life.	<urn:uuid:ff55304a-7945-4f49-a671-d56a73ed3950>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://www.equalitytexas.org/creating-culturally-competent-transgender-health-environments-across-texas/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154798.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804080449-20210804110449-00169.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9258822798728943, "token_count": 347, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
For the first time in its 127-year history, the American Psychological Association has issued guidelines to help psychologists specifically address the issues of men and boys — and the 36-page document features a warning. “Traditional masculinity ideology has been shown to limit males’ psychological development, constrain their behavior, result in gender role strain and gender role conflict and negatively influence mental health and physical health,” the report warns. The new “Guidelines for the Psychological Practice with Boys and Men” defines “masculinity ideology” as “a particular constellation of standards that have held sway over large segments of the population, including: anti-femininity, achievement, eschewal of the appearance of weakness, and adventure, risk, and violence.” The report also links this ideology to homophobia, bullying and sexual harassment. The new guidelines, highlighted in this month’s issue of Monitor on Psychology, which is published by the APA, linked this ideology to a series of stark statistics: Men commit approximately 90 percent of all homicides in the U.S., they are far more likely than women to be arrested and charged with intimate partner violence in the U.S., and they are four times more likely than women to die of suicide worldwide. Jared Skillings, a psychologist and the APA’s chief of professional practice, told NBC News these new guidelines are intended to educate mental health professionals about the unique issues facing this patient population. The APA published a similar report about girls and women in 2007 and is expected to publish an updated version this year. "Masculinity ideology,” Skillings said, was important to highlight because it “represents a set of characteristics that are unhealthy for men — men who are sexist or violent or don’t take care of themselves.” The report addresses the “power” and “privilege” that males have when compared to their female counterparts, but it notes that this privilege can be a psychological double-edged sword. “Men who benefit from their social power are also confined by system-level policies and practices as well as individual-level psychological resources necessary to maintain male privilege,” the guidelines state. “Thus, male privilege often comes with a cost in the form of adherence to sexist ideologies designed to maintain male power that also restrict men’s ability to function adaptively.” The report argues that some of the psychological and social problems that disproportionately affect men may be in part because they are “less likely to be diagnosed with internalizing disorders such as depression, in part because internalizing disorders do not conform to traditional gender role stereotypes about men’s emotionality.” Men, the report adds, are more likely to be diagnosed with "externalizing disorders," like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which often relies on medication instead of psychological intervention. The guidelines for psychologists outlined in the report include encouraging them to "recognize that masculinities are constructed based on social, cultural, and contextual norms"; "understand the impact of power, privilege, and sexism on the development of boys and men and on their relationships with others"; and "reduce the high rates of problems boys and men face and act out in their lives such as aggression, violence, substance abuse, and suicide." Skillings said parents can play a part, too. He recommended they let their boys know, “It’s OK to not be OK all the time.”	<urn:uuid:7ac536fb-b7df-4a88-b844-d1e965837320>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/american-psychological-association-links-masculinity-ideology-homophobia-misogyny-n956416?fbclid=IwAR1Rrn0EL-cM7EfWMl0qDIN0Na5zXGjAdLlTFWwU2dhoKYTzZeVl8VRv9Qo", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363376.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207105847-20211207135847-00444.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.952807605266571, "token_count": 723, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
Sailing was introduced to the Olympics at the 1900 Games in Paris. With the exception of 1904, the sport has appeared at every Olympic Games since then. The United States has won the most sailing medals (57) in the Olympics and Great Britain has won the most gold medals (20). The structure of the sport has changed over the years. Most of the Olympic sailing competitions were done in what is called a fleet race format. At some Olympics, however, was also the match-race format, or a mixed fleet/match race format. Co-ed events were held from 1900 to 1988. After that, both gender-specific and co-ed events have been held. In the early Olympic Games sailing was dominated by bigger boats, sometimes with as many as 10-12 sailors, and time handicaps were used to adjudicate the races but nowadays smaller In the last 20 years, equipment trials have resulted in several new boats reflecting the latest developments in the sport. During the 2004 Athens Games, only one event had a three-person crew (Yngling), with five events contested by lone sailors. Currently the line-up of boats is a mixture between classes with a long and distinguished history, like the Star and the Finn, and those reflecting the design and technology advances in the sport, such as the 49er. Women have always been allowed to compete in Olympic sailing with men, but in 1988, separate sailing events were introduced exclusively for women. The Olympic sailing programme in 2004 consisted of men’s, women’s and open events. In effect, sailing made its Olympic debut in Sydney, as it became the first Olympic sport to make a name change. The sport had always been called yachting in the past, it was at the Sydney that the name was changed to Sailing. Indian sailors have participated in the sailing event at Olympicsand India has been participating since 1972. In Athens in 2004, a wildcard entry got Sumeet Patel and Malav Shroff the chance to test themselves against the world’s accomplished yachtsmen in the 49er class. After their first appearance at the 1972 Munich Games, Indian yachtsmen failed to qualify for Montreal (1976), Moscow (1980), Atlanta (1996) and Sydney (2000). N S Johal In the recent Olympics held at Beijing (2008) N S Johal who was the lone Indian, competing in the Finn category (heavyweight dingy) finished 23rd in a field of 26 boats, a remarkable performance by India. The sport is so competitive at the Olympic level that qualifying itself is a hurdle for Indians. Johal is the highest ranked Asian. The 2012 olympic game is going to be held in London. The waters of Weymouth Bay and Portland Harbour will host the 10 great sailing events during the London 2012 Olympic Games. Ten gold medals will be awarded and 380 athletes are expected to take part. The sailing classes have two changes from the Beijing 2008 sailing events. The women’s Match Race competition replaces the Yngling competition and the Tornado Class Catamaran competition has been dropped. 14 days of competition that should offer plenty of excitement and drama in the beautiful but testing waters of Weymouth Bay, on the south coast of England. London 2012 is considering making Sailing a ticketed event. Compiled by Vishwaja Salian.	<urn:uuid:232b22c3-a1d0-4fd1-839b-7f14ed3043e5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://indiayachtpage.com/2012/05/30/sailing-at-the-olympic-games/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703509104.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117020341-20210117050341-00017.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9792887568473816, "token_count": 689, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3 }
We would like to bring to your attention a collection of Christian relics relating to birth, christening and interment of the Tsar’s children. The section starts with christening (measured) icons of Ivan the Terrible’s sons: Ivan (pic.1), Fyodor (pic.2), Dmitry (pic.3), and those of Mikhail Fyodorovich’s sons: Ivan (pic.4) and Vasily (pic.5). Such measured icons were executed on the occasion of the child’s birth and were sized in accordance with his height. They represented saints, who served as heavenly patrons of the newborn babies. Measured icons were designed within religious-philosophical concepts concerning the idea of a supernatural power of the royal family, successfully developed in the time of Ivan the Terrible. They were indented for private use in personal chambers and further preservation in the Archangel’s Cathedral after the owner is buried there. The sacred objects, held in high esteem in Russia, were crosses. That is the reason why the prayer room in Tsar’s palace was called the Cross Chamber. The exposition presents a gold pectoral cross with a central sapphire inset with image of the Crucifixion in relief and Greek inscription (pic.6). Probably it was executed for christening ceremony of Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible. An exhibit of great cultural and historical value is a lid for the shrine of the Ivan IV’s son, Tsarevich Dmitry, who died in mysterious circumstances in Uglich in 1591. It was executed on the orders of Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich. The shrine presents a full-length portrayal of Tsarevich in high relief. In 1606 Dmitry's remains were transferred to Moscow to be preserved in a special reliquary-shrine in the Archangel’s Cathedral. During festive days it was covered with embroidered palls (coffin cloths), one of which is displayed within the exposition (pic. 8). Here you can also see a coffin cloth of Tsarevich Ivan Mikhailovich, the son of Mikhail Fyodorovich.	<urn:uuid:83a18af6-39ef-47b3-ad69-a88047ee15cf>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.kreml.ru/en-Us/exhibitions/virtual-exhibitions.mir-detstva/khristianskie-relikvii/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923162848-20230923192848-00357.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9664121866226196, "token_count": 455, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
Spoiler alert, walls and nationalism have never worked. How’s that for an opening? The short story on the history of walls is the story of their relative uselessness. Our Lord Commander Marmalade should read a few history books and watch less television. Whether we’re talking about the Great Wall of China, the Athenian Long Walls, Hadrian’s Wall, or the great walls of Troy, these things are only of limited use by themselves. Many cities had perimeter defensive walls—one notable exception being Sparta. From Mycenae and Troy in pre-historic Greece to the Long Walls of Athens, to Hadrian’s Wall in Roman Britain, the ancients were not opposed to wall building. All Roman forts had defensive walls as well. Caesar and Pompey, two of the greatest military leaders of all time, were masters of fortifications, and walls were no exception in their strategies. But walls have their limit, and are only useful in a narrow sense. The great walled city of Troy was famously beaten by a wooden horse. And Mexico has been paying attention. The Long Walls of Athens stretched from the city to the port of Piraeus. Defending the port and their navy were crucial for the Athenian Empire to survive so a wall makes sense. The Spartans never sacked Athens or Piraeus during the Peloponnesian War. They didn’t have to. Sparta ravaged the farmland of Attica, and refugees hiding within Athens’ walls caused a plague which killed nearly 1/3 of the population, including Pericles. Sparta attacked Athenian allies, and Athens made several strategic blunders throughout the conflict. The Long Walls proved inconsequential for the war. If we head to the Roman side we see a similar story. In the early 2nd century AD, the Emperor Hadrian built a wall across northern Britain, separating Roman Britain from the Scottish lowlands. It was over 100 miles long, and was built with forts every 5 miles. Parts of the wall still exist, and it was a marvel of Roman invention. Many movies have featured crossing the wall. Scholars today still debate the point. See, the damn thing just didn’t serve any reasonable purpose. The wall did not do a particularly good job of keeping out migrants or invaders—and it’s debatable whether there was any danger of invasion. About the only real purpose it served was as a show of Roman power—Hadrian built it just because he could. In the end, the Romans simply abandoned the wall, along with the rest of Britain. So we have examples of walls being big, expensive wastes of time and resources, which ultimately serve little purpose. Well, what does work? Immigration reform. Yep. It’s just that simple. The best way to defend your country from immigrants and invaders is to turn them into friends and fellow countrymen. The Romans perfected this. Every place conquered was not simply ruled or enslaved. Many were put on a path to citizenship. The greatest defensive tool in the roman arsenal was the ability to turn a potential invading force into citizens and friends. The history of Roman citizenship and “Romanization” shows an expanding use. First, citizenship was just for Romans. Then all Italians were granted citizenship. Eventually, in 212 AD, the Edict of Caracalla made all free men in the empire Roman citizens, and all free women equal to Roman women. Doing this meant Rome always had resources and manpower to continue expansion and defense. The Empire began to suffer and shrink after it began dividing itself into different sects and statuses—by the Late Empire, Christianity being the primary divider. Theological divisions and accusations of heresy fractured the power and unity of the populace, with the greatest and most destructive being the divide between West and East, Rome and Constantinople. This is how the empire declined and fell—internal division. So let’s recap. Walls are crap for national defense. There are four ways to defeat walls; over, around, through, and under. Whether we talk about the Greek side or the Roman side of history, walls were only a small part of defense, and were not particularly effective on their own. Rather than keeping enemies out, walls keep good guys inside. They stunt growth. Walls can be breached, and always have been. Those who don’t learn from history are doomed to repeat it. Sad! Nobody goes it alone. Alliances continue to be an important part of diplomatic and military strategies. Before Adolf Twitler fucks up NATO for us, let’s look at the history of political, economic, and military alliances. We start with Greece. Ancient Greece was made up of city-states, or poleis. For comparison, the modern world is made up of nation-states. One city among hundreds makes you think hard about going it alone, and alliances in the Greek world were numerous. The two most famous were the Delian League and Peloponnesian League. The Delian League was formed against Persia after the Persian Wars, and eventually became the de facto Athenian Empire. The Peloponnesian League was formed by Sparta to check against Athens. The “Peloponnesian War” between Athens and Sparta was really a conflict between these two alliances – think of the axis and allies during WWII if you want a quick, dirty comparison. There were other alliances over the course of Hellenic history. Shortly after the end of the Peloponnesian War a Boeotian League popped up, led by Thebes. Since the Spartans, while very skilled in other areas, were not always the most diplomatic (to put it mildly), they decided to turn their league into an empire, just like Athens did. The results were essentially the same too. A series of wars between the Boeotian League and Peloponnesian League eventually went south for the Spartans. After Philip II and Alexander the Great conquered Greece they played on both the Greek animosity against Persia and their love of strong alliances by forming the League of Corinth (or Corinthian League), which was one of the few times Greek city-states were almost wholly united under a single banner. The Corinthian League was more a show than anything though, with loyalty pledged to Macedon. Finally, there’s the Achaean League, which pushed back against the Macedonians after Alexander’s death, and the empire fractured. They won some control, and feeling strappy, decided to try their luck against the Roman Republic. In 146 BC, The Achaean League was defeated, the city of Corinth was razed, the Roman province of Macedonia was created for direct Roman administration of Greece, and we pretty much start talking about Roman Greece. In practical terms, the Achaean League did a whoopsy in their pants. Each league governed itself slightly differently, and members had various levels of influence. The Delian League originally had a treasury on Delos (hence the name), with all member states contributing funds. Athens was put in charge of general operations, and when they felt bold enough, they transferred the treasury to Athens, making it the basis for their empire. The Boeotian League operated along the lines of a federation, with a central government exercising some powers, but measures passed were required to be ratified by the councils in each individual member city-state. Sparta effectively controlled the Peloponnesian League, with minimal control given to other member states. With Alexander and Rome, Mediterranean history shifts from lots of little independent city-states and alliances to kingdoms and empires. Rome also had a great affinity for alliances. They figured out it was less work to create alliances than to have to deal with the process of conquest, destruction, and rebuilding. Autonomous city-states under the Roman system were called “socii”, which conveniently translates to “allies”. It’s also from where we get words like social and society. For most of the Republic, when Rome defeated a group, they incorporated them into the “society”. The status of socii was granted, giving some rights (such as the so-called “Latin Rights”) in exchange for military support. Roman armies marched with roughly an equal number of legions made up of Roman citizens and legions made up of allies—so each legion assembled among Roman citizens had a counterpart assembled among non-Romans. While cities lost most of their independence to Rome, they were afforded the benefit of not being annihilated, and inherited Roman protection from outside threats. Since Roman military strength was so reliant on these allies, they took their role as protectors seriously. It was kinda like the mob. Romans making defeated enemies an offer they can’t refuse worked pretty well, with a little blip during the Carthaginian Wars. Hannibal understood the alliance between Rome and these independent cities was the true source of Roman power, and he was effective in part because he exploited this. Modeling himself as a liberator for these Roman allies, he marched through Italy and persuaded several cities to defect. Each battle he won was another city he could strip from Roman influence. Romans crapped their togas in fear. Before Scipio delivered Rome’s salvation, a man named Fabius Maximus “Cunctator” was on the case. His nickname, “delayer”, derived from his strategy of beating Hannibal by not fighting him at all. Avoiding large scale battles (that up until then Rome had definitively lost) and harassing Hannibal’s supply lines forced Hannibal to raid the cities he was trying to liberate, undercutting his strategy. Cities turned from seeing Hannibal as a liberator from Rome to an invader. Even after Cannae, where Rome lost an unprecedented 80,000 men, cities were reluctant to defect. We all know how this ended up; Rome beat Carthage. Unfortunately for Rome, that taste of independence and distaste at being Rome’s puppets among the allied states didn’t go away after Hannibal. They revolted in 91 BC, demanding more of a share in the affairs of state (yet another “no taxation without representation” rebellion). This started the Social War (91-88 BC). Militarily, Rome was the victor, although strategically, the allies won. Rome more or less conceded their most prominent points. In 90 BC, in order to stem the number of cities revolting, Julius Caesar introduced a law (Lex Iulia de Civitate Latinis et Socii Danda) which granted Roman citizenship to all the cities and citizens that had not revolted. In 89, they passed the Lex Plantia Papiria, which granted Roman citizenship to all the cities that did revolt. So basically, almost all the Italian allied cities became full-fledged Roman citizens, which was more or less what they wanted in the first place. Rome figured out the socii system was just not working well anymore, but expansion of citizenship was a phenomenal tool for control. This granting of citizenship to individuals or cities went on until 212 AD, when the Edict of Caracalla granted full Roman citizenship to all free males living in the Empire, and the full rights enjoyed by Roman women to all free women in the Empire. While the socii system folded in the Late Republic, Rome still participated in various alliances with other states. They used their client-patron system in these, and hence came about the “client-states”. Whenever Rome wanted some control, but not the burden of direct administration, they set up a patronage with the city. This was especially the case on the borders, where the client-state acted as a buffer against enemies. The Romans had several in Britain. The Bosporan Kingdom was another long-lasting client-state for Rome, and was instrumental in keeping groups like the Scythians in check. Just as proof that some people thought Roman rule was the best option, Attalus III of Pergamom gifted his kingdom to Rome in his will. Talk about one hell of a trust fund, right? Perhaps the most well-known client kingdom was the Kingdom of Judaea under Herod the Great. After his death, the Romans divvied up the kingdom, and created the province of Judea to establish direct rule in that sector (also because they thought Herod Archaelaus was a complete tool). Herod Antipater controlled most of the remaining bits of the old Kingdom of Judaea. As Roman power waned in the following centuries, she became overly reliant on these client-states. By the late Empire, tribes were being established within Roman borders to act as buffers against invading Germans. Unfortunately for Rome, many of these tribes weren’t terribly keen on being cannon fodder, or you know, whatever the equivalent is for a world before cannons. Late Roman history starts reading like Game of Thrones as the division between East and West, and the division among some of these tribes, resulted in conflicts. When you have one Germanic group fighting another Germanic group, both under orders from different Roman Emperors, you have a problem. For somewhat arbitrary reasons, we credit one of these groups, the Ostrogoths, with the downfall of the Roman Empire. In 476 AD, the “barbarian” Ostrogoths under Odoacer deposed Roman Emperor Romulus Augustulus, and thus was destroyed one of the greatest empires in the history of humanity. That’s the story everyone learned in school. It’s a little loose on the details, and the full story is much more complex. The end of Rome (or at least the Western half) marks the end of this article. “What about the Eastern Empire, the Byzantines” you ask? I’m lazy, so fuck it. Needless to say, current political pushback against globalization will be as short-lived as our confidence in Samsung’s new exploding tablets. No nation survives in a vacuum, and even if NATO, the EU, NAFTA, and other alliances are dissolved, new ones will take their place. Both the Greeks and Romans made prolific use of alliances, with various methods of administration and prevalence. They’re just plain necessary when you want to survive in the larger world. Viewing Rome, Athens, Sparta, or even the Macedonians as powerful monoliths exercising complete control over all subjects is not the right attitude. In most cases, the strength of these civilizations rested in their ability to live peacefully with their neighbors, communicate effectively with foreign nations, and demonstrate some influence beyond their borders through alliances rather than conquest. Politicians lie. The media distorts. People create fake websites masquerading as real news outlets. We live in an era of “fake news”, “alternative facts”, and “post-truth”. Naturally, people are a little concerned about how to tell fake news from real journalism. Of course, my answer is simple—get a Classics degree. The Bachelor’s degree in Bullshit forces you to constantly analyze information and test veracity, look for bias, recognize the limits of the available evidence, and draw rational, fact-based conclusions. The more in-depth answer I’ve already written; reread my “History for Dummies” article for a fuller breakdown. Classics looks at pretty much whatever we can find. Time isn’t very kind to history or historians; most artifacts are gone or still buried. We try to reconstruct societies by looking at ruins. Classics research comes from a basis of incomplete information, which is why it’s so useful for detecting fake news. We can draw reasonable conclusions from the evidence we do have. From day 1 as a Classicist you learn about the limits of your evidence. You learn to take a critical eye to the text and not simply believe everything written. Of course, other fields require critical thinking, but what makes Classics perhaps a bit better for this era of propaganda is we know our information occasionally lies. Information in the sciences cannot lie—scientists might interpret the information incorrectly, but the information itself is always truthful. Chemicals can’t fake a reaction. Classicists work in a field where our main—and almost only—written source for the Persian Wars is written by a man some called the “Father of lies”. Classicists are therefore best positioned to separate fact from fiction. It’s quite literally our job. Enough sales pitch. Above all else, sheer patience seems to be the easiest trait to learn in fighting fake news. As I mentioned not too long ago, every 1 year spent digging an archaeological site can take up to 10 years to categorize, study, and publish all the findings. Fortunately, we’ve got the time. It is not like the Romans can get any deader. The key that pushes fake news (and separates it from the real) is a quick turnaround time. Every day there is a different source of insanity, and fake news stories have a very short lifespan. That’s intentional. Fake news is designed to give you information and sensory overload, just like a casino. They push enough crap for you to lose the ability to think critically about everything. The task just becomes too big. It doesn’t need to be immediate though. We can take our time and do it correctly. Step 1 is therefore giving all news stories a 24 hour waiting period. Fake news simply doesn’t survive much longer than a day, because further investigation reveals the fakeness, whereas investigation for real things reveals new details. This is why Russia is here to stay, and “Pizzagate” seems like ages ago. Step 2: Check the basics of the website, article, and author. Basic source and author criticism. Fake news and satire sites will usually have a disclaimer, or painfully obvious blurb about being fake. Likewise, if the author is an amateur writer who usually writes about lizard people, their article on State Department secrets is highly unlikely to be accurate. Finally, check the fucking date of the article. Facebook feeds and other news feed algorithms are pretty terrible; many times an article from as far back as 2011 pop up, and people will still get upset over it. Step 3: More in depth source criticism. What is a “source”? CNN is not a source. Breitbart, Fox, and any given author are not sources either. They will cite their sources, usually anonymously (there is a valid source protection aspect to reporting). Be skeptical of stories that merely say “a source in the White House”, or “someone close to the incident” without further elaboration. You don’t know if the source is one of the president’s close advisors or the friggin gardener. Source criticism is about testing the integrity and credibility of the source itself, and part of that is finding out what information the source has access to. The White House gardener does not have access to blow open a scandal deep inside the President’s inner circle. Even eyewitnesses are limited in how much information they can access. Likewise, videos and pictures posted are not in themselves “sources”. Be skeptical of what the author or commentator is telling you about where these pictures and videos are from and what they are showing. Double check them yourself. There was a video circulating for a while supposedly showing Muslims rioting and demanding Sharia law—the video actually depicted a protest over an incident of police brutality. It’s easy to fool the masses, because the video itself doesn’t “lie”. A small, “alt” news site that consistently writes polemic pieces, or a mainstream contributor doing the same is to be generally avoided. They’re there for the click-bait, not the journalism. Step 4: Verify the facts, ignore the opinions. Ignore all the crap telling you what to think or feel. All those articles telling you this will “enrage” or “delight” you, all the subjective opinions, like “massive” or “small”, should set off alarms in your head. Ask yourself what makes one riot “large-scale” and another “small-scale”. That exposes the subjective, biased nature of the reporting. Facts are concrete, and they can be double checked. Whether it is how many Persians were in the invasion force against Greece or Trump’s electoral win, fake news and propaganda will emphasize scale and feeling over concrete, verifiable facts and dispassionate analysis. Step 5: Read multiple sources. There’s a tendency for independent sources, even sources hostile to each other, to report on the same or similar incidents, while disagreeing on minor details or motivations. Caesar declared he crossed the Rubicon in his own defense against Senate hostility, and the Senate declared Caesar marched on Rome to make himself a king. The two sources are hostile to each other, but both agree that Caesar marched on Rome, which means the event itself can be considered “proved”. Multiple attestation is a really useful tool for checking fake news, because even across multiple outlets, the same facts will be repeated. Step 6: If all else fails, use scientific consensus or professional fact-checking organizations as guidelines. Snopes it. Fact-checking sites make their money through the reputation they build on being accurate, so it’s in their best interest to be accurate. They aren’t perfect, but in a pinch, they will guide you well. Comedy sites like Cracked.com also have made plenty of money pointing out BS news stories. Again, the comedy only works if the thing being satirized is real and accurate. Jokes don’t work if the premise is wrong. This is why Aristophanes makes such a wonderful historical source. Scientific consensus is another great tool in the box. Contrary to conspiracy theorists, the real money is in overturning that consensus, not maintaining it, so when it’s reported that 97% of scientists accept global warming, evolution, the effectiveness of vaccines, and the color of the sky being blue, it’s because 97% of the scientists ran studies that confirmed the phenomenon—despite their best efforts to disprove it. Experts are experts for a reason. You can rely on the positions taken by the majority of them. And there you have it. A short, sweet little checklist for when you scour Facebook feeds and news articles. Never be afraid to simply admit “I don’t know” if you still can’t tell. We’re a superstitious lot, aren’t we? Rituals, lucky clothing, taboos, horoscopes, fortunes, and numbers. “Seven” has been a favorite number holding special meaning for basically all of recorded history. Of course, a lot of this is just coincidence, but because our brains are hardwired for finding patterns, we sometimes create meaningful patterns where none exist. Throw salt over your left shoulder, put on your lucky jersey, and walk backwards, here’s seven lists of sevens showing up in the ancient world. Seven Kings of Rome. Before the Empire, before the dark times Republic, there was the Roman Kingdom. Founded by Romulus, the Romans went through seven legendary kings, before the monarchy was overthrown and the Republic was founded. First was Romulus, who killed his brother. Who doesn’t like a country founded on fratricide? Numa Pompilius was next. In popular Roman mytho-history, Numa was the founder of Roman religion. Third was Tullus Hostilius, and by his name you can tell he was all about the violence. Hostilius defeated Alba Longa and incorporated their people into the Roman citizenry — what will be the usual pattern of “Romanization” throughout the civilization’s history. His successor Ancus Marcius was sort of a mix between the last two. He expanded religion and Rome’s borders, with his magnum opus being the founding of Ostia. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, or “Tarquin the Elder” was a war guy like his predecessors and built the Circus Maximus and Cloaca Maxima. Servius Tullus was put on the throne by Tanaquil, wife of Tarquin the Elder, after a botched assassination attempt by the sons of Ancus Marcius. Yes, Roman history is a lot like Game of Thrones. Good luck keeping everyone straight. Servius was a commoner rather than aristocracy, but extremely popular among the people and Senate. In addition to the wars that basically were a necessity for every king, he created the “Servian constitution”, which was a series of reforms helping the plebs and defining the rights and responsibilities of being a Roman citizen. According to Livy, he also instituted Rome’s first coinage. The last Roman king was Tarqinius Superbus, “Tarquin the Proud”, or “Arrogant”. After assassinating Servius, he went on a dictatorial crazy spree, and generally just pissed people off. He was the last king for a reason; after being an ass one too many times, the people overthrew him and established the Republic. The Latin “r-word”, rex, became a dirty word throughout the Republic and empire. Seven Hills of Rome. The Palatine and Capitoline might be the most famous of them. Augustus built his home on the Palatine, and the Capitoline hosted many of the more prominent temples, including the Temple of (Capitoline) Jupiter. The other hills are the Aventine, Caelian, Esquiline, Quirinal, and Viminal: The Baths of Caracalla are on the Caelian; the Baths of Trajan are on the Esquiline; the Aventine plays a role in a few stories from Roman mythology; the Quirinal is home to the Gardens of Sallust in antiquity and Trevi Fountain in modernity; and the Viminal hill, smallest of the seven, really doesn’t have anything noteworthy about it. Hey, they can’t all be winners. Seven Sages of Greece. It should be no surprise the culture that birthed democracy and western philosophy had a “seven sages” list. By tradition each has a pithy saying or apopthegm — there’s your word of the day — attached to their names. In no particular order: Cleobus of Lindor (6th century BC), tyrant of Lindor on the island of Rhodes, “μέτρον ἄριστον”, “moderation is best”. Periander of Corinth (7th-6th century BC), tyrant of Corinth, “μελέτη τὸ πᾶν”, “take thought to everything” or sometimes interpreted as “practice makes perfect”. Pittacus of Mytilene (c.640-568), military and civil leader in Mytilene on island of Lesbos, “καιρὸν γνῶθι”, “know your opportunity”. Bias of Priene (6th century BC), politician and legislator, “οἱ πλεῖστοι κακοί”, “most men are bad”. Chilon of Sparta (6th century), politician. “ἐγγύα, πάρα δ’ἀτα”, “give a surety and face ruin”. Solon of Athens (c. 638-558 BC), founder of Athenian democracy, “μηδὲν ἄγαν”, “nothing very much” or “nothing in excess”. Thales of Miletus (624-546 BC), γνῶθι σαυτὸν”, “know thyself”. Seven against Thebes. This is actually just one thing, a play by Aeschylus (I cheated, sue me). Produced in 467 BC, it covers the aftermath of Oedipus’ more famous story. His sons, Polyneikes and Eteokles, raised an army to fight him. The play has little action though; it instead focuses on dialogues and Eteokles’ character. The “seven” are the seven captains chosen to lead attacks against each of Thebes’ seven gates. In the end—2500 year old spoiler alert—the brothers end up killing each other. It is a Greek tragedy after all. Despite the play and Homer referring to “seven-gated Thebes”, archaeologists haven’t had terribly great success identifying the gates. Truth be told, they may not exist. Seven Classical Planets. Also called the Seven Luminaries, these are the seven astronomical bodies visible to the naked eye. They are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun, and the moon. Remember, “planet” is just a Greek word meaning “wanderer”, so it counts (this is the Greeks cheating, not me). While the stars always appear more or less “fixed”, these seven bodies were “non-fixed”, and hence given the name “planet”. Given the fact that they didn’t have the super awesome telescopes we have today, the Greeks did pretty good in astronomy—they created mathematical models, came up with heliocentrism, and figured out the circumference of the Earth. The “Classical” planets are so called because Uranus wasn’t discovered until the late 1700s, and Pluto wasn’t discovered until 1930. Seven Days of the Week. Following right off the seven planets come the seven days in a week—because they were named after the planets (I am KING of segues). In English, it doesn’t quite seem to follow, because we go off the Germanic-Norse gods for the names, but in Romance languages, the relationship is much clearer. In the Latin and Greek, Sunday is “Sol/Helios”, Monday is “Luna/Selene”, Tuesday is “Mars/Ares”, Wednesday is “Mercury/Hermes”, Thursday is “Jupiter/Zeus”, Friday is “Venus/Aphrodite”, and Saturday is for “Saturn/Cronus”. If you know your Norse mythology though, our English name also line up. Sunday for the sun god (Sól or Sunna), Monday for the moon god (Máni) Tuesday for Tyr, who is the Germanic equivalent to Mars, Wednesday for Wodin or Odin, Thursday for Thor, and Friday for Frige or Frig. All Germanic equivalents to their Roman/Greek brethren. On an ancillary note, the modern German for Wednesday is Mittwoch, literally “midweek”, breaking a multiple millennia trend. THANKS A LOT GERMANY! Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Come on, what else could I end this article on? Pyramids of Giza, Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, Colossus of Rhodes, Lighthouse at Alexandria, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Statue of Zeus at Olympia and Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. Only the Pyramids still survive, and I won’t say much about the wonders (use the Google, people) except to say that the Coliseum and Athenian Acropolis did not make the list. So feel free to use your imagination on how impressive these structures were—or Google any of the dozens of artist renditions out there. Time is a cruel mistress who does not play favorites, and the other six wonders are lost to us. Eventually, all of us will die, and every remnant of what we built will turn to dust. ….wow, that got dark…. Recently, a bunch of coins were found off the coast of Spain. Also, some guy in the UK unearthed a Roman villa in his garden. While digging out a new metro line, workers in Italy uncovered a Roman barracks. A massive naval base has been found around Athens. A new Indo-Greek city has been excavated in Pakistan. In short, we’re finding new things on a fairly continual basis. Whether they be professionally excavated archaeological digs, advances in technology aiding scholars to review our knowledge more carefully, or “accidental” finds like many of the above, Classics is in constant flux. Some discoveries may overturn longstanding theories while others may be fairly mundane. Either way, despite the longevity of the discipline, there is still a ton of work for Classicists to do. Here’s a brief pass at the state of Classics research. As one would expect, excavations are the primary way we gather all our material finds. Dig sites show cities, buildings, streets, trade routes, and burials, often containing lots of valuable items like papyri, pottery, tools, weapons, and other artifacts. Oh, and lots of junk, broken pot sherds, and dirt. That stuff tends to not make it into the papers though. Classics is far from just sitting in a holding pattern, and it would be really silly to believe Classics is a dead field. Classics is pretty much operating on a bare bones system of knowledge, to be blunt about it. Yet another article where I get to write “we don’t know shit”. It has been estimated that of all the surviving authors and texts we have, which is still quite a decent collection, this is a mere fraction of what the ancient world produced. And by fraction I mean 90% plus of all ancient literature is unknown to us. Last I checked, 10% was a failing grade. We turned it into the basis for all Western education. Likewise, when one thinks about how many cities, villas, forts, and sacred sites there were, our excavations are far from complete. There’s a lot out there to discover. The short version is we know somewhere between fuck and all, with more emphasis on the fuck side of it. On the professional front, most major university Classics departments maintain an archaeology subdiscipline, or have a few on the payroll. Big time money rollers run their own digs, or share custody of a given site. In addition, Greece and Italy run foreign archaeological schools. The American Academy in Rome and the American School of Classical Studies in Athens are two of ours. Also note, Classics isn’t just an American venture. Dozens of countries (mostly European, for obvious reasons) run Classics programs and produce research. Not only do current digs and projects spearhead new Classics research, but older digs and material get re-examined occasionally, and more information can be gleaned thanks to better technology and methodologies. Multi-decade and “legacy” sites seem to be well represented in the grand scheme of things, but there’s always something new to find in them, or always something that didn’t get done quite right the first time. Plus, opening a brand new dig site isn’t always possible. Politics, law, and funding can be barriers to digging a big hole in someone else’s backyard. On the unprofessional front, looters and collectors continue to exist. It seems downright Medieval, but there is such a thing as an antiquities black market. It’s right next to the gun runner black market, you know, Bombs-R-Us? Just swing a left, you can’t miss it. There’s big money in owning a rare piece of Roman pottery, or a Greek bronze, or whatever the hell else it is rich people collect. And it’s been going on since about, oh, forever. Occasionally a wealthy collector decides to stop being a tool and donates their collection to a museum or university. At this point, usually the organization accepting the pieces says “thank you” while silently muttering “for destroying the context, dick head” behind the donor’s back. Really, art that has been squirreled away by fat cat idiots like Scrooge McDuck isn’t technically “new” or a “discovery”, but since private collectors tend to not let anybody else enjoy the pieces, it’s a discovery for the rest of us when they return to the public sphere. Yeah, I cheated. My blog, my rules. Archaeology is inherently a destructive act in any case, and while we’ve come a long way since guys like Heinrich Schliemann used friggin dynamite, it still isn’t a perfect practice. A lot of care goes into a dig nowadays, and that naturally slows things down. Dynamite is quick (and way more fun), but it tends to destroy the material and its archaeological context. The work of excavating a site is somewhat less admirable than Indiana Jones makes out; for starters, there’s roughly 50% fewer Nazis per dig site than as depicted in the movies. About the same amount of drinking and gun slinging though. Publishing seems be an archaeological hot button issue as well. Boring pot pieces, simple tools, and other finds that tell a lot about a people and place tended to either get discarded or shoved in storage for decades. Scholars are getting better about publishing quicker, but it’s still a tedious process. In the best of times there is a joke that for every one year spent digging, it takes 10 to publish the finds. I worked on stuff that was 50 years old and still isn’t published. When the digging, collecting, archiving, drinking, and punching Nazis aspect of archaeology ends, the frenzy of studying begins. There is a lot of material we have that simply hasn’t been worked on yet. As an example, Michigan has a very large papyri collection that is estimated to take 100 years to fully study. There’s just too much good liquor that needs drinking first. Perfectly executed segue that that was, literature is the other main source for information. Occasionally scholars will find a proverbial gold mine, like the Dead Sea Scrolls. Other times they’ll discover nice additions like the new Sappho fragment. Most times, we discover relatively boring things, like some guy’s IOU to a neighbor, or yet another copy of Homer. Better tech like modern imaging machines help us read the previously unreadable. Even online dictionaries and databases allow scholars to create better textual analysis. It is way easier using a word search to find and analyze all the meanings of a word nowadays. Back in the old days, you had to have a really good memory and essentially read the entire corpus. Which is what some people did. We called them “Germans”. Now, however, the possibilities of comparing multiple texts right down to specific words and word order is as simple as a few mouse clicks. Laziness wins again! Philology has its fair share of problems too. As with archaeology, publishing is an issue. Like archaeology, it’s a slow process when it’s done right. The fragility and condition of the papyri can make a lot of them impossible to read—they might simply fall apart if handled improperly, or at all. Even well preserved papyri can be a pain in the ass to try studying. Between the chicken scratch handwriting, errors, and other orthographic issues, it can be difficult to know just what you’re reading. You think it’s annoying when people misspell words on Facebook? Try figuring out ancient Greek misspellings. Nevertheless, because philologists (and by extension historians) don’t need plane tickets to foreign countries and shovels, our research is cheaper to fund and carries on pretty well. While most research involves very picky things that don’t concern the general population, like the history of the letter sigma or how poo was a function of the social structure for Roman Britain, the occasional “Roman Emperors” primer hits the bookshelves as well. Those primers are usually written by historians, because historians are the best of the best. Finally, sometimes there are just forces beyond our control that impact Classics discoveries. Politics and notably warfare can not only prevent new discoveries, but also destroy existing knowledge. During the Iraq War, for example, there was an effort to train members of the military in artifact preservation—a simple “don’t bomb the historical sites” wasn’t quite good enough. While it’s unknown how much damage (if not from bombs then from looters) the war caused, it’s noteworthy that an effort was undertaken at all and shows some of the consequences that impact our studies. Perhaps more directly, ISIS has made a thing of destroying ancient sites, such as Palmyra. Perhaps more famously, the Library of Alexandria was possibly damaged or destroyed during Julius Caesar’s civil war. The Parthenon was also damaged by Venetian mortar fire in the 17th century. War is bad, mmmkay? We can’t study certain things because morons in our past blew them up. On the plus side, government funding and joint research efforts can increase the rate of discovery. National museums, universities, and libraries can house plenty of scholars and artifacts. Even without more tactile benefits like increased tourism, it seems most governments nowadays understand the value of cultural preservation. This isn’t to say governments of the past were always oblivious. One of the more influential places was the House of Wisdom, under the Abbasid Caliphate, which took a great interest in research and preservation. If you ever hear that Greek and Latin texts were saved by Muslims, this is what is meant—and it’s mostly true. Suffice to say, the study of Classics is far from complete. It’s not a dead field. Earth shattering new discoveries are rare, but do come up every now and then. Occasionally some dude will accidentally discover a cache of ancient artifacts in his basement. Even after new sites, manuscripts, and artifacts are discovered, it takes time and effort to make sense of it all. Classics is far from static. Which means I can write dick jokes for years to come! Classics has been around for a while. Technically, it’s been around since Homer. As an academic discipline, it is the benchmark of Western education. Little Jimmy Caesar had to study his Homer and Herodotus too (and not in translation). Greek and Latin formed the base of universities, and right up to the modern day, were seen in some circles as fundamental or core subjects. Needless to say, there have been some heavy hitters over the years; people whose work was integral to understanding Classics, or whose work transformed the field in some way. The standard disclaimer for this type of list applies: It is purely a personal list, and not exhaustive. The fame of these people is open to disagreement, and it is in no way reflective. . . know what? Screw all that. Y’all know I’m a Pythonian and want you to think for yourselves. So here’s my list of big shots in the Classical world. Edward Gibbon. It should come as no surprise that the author of “History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” makes the list; even if you’ve never read it, you’ve probably heard of it. The mammoth six volume work details the track of civilization from Augustus to the “fall date” of the Eastern Empire in 1453. Gibbon put effort into this thing, and even abridged versions are giant ass tomes. If you’re really hungry, Barnes and Nobles has the complete 6 volume set for sale. It’s only $1200. I know, so cheap, right? Gibbon basically wrote the book of later Roman history. It was extremely thorough, clear, and intellectually dense, which is why it’s still known today. Gibbon gave an answer for when Rome fell, and more importantly, detailed how. He used a fairly objective viewpoint, and whenever possible, relied on primary sources rather than secondary ones—a process most of us take for granted. In using this new methodology, he helped alter the course of historiography, and some have called him the “first modern historian” as a result. Herodotus is the Father of History, Thucydides the Father of Scientific History, and Gibbon the Father of Modern Scientific History. Theodor Mommsen. Fun fact: Advanced degrees in Classics require the student to learn German and pass a reading test. That’s right, a Ph.D in Greek and Latin requires learning German. We can thank Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen for that. 19th century Germany was a power center for Classics, and chief among them was Teddy Momo. His “History of Rome” (or “Römische Geschichte”, might as well be consistent) covered the origins of Rome through the fall of the Republic with Julius Caesar. Originally a three volume work, Mommsen went on to write two more volumes, one on Rome under the Emperors, which was never completed due to another project he was working on—more on that in a moment—and one on the Roman Provinces. Really, the first three were enough, and in 1902, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, with “History of Rome” as a cited reason. As if that wasn’t enough, the other work I mentioned earlier was the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, the world’s first major, comprehensive collection of Latin inscriptions. The CIL still exists and is being continually expanded, under the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Science and Humanities. As of present, the CIL boasts 17 volumes and 180,000 Latin inscriptions, which are searchable through their website. Kinda makes you feel inadequate, don’t it? No? Just me? Ok. . . . George Grote. An English Classicist and political radical, Grote is underappreciated by the common man. Maybe he’s more famous in the U.K? Either way, he is to Greek history what Mommsen and Gibbon are to Roman history. His “History of Greece, From the Earliest Period to the Close of the Generation Contemporary with Alexander the Great”, or just “History of Greece” for short, was a 12 volume look at the origins and originators of democracy. Like a lot of historians then and now, his politics colored his work. He ended this epic with the rise of Alexander, “the close of the history of free Hellas and Hellenism.” Needless to say, he wasn’t a fan of the Hellenistic period. As one of the first serious treatises on the Greek side of Classics, he did it so well and thoroughly, it remained as the best such treatment for a good 50 years. Even today, you’re not a real Hellenist unless you’ve read your Grote. These three Classicists really set the stage for how Classics today is treated and studied. I could name others, certainly, but I like these three, so someone else can write the next article. The thorough dedication and completeness of their works separate them from other scholars of their day; they didn’t get paid by the word or anything. Classicists aren’t the only ones who impacted our study in big bad ways. Obviously I could make this article just about famous Classicists, but I’m going to throw some non-Classicists in to spice things up. It’s my blog; I do what I want! So here are three influential non-Classicists to balance the scale. Michel Foucault. You probably can’t name too many academic subjects the French philosopher didn’t influence. Classics is no different. I have yet to see a single recent work discussing ancient Greco-Roman gender or sexuality that does not cite Foucault’s “History of Sexuality”. In a big way Foucault set up how Classicists approached gender studies, and his thesis of power, language, ethics, and epistemology continue to get argued. His works are so influential to the study of Classical antiquity, studying Foucault’s impact on Classics has itself become a topic within Classics. I rest my case. Charles Darwin. What does the founder of modern biology and the theory of natural selection have to do with ancient history? Surprisingly, a fair bit. Prior to the whole natural selection paradigm, science was a bit less scientific, and a bit more bullshit. Enter “antiquarianism”. Before modern theories of archaeology, they were basically Indiana Jones; a lot of pillaging. . . . and Nazis. Evolution got tied to everything, including history. So historians and archaeologists adopted a “cultural evolution” view; they thought civilizations followed a pattern of growth. Every society develops basically the same way, and can be categorized in stages. Namely, stages like Bronze Age, Stone Age, Iron Age, etc. Not terribly scientific. Natural selection, Darwin’s evolutionary mechanism, proposes small changes over time, which can result in drastic differences as animals adapt to their environments. This was a big deal, and helped influence the Culture-Historical theory of archaeology. Archaeologists following this theory sought to categorize societies and cultures by their artifacts (their cultural history). Rather than blanket statements and amateurs simply digging to grow private collections, a more professional cadre of scholars using and developing scientific methods began to emerge. We’ve come a long way since Schliemann used dynamite. J.M. Foley. John Miles Foley is somewhat of a cheat. While he has specialties in Slavic languages, a Ph.D in English literature, and has worked on oral poetry and tradition across a variety of fields, he did do some Classics work, and even held positions in Classics departments. Foley was the result of work started by Milman Parry and Albert Lord on oral tradition—how people shared history and stories orally, rather than through writing. If you’ve taken a class on Homer, you might have heard things like “formula”, “ring composition”, and “type scenes”. People questioned how bards could memorize massive epics like the Homeric poems, and how accurate they could really be. Parry, Lord, and Foley answered those questions. Primarily doing fieldwork in Yugoslavia on Serbian epic poetry, Parry and Lord came up with a theory of “Oral-Formulaic Composition”. Foley confirmed and expanded that work. He studied Beowulf, Homer, and Serbian epics. But the real genius was he wrote the “how to” books, and created the methodology still used to examine oral traditions. The effects of this are pretty widespread. This not only revolutionized Homeric studies, but also Biblical studies, English literature, and basically created an entire field of oral tradition studies. Hell, he founded the journal for oral tradition, very conveniently called “Oral Tradition”, as well as the Center for Studies in Oral Tradition at the University of Missouri. Bonus: Robert Strassler. In my mind, he is the greatest non-Classicist Classicist of the 20th century. He is virtually unknown by name, but his books are highly regarded, and used as standard textbooks on college campuses throughout the country. Where his real impact shines is in what is now being regarded as another branch of Classics, namely “Classical Reception”—the study of how people interact with the field. His best known work is the Landmark Thucydides. Now all the Classicists are like, “oh, yeah”. Combining maps, notes, an excellent translation, and references galore, the Landmark is so complete, many professors will assign it as the text for studying Thucydides, Greek history, or the Peloponnesian War. What is perhaps most impressive is that Strassler is not a Classicist. Now, his best-selling Landmark series of books are introducing people to the ancient authors. The story behind the creation of Landmark Thucydides is likewise remarkable. Strassler wanted to create a text that was more accessible to a larger audience. Professors resisted, and didn’t want to help him. So he did it on his own, being a fairly successful businessman, and paid for maps, publishing costs, and the like. Finally, it came out. Then it sold 80,000 copies. Strassler put it best, “These people would rather write about how the letter sigma changed over 200 years. That’s what you get points for. Then they cry in their beer that no one reads the classics anymore”. After 100,000+ copies sold, numbers professors couldn’t even dream of with their own books, some started to come around on the whole “lay” audience thing. “Popular” books, outreach, blogs, and other projects are increasingly prevalent as more faculty are seeing a value in reaching a larger audience. Strassler is one of the inspirations for this blog, and that’s reason enough to add him to the list. How does it come to this? A democratic nation is built on principles of citizen voting rights, offices and magistracies that are limited in power, multiple magistracies to dilute control, and checks and balances. Then political and social order is overturned, the democracy replaced by despotism, fascism, monarchy, or other authoritarian governments. The disturbing notion is that the people could do this to themselves. That they could be swayed by a polarizing, populist figure, seeking to undermine democratic institutions. It would seem completely baffling for a people to voluntarily vote themselves out of freedom, or to accept a dictator at their doorsteps, but a cursory glance at the history books shows that in the right conditions, with a citizenry poised to accept a fundamental change, it becomes easy for a populace to do away with their own responsibility to govern, and to put total power in the hands of a few, or a single carrot-colored individual. Let’s look at the time Athens became an oligarchy, and the political situation that caused the fall of the Roman Republic and rise of Augustus. Since fear-based politics is all the rage nowadays, the short version is WE ARE ALL GOING TO DIE. It’s the year 411 BC. Athens has been engaged with Sparta in a death struggle for the past two decades. The Peloponnesian War has been devastating. Athens’ allied states have been revolting, Sparta is ravaging Athenian lands and causing a financial crisis. Thousands have been killed. Only 4 years ago, Athens sent a large force to Southern Italy. The “Sicilian Expedition” was an absolute disaster; the Athenian navy, the source of power for the Empire, utterly destroyed, along with thousands of sailors and hoplites. Athens has managed to limp on, but fewer and fewer think the war is winnable under the current leadership. So people were angry, felt their way of life was dying out, were tired of wasting money on foreign wars, and couldn’t make a middle class living anymore. Sounds familiar, doesn’t it? With a notorious Alcibiades helping pull strings and providing financial support from Persia (their version of Russia), the oligarchs decided it was time to Make Athens Great Again and plotted the coup. In two cities, Athens and Samos, the duly elected leaders revolted against democracy and instituted an oligarchy. While pro-democracy elements at Samos prevented the oligarchs from succeeding, the oligarchs at Athens managed to take over the government. Thus was born The Four Hundred, and they had an excellent plan for keeping their new power. Fear over the size of the coup, its supporters, and the violence caused kept the pro-democracy citizens in check. The Four Hundred ostensibly ruled alone but created a group of 5000 to participate in the government. For the average Athenian, this meant they had no idea who among their neighbors were members of the new oligarchy, and who were freedom loving democrats. By dividing the city and causing suspicion among the citizenry, everyone sort of just went along with it and little resistance came about. This is how, rather anti-climactically, Athens, the birthplace of democracy, became an oligarchy. Democracy died quietly, quickly, passively, and with surprisingly little bloodshed. Fortunately, the oligarchs had no intention of pivoting to appear more mainstream, and that proved their downfall. The new government was unsure how to proceed – almost like even they didn’t expect to win – and divided between an extremist view wanting a strict oligarchy, and a moderate view allowing more of the citizenry to participate. As they quibbled, democratic forces gathered to take back their city. People finally woke up and overthrew the oligarchs after just over a year. Let’s switch to Rome. Unlike Athens, Rome was a constitutional republic (just like us), and utilized an indirect, representational form of democracy (just like us). Their “comitia” existed mainly to restrict the power of the popular vote (just like us with the Electoral College). Despite appearances, the wealthy minority elite pulled most of the strings (just like us). And it all fell away (just like. . .FUCK). The late Republic was disturbingly similar to our own situation. They had a housing crisis with land increasingly becoming expensive, they had a large veteran population that wasn’t being well cared for, foreign wars created an influx of immigrants, large scale latifundia were pushing out small business owners, the rural population was feeling outcast and impoverished by the coastal elites and the politicians who lived in cities and urban centers. Out of this situation arose two main political movements, somewhat similar to our political parties – the Optimates or “best ones”, and the Populares, or “populists”. The Optimates were aristocratic and concerned with protecting the status quo, while the Populares were looking to upend the mainstream political order. The populists wanted to drain the swamp. They were led by people like the Gracchi brothers, Julius Caesar and Augustus, while the Optimates had Cicero and Pompey. You know how this story ends – the populists won, destroyed the Republic, and ruled as the new aristocracy, more or less as promised for those who paid the slightest attention. Sometimes you get exactly what you vote for. The people went from having term limited representatives through votes to an Emperor with absolute power for life. Democratic institutions, when they weren’t outright disbanded, were merely shells with no real influence over the imperial court. The very people who thought they were fighting against aristocracy, enabled aristocracy to solidify itself under a new political order. They should have been quite pissed, right? They should have held these populists accountable and demanded they fulfill their promises, right? Here’s the scary part – both Caesar and Augustus fought under the banner of “restoring the Republic”, actively destroyed it, and the people loved them for it. That should scare the shit out of every American right now, because that’s how democracy dies – to the sound of thunderous applause (thanks for that line George Lucas!) The people felt so abused, so divided, and so in need of a savior, the dissolution of democratic control was never looked at as a negative. The Republic in essence collapsed under its own weight. Displaced veterans created a land crisis, while the constant influx of immigrants and slaves pushed poorer Roman farmers and workers out of business. That “cheap foreign labor” thing is nothing new. Wealth became consolidated among fewer and fewer holding more and more, to such an extent that the state became reliant upon (and essentially controlled by) rich generals who could pay their soldiers. The Gracchi, Caesar, and ultimately Augustus were speaking directly to the people, using the most democratic institutions to create policies, and in the end, stripped them of their ability to select such champions in the future. The people let the populists overthrow the Republic. They weren’t benefitting from it anyways. Or so they believed. By the time people realized what had happened, the Republic was gone, voting was obsolete, and there was essentially nothing anybody could do about it. The big question given our current political clusterfuck: How much at risk are we for turning into Trumplandia and crowning him as our Emperor? Are we in danger of turning towards dictatorship and despotism? Fascism and monarchy? The answer is both yes and no. Our nation continues to be highly divided, and our confidence in the system at an all-time low. The political games being played are of such a nature as to be singularly dangerous for the precedents they set. Our leaders’ inability to react with rationality instead of emotion is also on full display. A single horrific terrorist attack might be enough to push us into authoritarianism, vainly attempting to give up freedom for security. Stacking the white house with billionaires won’t help address issues of income inequality, or the sentiment that the rich rule and the poor suffer. As is, many are questioning the competence of a system where a candidate with 2.5 million votes more than the other somehow loses. Many people feel their votes don’t count, and in essence, they are partially correct; by design, not all votes are equal. We’re ready for something new, and with the people in charge being a different breed, and a notably less democratic breed, something new might be exactly what we get. We do have some saving graces though (yes, I was eventually going to talk you off the ledge). This is a big one. There is no written constitution for the Romans. With only unwritten codes and precedent deciding the course of governance, it was just a matter of time before the Gracchi or Caesar, or any other divisive figure came along and said “why not try something new”. It’s more difficult for that to happen to us, with a codified separation of powers, term limits, and other protections. That said, there are always loopholes, and it’s very possible we’re in for a bumpy ride to preserve democratic institutions. This is the same document that contained the three-fifths compromise. Despite appearances, we have a long, horrendous history of being a terribly unfree nation, especially among certain demographics. A second ray of sunshine comes in the buildup to this fundamental change. Roman society broke down along several points, and the civil wars resulted in widespread death and destruction. The Gracchi, Caesar, and Augustus weren’t just talking to the people for economic and political gains, they were talking about saving their lives. The Republic was dysfunctional. By the time Octavian became Augustus, the whole of Roman society was so sick of war that monarchy was preferable to yet another conflict, even if to save the Republic. Augustus’ own lengthy reign, outlasting practically everyone who was alive to remember the Republic, didn’t hurt any. By the time Augustus died and Tiberius was to succeed him there were few people who could even remember what it was like to live under the Republic, and even fewer willing to start a war over it. Finally, the greatest protection against that orange goober’s ability to usurp power is that same orange goober. It’s often the case that dictators are their own worst enemies. While seen as clemency, Caesar just as often sent incompetent senators and generals back to Pompey as he did jailed or executed them. He knew they were more useful alive and in the enemy’s camp than dead or captured. Late in the war, plans to assassinate Hitler were more or less cancelled; by a certain point, his incompetence was doing us a favor (which is also why it was the Germans themselves who tried to assassinate him). Anybody wonder why it’s places like Russia and China who support Trump, while none of our five living presidents do? Likewise, the nature of becoming a figure so powerful they can overthrow the entire political order is one that concerns itself in every corner. You have to be perfect, right down to the looks. Image is power, and critical for any leader, let alone one looking to create fundamental change. The Presidency is still an august station, and the president needs to look the part. Speaking of things august, this is the Augustus Prima Porta. Here is Augustus as Pontifex Maximus. Here’s a Benevolent Augustus. Entire books have been written over Augustan imagery and iconography. He was very careful over his representation, as one can see. Note the arms outstretched to the people, the depiction in varied roles. One statue as a military leader, one as a priest and Republican office holder (lending some credence to his claim of restoration), and one wearing a toga as a benevolent caretaker to the masses. The facial features, clothing, arm motion, even the eyes are designed to invoke an image. It was critical that both his friends and enemies see him in the ways he wanted them to. He never styled himself as a monarch; his great manipulation to explain power was “primus inter pares”, first among equals. It’s very likely this deference to old Republic values and styling himself as just another guy saved him the same fate that befell Caesar – whose enemies at the very least heavily implied he was trying to become a king. By comparison, here is the man we just decided best represents us and the United States of America. Notice something different? Trump is no Caesar, and certainly no Augustus. While 60 million Americans might have stupidly decided this guy was good enough, not only did 62.5 million decide against him (seriously, our electoral process is fucked up), but many of his own voters think he’s a dickhead too. The possibility of Trump ushering in a monarchy for himself or his successors is relatively small, even as he seems to be grooming his children for the role. He’s too stupid to accomplish the creation of a dynasty. I’d estimate only a 10% chance our Republic collapses within the next 10 years. See? I can be an optimist! As a stable form of government, democracy relies on the input and integrity of the people. But people are stupid, fickle, emotional, and ambivalent. That’s part of how the experiment ends and democracy dies. It’s like eating ice cream three times a day. While it might seem fun to do when you first become an adult, you soon realize why most adults don’t do that. Unfortunately, democracy allows us to screw ourselves, and often times, we do. Both Athens and Rome highlight just how precarious the institution really is, and as we come to grips with the fact that we just elected a man who looks and sounds like a cross between Jabba the Hutt and Patrick the Starfish to lead the most powerful military on Earth, it is worth remembering that our representative democratic republic is not invulnerable. It is only as good as we are as a people. Given that depressing realization, I think I’ll be trying out a new eggnog and cyanide recipe this year. Have a terrifying Christmas everyone!	<urn:uuid:699d6e2d-bf47-4b8e-a74a-8fb5d598d8f0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "url": "https://kaitaetc.com/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146187.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226054316-20200226084316-00312.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9625570178031921, "token_count": 14257, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3 }
A national initiative which aims to overcome public confusion over who to contact about stray dogs has been launched Each year the RSPCA and other animal charities receive hundreds of calls asking for help with stray dogs. These calls then have to be redirected to local authorities and the police as these are the only organisations with legal responsibilities to deal with stray dogs. New leaflets and posters are being distributed to help members of the public who either lose or find a dog. These explain that local authorities have the primary responsibility for stray dogs, with the police providing a back-up service. Finders can hand over stray dogs at a police station for temporary safekeeping. Dog owners have a legal responsibility to stop their dogs straying and are also required by law to ensure their dog wears a collar and tag with the owner’s name and address. Permanent methods of identification, such as a microchip or tattoo are also recommended. However, if you loose or find a dog you should always contact the local authority first. This increases the chances of the animal and owner being quickly reunited and allows people who persistently allow their dogs to stray to be reprimanded. Lou Leather of the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health said: “We are aware that there is a lot of confusion about what you should do if you find a stray dog. “This campaign is about educating the public so they know exactly what to do and who is responsible. We hope this will lead to fewer dogs straying in the first place, more lost dogs being reunited with their owners, and fewer dogs being put to sleep.” The Local Government Association, the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, the National Dog Wardens Association, the Association of Chief Police Officers and the RSPCA have worked together to produce the new posters and leaflets which are available from local authorities and police stations. People wishing to get a copy of the leaflet can get a special web version via the RSPCA’s website, visit www.rspca.org.uk Read more about stray dogs:	<urn:uuid:160ccffd-bcac-4bba-bf9d-edda46177ae7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "http://www.horseandhound.co.uk/archives/help-for-stray-dogs-36074", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647901.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322170754-20180322190754-00173.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9622265100479126, "token_count": 421, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3 }
HealthDay - “Concussion Prevention: Pass on Pricey Football Helmets, Study Suggests” A study of more than 1,300 players on football teams at 36 Wisconsin high schools found that players wearing older helmets received just as much protection from concussion as players with flashy new models. “The American Medical Society of Sports Medicine released a position statement in January that said hard sports helmets can prevent impact injuries such as lacerations or fractures but have not been shown to reduce the incidence or severity of concussions,” said Anne-Felicia Ambrose, MD, Medical Director of the Traumatic Brain Injury Unit in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at The Mount Sinai Medical Center. The study was presented by scientists from the University of Wisconsin Health Sports Medicine Center Saturday at the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine's annual meeting in Chicago. Learn more at U.S. News & World Report HealthDay Additional coverage at Everyday Health	<urn:uuid:7a3e6cf9-9431-4664-8856-e7076edd1f6f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "url": "http://icahn.mssm.edu/departments-and-institutes/rehabilitation-medicine/about-us/news/healthday---%e2%80%9cconcussion-prevention-pass-on-pricey-football-helmets-study-suggests%e2%80%9d", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400378956.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123258-00109-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9597773551940918, "token_count": 193, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
Five-year-olds who watch more than three hours of television a day are more likely to develop antisocial behaviours than those who do not, research suggests. The 15% of the age group who watch television for more than three hours a day are at an increased risk of developing antisocial behaviours, such as fighting, stealing, or disobedience. The research, published in Archives of Disease in Childhood, examined more than 11,000 children in Britain aged five and seven. The children’s parents were asked to complete a “strengths and difficulties questionnaire” to describe how well adjusted their children were. They were also asked to report how much time their children spent watching television and playing computer games at the age of five. The researchers found almost two-thirds of five- year-olds watched television between one and three hours a day, 15% watched more than three hours, and less than 2% watched no television at all. After taking into account variables including parenting and family dynamics, the researchers found watching television for three or more hours a day led to a small but significant increased risk of antisocial behaviours. But spending a lot of time watching television was not linked to other difficulties such as emotional problems. The authors, from the University of Glasgow, also found time spent playing computer games had no impact on behaviour. They found “watching television, videos, or DVDs for three hours or more daily was associated with a small increase in conduct problems between the ages of five years and seven years, after allowing for other child and family characteristics, including parenting”. But they said: “Our findings do not demonstrate that interventions to reduce screen exposure will improve psychosocial adjustment.” Indeed, the researchers suggest interventions in respect of family and child characteristics are more likely to improve outcomes. “However, the study suggests that a cautionary approach to the heavy use of screen entertainment in young children is justifiable in terms of potential effects on mental well being, particularly conduct problems, in addition to effects on physical health and academic progress shown elsewhere.” Sonia Livingstone, social psychology professor at the London School of Economics, added: “If five- year-olds watch more than three hours of television per day, research detects a small but noticeable negative effect on their conduct problems, though no effect on hyperactivity or emotional problems. “So, no cause for panic, but good reason to ask why some children spend so much time watching television — perhaps the pressures on their parents are too great, or perhaps there are no play spaces nearby? “Or maybe what matters is how children watch television — research also shows that children benefit the most from opportunities to talk, interact, and play — and this can be done in front of the television as well as elsewhere.” © Irish Examiner Ltd. All rights reserved	<urn:uuid:598d3cee-1251-4801-ba1a-5aab256978fa>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/tv-linked-to-risk-of-antisocial-behaviour-226464.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318894.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823150804-20190823172804-00555.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9801850914955139, "token_count": 588, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3 }
German Shorthaired Pointer was developed by German hunters who wanted a versatile hunting dog who could retrieve on land or in water, work with birds of all kinds, and trail at night. As with so many breeds, the exact origins of this pointer are unknown, but experts believe that the German Bird Dog, Spanish Pointer, English Pointer, and local German scenthounds were all used to create an intelligent, attractive, utilitarian dog with excellent scenting abilities. The German Shorthaired Pointer dog breed stands between 21 and 26 inches tall and usually weighs between 45 and 70 pounds. He appears well-balanced, is muscular without being bulky, and gives the appearance of a fine athlete. The German Shorthaired Pointer has a broad head with a long muzzle, dropped ears, and almond-shaped amber eyes. His tail is docked. His coat is short and tough and is solid liver, liver and white, or patched, ticked, or roan. This coat can be cared for by brushing twice weekly with a soft bristle brush or curry comb. The German Shorthaired Pointer is an active athletic breed and needs vigorous daily exercise. The natural exuberance of a young German Shorthaired Pointer can make him difficult to live with if he is kept confined and not exercised. Although these dogs enjoy daily brisk walks, they do better with a good run. The German Shorthaired Pointer breed is also good at many canine activities, including obedience competitions, field trials, search-and-rescue work, agility, and more. Early training is very important for this breed—both to teach him household rules and to establish some control over a rowdy young German Shorthaired Pointer puppy. He needs structured, firm yet fun training. Young German Shorthaired Pointers can have very short attention spans. If the training is in short sessions, interspersed with some playtimes, he will be more apt to cooperate. The German Shorthaired Pointer dog breed does best with an active owner. He is good with older children; German Shorthaired Pointer puppies may be too rowdy for small kids. German Shorthaired Pointer are good with other dogs. The primary health concern in this breed is hip dysplasia.	<urn:uuid:22b1b4dc-8de4-489a-bc29-00bcc865f130>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://www.dogbreedstandards.com/german-shorthaired-pointer/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463411.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00241-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9697840213775635, "token_count": 464, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
Use cứ when you want to say “go ahead (and do something)” in Vietnamese. It is placed before the verb: cứ + verb. If you need a computer, (feel free to) go ahead and borrow (mine). You go ahead and eat (before me)! \|You (male)\|\|go ahead\|\|go\|\|sleep\| You go ahead and sleep. \|Chúng tôi\|\|cứ\|\|đi\|\|xem\|\|căn hộ\|\|được không?\| Is it ok if we go ahead and take a look at the apartment? cứ việc is similar, but it implies that since something is so obvious, you should just go ahead and do it. \|Đã\|\|trả\|\|tiền\|\|nhà\|\|rồi\|\|thì\|\|cứ việc\|\|dọn vào\| \|Did\|\|pay\|\|money\|\|house\|\|already\|\|then\|\|go ahead\|\|move in\| If you paid the rent already, then go ahead and move in. Other grammar structures used in this lesson: – nhé and đi are placed at the end of a sentence to make a command. You can review here. – đã is used at the end of a sentence to say that you must do something fist, before doing something else. You can review here. – Nếu… thì means “If… then…” You can review here. – rồi means “already.” You can review here. – được không? means “is it okay (to do something)?”. The review is here.	<urn:uuid:5afb4a1c-7e1b-4488-9b7f-1b5f432d056b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "https://seahorseviet.wordpress.com/2011/11/17/51-go-ahead-jump-off-the-vietnamese-cliff/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321426.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627134151-20170627154151-00590.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.6611760854721069, "token_count": 411, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3 }
The NAAL sample size is not large enough to provide literacy estimates (direct estimates) of adequate precision for most states and counties. The NAAL direct literacy estimates (i.e. standard survey estimates) can satisfy the demand for the participating states, but not for other states, including larger states. However, there remains a need for adult literacy estimates, particularly at the lowest literacy level, for all states and smaller jurisdictions within the states. This need—to provide small-area projections—has led to the development of model-dependent techniques for small-area projection. The small-area projections are predictions of how the state would have done if NAAL data collection had conducted a survey within its border. These estimates are not entirely based on data collected in NAAL. They are predictions based on auxiliary data available for the small-area together with any NAAL data collected within the small-area. The resulting projections are often known as “indirect” projections to distinguish them from standard or “direct” estimates. Unlike the direct estimates that are derived directly from survey data, small-area projections borrow information from other, related data, such as Census data, and predict the estimate of interest using a statistical model based on the NAAL assessment data. The auxiliary variables (1) will be drawn primarily from the 2000 Census data for the specific small-area, and (2) will include variables that are selected based on their relationship to the percentage of adults at the lowest literacy levels. These variables include education, English-speaking capability, immigration, racial and ethnic minority status, age, employment status, type of employment (managerial, professional, technical, service, labor), urban/rural status, and poverty status. Accessing Small-Area Projections NCES has developed a user-friendly webpage to allow easy access to the small-area projections. The webpage includes the percentage of adults at the lowest level of literacy (i.e., adults who were placed at Below Basic in prose literacy as well as those who did not take the assessment because of the language barrier). The website also includes the estimates and confidence intervals, with explanations provided of their meaning and their limitations—to indicate the level of accuracy a user can expect with these estimates.	<urn:uuid:a5bc4666-0808-4482-af18-4041e547a4eb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "url": "http://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/saal_sae.asp", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701148834.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193908-00002-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9386501312255859, "token_count": 458, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3 }
Passive Houses in colder climates are super-insulated, usually with a thick layer of plastic foam under the concrete slab on grade. But a lot of builders want to get away from the use of foamed plastic; it has a high embodied energy, is made with hazardous chemicals and is full of toxic flame retardants. When designer and builder Andrew Michler was designing his own passive house, he wanted to go totally plastic foam free. © Andrew Michler He came up with a clever and cost-effective solution: forget the slab altogether and do an old-fashioned ventilated crawl space, and fill the floor with insulation instead. By doing this he was able to wrap the whole house in a thick blanket of Roxul rock wool and cellulose insulation. The 1200 square foot off-grid building near Fort Collins, Colorado is his house, office and shop but is designed for easy reconfiguration. It's designed according to cradle-to-cradle principles: -Only naturally regenerative materials or fully recyclable products will be used, and using Cradle to Cradle methodology materials it will be easy to separate at the end of their use cycle. -Most of the materials will have the capacity to be reabsorbed into the mountain environment when the building reaches its lifespan. -No foams or other petroleum based products will be used below grade besides drain pipes. In fact we don’t have to use foam anywhere. Remaining materials can be reabsorbed into current industrial technical cycles. In fact, it's all pretty low tech stuff, using traditional materials and techniques; he "borrows from technologies developed before synthetic materials and HVAC became the norm: organic felt, mineral wool, cellulose. We discovered looking to the past was an invaluable guide in developing the future of sustainable design."-VIDEO © Andrew Michler The walls are in fact deep trusses turned on end, to leave enough space to fill with two feet of cellulose insulation. The only major compromise Andrew made was in his choice of windows, where he specified U-PVC for cost reasons. It's a very simple and open plan, with a "unique wedge shape is informed and inspired by the local hogback mountains in the area." It's also carefully placed to maximize solar gain and natural ventilation. Lloyd Alter/CC BY 2.0 Andrew presented his house at the Passive House Northwest convention in Seattle, just before Ken Levenson of 475 High Performance Building Supply made a persuasive case for detoxifying our construction industry. Even the window manufacturers are catching on; I was very impressed to see these passive-house quality windows from Synergist Window Company are actually insulated with cork instead of the usual foam required to hit Passive House specifications. We are going to see a lot more of this kind of thinking.	<urn:uuid:600f884b-73a9-4ef7-899a-03069c7e113f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "https://www.newsprepper.com/awesome-diy-projectshow-to-build-a-foam-free-passive-house-and-why-you-want-to-photo-video/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314959.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819201207-20190819223207-00006.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9547988772392273, "token_count": 581, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3 }
During the summer of 1998, physics and computer science teacher Mike Ugawa developed the curriculum for a Science Research program, expanding on the work begun by Tom Murphy ’76, the former science department chairman. Ugawa received the Spohn Excellence in Teaching Award and used the award funds to purchase state-of-the art apparatus used to perform experiments in quantum theory and relativity. These experiments formed the core of the curriculum, representing a unique opportunity for high school students to perform experiments in areas of science normally not accessible until college. “The traditional physics curriculum is based upon the work of Galileo, Newton, Maxwell and others representing ideas developed in the 16th through 19th Centuries,” said Ugawa. “The scientific revolution of the 20th Century — work that was done by Plank, Bohr, Schrödinger, Einstein and others — is largely neglected in traditional high school physics programs though it forms the basis for modern technology such as solid state electronics and computers. The Science Research program represents a step toward integrating these exciting topics into our science curriculum.” Ugawa designed the course to help students develop skills necessary for research in any discipline. The students review research literature, develop a protocol, collect and analyze data and present their findings by writing a journal-style article and by giving an oral presentation in the semi-annual Science Research Seminar. “All of these skills are useful in any field of academic or industrial research that the student may pursue in the future,” Ugawa added. SI has offered the Science Research program every semester since its inception; the program has expanded the curriculum beyond the sciences to include projects from various fields of engineering. The Science Research program has distinguished SI as one of the few schools in the nation where students have the opportunity to demonstrate research experience at the high school level. For his Science Research work, as well as his general leadership in the local physics education community, Ugawa was able to make SI a center for the advancement of physics education in the Bay Area beginning in the summer of 2000 when he was named Physics Teaching Resource Agent for the American Association of Physics Teachers. As one of only 18 teachers selected for the honor from across the nation that year, Ugawa is now among the top 200 physics teachers in the U.S. and works to improve the quality of physics education by offering training and support to teachers in urban centers throughout the country. The U.S. Congress praised this program as one of the few educational reform projects producing substantial results. “Students in inner-city schools are typically among the most disadvantaged in the nation,” noted Ugawa. “This is an opportunity to make a significant contribution toward the improvement of the quality of education received by these students and to increase their chances of success.” From 2000 through 2004, Ugawa continued to offer workshops on weekends at SI for teachers from urban schools in the Bay Area. During this time, he was one of the region’s leading science educators, serving as the President of the Northern California/Nevada Section of the American Association of Physics Teachers.	<urn:uuid:8dde2c7f-a575-44be-a5a2-5eb9430e5805>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "https://history.siprep.org/independent-science-learning/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00329.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9640205502510071, "token_count": 632, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3 }
Learn CPR for your BFF Prepare for a pet emergency by learning CPR and first aid for animals. Milwaukee Emergency Center for Animals offers workshops that teach these skills in just a few hours. Meanwhile, here are a few basics of dog and cat CPR, from veterinarian Andrew Linklater of Lakeshore Veterinary Specialists in Glendale: 1. Place your dog on its right side, or hold your cat by the chest between your thumb and forefinger. 2. With the dog, press down on the widest part of the chest, or with the cat, squeeze with your thumb and finger, both at a rate of 100 compressions a minute. 3. Meanwhile, blow into your pet’s nose 10 times a minute (another vet says six to 10 times), keeping your lips sealed around the snout and holding the mouth closed. 4. Continue for 10 minutes, or until the animal (hopefully) revives.	<urn:uuid:8305a579-6937-433d-bb39-82c4feb3348b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://www.milwaukeemag.com/learn-skills-save-pets-life/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039749054.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121153320-20181121175320-00106.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9306626915931702, "token_count": 192, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
Microfinance is helping mothers in rural Tamil Nadu secure the health and safety of their children by financing the construction of toilets in their homes. Microfinance is helping mothers in rural Tamil Nadu secure the health and safety of their children by financing the construction of toilets in their homes In India, more than 60% of the population does not have access to toilets. With the Swachch Bharat Gramin Mission sweeping through towns and villages of the country, this number is slowly changing. However, while more houses are constructing toilets, open defecation continues to be a growing problem, proving that changing deeply entrenched hygiene practises takes more than just money and infrastructure. For some women in rural Tamil Nadu, the health and safety of their children has proven to be all the motivation they need to not only construct toilets, but to use them as well. Deepa Arivlagan is a resident of the village of Rethinampillai in Tamil Nadu. Like most new mothers, Deepa goes about her day with her one-year-old clinging to her side. Happy to be in his mother’s loving arms, the little boy smiles, gurgles and squeals. The two are clearly inseparable. Before, Deepa and her family were forced to walk long distances to use the government-constructed public toilet. The toilets were often crowded or dirty and although Deepa and her husband put up with it, they began to worry about the impact it would have on the health of their five-year-old daughter and their one-year-old son. Desperate to secure the health of her children, Deepa decided to build a toilet in her home. Banumathi Rengar lives in Keelakottamedu village. She and her husband work as daily wage labourers to give their three teenage daughters a better quality of life. With no access to a toilet, the family was forced to defecate in the open fields where they had to put up with insects, animals and the risk of disease. Defecating in the open also proved to be a growing safety concern for the girls, who could easily fall prey to molesters and rapists. In the name of modesty, women often wait to relieve themselves until the veil of darkness falls, but these hours only made Banumathi more nervous. The need to protect her daughters drove Banumathi to build a toilet: “I decided that no matter what, we had to build a toilet,” she says. When Mangaiyarkarsai Shankar moved to the village with her husband and her four-year-old daughter, she was surprised to see that her new home didn’t come with a bathroom. “I’m from a town so I’m used to following healthy sanitation practices. When I moved to my husband’s village and there wasn’t a toilet, it made me very uncomfortable. We decided that we needed to build a toilet here quickly,” Mangaiyarkarasi explains. Like mothers everywhere, Deepa, Banumathi and Mangaiyarkarsai too would go to great lengths to ensure the health and safety of their children. For these mothers in rural India, where good hygiene practises are not the norm, building a toilet is yet another way to express their love towards their children. Since the launch of the Swachch Bharat Mission Gramin (SBMG) in 2014, the government, along with a few NGOs have sponsored toilet building activities in rural areas. The government was also promoting individual household latrines under the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, the predecessor to the Swachch Bharat Abhiyan. As a result of these initiatives, the percentage of rural families with access to toilets has increased from just 22% in 2001 to almost 50% in 2015. Today, villagers can even apply for a Rs. 12,000 incentive for construction. These three mothers are demonstrating that microloans can change the face of sanitation in India. Deepa, Banumathi, and Mangaiyarkarasi all learned about the microfinance institution (MFI) Gramalaya Urban and Rural Development Initiatives and Network (GUARDIAN). It was thanks to this institution that they were able to take out loans to build toilets in their homes. While the women may say that necessity is what forced them to construct these toilets, it is clear that they went through this trouble for more personal reasons. Today, Deepa and Banumathi are proud that their children will grow up with access to proper sanitation. Banumathi rests easier knowing her daughters will no longer face the risks associated with open defecation. All mothers want to give their families a good life. The expenses of raising a child in this and day however, are significant. Toilets may not always be the top priority, but with microfinance, they become much more attainable. The value of a toilet goes beyond environmental concerns and health benefits – it provides people with a more dignified way of living. Amongst motivated and empowered women in rural Tamil Nadu, love is beginning to manifest itself in the concrete seams and porcelain slabs of a new bathroom. These mothers are changing the status quo of sanitation and providing their children with better health, safety, and dignity. Do you also want to cover inspiring stories of change and make some substantial difference in the social sphere? Then click here to join the Milaap Fellowship Program.	<urn:uuid:ed90daad-3271-480d-ad85-44094f94d84b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://www.thebetterindia.com/56234/building-toilets-swachch-bharat-gramin-abhiyan/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949644.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331144941-20230331174941-00611.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9738897681236267, "token_count": 1139, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3 }
It is ubiquitous. The plant with striking orange flowers thriving in dense drifts. In the shade, in the sun. In moist and dry locations. On roadsides, in suburban yards. Hemerocallis fulva. Introduced to the ornamental trade from Asia in the late 19th century, the common daylily has since been cultivated endlessly due to its hardiness and its beauty. But beauty is only skin deep. Considered an invasive perennial in the Mid-Atlantic region by the US Fish & Wildlife Service and the National Park Service, the common daylily naturalizes in the wild and displaces our native plants. Deer turn up their snouts at them (as Bambi does with most alien invasive plants) and on close inspection not many other living things are attracted to them either. There are neither bees, nor butterflies nor any other beneficial insects drawing nectar or pollen from the trumpet shaped blooms. Wikipedia claims the orange daylily is sterile, multiplying wildly not by seed but through their fibrous roots and rhizomes. Originally brought to America with the settlers, the orange daylily is actually the cultivar ‘Europa’. And with now over 60,000 registered cultivars, there is the possibility of other daylilies becoming invasive over time, too. So if you love the color orange, and it seems as though many people do, why not dig out the ‘ditch lily’ in your garden and replace it with an overwhelmingly friendlier orange flowering perennial? A native species. A pollinator attractor. A plant that is the larval host to our Monarch, Grey Hairstreak and Queen butterflies: Asclepias tuberosa. Commonly named butterflyweed or butterfly milkweed, this native grows 1-3 feet in height and can handle sun, part sun, dry or moist conditions, preferring well drained soils. Tuberosa blooms cheerfully in June and July, concurrently with the common daylily. Butterflies and myriads of other pollinators can be found caressing the clusters of tiny neon flowers. The orange-reddish and black insects that congregate on the plants are milkweed bugs. They draw their nourishment from the seeds in the milkweed pod but do not harm the plant itself. They are fascinating to watch — resist the urge to disturb them and just let them do their thing. Butterfly weed is indisputably low maintenance like most native plants are. And it’s well-behaved and will not attempt to overtake your garden. Deep rooted and therefore drought tolerant, tuberosa is also very long lived. Plant en masse for a display of beneficially brilliant orange.	<urn:uuid:cac0cd75-9aaf-4cfd-8fcf-b9ccb73e8fe7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://choosenatives.org/2014/07/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687740.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921101029-20170921121029-00543.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9375020265579224, "token_count": 552, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3 }
Mobile Phone is comparatively a new addition to the already present gadget or communication like telephone, telegraph, wireless, etc. But in a short span of time, it has become an indispensable commodity throughout the world. The world wide it is getting popular day by day. Latest models of mobile phone in different sizes and colors and with every increasing functions and facilities arrive in the market day and day out. No doubt present age may be called the mobile age. Mobile phone has countless advantages. It has is easy to carry in palm, pocket, purse. It helps in the maintenance of one’s privacy. One can go to some corner or some safe place to attend the incoming call or to ring up someone else. It keeps man in touch with the world round the clock. It has also helpful during the journey and emergency, in such situations it minimizes worry and saves one from untoward trouble, also much important in the field of trade, business, and commerce. The provision of certain functions and services like time clock, stop watch, calculator, composer, video camera, games, reminder, dictionary, internet facility, music, messages facility, etc, on it have made it real blessing . Mobile phone has also some harm on accounts of its wrong use. Sometimes it brings about accidents when the driver is busy in attending of sending a call and in doing so, his attentions is diverted from the road. Then mobile phone is used by criminals in committing evils of robbery, dacoit, kidnapping, hijacking, terrorism, etc. besides mobile phone proves a nuisance in places like mosques, silence zones, class rooms, meetings, and libraries when its has loud bells disturb the peaceful atmosphere, then mobile phone is said to be a source of causing heart and other diseases and patients are warned to make it careful use. Another harm factor which affect the most, that is much use of mobile phone by the youngster, students. They spent their precious time in using mobile phone in different terminologies, like massaging, long package calls, play games, sharing unproductive videos, etc. which shows the negative results. In the present age of fast communication, mobile phone has totally become indispensable. Its proper and wise use is no less than a blessing for us. Its ever improving services are attracting and forcing people to buy it. No doubt mobile phone and its services are expensive in its quality wise, attraction shape or is compatibility, but it is hoped that with the rising competition among the present mobile companies and with the arrival of the new ones, it will become cheap and affordable foe everyone. No doubt today mobile phone becomes an industry. As the day passed its number of user increased. In progressive countries like USA, Japan, Austria, china, Germany, the mobile phone technology goes up and up and these countries got a lot of export of their economy. In these countries Japan is much stronger then the other in mobile technology. The underdeveloped countries also try to work on mobile phone industry, In short mobile phone is a bless in our life.	<urn:uuid:a963f7ba-51cb-428d-98b8-2e7de8abd3d5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://mobilemania.blogliterature.org/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533308.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00423-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.961029589176178, "token_count": 612, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
1. India is hosting the 13th Conference of Parties (COP) of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) from 17th to 22nd February, 2020 at Gandhinagar in Gujarat. 2. The theme of CMS COP-13 is ‘Migratory species connect the planet and we welcome them home’. 3. The mascot for CMS COP-13 is ‘Gibi – The Great Indian Bustard’. It is a critically endangered species (according to the IUCN) and has been accorded the highest protection status (listed in Schedule I) under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. 4. In order to protect the migratory species throughout their range countries, a Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS), has been in force since 1983, under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Programme. 5. Also referred to as the Bonn Convention, it provides a global platform for the conservation and sustainable use of migratory animals and their habitats and brings together the States through which migratory animals pass, the Range States, and lays the legal foundation for internationally coordinated conservation measures throughout a migratory range. 6. Under this convention, migratory species threatened with extinction are listed on Appendix I and Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. 7. Migratory species that need conservation and management or would significantly benefit from international co-operation are listed in Appendix II of the Convention. 8. India has signed a non-legally binding Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with CMS on the conservation and management of Siberian Cranes (1998), Marine Turtles (2007), Dugongs (2008) and Raptors (2016). 9. India is a temporary home to several migratory animals and birds. The important among these include Amur Falcons, Bar headed Geese, Black necked cranes, Marine turtles, Dugongs, Humpback Whales, etc. "Birds are under increasing pressure from human activity, struggling to survive as habitat loss, pesticides, hunting and trapping for the pet trade push them closer to the edge."Elucidate with examples.	<urn:uuid:dcd4424b-756c-477d-8883-d2928fb4d553>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://www.sriramsias.com/article/what-are-the-main-concerns-during-ongoing-deliberation-of-cms-cop-13-200226133900562/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335059.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927225413-20220928015413-00367.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9096279144287109, "token_count": 472, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3 }
Latest Neurophysiology Stories Dr. Jeffrey Rein and Dr. Only Health Tracker to Monitor REM, Deep and Light Sleep; New Sleep Features and Carbon Steel Edition to Debut at CES LAS VEGAS, Jan. Sleep Tracker designed by Yan Muckle is the latest program that teaches people how to get rid of their insomnia naturally and quickly. Imagine kicking a cocaine addiction by simply popping a pill that alters the way your brain processes chemical addiction. A mechanism in the brain which controls tics in children with Tourette Syndrome (TS) has been discovered by scientists at The University of Nottingham. Tired of repeating the same dysfunctional habits, over and over again? In their new book, authors Sue Stebbins and Dr. The new “15 side effects of sleep deprivation” article on the site Healthreviewcenter.com covers common side effects of sleep loss that help people expand their knowledge about the importance Electrooculography, sometimes shortened to EOG, is the tracing of electricity used for operation of the retina in different phases, specifically the resting potential. The results are recorded on an electrooculogram. These are interpreted for opthalmological diagnosis and in recording eye movements. Eye movement measurements: Usually, pairs of electrodes are placed either above and below the eye or to the left and right of the eye. If the eye is moved from the center position towards one... - The horn of a unicorn considered as a medical or pharmacological ingredient. - A winged horse with a single horn on its head; a winged unicorn.	<urn:uuid:91a8535a-3df5-49c8-a506-325dd19a63e5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "url": "http://www.redorbit.com/topics/neurophysiology/?page=17", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1433195036618.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150601214356-00092-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9143578410148621, "token_count": 323, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
Niagara Falls in Niagara County, New York — The American Northeast (Mid-Atlantic) The Power of the American Rapids In the 1750's, Daniel Chabert de Joncaire built a sawmill and dug a small canal along these rapids. The canal created an island that was later called Willow Island. During the French and Indian War, Joncaire burned the sawmill to keep it out of British hands. In 1805, Augustus and Peter Porter and other local businessmen purchased land near the falls. The sawmill was rebuilt, and along with other industries, helped establish the village that would eventually become Niagara Falls. During the construction of the Robert Moses Parkway in the 1960s, Joncaire's canal was filled in. In the spring of 1969, a cofferdam made of boulders, gravel, and soil was built from the mainland to the upper end of Goat Island to prevent water from flowing over the American Falls and Bridal Veil Falls. Between June and November, scientists and engineers conducted an in-depth geologic study of the rock. They determined that the talus, or rocks below the falls, should Canal channel, rustic bridge, and part of Willow Island to the right. Photograph courtesy of the Niagara Falls Public Library. Construction of cofferdam out from the mainland. Cofferdam being removed from the American Rapids channel. Rapids above the American Falls, ca. 1868 postcard. The lower section of the American Rapids has been illuminated at night since 1989, and the upper section since 1998. Location. 43° 5.02′ N, 79° 3.844′ W. Marker is in Niagara Falls, New York, in Niagara County. Marker can be reached from Niagara Scenic Parkway (New York State Route 957A) 0.1 miles west of 1st Street. Touch for map. Marker is in Niagara Falls State Park. It is on the mainland walking path beside the upper Niagara River, about midway between the two bridges to Goat Island. The Niagara Scenic Parkway is segmented here by the state park, and current construction has rolled it back farther; it does not quite reach the marker. Prior to 2016 the parkway went by its original name, the Robert Moses Parkway. Marker is in this post office area: Niagara Falls NY 14303, United States of America. Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Site of First House (about 600 feet away, measured in a direct line); Niagara County Medal of Honor Monument (about 600 feet away); Town of Niagara Civil War Memorial (approx. 0.2 miles away); Niagara's Industrial Beginnings and the Establishment of the State Reservation (approx. 0.2 miles away); First Presbyterian Church (approx. ¼ mile away); Height, Sight, and Flight / The Niagara River Corridor Important Bird Area (approx. ¼ mile away); Prospect Point Viewing Area (approx. 0.3 miles away); Goat Island Flora (approx. 0.3 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Niagara Falls. Categories. • Environment • Industry & Commerce • War, French and Indian • Waterways & Vessels • Credits. This page was last revised on September 12, 2016. This page originally submitted on August 30, 2015, by Anton Schwarzmueller of Wilson, New York. This page has been viewed 202 times since then and 28 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. submitted on August 30, 2015, by Anton Schwarzmueller of Wilson, New York.	<urn:uuid:f9cc56fe-d2c6-41a3-afd3-d0077da75138>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=87887", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607731.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524020456-20170524040456-00341.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9411768913269043, "token_count": 756, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3 }
This small-world, extended-family feeling begins at the front door, where the school principal greets each student by name every morning, and knows every family. It carries over into hallways and classrooms full of familiar faces, where bonds forged between and among students and teachers help to ease transitions and increase gains from one subject and grade to the next. It permeates the classroom, where students work in small groups to solve problems and complete projects together, and teachers plan their lessons collaboratively. Small classes mean our students begin their school careers and establish their learning patterns in an environment designed to build courage, confidence, and character. Every student knows, and is known by, their teachers, from whom they receive individualized attention, targeted instruction, and daily motivation to stay engaged, do their homework, and achieve their personal best. Using our community as classroom, we make our curriculum come alive for our students through interdisciplinary adventures centered around common themes. Lessons focus on personal identity, family legacy, and the local community, and involve visits to various locations in our Lower East Side neighborhood. Students also venture further afield to several of the city’s world class cultural institutions, including a trip to Philadelphia for students in 5th grade. Murals with Meaning In English Language Arts, students read picture books to see how color is used to depict human emotions. In humanities, they take guided community walks to study downtown street art, including Keith Haring, and travel uptown to see the work of the classical Mexican muralist Diego Rivera at the Museum of Modern Art. The unit culminates with students painting large “how I feel” self-portraits in art class. In math, students learn about different monetary units and how to count and make change. In humanities, they study the needs and wants of different communities. Then they visit the nearby Essex Street Market, an assortment of more than 20 modern-day “pushcarts” under one roof, to interview vendors about customer purchases. Delancey Street, Then & Now In humanities, students study the history of immigration on the Lower East Side, learning what drove people from their home countries, simulating Ellis Island passage, and exploring what it was like to live in the neighborhood at the turn of the century. They tour the multiethnic Tenement Museum and study the stained glass windows at the historic Museum at Eldridge Street Synagogue. Griots, Talking Drums & Trickster Tales In English Language Arts, students study West African “trickster tales”—universal stories, originally passed down orally, in which the misadventures of an underdog trickster hero convey folk wisdom about human nature. In humanities, they study Ghana, relating the cultural values of the people back to the morals of the tales. And in music, they study traditional African songs and instruments. The Italian Renaissance In English, students research the artists and inventors who became cultural heroes of the Italian Renaissance in the 14th to 17th centuries and then choose specific biographies to read. In art class, they study Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, visiting the Metropolitan Museum of Art to see the intermingling of art and science in their work. In music, they study opera and visit the Metropolitan Opera at Lincoln Center. We believe much of our success is due to our small school size, which allows us to create an intimate learning environment, take an individualized approach to teaching, and build a strong sense of community that links our students, staff, and families in a common purpose.	<urn:uuid:b18bba06-3541-436a-8143-edb3cb498eef>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "url": "http://www.manhattancharterschool.org/hands-on-learning-4/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945143.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421110245-20180421130245-00343.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9492819905281067, "token_count": 725, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3 }
Wouldn’t it be great if we could see where our dog’s pain is coming from? If we could see the functioning of the body instead of just the structure like we see in radiographs? With Canine digital thermal imaging, we can see exactly that. The Canine Digital Thermal Imaging system that we have is an infrared camera with state of the art medical imaging software known as, Digatherm. The science is based on the theory that every object with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits electromagnetic energy either from itself or reflected back from other energy sources. This means that areas of inflammation in the body will be of a higher temperature than non-inflamed areas since a hallmark of inflammation is increased blood flow to the affected area. During an orthopedic exam we palpate the limbs. An inflamed area will palpate warmer than the same area on the opposite limb, but for that temperature change to be apparent to our hand, it needs to be more than 3 degrees, and the various types of coats can make a difference in how sensitive our hands can be. The Digatherm software is sensitive to a single degree. It picks up inflammation often before it becomes clinically obvious, i.e. before it results in lameness. Another scientific theory that supports the use of this equipment is that animals are thermally symmetrical – the same thermal image should be found on the right and the left sides of the body. Lameness issues in dogs can be more difficult to isolate because they don’t allow nerve blocks like horses do. We often end up radiographing the entire limb looking for a bony defect. But there are more than bones that cause pain. Ligaments, tendons, muscles, nerves, all of these can be the source of lameness, and won’t be identified on x-ray. Thermal imaging evaluates the entire dog in a series of images looking for an asymmetrical thermal change. Let’s say we have a dog with a partial cruciate ligament rupture. The dog will have been very lame for several weeks and gradually may have gained some improvement. The dog then comes in for evaluation because the lameness (though somewhat improved) is still apparent. Your veterinarian might identify laxity in the stifle joint and send your dog to rehab, or surgery followed by rehab. When they come to us, our thermal imaging will show a thermal increase in the damaged stifle, but it will show even greater increase in the opposite limb because this limb has been carrying the extra weight that the dog has shifted away from the acutely painful limb, maybe even for weeks. If we only direct therapy to the operated limb, we leave a large area of pain and inflammation ignored. Older dogs that come to us for arthritis management are scanned with the Canine Digital Thermal Imaging system to show us the specific joints that need targeted therapy. Several sessions of therapy later we rescan the animal to be sure we are gaining the improvement we expect. We have scanned many dogs at competitions and identified areas of injury that needed closer evaluation and treatment. Many dogs have sore backs that go unnoticed until thermal imaging. Dogs bred to work can be so focused on their job/sport that they ignore pain. We need to be proactive with working and sports dogs to be sure there are no health issues that we need to evaluate. Author: Digatherm and Danielle Bercier DVM CCRP	<urn:uuid:eadc088e-69dd-4aaf-93f5-72e66f19ecf5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://vitalvet.org/blogs/news/canine-digital-thermal-imaging", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224212113-20240225002113-00574.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9473465085029602, "token_count": 704, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3 }
New In Print Asking Questions: A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design, by Seymour Sudman and Norman M. Bradburn (Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers, P.O. Box 62425, San Francisco, Calif. 94162; 415 pages, $18.95). Questionnaires are used extensively today, in such areas as academic and vocational testing, psychological assessment, and program evaluations. Designed for anyone who must elicit information in written form, this book describes the process of questionnaire design, including examples from actual surveys. The authors provide guidance on: determining what information is needed; phrasing questions to minimize bias and distortion; using existing questionnaires to design new tests; and validating new questionnaires. Includes three questionnaires that show key principles in questionnaire construction and a list of references for additional information on the topic. Mr. Sudman teaches at the University of Illinois, Urbana. Mr. Bradburn teaches at the University of Chicago and is director of the National Opinion Research Center there. Making Policies for Children: A Study of the Federal Process, edited by Cheryl D. Hayes (National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418; 281 pages, paper $13.95). There are more than 260 government programs that benefit children, and the government's role in protecting children is a part of the American heritage, according to the editor of this report, the product of a 30-month study sponsored by the Administration for Children, Youth, and Families of the Department of Health and Human Services. Written to give educators and legislators a framework for participation in policymaking, the report analyzes: the formulation of federal policies affecting children and their families; the identification of factors that might influence the content of such policies in the future; and the issue of how policymakers can pursue their interests more effectively. Ms. Hayes is executive officer for the committee on child development, research, and public policy at the National Academy of Sciences. The Emerging Science of Individualized Instruction: A Survey of Findings on Learning Styles, Brain Research, and Learning Time with Implications for Administrative Action, by John Lindelow (ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, College of Education, University of Oregon, Eugene, Ore. 97403; 47 pages, paper $4.75). Individualized instruction is coming of age, the author of this book claims. In a study of recent research on this "emerging science," the author builds a case for individualized instruction in today's schools. Chapter I focuses on research on learning styles, including how students perceive, analyze, interpret, and respond to learning situations. Chapter II discusses advances in brain research, including information on the growth stages of the brain. Chapter III covers learning time and the links between learning, time, and individualized instruction. The final chapter addresses what administrators can do to put these findings into practice. Mr. Lindelow is a freelance writer specializing in educational management. Guides and Directories Action for Educational Equity: A Guide for Parents and Members of Community Groups, by James E. Crowfoot, Bunyan I. Bryant, and Mark Chesler (Institute for Responsive Education, 605 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass. 02215; 189 pages, paper $9). The authors of this guide present an "action plan" for citizens interested in forming a group to work on educational issues such as bilingual education, sex equity, and special-education services. Claiming that organized citizen activism must make up for such threats to progress as political conservatism and fiscal retrenchment, the authors discuss: forming a core goup, identifying goals and developing programs to meet them, implementing strategies, dealing with conflicts along the way, and following up on school change. Alternative Careers for Teachers: The Complete Job-Changing Handbook for Educators, by Marna L. Beard and Michael J. McGahey (Arco Publishing Inc., 215 Park Ave. South, New York, N.Y. 10003; 223 pages, paper $9.95). Assuring that "there is life after teaching," the authors of this guide provide information for teachers on changing their jobs in the current market. Topics covered include: analyzing marketable skills, researching the job market, writing resumes, preparing for interviews, and making the transition to a job outside the teaching world. Includes a list of 150 jobs in the federal government; a guide to federal career literature; and a chart matching personal interests with job characteristics. Foreign Travel-Study Programs: What Students, Parents, Teachers, and Principals Should Ask (National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1904 Association Dr., Reston, Va. 22091; 12 pages, paper $1--for more than one copy, call nassp for shipping and handling charges). An introduction for those involved in planning travel programs for students, this brochure includes suggested questions to ask tour-plan operators to avoid fraudulent programs, financial loss, and educationally weak experiences. Among its recommendations are: obtain written agreements, refrain from endorsing specific programs, and require agencies promoting travel-study programs to register with school authorities. Sights and Sounds of Life in Schools: A Resource Guide to Film and Videotape for Research and Education, by Frederick Erickson and Jan Wilson (Institute for Research on Teaching, 252 Erickson, College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich. 48824; 84 pages, paper $6). For teachers, administrators, inservice-training staff members, policymakers, researchers, and others who want to use and manufacture films and videotapes about American schools for conferences, training seminars, and program planning. The guide provides information on: making and showing films for staff development and research; perspectives and expectations that viewers bring to films; networks of documentary-film products, distributors, and researchers; an introduction to basic educational issues; and consumer-protection information about producing commercial and research films on schools. Other Resources Resource Materials for School Improvement Initiatives: A Bibliography, compiled by Bettye Fox Boone (Southeastern Public Education Program, #501-1338 Main St., Columbia, S.C. 29201; 20 pages, paper $3). This resource bibliography lists 131 books, articles, pamphlets, newsletters, research papers, and organizations on school-improvement initiatives. Classified by subject, the guide covers: the characteristics of effective schools, teachers, and principals; information on involvement, parent/citizen advisory-council operations, and citizen resources and newsletters; effective assessment guides and instruments; school administration, school boards, and school budgets; handicapped students; and curriculum and testing. The Preparation and Selection of School Principals, by Lynn M. Cornett (Southern Regional Education Board, 1340 Spring St., N.W., Atlanta, Ga. 30309; 20 pages, paper $3). Based on the premise that "the success or failure of a public school depends more on the principal than any other single person," this report presents the findings of a group of principals, faculty members in educational-administration programs, personnel from state departments of education, and school-board members from the sreb states who met last year to discuss the selection and training of school principals. World Study and Travel for Teachers, 28th edition, by Richard J. Brett (American Federation of Teachers, 11 Dupont Circle, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036; 99 pages, paper $4). If you're a teacher and would like to study comparative business management in Peru or culture and civilization in Finland, this resource book will introduce you to 240 travel-study programs offered by 92 American colleges and universities in Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and other areas. Entries are organized by geographical area and are listed by the following categories: arts, education, language, literature, pure sciences, religion, social studies, technology, and specific subject areas.	<urn:uuid:52d74e12-c6e5-4670-b0b9-89053a450dc0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/1983/05/11/03190007.h02.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424623.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723222438-20170724002438-00237.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9080891609191895, "token_count": 1636, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
new products often That comes with a disclaimer, but artificial intelligence firm OpenAI issued an unusual warning in April when it released a new service called DALL-E 2. The system can generate vivid photos, paintings and illustrations from a line or line of text. Uploaded image. Part of OpenAI’s release notes warns that “the model may improve the efficiency of performing certain tasks, such as photo editing or the production of stock photos, which could replace the work of designers, photographers, models, editors and artists.” So far, this has not been achieved. Early access to DALL-E found that it enhanced human creativity, not made it obsolete. In fact, it has boosted his productivity, says artist Benjamin Von Wong, who creates installations and sculptures. “The DALL-E is a great tool for someone like me who can’t draw,” says Von Wong, who uses the tool to explore ideas that can later be incorporated into physical artwork. “Without sketching concepts, I can simply generate them with different prompt phrases.” DALL-E is one of many new AI tools for generating images. Artist and designer Aza Raskin used open-source software to generate a music video for musician Zia Cora, which was shown at the TED conference in April. The project helped him believe that image-generating artificial intelligence would trigger an explosion of creativity that could permanently change the human visual environment. “Anything that has visuals has visuals,” he said, potentially subverting people’s intuitions about how much time or effort is spent on a project. “Suddenly, we have this tool that makes the unimaginable and the imagined easy to exist.” It’s too early to know how this transformative technology will ultimately affect illustrators, photographers and other creatives. But at this point, the idea that artistic AI tools will replace workers in creative jobs — like the way robots are sometimes described to replace factory workers — seems overly simplistic. Even for industrial robots that perform relatively simple, repetitive tasks, the evidence is mixed. Some economic research has shown that the adoption of robots by companies leads to lower overall employment rates and wages, but there is also evidence that robots can increase employment opportunities in some cases. “There’s so much doom and gloom in the art world,” and some people are too prone to think machines can replace human creative work, says digital artist Noah Bradley, who posts YouTube tutorials on using AI tools. Bradley believes the impact of software like DALL-E will be similar to the impact smartphones have had on photography — making visual creativity more accessible without displacing professionals. After generating something for the first time, creating a robust, usable image still requires a lot of careful tweaking, he said. “There’s a lot of complexity in creating art that machines aren’t ready for.” Released in January 2021, the first version of DALL-E is a milestone in computer-generated art. It shows that machine learning algorithms, provided with thousands of images as training data, can replicate and reorganize features from existing images in novel, coherent, and aesthetically pleasing ways. A year later, the DALL-E 2 has significantly improved the image quality that can be produced. It also reliably takes on different art styles and produces more realistic images. Want a studio quality photo of a Shiba Inu in a beret and black turtleneck? just type and wait. Steampunk illustration of Castle in the Clouds? no problem. Or a 19th century style painting of a group of women signing the Declaration of Independence? great idea! Many who have experimented with DALL-E and similar AI tools describe them as a new kind of art assistant or muse, not a replacement. “It’s like talking to aliens,” says Japanese photographer, author and English teacher David R Munson, who has been using DALL-E for the past two weeks. “It’s trying to understand the text cues and feed back to us what it sees, and it just squirms in this amazing way and produces things you really don’t expect.”	<urn:uuid:9f4044ae-0f8b-414c-937f-e6046a14a72f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://frapios.com/when-ai-makes-art-humans-supply-the-creative-spark/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499949.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201180036-20230201210036-00863.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9524124264717102, "token_count": 866, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3 }
ATLANTA (AP) — A recent study shows one in four high school students drink pop every day — a sign fewer teens are downing the sugary drinks. The study also found teens drink water, milk and fruit juices most often — a pleasant surprise, because researchers weren't certain that was the case. "We were very pleased to see that," said the study's lead author, Nancy Bener of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Still, a quarter have at least one pop each day. And when other sugary drinks like Gatorade also are counted, the figure is closer to two-thirds of high school students drinking a sweetened beverage every day. That's less than in the past. In the 1990s and early 2000s, more than three-quarters of teens were having a sugary drink each day, according to earlier research. The CDC reported the figures based on a national survey last year of more than 11,000 high school students. They appear in one of the federal agency's publications, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Consumption of sugary drinks is considered a big public health problem, and has been linked to the U.S. explosion in childhood obesity. One study of Massachusetts schoolchildren found that for each additional sweet drink per day, the odds of obesity increased 60 percent. As a result, many schools have stopped selling pop or artificial juice to students. Indeed, CDC data suggests that the proportion of teens who drink pop each day dropped from 29 percent in 2009 to 24 percent in 2010, at least partly as a result. "It looks like total consumption is going down," said Kelly Brownell, director of Yale University's Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity. But the results of the new CDC study are still a bit depressing, said Brownell, who has advocated for higher taxes on soft drinks. "These beverages are the kinds of things that should be consumed once in a while as treat — not every day," he said. "That's a lot of calories." A 20-ounce Coke, for example, has 240 calories. Brownell also said it's possible more than a quarter of teens are drinking pop, because many people underreport things they know they shouldn't be eating or drinking. Bener agreed it's difficult to know if consumption of sugary drinks has been falling much, adding that schools are only half the battle. "Getting them out of the schools doesn't solve the problem completely because a lot of these drinks are consumed in the home," said Bener, a CDC health scientist. Online: CDC report: www.cdc.gov/mmwr	<urn:uuid:79f1cfa6-5666-47ad-85d8-d48801448409>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://www.monroenews.com/news/2011/jul/11/1-in-4-high-schoolers-drink-pop-every-day-thats/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657132646.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011212-00078-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9765832424163818, "token_count": 548, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
It’s that time of year – the kids are back in school and parents may be worrying about what – if anything – they’re eating for lunch. Most children have the option of buying a school lunch or bringing their own. Delaware schools are ahead of the national trend; many offer a variety of healthy menu options. For families who choose to send their kids with a bag lunch, the following are some tips for planning nutritious meals. Whenever possible, involve the child in choosing and preparing the lunch. If they feel they were a part of creating the meal, they’re more likely to consume it. In order to keep perishable foods from spoiling, they need to be kept cool. If a refrigerator is not available, an insulated lunch bag with ice pack is critical. You also can freeze a water bottle, which can serve double duty as an ice cold beverage. If the lunch is prepared the night before, (a timesaver), be sure it’s refrigerated until it’s time to leave the house in the morning. What to pack? The “Choose My Plate” guidelines (www.choosemy plate.gov) simplify how to plan a healthy meal using a simple illustration – a plate. When planning meals, especially for children who are shaping their future eating habits, it’s important to include as many food groups as possible. Half of the plate should consist of fruits and vegetables. The other side should include protein and grains. Next to the plate is a serving of dairy. Keeping these guidelines in mind makes it easier to pack nutrition-packed bag lunches. Starting with fruit, whole fruit – like an apple or pear – is easily transported. Dried fruits, like banana chips mixed with raisins, add variety. Single-serving portions of cut-up fruit also are available. For a change of pace, consider sliced apples with a side of peanut butter. Boxed 100 percent fruit juices also can be used on occasion. Raw vegetables, like baby carrots and celery sticks, can be packaged in containers with a low-fat ranch dressing on the side. Side salads made with greens or shredded carrots/cabbage add lots of nutritional value. Foods made from meat, poultry, seafood, beans and peas, eggs, processed soy products, nuts and seeds provide protein. Dinner leftovers can be reheated in the morning and packed in a thermos container. Sandwiches can be made with turkey, chicken, lean meat, tuna and egg salad. For the best nutritional value, sandwich exteriors should be whole-grain. Mix things up by alternating bread with pitas, bagels, tortillas and crackers. The inclusion of fat-free or low-fat milk, yogurt, cheese or pudding puts the final touches on a nutritionally balanced lunch. Yogurt can be mixed with cut-up fruit to provide two food groups. Many desserts – cakes, pies and cookies – are filled with empty calories. Reserving these for special occasions lets the child know it’s a “once-in-a-while” treat. By packing a healthy lunch, you’ll provide the nutrients needed to keep your child energized and attentive throughout the day. You’re also helping set the stage for their future eating habits. Marianne Carter is a registered dietitian and director of the Delaware Center for Health Promotion at Delaware State University.	<urn:uuid:bbafd5ac-5bab-4b36-8cbc-37f4dd446a17>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "url": "http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/health/2013/09/24/weigh-in-the-abcs-of-packing-a-healthy-lunch/2855507/?from=global&sessionKey=&autologin=", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929561.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00088-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9392243027687073, "token_count": 724, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3 }
Playing video games and designing them are 2 different skills. This class will take your child into the world of designing and creating their own 2D video game. Using Multimedia Fusion 2, students create their video game without having to learn actual programming first. They can also put their own music, video, animations and photos into their video games with a simple click. In the early stage of the program, students work together with their instructor to develop a video game as a group. As they progress, they will be able to work independently on their own games. Teacher: Greg Kerner for ASE Enrichment Pricing: See pricing chart (computers provided) Ages: Recommended for ages 8+ To register: Click here	<urn:uuid:a2332a9a-236e-4761-b537-7cfc22ebbf04>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "https://learnbeyondthebook.com/video-game-design-level-1/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607620.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523103136-20170523123136-00373.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9555040001869202, "token_count": 153, "score": 3.0625, "int_score": 3 }
The sensor in digital camera are sensitive to IR but many have IR blocking filers built in. These filters may be a separate optical part or more likely in low cost cameras is a coating on the lens. Some do not have an IR blocking filter. Try to find the spectral response of the camera from it data sheet to see what its response to IR is. Typically only B&W cameras respond to IR. Color cameras have RGB filter over the pixels to only pass that color (wavelength). However the Red pixels could have a good response to IR. Again typically there is an IR blocking filter. The older Web cams had a separate IR filter that could be removed. Newer ones tend to have the IR blocking coating on the lens. Again look at the spectral response of the camera from it data sheet to see what its response to IR is from any camera you are considering. A source of info about various Web Cams and low cost cameras can be found by searching for Web Cams used in Astronomy. Here is one site:http://homepage.ntlworld.com/molyned/web-cameras.htm Here is a tutorial showing how to mod a web cam for IR.http://www.instructables.com/id/Infrared-IR-Webcam/ Do more google searches as there is a good amount of info out there on this subject. Lastly, you may need to experiment to see how well any camera works with IR illumination.	<urn:uuid:0abc7a27-6ead-4520-9279-a1ca30401ccb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "url": "http://www.societyofrobots.com/robotforum/index.php?topic=17283.msg120242", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988962.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00106-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9447609782218933, "token_count": 308, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3 }
“We have not been directly exposed to the trauma scene, but we hear the story told with such intensity, or we hear similar stories so often, or we have the gift and curse of extreme empathy and we suffer. We feel the feelings of our clients. We experience their fears. We dream their dreams. Eventually, we lose a certain spark of optimism, humor, and hope. We tire. We aren’t sick, but we aren’t ourselves.” – C. Figley, 1995 Long hours. Chaotic schedules. Not enough resting time. Intense, pressure-filled work cycles. Lack of comprehensive training. Unfamiliar and unplanned work environments. Feelings of vulnerability and uncertainty. These are among the challenges public health professionals and others who support health recovery may endure after hurricanes and other natural disasters. First responders are required to perform their work under extreme circumstances while also being exposed to the stresses of hurricanes or disasters affecting the people in communities they are assisting. This push-and-pull of work and life stressors may put a significant strain on mental health, causing both short- and long-term consequences. Stress affects the way people think and act. The ability of first responders to think and act with clarity and confidence is critical to the overall effectiveness of health recovery efforts, especially after hurricanes, as these disaster can have multifarious impacts on communities caused by storm surges, strong winds, and flooding. Research shows that 85 percent of first responders have experienced symptoms linked to mental health disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). According to the National Institute of Mental Health, PTSD develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event—and a hurricane can be all of those at once for professionals who have to brave the storm and witness the harrowing aftermath. Disasters are mostly unpredictable, which can leave both survivors and even those professionals who have lived and worked through multiple hurricanes in a state of shock. According to a joint survey conducted by the University of New Orleans, the University of Southern Mississippi, Stanford University, and Arizona State University on the mental health impact of Hurricane Katrina, 50 percent of survey respondents reported having the following symptoms associated with PTSD: - Upsetting memories and thoughts about the hurricane - Feeling upset after being reminded of the hurricane - Trying to avoid thoughts, feelings, and conversations about the event - Increased irritability and anger - Worries that the event could happen again - Feeling on edge and tense Research from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) indicates first responders are more vulnerable to the adverse mental effects of stress from hurricane and disaster-related mental health issues than the average person. First responders “are usually the first on the scene to face challenging, dangerous, and draining situations. They are also the first to reach out to disaster survivors and provide emotional and physical support to them. These duties, although essential to the entire community, are strenuous to first responders and with time put them at an increased risk of trauma.” A comprehensive needs assessment conducted as part of the Hurricane Response Hub project revealed a need for increased training in psychological first aid, which includes helping first responders manage their personal mental health needs after a disaster or public health emergency. Texas Health Institute (THI) determined additional training for the public health workforce in this area could help address the behavioral health needs identified by respondents and increase community resilience, leading to the development of a course entitled Protecting Your Physical and Mental Health: Before, During, and After a Disaster. This course, which will be launched later this year, is designed to help public health professionals and first responders prepare themselves and their families when responding to a hurricane or natural disaster. Through this course, public health professionals and others will learn the specific responsibilities of first responders and discuss the need for communication and evacuation plans for family members in order to keep them safe. “Our first responders are crucial to each community’s health. They are always at the forefront of disasters. Their singular focus on the safety and well-being of their community’s population places them at great personal risk and danger,” says John Oeffinger, director of the Texas Hurricane Response Hub. “They unselfishly place themselves at great risk for stress, PTSD, depression, substance abuse, and suicide ideation and attempts. Our goal in creating this course is to illuminate the important role first responders serve. More importantly, how they can protect their physical and mental health before, during, and after a disaster?” This training and the other work THI is doing around hurricane-related health recovery is based on the understanding that mental health is an integral part of overall health. Public health professionals and first responders need to recognize that how they react to stress and stressful events is essential to being effective in their roles supporting health recovery, especially in vulnerable communities. In 2019, the Hurricane Response Hub led a Project ECHO series on Individual and Workforce Resilience: Before, During, and After a Prolonged Hurricane Emergency that explored individual, professional, and organizational stressors on public health professionals responsible for or engaged in ground-level response to hurricanes. In an interview with the National Network of Public Health Institutes (NNPHI) for Elevate, Dr. Joseph Barbera from the George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science and Subject Matter Expert for the ECHO series noted, “One of the most important things to recognize is that individuals go into public health because they really care about people and the public. And I think one of the biggest threats to their actual resilience during these prolonged incidents is the feeling that they are not as effective as they would like to be in assisting the population in their times of true need.” To truly be effective, professionals have to understand how a hurricane or other disaster might affect or influence their mental health. Providing support to colleagues before, during, and after disasters is also key to resilience, as Sarah Lowe, an assistant professor of psychology at Montclair State University in New Jersey, found in interviews with survivors of Hurricane Katrina. According to Lowe, most people after a disaster will be resilient, which means they won’t suffer from long-term psychological symptoms. Their study found that a few years after the storm, more than 60 percent of Hurricane Katrina survivors displayed resilience, and among these survivors, they usually felt they had stronger social support and more optimistic. Although these findings are encouraging, this also means 40 percent of survivors may not have the resilience skills needed to effectively cope with the long-term effects of a hurricane or other disaster. Studies have shown chronic stress, regardless of the root cause, can impair the parts of the brain presiding over reasoning and self-control, which further underscores the need to develop and promote trainings that help public health professionals, first responders, and other professionals build resilience skills that can help them and their families cope with disaster-related mental health issues. Impact of Disaster-Related Stress and Mental Health on Families and Children The stress public health professionals experience can also have a direct impact on their families. Hurricanes and other natural disasters can leave adults and children feeling a loss of control, which can lead to fear. Families can experience a variety of stress symptoms, and professionals should encourage family members of public health professionals to speak openly about any symptoms they may have. Active listening and validating family members’ feelings and reactions to stress can provide much-needed support, especially when family members may be concerned about the effects of the disaster and the safety of their loved one supporting post-disaster health recovery efforts. Children may have more difficulty expressing what they are feeling. They may react to stress or manifest their anxiety in the following manners: upset or angry behavior, declining grades, bad dreams, misbehavior, and complaints of physical pain, such as a headache or stomach pain, when a physical illness is not present. To reduce the impact of emergency events on the mental health of children, professionals can provide them with a basic understanding of what is happening. Explaining the role professionals play and the role of others such as police, emergency medical service professionals, or people working in the shelters can help assuage children’s fears and concerns about safety. Building resilience before a disaster can help mitigate the effects of stress on the mental health of public health professionals and their families during a disaster. Resilience can help mitigate, or prevent altogether, symptoms such as depression, anxiety, or PTSD. Public health professionals and first responders can increase their resilience by: - Connecting: Reach out to family and friends. Call, Skype, FaceTime, text or use social media to connect. Consider joining a club, social group, or a mutual interest group. Create space to interact with others and develop a support network. - Mobilizing: Get involved in the community. Volunteer with charitable organizations or do something new and stimulating to work the mind and energize the spirit. - Energizing: Get enough sleep. Exercise, eat healthy foods, and stay hydrated. Feel free to take some quiet time to reflect or meditate. - Training: Participate in trainings to help strengthen resilience. Learn how to recognize the signs of mental health distress. Responding to a hurricane or other disaster-related event can impact public health professionals and first responders in ways that are not normally considered, including the short- or long-term effects on mental health. It is important to understand how to effectively prepare for those mental health effects following a disaster to ensure health recovery efforts are effective SAMHSA’s research clearly supports the need to focus on resilience, noting that “as more first responders discover the resilience they can access through others, and particularly their peers, they become better able to maintain their own behavioral health while addressing the myriad challenges of disaster response.” THI’s Protecting Your Physical and Mental Health: Before, During, and After a Disaster course will assist public health professionals and first responders increase their resilience and prepare for the next hurricane or other disaster. John Oeffinger is Director of Texas HRH (Hurricane Response Hub). He is also Director, eLearning and Training for Texas Health Institute. His experience includes project management, distance education and eLearning in for-profit, association, and non-profit organizations. His primary research interests are in culturally competent transgender health, 3D immersive learning, mobile applications and data collection in health, and organizational knowledge development. Alison Hare is the Community Resilience Officer with the Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response at Harris County Public Health (HCPH). She is working on strengthening community resilience throughout Harris County and integrating community resilience in all of Harris County Public Health work. For more information about the Texas Hurricane Response Hub, visit https://www.texashealthinstitute.org. How You Can Get Involved To request training or to get more information about how the Hurricane Response Hub can help your organization improve its hurricane-related disaster-related health recovery efforts, visit https://nnphi.org/focus-areas-service/hurricane-response-hub/. For more information on National Public Health Week 2020, visit http://www.nphw.org/nphw-2020. More Articles Related to National Public Health Week More Articles Related to The Hub Speaks	<urn:uuid:79f34aac-b155-444f-8f23-9544cfca59d3>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://nnphi.org/the-importance-of-protecting-your-mental-health-before-during-and-after-a-disaster/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107911229.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030182757-20201030212757-00399.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9507325291633606, "token_count": 2321, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3 }
At What Temperature Does Mold Grow? There is a common misconception that mold only grows during the warm summer months, but this isn’t the case. The temperature does have a dramatic effect on the way mold grows, but it isn’t just a seasonal problem. Mold can grow all year if the conditions are right. Mold is smelly, unsightly, and hazardous to your health. Knowing where to look during the different seasons of the year can help you eliminate the threat of mold before it leads to disaster. In this post, we’ll discuss the relationship of climate, temperature and mold. A General Overview of Mold Growth And Temperature Mold needs oxygen and water to grow, but it also requires a bard source and compatible temperature to really thrive. Even when ideal conditions aren’t available, it’s possible for mold spores to go into a dormant resting state until things change in their favor. At What Temperature Does Mold Grow? Generally speaking, mold can’t grow if the temperature dips below forty degrees Fahrenheit. For this reason, many refrigerator settings are set at thirty-nine degrees. An ideal temperature for mold growth is between seventy-seven to eighty-six degrees Fahrenheit, especially when there is a lot of humidity in the air. Temperatures have to rise above one hundred degrees or below freezing to effectively kill mold spores. Mold growth is dangerous and its removal should be handled by a specialist. Call us at (877) 349-1231 for a free consultation with a licensed remediation expert available 24/7 near you. Do You Need Mold Remediation? Answer a few short questions and find out now! Mold also needs the right bard source to grow well and will grow on materials or in places where it can digest organic matter. This makes it difficult to remove mold from an environment, as there is pet dander, dust, dead skin cells, and other airborne particles all throughout a house that can feed a colony of mold. It does require water and oxygen, though it only needs a low concentration of oxygen to stay alive. These necessities often lead to discoveries of mold in basements, attics, cabinets under sinks, HVAC ductwork, or in a bathroom. Mold can do serious damage to your home, either from ruining your carpet, causing drywall to bubble and determinate, creating stains on ceiling tiles, or infesting ductwork. Long-term exposure to mold spores can also cause health problems. People typically display respiratory conditions when exposed to mold spores with symptoms that include asthma, wheezing, coughing, and fatigue. Symptoms of toxic ingestion can also be persistent hePLEASEDELETEches, runny nose, watering eyes, and rashes. The impact mold has on your health makes it a priority to address it, no matter what season you are in. Fortunately, Mold Remediation’s 24/7 hotline connects you with certified, licensed, bonded and insured mold remediation companies in your immediate area. Winter Months and Mold Growth So long as there is enough moisture in the air, a plenteous bard source, and the right temperature, mold can still grow during the winter months. There are different types of mold, and depending on which mold species is growing, it could be more suited for cold temperature growth. Though there are minimum requirements for many fungi varieties, these comfortable conditions often correspond to the temperatures the average home maintains throughout the year. If your thermostat is setting between 60 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit, you are creating a climate where mold can thrive. Not all parts of the United States experience freezing temperatures throughout the winter. This makes it difficult to truly kill mold spores. The extreme variations in the winter cold, especially when dropping below 32 degrees Fahrenheit, are damaging, but the spores may not die and can wait for the house to warm up or the warmer months to arrive to come out of hibernation. Temperature alone isn’t enough to tackle a problem with mold. You also need to treat the source of mold and employ preventive measures. During the fall and into the winter, there is an increase in dew and precipitation, creating films of water on different surfaces around a house. Many find that window panes are a key gathering spot for moisture, creating an opportunity for mold to grow and expand. Windows collect a lot of condensation during the winter months, as the heated air inside the home makes contact with the cold glass being chilled from the outside. Water vapor is deposited on surfaces where this clash occurs. This is why mold can be seen more readily along the frames of windows or on the sill. Persistent Allergy Symptoms Because people spend more time indoors when the weather is cold, you may notice that your allergy symptoms increase during the wintertime. This can potentially lead you to discover a problem with the air quality in your home. Running your heat may disperse the spores throughout other areas of the home, making it harder to get away from the problem. Summer Months and Mold Growth The temperature during the summer months generally accelerates the growth of the mold. Not only is the air warmer, but more frequent rain and higher humidity increase the likelihood of colony growth. Few locations across the United States see heat temperatures that exceed the minimum requirement to stifle and kill growth, leaving many exposed to the potential infestation. Ventilation Issues and Moisture Buildup If your home has poor ventilation, you may have an increase in humidity and a need to get rid of mold in your ducts. A free flow of air is needed to properly circulate vapors, and stifling that flow can lead to condensation building up on the windowsills, basement windows, or other areas where the colder internal air clashes with the heat from the exterior. Many times, an HVAC unit will extract a certain amount of water from the air, but if the unit is older and doesn’t route the water to a free-flowing drain, there is a greater likelihood of leaks or overflowing drip pans. The presence of moisture creates an opportunity for mold. The Spread of Mold Growth Summer is the perfect temperature for mold growth, but the breezes and winds that come through are also ideal for carrying mold spores around the house. Mold will thrive on soggy carpet or cardboard, inside ductwork, on insulation, or the wooden support structures of your home. It grows and multiplies quickly, putting your health and home in danger if left unaddressed. Wherever you have dark places in your home, you need to be more vigilant in checking for the presence of mold. You may end up smelling the musty odor before you see visible signs of growth, but you can be on the lookout for signs of a water leak or water damage. Roofs and Exterior Mold Growth You would be surprised at all the places mold can grow during the summer. Not only could a windstorm blow off roofing tiles or cause a limb to puncture through the roof and let in rainwater, but a build-up of debris and leaves in the gutter system can cause rainwater to back up and flood onto the roof. This excess water can force its way in through the seals and cracks along the roofline, dripping water into the attic. However, the same debris and dead leaves in the gutter can also breed mold underneath, and the spores can be swept through the air and land on other places to start new colonies. Mold Growth in Small and Dark Areas Watch for signs of growth in crawl spaces under the house or in your basement, especially during rainy periods. Water and moisture can get trapped in these dark areas and breed mold quickly. You may notice the musty odor when walking around the house or coming up from under the floor vents. Small animals or rodents that get under the house can also tear holes in ductwork, leaving it exposed to additional moisture. Thoroughly clean around your HVAC unit to prevent debris from building up and decaying around the system. This reduces the possibility of mold spores getting caught in the circulation and forced throughout your home. Year Round Mold Remediation Mold should be address immediately upon suspicion of its growth. Growth occurs rapidly when the conditions are right, so whether rain, snow, sleet, hail, or blistering sun, you need a game plan to address mold. Contact MoldRemediation.io to ensure that your problems are addressed appropriately, and so that serious damage and health concerns are avoided.	<urn:uuid:9e6c8233-c17a-4d17-853e-3ddb257cf09e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://moldremediation.io/what-temperature-does-mold-grow/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233505362.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921073711-20230921103711-00045.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9350293874740601, "token_count": 1753, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3 }
Revolutionary War Historical Article Medals and Awards of The Revolution by Donald N. Moran Editor's Note: Published by Permission From the SAR Headquarters Dispatch The “GI Joe” and officers alike who served in the Revolutionary War were recognized for their valor with a variety of special decorations, as revealed in this enlightening account by Compatriot Donald Norman Moran. It is not surprising that the first awards for valor presented to the common soldier were presented here in America. It had been a European practice to honor high-ranking officers who achieved a victory, but the thought of presenting medals or badges to the common soldier for courage or extraordinary service never occurred to the aristocracy. Three New York militiamen were patrolling north of Tarrytown in an attempt to intercept Tories driving cattle to the British in New York. They were John Paulding (1), Isaac Van Wart (2) and David Williams (3). These three captured Major John Andre, Deputy Adjutant General of the British Forces in New York, who was returning from a clandestine meeting with Benedict Arnold. Andre tried every possible method to convince the Americans that he was on official business and then attempted to bribe them. During Andre's trial, the amount of the bribe was mentioned as being 1,000 guineas (approximately $5,000 in hard currency). The militiamen refused the offer and turned him over to the authorities. Major Andre was tried, convicted of spying and was hanged at Tappen, New York. Best describing the patriotism of these three Americans is the inscription on the monument dedicated on June 11th, 1829 in the Presbyterian Cemetery at Greenburgh, New York to Isaac Van Wart: "Fidelity. On the 23d of September 1780, Isaac Van Wart, accompanied by John Paulding and David Williams, all farmers of the county of West Chester, intercepted Major Andre, on his return from the American Lines in the character of a spy, and, notwithstanding the large bribes offered them for his release, nobly disdained to sacrifice their Country for gold, secured and carried him to the Commanding Officer of the district, whereby the dangerous and traitorous conspiracy of Arnold was brought to light, the insidious designs of the enemy baffled, the American Army saved, and our beloved country free." The medals (4) and copies of the Congressional resolution were presented in an impressive ceremony at the Army's headquarters by General Washington. The Commander-in-Chief also presented each of the trio with a brace of silver-mounted pistols. As far as is known, this was the first time a common soldier was awarded a medal! However, it should be noted that this medal commemorated a specific event, and was never intended to be a general award for valor or service. TWO NEW AWARDS ESTABLISHED Two years later, on August 7th, 1782, General George Washington issued orders establishing two decorations. He had long recognized the need to award those soldiers who distinguished themselves in honorable service and in combat. To that end he created these awards. As far as is known, these were the first decorations awarded to the common soldier on a regular basis. The first was the "BADGE OF DISTINCTION" and consisted of a strip of white cloth sewn above the left cuff of the soldier's regimental coat. The soldier received one strip for each three years of service. Today, 212 years later, this tradition is still practiced in the United States Armed Forces. We know them as hash marks. The second award, “THE MILITARY BADGE OF MERIT”, was created to reward both soldiers and officers for “Singularly meritorious service, instances of unusual gallantry and extraordinary fidelity and faithful service”. General George Washington designed the award personally, specifying that it be “the figure of a heart in purple cloth, or silk, edged with narrow lace or binding”. It was worn on the left breast. Those soldiers so decorated would have their names entered in the army's special "Book of Merit" (5) and soldiers wearing this decoration, regardless of rank, were permitted to pass all sentinels and receive salutes as if they were officers. In today's military, such honors are reserved for the famed Medal of Honor. Eight months after the Badge of Merit was authorized, not a single one had been presented. Most of the officers asked about this explained that they had been too busy to write up the recommendations. It goes without saying that General Washington refused to accept their excuses. A week later, April 17th, a specially created Board of Officers convened at the New Windsor Encampment and selected two enlisted soldiers of the Connecticut Continental Line to be the first recipients. These were the first decorations awarded to the common soldiers. The first recipient of the Badge of Merit was Sergeant Elijah Churchill of the 2nd Regiment of Light Dragoons and the second selected was Sergeant William Brown of the Fifth Regiment of Foot. The award ceremony took place on May 3rd, 1783 at Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh, with the 1st New York Regiment, the Commander-in-Chief Guard and other units in attendance. This presentation is beautifully illustrated by H. Charles McBarron's 1974 painting shown below. SERGEANT DANIEL BISSELL RECOGNIZED The Board met a second time and awarded the Badge to Sergeant Daniel Bissell. The official record of his being honored is intentionally vague: " Sergeant Bissell of the 2d Connecticut Regt. having performed some important services within the immediate knowledge of the Commander-in-Chief in which the fidelity, perseverance and good sense of said Segt. Bissell were conspicuously manifested, it is therefore ordered that he be honored with the Badge of Merit". After the war, when possible retaliation was no longer a threat, the full and incredible story of Sergeant Bissell's exploits was made known. He had volunteered to spy on the British Army in New York City. In August of 1781, when Washington was seriously considering an attack on the city, Sergeant Bissell, then 28 years old, dressed in civilian clothes and slipped into the city. After nearly a year, and now in the service of Benedict Arnold's Loyalist Regiment, he slipped away and was promptly captured by the American forces surrounding the city. In chains he was taken to Newburgh where General Washington personally vouched for him. From memory he drew maps of all of the fortifications and troop deployment on Manhattan and Staten Island — information vital to Washington. The reason for the deliberate vagueness in his citation was the possibility of his being captured by the British; written evidence of his having been a spy would surely gain him the hangman's noose. Sergeant Bissell left the army and moved to Richmond, New York where he lived out his life. His tombstone in Allen's Hill Cemetery near Canandaigua, New York, reads: "In the memory of Daniel Bissell - Died August 5, 1824, Aged 79 years — He had the confidence of Washington and Served under him". SERGEANT WILLIAM BROWN WINS BADGE Sergeant Brown won his Badge of Merit at Yorktown; he was of the 5th Regiment of Foot, Connecticut Continental Line. In the late night attack on British redoubt Number 10, he led the "Forlorn Hope". This group of volunteers was comprised of Sappers and Pioneers, armed with their traditional military weapons and heavy axes. Their suicidal assignment was to move in advance of the attacking force and chop a hole in the abatis (sharpened stakes pointing away from the fortifications designed to keep attackers from scaling the walls of the redoubt (the Revolutionary War equivalent of barbed wire). Their title, "Forlorn Hope", was most appropriate as none of the members expected to survive the attack. When Sergeant Brown's detachment arrived at the British fortification, Brown decided to push ahead of his men, climb over the abatis and attack the enemy in the redoubt with his unloaded musket and bayonet. The American infantry followed his lead and the redoubt fell with a minimum of American casualties. There is also reason to believe that he was presented a bronze plaque commemorating his gallantry, but that is strictly family tradition. Sergeant Brown, as adventurous as ever, moved to the frontier and finally homesteaded a farm near present day Cincinnati. He lived there until his death in 1808. SERGEANT ELIJAH CHURCHILL'S EXPLOITS Sergeant Churchill, 2nd Continental Light Dragoons, earned his Badge of Merit by leading two incredible raids. The first was against Fort George on Long Island, an important British supply depot. Fort George was defended by three wooden block houses, linked together by a substantial, 12-foot-high log stockade all surrounded by a deep ditch filled with sharpened stakes (abatis). On November 23rd, 1780 at 4:00 a.m. under the command of Major Benjamin Tallmadge, Sergeant Churchill led a charge against the main block house and fort gates. Completely surprised, the fort fell within minutes. Three hundred tons of hay for the British horses were destroyed and 54 British regulars were captured. Sergeant Churchill then fought a rear guard action with his detachment and allowed the main raiding party to escape. He and his men safely followed. The second raid was on October 10th, 1781. While General Washington and the main army were besieging Lord Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, Major Lemuel Trescott led a 150-man raid against the British Fort Slongo at Treadwell's Neck, also on Long Island. Sergeant Churchill was the senior non-commissioned officer. He and his fellow Connecticut Light Dragoons wreaked havoc on the British fort. Here again, Elijah Churchill led the surprise attack, storming the fort and capturing the entire garrison. When the American forces returned to the mainland, they brought numerous prisoners and a great deal of military stores with them. This and the other raids helped to convince General Sir Henry Clinton, British Commander-in-Chief, not to deplete his own forces in an attempt to rescue Lord Cornwallis trapped in Virginia, or take the offensive in the New York area in hopes of forcing Washington to send part of his army north, thereby taking the pressure off Cornwallis. Cornwallis was abandoned to his fate; that decision sealed the doom of British control over North America. The Certificate that accompanied the Badge of Merit received by Sergeant Churchill has survived. It reads: "Certificate for the Badge of Military Merit granted to Sergeant Churchill, 2d Light Dragoons to Sergeant Brown, 5th Connect. to Sergeant Bissell, 2nd Con. R. [ Connecticut Regiment]. It hath ever been an established maxim in the American Service that the Road to Glory was open to All, that Honorary Rewards and Distinctions were the greatest stimuli to virtuous actions, and that Distinguished Merit should not pass unnoticed or unrewarded; and; whereas a Board of Officers... having reported.... Now, therefore, Know Ye, That the aforesaid Sergeant Elijah Churchill hath faithfully and truly deserved, and hath been properly invested with the Honorary Badge of Military Merit, and is authorized to pass and repass all guards and Military Posts as fully and amply as any commissioned officers whatsoever, and is Hereby further recommended to that favorable Notice which a Brave and Faithful soldier deserves from his Countrymen." In June, peace having been won, the army started to disband. All that remained to be done was the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Sergeant Churchill went home to Chester, Massachusetts to a waiting wife and lived there until his death on April 11th, 1841. WHERE ARE THESE BADGES? What happened to these historic decorations? Sergeant Bissell's Badge of Merit was lost when a fire destroyed his home in July of 1813. Sergeant Brown's Badge of Merit had been cherished by succeeding generations, but in 1924, his descendant, Bishop Paul Matthews of the Diocese of New Jersey reported it had disappeared (stolen?) from his home in Princeton. It was never recovered. H. E. Johnson of Michigan, a great grandson of Sergeant Elijah Churchill had carefully preserved his ancestor's Badge of Merit. He contacted the National Temple Hill Association, which was restoring the New Windsor Cantonment, and offered them the badge for display in their planned museum. It was accepted and is now displayed in their museum and depicted herein courtesy of E. Jane Townsend of the New Windsor Cantonment State Historic Site, Palisade Region, New York Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. As mentioned above, the Badge of Military Merit was awarded for actions "above and beyond" and is often compared to the present day "Purple Heart Medal". The Purple Heart takes its physical design from the Revolutionary War; it was established on the bicentennial of George Washington's birth, February 22, 1932. However, the Badge of Military Merit is best compared to today's Medal of Honor. The exploits of these three recipients underscore that comparison. It has always been a practice of all levels of governments to award their heroes. In Europe various "orders of Chivalry" have existed since ancient times. In the 18th century those awards still existed, but generally were reserved for the aristocracy. For the lesser known, the most common were of a promotional or monetary nature; decorative swords were favored and braces of pistols were commonplace. There is evidence that some of our senior officers who were recipients of such awards, including General Washington, often bestowed these honors on a subordinate. On at least 11 occasions the Continental Congress authorized and had made medals that have come to be known as "Congressional Medals". These were not worn but were strictly decorative. Benson J. Lossing, the noted 19th century historian of the American Revolution included illustrated narratives on all 11 Congressional Medals. Those engravings are depicted below. LT. COL. FRANCOIS LOUIS TEISEDRE DE FLEURY Lt. Col. Fleury (1749- ?) was one of the valiant French volunteers who arrived here shortly after the war started. He served the American cause well and on September 13th, 1777 he was the subject of a Congressional Resolution praising him for his gallantry during the Battle of Brandywine and giving him a horse to replace the one that was shot out from under him. He was one of the three officers honored with Congressional Medals for their extraordinary conduct at the Battle of Stony Point. He returned to France shortly thereafter. His medal has as a devise a helmeted soldier standing against a destroyed fort. In his right hand he holds a sword, and in his left hand he holds a flag. The legend reads: "Virtutis Et Audaclae Monum Et Praemium. D. D. Fleury Equiti Gallo Primo Muros Resp. —A memorial and reward of valor and daring. The American Republic has bestowed on Colonel D. de Fleury a native of France, the first over the walls." On the reverse are two three-gun artillery battery, a fort on a hill and in front six ships of the line before the fort. The legend "Pt. Expung. , XI Jul.. MDCCLXXIX. — Stony Point stormed, 15th of Jul 1779". In April 1850 a medal identical to this one was found by a boy at Princeton, New Jersey. Congress had been in session in Princeton and perhaps the "first" medal was lost. Andre Lasseray in his Les Francais sous les treize etoiles 1775-1783 says that four years later Benjamin Franklin had a medal made by Benjamin Duvivier, of Paris, and sent it to Fleury with a letter dated 15 August 1783. MAJOR GENERAL HORATIO GATES Congress awarded a medal to Major General Horatio Gates for his victory at Saratoga. The front of the medal has a profile of Gates and a legend that reads:" Horatio Gates Duci Strnuo Comitia Americana — The American Congress to Horatio Gates, the valiant leader." On the reverse side, a depiction of British General Burgoyne surrendering his sword to Gates. Behind them is the British army laying down their arms, while the American army watches. The inscription reads "Salis Regionus Septentrional " — a paraphrased translation: "Safety of the northern region or department" and below the illustration is the inscription "Hoste Ad Saratogam In Dedition, Accepto Die XVII Oct. MDCCLCCVII — Enemy at Saratoga surrendered October 17th, 1777". MAJOR GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE The medal presented to Major General Nathaneal Greene was for his victory at Eutaw Springs. On the front is a portrait of General Greene, in profile. the legend reads: "Nathanieli Greene Egregio Duci Comitia Americana — The American Congress to Nathaniel Greene, the distinguished leader". On the reverse side is the figure of Victory landing on earth, and stepping upon broken weapons and a shield. The inscription reads: "Salus Regionum Australium — The Safety of the Southern Department," and the exergue reads: "Hostibus Ad Eutaw Debellatis Vlll Sept. MDCCLXXXI — The Foe conquered at Eutaw, 8th of September 1781". LT. COL. JOHN EAGER HOWARD Lt. Col. Howard (1752-1827) was awarded a Congressional Medal for his heroic actions during the Battle of Cowpens. The medal depicts a mounted officer with sword in hand in pursuit of a fleeing enemy with victory descending in the background. It is inscribed: "John Eager Howard, Legionis Peditum Praefecto ComitiaAmericana—The American Congress to John Eager Howard, Commander of a regiment of Infantry". The reverse is inscribed: " Quod In Nutantem Hostium Aciem Subito Irruens, Praeclarum Bellicae Virtutis Specimen Dedit In Pugna. A.D. Cowpens, 17th January 1781 — Because, rushing suddenly on the wavering line of the foe, he gave a brilliant specimen of martial courage at the battle of Cowpens, January 17th 1781." COMMODORE JOHN PAUL JONES The front of the Congressional Medal presented to Commodore Jones (1747-1792) has a relief of him, said to be an excellent likeness, and the inscription: " JOHANNI PAULO JONES, CLASSIS PRAEFECTO COMITIA Americana —The American Congress to John Paul Jones, Commander of the Fleet". On the reverse a naval battle is depicted with the words: " Hostium Nauibus Captis Aut Fugatis Ad Orum Scotia XXIII Sept. MDCCLXXVIII — The ships of the enemy having been captured on the coast of Scotland, 23 September 1779". COLONEL HENRY (LIGHT HORSE HARRY) LEE Congress awarded Col. Henry Lee a medal for his victory at Paulus's Hook. On the front of the medal is a profile engraving of Col. Lee. The legend reads: "Henrico Lee Legionis Equit. Praetec. Comitia Americana —The American Congress to Henry Lee, Colonel of Cavalry”. On the reverse is inscribed within a wreath the legend: “ Non Obstantib Flumunubus Vallis Astutia Virtute Bellica Parva Manu Hostes Vicit Victosq. Arms Humanitate Devinxit In Mem Pugn, Ad Paulus Hook Die XIX Aug. 1779 — Notwithstanding rivers and intrenchments, he with a small band conquered the foe by warlike skill and prowess, and firmly bound by his humanity those who had been conquered by his arms. In memory of the conflict at Paulus Hook, Nineteenth of August 1779". GENERAL DANIEL MORGAN The Congressional medal presented to General Morgan (1736-1802) was for his extraordinary leadership and tactics he employed at the Battle of Cowpens. The victory he attained in that engagement was the precursor of the final battle, Yorktown. The medal has the following devises and inscriptions: An Indian queen with a quiver on her back, crowning an officer with a laurel wreath; his hand is resting upon his sword. In the background is a variety of military equipment. The inscription reads: "Daniel Morgan. Duce Exercitus Comitia Americana — The American Congress to General Daniel Morgan". On the reverse side: A mounted officer leading his troops in a charge against a fleeing enemy. In the foreground, hand-to-hand combat between a dismounted dragoon and a foot soldier. In the background a fierce battle. The inscription reads: "Victoria Libertatis Vindex —Victory, the protector of Liberty". On the bottom: "Fugatis, Caper Aut Caesis Ad Cowpens, Hostibus, 17th January 1781 — The foe put to flight, taken or slain, at Cowpens, January 17th, 1781". MAJOR JOHN STEWART On the front is an Indian Princess (representing America ) presenting a palm branch to Major Stewart. Her left hand is resting on the American Shield. The legend reads: "Joanni Stewart Cohortis Praefecto, Comitia Americana — The American Congress to Major John Stewart". On the reverse side is a fortress. In the foreground an American Officer cheering on his men who are following him over the enemy's abatis. The inscription reads: " Stony Point Oppugnatu, XV Jul. MDCCLXXIX — Stony Point attacked 15th of July 1779". Major Stewart was one of the key officers in the attack on Stony Point and was awarded this medal for said gallantry. GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON The medal presented to General Washington was for his victory over the British in Boston. The front of the medal depicts General Washington, in profile, and the legend says: "Georgio Washington, Supremo Duct Exercituum Adsertori Libertatis Comitia Americana — The American Congress to George Washington, Commander-in-Chief of its armies, the assertors of freedom". On the reverse: A mounted George Washington and his staff overseeing the British evacuating Boston while the American troops enter the city. The legend says: " Hostibus Primo Fugatis — The enemy for the first time put to flight". The exergue under the devise reads: "Bostonium Recuperavium XVII MARTH MDCCLXXVI — Boston recovered, 17th March 1776". COLONEL WILLIAM WASHINGTON Col. Washington (1752-1810) was awarded a Congressional Medal for his gallantry in leading a decisive cavalry action at the Battle of Cowpens. The medal is inscribed: "Gulielmo Washington Legionis Equitum Praefecto Comitiaamericana — The American Congress to William Washington, Commander of a regiment of Cavalry." On the reverse side: "Quod Parva Militum Manu Irenue Prosecutus Hostes Vitrutis Ingenitae Praeclarum Specimen Dedit In Pugna A.D. Cowpens, 17th January 1781 — Because, having vigorously pursued the foe with a small band of soldiers, he gave a brilliant specimen of innate valor in the battle of Cowpens, 17 January 1781". MAJOR GENERAL (MAD) ANTHONY WAYNE The medal awarded to Major General Anthony Wayne was for his victory at Stony Point. On the front side of the medal is the representation of a crowned Indian Queen, with a quiver on her back, and wearing a short feather apron making two presentations to General Wayne. With her right hand she is presenting him a wreath of victory; in her left hand a mural crown. Over the figures is the legend: "Antonio Wayne Duci Exercitus" and beneath "Comitia Americana — The American Congress to General Anthony Wayne". On the reverse of the medal is a depiction of the fort on Stony Point. It shows the troops storming the fortification. The inscription reads: "Stony Point Expugnatum , XV, Jul. MDCCLXXIX — Stony Point captured July 15, 1779". (1)John Paulding was born on October 16, 1742. He had been captured by the British and escaped just prior to the Andre capture. It was recorded that he was wearing a Hessian coat at the time, hence could have led to Major Andre's being caught off guard. Paulding died on February 18, 1818 and was buried with full military honors at St. Peter's Church near Peekskill, New York. A 13-foot-tall monument was erected on the site in 1827. (2) lsaac van Wart (1760-1828). He died on May 23, 1828 and was buried with full military honors at the Presbyterian Cemetery at Greenburgh, New York, near Tarrytown. A monument was erected on the site in 1819 by the citizens of Westchester County. (3) David Williams was born in Tarrytown, New York on October 21, 1754. He enlisted in the army in 1775 and served under General Montgomery at St. John's and Quebec. He continued in the militia until 1779. He was not in the regular service when he helped capture Major Andre. He died in Broome on August 2, 1831 and was buried at Livingstonville, New York. (4) Two of these medals are displayed by the New York Historical Society. (5)The "Book of Merit" has never been found.	<urn:uuid:0fe925cb-801b-4963-b989-6f7d4f5d0fab>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41", "url": "http://www.revolutionarywararchives.org/medalsandawards.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657126053.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011206-00247-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9698503017425537, "token_count": 5408, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3 }
> I would like to throw out something for discussion that I see may become > an issue within the lifetime of many here. > I remembered reading > an interesting article on quantum computers which had said that quantum > computers could possibly prove the many-worlds hypothesis in physics. At > the time,I could not find the article. I finally found it. It was from and Joel Cannon replied: > 1. I am not familiar with the article (and at the start of a semester > will not become familiar with it). However, the statement that a > quantum computer that worked successfully would requre acceptance of > the many-worlds seems dubious. You are being too kind. I would say that the statement was just plain wrong. > What is needed to provide evidence is a > situation where the two pictures provide conflicting > predictions. Since the yet-to-be-built computer operates using the > equations of quantum mechanics which are common to any interpretation, > a one-world situation would give the same answer. Exactly right. Bell is rightly praised for being clever enough to think of an experiment in which "standard" quantum mechanics and local hidden-variable theories gave different predictions. As far as I know, the standard "Copenhagen" interpretation, the many-worlds interpretation, and various non-local hidden-variables interpretations all give the same predictions for experiments. This quantum-computation example is no different. The "10^500 computations" claim is a canard, as two real-world analogies should illustrate. You can build an "analog computer" (with capacitors, resistors, inductors, amplifiers) to solve certain differential equations much faster than the fastest digital computers. Not long ago, someone solved a combinatorics problem by very clever application of organic chemistry --- allowing the molecules to sort through all possible combinations faster than a computer could. In both cases, it's not a question of "computing power," it's a question of cleverly designing a physical system to mimic a difficult mathematics problem. If someone knows of a proposed experiment where the many-worlds interpretation REALLY makes a different prediction from the standard interpretations, I'd be very interested. George Murphy intriguingly wrote: > 1) Other proposals have been made for experiments to support the Many > Worlds Interpretation (MWI) of quantum theory. E.g., David Albert's > "How to Take a Photograph of Another Everett World", pp. 498-502 in > Greenberger (ed.) NEW TECHNIQUES AND IDEAS IN > QUANTUM MEASUREMENT THEORY (NY Academy of Sciences, 1986). Thanks for the reference. If you have a summary lying around, could you e-mail me a copy? Thanks. Quantum theories of mind have always struck this physicist and neuroscientist as (o.k., now I'll use the word) dubious. But let's assume for the moment that the brain uses quantum principles for self-awareness. Let's also give many-worlds interpretation the benefit of the doubt. Even granting these two, we still don't know whether or not really important personal decisions are ANYTHING at all like a "quantum measurement." So, IMO, those intriguing questions about the theological implications of "many-worlds decisions" take us beyond science-and-faith into fantasy-and-faith --- a topic which I (like J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Glenn, and George) think is worth pursuing occasionally, just so long as we know where we are. Loren Haarsma, who usually isn't this didactic, really.	<urn:uuid:b03e56ca-7852-48d9-98f7-d5ef5f44bbd5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18", "url": "http://www2.asa3.org/archive/asa/199608/0151.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860116878.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161516-00056-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9377622008323669, "token_count": 810, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3 }
Surge in electric cars could strain energy grid, warns EU agency The large scale roll-out of electric cars on EU roads will help fight climate change but more electricity will have to be generated to power the vehicles which, the European Environment Agency (EEA) has warned, could have its own impact on global warming. The European Environment Agency this week said that larger numbers of electric vehicles will not be enough to make to the transition to a low-carbon economy. The EU’s transport sector still depends on oil for 94% of its energy needs. The reductions in carbon dioxide emissions in road transport gained from the scaling-up of electric vehicles would outweigh emissions caused by the continued use of fossil fuels to generate the extra power needed to keep the cars on the road, the EEA said in a report. But in countries where more electricity is generated through polluting fossil fuels, the environmental benefits will be lower, according to its analysis. EU initiatives to boost renewable power generation and greater energy efficiency could lessen emissions caused by the extra electricity generation needed to run the cars. “Electric vehicles powered by renewable energy sources can play a bridging role in the EU’s plans to move towards a greener, more sustainable transport system, and in meeting its goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80‒95% by 2050,” said Hans Bruyninckx, EEA executive director. “However, larger numbers of electric vehicles will not be enough for the shift to a low-carbon economy. Other problems such as growing demand for transport and congestion remain and need to be addressed as well,” he added. The shift to a low-carbon economy is vital if the EU is to meet its European and international climate commitments. World leaders in Paris last December pledged to limit global warming to less than two degrees above pre-industrial levels. EU environment ministers meet in Brussels today (30 September) in a bid to secure bloc-wide agreement to ratify the Paris Agreement next month. The EU ratification will take the deal over the global emitter threshold needed to bring the landmark climate deal into force. The EU’s part in this global effort is based around its 2030 target to cut greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, by at least 40%. It aims to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 80‒95% by 2050. Reaching both targets will only be possible if the EU’s transport sector can be decarbonised. Transport is the only sector in the EU where greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise— industry and housing, for example, have both cut their carbon emissions levels. The European Commission promised a 60% cut in transport emissions by 2050 compared to 1990 levels. Although sales and the use of electric vehicles are increasing, they still only make up 0.15% of Europe’s car fleet and only 1.2% of total passenger car sales in the EU. The EEA research modelled a scenario when electric cars have an 80% share of the EU fleet in 2050. That would bring a net reduction of 255 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2050, or about 10% of the estimated total emissions of the year. A larger number of electric cars will increase electricity consumption, raising their share from 0.03% in 2014, to 9.5% by 2050 under the 80% scenario. The EEA said that it would be crucial for the road transport and energy sectors to work closer together to manage the additional stress on the grid, and ensure policy and investment decisions are coordinated. The Commission’s flagship Energy Union strategy looks to better incorporate renewables into the EU power grid, while putting “energy efficiency first” in a bid to lessen dependence on imports and fight climate change. The Commission’s low-emission mobility plan concedes that meeting electricity demand could be a challenge at peak times. As part of Energy Union, the Commission is working on a proposal for electricity market design. That should make it easier to integrate electro-mobility into the system by incentivising charging at times of low demand. It also looks to encourage consumers to generate their own power by, for example solar panels on their roofs. This energy could be used to power electric cars, reducing the strain on the grid. Extensive infrastructure investment with more public car charging points and increased power capacity will be needed. That is recognised in the European Commission’s strategy on low emissions mobility, which was published in July this year. It calls on member states to design policy frameworks for the roll out of electric recharging points by November this year. Customer awareness campaigns are also backed in the plan. EU leaders have agreed to boost the share of renewables and energy efficiency by 27% by 2030. After the Paris Agreement, that commitment is due to be hardwired into an EU bill. Forthcoming energy efficiency legislation from the European Commission is expected to propose a 30% efficiency increase to reflect the ambition of the Paris Agreement. The European Parliament is pushing for 40% and both MEPs and the Council will ultimately have to agree an identical text before the goal becomes law. The executive has also vowed to make the EU the world number one in renewables, and is also trying to reform its carbon market to incentivise industry to cut emissions. But huge challenges remain, not least in terms of finance both in infrastructure investment and research and innovation. The Commission is hoping to harness the power of capital markets to incentivise sustainable investment through its Capital Markets Union strategy. This article first appeared on EurActiv.com, an edie content partner	<urn:uuid:629b67d3-4fb9-41e2-8e82-e3b85747acc6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "https://www.edie.net/news/6/Surge-in-electric-cars-could-strain-energy-grid--warns-EU-agency/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512750.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020121719-20181020143219-00476.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.949609637260437, "token_count": 1149, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3 }
A DRUNKEN row was played out for shoppers to encourage them to think about their drinking. Pedestrians on New Street looked on as a street theatre performance highlighted the damaging effects of excessive drinking. The short play was arranged by NHS Kirklees to mark the launch of its Think About Your Drinking campaign. Health chiefs say parents should consider how their drinking affects their children and family. They say parents who drink regularly or drink too much in one sitting can end up behaving differently around their children, such as having a short temper, being forgetful or not having the energy to deal with day-to-day tasks. The street theatre performance saw a couple arguing about their social lives and how boozing was impacting on their kids. As people looked on Kirklees officials handed out fliers with tips about recognising the symptoms of over indulging. The fliers had a scratch card quiz on one side to help people identify if they were over-doing it and also included tips on how to prevent hangovers and avoid headaches. Dr Judith Hooper, director of public health for NHS Kirklees and Kirklees Council, said: “This campaign is an important way to raise the issues around drinking and encourage parents to think about their drinking habits. “Many believe that regularly having a few glasses of wine or a couple of pints is fine. “The reality is that not only can it increase the risks to health but it can also affect the way parents deal with everyday life and in particular their children. “Research shows that children learn about drinking from their parents and family from a young age, and notice what is being drunk and how much. “Put simply, the more you drink as a parent, the more likely it is that your children will drink too. There’s more about the alcohol campaign on www.thinkaboutyourdrinking.com or join the drink debate at Facebook.com/boozeandviews	<urn:uuid:5ea83766-8e91-402c-be61-4f032222f093>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/nhs-kirklees-urges-parents-urged-4961725", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122174.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00249-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9792434573173523, "token_count": 404, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
Concentration (A Memory Game) (Pages 3-4) Students take turns choosing two cards at a time. If they match the picture to the word they keep the cards, if it is not a match then they lay them back down. Build a Word (Pages 5-10) Fold on the dotted line to hide how to spell the word and secure with paperclip. Students will look at the picture and use either magnet letters or letter cards to build the hidden word. After they make the word, they can open the flap and check if they made it correctly. Words for the Week (Pages 11-13) These are words that are used throughout the packet and can be posted in your room for students to reference. Word Sort (Pages 14-16) Students will sort the words and record them. Write the Room (17-21) Place the word cards around the room. Students will take their recording sheets and find and record all the words. Assorted Worksheet Activities Cut and Paste Word Sort (Page 22) Word Scramble (Page 23) Picture/Word match (Page 24) Read, Trace, and Write (Page 25) ABC Order (Page 26) Sentences (Page 27) My “”ie & “y” Book! (Pages 28-29) Students will choose an “ie” & “y” word and write the word on the line at the top of the page, draw a picture of it, and use it in a sentence. Roll-a-Word (Pages 30-31) Students will roll a dice. The number they roll is the word family they will use to record an “ie” & “y” word.	<urn:uuid:fbb878eb-0edf-4ff9-abff-f80b2980b26f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/ie-and-y-long-e-sound-Word-Work-Packet-1845666", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948539745.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214035620-20171214055620-00313.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8770003914833069, "token_count": 374, "score": 3.796875, "int_score": 4 }
A hen lays an unusual egg. When it hatches, the chick has one leg, one eye, and one wing. The other side is perfectly flat. He is named Medio Pollito, meaning half-chick. Unlike the other chicks, Medio Pollito wanders off from his mother to explore his surroundings. He longs to travel to the big city to visit the king’s palace. The other farm animals insist he cannot make it to the city, but his mother encourages him that he can do whatever he puts his mind to. As Medio Pollito travels, he helps water, fire, and wind. They each promise to assist him if he ever needs it. Medio Pollito arrives at the city successfully, but unfortunately, he is deceived by the royal cook. Water, fire, and wind each help him escape. To satisfy his desire to see the city, the wind carries Medio Pollito to the tallest spire on the grandest cathedral in Madrid. The wind continues to visit him and bring him news of home while the people of the city look to him to know the direction of the wind. He still stands there today as the finest weather vane in the whole city. Why I Chose It: Medio Pollito: A Spanish Tale is a beautiful story of overcoming obstacles. Despite Medio Pollito’s physical limitations, he does not put a limit on his aspirations. He follows his dreams. Along the way though, he helps others in need. Ultimately, he becomes the most famous chick in the land. This well-written and vibrantly illustrated picture book is a must read! Medio Pollito will inspire both those with physical (or other) limitations and those without them.	<urn:uuid:d5d5c5fb-9e04-4a9f-9b69-7c462264e02a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "url": "http://books4learning.blogspot.com/2010/11/story-summary-hen-lays-unusual-egg.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517917.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212192750-20171212212750-00475.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.974493145942688, "token_count": 356, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3 }
- 1 Should You Use Timelines In Your Presentations? - 2 How To Use SmartArt To Make A Timeline In PowerPoint - 3 How To Create Timelines Manually In PowerPoint - 4 Final Words On How To Make A Timeline In PowerPoint In this article, I’m going to teach you how to make a timeline in PowerPoint. When presenting a list of events in a sequential or chronological order, it’s best to do so using a graphical representation, also known as a timeline. You can also use text, of course, but when presenting a timeline in PowerPoint, it’s more preferable to use a visual representation as it makes it easier to follow a chain of events from the starting point until the endpoint. Should You Use Timelines In Your Presentations? Many PowerPoint presentations can benefit from the use of timelines. Here are some examples: - If you’re a history teacher, you can present a timeline of whatever historical event you’re discussing in class. - If you’re a project manager, you can present a timeline of milestones, deadlines, and deliverables for your project. - For startups looking for investor funding, you may want to include your product or project’s timeline so potential investors can see if it’s worthwhile getting involved with your company. There are plenty of uses for a timeline, and it’s ultimately up to you if you’re going to use one in your presentation. Now, there are a couple of different ways you can make a timeline in PowerPoint. Let’s start with the first, and easiest, method. How To Use SmartArt To Make A Timeline In PowerPoint SmartArt is great for making timelines in PowerPoint because whenever you add a new point in the timeline, the diagram is going to automatically adjust and resize. This means you don’t have to manually drag and resize your timeline. In all honesty, this can be a very time-consuming process especially if you’re working through a lot of dates or milestones. So here’s how to use SmartArt for timelines: - Go to Insert > Illustrations > SmartArt. - The Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box will then pop-up. Usually, the SmartArt graphics used for timelines are in the Process You can play around and go through the different graphics to see which one best suits your needs. You can see below that I’ve clicked on the Basic Timeline graphic. You can see a description on the lower right section of the screenshot that PowerPoint gives you a description of what each SmartArt graphic is best used for. - Once you’ve selected a suitable SmartArt timeline, click the OK For my example, I chose to go with the Basic Timeline graphic. This is what it looks like on my slide. - You can simply click on the [Text] box and start typing your text. For this example, I chose to write Milestones 1 to 3 on the timeline. - If you want to add more milestones or dates, you can do so by going to SmartArt Tools > Design, and then clicking on Add Shape. But before you do that make sure you’ve selected or clicked on one of the shapes so you can choose if you want to add the additional shape before or after the shape you’ve clicked on. - This is what happens when I add more shapes to my timeline. To edit the text easily, I type in the Text Pane instead of on the timeline graphic itself. - If you want to add a bullet point under each milestone, you can click on the milestone and then go to SmartArt Tools > Design > Add Bullet. Note that if you don’t click on the milestone first, the Add Bullet button is not going to be clickable. - If you’d like to customize your timeline’s look, you can go through the different settings in the SmartArt Tools tabs Design and Format. For instance, if you’d like to change the direction of the arrow, you can click on the Right To Left button. Here’s what it looks like: If you’d like to change the layout, you can go to the Layouts section in the Design tab. Here’s what I changed my arrow SmartArt graphic timeline to: If you’d like to change colors, go to SmartArt Styles, then click on Change Colors. You can easily change the way your timeline graphic looks. But, at the end of the day, it’s still going to look familiar to many people who’ve been exposed to PowerPoint timelines. Don’t get me wrong, SmartArt is a great tool for making timelines quickly. However, like I mentioned above, the downside is that your presentation is going to look a lot like millions of other PowerPoint timelines. How To Create Timelines Manually In PowerPoint If you care about good design and standing out from the crowd, then you should consider creating timelines manually. This is going to take you a bit longer, but if you’re aiming to impress your audience, this is the way to do it. Here are a few tips to get you started: 1. Get Inspiration There are plenty of places on the Internet where you can get ideas on how to create a great looking timeline. Timeline infographics are particularly useful because these are often designed by creative designers. You can go on Pinterest and browse through millions of graphics submitted and shared by members. Here’s what my search for ‘timeline infographic design’ on Pinterest gave me. 2. Use PowerPoint Templates Templates are awesome because they give you a head start on creating great looking timelines. Now, there are two kinds of templates: free and premium. Most premium templates include a couple of slides dedicated to timelines. Here’s an example premium template on GraphicRiver. The bestselling template there is called Motagua, and you can see from the screenshot below that their timeline template looks vastly different from PowerPoint’s SmartArt graphics: 3. Use Vector Graphics For visually enticing timelines, you should use vector graphics as these are fully scalable and can be resized without pixelating. Here are a few sites where you can download free vectors: Freepik, VectorStock, and Vector4Free. 4. Use Animations And Slide Transitions Don’t show your timeline all at once. Instead, you should show only the first point, talk about it a bit, before proceeding to the next point. Using animations will help get your point across and will keep your audience’s interest as well. Final Words On How To Make A Timeline In PowerPoint Timelines are a powerful way of conveying sequential information such as important historical dates or future project milestones or deadlines. If you don’t have a lot of time and you need to come up with a timeline fast, PowerPoint’s SmartArt graphics is a tool you can use to quickly come up with a nice-looking timeline. However, if you have a bit of time or maybe a budget for premium PowerPoint templates, then you’re not limited to using SmartArt. With imagination and some inspiration, you can create stunning timelines that will impress everyone in the room.	<urn:uuid:555108f6-fbe5-4e41-a1df-e766840b11bc>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://24slides.com/presentbetter/how-to-make-timeline-in-powerpoint/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823710.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212000955-20181212022455-00338.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.870171844959259, "token_count": 1519, "score": 3.328125, "int_score": 3 }
This painting shows a theatrical view of a snowshed in winter, lit by the sun on the edge of the horizon, at the vanishing point of the picture. If the composition seems too picture-postcard perfect for reality, it is because it very likely did not exist exactly as depicted. The painting was completed by Washington Friend (1820-1886). Friend is a perfect example of the artist as showman in the 19th century. He created exhibitions of his own work, for which he charged significant entry fees, and it was very much his intention to overawe the viewer. That said, Friend had a strong interest in railways and rail engineering projects. He wrote a guidebook to Canada and the United States, and in it he waxed poetical at some length on the marvel of Montreal’s Victoria Bridge, which was under construction when he visited in 1851. While there, he obtained a loan of engineering plans for the bridge, and may well have also seen plans for snowsheds of the type depicted here. The location of the snowshed in this watercolour is currently unknown; however if it is based on a real location, it is likely in Quebec or Ontario, as Friend’s travels did not extend much farther west than Niagara Falls.	<urn:uuid:88f39bc6-e0aa-403d-826b-17f57e2244dd>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "url": "https://royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/collections/ties-bind-canada-des-liens-qui-unissent-notre-pays/object/nptac-lac-04", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665976.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113012959-20191113040959-00103.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.988389790058136, "token_count": 263, "score": 3, "int_score": 3 }
The working-class history of the Republic of Costa Rica Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives and does not presume to validate their accuracy or authenticity nor to release their copyright. - Workers Bear Brunt of Banana - By Néfer Muñoz, IPS, 9 September 2000. Companies in Costa Rica have placed the burden of their economic woes, triggered by low international prices, on the shoulders of the workers. The Coordinator of Banana Unions of Costa Rica (Cosiba) said companies were taking advantage of the current situation, in which the government is going easy on them, to crack down on trade unions and silence workers' demands.	<urn:uuid:79f48ad4-05e4-46bb-b3f8-e6548c25aafd>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "url": "http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/47/index-gd.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299236.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00185-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8932541608810425, "token_count": 150, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
As a champion of the black labor movement, Ted Brown worked closely with Martin Luther King, Jr., throughout the civil rights movement. The two men became particularly close when Brown became president of the American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa in 1962. Throughout the 1960s, Brown and King collaborated on projects supporting African liberation struggles and an end to apartheid in South Africa. Born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1915, Brown worked his way through college as a porter. He studied at Columbia, received his BA from Northwestern, and earned a certificate from Harvard Business School in 1944. In 1946 he joined the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and was appointed editor of the Brotherhood’s magazine, Black Worker. Brown quickly became the protege of A. Philip Randolph, and Randolph recommended him for the position of assistant director of the civil rights department at the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) in 1956. In his position at the AFL-CIO, Brown mobilized African American workers around labor and civil rights issues. He encouraged collaboration between the AFL-CIO and King’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference, recognizing that the only organizations to boast more African American members than the trade unions were churches. In 1958 Brown supplied King with a detailed paper on African Americans in the trade union movement for King’s book Stride Toward Freedom. King incorporated several paragraphs of Brown’s paper in the book, acknowledging his contribution in the preface. Brown was the secretary for the Negro American Labor Council (NALC), and when he was dismissed from the AFL-CIO in 1961, he believed it was because of his support for the NALC. Several months later King wrote a letter of reference for Brown, praising his ‘‘unswerving devotion to the ideals of American democracy … and his intellectual ability’’ (King, 12 June 1961). After leaving NALC, Brown became president of the American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa, where King was a committee member. In 1969 Brown was appointed special assistant to the director of the information staff at the United States Agency for International Development. He served as the agency’s special assistant on Africa from 1973 until 1977. He died in 1983 at the age of 68. Introduction, in Papers 4:32. King, Stride Toward Freedom, 1958. King to R. Sargent Shriver, 12 June 1961, MLKP-MBU.	<urn:uuid:f13085df-5af6-4ee0-9ae8-1067a07f9fd9>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27", "url": "http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_brown_theodore_edward_1915_1983/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095373.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00096-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9750936031341553, "token_count": 506, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3 }
Personal genomics: UK users' and clinicans' experiences of direct-to-consumer genetic testing ‘Direct-to-consumer genetic testing’ (DTCGT), also known as ‘online DNA or genetic testing for health’, is now easily purchased online. These tests are promoted as enabling individuals to be more actively involved in their health screening and make life-style choices for a healthier future based on a DNA test. However, there are concerns that these tests may not currently be clinically useful and that people may make health-related decisions on the basis of poor quality information, without the professional healthcare support that is associated with conventional genetic testing in the NHS. Little is known about people’s experiences of online genetic testing in the UK, how its benefits and risks are experienced by people who buy these tests, or the views of genetics professionals who may counsel them about the results. This PhD student research project aims to find out why people buy online DNA tests for health screening reasons, how they understand the test results and what impact it has on them and their family. The research will also establish how geneticists help people who have bought a genetic test online and what they think the impact of these tests are on the consumers and NHS services. The research findings will be used to suggest the possible implications for the NHS of this personal approach to health screening. The researcher will interview members of the public who have bought an online DNA test for health information, and genetics professionals who have counselled people who have bought an online DNA test. For more information about the project, please read the Information Sheet and Consent Form (links on the right of this page) which outline what you would be required to do if you participate in this research study. You can also e-mail Teresa Finlay (PhD student) on [email protected] for further information. Interested in Participating? If you have bought/had an online DNA test for health screening, are a UK resident of 18 years or older, and are interested in taking part in this study please read the additional information (see links on the right of this page) and then email [email protected] The study is supported by Cesagen and the ESRC, and is being conducted by a PhD student at Cardiff University School of Social Sciences. The project is being supervised by Professor Adam Hedgecoe and Dr Michael Arribas-Ayllon.	<urn:uuid:5aac5660-0b95-44e1-9c5f-f28d16e33ff0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "url": "http://www.cf.ac.uk/socsi/research/researchprojects/personalgenomics/index.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447769.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00340-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9599926471710205, "token_count": 502, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
“Garcia Mata plays the rhythm of the conga in the body of the mulatto dancer, who lifts her left arm as she does the kick-step. She wears a sensual typical dress and is accompanied by a group of six musicians. The painting beautifully represents when Afro-Cuban music became main-stream, and a representative of Cuban culture at large.” – Alfredo Triff, Musician and Art Critic Evelio Garcia Mata (1903 – 1984) specialized in painting country scenes and animals. He participated in many shows and won numerous awards. He founded the Cuban fine arts association Sociedad Cubana de Bellas Artes. La conga was created by Evelio García Mata during a time when the international success of Cuban music was making huge strides in creating national pride. Prior to being commissioned to undertake this work, García Mata had been one of the only Cuban artists that had chosen to specialize in depicting animals. Hence, this painting became an acclaimed exception to his usual works. The conga, a popular Afro-Cuban dance consisting of a three-count pulse and a kick-step, had become widely popular in the late 1930s, as dancers formed long conga lines that weaved through dance floors. It also became a great component of social interaction as it permeated all barriers of society. It was enjoyed as a street dance during carnivals as much as during the most sophisticated high society parties. This painting, clearly influenced by the art deco style that had become so prevalent in Cuba during the1920s, is not meant to represent a realistic scene but rather a symbolic one. Decorative elements found in the murals and stage designs of the time are noticeable. As are the presence of some technical resources, such as the gold color used for the banana-like big leaves in the background, not commonly used in straight painting. García Mata plays the rhythm of the conga (a feminine noun) in the body of the mulatto dancer, who lifts her left arm as she does the kick-step. She wears a sensual typical dress and is joined by a group of six musicians. The painter stresses harmony between dancers and musicians. Even those that are playing their instruments are also taking part in the dance. García Mata’s vision is optimistic: the scene takes place in an idyllic setting, among palm trees. The painting beautifully portrays a moment when Afro-Cuban music became part of mainstream Cuban society and a representative of Cuban culture at large. 22 x 45 Memorabilia	<urn:uuid:55244955-ad8e-430e-b319-6677de88de24>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://www.cubaocho.com/product/la-conga-by-evelio-garcia-mata/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528869.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723043719-20190723065719-00253.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9839985966682434, "token_count": 526, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3 }
Elihu Root, (born Feb. 15, 1845, Clinton, N.Y., U.S.—died Feb. 7, 1937, New York, N.Y.), American lawyer and statesman, winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1912. Root received his law degree from New York University in 1867 and became a leading corporation lawyer. As U.S. attorney for the southern district of New York (1883–85) he came into close contact with Theodore Roosevelt, then a leader in New York Republican politics, and became Roosevelt’s friend and legal adviser. As secretary of war in President William McKinley’s (and, after McKinley’s assassination, Roosevelt’s) cabinet (1899–1903), Root worked out governmental arrangements for the former Spanish areas then under U.S. control as a result of the Spanish-American War. He was the primary author of the Foraker Act (1900), which provided for civil government in Puerto Rico. He established U.S. authority in the Philippines and wrote the instructions for an American governing commission sent there in 1900. He also effected a reorganization of the U.S. Army, established the principle of rotation of officers from staff to line, and created the Army War College in 1901. Root left the cabinet in 1904 but returned as secretary of state the following year during Roosevelt’s second term and remained until 1909. On a tour of South America (1906) he persuaded Latin-American states to participate in the Second Hague Peace Conference, and he negotiated agreements by which Japan undertook to control its immigration to the United States and to arbitrate certain kinds of disputes. With the Japanese ambassador to the United States, Takahira Kogoro, Root negotiated the Root-Takahira Agreement (1908), under whose terms Japan promised to respect the Open Door Policy in China. Root also concluded treaties of arbitration with more than 20 nations. Later, as chief counsel for the United States before the Hague Tribunal, he settled the controversy between the United States and Great Britain over the North Atlantic coast fisheries. For these and other contributions to peace and general world harmony he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. From 1909 to 1915, as a Republican senator from New York, Root sided with the William Howard Taft wing of the party. After the outbreak of World War I in Europe, he openly supported the Allies and was critical of President Woodrow Wilson’s policy of neutrality. He was a leading Republican supporter of international law and served on the commission of jurists that established the Permanent Court of International Justice (1920–21). President Warren Harding appointed him one of four U.S. delegates to the International Conference on the Limitation of Armaments (1921–22). In his later years Root worked closely with Andrew Carnegie on programs for international peace and for the advancement of science.	<urn:uuid:29ce5929-4523-489c-97f4-3b3902dab05a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elihu-Root", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170521.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00524-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9654435515403748, "token_count": 592, "score": 3.453125, "int_score": 3 }
Prairie Restoration Provides Hope, Optimism for Resiliance in the Face of Climate Change - posted on: July 22, 2017 - posted by: Robin Crowder We’re pleased to share another guest blog post by Alex Greene. Alex is an ecologist and prairie enthusiast who has been working on the restoration of the Glendon Biofilters with Puget Sound Prairie plants at 21 Acres. Venture on the farm and see this special work. After the work last summer and fall to remove invasives and plant the Glendon biofilters with native Puget Sound prairie plants, we have been seeing some great results! The two camas species planted from bulbs (giant and common) nearly all flowered and have now gone to seed. Additional camas from seed also germinated well but will not flower for another year or two. The early blue violets from containers have likewise come and gone, not to be seen again until next spring. We have also observed good establishment of other plants, especially the Roemer’s fescue, goldenrod, and yarrow and are keeping our eyes open for others. This year, we experienced the wettest winter and spring on record, resulting in delayed germination of many species, including regional food crops. This likely also washed away some seeds in our prairie restoration. To mitigate this, we had covered parts of the site with leftover cover cloth from the farm, with some results. Seed predation may have disproportionately affected some species, with a spectrum of potential culprits including insects, rodents, and birds. Geese also frequented the site this spring, with their propensity to munch succulent young plants right down to the ground. If only we could harness their skill and dexterity to selectively remove invasives! It is interesting to note that wetter winters and springs, followed by hotter summers with longer periods of drought are predicted for this region with climate change (from a recent analysis by Mote and Salathe of the over 20 separate climate models run under the auspices of the IPCC 4th assessment). The extent of change varies with different emission scenarios, a good reminder that changes we make right now can still have a big difference on the extent of the problems we will face in the future. The plant communities of Puget Sound prairies are uniquely adapted to tolerate wet winters and dry summers. Plants like camas and fescue take good advantage of the spring rains to grow and produce seed before the dry season hits. Could climate change present an opportunity to expand the range of this now rare ecosystem? Historically, similar assemblages of plants extended all the way up the coast into BC. Records do not exist that accurately define the historical extent of prairies in the Northwest, since they were so rapidly converted to agriculture by the first settlers. It may be that the time of the prairie will come again. The benefits to land and wildlife, along with the potential to sequester carbon in stable and resilient systems, are compelling arguments in their favor. Tallgrass prairies in the Midwest have been shown to sequester carbon very effectively, and it would be fascinating to learn the extent to which this is true for Puget Sound prairies as well. The Puget Sound prairies are a connection with the both the past and future. We see history though ethnobotany and an appreciation of how the native inhabitants of this area sustainably curated the land to provide the resources that they needed. In the same prairie, we can see the future in its resilience in the face of climate change. — Alex Greene	<urn:uuid:4de2e081-9073-41d4-9207-e03f3c6b2520>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://21acres.org/21-acres-blog/2017/07/prairie-restoration-provide-hope-optimism-for-resiliance-in-the-face-of-climate-change/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347432521.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603081823-20200603111823-00294.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9515954852104187, "token_count": 738, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3 }
The two main minerals here are quartz and orthoclase feldspar. Biotite occurs as an accesory in this sample (we defined accesory minerals as those making up less than 2% of the rock). A blade of biotite can be seen near the middle of the above photo. Quartz is the darker grayish glassy mineral, while orthoclase is the creamy gray mineral that makes up most of the rock. (I think I remember ID'ing sphene or some such from this outcrop at some point, but I didn't see any in my scan over this sample)The reddish stains are probably from weathering of the biotite. So graphic granite is a pegmatitic granite with a very distinctive texture. The quartz and orthoclase crystallize out in a series of (more or less) parallel lathes. Looking perpendicular to the axis of the lathes, there is a peculiar columnar texture: And a close-up (a crop from the above smallified image): Looking down the axis of the lathes, on the other hand, the quartz looks like small cuniform marks on the rock- hence, like writing: graphic. 1610, "traced" (implied in graphical), from L. graphicus "picturesque," from Gk. graphikos "of or for writing, belonging to drawing, picturesque," from graphe "writing, drawing," from graphein "write," originally "to scratch" on clay tablets with a stylus. (From here) As an aside, "graphite" is also from the same root. In the above picture you can see the graphic texture- note fingers for scale. The texture is even more clear in the picture below. In the below crop from the full-size picture, you can see the cuniform-like patterns that the quartz crystals form. You can also see clearly that the orthoclase is the major component of this rock. I will try again when we get some sunshine; I couldn't really capture it with the flash. If you look back at the close-up picture of the quartz-orthoclase lathes, you can see that one of the quartz lathes branches from the lower right to the upper left. So in the upper left, even though the two areas of quartz are separated, crystallographically they are continuous! That is, it's all the same mineral grain. You can really see this with the orthoclase: as you tilt it back and forth, all of the cleavage surfaces of that mineral glint at the same time. About 90% of this rock is made of two enormous, intertwined and intergrown mineral grains! So, yes, this is a pretty extreme rock... a "graphic" granite indeed. This was collected just south of Denio Junction, Nevada. An oblique view to the southeast in Google Earth shows the hillside; the road is route 140. This is about 4.7 miles south of the junction. (note the yellow pin marking the general area. Pin location in GE is 41.875615° -118.597880°. Actually the outcrop is fairly extensive, and this is unnecessarily precise.)And in map view, Denio Junction is at the 3-way intersection to the west of the irrigation circles. Very nice pair of photos here, including one of a graphic granite polished as a cabochon. This site also reminded me of the term perthitic, which I was trying to recall last night, but the texture didn't show up well enough in the photos to mention. Wonkish piece on experiments regarding the crystallization of this rock here. So there's my first "Friday Fragment," which I hope is a fairly regular feature highlighting bits and pieces of our wonderful planet's corpus.	<urn:uuid:6dec69e1-eac0-4894-b0f7-c87a2095d162>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://outsidetheinterzone.blogspot.com/2009/01/friday-fragment-graphic-granite.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462232.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00132-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.94439697265625, "token_count": 790, "score": 3.484375, "int_score": 3 }
If your doctor says you need more protein, rather than dig your fork into that 12 ounce T- bone, take a minute to learn more about where protein comes from and why it is so important. Everyone, and certainly those who have been diagnosed with cancer, must consume adequate calories and appropriate amounts of protein for cellular regeneration. After all, if you don't make enough red blood cells you will feel weak and tire easily and if you don't make enough white blood cells you will have a tough time fighting off even the mildest of colds. The word "protein" comes from the Greek root meaning "of first importance". Indeed, protein is needed for every cell in the body and is critical for nutritional well being. The key is determining how much protein you need. Too much protein may tax the kidneys and too little protein may lead to malnutrition. Most healthy adults need between 45 and 60 grams of complete protein per day, which should account for 10 to 15 percent of their daily caloric intake. Adjustments may need to be made for specific disease states. Check with your nutritionist to see what your protein requirements are. Protein can be divided into two groups: complete and incomplete. Complete proteins have all essential amino acids in the correct proportion for growth. Sources of complete proteins include dairy products, eggs, fish, fowl and meats. Incomplete protein, otherwise known as low quality protein, lacks one or more of the essential amino acids or contains them in the wrong proportion for growth. Sources of incomplete proteins include beans, grains, fruits, nuts and vegetables. If you combine two types of incomplete proteins, they can become complementary to each other, creating a complete protein in the process. These complementary proteins are formed by combining legumes and grains, legumes and nuts or seeds and nuts or seeds and grains together. Should you choose to consume animal products for their protein content, try and purchase products derived from organically fed, hormone free animals. Plant based proteins should be organic as well. Along with being the only plant based complete protein, soy has many other cancer fighting characteristics, including being a good source of calcium, acting as a phytoestrogen and promoting antiangiogenesis. So, instead of ordering that steak, how about asking for a veggie burger? Guide to complementary proteins Combing two or more plant proteins to obtain high quality protein depends on matching the amino acid strengths and weaknesses of individual foods. Nuts, seeds and grains are generally low in lysine and relatively high in tryptophan and sulfur-containing amino acids. In general, legumes are good sources of lysine and poor sources of tryptophan and sulfur- containing amino acids. Sample menu items - Legumes + seeds and nuts: - Navy bean soup with sesame crackers - Peanut butter toast with sunflower seeds - Trail mix of peanuts, raisins, sunflower seeds - Legumes + grains and cereals: - Baked beans and brown bread - Split pea soup and a sandwich - Red beans and rice - Pintos and corn bread - Peanuts and pretzels - Animal + vegetable protein: - Macaroni and cheese - Vegetable lasagna - Peanut butter toast and soy milk - Cheese sandwich - Tuna noodle casserole - Baked beans and veggie hot dogs - Plant protein food groups - Nuts and seeds group: - Grain group: \|wheat (bulgur, wheat germ, sprouts) also, flours and cereals made from these grains by Kim Dalzell, PhD, RD, LD Excerpt from: Challenge Cancer and Win!	<urn:uuid:04bfe2f4-3433-49f8-ae52-6c03b03d233f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "url": "https://www.cancercenter.com/community/nutritional-support/all-about-protein/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812758.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219171550-20180219191550-00264.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9209350943565369, "token_count": 764, "score": 3.46875, "int_score": 3 }
The future of the airship did not go down with the Hindenburg. A new generation of these magnificent flying machines is about to be used for communications, military surveillance and more. Niall Firth reports. The residents of Akron, Ohio are very excited. As the birthplace of the blimp, the fortunes of this small town have always been inextricably linked with the airship industry and for its citizens the heady days of the airship boom must seem a long way off. So the recent announcement that the gigantic deserted airship hangar on the outskirts of the city was to be used to build an airship again for the first time since the 1960s certainly came as welcome news. In December last year Lockheed Martin received a $150m (£80m) contract from the US Missile Defence Agency to return to its historic home in Akron and construct a next-generation airship that could operate at extremely high altitudes. More than 25 times larger than the famous Goodyear blimp, the High Altitude Airship ( HAA) will provide the US military with overlapping radar coverage from far above the jet stream. It is estimated that just 11 of these giant airships could provide surveillance of the entire US coast and southern border crossings. Ron Browning, business development director for persistent surveillance systems at Lockheed, is in charge of the HAA project and is overseeing the major refurbishment the old airship hangar in Akron required after 40 years out of action. The building of the HAA will begin some time in the next two years, he estimated, with its first flight pencilled in for late 2009. ‘There are a number of applications for the HAA but fundamentally it provides persistence at high altitude, so multi-missions including both surveillance and communications stand out as options,’ said Browning. The prototype is a massive non-rigid (with no internal frame) 430ft airship with a staggering volume of 100,000m3. To put it into context, the largest previous airship, also built by Lockheed, was a mere 40,000m3. The plan is for the prototype to remain in position at around 60,000ft for 30 days but Browning believes that in the future this time could be lengthened considerably. However, to even get to this prototype stage a number of engineering challenges that are peculiar to both flying at high altitude and airships must be overcome. ‘The key to the design is understanding the loads that the airship will have to tolerate both at altitude and on its way up to the stratosphere,’ said Browning. At the same time, one of the most crucial aspects when building any airship is minimising its weight and so these two fundamental aspects had to be integrated into the final HAA design, according to Browning. ‘We looked for a high-strength, low-weight flexible composite, and then added further layers for strength and still more for impermeability and weather protection. We need it to be able to endure the environment at altitude and still be as light as possible.’ Lockheed engineers spent a lot of time and effort working on the flexible material for the HAA, finally plumping for a multifilament polymer composite based on Vectran, an advanced thermoplastic material that is five times stronger than steel. One of the challenges posed by using conventional fuel in an airship that must remain stationary over long periods of time is mass-management. The more fuel that’s burned, the more it is extremely tricky to calculate the small movements necessary to keep the airship relatively stationary. To counter this, the HAA will be an all-electric vehicle with four propulsors with electric motors that power four large propellers, each of which is highly manoeuvrable to give pitch and yaw control over the airship. To generate power a thin film of sophisticated but robust photovoltaic cells will be applied to the outside. Browning expects that although the initial test flights will be remotely operated from the ground, the system will gradually evolve to encompass an increasing level of autonomy. With the caveat that airships will never completely replace high-altitude unmanned aeroplanes such as Northrop Grumman’s Global Hawk, Browning outlined the advantages of airships over other aircraft: ‘Unmanned aircraft can currently last for one or two days at the most, so straightaway a high-altitude airship gives you significantly better persistence. An airship is also a great deal less expensive than planes and especially satellites,’ he said. In Europe, while the benefits of a high-altitude airship platform are well known, things are coming along rather more slowly. Since the sad decline of the Advanced Technology Group’s plan for the Sky Cat airship (The Engineer, 8 August 2005) research has largely concentrated on the individual technologies that could operate at high altitude. Some of these, such as high-altitude broadband networks, are seen as able to provide a real alternative to satellite connections for a wide variety of applications. To this end, a consortium of research organisations and industry including BT are working together on the Capanina project led by Prof David Grace from York University’s department of electronics. The project team’s latest test flight took place in October in Sweden, when they flew a large 12,000m3 free-floating helium balloon into the stratosphere to trial a range of new technologies that would be needed for providing wireless communication from the stratosphere. The team worked on antennas, as well as testing video downloading capabilities with a server installed on the balloon itself. One of the key technology demonstrators in the project was an experimental multi-directional system known as free space optics which is designed to provide a high data rate for simultaneously receiving and transmitting signals to and from a base station on the ground far below. ‘The free space technology is an important step,’ said Grace. ‘Developing the pointing, acquisition and tracking technologies will be crucial if this idea is to succeed in the future. The more directional you make your beam the further it can travel and the higher data rate it can carry, but the more difficult it becomes to point and track it.’ Grace believes there is a tremendous possibility for growth in high-altitude platforms and that a future balloon could provide wireless access on-board trains to broadband internet and also cover events like the Olympic Games. A high-altitude platform, as well as fulfilling obvious military applications as the HAA does, could also be used in disaster relief efforts. Eventually it could carry multicast technology that may include high-definition television, he said. But there is one major hurdle severely hampering the development of stratospheric communications technologies in Europe: we have got nothing to carry it up there yet. Until this rather considerable problem is solved, Europe’s ambitions will remain resolutely stuck on the ground. For its recent tests the Capanina team had to use a balloon that it borrowed from the Swedish Space Agency, which had only limited station-keeping capabilities and no on-board motor. ‘The lack of a platform remains a massive problem. The communications technology is coming along very nicely but we are all desperate for a platform and we need the aeronautical industry to take this seriously. While Lockheed is getting nearly $150m (£80m) to fund its HAA there is sadly nothing of the sort happening in Europe,’ said Grace. There is no easy answer to this problem either, suggested Grace, as he foresaw a number of technical challenges that will cause problems in the development of a high-altitude platform. The main one is likely to be developing materials and systems that are robust enough to survive at that altitude for long stretches of time, particularly the damaging impact of solar radiation. Back across the Atlantic it is possible that a US firm, Sanswire, could have the answer as it prepares to launch its own version of a high-altitude airship: the Stratellite, designed to be stationed at 65,000ft. Stratellite’s developer hopes that it will then remain in place to an accuracy of one GPS co-ordinate, providing seamless wireless coverage over approximately 300,000 square miles. With the first Stratellite technology demonstrator due to be launched from Edwards Air Force Base next month Sanswire is currently well ahead of Lockheed in its development of a high-altitude platform. At 126ft, the Stratellite is considerably shorter than the HAA but the major difference between the two is that the Stratellite is a rigid airship, rather than the more balloon-like HAA. Sanswire’s president, Bob Jones, questioned Lockheed’s decision to base the HAA on a non-rigid design. He pointed to potential problems that occur when helium leaks through material because of the small size of the individual gas molecules. ‘The traditional non-rigid design is a mistake because it means that the envelope itself has to be extremely thick to retain the helium,’ claimed Jones. ‘The Japanese in their work on airships have found that already. Those types of non-rigid balloon-type airships are fine at low altitude but even then the helium has to be reconditioned regularly. Lockheed will find the same.’ The Stratellite demonstrator will test Sanswire’s photovoltaic solar cells as well as the batteries that will store the generated energy and a variety of different electric motors. The Stratellite is equipped with a sophisticated on-board computer that runs the airship’s guidance and navigation system, allowing it to run autonomously or be remote controlled from a control centre on the ground. This computer system also automatically monitors the level of power that has been generated and distributes that power to the Stratellite’s different subsystems as required. Proving Grace’s earlier assertion that the weather conditions at high altitude pose the biggest challenge to stratospheric platforms, Sanswire used CFD analysis and wind tunnel testing to aid in the airship’s design as well as developing a specialised composite fibre to coat the airship, specifically designed to minimise helium loss. ‘Our airship is an advanced rigid design, using an extremely lightweight envelope and very lightweight materials such as carbon composite rods in the structure to give a strong but light vehicle,’ said Jones. ‘One of the biggest challenges is getting the airship through the jet stream safely so it must be strong.’ Inside the Stratellite the difference with the HAA becomes clear. A network of criss-crossing carbon composite frame beams effectively compartmentalise the individual bags that contain the helium. According to Jones, the Stratellite is the only airship that uses this internal design and with its series of individual helium balloons the risk of gas leaking is greatly minimised. According to Jones, the environment in the stratosphere poses a number of problems for airships, especially if they are expected to stay there for long periods of time. ‘At 65,000ft it is extremely cold which will affect the battery while at the same time the engines have to be kept cool, because they can easily overheat at that height,’ said Jones. ‘We have put a lot of developmental work into cooling the engine and particularly the photovoltaic cells because they can reach 160-180o C.’ Sanswire has developed a unique proprietary cooling system that is built into the solar panel to keep it cool. Many of the broadband wireless technologies that the Stratellite will use are being developed by Sanswire’s parent company Globetel at its German base, which works with the University of Stuttgart. Within the next month some of these will be tested on-board one of NASA’s high-altitude aircraft which are capable of reaching altitudes of up to 65,000ft. Jones and his team have grand ambitions for the Stratellite and he dreams of providing a national wireless broadband network using a fleet of airships. However, possible future applications for the Stratellite also extend to areas such as border control and battlefield surveillance as well as climate research. For those who thought the future of the airship went down with the Hindenburg, it would seem the tide is finally turning back in favour of this most graceful of vehicles, as the next generation of airship begins to take shape. Meanwhile, back in Akron, the town is still buzzing. For Don Plusquellic, the town’s mayor, this rebirth of the blimp is fantastic news. ‘The airships are back and it’s thrilling,’ he said.	<urn:uuid:17ade01c-bd31-403e-9b6b-e28e40e015ca>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "https://www.theengineer.co.uk/the-blimp-reborn/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206042636-20211206072636-00544.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9568571448326111, "token_count": 2626, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3 }
סמינר מחלקתי בגאוגרפיה וסביבת האדם: שימוש במודלים מבוססי סוכנים לחקר בריאות הציבור Dr. Yonatan Almagor, University Glasgow The world is currently struck by the COVID-19 pandemic that rapidly spread around the globe, causing millions of hospitalizations and deaths. The impact of the pandemic is clearly reaching far beyond the challenge it poses to health systems, with large scale social consequences to livelihood, inequality, mobility, education, mental health and civil unrest, among many others. The pandemic highlights the complex interactions between public health and other elements of human society. Furthermore, it indicates that the study of public health problems necessitates the investigation of human society as a complex system, where public health itself can be conceptualised as an emergent outcome of the system. Unhealthy behaviours such as tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and the harmful use of alcohol and drugs, all increase the risk of non-communicable diseases, which account for 71% of all deaths globally. These behaviours are shaped by multiple factors influenced by individual-level traits and behaviours, as well as interactions with the social, physical and economic environments. Exploring these problems from a complex system perspective emphasises a shift from isolating the causal effect of a single factor to comprehending the functioning of the system as a whole. The traditional assumptions of linearity, independence and reductionism may not be sufficient for analysis in this case, and should be complemented with non-linearity, dynamic interactions and emergence. One of the methods used for investigating complex systems is agent-based modelling (ABM). ABM is a computational method that allow us to represent heterogeneous individuals interacting with one another and with the environment, based on a set of behavioural rules. Such models enable us to study: the tangled web of causal relationships among environmental, physical and social factors affecting health-related behaviours; simulate the effect of possible policy interventions; identify key factors; and test theories. In this talk, I will present ABM and its relevance to public health issues, illustrate examples, and discuss the challenges they pose and opportunities they offer. Dr Jonatan Almagor is a researcher in MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, where he researches issues in public health. He previously worked as a researcher at the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine at the Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical-center, investigating the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. He received his PhD from Porter School of Environmental Studies at Tel Aviv University, where he explored urban dynamics. מרכז הסמינר: פרופ' יצחק בננסון	<urn:uuid:b15e679b-7059-44fa-8845-2076fbec6398>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "https://exact-sciences.tau.ac.il/events_geography_seminar_1_6_2021", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038916163.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419173508-20210419203508-00036.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8926419019699097, "token_count": 645, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
opinionBy Irene Mirembe According to the 2011 demographic and health survey, majority Ugandans are knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS, modes of HIV transmission, testing, counselling and how to live positively. Yet in the same breath, the HIV prevalence rate is not decreasing. Uganda has consistently created awareness through campaigns that has shown a tremendous impact in terms of people embracing HIV prevention methods. So as we celebrate World AIDS Day, we need to ask ourselves, how are we facing HIV as an individual, as partners, parents, leaders and what must we do to change the course of trends for the better. HIV remains one of the world's most significant health challenges, especially in developing countries. An estimated 1.8 million people die every year from the disease. However, due to advances in access to anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs), people living with HIV have a longer life span. ARV therapy prevents the virus from multiplying in the body. In Uganda, the availability of ARVs has not only changed the way people think about HIV, but also their lifestyles. People living with the virus are now facing it head on and seizing their second chance at life. However, we should also think of preventing HIV transmission by abstaining, being faithful to one sexual partner and getting tested regularly. So as we work towards this, we must ensure that we face HIV by achieving the following goals. Sexual transmission of HIV should be reduced by half. HIV mother-to-child transmission should be reduced by half by taking precaution during pregnancy through antenatal care. TB deaths among people living with HIV should be reduced by half. In addition, all people living with HIV and households affected by the disease should have access to essential care and support. But the good news is that we have seen a slight reduction in HIV infections among the youth. We should uphold this trend by continuously engaging the youth to lead their peers in the fight against HIV. If this can be achieved, then in the next decade we shall have an HIV-free generation. The writer is a public health communication specialist	<urn:uuid:066d422a-3e53-4fe6-92a5-e576a93c24ba>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "url": "http://allafrica.com/stories/201212010247.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826679.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00459-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9688162803649902, "token_count": 435, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
Wouldn’t it be great if you could lose weight by increasing the number of hours you sleep each night? While this isn’t literally true, new research has begun to uncover the critical connection between adequate sleep levels and optimum weight loss. Two recent studies have shown that getting adequate levels of sleep may be just as important as diet and exercise in terms of weight management. A study published October 5, 2010 in the Annals of Internal Medicine, found that, “Sleep curtailment decreased the proportion of weight lost as fat by 55% and increased the loss of fat-free body mass by 60%. This was accompanied by markers of enhanced neuroendocrine adaptation to caloric restriction, increased hunger, and a shift in relative substrate utilization toward oxidation of less fat.” In other words, when the subjects of the study got adequate sleep (around 8 hours), half the weight they lost was from fat. When they cut back on their sleep (to around 6 hours) only one quarter of their weight loss came from fat – the rest came from non-fat body tissues or what the study calls “fat-free body mass.” In addition, when sleep was less then optimal, the dieter felt hungrier and burned less fat. This was because they produced higher levels of a hormone called ghrelin, which triggers hunger and reduces calorie expenditure. The authors of the study note that higher ghrelin levels, “reduce energy expenditure, stimulate hunger and food intake, [and] promote retention of fat” among other things. Not really a great scenario if you are trying to lose weight. The study director, Plamen Penev, MD, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at the University of Chicago, states, “For the first time, we have evidence that the amount of sleep makes a big difference on the results of dietary interventions. One should not ignore the way they sleep when going on a diet. Obtaining adequate sleep may enhance the beneficial effects of a diet. Not getting enough sleep could defeat the desired effects.” A more recent study reinforces the connection between weight management and sleep. The paper, published March 29, 2011 in the International Journal of Obesity, suggests that if you want to increase your chances of losing weight, reduce your stress level and get adequate sleep. Nearly 500 obese individuals over age 30 from Kaiser Permanente in Oregon and Washington took part in the study. Eighty-three percent of the participants were women and a quarter of the individuals were over 65. The study involved two stages. During the first phase, the subjects were asked to lose at least ten pounds over six months. They attended weekly group counseling sessions, logged a food diary, exercised for a minimum of three hours per week, and cut 500 calories a day utilizing a low fat, low salt diet that contained generous amounts of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein. Only those that succeeded in losing 10 pounds moved on to the second stage of the study, which is looking at the usefulness of an acupressure technique vs other weight management strategies. Those results are not available as yet. In the first phase of the study, the research subjects were also asked to track levels of sleep and to report insomnia, stress, and depression levels. People with the lowest stress levels who also got more than six hours (but not more than eight hours) of sleep were most likely to lose at least 10 pounds. Within the medical field, our understanding of how poor sleep contributes to issues such as fibromyalgia, depression, chronic fatigue, and musculoskeletal problems is improving rapidly. Despite this, sleep problems continue to increase in many people’s lives due to several factors: our “always on” culture, the impact of aging, poor diet, family and relationship responsibilities, lack of exercise, work demands, and increasingly more invasive technology. Naturopathic physicians are uniquely positioned to be able to help deal with complex issues such as poor sleep, weight management, stress, and depression. We CAN make a difference. When it comes to challenges like these, we can all use a bit of support. As Steven Wright once reported, “When I woke up this morning my girlfriend asked me, ‘Did you sleep good?’ I said ‘No, I made a few mistakes.'”	<urn:uuid:e46bad69-ca6e-44d4-be41-52c26383e2ef>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://alpinevalleywellnesscenter.com/patient-resources/articles/weight-loss-sleeping-the-pounds-away/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371576284.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405084121-20200405114121-00076.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9625738859176636, "token_count": 889, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3 }
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- 0.1 Dependency is a Brain Disease that could be healed - 0.2 When people have habit forming behavior The Mind is Highjacked. - 0.3 This brain-based view of dependency has actually generated considerable debate, specifically among individuals that seem able to think only in polarized ways. - 0.4 Many individuals likewise mistakenly still believe that medication addiction is merely a failing of will certainly or of strength of character. - 1 Video: Rehabilitation in Mount Holly Dependency is a Brain Disease that could be healed A core idea advancing with scientific breakthroughs over the past years is that medicine dependency is a brain condition that creates gradually as an outcome of the initially voluntary behavior of using medications. (Medications consist of alcohol.). The effect is virtually irrepressible compulsive drug yearning, looking for, and make use of that hinders, otherwise damages, a person’s operating in the family and also in society. This clinical condition needs formal therapy. • We currently understand in great information the mind mechanisms whereby drugs really customize mood, memory, assumption, as well as moods. • Using drugs repetitively over time changes mind structure as well as feature in essential as well as long-lasting manner ins which can continue long after the individual stops using them. • Dependency transpires via an array of neuro-adaptive adjustments and also the lying down and also reinforcing of new memory connections in different circuits in the mind. When people have habit forming behavior The Mind is Highjacked. We do not yet know all the relevant systems, however the proof suggests that those long-lasting mind changes are in charge of the distortions of cognitive and also psychological working that identify addicts, especially including the obsession to use drugs that is the essence of addiction. It is as if drugs have actually highjacked the brain’s all-natural inspirational control circuits, causing drug use becoming the single, or at least the top, inspirational concern for the individual. Hence, the majority of the biomedical area currently takes into consideration addiction, in its significance, to be a brain condition:. This brain-based view of dependency has actually generated considerable debate, specifically among individuals that seem able to think only in polarized ways. • Many people wrongly still think that biological as well as behavior descriptions are alternative or completing methods to recognize phenomena, when actually they are complementary and integrative. Modern science has taught that it is a lot too simplified to establish biology in opposition to habits or to pit willpower against mind chemistry. • Dependency entails indivisible organic and behavioral elements. It is the ultimate bio-behavioral disorder. Many individuals likewise mistakenly still believe that medication addiction is merely a failing of will certainly or of strength of character. Research study contradicts that placement. Responsible For Our Recuperation. The acknowledgment that dependency is a brain disease does not indicate that the addict is just a hapless sufferer. Addiction starts with the volunteer habits of using drugs, and addicts need to join and take some substantial obligation for their recuperation. • Thus, having this mind condition does not discharge the addict of duty for his or her behavior. However it does describe why an addict could not merely stop making use of medications by large pressure of will alone. The Essence of Dependency. The entire idea of dependency has experienced substantially from imprecision as well as misunderstanding. In fact, if it were possible, it would be best to begin throughout with some new, much more neutral term. The complication transpires partly as a result of a now antiquated distinction between whether particular medications are “literally” or “psychologically” addictive. The difference historically revolved around whether dramatic physical withdrawal symptoms take place when a private quits taking a drug; just what we in the field currently call “physical reliance.”. • Nonetheless, Twenty Years of clinical study has shown that concentrating on this physical versus psychological difference is off the mark as well as a distraction from the actual problems. From both professional and plan viewpoints, it actually does not matter significantly just what physical withdrawal symptoms take place. • Physical dependence is not that vital, since also the significant withdrawal signs of heroin and alcohol addiction could now be easily managed with suitable medications. • A lot more crucial, a number of one of the most unsafe as well as addictive medications, consisting of methamphetamine and also split cocaine, do not produce really serious physical dependence symptoms upon withdrawal. What truly matters most is whether or not a medicine creates exactly what we currently recognize to be the significance of dependency, particularly. • The unmanageable, compulsive medicine craving, looking for, as well as usage, also when faced with negative health and also social repercussions. This is the core of how the Institute of Medication, the American Psychiatric Organization, and the American Medical Association specify dependency as well as how we all should use the term. It is truly only this uncontrollable quality of dependency that matters in the long run to the addict and to his/her family which ought to matter to culture as a whole. Thus, the majority of the biomedical area currently considers dependency, in its essence, to be a brain condition:. • A condition brought on by relentless adjustments in mind framework and feature. This causes compulsive food craving that bewilders all various other inspirations and also is the origin of the large health and also social issues connected with medication dependency. The Interpretation of Dependency. In upgrading our national discourse on substance abuse, we should remember this straightforward interpretation:. • Dependency is a mind disease expressed through uncontrollable habits. Both developing and also recovering from it depend on biology, actions, and also social context. It is likewise important to deal with the usual misimpression that drug use, misuse as well as dependency are points on a solitary continuum along which one relapse and also forth over time, relocating from individual to addict, then back to occasional user, after that back to addict. Professional observation as well as more official research study studies sustain the sight that, when addicted, the individual has removaled into a different state of being. Alcohol/ Medication Therapy Programs. Preserving this detailed bio-behavioral understanding of addiction additionally talks to exactly what should be offered in medication therapy programs. • Once more, we should take care not to pit biology against habits. The National Institute on Substance abuse’s lately published Concepts of Effective Drug Addiction Treatment provides a detailed discussion of just how we must treat all facets of the individual, not just the biological element or the behavior part. Similar to various other mind diseases such as schizophrenia and anxiety, the data reveal that the most effective medication dependency therapy comes close to take care of the whole individual, incorporating the use of medicines, behavior modifications, and also focus on required social solutions and also rehab. • These could consist of such solutions as family treatment to enable the person to return to successful family life, mental health and wellness services, education and also employment training, and also housing services. That does not imply, obviously, that all individuals require all components of treatment and all rehabilitation services. Another principle of reliable addiction therapy is that the selection of solutions consisted of in a person’s therapy strategy should be matched to his/her particular collection of needs. Moreover, since those requirements will undoubtedly alter during recovery, the array of solutions supplied will should be consistently reassessed and also changed. Video: Rehabilitation in Mount Holly	<urn:uuid:5f0407ac-73ab-4d94-a99b-34c7b4f4bccd>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "url": "http://www.phoenixofhickory.com/addiction-recovery-in-mount-holly-nc/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515088.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022134402-20181022155902-00320.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9488397836685181, "token_count": 1549, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3 }
With approximately 340 000 contaminated sites which likely require remediation according to the European Environment Agency (EEA), Miiro Jääskeläinen looks at the issues. Hans Bruyninckx, EEA Executive Director, said: "Managing contaminated land in Europe costs an estimated €6.5 billion per year. Much of this is paid by companies but there is also a high public cost. The largest cause of soil contamination is poor waste management, so preventing waste in the first place could reduce the burden on society." Because of the vast number of polluted sites requiring cleaning, the high cost of cleaning, and because remediation procedures themselves can be harmful to the environment, choosing the most effective, ecological and cost-efficient cleaning technology and method makes a big difference on a global scale. The Alternatives: In-situ, Ex-situ and Mass-transfer Generally, cleaning methods are categorized into in-situ, on-site and off-site ex-situ and into a traditional mass-transfer and landfill containment. Ex-situ remediation methods involve excavation of affected soils from its original location and subsequent treatment on-site or off-site as well as extraction of contaminated groundwater and further treatment at the surface. In-situ remediation methods mean treating the contamination in its original place, without removing the soils or groundwater from its original location. Within ex-situ and in-situ remediation, the contaminated material can be cleaned by several methods usually categorized by their treatment mechanism: physical, chemical, electrical, thermal and biological. Alternative categorization would be by the intended effect on the pollutant: degradation, collection, insulation or stabilization. Due to the complex nature of many polluted soils and contaminants, more than one remediation technique is usually required to reduce the total or available concentrations of targeted pollutants to acceptable levels. In addition to ex-situ and in-situ remediation methods, a more traditional remediation approach consists of mass-transfer methods. In the case of polluted land site, soil is excavated and disposed to a landfill and substituted with soil material from another location. If groundwater is polluted, the so called "pump and treat" method is commonly used to block contaminant transfer and spreading off site and gradually capture the contaminant from the pump and treat well system. Choosing the Optimal Method Once a site is suspected of being contaminated, an assessment of contamination is required. Many parameters will guide the selection of the remediation methods: the contaminants discovered, physical and chemical qualities of the contaminated media, historical use of the site, the materials used and produced on site and the result of the chemical analysis. Usually, the whole range of technologies and methods are available. However, many factors, not typically considered within contamination assessment, limit the selection of available remediation methods. Here are the most common road blockers for those more resource-intense remediation methods such as ex-situ and mass-transfer. High and Unpredictable Cost of Mass-transfer Soil excavation, disposal and containment to landfill is a fast method that provides often undisputable and easily determined results. However, it comes with a high, and at worst, an unknown price tag due to the costs associated with physical excavation, transportation of polluted soil out to a landfill and transportation of replacement fill back to the site. Dumping polluted material at a landfill is subject to high and rising admission fees and taxes. Consequently, remediating sites with large contaminated volumes using off-site ex-situ or mass-transfer impose a high cost. Furthermore, the exact volume to be excavated is not in many cases forecasted accurately in advance. As a result, the costs of excavation and transport may prove manifold compared to the original estimation. Disruptions on Business, Public Service and Infrastructures When the polluted soil, ground-water is situated for example under a road or a railroad track, at an airport, underneath an active industrial building or other type of civil infrastructure, remediation methods such as excavation are practically impossible to apply because of physical limitations, or because they could cause harm or even create a long-lasting disruption of traffic, business operations, or on other vital processes. In such cases, modern in-situ technologies and methods are the only possible treatment method as many can be applied without affecting surroundings. As an example, in 2015, the soil beneath a busy railway yard in Sao Paolo in Brazil was contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Remediation through ex-situ or mass-transfer was ruled out due to resulting disruptions on rail traffic. Eventually the site was successfully remediated using the electrokinetic oxidation method without interruption to daily rail operations. Environmental Protection Regulations Protected or conservation areas are regulated because of their recognized ecological or cultural values. Removing contaminated soil by excavation in such areas can be limited by regulations to avoid causing harm to surrounding health and environment values. In such scenarios, in-situ remediation methods remain the best options. In-situ solutions can be carried out with minimal environmental impacts including very low carbon footprint. Mass-transfer Disturbs, Creates Noise and Emissions Environmental remediation should be reconciled with the commonly-adopted objectives of lowering greenhouse gas emissions and operating in a sustainable manner. Mass-transfer remediation generates material disturbance to people, the environment and generates CO2 emissions. As an example, a remediation site with 10,000 cubic meters of soil produces roughly 16,000 tons of material which then requires 400 truck loads to be transported away and roughly equal amounts of truck loads back to the site. Societies need to move forward with soil and groundwater remediation procedures. In-situ remediation and site specific risk assessment procedures will greatly increase ecological and economical efficiency of environmental remediation in the near future. Miiro Jääskeläinen is a Project Manager at Eko Harden Technologies. His responsibilities are site assessment, remediation and monitoring design.	<urn:uuid:571bc32f-eabb-4d69-a3dc-da41cf8788d2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "url": "https://waste-management-world.com/a/340-000-reasons-to-choose-in-situ-remediation-instead-of-ex-situ-and-mass-transfer?utm_medium=RSS", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937045.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419204415-20180419224415-00097.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9261958003044128, "token_count": 1241, "score": 3.171875, "int_score": 3 }
How do you convey the horror without horrifying the kids? How do you help them see the inhumanity of the past and its effect on the present? How do you explain the unexplainable to a child when many adults can hardly bear to look? It’s a challenge. But remarkably, the Lee family plantation proved to be a place where teachers could dig deeper into the subject than, say, some academics tend to do when giving talks at progressive think tanks in Washington. A white fourth-grade teacher from Arlington, with 10 years of classroom experience, explained her approach to teaching the transatlantic slave trade: She said she made her students sit closely together on the classroom floor to simulate how Africans were tightly packed into slave ships. That did not sit well with some of the other teachers, especially black female educators. “If you want to illustrate how a packed slave ship looked, use a can of sardines, not our children,” one of them said sternly. Antoinette Dempsey-Waters, a black social-studies teacher at Wakefield High School in Arlington, said that using children for slave simulations can be “traumatic and hurtful.” She recommended using age-appropriate books, especially autobiographies of black people who triumphed over slavery, such as Frederick Douglass. The exchange between the teachers occurred during a presentation by Lauranett Lee, a professor at the University of Richmond, who was explaining how teaching about slavery can be used to develop empathy in younger students. The fourth-grade teacher had apparently been trying to do just that. But the approach, however well-intentioned, was misguided. That could be corrected. “That’s why we’re here,” Lee said, “to learn how to teach that hard history.” The teacher took the critique in stride. She said she would no longer use slave simulations and would find more appropriate teaching tools. An important lesson had come out of the spirited dialogue, said education psychologist John L. Johnson. He had come to Stratford Hall’s annual Summer Teacher Institute, something of a three-day boarding school for educators, to talk to teachers about the psychological consequences of slavery. “What we are dealing with is so vital and volatile that if people are going to teach it, they have to work through their own emotions first,” he said. In other words, teachers might want to know what kinds of comments about slavery will probably anger adults, preferably before broaching the subject with a classroom of anxious or insensitive kids. Teachers from throughout the country usually attend the institute, held this past weekend. But because this year’s topic was more localized — teaching about slavery in Tidewater Virginia — most of the 25 teachers were from Virginia and Maryland. They immersed themselves in study, attended lectures, participated in discussion groups, and developed strategies for dealing with the many themes that flow from U.S. slavery’s 250-year history.Interest in slavery, especially in the D.C. area, appears to have picked up considerably in recent years. Controversies over Confederate statues and symbols, a deadly white nationalist rally in Charlottesville, prominent universities such as Georgetown coming to grips with past profiting from the slave trade, the opening of the National Museum of African American History and Culture on the Mall — teachers say such events have students wanting to know more about the origins of racial conflict in the country. But teaching skills and materials haven’t always kept up with that interest. Johnson, who is also a member of the Virginia State Conference of the NAACP, urged teachers to contact the NAACP when they come across textbooks that mischaracterize slavery or black people in general. One such book in Texas referred to the slave trade as a kind of immigration program. A report on teaching slavery, released this year by the nonprofit Southern Poverty Law Center, found that only 8 percent of U.S. high school seniors could identify slavery as the central cause of the Civil War, 68 percent of the surveyed students did not know that slavery formally ended only with an amendment to the Constitution and only 22 percent of the students could correctly identify how provisions in the Constitution gave advantages to slaveholders. The D.C.-based nonprofit Teaching for Change has a list of age-appropriate books on the topic. The setting for the summer institute was as evocative as the topic, with the Lee family’s Great House set upon a 2,000-acre plantation, along with some of the cabins where enslaved people lived and a cemetery marker indicating where some were buried. When the plantation was operating at its peak in 1758, the Lee family owned about 220 enslaved Africans. “I think the power of place is important,” said Kelley Deetz, director of programming, education and visitor engagement at Stratford Hall. She prefers field trips to simulated slave experiences: seeing and touching artifacts, exploring the landscape “and imagining what life would be for those who lived there, looking at it from multiple perspectives.” John Bacon, president of Stratford Hall, said, “The teacher institute is one of the most important things we do to connect with teachers in the classroom and show what a historic site like this has to offer when it comes to educating about our history.” Teachers who participate deserve plenty of credit, too. One explained to the group why she, a white woman, felt teaching students about slavery was so important. “I teach in an area with a diverse population, but whites seem to be afraid of blacks and keep to themselves,” she said.“I don’t want to live in a society where ignorance of history leads whites to have unfounded fears of black people.” Said Johnson: “My impression is that the teachers who came [to the institute] are forerunners to progress — a type of teacher that is willing to grapple with something that nobody knows how to teach, in a country that has not yet begun to understand the profound impact of slavery.” To read previous columns, go to washingtonpost.com/milloy.	<urn:uuid:eaab7ade-0be4-445e-9863-2b74e0557b7e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/for-some-teachers-theres-no-better-place-to-learn-about-slavery-than-the-birthplace-of-robert-e-lee/2018/07/31/4187ad8e-94b8-11e8-a679-b09212fb69c2_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.b1a40a2c9a6b", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823817.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212091014-20181212112514-00391.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9670145511627197, "token_count": 1268, "score": 3.5, "int_score": 4 }
Here’s some algorithms and techniques that most game developers should be aware of when developing games for Flash, Director or other gaming tools (primarily 2d or fake 3d). A* (A Star) Painter’s Algorithm (papervision/software blitter) Isometric Projection aka Axonometric Projection aka Orthographic Projection (essentially lack of true perspective in 3d objects) Well versed in mathematics such as Trigonometry and Calculus If you want to make games, math is required. Wiki should only be a starting point. Sometimes the best way to understand something is to implemented it or try to implement it yourself. There are lots of samples and tutorials on the web regarding these but its always good to understand what makes it all work, usually that is math. Right after “42” it is the answer to Life the Universe and Everything. We will feature another set for primarily 3d games such as quaternions, matrix maps, transformation matrices , 3d projection and more! Over time we hope to have a tutorial for all 2d in flash and 3d techniques in papervision or 3d framework such as OpenGL or DirectX.	<urn:uuid:2522fa24-d2f7-4de0-b26a-f5fec8986599>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "https://drawk.wordpress.com/2007/04/29/game-devleopment-common-algorithms-techniques/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863043.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619134548-20180619154548-00375.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8335220813751221, "token_count": 251, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
This note explains the following topics: Basic Trigonometry, Applications to complex numbers, Applications to complex Geometry, Application to Planar Geometry, 3D Geometry and Trigonometric Substitution. was written with those teachers and students in mind who are engaged in trigonometric ideas in courses ranging from geometry and second-year algebra to trigonometry and pre-calculus. The lessons contain historical and cultural context, as well as developing traditional concepts and Crossfield, Charlyn Shepherd, Robert Stein and Grace Williams This book covers the following topics: Radian Angle Measurement, Definition of the Six Trigonometric Functions Using the Unit Circle ,Reference Angles, Coterminal Angles, Definition of the Six Trigonometric Functions Determined by a Point and a Line in the xy-Plane, Solving Right Triangles and Applications Involving Right Triangles, The Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions, The Inverse Trigonometric Functions, Solving Trigonometric Equations , Pythagorean and Basic Identities , Sum and This note explains the following topics: Foundations of Trigonometry, Angles and their Measure, The Unit Circle: Cosine and Sine, Trigonometric Identities, Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions, The Inverse Trigonometric Functions, Applications of Trigonometry, Applications of Sinusoids, The Law of Sines and cosines, Polar Form of Complex Numbers. describes the following topics: Angles, Trigonometric Functions, Acute Angles, Graphs of Sine and Cosine, Trigonometric Equations, Formulas, Complex Numbers, Trigonometric Geometry, Law of Sines and Cosines. The course aims at giving you a good understanding of trigonometry and its applications in everyday life. Topics covered includes: Trigonometric ratios, Bearings, Inverse of trigonometric ratios, Graph of trigonometric ratios, Trigonometric Identities and trigonometric equations , Solution of triangle and Angles of elevation and depression. The first six chapters of this book give the essentials of a course in numerical trigonometry and logarithmic computation. The remainder of the theory usually given in the longer courses is contained in the last two chapters. Author(s): John Wesley Young and Frank Millett Morgan is a book written by mathematicians H. S. Hall and S. R. Knight. This book covers all the parts of Elementary Trigonometry which can conveniently be treated without the use of infinite series and imaginary quantities. The chapters have been subdivided into short sections, and the examples to illustrate each section have been very carefully selected and arranged, the earlier ones being easy enough for any reader to whom the subject is new, while the later ones, and the Miscellaneous Examples scattered throughout the book, will furnish sufficient practice for those who intend to pursue the subject further as part of a mathematical education. This note is focused on the following subtopics: Trigonometric Functions, Acute Angles and Right Angles, Radian Measure and Circular Functions, Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions, Trigonometric Identities, Inverse Trig Functions and Trig Equations, Applications of Trigonometry and Vectors.	<urn:uuid:4183fa94-6982-4436-b3f5-cc29f9c67dfc>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://www.freebookcentre.net/maths-books-download/TRIGONOMETRY-NOTES-By-STEVEN-SY-Copyright-2006.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00601.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8578506708145142, "token_count": 727, "score": 3.421875, "int_score": 3 }
Washington: A research has indicated that looking older does not necessarily point to poor health. The research found that a person needed to look at least 10 years older than their actual age before assumptions about their health could be made. "Few people are aware that when physicians describe their patients to other physicians, they often include an assessment of whether the patient looks older than his or her actual age," said Dr. Stephen Hwang, a research scientist at St. Michael`s Hospital and an associate professor at the University of Toronto. "This long standing medical practice assumes that people who look older than their actual age are likely to be in poor health, but our study shows this isn`t always true." The study found that when a physician rated an individual as looking up to five years older than their actual age, it had little value in predicting whether or not the person was in poor health. However, when a physician thought that a person looked 10 or more years older than their actual age, 99 per cent of these individuals had very poor physical or mental health. "Physicians have simply assumed that their quick assessment of how old a person looks has diagnostic value," explains Hwang. "We were really surprised to find that people have to look a decade older than their actual age before it`s a reliable sign that they`re in poor health. It was also very interesting to discover that many people who look their age are in poor health. Doctors need to remember that even if patients look their age, we shouldn`t assume that their health is fine." The study, published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine.	<urn:uuid:2ef593eb-930d-4a3c-9bb5-69cfb67116c0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "url": "http://zeenews.india.com/news/health/health-news/looking-older-than-your-age-doesnt-imply-poor-health_9992.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209040.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814131141-20180814151141-00174.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9859167337417603, "token_count": 330, "score": 3.546875, "int_score": 4 }
Water is life. Cultures around the world equate water with healing and energy. People travel great distances to drink or bath in water from mountains, wells and springs that are imbued with special energy. Many people believe that water has the ability to absorb prayers, cleanse unwanted energy and bestow good medicine. Water has been used in countless sacred ways since ancient times through religious and spiritual blessings, for cultural cleansing rituals, and personal healing as a therapeutic tool. Water has been revered by people throughout history. Around the world and across different cultures, “water ceremonies” are performed to heal people, animals, and plants. It has been known for its healing properties. But aside from being the source of life and its therapeutic properties, did you know that water has memory? Everything around us is made up of energy, which can never be created or destroyed, but can be transmuted through intentional programming. Programming is something that can be done to any object. In fact, you may be unconsciously programming your objects already… All you need to do is focus specific thoughts and energy into your chosen object. So why program your water? Water is one of the most important things for the survival of all beings. The human body is made up of 70% water which makes it one of the best mediums for transmitting energy around our bodies because the properties of water are made to reach every cell and subatomic particle. Knowing this, we can use water intentionally as the mode of transferring energy and messages to the deepest levels of our DNA. According to Dr. Masaru Emoto, a Japanese researcher who became popular (especially in the world of alternative healing) for his work on water and energy, our vibrational energy, including our words, sounds, and even intentions (even including our thoughts and ideas), can affect the crystals of water. Whatever the water feels, hears, and sees stimulates its change in molecular structure as it copies, memorizes and carries information. In light of this discovery, we can say that water does have a memory. It has the ability to retain whatever it is exposed to. In his experiment, Dr. Emoto played music, displayed words, and said a prayer to the water while it was freezing, and when it was frozen, it formed crystal shapes unique to each stimulus. He found out that intricate and beautiful shapes were created when the music and words were loving and positive. In contrast, chaotic and incoherent patterns were formed when water was exposed to negative and harsh stimuli. But how is this finding relevant to us? In his book, The Hidden Messages in Water, Dr. Emoto wrote, “If we have a clear understanding of water, we will better understand the human body, and even unlock the mystery of why we were born.” That same water makes up 50 to 75 percent of our body. It transports energy and nourishment throughout our bodies. Hence, we can use our thoughts and words to create positive change in the water around us and even within us. Dr. Emoto’s research taps into a tangible aspect of energy healing. Our thoughts and actions release vibrational energies that have the same effect on water. For centuries, long before the existence of microscopes and Dr. Emoto’s findings, indigenous tribes in the Amazon have practiced singing to charge water with the intention of healing. Water is also used in different religions for cleansing, healing, and other sacred rites like baptism. They also utter words of prayer to bless and sanctify the water, making it holy. Look at these amazing photos of water crystals on Dr. Emoto’s official website, in their natural state, with music playing, when words are spoken to water, in sacred spaces such as churches and temples, and when water is prayed to. It goes to show how undeniably impressive water is—something that most of us have the privilege to access easily, and how much more it can be when it is embodied with the power of intention. Based on Dr. Emoto’s findings, water is sensitive and conducive to our vibrational energy, so we can affect change wherever there is water. We do not have to go to one of the world’s sacred waters to experience healing with water. With state of the art technology, we now have the ability to program water with specific healing frequencies. Through the work on Nicholas Tesla, the Biowell machine can accurately scan the bioenergy field. This can give us great insight into the functioning of our bodies, which areas are consuming too much energy, which areas are depleted of energy and the effect of our environment on us. Even more intriguing, is that it can give us information about the state of our chakras. Once this image is produced, the unit creates a very specific sound frequency that can be listened to through special headphones that create binaural beats. This sound frequency will then help the chakras return to a more normal state. The effect of this can be seen with before and after scans. Even more exciting, is that this sound frequency can be used to energize your drinking water. Each sip, brings you further into balance and harmony! If you would like to experience this phenomenon and jump start your healing journey, this certainly is a good path to follow. Sign up for your Biowell session on this link (in person appointments only) and remember to bring a bottle of water with you to get energized.	<urn:uuid:8a5e31c5-0206-4d3f-9e43-e63144cc8e65>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "url": "https://pranichealingtampa.com/the-power-of-healing-with-water-and-energy/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948867.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328135732-20230328165732-00749.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9677749872207642, "token_count": 1107, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3 }
Rainbow Ukulele extras Click on the titles to view/download. Do check out the classroom resources page as well. Many of the classroom pieces will work just as well with one player as with a class. A selection of 18 tunes (some original, some old classics) which introduce the notes in the same order as they appear in Rainbow Ukulele – starting with open strings G, C, E, A – but without the colours! Provides both extra repertoire and practice in reading ordinary black notes. See comments about Tunebook #1 above. A selection of 15 tunes to supplement Rainbow Ukulele Book 2 – again printed without the colours to help the pupil move seamlessly to reading ordinary black notes. This traditional Christmas melody (printed in “rainbow colours”) uses all the notes learned in Rainbow Ukulele Book 1 (C-C). Play it as a solo, or with a (simpler) duet part or with easy chords C, F, G7. Detailed notes for the teacher on how best to present and exploit the materials in the book. Including signposts to extra resources on this site. Detailed notes for the teacher on how best to present and exploit the materials in the book, and suggestions for alternative routes through the book depending on a pupil’s interests and abilities. An excellent interactive online resource for teachers and pupils working with the Rainbow Ukulele books and wishing to speed up note recognition on the stave.	<urn:uuid:8ad57bca-f7e2-4849-b4b1-67168d2a63ee>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "url": "http://www.ringingstringspublications.co.uk/rainbow-ukulele-extras/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400210996.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923113029-20200923143029-00595.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9216216206550598, "token_count": 304, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3 }
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) was initially described in 1921 and is probably the most common cause of an intermittent spinning sensation. The name of the condition is self explanatory, benign (not serious) paroxysmal (episodic) positional (consistently related to a change in position) vertigo (dizziness, a sense of movement, unsteadiness and commonly spinning). In BPPV a sense of movement is precipitated by certain head movements. This commonly occurs when getting into, out of, or rolling over in bed, bending and standing, or with neck extension. Such dizziness usually occurs within a few seconds though may sometimes not occur for up to 40 seconds. Dizziness, usually subsides within 10 to 20 seconds though sometimes may last for up to a minute. Symptoms always abate even when maintaining the position in which the dizziness was brought on. Sometimes the dizziness may recur when returning from the lying down to the upright position. Dizziness in this reverse situation usually lasts for a shorter period, usually seconds only. On lying down again, if this is what precipitates your symptoms, you will find that the intensity of the dizziness is less and neither does the dizziness last as long. Repeatedly lying down and sitting up results also in ever lessening symptoms. The cause of this condition relates to small particles of material within the inner ear detaching from one compartment and falling into a small semicircular canal that detects movement. The dizziness in this condition may follow a head injury with damage to the inner ear apparatus, or infections in the ear (eg. viruses) and ageing. In most cases, however, no cause is found. The natural history for this condition is for a spontaneous improvement in weeks or months but in some patients the condition persists unless treated. Drug therapy is not helpful. Treatment with physical exercises is aimed at moving the small particles of material within the inner ear out of the canal and into a chamber that is not sensitive to movement. This involves repeatedly putting your head into a position which will induce the symptoms as illustrated in the Epley or Semont Manoeuvres (see different headers). See also http://www.dizziness-and-balance.com/disorders/bppv/bppv.html for a more comprehensive and in depth discussion. This is reasonably easy to read with some patient friendly application.	<urn:uuid:93ab169c-ef6a-49e6-8829-cfe6a0a949bf>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://www.neurologytests.co.nz/Dizziness/Information+for+Doctors/BPPV+and+Treatment.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746301.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120071442-20181120093442-00309.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9390521049499512, "token_count": 499, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3 }
Founded in 1864 as the School of Mines, The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science is the nation’s third oldest engineering school. While Columbia Engineering is home to a long history of invention and innovation, New York City is arguably the world’s most impressive example of built environment, from skyscrapers to the subway system. There’s no better place to study engineering and applied science. Columbia Engineering offers an unparalleled breadth of majors and minors, professional-level courses, hands-on design projects, and research and internships both in New York City and around the world. Our students also get to engage in Columbia’s legendary Core Curriculum and can choose from over 20 liberal arts minors. We call it Engineering Plus, and it is a combination of resources you can’t find anywhere other than Columbia. Student Research at Columbia Engineering Students at Columbia Engineering have ample opportunity to engage in research during their undergraduate years. For example, many students will work with faculty on their research projects through the Student Research Involvement Program (SRIP). Examples of student research projects include: - Conducting x-ray and neutron scattering experiments on complex energy materials. - Developing novel biomaterials for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration. - Studying the deterioration and fracture mechanism in high-strength, low-carbon steel wires that are used in cable suspension bridges. - Modeling a blood-processing device to develop an artificial kidney. - Researching physics and chemistry at the single molecule level by using and developing improvements to an atomic force microscope and a scanning tunneling microscope. - Determining the molecular mechanism that bone cells use to sense and respond to changes in their mechanical environment to determine the role of specific proteins in mechanosensing. - Research of biophysical regulation of adult and embryonic stem cells, tissue engineering of functional grafts.	<urn:uuid:5288a8ec-f191-47b7-9f65-2ac7bd502c10>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/learn/academiclife/engineering", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425766.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726042247-20170726062247-00699.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9135624766349792, "token_count": 388, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
Researchers from Surrey University in England worked with the Netherlands Forensic Institute and Intelligent Fingerprinting to design a fingerprint test capable of detecting cocaine and other drug use (Burch, 2017; Johnston, 2017). The test is called “paper spray mass spectrometry” and works by analyzing two different molecules in fingerprints that are “excreted as a person’s body metabolizes drugs” (Burch, 2017). These molecules can still be seen in fingerprint tests after subjects have washed their hands. There is a specific kind of paper used to take the fingerprints and detect the molecules, and it has a 99 percent accuracy rate (Johnston, 2017). “This is a real breakthrough in our work to bring a real time, noninvasive drug-testing method to the market that will provide a definitive result in a matter of minutes—we are already working on a thirty-second method,” stated researcher Dr. Melanie Bailey from Surrey University (Burch, 2017). Dr. Bailey added that the test is “hygienic and can’t be faked—by the nature of the test, the identity of the subject, and their drug use, is all captured within the sample itself” (Johnston, 2017). While the test can detect other drugs such as heroin, researchers are unclear as to if it “could be used to reliably detect marijuana use, or whether it can indicate a level of impairment of just the presence of drugs in a person’s system” (Burch, 2017). The study was published in the journal Clinical Chemistry and can be viewed by clicking here Burch, K. (2017). New fingerprint test may revolutionize drug testing. Retrieved from https://www.thefix.com/new-fingerprint-test-may-revolutionize-drug-testing Johnston, I. (2017). Fingerprint test can tell if you’ve taken cocaine, even when you’ve washed your hands. Independent. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fingerprint-test-cocaine-use-detect-washed-hands-illegal-drugs-sweat-surrey-university-a7961821.html	<urn:uuid:17647125-efcf-4903-b247-42214d2da29a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "http://www.counselormagazine.com/detailpageoverride.aspx?pageid=1729&id=15032387153", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647584.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321063114-20180321083114-00615.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8962352871894836, "token_count": 468, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3 }
A Separate Peace: Social SterotypesThesis: The five main characters in John Knowles’ A SeparatePeace represent social stereotypes, according to somepeople. In his book A Separate Peace, John Knowles represents jocks withPhineas, a character who believes that sports are the key to life. Phineas ismore of a sportsman than a jock. Real jocks only care about winning, Phineasmakes sure it’s not possible for anyone to win or lose.Chet Douglas is an exaggerated prep, just like Phineas is anexaggerated jock. He is obsessed with learning just for the sake of learning.No real hardcore prep thinks that way! Chet Douglas lives in his owneducational world. He’s so absorbed in this alternate reality in which Calculushas a justified existence that he forgets what the school is trying to teachhim, and actually goes out and seeks more academia than what the school isalready shoving down his and everyone else’s throat. The standard prep is onlyconcerned with being on the top of the Honor Roll, so that everybody’s parentscan marvel at how smart (s)he is.There is one character that fits into no stereotype. “Leper” Lepillieris an individualist. Individualists are people who don’t conform to socialnorms just for the sake of being accepted by others. Real individualists arenot those people with blue and green hair you see on talk shows. Those peopleconform to a subculture, something that was less common during World War II.The real individualists of the world are quickly disappearing, as conformitybecomes more popular. I haven’t met any real individualists, so I can’t saywhether or not Knowles exaggerates Lepillier’s lack of stereotype.In modern society, there is pressure on individualists to conform tothe most prominent subculture in the local area (I think). Those who fail toconform become outcasts, like the character Quackenbush. Outcasts areridiculed so that they see themselves as inferior to everyone. In the book,Quackenbush tries desperately to find someone who he is not inferior to, andstarts a fight with Gene. While outcasts are created in the same way asQuackenbush, he reacts much differently to being an outcast than most outcastsdo. To the standard outcast, everyone is the target, eventually, not just a fewinferior people. Some people are self-obsessed. Gene would be a good example if he wasreal. Gene is overly obsessed with his own emotions, this is why we have to putup with all his garbage throughout the book. He is the type who would step overhis own mother (or shake his best friend off of a tree) to get what he wants.Since the time when this book takes place, new groups of people calledsubcultures have formed. Each subculture has its own social norms. They arelike a society within a society, and segregate the people even more than thesefive basic types of people did back in Knowles’ time.	<urn:uuid:179e8b52-d399-463f-92b9-75fa0b7aa904>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://edulearn14.org/a-separate-peace-social-sterotypes/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519984.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120085204-20210120115204-00476.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9543952345848083, "token_count": 667, "score": 2.65625, "int_score": 3 }
• Oracle ensures high level security by performing each transaction in isolation from others. The database management as well as user management of oracle is very effective • Provides data consistency as well as data concurrency. • Oracle database guarantees that the data returned by a single query is committed and consistent with respect to a single point in time. • Supports very large size databases. So it is very beneficial for multinational organizations having billion of records. • Oracle database ensures high level availability by providing solutions for fixing problems rapidly and minimize both planned and unplanned downtime. These solutions help enterprises maintain business continuity 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Room for Improvement: • Due to its high cost, oracle is not the first priority for the organizations having budget constraints. • A full time oracle Administration staff is always needed for the complex configuration of oracle. • After installation, oracle drains lot of memory causing slow performance of system • Oracle is not popular with open source code. MYSQL is a better option. Oracle is a powerful relational database management system that ensures high level security, consistency and data concurrency. Oracle architecture is split between the logical design and the physical design. This structure means that for large-scale distributed computing, the data location seems local and transparent to the user, allowing for a more modular physical structure that can be added to and altered without affecting the activity of the database, its data, or users. The sharing of resources in this way allows for very flexible data networks whose capacity can be adjusted up or down to suit demand, without degradation of service. It also allows for a robust system to be devised as a single point failure can’t bring down the whole database across a network. Disclosure: I am a real user, and this review is based on my own experience and opinions. Feb 02 2013	<urn:uuid:30e5813d-04e5-4ca6-9948-e213218c44e8>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "https://www.itcentralstation.com/product_reviews/oracle-database-review-23494-by-it_user3876", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601628.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121074002-20200121103002-00047.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9280818104743958, "token_count": 379, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
Great Resources for Teaching from the April 2009 YES! Education Connection Newsletter Read the newsletter: Who Makes Your Food? Here’s an array of colorful, practical, and compelling materials that you can use not only in your classroom but also in your professional and everyday life. Food Stamp Challenge Imagine having only three dollars a day to spend on food. The Food Stamp Challenge asks you not to wonder but to try living on the average food stamp allotment for one week. Originally taken by members of Congress, the challenge aims to raise awareness about the difficulties of staying healthy on a meager budget and about the importance of the Farm Bill, which funds the Food Stamps program. Whether you would like to take the challenge or find out more, both the Hunger Task Force of Milwaukee and the Food Research and Action Center (FRAC) offer excellent resources. In addition to past participants’ blogs, the Hunger Task Force provides a daily log to track your eating and spending while taking the Food Stamp Challenge. FRAC provides a toolkit for taking the challenge and catalogues media coverage of challenge activities. SEE WEBSITE :: Seafood Watch Maybe you avoid fish laced with mercury, or perhaps you try to eat only local shellfish. But do you really know which seafood is best for you and the environment? Seafood Watch, a program of the Monterey Bay Aquarium, provides general and regional seafood guides. The guides not only give you basic information on a variety of seafood, such as market names and where and how fish are caught, but they also offer ratings of best choice, good choice, and avoid. Seafood Watch has terrific resources on fish farming and responsible fishing, as well as tools to help you spread the word about sustainable and healthy seafood. Seafood Pocket Guides (a selection of pocket guides is also available in Spanish): Want to share this information with your students and others? Seafood Watch offers a comprehensive toolkit of reference materials about making seafood choices that are good for you and good for the ocean. The kit includes handouts, fact cards, and downloadable videos.	<urn:uuid:050346dc-1da7-4403-a6b8-a38293c0ec71>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://www.yesmagazine.org/for-teachers/curriculum/connect-and-engage-food-stamps-and-seafood", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174167.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00306-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9432170391082764, "token_count": 430, "score": 3.6875, "int_score": 4 }
IPCC calls for climate mitigation to prevent 'serious disruption to human activities' New UN report should 'act as a basis for real action to deal with the challenge of climate change', says IPCC chair. Rajendra Pachauri, the chair of the UN's intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC), visited the European parliament to present the findings of the panel's fifth assessment synthesis report (SYR). The IPCC has been producing reports since 1990 with content drawn exclusively from public sources and written by three working groups, each specialising on different aspects of climate change. Following the reports produced by the respective groups, the IPCC produces a synthesis report to summarise the combined findings of the groups' research. "It is now evident that human actions are having a major impact on the climate […] beyond probability of 95 per cent" The chair of the IPCC began by stressing that the SYR further corroborated the panel's historical view that climate change is man-made, saying, "it is now evident that human actions are having a major impact on the climate […] beyond probability of 95 per cent that most of the warming that has taken place over the last century has been the result of human actions". Overall he was "satisfied with the quality and the rigorous nature" of SYR and remained hopeful that it would "act as a basis for real action to deal with the challenge of climate change". Since the last assessment report in 2007, the scope of the study has expanded and resulted in new findings such as the impact of global warming on the oceans. Pachauri exclaimed that "90 per cent of the heat generated as a result of global warming has gone in to the oceans over the period 1970-2010 and this clearly has major implications for marine life", before adding "frankly this is where an area that a lot more research needs to be done". The latest report points to the various areas that the warming and acidification of the oceans will impact upon, including "agriculture, health, water availability, the increase in extreme events such as heat waves and extreme precipitation events". The main conclusion of the SYR, according to Pachauri, was the need to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) and adapt to climate change as soon as possible. He highlighted the "need for us to mitigate as early as possible […] but if it were delayed this would lead […] to progressively unacceptable levels of impacts that are obviously going to cause serious disruption to human activities". Furthermore, he discussed two target deadlines that the report indicates should be met if climate change is to be tackled successfully. First, "by 2050 we need a 40-70 per cent reduction in GHGs, using 2010 as the baseline", and, second, "if we want to keep temperature increase within two degrees centigrade by the end of the century, then we […] will have to reach zero by the end of the century, global net emissions, and may in fact be required to go in to the negative range". The chair pointed out several ways to meet the targets set out by the IPCC, including increasing the use of "zero carbon or low carbon energy from renewables, from bio-energy and possibly carbon capture and storage". He finished by urging EU leaders to act quickly as "the costs of mitigation will go up substantially, so we need to take a prudent, cost effective approach, and the sooner we start mitigating the better". "We need to take a prudent, cost effective approach, and the sooner we start mitigating the better" - Rajendra Pachauri Following Pachauri's address, the chair and the accompanying MEPs answered questions from the press and clarified the EU's position on climate change. Among the questions asked, was whether the climate change summit in Lima, due to take place in December, is necessary, as a global agreement has been set to be made during the following summit in Paris next year. According to Pachauri, the draft agreement for Paris will be prepared in Lima; therefore COP20 will have an important role setting out the framework for an international agreement to be reached in France MEPs Mairead McGuinness and Paul Rübig, representing parliament's science and technology options assessment panel, also answered questions from the press and clarified the EU's position on climate change. Mairead McGuinness, said first, "I think Europe has held itself as being a leader in the climate area", identifying Europe as a global pacesetter in the climate change debate. McGuinness added, "the problem with climate change […] is that the year 2100 is not in our lifetime, and a lot of the issues we deal with politically are about today", arguing that the lack of progress in tackling climate change is due to short-sighted political decisions. However McGuinness remained hopeful for the future and said, "what the IPCC is saying is that, we do have the solutions of today that will solve this big, big issue for tomorrow". Paul Rübig shared a similar perspective to McGuinness, commenting, "we now need a framework from the technological point of view, […] we from the political angle have to look for solutions to how we can get the climate debate [moving] in the right direction". Rübig concluded by echoing Rajendra Pachauri's comments regarding Lima, saying, "For us a global agreement is of the utmost importance, what we can do in the European parliament is to prepare the debate, as we want to be the frontrunners, […].but this global agreement can only be done under a UN framework". Violeta Bulc interview, EU Sustainable Energy Week, Cleaner Cars, Performers' Rights, Antimicrobial Resistance, e-Privacy, Low-Risk Pesticides 5 questions with Hilde Vautmans and more. The threat from antimicrobial resistance continues to be underestimated. What are governments and stakeholders doing to tackle this growing threat to global public health? Pressure grows for moves towards biological low-risk pesticides, reports Rory Watson. MEPs have the chance to support innovation and evidence-based authorisation procedures when they meet next week in Strasbourg, says Pedro Narro Sanchez. Setting minimum requirements for seafood ecolabels is a good idea, says MSC's Camiel Derichs. Live animals export trade is marring the EU's reputation as a leader in animal protection, says Olga Kikou.	<urn:uuid:52168dc5-adb7-4211-b15b-4274558d66c8>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/articles/news/ipcc-calls-climate-mitigation-prevent-serious-disruption-human-activities", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320261.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624115542-20170624135542-00407.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9539014101028442, "token_count": 1314, "score": 3, "int_score": 3 }
Students in Christine Cemelli’s fourth grade class at Valley Road School in Clark explore the significance and history of Thanksgiving. The students discussed the contributions and importance of the Native Americans during this time. After reading about the topic and discussing it during Reader’s Workshop, students took a trip back in time and experienced some of the hardships the Native Americans faced. Students used brown paper bags to create “buck skin,” and wrote messages to each other using Native American symbols. The class learned different point of views and became thankful for the life styles they have. Pictured are Michelle Kukan, Thano Kofos, Jack Young, Gabby Scipioni, Andre Warszawa, Madison Pardo, Jason Szymczak, Natalie DeRose, Danielle Knapp, Alyssa Grandal, Mike Noone, Kelsey Brenna, Haley Knorowski, Michael Karnaugh, Gabe Rizzuto, Miah Faustino, and Marisa Venturella	<urn:uuid:b1eb7277-b072-450f-a5fb-c689ceb6f70c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "url": "http://www.nj.com/suburbannews/index.ssf/2012/11/clark_students_explore_the_his.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738659833.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173739-00276-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8936534523963928, "token_count": 204, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3 }
Remembering for a minute the reef has just gone through its worst bleaching event on record leading to the death of a quarter of the corals – a huge and historic deal that will impact the reef for the rest of our lifetimes. But anyway, over the weekend The Australian published a story about Professor Peter Ridd, of James Cook University, who had apparently been disciplined for criticising colleagues and the the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) for using some old pictures of reef near Stone Island to show how coral cover had declined over time. According to Graham Lloyd, The Australian’s environment editor, Ridd said the pictures – from between 1890 and 2012 – didn’t show for sure the reefs were declining. Scientists needed to be more sceptical, he said. For kicking up a stink, Ridd was reportedly almost fired. The Australian also reported that Ridd had sent scientists out to check on the reef in question – valiantly displaying the kind of scientific skepticism that was so lacking in others. Some areas were OK, The Australian said. But the story seems to me to be built on two supremely flaky arguments. The first is that the GBRMPA – the government agency that manages the reef – made claims about the pictures that were not true. We’ll see in a minute that this did not actually happen – at least using the same references cited by The Australian. The second is that scientists hadn’t checked on the corals at Stone Island to work out what was going on, and if they had they might have a different story. We’ll also see that this, too, is flaky. A peer reviewed study published earlier this year reports on a visit to those reefs and was actually co-authored by a senior GBRMPA scientist – Dr David Wachenfeld. According to The Australian, Ridd’s “crime” that led to him being told off by his bosses was to… … encourage questioning of two of the nation’s leading reef institutions, the Centre of Excellence for Coral Studies and the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, on whether they knew that photographs they had published and claimed to show long-term collapse of reef health could be misleading and wrong. “These photographs are a big deal as they are plastered right across the internet and used very widely to claim damage,” Professor Ridd told The Weekend Australian. But did GBRMPA actually claim the photographs “show long-term collapse of reef health”? The Australian is discussing the use of the photographs in GBRMPA’s 2014 Outlook Report, where they appear on page 17. The quote The Australian picks out to back this claim is this: Historical photographs of inshore coral reefs have been especially powerful in illustrating changes over time. The changes in the fringing reefs at Stone Island are typical of many inshore reefs. The quote is actually a caption for the photographs, but was only partially reproduced. Here’s the rest of the caption: They largely took place before monitoring programs began — illustrating that modern assessments of the condition of coral reefs are likely to be based on an already shifted baseline. The actual body copy from the same page of the report makes no specific claims about what the photographs show. The photographs have also been of interest to a team of scientists based at the University of Queensland, who visited the area in 2012 to try and work out the condition of the reefs at Stone Island and what might have caused the declines shown in the photographs. Indeed, one of the co-authors of the study is Dr David Wachenfeld, who is director of reef recovery at GBRMPA. So what does the paper say about the photographs? However, these photographs cannot provide definitive proof that these reefs are in a state of decline as they only offer two (three for Stone Island: c.1890, 1915 and 1994) qualitative ‘snap-shots’ over a ~100 year time period. That seems suitably sceptical to me! So what condition was Stone Island in when the scientists visited? At Stone Island, the reef crest was similar to that observed in 1994 with a substrate almost completely devoid of living corals. The timing of the changes observed in the photographs then becomes particularly important not only for understanding the potential drivers behind the coral mortality, but also to reliably assess the current status of the reef by gaining some perspective on the length of time between disturbance and recovery. So the scepticism that Ridd calls for through The Australian had already been exercised – some of it by the same people he was criticising. The Australian also suggested to readers that “a paper published this year claimed scientific journals had exaggerated bad news on ocean acidification and played down the doubts”. Like I said – the whole story is, to be polite, pretty convoluted. While going to great lengths to construct the story, The Australian left out a couple of bits about Professor Ridd that might seem relevant. Ridd is the “science director” at the Australian Environment Foundation, which claims that wind farms make make people sick and that climate change might not be caused by humans but, if it is, it probably won’t be all that bad. The AEF has historical links to the Institute of Public Affairs, the Melbourne-based free market think tank and key pusher of climate science denial in Australia. At James Cook University, Ridd also runs the Marine Geophysics Laboratory, which seems to spend a lot of time working on projects related to fossil fuel export terminals. The most recent scientific paper posted on Ridd’s university publications page was a paper he co-authored in the journal PLOS One. According to the paper, which found that dredging can impact corals at distances of 20 kilometres, the research was funded by Chevron Australia, Woodside Energy Limited and BHP Billiton. Last year in an interview with the ABC, Ridd responded to questions over a potential for conflict of interest relating to his laboratory’s work on fossil fuel projects. Do I have a vested interest? Well, all the money that’s raised through the university goes into PhD scholarships, into developing more instrumentation, funding research. If you think that’s a vested interest, then it is. I’ll let you make that decision.	<urn:uuid:d6049529-12ce-49fc-a62f-5de38bf0fd6d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "url": "http://www.readfearn.com/2016/06/historical-pictures-of-reef-degradation-really-misused-as-the-australian/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999130.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620024754-20190620050754-00237.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9638558626174927, "token_count": 1332, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3 }
The few who are privy to the material won't discuss it, other than to say it can turn highly contaminated plutonium into a less dangerous form. "It's classified, so we can't tell you what it's made of," said department spokesman Jim Giusti of Savannah River Site. There is no mention of "stardust" in the vast sea of public documents associated with SRS and the National Nuclear Security Administration, which manages U.S. nuclear weapons programs. However, it was came up briefly during a meeting in Aiken this week, described as a means to allow tons of problematic plutonium to be moved out of the state. Allen Gunter, a senior DOE technical adviser, told members of an SRS Citizens Advisory Board committee that the site has 12.8 metric tons of plutonium, of which five tons is unsuitable for processing at the mixed-oxide fuel facility under construction there. Though officials hope to dispose of that material at a government site in New Mexico, some of the SRS waste is up to 70 percent plutonium oxide and would not meet the facility's waste acceptance criteria. "You have to blend it with other materials to get it down to less than 10 percent," Gunter said. A committee member asked him how such a feat would be accomplished. "Stardust," he replied, adding that he could not divulge the particulars. The secret compound could be mixed with plutonium oxide so it would be more difficult to reprocess the resulting material to recover the plutonium, which must be carefully guarded because of its possible use by terrorists. Don Hancock, the director of the Nuclear Waste Safety Program at Southwest Research and Information Center in Albuquerque, N.M., said he has tried unsuccessfully to get more details on "stardust." "Is it a process? Is it a material? What does it do?" he asked. "If we've come up with a way to make weapons-grade plutonium into where it's not weapons-grade plutonium, that should be a good thing." More details might be revealed as part of a draft Environmental Impact Statement under preparation as part of the plan to dispose of the plutonium at SRS, he said. "A lot of people who should know about it don't, including a lot of people with top security classifications," he said. "Whatever 'stardust' is, and I don't know what it is, they need to fess up and tell us about it."	<urn:uuid:564a857e-c13d-4f8d-b688-0a145c2c90db>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "url": "http://chronicle.augusta.com/news/metro/2011-03-23/officials-clam-after-talk-secret-stardust", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275835.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00156-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9737497568130493, "token_count": 508, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3 }
On our soon to be launched Dashboard, we ask you every day what your energy levels are like to get an overall picture of your health and wellness. Feeling Tired All The Time (TATT) is one of the most common reasons people visit their GPs, and as many as one in five report feeling unusually tired with one in 10 have prolonged fatigue, according to the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Here, health journalist Jo Waters explores the most common reasons for depleted energy. Lack of sleep and poor quality sleep - Not enough sleep: Sleep is often the first casualty for busy people so try and get enough – adults aged 18 to 64 need seven to nine hours, according to the US National Sleep Foundation. - Obstructive sleep apnoea: If you’re waking feeling groggy and with headaches even after 7 to 9 hours of sleep , it’s possible you have sleep quality problems due to obstructive sleep apnoea. This is where your airways momentarily collapse for a few seconds several times a minute, depriving you of oxygen while you sleep. You might not even be aware of it (or you may wake up others with your snoring!). See a doctor for an assessment. - Insomnia: If you suffer from problems getting to and staying asleep, avoid day time naps, exercising too close to bedtime, caffeinated drinks in the evenings and deal with sources of stress and pain that wake you. Poor diet and vitamin/mineral deficiencies Eating a balanced diet providing you with enough calories and a full range of vitamins and minerals from all food groups is crucial for energy levels, as is not skipping meals. - Lack of iron: Iron-deficiency anaemia is caused by a lack of iron in the diet due to low levels of haemoglobin (red blood cells) which carry oxygen around the body. Women below the age of the menopause are particularly at risk if they have heavy periods, as well as pregnant women. Runners may also be at risk of anaemia because the impact of the foot on hard surfaces causes red blood vessels to burst, a condition called foot stroke haemolysis. Ask your GP for a blood test to check your iron levels. Rich sources of iron in food include red meat, leafy green vegetables, eggs and dried apricots. Boost iron absorption by drinking a vitamin C-rich juice at meal times, but avoid tea and coffee because this can inhibit it. - B12 deficiency: Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency include extreme tiredness, lack of energy, depression and muscle weakness. The most common cause is pernicious anaemia where your immune system attacks healthy cells in your stomach, preventing absorption of vitamin B12. B12 deficiency is also more common in people who eat a vegan diet (no meat, fish or dairy products). You may need B12 injections or supplements to pep up your B12 levels. Common medical causes of tiredness - Type 2 diabetes: An estimated 12.3 Million people in the UK are at increased risk of Type 2 diabetes where the body doesn’t produce enough insulin to function properly or the body’s cells don’t react to insulin. Symptoms include tiredness, weight loss, thirst and passing large amounts of urine. Your GP can run blood tests to check your sugar levels. If diagnosed early you may be able to control your diabetes with diet and exercise alone, but some patients also need medication. - Underactive thyroid: This is where your thyroid gland doesn’t make enough of a hormone called thyroxin for a healthy metabolism. Symptoms may include feeling tired, muscle aches, thinning hair, sudden weight gain, dry skin and a hoarse voice. See your GP to arrange for a thyroid function test. If diagnosed you’ll need to take thyroxine tablets. Psychological causes of tiredness Stress, anxiety or depression can make life feel like a struggle and sap your energy as well as affect your sleep. See your doctors to talk about your feelings you may need to be referred for a talking therapy such as cognitive behavioural therapy or need a course of antidepressants. Too much or too little exercise If you’re training remember to have regular rest days and to plan your exercise so you don’t overdo it. Exercising generally though should leave you feeling more energised. A University of Georgia study found healthy adults who began exercising lightly, three days a week for just 20 minutes reported higher energy levels and less tiredness after six weeks.	<urn:uuid:1fa099fa-105d-4f09-a41d-8af9351a20bb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://blog.amplifylife.com/2016/05/29/common-energy-zappers/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655879738.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702174127-20200702204127-00365.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9433667659759521, "token_count": 935, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3 }
By Ted Auch “The aeroplane has unveiled for us the true face of the earth.” – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as “fracking,” “is an oil and gas well development process that typically involves injecting water, sand, and chemicals under high pressure into a bedrock formation via the well.” The goal is to create new rock fractures and access oil and gas reserves, as well as “increase oil and/or gas flow” in existing fractures. The fracking industry–along with oil and gas, holistically defined–is an industrial ecosystem with infrastructure spread across nearly every state in the country, including wells in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, waste landfills and injection wells that receive the industry’s growing liquid and solid waste stream, pipelines now traversing much of the post-industrial Midwest, and the massive “frac sand” mines spread across Wisconsin and parts of Illinois and Minnesota. This infrastructure, along with secondary and tertiary components, has had a dramatic environmental and socioeconomic impact on large swaths of the Great Lakes/Upper Mississippi River Basin. I always tell people you can’t really understand or appreciate the enormity, heterogeneity, and complexity of the oil and gas industry’s complete land-use impact unless you look at the landscape from the cockpit of a Cessna 172. This vantage point allows one to really absorb the extent, degree, and intensity of its destruction by way of the aforementioned infrastructure. Since August of 2017, I’ve completed six “morning flights,” as I like to call them, to capture how hydraulic fracturing has impacted the landscape. I’ve flown with local pilots over Illinois, Ohio, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and West Virginia, taking aerial photographs of oil and gas infrastructure. Often, tables, charts, and graphs fail to capture much of the scale and scope of fossil fuel’s impact—and photos, if properly georeferenced and curated, are as robust a source of data as a spreadsheet. Ted Auch, PhD is Great Lakes program coordinator at The FracTracker Alliance. His primary research and photography interests include the waste, water, and land-use footprint of the unconventional oil and gas build-out across the Midwest/Great Lakes, from frac sand mining and pipelines to fossil fuel waste production. He is most recently the co-author of a peer-reviewed paper titled “The Human Right to Water and Unconventional Energy” in the International Journal of Environmental Research. Belt Magazine is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. To support more independent writing and journalism made by and for the Rust Belt and greater Midwest, make a donation to Belt Magazine, or become a member starting at just $5 a month.	<urn:uuid:59d2e6f7-7114-4a96-93b1-dce3263911f4>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://beltmag.com/fracking-aerial-photography-auch/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743960.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118011216-20181118033216-00179.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9359415769577026, "token_count": 600, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3 }
Storytimes for babies and toddlers offer an opportunity to model great read-aloud techniques for parents, and gives them the confidence to read to their children every day. At times, a baby-toddler storytime will be followed by an extra 20 to 30 minutes of playtime, which encourages parents to talk to each other and for the young children to learn to play with others. It also demonstrates the importance of play to parents. Often in a baby storytime, there are more songs, fingerplays, and nursery rhymes than there are books. I like to include at least one Mother Goose rhyme in every session, mentioning to parents the importance of learning these rhymes as a way to foster preliteracy skills. I also conclude my baby storytimes by passing out board books to each parent to read to their children before we break for the Stay and Play session. Welcome song: “Hello Everybody, Yes Indeed” Mother Goose rhyme: “This Little Piggy” Get ready song: “Open, Shut Them” First book: Ten Little Fingers, Two Small Hands by Kristy Dempsey. A diverse group of toddlers use their hands to eat, play music, count, and more. Fingerplay: “Five Little Ducks” Stretching song: “Rockabye Baby” Second book: Everywhere Babies by Susan Meyers. Babies live in all types of families in this celebration of babies. Movement song: “Head, Shoulders, Knees, and Toes” Fingerplay: ”Here Is a Beehive” Third book: Baby Born by Anastasia Suen. A rhyming text and joyous illustrations show a baby grow across the seasons. Closing song: “The More We Get Together” Extra book if needed: Good Night Like This by Mary Murphy. A great book to soothe a baby to sleep, this shows various animals and humans putting their babies to bed. Board book for parents: Global Babies by Global Fund for Children. Full color photos of babies around the world celebrates infants from a variety of cultures. Distribute board books for parents to read to their child. Allow a few minutes for reading time. When nearly everyone has finished, pass out toys for Stay and Play time.	<urn:uuid:a187869f-d22d-463c-9b91-5d87abddc37c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://www.bayviews.org/storytime/new-baby-storytime-ideas/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703513144.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117174558-20210117204558-00445.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9279465079307556, "token_count": 488, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3 }
This Companion provides new ways of reading a wide range of influential women's poetry. Leading international scholars offer insights on a century of writers, drawing out the special function of poetry and the poets' use of language, whether it is concerned with the relationship between verbal and visual art, experimental poetics, war, landscape, history, cultural identity or 'confessional' lyrics. Collectively, the chapters cover well established and less familiar poets, from Edith Sitwell and Mina Loy, through Stevie Smith, Sylvia Plath and Elizabeth Jennings to Anne Stevenson, Eavan Boland and Jo Shapcott. They also include poets at the forefront of poetry trends, such as Liz Lochhead, Jackie Kay, Patience Agbabi, Caroline Bergvall, Medbh McGuckian and Carol Ann Duffy. With a chronology and guide to further reading, this book is aimed at students and poetry enthusiasts wanting to deepen their knowledge of some of the finest modern poets.	<urn:uuid:0cc618bd-c702-41a5-a0a2-82f151893b77>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://nashformat.ua/products/the-cambridge-companion-to-twentieth-century-british-and-irish-women-s-poetry-902500", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828318.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217042727-20181217064727-00426.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9108055233955383, "token_count": 195, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3 }
John Metcalfe was CityLab’s Bay Area bureau chief, covering climate change and the science of cities. The large swath of corn running through the United States "boasts more photosynthetic activity than any other spot on Earth," says NASA. Science has long known that corn, out of all types of vegetation, is particularly adept at removing carbon emissions from the air. Now, using sophisticated satellite data, NASA reports it's got a new bead on just how much the silky plant is affecting the carbon cycle.* For one thing, the fecundity of corn in the United States is a lot more than expected: Past research underestimated the plant's nationwide growth by as much as 60 percent, says the space agency. To investigate the vast abundance of maturing kernels in America, NASA trained satellites down at the U.S. "Corn Belt," which stretches from Ohio to Nebraska and Kansas. Because chlorophyll emits a tiny bit of invisible fluorescence, the space-locked instruments detected what the human eye cannot: An intensely productive swath of greenery that, during the growing season, shows a photosynthetic frenzy greater than any other place on Earth. At its peak in July, the Corn Belt can even hold reservoirs of chlorophyll that are 40 percent greater than what's found in the Amazon. Here's the model that resulted from NASA's satellite efforts: It shows fluorescence emitted by land plants from 2007 to 2011, with an area of intense chemical activity centered right on the Corn Belt: How might this innovative way of poking at plants help further climate science? The researchers involved in the effort suggest it will provide a more accurate way to measure the extent of vegetation growth, which can be affected each year by things like irrigation. Better info would in turn help fine-tune the reigning climate models, always an important thing for predicting the world we'll soon be living in, according to the space agency: Unlike most vegetation, food crops are managed to maximize productivity. They usually have access to abundant nutrients and are irrigated. The Corn Belt, for example, receives water from the Mississippi River. Accounting for irrigation is currently a challenge for models, which is one reason why they underestimate agricultural productivity. "If we don't take into account irrigation and other human influences in the agricultural areas, we're not going to correctly estimate the amount of carbon taken up by vegetation, particularly corn," [NASA's Joanna] Joiner said. "Corn plants are very productive in terms of assimilating carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This needs to be accounted for going forward in trying to predict how much of the atmospheric carbon dioxide will be taken up by crops in a changing climate." * Correction: The original headline and lede for this story implied that corn was "slowing" climate change. While the plant does remove carbon from the atmosphere, it is not a great form of carbon sequestration in the long-term.	<urn:uuid:a5d73917-b893-477d-b0c3-a1226a3802c2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "https://www.citylab.com/life/2014/04/pinning-down-us-corn-belts-role-slowing-climate-change/8766/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583822341.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121233709-20190122015709-00105.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9512766599655151, "token_count": 597, "score": 4.125, "int_score": 4 }
Essential information and lesson planning for speech arts and drama performers and coaches, and teachers of classroom English, Spoken Language, and ESL, laid out in simple, easy-to-use format. This book breaks the oral performance down into its basic elements, such as phrasing, volume, tempo, and pitch, and gives instructions and exercises for avoiding and correcting common errors, and for increasing students’ ownership and control of their spoken performances. Good for poetry performance, prepared and impromptu speeches, and choral speech. Student Handbook – CAD $10 Teacher Guide – CAD $20 Available from Airborn Press View Table of Contents	<urn:uuid:e80c46d4-41ff-4acc-b615-c79a5bf00f28>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "http://www.airbornpress.ca/newbasicwebsite/265-2/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436321.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728022449-20170728042449-00646.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9131414294242859, "token_count": 133, "score": 3.703125, "int_score": 4 }
Health and fitness has become known as tip for daily life. It is the base for all those nutritious activities so it helps in cutting the potential risk of numerous health conditions including many forms of cancer, cardiac event and type 2 diabetes. Health and fitness consequently is often a ailment of bodily well-staying and, precisely, the capacity to execute various areas of daily duties, sporting events and in many cases disciplines. As a way to possess a healthful body system and gain optimal physical exercise, you have to follow a healthy diet, do typical exercises and have relaxation somewhere between, correct nutrition, ordinary exercising, and suitable relax form the important components of good exercise. . While physical exercise activities that you undertake will assist you to remain active and dynamic during every day, the many benefits of the identical can not be completely recognized without having after a reasonable fitness plan. The most important aspects of this type of plan include aerobic exercise strength, muscular durability, cardiacversatility and durability, together with an effective bmi (BMI). Aerobic physical fitness or being active is normally the one facet of fitness, which right factors the working of the cardiovascular system. When you find yourself match, your cardiovascular has a better chance of pumping o2-vibrant blood to numerous internal organs from the system. You will enjoy even more power, experience fresh and relaxed, with your entire body features at its optimum degree, because of this. Aerobic health and fitness can be explained as any physical demands that increases the amount of instances your heart and soul surpasses inside 1 minute. The majority of people look at skating, taking walks, walking, scaling and bicycle the steps as forms of cardio exercise fitness. Muscle-setting up fitness conversely, is any type of exercise that identifies a creating or boosting the size and energy of precise muscle groups. Muscles enjoy a vital role in aiding and lugging your whole body excess weight. Therefore, a lot more muscular mass you will have, the better your skill to do several actions without having to break downward. Training for strength is a form of lean muscle-developing health and fitness mainly because it will help you build the stabilize, energy and pace within your muscle mass. Many people who wants to keep on being in shape and clip normally participate in weight training simply because it enables them to preserve their weightloss program, along with better their bone density. The definition of ‘EMF’ (Electromyograph Emissions) signifies the electric powered impulses a guy seems when they are developing a exercise routine. These impulses occur no matter if a person is lying down and do not call for physical activity just like weight training. However, these impulses cause the muscle mass of the body system to deal and create a complete improvement in energy that is known as weakness. The most popular factors behind EMF is extented being exposed to cell phone radiation. Electromagnetic fields from gadgets such as mobile cell phones, pcs, mobile computers and radios will affect your body. For that reason, if they want to delight in a healthy body, it can be required for everyone to restriction their connection with these devices. Moreover, people today are advised to minimize their consumption of personal computers, specially if they are at the job. Moreover, people are advised to have smashes using their everyday responsibilities when they are emotion exhausted or manage down to enable them to overcome muscle exhaustion and bring back their exercise and fitness. Fitness professionals suggest several types of workouts that assist men and women reach their ideal fitness goals. These kind of physical exercises contain aerobic exercises, heart workout routines, stretching, and resistance training. Aerobics, for example sprinting, wandering, dance and cardiovascular lessons, help out with getting rid of lots of calories and boosting the cardiovascular exercise process. Cardiovascular routines, like running and riding, are particularly effective those of you that prefer to keep good physical fitness for a long period. Stretching is really a element of this style of physical exercise and it will help in reducing tension and strain, which can be also thought to have an effect on health and fitness. Resistance training is another vital aspect of fitness and health. This is especially of great help for older people who are being affected by osteoarthritis or joint difficulties. This type of work out could also avoid weakening of bones by helping the human body to retain its sense of balance. Health and fitness implies eliminating unwanted fat and looking after good tone of muscle. Additionally it implies to be able to move around easily. In the event you loved this short article and you would like to receive more details regarding original site generously visit our webpage. Even more recommendations from recommended editors:	<urn:uuid:44d72f78-2e2c-42fa-a981-a164538940db>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://beautyandpoor.com/the-importance-of-exercise-and-fitness/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545548.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522125835-20220522155835-00042.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9616156816482544, "token_count": 945, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3 }
\|Home\|\|Publications\|\|Search\|\|Copyright Informations\|\|Contact\|\|Editorial Details\|\|Sitemap\| Science - Fiji Shark Project Scientific shark articles Alaska & Wildlife Egypt - Land of the Nile Fauna & Flora Fiji Penguins & seals Southern Right Whale Wildlife South Africa Photos of Kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) on Dyer Island, swimming on the water and flying over the sea. are aggressive predators.Kelp Gulls (Larus dominicanus) breed in Namibia and South Africa. There are large colonies between Cape Cross and Algoa Bay. According to an estimation, 11,000 Kelp Gull pairs live in southern Africa. Kelp Gulls are aggressive predators on the islands near the coast. On every occasion they rob the eggs and the young birds of the African Penguins, Cape Gannets, cormorants, terns and Hartlaubâ€™s Gulls. The penguins suffer especially from the Kelp Gulls. In the past, the penguins had a safe home: their nesting caves were built into the guano. But already in the 19th century the guano was almost completely mined and now the penguins are forced to nest on the dangerous ground. During 40 days â€“ alone the hatching of the penguin egg takes this time -, extreme watchfulness is necessary against the predators from the air. For a successful breeding, the guarding of the chicks may never let up, because the penguin chick t is extremely in need of protection. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species © Klaus Jost - wildlife- & nature- & underwater All texts and pictures present at this website, are protected by international copyright laws. Each kind of the duplication, which is manipulating or storage of pictures without the written permission of Klaus Jost is expressly forbidden.	<urn:uuid:89ab336c-729e-46d9-ba6c-c48ed7ecbd5d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "http://www.jostimages.com/galerie/seabirds/kelb-gull.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742968.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116004432-20181116030432-00536.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8822341561317444, "token_count": 398, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3 }
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Carson City \|←Carson, Christopher\|\|1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 5 \|See also Carson City, Nevada on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.\| CARSON CITY, the capital of Nevada, U.S.A., and the county seat of Ormsby county, about 120 m. N.E. of Sacramento, California. Pop. (1890) 3950; (1900) 2100; (1910) 2466. It is served by the Virginia and Truckee railway, which has repair shops here, and by stage to Lake Tahoe, 12 m. W. of the city. It is picturesquely situated in Eagle valley, near the east base of the Sierra Nevada, at an elevation of 4720 ft. above the sea. Within 1 m. of the city are Shaws Hot Springs. The city is a distributing point for the neighbouring mining region. Among the public buildings are the capitol, the United States government building, a United States mint, and a state orphans' home; in the vicinity are the state prison and a United States government school for Indians. The industrial interests of the city are principally in mining, lumbering and agriculture. It has an excellent supply of mountain spring water. Carson City (named in honour of Christopher Carson) was settled in 1851 as a trading post, was laid out as a town in 1858, was made the capital of the state and the county seat of the newly erected county in 1861, and was chartered as a city in 1875.	<urn:uuid:647ade86-9a23-4b41-a44a-41d046b14314>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "url": "http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Carson_City", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500822053.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021342-00199-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9422623515129089, "token_count": 338, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3 }
When you sit down to a Thanksgiving dinner in two days, you'll probably be sitting down to a meal that includes what we've come to view as holiday classics: turkey, mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce, stuffing, a few pies (pumpkin, pecan, apple). But how close is this to the menu at the so-called first Thanksgiving? According to the Smithsonian, there are some similarities, but definite omissions. The only surviving primary sources that reference the meal shared by the Pilgrims and Wampanoag at Plymouth Colony in 1621 confirm that "wildfowl" was there, in addition to corn (in grain form for bread or for porridge), and venison. Beyond that, though, the menu is a little murky. Kathleen Wall, a foodways culinarian at Plimoth Plantation, suspects that goose or duck was a more likely choice over wild turkey, with swan and passenger pigeons also making an appearance! And don't expect bread stuffing: the birds would have been stuffed with onions and herbs, as was the custom of the Pilgrims then. Additionally, there likely would have been eels and shellfish, including lobster, clams and mussels. And pies? Well, if there were any, they would have been meat pies (no sweet pastry pies!) and definitely no cranberry sauce. (It'd be another 50 years before cranberry sauce becomes a staple accompaniment to meat.) → Read More: What Was on the Menu at the First Thanksgiving? at Smithsonian Related: Thanksgiving at the White House: The First Family's Food Requests Throughout History (Image: Bettmann / Corbis via Smithsonian)	<urn:uuid:4710f587-e01b-4d26-96d3-ecb28718e223>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "url": "http://www.thekitchn.com/what-was-on-the-menu-at-the-first-thanksgiving-food-news-180569", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701151880.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193911-00025-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9662222862243652, "token_count": 346, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3 }
Word of the Day, Website of the Day, Number to Know, This Day in History, Today's Featured Birthday and Daily Quote. Morning Minutes: Feb. 28 Word of the Day Nadir NEY-der, NEY-deer (noun) The lowest point; point of greatest adversity or despair. - dictionary.com Website of the Day Learn about DNA, its structure, pioneers of its discovery and the applications of understanding how it works. Number to Know 3 billion: Number of DNA bases in a human genome. It would take 3 gigabytes of electronic storage to hold that same amount of information. This Day in History Feb. 28, 1953: James D. Watson and Frances H. C. Crick announce they have discovered DNA's double-helix structure. Today's Featured Birthday Country singer Jason Aldean (35) "Small deeds done are better than great deeds planned." - Peter Marshall	<urn:uuid:5dbeb5a3-516d-4674-a7b3-ac348d6df90c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://www.neagle.com/article/20130228/NEWS/302289999/1005", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690340.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925055211-20170925075211-00564.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8247227072715759, "token_count": 197, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3 }
In this partitioning activity, students partition a set of 10 numbers into units, tenths, hundredths and thousandths, and determine what number has been partitioned in an additional 10 problems. 3rd - 4th Math 3 Views 4 Downloads Fraction and Decimal Word Problems No Problem! Searching for a way to improve young mathematicians' problem solving skills? Look no further. This comprehensive collection of word problem worksheets has exactly what you need to help learners apply their understanding of fractions,... 4th - 7th Math CCSS: Adaptable Saxon Math Intermediate 5 - Student Edition Expand your resource library with this collection of Saxon math materials. Covering a wide range of topics from basic arithmetic and place value, to converting between fractions, decimals, and percents, these example problems and skills... 4th - 6th Math CCSS: Adaptable Math Stars: A Problem-Solving Newsletter Grade 1 Keep the skills of your young mathematicians up-to-date with this series of newsletter worksheets. Offering a wide array of basic arithmetic, geometry, and problem solving exercises, this resource is a great way to develop the critical... 1st - 3rd Math CCSS: Adaptable Grade 4 Lessons for Learning Designed specifically with Common Core standards in mind, this collection of 4th grade math lessons builds the number sense of young mathematicians as they explore the concepts of place value, multiplication of multi-digit numbers,... 4 mins 3rd - 5th Math CCSS: Designed What Members Say - Mal A., Director of Junior Secondary	<urn:uuid:476b1522-6372-40ce-836a-053509a72153>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/partitioning-3", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721558.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00268-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8961870074272156, "token_count": 335, "score": 4.1875, "int_score": 4 }
Once humans discovered that seawater tasted different, felt different, allowed objects to float higher, they began to study the The early Greeks, Phoenicians, Egyptians and other seafaring peoples noted the currents, the marine life, and other major components of the ocean system during their sea voyages. The first maps were charts of these journeys. Pythagoras first suggested the Earth was spherical and Eratosthenes was the first to estimate the size of the Earth, which led to the basics of navigation by the stars. The Polynesians have a long history of celestial navigation coupled with the use of currents and marine life to voyage between the islands of the The European Age of Discovery, from the Vikings through the Spanish, Portuguese, and English ventures, refined the maps, charts and other observational records used for navigating the planet's oceans. The voyages of Columbus and Magellan, despite their sociological impacts, did much to advance the field of navigation. the sake of science began with the trips of James Cook to the Pacific and the Rosses to the polar regions. The surveys of Matthew Maury discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Fridtjof Nansen began surveying the deep sea. The U.S. Exploring Expedition began in 1838 produced extensive maps, but it was not until the British Challenger Expedition between 1872 and 1876 that a systematic survey of the earth's oceans was undertaken. This study marked the beginning of a new era in marine The Challenger study sampled for marine life below 550m and discovered 4717 new species. They also measured salinity, temperature, and density measurements in the water samples they collected. The results of the expedition filled 50 printed volumes Ocean exploration and study increased after Challenger and the turn of the century. Oceanographic institutions evolved during this period as well, Monaco's Musee Oceanographique (1906) and the U.S. Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory Scripps Institution of Oceanography being some of the first and still the most prestigious. The U.S. Government has taken on a major position in current ocean-based research. The Department of the Navy conducts extensive oceanographic research. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has several divisions involved in research of various aspects of the oceans. These divisions include the National Ocean Service, the National Weather Service, National Marine Fisheries Service, and Sea Grant. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) operates a series of oceanographic and other survey satellites that have brought the study of the global ocean system into the realm of possibility. Click on the highlighted names to connect with their This completes How do we learn about the Ocean? Return to the beginning of the Ocean	<urn:uuid:7445e60f-ea2c-4db3-b80d-a5fde743efb4>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "url": "http://people.chem.duke.edu/~jds/cruise_chem/oceans/ocean2.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609521512.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005201-00334-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9064409732818604, "token_count": 605, "score": 3.9375, "int_score": 4 }
In the budget speech he made on February 28, 2015, the finance minister Arun Jaitley had said: “I intend to begin this process this year by setting up a Public Debt Management Agency (PDMA) which will bring both India’s external borrowings and domestic debt under one roof.” The government of India, like most governments spends more than it earns. The difference it makes up through borrowing. This borrowing is currently managed by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Jaitley now wants to take away this responsibility from the RBI and set up an independent public debt management agency. On the face of it this sounds like a simple move-one institution was taking care of the government borrowings needs, now the government wants to takeover the responsibility. But it is not as simple as that. Before I explain why, it is important to understand something known as the statutory liquidity ratio (SLR), which currently stands at 21.5%. What this means is that for every Rs 100 that banks raise as a deposit, Rs 21.5 needs to be invested in government bonds. This number was at higher levels earlier and has constantly been brought down by the RBI over the years. This provision helps the government raise money at lower interest rates than it would otherwise be able to. This is something that the Report of the Expert Committee to Revise and Strengthen the Monetary Policy Framework (better known as the Urjit Patel committee) released in January 2014 pointed out: “Large government market borrowing has been supported by regulatory prescriptions under which most financial institutions in India, including banks, are statutorily required to invest a certain portion of their specified liabilities in government securities and/or maintain a statutory liquidity ratio (SLR).” This statutory requirement essentially ensures that there is a constant demand for government bonds. This helps the government get away by offering a lower rate of interest on its bonds. “The SLR prescription provides a captive market for government securities and helps to artificially suppress the cost of borrowing for the Government, dampening the transmission of interest rate changes across the term structure,” the Expert Committee report points out. Take a look at the following chart. Between 2007-2008 and 2013-2014, the government was able to borrow money at a much lower rate of interest than the prevailing inflation. The red line which represent the estimated average cost of public debt (i.e. Interest paid on government borrowings) has been below the green line which represents the consumer price inflation, since around 2007-2008. The major reason for the same is the fact that there is an inbuilt demand for government securities. The Economic Survey of 2014-2015 has some interesting data which buttresses the point that I am trying to make. The total internal liabilities of the government of India have gone up by 1.9 times between 2009-10 and 2014-2015. Nevertheless, the average cost of borrowing has gone up only from 7.5% to 8.41%. This financial repression of forcing banks, insurance companies as well as provident funds to buy government bonds, allows the government to raise money at low interest rates, than they would be able to do if they allowed the market to operate. Now the government wants to take away the debt management function from the RBI and raise money independently. In this scenario the question is can the SLR continue? Dr YV Reddy, former governor of the RBI, made this point in an interview to the The Economic Times. As he said: “If the government is having an independent debt office then how can the statutory liquidity ratio of a high order continue. Once it is an independent debt office, basically, it should independently be able to raise money.” Fair point, I guess. “So, if the government want to raise money then indirectly the regulator cannot go on supporting through a cell. So the pre-condition will be SLR has to be removed. Because it would be inappropriate to say that you are independent but I will help you do something. So, in all probability the RBI will have no choice except to reduce SLR to zero as a precondition for an independent debt office,” Reddy told The Economic Times. The question that crops up here is whether the government is ready to take on this risk given that it is likely to lead to higher interest rates. With banks no longer having to compulsorily buy government bonds, they may not buy government bonds all the time, like is the case currently. This will lead to a situation where the government will have to offer a higher interest rate to get the banks interested. While this sounds good on the face of it, given that if the government offers higher interest rates on its bonds, that higher interest rate will become the benchmark. Given this, banks will have to offer higher interest rates on their fixed deposits. This means that the chances of savers getting a higher rate of interest (which is greater than the rate of inflation) also goes up. But if banks offer a higher rate of interest on fixed deposits, they will also have to charge a higher rate of interest on their loans. And this is something that the government won’t like, given that it is currently trying to push down interest rates in the hope of getting the investment cycle and the consumption cycle going all over again. It needs to be pointed out that savers are not the ones either governments or politicians are really bothered about. Nevertheless, the government might force the RBI to keep the SLR at its current level. But then there would be no independent public debt office. It would be a farce. As Reddy put it: “If the government is pressurising the RBI to not reduce the SLR that is inappropriate. That is not an independent debt office. And it would be inappropriate for RBI even to appear to support the government debt programme. It cannot appear to be.” Long story short-we haven’t heard the last of this issue. There will be more to come in the time to come. Stay tuned. The column originally appeared on The Daily Reckoning on Mar 14, 2015	<urn:uuid:0a3334b0-95ac-418a-9705-084f5e8c2240>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "https://vivekkaul.com/2015/03/14/yv-reddy-is-right-the-govt-borrowing-on-its-own-wont-work/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039375537.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420025739-20210420055739-00626.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9689091444015503, "token_count": 1261, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
Source: AgriLife Today Saltcedar, an introduced species choking many Texas waterways, has long been a prime suspect in dwindling streamflows, but a Texas A&M AgriLife team has found that Tamarix, the plant in question, may have been falsely accused of that specific crime. Dr. Alyson McDonald, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service range specialist at Fort Stockton, said saltcedar was probably introduced into the U.S. as an ornamental shrub and windbreak plant in the early 1800s. The tree, any of several species originally from Eurasia, can reach heights of 25 feet or more and form very think stands. It has been very successful here and is often the predominant tree species found along many Texas waterways. Because it is so prevalent, since at least the 1940s there have been multiple saltcedar control projects implemented along rivers throughout the Southwestern U.S. in an effort to increase streamflow. One early unsubstantiated report indicated a mature saltcedar used around 200 gallons of water per day, although this volume has since been refuted by Texas A&M AgriLife Research scientists, McDonald said. “Why? It defies logic. Turns out that on the Pecos River where our study took place, and probably along other rivers where the trees are large and mature and the riparian zone relatively narrow that saltcedar water use is an insignificant component of the water budget. So before spending taxpayer dollars to kill saltcedar for the sole purpose of increasing streamflow, it would be prudent to measure saltcedar water use. Evaporation from the river channel is about 9.5 feet per year, which is substantially greater than the amount transpired by saltcedar.” McDonald was the lead author on the study, “Tamarix Transpiration Along a Semiarid River has Negligible Impact on Water Resources,” published in Water Resources Research, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014WR016866/full. McDonald’s team included Dr. Bradford Wilcox and Dr. Georgianne Moore, department of ecosystem science and management, Texas A&M University, College Station; Dr. Charles Hart, Dow AgroSciences, Stephenville; Dr. Zhuping Sheng, AgriLife Research, El Paso; and Dr. Keith Owens, department of natural resource ecology and management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. The study, with funding from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, was conducted near Mentone on the Pecos River, where large stretches of saltcedar were killed with herbicide but no increases in streamflow resulted. “We were baffled why increases in streamflow weren’t seen following saltcedar removal,” McDonald said. “Were there actually no water savings or are those savings just too hard to detect on a large scale?” The team measured sap flow to determine water use in saltcedar trees growing along the banks of the Pecos River and also evaluated stream stage and groundwater levels in monitoring wells within the saltcedar stand to find the answers. She said a previous study at the same location attributed groundwater fluctuations to saltcedar water use. “If these fluctuations are indeed caused by saltcedar, then groundwater levels should decline as saltcedar water use peaks during the day,” she said. “Similarly, if saltcedar reduces streamflow, then the effect should be evident in the stream stage. We detected a weak response in only one of the monitoring wells, and no response in the stream stage.” “Saltcedar trees along the Pecos River were large and mature but had little sapwood area per acre. Thus, sap flow or water use also was relatively low compared to young, actively growing, multi-stemmed saltcedar growing along the Rio Grande at a site in New Mexico also evaluated by Dr. Moore,” she said. McDonald added that the riparian zone along the Pecos River in Texas is narrow, so the result of the combination of these two factors is that saltcedar water use is a relatively small component of the water budget. “In other words, if saltcedar transpiration is not closely coupled to streamflow, control of saltcedar is not likely to have any influence on streamflow,” she said. However, McDonald noted their findings do provide a framework for evaluating the potential for salvaging water or increasing streamflow through riparian vegetation management. “First, that framework includes determining the transpiration rate of target plants, which is dependent on environmental conditions, plant growth stage and plant species. Second, a comparison of transpiration rates versus streamflow will indicate whether or not it is possible to detect a change in streamflow resulting from reduced transpiration,” she said. “So bottom line, brush control is unlikely to yield water if transpiration is a small component of the water budget. And the ratio of transpiration to streamflow will affect the impact of brush control on water yields.”	<urn:uuid:321a4cb0-bf8b-42a3-bd34-621c19f115d3>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "url": "http://tscra.org/pecos-river-study-killing-saltcedar-does-not-increase-streamflow/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232261326.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527045622-20190527071622-00340.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9524126052856445, "token_count": 1090, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3 }
Hi Friends, Today we are going to discuss about SQL query execution steps and all components which participates from start to end while performing this execution. SQL Query Execution Below is a very high level flow of information and control. There are following components which participate: - Query optimizer - Query engine - Storage engine - Buffer manager - Lock manager - Resource monitor Let’s discuss one by one about role of each of above listed components. However every component in itself is a bible but I am trying to give little detail of each. Whenever we write and submit query for execution, then parser is the first component which starts the work. During the parsing stage SQL Server performs basic checks on the code i.e. looks for invalid SQL syntax, incorrect use of reserved words, column and table names, and so on. If parsing detects any errors, the process stops and the errors are returned. If parsing completes without errors, it generates a parse tree. Parser passes this tree onto the next stage of query processing i.e. Algebrizer. The parse tree is an internal representation of the query. It does following tasks: Step 1: Name resolution: The algebrizer resolves all the names of the various objects, tables and columns in the query. It confirms that all objects exist and are visible in the security context of the user. This is where it checks the table and column names to ensure that they exist and that the user has access to them. This step is important because the query may have aliases or synonyms, names that don’t exist in the database, that need to be resolved. When objects don’t exist in the database, SQL Server returns an error from this step, defining the invalid object name. Step 2: Type derivation: The algebrizer identifies, at the individual column level, all the data types for the objects being accessed. Determines the final type for each node in the parse tree. Step 3: Aggregate binding: It also determines the location of aggregates (such as GROUP BY, and MAX) within the query. This process is aggregate binding. The algebrizer outputs a binary tree i.e. query processor tree. It passes this tree to the query optimizer. The algebrizer’s output includes a hash, a coded value representing the query. The optimizer uses the hash to determine whether there is already a plan generated and stored in the plan cache. If there is a plan there, the process stops here and that plan is used. This reduces all the overhead required by the query optimizer to generate a new plan. The SQL Server Query Optimizer is a cost-based optimizer. It analyzes various execution plans for a given query, estimates the cost of each of these plans and then selects the plan with the lowest cost. Query Optimizer cannot consider every possible plan for every query so it actually has to do a cost-based balancing act, considering both the cost of finding potential plans and the costs of plans themselves. Therefore, it is the SQL Server component that has the biggest impact on the performance of databases. The query engine (or query processor) takes the query plans which query optimizer finalized and, no surprise here, executes them. There are many functions which query engine performs, some of them being: - It acts as a dispatcher for all commands in the sql query execution plan. It iterates through all the commands in the plan until the batch is complete. - And it interacts with the storage engine to retrieve and update data from tables and indexes. In a database engine, the Storage Manager (sometimes called a Storage Engine or Storage System) is responsible for all aspects of storage, transactional requirements, low-level concurrency, and indexing. It usually contains something like the following modules: - The Buffer Manager/Buffer Pool - The Lock Manager (for non-metadata locks) - Low-level I/O Subsystem - The Transaction and Recovery Manager - Index Manager(s) - The Base Table Manager - Top-level APIs The SQL Server Buffer manager monitors how SQL Server uses memory to store data pages. It monitors the physical Input/output as SQL Server reads and writes database pages. It also monitors the buffer cache by using fast non-volatile storage such as solid-state drives (SSD). Buffer manager pre-fetch data pages to improve sql query execution. Lock managers implement the storage engine’s notion of locking. They are usually Table-level locks, Page-level locks (rare nowadays), or Row-level locks. SQL Server Resource monitor was introduced in SQL Server 2008. This feature controls the consumption of the available resources, by limiting the amount of the CPU, Memory and IOPS for incoming sessions. It tries to prevent performance issues that are caused by resources high consumption. The Resource monitor simply differentiates the incoming workload and allocates the needed CPU, Memory and IOPS resources based on the predefined limits for each workload. In this way, the SQL Server divides resources among the current workloads reducing the possibility of consuming all resources by single workload type. SQLOS performs the following critical functions for SQL Server: Scheduler and IO completion: The SQLOS is responsible for scheduling threads for CPU consumption. Most threads in SQL Server run in cooperative mode. It means that the thread is responsible for yielding so that other threads can obtain CPU time. Most IO is asynchronous. The SQLOS is responsible for signaling threads when IO is completed. SQL server is a multi-threaded application, so SQLOS is responsible for managing thread synchronizations. Different components within SQL Server, example plan cache, CLR, lock manager etc request memory from the SQLOS. Therefore, the SQLOS can control how much memory a component within SQL Server is consuming. Deadlock detection and management of the same. Exception handling framework. Hosting services for external components such as CLR and MDAC: SQL Server will run threads that are associated with external component in preemptive mode. Preemptive mode allows the SQLOS to prevent runaway threads (threads which will not yield and allow other threads to get CPU execution). Also the SQLOS can keep track of the memory, these external components consume. For example, for CLR the SQLOS can invoke garbage collection if the CLR process is taking up too much memory. As you can see, SQLOS seems to be a great resource management capability as it makes sure the SQL Server instance can be always up and running. Above is very high level top view of each mentioned components involved in sql query execution. We’ll dive deep into these in upcoming articles.	<urn:uuid:163a040f-7012-4f51-927a-d29c8cadbc0b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "http://lazyheap.com/category/technology/sql-server/queries-features-implementations/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828697.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217161704-20181217183704-00231.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9045231938362122, "token_count": 1394, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3 }
Membership Expired?Renew Now Divide pieces of bubblegum equally among three sisters. Determine Mitch's normal running speed given information about his performance in a race. Compare the areas of two gardens and the amount of fencing needed. What's wrong with this octagon? Figure out how many wings are in the Biggest Bucket O' Wings. Find the maximum volume of a box based on the given information.	<urn:uuid:857e02c0-48d2-4d0a-bb5b-880f17eee7e1>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "url": "http://mathforum.org/pows/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.928312361240387, "token_count": 92, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3 }
Flight KGL9268 was only 22 minutes into its journey when it disappeared from radar screens over the Sinai Peninsula, having apparently broken up in midair. The disaster carries sinister echoes of earlier tragedies—not least the explosion of Pan-Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie in 1988. But with a concrete explanation so far not forthcoming, what do we actually know? Any findings from the plane’s flight recorder which apparently captured “unusual sounds,” are yet to be made public. That has left plenty of space for theorizing and competing explanations. Since this particular plane sustained a tail strike when it hit the runway in Cairo in 2001, one theory is a technical fault, similar to the 1985 fate of Japan Airlines Flight 123, where the aircraft’s tail fell off in flight—the resulting crash killing 520 people. But along with the chairman of Egypt’s civilian airport stating the technical checks on the aircraft prior to takeoff were successful, the aviation authorities have claimed all the certifications of Flight KGL9268 were satisfactory—and human error by the aircrew has already been ruled out by the airline. What’s fast becoming the dominant theory is that the aircraft exploded as a result of terrorist action, just as Pan-Am Flight 103 did. Oddly enough, that version of events has been most vocally advanced not by Egypt or Russia, but by the U.K. and the United States. On Nov. 4, following a Cobra meeting of top security, military, police, and government officials, British Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond announced that intelligence passed on by the U.K. security services had led Britain to the working hypothesis that a bomb was planted on the aircraft by Islamist militants. American security officials have also reported that having intercepted communications involving the region’s Islamic State (ISIS) affiliate, Sinai Province, they gather the cause of the crash was a bomb being planted on board the aircraft. On Nov. 3, the U.S. media reported that a military satellite detected a heat flash over the Sinai Peninsula at the time of the crash. Egyptian authorities are maintaining that such tentative conclusions are premature as no evidence of any terrorist attack has so far been found. Still Too Soon to Say Investigating any air crash thoroughly takes time in the best possible conditions as it demands that as much forensic evidence as possible is collected and analyzed. In the Sinai Peninsula, where the terrorist threat is high and political sensitivities intense, circumstances are hardly on the investigators’ side. There are also reputational concerns—Egypt, whose economy is deeply fragile, will be desperately worried that the disaster will badly damage its crucial tourism industry. Those worries appear to be well-founded, since various European carriers and countries, including the U.K. and the Netherlands, have already suspended flights to Sharm el-Sheikh. Still, terrorist action clearly cannot be ruled out. The Egyptian government has been fighting against Islamist militias in the Sinai Peninsula for years. The group Sinai Province is very active and has killed hundreds of Egyptian military and police personnel. Meanwhile, less than a month before this disaster, ISIS called for a “holy war” on Russia and announced death threats to President Putin due to Russia’s (now rather shakier) alliance with the Assad regime in Syria, where the ISIS “caliphate” is headquartered. Russia is sensibly sticking to the line that it’s too premature for concrete conclusions and, even if we’re running with the terrorism hypothesis, there are some rather glaring unknowns. It’s not clear why Sinai Province, whose principal conflict is with Egypt, would risk inviting international retaliation by planting a bomb on a Russian tourist flight. But if it does turn out this was definitely a bombing, it seems the perpetrator may have had ample opportunity to plant a bomb on the aircraft. Reports have emerged that the security at Sharm el-Sheikh airport was lax to say the least—with staff not scrutinizing baggage effectively and some passengers boarding aircraft with overly large containers of liquid. Since the terrorism risk is so high in Egypt and the Sinai in particular, such poor oversight would be quite shocking if the reports are accurate. Tight airport security is undeniably crucial to preventing terrorist attacks. The attempted attacks by Richard Reid on a flight to Miami in December 2001, the 2006 liquid bomb plotters, and Umar Abdulmutallab, who was badly burned when a bomb sewn into his underwear failed to detonate fully on a flight to Boston in 2009, spurred a dramatic increase in security provisions at airports. They also prompted changes in terrorism laws in the U.K. with the introduction of the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, which now grant the authorities much greater powers of surveillance at airports, powers to detain aircraft where there is a threat to commit an act of violence on the aircraft under section 86 of the Act and make it much easier to stop passengers—think of the controversial Schedule 7 Terrorism Act 2000, which allows British police to hold and question passengers for up to nine hours without even having to demonstrate “reasonable suspicion” of terrorist intent. Whether similar measures would have averted the fate of Flight KGL9268, of course, cannot be known for sure—especially not without a concrete account of what ultimately happened to it. This puzzle will be put together terribly slowly, and even then, we may have to wait a long time before we can draw any real conclusions. David Lowe is a principal lecturer in law at the Liverpool John Moores University, U.K. This article was previously published on TheConversation.com Views expressed in this article are the opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Epoch Times.	<urn:uuid:a7956f19-ff9b-4962-9aaa-7ebafcd78ab8>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "url": "https://www.theepochtimes.com/sinai-crash-what-do-we-really-know_1894344.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143505.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218025323-20200218055323-00040.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9640713334083557, "token_count": 1181, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3 }
History of North East India. North East is a collective term which is used for the eight States of India, namely, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. It has some very unique features such as dominance of Mongoloid race of people, tribal culture, ‘Hot Spot of Biodiversity‘, and immense potential for hydro-electricity. Its proximity to countries like China, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Bangladesh has made it special from strategic point of view. Modern period in the history of North East begins with the foundation of British rule in Assam following the first Anglo-Burmese War (1824-26). After this most of the parts of the North East came under the British domination and the so called isolation of the North East came to an end. This book deals with the forces and factors of change which gave to the North East its present identity. The book starts with an introduction on the land and people and historiography of the North East. It further acquaints the readers with the Ahom rule in Assam and describes the factors that led to its downfall after a long period of rule extending over six centuries. The book covers a description on the coming of Europeans and the Anglo-Burmese War (1824-26) followed by the policy of annexation of North Eastern states. It further goes to examine the frontier policy followed by the British government in the North East. The book also presents a description on the freedom struggle which the Indian people and the people of North East started against the colonial rule. Finally, the book also deals with the events and progress of the North East since independence and gives a concluding remarks on recent social and economic development in the North East. About the Author Rajesh Verma (b. 1964) passed B.A (Hons.) and M.A. examinations in History from Bhagalpur University, Bihar securing First Class First position in the both. He did his Ph.D in 1989 from the same University on the topic ‘The Congress and Mahatma Gandhi‘s Constructive Programme in Bihar 1920-1934‘. He has been serving in Arunachal Pradesh since 1993. At present he is working as an Associate Professor in the department of History at Government Model College, Seppa, District East Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh. Dr. Rajesh Verma has participated and presented papers in several national and international seminars and conferences and got published research articles in various journals including the proceedings of Indian History Congress and North East India History Association. Dr. Rajesh Verma worked on a UGC Research Project on the title ‘Forest Rights of the Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh: Past and Present‘. He has designed, edited and written course materials for the Distance Education of Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh, Itanagar. He has authored a book titled ‘People and Forest in North East India‘, and co-authored a book in Hindi titled ‘Rashtrawadi Mussalman 1885-1934‘. Guaranteed Safe Checkout	<urn:uuid:ac46687f-0997-4ca1-b45c-08636e96f05a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://mittalbooks.com/products/history-of-north-east-india", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657720.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610131939-20230610161939-00330.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9492709040641785, "token_count": 674, "score": 3.875, "int_score": 4 }
Fairy prions are small burrow-nesting seabirds that breed in large colonies on many islands around New Zealand. The largest colony (of about 1.8 million pairs) is on Takapourewa / Stephens Island in the western approaches to Cook Strait. As part of a project to restore the ecology of Mana Island (off the Wellington west coast), the Friends of Mana Island are leading a project to increase the size of the small population of fairy prions that established following the translocation of 240 chicks from Takapourewa in 2002-04. As described in a previous blog, 100 healthy chicks were removed from burrows on Takapourewa and flown by helicopter to Mana Island on 22 January. This blog describes what happened to the birds after their arrival. Preparation on Mana Island had begun months earlier, with the construction and installation of 100 artificial burrows. These provide a safe environment for the chicks during their short stay on the island, plus potential breeding burrows for any birds that return to Mana Island as adults in 3-4 year’s time. The new arrivals were welcomed by Ngati Toa, who acknowledged the taonga accompanied across Cook Strait by the Ngati Koata members of the collecting team. One chick was removed from its carry box to show the assembled crowd. The remaining chicks were kept in the shade, then each was given a drink of water before being placed in its new home (one chick per burrow). Fairy prions are members of the petrel family, most of which nest in burrows and visit their breeding colonies at night. Other well-known members of the family include the sooty shearwater (the chicks of which are harvested as muttonbirds), and the fluttering shearwater, which often feeds in flocks in the inner Hauraki Gulf, Wellington Harbour and the Marlborough Sounds. All petrels lay a single egg per breeding attempt, and both parents feed their chick semi-digested seafood by regurgitation. The Mana Island project simulates this by feeding the chicks ‘sardine smoothies’ every day via a large syringe and a soft plastic tube that is slipped down the chicks’ throats. The growth and development of each chick is monitored by recording the extent of down loss and measuring their weight and wing-length each day. Their weight is used to determine the amount of food they are to be given, and whether any birds require a second feed later the same day. All petrel chicks are independent of their parents as soon as they leave the breeding colony, meaning that translocated chicks do not require any artificial feeding once they complete their feather development and fly out to sea. We used the wing-length of each chick on Takapourewa to estimate how close it was from being ready to fly out to sea, to see if it fell within our selection criteria. The chicks selected for translocation were all estimated to be 2-10 days from fledging (the term used for a chick taking its first flight). Petrel chicks fly out to sea as soon as they get airborne for the first time, and do not return to land until they reach breeding age. The first chicks departed from Mana Island on the night of 24 January, with more departing each night until the last one left on the night of 2 February. All 100 chicks survived until fledging, continuing the remarkable 100% survival record for fairy prion chicks translocated to Mana Island achieved in 2002-04. The success of the project won’t be known until the chicks return to Mana Island 3 or 4 years from now. Based on previous studies, we expect about a quarter of these 100 chicks to survive to breeding age, with about 14 returning to Mana Island, and the balance returning to the source colony on Takapourewa. A large number of people and organisations have contributed to the project. I acknowledge the approval and support received from the Department of Conservation, Ngati Koata and Ngati Toa. The Friends of Mana Island organised the project, including sourcing funding from sponsors OMV, and organising the teams of volunteer feeders under the expert guidance of contractor Helen Gummer. I thank David Cornick for providing images of the first feeding team in action, and all the members of the bird collection team and the volunteer feeders for the long hours that they put in to ensuring that the 100 chicks were found, selected and fledged in good condition.	<urn:uuid:720616bc-5f88-4419-8395-6bbdead70f0c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2015/02/10/a-box-of-fluffy-birds-the-sequel-fairy-prion-chicks-fly-from-mana-island/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526931.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721061720-20190721083720-00438.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9624840617179871, "token_count": 918, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3 }
Law of Canada The Canadian legal system has its foundation in the English common law system, inherited from being a former colony of the United Kingdom and later a Commonwealth Realm member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The legal system is bi-jurisdictional, as the responsibilities of public (includes criminal) and private law are separated and exercised exclusively by Parliament and the provinces respectively. Quebec, however, still retains a civil system for issues of private law (as this domain falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the provinces). Both legal systems are subject to the Constitution of Canada. The federal government has jurisdiction over certain exclusive domains which are regulated exclusively by Parliament, as well as all matters and disputes between provinces. These generally include interprovincial transport (rail, air and marine transport) as well as interprovincial trade and commerce (which generally concerns energy, the environment, agriculture). Criminal prosecutions are conducted in the style of the British common law, as this jurisdiction falls exclusively to the federal government. - 1 Constitution of Canada - 2 Legislation - 3 Legal traditions - 4 Areas of law - 4.1 Aboriginal law - 4.2 Administrative law - 4.3 Contract law - 4.4 Constitutional law - 4.5 Copyright law - 4.6 Criminal law - 4.7 Evidence law - 4.8 Family law - 4.9 Human Rights Law - 4.10 Immigration and refugee law - 4.11 Indigenous Legal Traditions - 4.12 Inheritance law - 4.13 Insolvency law of Canada - 4.14 Labour and employment law - 4.15 Patent law - 4.16 Procedural law - 4.17 Property law - 4.18 Tort law - 4.19 Trademark law - 5 Judicial system - 6 See also - 7 References - 8 Further reading - 9 External links Constitution of Canada Canada's constitution is its supreme law, and any law passed by any federal, provincial, or territorial government that is inconsistent with the constitution is invalid. The Constitution Act, 1982 stipulates that Canada's constitution includes that act, a series of thirty acts and orders referred to in a schedule to that act (the most notable of which is the Constitution Act, 1867), and any amendment to any of those acts. However, the Supreme Court of Canada has found that this list is not intended to be exhaustive, and in 1998's Reference re Secession of Quebec identified four "supporting principles and rules" that are included as unwritten elements of the constitution: federalism, democracy, constitutionalism and the rule of law, and respect for minorities. While these principles are an enforceable part of Canada's constitution, Canadian courts have not used them to override the written text of the constitution, instead confining their role to "filling gaps". Because the Constitution Act, 1867 provides that Canada's constitution is "similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom", which is considered to be an uncodified constitution, the Supreme Court has also recognized the existence of constitutional conventions. In 1981's Reference re a Resolution to amend the Constitution, the Court provided three factors necessary for the existence of a constitutional convention: a practice or agreement developed by political actors, a recognition that they are bound to follow that practice or agreement, and a purpose for that practice or agreement. It also found that, while these conventions are not law and are therefore unenforceable by the courts, courts may recognize conventions in their rulings. The Constitution Act, 1867 assigns powers to the provincial and federal governments. Matters under federal jurisdiction include criminal law, trade and commerce, banking, and immigration. The federal government also has the residual power to make laws necessary for Canada's "peace, order and good government". Matters under provincial jurisdiction include hospitals, municipalities, education (except education on First Nation reserves), and property and civil rights. The Constitution Act, 1867 also provides that, while provinces establish their own superior courts, the federal government appoints their judges. It also gives the federal Parliament the right to establish a court system responsible for federal law and a general court of appeal to hear appeals of decisions of both federal and provincial courts. This last power resulted in the federal Parliament's creation of the Supreme Court of Canada, which is, despite its role as supreme arbiter of all Canadian law, a creation of simple, rather than constitutional, statute. The Constitution Act, 1982 created a mechanism by which Canada's constitution could be amended by joint action of federal and provincial governments; prior to 1982, it could be amended only by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It also created the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which grants individual rights which may not be contravened by any provincial or federal law. Acts passed by the Parliament of Canada and by provincial legislatures are the primary sources of law in Canada. Sections 91 and 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867 enumerate the subject matters upon which either level of government (federal and provincial) may legitimately enact legislation. Laws passed by the federal government are initially announced in the Canada Gazette, a regularly published newspaper for new statutes and regulations. Federal bills that receive Royal Assent are subsequently published in the Annual Statutes of Canada. From time to time, the federal government will consolidate its current laws into a single consolidation of law known as the Revised Statutes of Canada. The most recent federal consolidation was in 1985. Laws passed by the provinces follow a similar practice. The Acts are announced in a provincial gazette, published annually and consolidated from time to time. As with all common law countries, Canadian law adheres to the doctrine of stare decisis. Lower courts must follow the decisions of higher courts by which they are bound. For instance, all Ontario lower courts are bound by the decisions of the Ontario Court of Appeal and, all British Columbia lower courts are bound by the decisions of the British Columbia Court of Appeal. However, no Ontario court is bound by decisions of any British Columbia court and no British Columbia court is bound by decisions of any Ontario court. Nonetheless, decisions made by a province's highest court (provincial Courts of Appeal) are often considered as "persuasive" even though they are not binding on other provinces. Only the Supreme Court of Canada has authority to bind all courts in the country with a single ruling. The busier courts, such as the Court of Appeal for Ontario, for example, are often looked to for guidance on many local matters of law outside the province, especially in matters such as evidence and criminal law. When there is little or no existing Canadian decision on a particular legal issue and it becomes necessary to look to a non-Canadian legal authority for reference, decisions of English courts and American courts are often utilized. In light of the long-standing history between English law and Canadian law, the English Court of Appeal and the House of Lords are often cited as and considered persuasive authority, and are often followed. If the legal question at issue relates to matters of constitutional or privacy law, however, decisions of United States courts are more likely to be utilized by Canadian lawyers because there is a much greater body of jurisprudence in U.S. law than English law in these areas. Decisions from Commonwealth nations, aside from England, are also often treated as persuasive sources of law in Canada. A major difference between U.S. and Canadian common law is that Canada does not follow the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938), and this is so taken for granted that the Supreme Court of Canada has never needed to actually rule upon the question. In other words, there is no distinction in Canada between federal and provincial common law, and the Supreme Court can and does dictate common law directly to the provinces on all matters traditionally encompassed by common law (to the extent not superseded by legislation). From the American perspective, Canadian federalism is thus relatively incomplete, since Canada continues to operate as a unitary state with respect to common law (and is truly federal only as to statutory law). Due to Canada’s historical connection with the United Kingdom, decisions of the House of Lords before 1867 are technically still binding on Canada unless they have been overturned by the Supreme Court of Canada, and Canada is still bound by the decisions of the Privy Council before the abolishment of appeals to that entity in 1949. In practice, however, no court in Canada has declared itself bound by any English court decision for decades, and it is highly unlikely that any Canadian court will do so in the future. Criminal offences are found only within the Criminal Code and other federal statutes; an exception is that contempt of court is the only remaining common law offence in Canada. For historical reasons, Quebec has a hybrid legal system. Private law follows the civil law tradition, originally expressed in the Coutume de Paris as it applied in what was then New France. Today, the jus commune of Quebec is codified in the Civil Code of Quebec. As for public law, it was made that of the conquering British nation after the fall of New France in 1760, that is the common law. It is important to note that the distinction between civil law and common law is not based on the division of powers set out in the Constitution Act, 1867. Therefore, legislation enacted by the provincial legislature in matters of public law, such as the Code of Penal Procedure, should be interpreted following the common law tradition. Likewise, legislation enacted by the federal Parliament in matters of private law, such as the Divorce Act, is to be interpreted following the civil law tradition and in harmony with the Civil Code of Quebec. Areas of law Aboriginal law is the area of law related to the Canadian Government's relationship with its Indigenous peoples (First Nations, Métis and Inuit). Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867 gives the federal parliament exclusive power to legislate in matters related to Aboriginals, which includes groups governed by the Indian Act, different Numbered Treaties and outside of those Acts. Canadian administrative law is the body of law that addresses the actions and operations of governments and governmental agencies. Individual provinces have codified some principles of contract law in a Sale of Goods Act, which was modeled on early English versions. Outside of Quebec, most contract law is still common law, based on the rulings of judges in contract litigation over the years. Quebec, being a civil law jurisdiction, does not have contract law, but rather has its own law of obligations. Constitutional law is the area of Canadian law relating to the interpretation and application of the Constitution of Canada by the Courts. This is represented in the Constitution Act, 1867, Constitution Act, 1982 and Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Copyright law of Canada governs the legally enforceable rights to creative and artistic works under the laws of Canada. Criminal law in Canada falls under the exclusive legislative jurisdiction of the federal government. The power to enact criminal law is derived from section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867. Most criminal laws have been codified in the Criminal Code, as well as the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, Youth Criminal Justice Act, and several other peripheral Acts. The provinces are responsible for the administration of justice, including criminal trials within their respective provinces, despite their inability to enact criminal laws. Provinces do have the power to promulgate quasi-criminal or regulatory offences in a variety of administrative and other areas, and every province has done so with myriad rules and regulations across a broad spectrum. The Canada Evidence Act is an Act of the Parliament of Canada, first passed in 1893, that regulates the rules of evidence in court proceedings under federal law. Each province also has its own evidence statute, governing the law of evidence in civil proceedings in the province. Family law in Canada concerns the body of Canadian law dealing with family relationship, marriage, and divorce. The federal government has exclusive jurisdiction over the substance of marriage and divorce. Provinces have exclusive jurisdiction over the procedures surrounding marriage. Provinces also have laws dealing with marital property and with family maintenance (including spousal support). Human Rights Law There are currently four key mechanisms in Canada to protect human rights: the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Canadian Human Rights Act, the Canadian Human Rights Commission, and provincial human rights laws and legislation. Immigration and refugee law Canadian immigration and refugee law concerns the area of law related to the admission of foreign nationals into Canada, their rights and responsibilities once admitted, and the conditions of their removal. The primary law on these matters is in the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. Indigenous Legal Traditions Canada was founded on the original territory of over 900 different Indigenous groups, each using different Indigenous legal traditions. Cree, Inuit, Mohawk, Mi'kmaq and numerous other First Nations will apply their own legal traditions in daily life, creating contracts, working with governmental and corporate entities, ecological management and criminal proceedings and family law. Inheritance law in Canada is constitutionally a provincial matter. Therefore, the laws governing inheritance in Canada are legislated by each individual province. Insolvency law of Canada The Parliament of Canada has exclusive jurisdiction to regulate matters relating to bankruptcy and insolvency, by virtue of s.91 of the Constitution Act, 1867. It has passed some statutes as a result, i.e., The Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act ("BIA") and the Winding-Up and Restructuring Act (which essentially applies only to financial institutions under federal jurisdiction). In applying these statutes, provincial law has important consequences. Section 67(1)(b) of the BIA provides that "any property that as against the bankrupt is exempt from execution or seizure under any laws applicable in the province within which the property is situated and within which the bankrupt resides" is not divisible among their creditors. Provincial legislation under the property and civil rights power of the Constitution Act, 1867 regulates the resolution of financial difficulties that occur before the onset of insolvency. Labour and employment law Canadian labour law is that body of law which regulates the rights, restrictions obligations of trade unions, workers and employers in Canada. Canadian employment law is that body of law which regulates the rights, restrictions obligations of non-unioned workers and employers in Canada. Most labour regulation in Canada is conducted at the provincial level by government agencies and boards. However, certain industries under federal regulation are subject solely to federal labour legislation and standards. The functioning of the Courts is regulated by the laws of civil procedure which are codified in each province's civil procedures rules. Property law in Canada is the body of law concerning the rights of individuals over land, objects, and expression within Canada. It encompasses personal property, real property, and intellectual property. Canada's trademark law provides protection for distinctive marks, certification marks, distinguishing guises, and proposed marks against those who appropriate the goodwill of the mark or create confusion between different vendors' goods or services. Under the Constitution Act, 1867, the federal Parliament and the provincial legislatures both have the constitutional authority to create courts: Parliament under s. 101, and the Provinces under s. 92(14). However, the federal power to create courts is much more limited than the provincial power. The provincial courts have a much more extensive jurisdiction, including the constitutionally entrenched power to determine constitutional issues. The Supreme Court of Canada (French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian justice system. Parliament created it by Act of Parliament in 1875, as a "general court of appeal for Canada". Prior to 1949, cases could be appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom, and some cases bypassed the Supreme Court of Canada entirely. Other than the Supreme Court, the Canadian court system is divided into two classes of courts: superior courts of general jurisdiction, and courts of limited jurisdiction, sometimes referred to as inferior courts. The superior courts, created and maintained by the provinces, are divided into superior courts of original jurisdiction and superior courts of appeal. These courts are sometimes also referred to as "Section 96" courts, in reference to s. 96 of the Constitution Act, 1867, which grants the federal government the power to appoint the judges of these courts. As courts of general jurisdiction, the provincial superior courts of original jurisdiction have jurisdiction over all matters, under both federal and provincial law, unless the matter has been assigned to some other court or administrative agency by a statute passed by the appropriate legislative body. The superior courts of original jurisdiction have an extensive civil jurisdiction, under both federal and provincial laws. Under the Criminal Code, a federal statute, they have jurisdiction over the most serious criminal offences, such as murder. They also hear appeals from the Provincial Courts in criminal matters and some civil matters. A further appeal normally lies to superior court of appeal, the highest court in each province. The provinces also can establish courts of limited jurisdiction, whose jurisdiction is limited solely to what is included in the statutory grant of jurisdiction. These courts are often called "Provincial Courts", even though the superior courts established by the provinces are also provincial courts. The Provincial Courts have an extensive criminal jurisdiction under the Criminal Code, a federal statute, and also typically have a limited civil jurisdiction in matters under provincial jurisdiction, such as small claims and some family matters. The judges of the Provincial Courts are appointed by the provincial governments. There are also additional federal courts established by Parliament, which have a specialised jurisdiction in certain areas of federal law. These courts are the Federal Court of Appeal, the Federal Court, the Tax Court of Canada, and the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada. - At Her Majesty's pleasure - Canadian Legal Information Institute (CanLI) - Human rights in Canada - Legal systems of the world - List of Acts of Parliament of Canada - Statutes of Canada - The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples - Richard W. Bauman; Tsvi Kahana (2006). The Least Examined Branch: The Role of Legislatures in the Constitutional State. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-139-46040-8. - Craik 94 - Craik 96 - Craik 98 - Frederick Lee Morton (2002). Law, Politics and the Judicial Process in Canada. University of Calgary Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-55238-046-8. - Craik 105 - OECD (2007). Linking Regions and Central Governments Contracts for Regional Development: Contracts for Regional Development. OECD Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 978-92-64-00875-5. - Munroe Eagles; Larry Johnston (2008). Politics: An Introduction to Modern Democratic Government. University of Toronto Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-55111-858-1. - Craik 125 - Patrick N. Malcolmson; Richard Myers (2009). The Canadian Regime: An Introduction to Parliamentary Government in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-4426-0047-8. - Craik 127 - Craik 127–128 - Craik 131 - Craik 119 - Statutory Instrument Act - "Canada Gazette - About Us". Gazette.gc.ca. 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2011-02-28. - Legislation Revision and Consolidation Act - Dennis Campbell; Susan Cotter (1998). Comparative Law Yearbook. Kluwer Law International. p. 234. ISBN 978-90-411-0740-4. - Richard A. Mann (2013). Business Law and the Regulation of Business. Cengage Learning. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-133-58757-6. - Robert A. Battram (2010). Canada In Crisis...: An Agenda to Unify the Nation. Trafford Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-4269-8062-6. - Graeme R. Newman (30 October 2010). Crime and Punishment around the World: [Four Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-313-35134-1. - Ian Bushnell (1992). Captive Court: A Study of the Supreme Court of Canada. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-7735-6301-8. - Hogg, Peter W. (2007). Constitutional Law of Canada (5th ed.). Toronto: Carswell. pp. 8–9 — 8–11. ISBN 9780779813377. - Frederick Lee Morton (2002). Law, Politics and the Judicial Process in Canada. University of Calgary Press. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-55238-046-8. - A Compendium of Law and Judges[dead link] - J. M. Smits (2012). Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-78100-610-8. - Christian Leuprecht; Peter H. Russell (2011). Essential Readings in Canadian Constitutional Politics. University of Toronto Press. p. 477. ISBN 978-1-4426-0368-4. - Robert Leckey (2008). Contextual Subjects: Family, State and Relational Theory. University of Toronto Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-8020-9749-1. - Simon N. M. Young (2009). Civil Forfeiture of Criminal Property. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-84844-621-2. - Leuprecht/Russell, 2011. p. 451. - Lesley Ellen Harris (2001). Canadian Copyright Law. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-07-560369-6. - Michelle G. Grossman; Julian V. Roberts (2011). Criminal Justice in Canada: A Reader. Cengage Learning. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-17-650228-7. - H. Stephen Harris (2001). Competition Laws Outside the United States: Supplement. American Bar Association. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-57073-881-4. - Kevin Heller; Markus Dubber (2010). The Handbook of Comparative Criminal Law. Stanford University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8047-7729-2. - Canada; James Crankshaw (1910). The Criminal Code of Canada and the Canada Evidence Act as Amended to Date. Carswell Company. p. intro. - Malcolm C. Kronby (2010). Canadian Family Law. John Wiley and Sons. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-470-67647-9. - Alan Price (2007). Human Resource Management in a Business Context. Cengage Learning EMEA. p. 391. ISBN 978-1-84480-548-8. - John Powell (2009). Encyclopedia of North American Immigration. Infobase Publishing. p. 362. ISBN 978-1-4381-1012-7. - Thomas F. Cotter (21 March 2013). Comparative Patent Remedies: A Legal and Economic Analysis. Oxford University Press. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-0-19-984065-6. - Stuart C. McCormack (1999). Intellectual Property Law of Canada. Juris Publishing, Inc. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-57823-070-9. - Jean Louis Baudouin; Allen M. Linden (2010). Tort Law in Canada. Kluwer Law International. ISBN 978-90-411-3373-1. - Borden Ladner Gervias LLP (2011). Trade-Mark Practice in Canada. Borden Ladner Gervais LLP. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-9730750-5-2. - Augustus Henry Frazer Lefroy (2005). Canada's Federal System: Being a Treatise on Canadian Constitutional Law Under the British North America Act. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-58477-591-1. - Ian Bushnell (1997). The Federal Court of Canada: A History, 1875-1992. University of Toronto Press. pp. 234–237. ISBN 978-0-8020-4207-1. - Peter H. Russell (2007). Canada's Trial Courts: Two Tiers Or One?. University of Toronto Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8020-9323-3. - Michel Proulx; David Layton (2001). Ethics and Canadian criminal law. Irwin Law. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-55221-044-4. - International Business Publications, USA (2008). Canada Company Laws and Regulations Handbook. Int'l Business Publications. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4330-6959-8. - Gerhard Robbers (2006). Encyclopedia of World Constitutions. Infobase Publishing. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-8160-6078-8. - Jonathan L. Black-Branch; Canadian Education Association (1995). Making Sense of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: A Handbook for Administrators and Teachers. Canadian Education Association. ISBN 978-0-920315-78-1. - John Borrows (2002). Recovering Canada: The Resurgence of Indigenous Law. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8501-6. - J. Brian Casey; Janet E. Mills (2005). Arbitration Law Of Canada: Practice And Procedure. Juris Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-929446-68-1. - Ian Greene (1989). The Charter of Rights. James Lorimer & Company. ISBN 978-1-55028-185-9. - Calvin S. Goldman and John D. Bodrug, Editors (2009). Competition Law of Canada. Juris Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57823-096-9. - Frederick Lee Morton (2002). Law, Politics and the Judicial Process in Canada. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 978-1-55238-046-8. - D. M. McRae (2008). The Canadian Yearbook of International Law: Annuaire Canadien de Droit International. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-5826-7. - Richard Moon (2008). Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-5853-3. - Peter McCormick (2000). Supreme at Last: The Evolution of the Supreme Court of Canada. James Lorimer & Company. ISBN 978-1-55028-692-2. - Margaret Ann Wilkinson (2010). Genealogy and the Law in Canada. Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-77070-585-2. \|Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Canadian law\|	<urn:uuid:3db5e531-e88f-4953-9284-6378c793f1ef>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Law", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886118195.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823094122-20170823114122-00382.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8847488164901733, "token_count": 5649, "score": 3.765625, "int_score": 4 }
Brown dwarfs are a class of objects halfway between giant planets, like Jupiter, and stars. All objects with a mass greater than about 75 times that of Jupiter (7% of the Sun’s mass) are stars, and mainly burn hydrogen for their entire lifetimes. During this phase of peaceful nuclear combustion, their luminosity remains quite stable. Low-mass stars (less than 50% of the Sun’s mass) conserve the same flux for tens of billions of years – much more than the current age of the universe. Objects with a mass below this threshold (75 times Jupiter’s mass) thus inexorably cool, starting from a temperature of about 3000 °C, to reach ambient room temperature in a few billion years. Lighter objects (less than 13 times Jupiter’s mass) are called (giant) planets, while more massive ones (13-75 times Jupiter’s mass) belong to the brown dwarf class. Aside from this apparently arbitrary subdivision, brown dwarfs can be distinguished from giant planets in some other ways. For example, there are very few brown dwarfs in close orbit around stars, while this is very common for planets. In addition, there are many brown dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood (1 star out of 6 is a brown dwarf), while “orphan” (starless) planets appear to be much rarer. CFBDSIR 2149, a planet with no parent star, discovered in 2013 by researchers at the Institute in collaboration with French researchers, has blurred the line between planets and brown dwarfs, however. Generally speaking, brown dwarfs are isolated stars, and it is relatively easy to obtain a detailed spectrum for them. This is not the case for exoplanets located very (too) near their parent stars. Since brown dwarfs cool in the same way as giant planets and many physical phenomena governing their atmospheres are common to both, studying brown dwarfs is a way of constructing and testing atmospheric models that can also be used to study exoplanets. Researchers of the Institute, notably professors René Doyon and David Lafrenière, as well as researchers Étienne Artigau and Loïc Albert, have conducted and taken part in various studies of brown dwarfs, in particular efforts to detect brown dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), study their variability (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4), discover brown dwarfs in binary systems, both star/brown dwarf and brown dwarf/brown dwarf (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4), and discover young brown dwarfs (e.g. 1, 2, 3).	<urn:uuid:5ec3611b-b305-4696-b46e-53bb5d9c94b7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "url": "http://ipm.craq-astro.ca/?page_id=1219&lang=en", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249495888.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223082039-20190223104039-00479.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9518656134605408, "token_count": 562, "score": 3.90625, "int_score": 4 }
Until about the mid 1700s, childhood wasn’t recognized as part of the lifespan. Children were viewed as miniature adults. The same rules, expectations, and responsibilities were applied equally to children and adults. (Hence, the child kings, child brides, child laborers, etc.) No one considered that children might have different needs, different ways of thinking, or different capacities. The shift in perspective that allowed adults to consider children and childhood to be unique was one of the great advances of the 18th century And yet, I couldn’t help but think, as I read chpaters 7, 8, and 9 of What If Everybody Understood Child Development?: Straight Talk About Bettering Education and Children’s Lives (*affiliate link), that some policies and attitudes make it seem as though we’d like to regress several centuries in our thinking. As Heather Shumaker said in her book, It’s OK NOT to Share, we have a tendency to look at childhood through adult lenses. But that egocentric view leaves kids short-changed. How can we be responsive to the needs of children if we refuse to see them as they are? As Rae Pica points out in our read-along, there’s an unsettling trend of leaving “baby stuff” behind, so that kids can get ahead. As in, “the sooner kids can just quit acting like kids the better off they’ll be”. (A fallacy I wrote about here.) Here are the three cases in particular that were addressed in the most recent chapters of Rae’s book: - Getting rid of nap time in preschool programs. - “Toughening kids up” by emphasizing competition. - “Zero-tolerance” for play themes (or any expression, really) that adults view as violent. Through the lens of adulthood it seems clear that naps are a waste of time, a competitive drive will give our kids the edge, and violence in all forms and representations must be kept from our schools. But when we look again at each topic with what we know about children– what they need, and how they grow– we see that naps are a basic human need, particularly in the early years. Young children are driven by pleasure and intrinsic motivators more than by outdoing others. And play themes are a natural and healthy outlet for children to process heavy topics – not least of which is the violence they see around them in many forms. Let’s dive into each topic a bit more deeply. Children need more sleep than adults. It’s just a developmental fact. Typical, healthy sleep patterns include naps for many 3 and 4 year-olds. This means full-day preschool programs will need nap times in order to address that vital human need. With adult lenses, it’s wasted time that can be reclaimed for a more “rigorous” purpose. But with a childhood awareness, we see it is time spent meeting essential needs. And as usual, ignoring those needs is counterproductive. As the many experts Rae cites will evidence, children who lack sleep have a harder time learning, a harder time behaving appropriately, and a harder time managing their emotions. So in an effort to get ahead, skipping sleep simply puts them at a disadvantage. It’s another classic case of doing for kids now what we think they might need later. “They have to compete for spots in college and out in the workforce, so let’s toughen them up to compete now.” This one’s actually unfortunate from both the child perspective AND the adult perspective. For young children, cooperative goals are more motivating that competitive ones. This developmental period is primed for learning new social skills. But equally compelling is the data that shows that one of the top qualities employers are looking for is not the cut-throat competitor, but someone who is able to work well as part of a team. If our goal truly is to prepare our children for their careers and adult lives (a bit misplaced when laid on 3 year olds in my opinion, but for the sake of argument let’s stick it out) then we would do well to emphasize the cooperative skills that are also developmentally driven in the early years. As Rae wrote on page 39: “I’ll concede that there are occasions in life when we must compete. But if we consider the number of relationships in our lives —familial, spousal, work- and community-related —we have to admit that there are more opportunities for cooperation and collaboration than competition.” We live in an age of hyper-vigilance. It’s an unfortunate necessity. Violence and tragedy have left their mark on too many families and communities. We all want to keep our kids safe. But punishing young children for play themes is another case of seeing childhood through adult lenses. Certainly we need to make sure that no child feels afraid or unsafe in a play situation. But beyond that, dramatic play is something we should observe, not obstruct. Dramatic play is a child’s means of processing. It’s literally therapy. So when we see complicated themes as the output, we need to analyze the input. Are they seeing violence at home? On the news? Movies? Video games? Can it be more closely monitored and reduced? What goes in should be monitored and regulated. What comes out should be listened to, valued, and processed. Addressing the play rather than the source is like forbidding medicine while ignoring the need for hand-washing. Are we truly doing more to promote peaceful healthy kids when we don’t allow them to work out heavy topics through play? As child development expert, Nancy Carlsson-Paige asks of these unaddressed fears and stresses, “Where does it go inside of them? How does it affect them?” There is so much more on this topic, including how to find that healthy middle ground, in the book! But now it’s your turn! Have you seen policies that “adultify” childhood? Instances or policies that view children through adult lenses, rather than recognizing the unique needs and experiences of childhood? Share your observations in the comments. And as always, share your questions for the author, Rae Pica. She’ll be answering YOUR questions in the last post in the series!	<urn:uuid:4ce81dc1-08d0-4b0d-86ad-1f9c6296fd74>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "url": "https://notjustcute.com/2016/02/17/let-them-be-little-read-along-section-3-what-if-everybody-understood-child-development/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660175.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118151716-20190118173716-00405.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9606510996818542, "token_count": 1334, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3 }

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