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In re Gibson, Jeremy Lee; — Plaintiff; Applying For Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Tangipahoa, 21st Judi cial District Court Div. F, No. 801777; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. 2010 KA 2165.
Denied. | [
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In re Bacon, David M.; — Plaintiff; Applying For Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of E. Baton Rouge, 19th Judicial District Court Div. G, No. 08-88-0255; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. 2013 KW 1728.
Denied. Relator’s claims are either time-barred, La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.8; State ex rel. Glover v. State, 93-2330 (La.9/5/95), 660 So.2d 1189, or lack any substantive merit. La.C.Cr.P. art. 928. | [
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In re Daniel Lund, III, et al.; Elizabeth R. Lund; — Plaintiffs); Applying For Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Orleans, Civil District Court Div. H, No. 09-01304; to the Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, No. 2014-C-0817.
Granted; the judgment of court of appeal is reversed; the trial court’s judgment denying defendant’s motion for partial summary judgment is reinstated. | [
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CONERY, Judge.
hOn May 17, 2018, Defendant, Phillip A. Maggio, was charged by bill of information with theft over $500.00, in violation of La. R.S. 14:67. On March 28, 2014, Defendant pled guilty to theft over $500.00 but less than $1500.00, in violation of La.R.S. 14:67(B)(2). On May 19, 2014, Defendant was given a sentence of five years with the Louisiana Department of Corrections. Defendant has timely appealed his sentence, claiming excessiveness. Defendant’s sentence is affirmed.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Defendant was arrested for selling a pressure-washer which belonged to his father, as well as charging unauthorized purchases worth over $400.00 on his parents’ Home Depot charge card on April 4, 2013.
After his arrest, Defendant was released on his own recognizance in order to attend the Fresh Start Outreach Ministry in Winnsboro, Louisiana, for a seven-month treatment program, after which he was supposed to complete an internship, go to a halfway house, then participate in an aftercare program. Defendant never made it past the first step, as he was forced to restart the Fresh Start program in August 2013 after violating rules. Defendant was then kicked out of Fresh Start for testing positive for cocaine following a visit home for Christmas.
When Defendant was kicked out of Fresh Start, rather than returning to the Natchitoches Parish Detention Center, Defendant drove off in his own vehicle after taking a staff member’s phone. Defendant was subsequently returned to custody, and held without bond prior to his guilty plea.
| .ERRORS PATENT
In accordance with La.Code Crim.P. art. 920, all appeals are reviewed for errors patent on the face of the record. After reviewing the record, we find that there are no errors patent.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
Defendant’s sole assignment of error is that his sentence is excessive. Defendant argues that he is in need of rehabilitation, not incarceration, and that because he completed probation after his prior felony plea, he would be better served by receiving probation and drug treatment.
Defendant never filed a motion to reconsider sentence, nor was any contemporaneous objection made to the sentence when announced. Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 881.1 provides the mechanism for preserving the review of a sentence on appeal:
A. (1) In felony cases, within thirty days following the imposition of sentence or within such longer period as the trial court may set at sentence, the state or the defendant may make or file a motion to reconsider sentence.
E. Failure to make or file a motion to reconsider sentence or to include a specific ground upon which a motion to reconsider sentence may be based, including a claim of excessiveness, shall preclude the state or the defendant from raising an objection to the sentence or from urging any ground not raised in the motion on appeal or review.
Because the Defendant failed to file a motion to reconsider sentence, we find that Defendant is precluded from a review of the excessiveness of his sentence. See State v. Cormier, 13-1140 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/9/14), 2014 WL 1390451 (unpublished opinion); State |8¾ Bowles, 13-80 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/9/13), 123 So.3d 350, writ denied, 13-2655 (La.4/25/14), 138 So.3d 643.
However, in the interest of justice, we review Defendant’s sentence for bare excessiveness. See State v. Austin, 13-1322 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/7/14), 139 So.3d 583, unit denied, 14-1111 (La.1/9/15), 157 So.3d 597.
The law is well-settled concerning the standard to be used in reviewing excessive sentence claims:
La. Const, art. I, § 20 guarantees that, “[n]o law shall subject any person to cruel or unusual punishment.” To constitute an excessive sentence, the reviewing court must find the penalty so grossly disproportionate to the severity of the crime as to shock our sense of justice or that the sentence makes no measurable contribution to acceptable penal goals and is, therefore, nothing more than a needless imposition of pain and suffering. State v. Campbell, 404 So.2d 1205 (La.1981). The trial court has wide discretion in the imposition of sentence within the statutory limits and such sentence shall not be set aside as excessive absent a manifest abuse of discretion. State v. Etienne, 99-192 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/13/99); 746 So.2d 124, writ denied, 00-0165 (La.6/30/00); 765 So.2d 1067. The relevant question is whether the trial court abused its broad sentencing discretion, not whether another sentence might have been more appropriate. State v. Cook, 95-2784 (La.5/31/96); 674 So.2d 957, cert, denied, 519 U.S. 1043, 117 S.Ct. 615, 136 L.Ed.2d 539 (1996).
State v. Barling, 00-1241, 00-1591, p. 12 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1/31/01), 779 So.2d 1035, 1042-43, writ denied, 01-838 (La.2/1/02), 808 So.2d 331.
[E]ven when a sentence falls within the statutory sentencing range, it still may be unconstitutionally excessive, and in determining whether a sentence shocks the sense of justice or makes no meaningful contribution to acceptable penal goals, this court has suggested that several factors may be considered:
[An] appellate court may consider several factors including the nature of the offense, the circumstances of the offender, the legislative purpose behind the punishment and a comparison of the sentences imposed for similar crimes. State v. Smith, 99-0606 (La.7/6/00); |4766 So.2d 501. While a comparison of sentences imposed for similar crimes may provide some insight, “it is well settled that sentences must be individualized to the particular offender and to the particular offense committed.” State v. Batiste, 594 So.2d 1 (La.App. 1 Cir.1991). Additionally, it is within the purview of the trial court to particularize the sentence because the trial judge “remains in the best position to assess the aggravating and mitigating circumstances presented by each case.” State v. Cook, 95-2784 (La.5/31/96); 674 So.2d 957, 958.
State v. Smith, 02-719, p. 4 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/12/03), 846 So.2d 786, 789, writ denied, 03-562 (La.5/30/03), 845 So.2d 1061.
State v. Decuir, 10-1112, pp. 11-13 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/6/11), 61 So.3d 782, 790-91; see also State v. Day, 14-708 (La.App. 3 Cir. 12/23/14), 158 So.3d 120.
The instant case did not involve violence, the offender only has one prior conviction, but has a history of arrests for crimes relating to his drug addiction, and the legislative intent was to enforce the social taboo against taking the property of another, even one’s parents.
Under La.R.S. 14:67(B)(2) at the time of the crime:
When the misappropriation or taking amounts to a value of five hundred dollars or more, but less than a value of one thousand five hundred dollars, the offender shall be imprisoned, with or without hard labor, for not more than five years, or may be fined not more than two thousand dollars, or both.
During sentencing, the trial court gave a detailed explanation of why it made the discretionary decision to sentence the Defendant to a maximum sentence of five years. That explanation included a discussion of both Defendant’s prior felony conviction for possession of controlled dangerous substances, and his “satisfactory” completion of probation for that conviction. The trial court also discussed Defendant’s failure to complete half of the treatment programs provided | Kfor him during that probation. Further, it discussed Defendant’s failure to complete treatment between his arrest and plea on this charge.
The trial court also noted its consideration of La.Code Crim.P. art. 894.1, and its finding that imprisonment should be imposed under La.Code Crim.P. art. 894.1(A)(2), which requires a sentence of imprisonment where “[t]he defendant is in need of correctional treatment or a custodial environment that can be provided most effectively by his commitment to an institution.” The trial court finally noted that the only mitigating factor it could find was Defendant’s lack of a “criminal heart.”
Considering Defendant’s admitted prior history of substance abuse, his inability to complete treatment for said substance abuse while out on bond for this theft charge, and Defendant’s prior felony conviction, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Defendant to a maximum sentence of five years imprisonment.
DISPOSITION
Defendant’s assignment of error is without merit. Defendant’s sentence is affirmed.
We note that the offender may be eligible for the intensive incarceration and parole. supervision program pursuant to La. R.S. 15:574.4.4(B), if the staff and warden at the adult reception and diagnostic center so recommend after proper screening and testing. We recommend to the Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections, if feasible, to screen Defendant for eligibility for this program, provided that he is willing to participate.
AFFIRMED. | [
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] |
In re Charles P. Mechwart; — Plaintiff; Applying For Appeal of the Decision of the Disciplinary Board Office of Disciplinary Board, No. 14-PDB-067.
Leave to appeal not considered. Not timely filed. See Supreme Court Rule XIX, § 30(C). | [
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ATTORNEY DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS
PER CURIAM.
| ,This disciplinary matter arises from formal charges filed by the Office of Disci plinary Counsel (“ODC”) against respondent, Randy J. Fuerst, an attorney licensed to practice law in Louisiana.
UNDERLYING FACTS
At all times relevant to this proceeding, respondent has maintained a law office in Lake Charles, where his practice is almost exclusively confined to family law matters. Beginning in 1998, after he and his wife were divorced, and continuing through 2010, respondent was involved in consensual sexual relationships with six women who had at one time either retained his services or consulted with him regarding their divorce cases. With one exception, these sexual relationships did not occur while the attorney-client relationship was ongoing. We have briefly summarized these relationships below, referring to the women involved only by their initials to protect their privacy.
CCL consulted with respondent regarding her divorce in February 1998, but she did not retain him to represent her. Another lawyer filed a petition for divorce on behalf of CCL in March 1998. In April 1998, CCL and respondent began dating. Their relationship became sexually intimate, and continued until April 1999, when it ended amicably.
|2VADL retained respondent to represent her in her divorce. The parties were divorced in August 2001 and the case was concluded in January 2002 when the community property settlement was finalized. In the spring of 2002, VADL initiated a social relationship with respondent which became sexually intimate. In July 2002, the lawyer for VADL’s ex-husband requested that respondent execute an act of correction to correct an error in the listing of a vehicle identification number that had been included in the community property settlement. Respondent signed the act of correction while his relationship with VADL was ongoing. Respondent’s relationship with VADL ended amicably in' February 2003.
MRW retained respondent to represent her in her divorce. In December 2001, respondent filed a petition for divorce on behalf of MRW pursuant to La. Civ.Code art. 102. During the six-month waiting period to file the rule to show cause why the divorce should not be granted, respondent and MRW engaged in a sexual relationship. Respondent has acknowledged that his conduct with MRW constituted a conflict of interest in violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct.
MLDG retained respondent to represent her in her divorce. Respondent filed a petition for divorce on behalf of MLDG in May 2004. Shortly thereafter, MLDG told respondent that she wanted to pursue a dating relationship, but respondent said he could not date a client. MLDG then terminated respondent’s representation. In June 2004, respondent filed a motion to withdraw from MLDG’s case, and a lawyer from the law firm with which respondent was then associated as “Of Counsel” enrolled on behalf of MLDG. Shortly thereafter, respondent and MLDG began a sexual relationship which lasted until 2007, when it ended amicably.
BDW retained respondent to represent her in her divorce. Respondent filed a petition for divorce on behalf of BDW in September 2006. In October 2006, BDW and her husband reconciled, and respondent withdrew from the ^representation. In November 2007, BDW and her husband separated again. BDW consulted with respondent regarding her divorce at that time, but she did not retain him to represent her. In January 2008, respondent and BDW began a sexual relationship which lasted a couple of weeks but ended amicably thereafter.
BMP retained respondent to represent her in her divorce. Respondent filed a petition for divorce on behalf of BMP in May 2008. On June 10, 2008, BMP telephoned respondent to report that she thought she was being followed, and asked whether she could come to his home. Respondent agreed. Shortly after BMP arrived, BMP’s husband was seen outside the house taking photographs. Respondent then escorted BMP to her car, and she left. The following day, June 11, 2008, respondent met with BMP and her parents and told them he was withdrawing from the representation. Respondent likewise informed the lawyer for BMP’s husband that he would no longer be involved in the case. BMP retained new counsel to represent her, and a formal motion to substitute counsel was signed on June 16, 2008. On June 21, 2008, respondent and BMP commenced a sexual relationship during a trip to Houston together. The relationship between respondent and BMP lasted for approximately two and half years, until late 2010, when it ended amicably.
In addition to the relationships described above, the ODC presented the claims of two women who either retained respondent’s services or consulted with him in their divorce cases but who were not involved in sexual relationships with him.
KGH retained respondent to represent her in her divorce. Respondent represented KGH between August 2001 and June 2002, during which time she claims that he asked her out to dinner and then hugged her goodbye and attempted to kiss her. Although respondent admitted that he hugged KGH goodbye upon their departure from a dinner meeting, he denied that he attempted to kiss her.
|4SKS consulted with respondent regarding her divorce in 2007, but she did not retain him to represent her. SKS claims that respondent made inappropriate comments to her during the initial consultation. Respondent denied doing so.
DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS
BMP’s ex-husband filed a complaint against respondent with the ODC in October 2008. In June 2012, the ODC filed formal charges against respondent, alleging that his relationships violated the following provisions of the Rules of Professional Conduct: Rules 1.7(a)(2) (a lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation involves a concurrent conflict of interest wherein there is a significant risk that the representation of one or more clients will be materially limited by the lawyer’s responsibilities to another client, a former client or third person, or by a personal interest of the lawyer), 1.8(b) (a lawyer shall not use information relating to the representation of a client to the disadvantage of the client unless the client gives informed consent), 1.10 (imputation of conflicts of interest), 2.1 (in representing a client, a lawyer shall exercise independent professional judgment and render candid advice), and 8.4(d) (conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice).
Formal Hearing
After respondent answered the formal charges, the matter proceeded to a formal hearing on the merits. The hearing committee conducted the hearing over the course of four days in January 2013. Both respondent and the ODC introduced documentary evidence and called numerous witnesses to testify before the committee. Respondent also testified on his own behalf and on cross-examination by the ODC.
IsThe ODC’s witnesses included the following: BMP’s ex-husband; attorney John Green, Jr. (attorney for BMP’s ex-husband); Buddy Stockwell, the Executive Director of the Lawyers Assistance Program (“LAP”); BMP’s mother; BMP; CCL; MRW; BDWs ex-husband; BDW; MLDG; VADL’s ex-boyfriend; VADL; ' KGH; and SKS.
Respondent’s witnesses consisted of the following: attorney Michael McHale (regarding the MRW matter); attorney Evelyn Oubre (regarding the BMP matter); attorney Lynsay Fontenot (regarding the SKS matter); Susan Arnold (respondent’s former wife and character witness); Katina Soliz (respondent’s office manager); Laurie Fontenot and Stephanie Young (respondent’s paralegals); attorney Todd Melton (regarding the BDW matter); attorney Mindy Heidel (character witness); Dr. Patricia Post (respondent’s previous psychologist); Mary Richardson (character witness); Dr. Warren Lowe (respondent’s current psychologist); Rabbi Barry Wein-stein (character witness); Judge Lilynn Cutrer (character witness); and attorney Jim Ortego (character witness).
The documentary evidence included respondent’s sealed medical records and the sealed deposition testimony of medical professionals at Pine Grove Behavioral Health and Addiction Services who evaluated respondent in January 2012. The Pine Grove evaluation indicated that respondent is neither a sex addict nor a sexual predator but does have professional boundary issues. Sealed records from respondent’s psychologist, Dr. Warren Lowe, indicate that respondent attended a professional boundaries course in November 2011 and continues to participate in an ongoing, weekly advanced ethics course on professional boundaries. Respondent has also attended individual counseling sessions with Dr. Lowe since July 2011.
| e,Hearing Committee Report
After considering the evidence and testimony presented at the hearing, the hearing committee made the following factual findings:
The CCL matter — The committee found CCL’s testimony very credible. She consulted with respondent about a divorce but did not hire him, instead choosing to hire another attorney. About a month after the consultation, she began dating respondent. This relationship lasted approximately one year, and the breakup was friendly and positive. In light of these facts, the committee found no clear and convincing evidence of any violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct in this matter.
The VADL matter — The committee found that respondent represented VADL in divorce proceedings. Six months after the divorce was granted, respondent and VADL began a sexual relationship. The evidence revealed that respondent signed off on an act of correction during the time he and VADL were involved sexually. This document corrected an error in the listing of the vehicle identification number on an automobile that had been part of a property settlement signed earlier by the parties. VADL believed respondent was no longer her attorney once the divorce was final. The committee found that VADL did not consider respondent to be her attorney at the time they were involved in a sexual relationship. The committee determined respondent’s signing of the act of correction was not an act in furtherance of the divorce but simply a ministerial act requested by opposing counsel to correct a document that had already been executed prior to any sexual relationship developing between VADL and respondent. In light of these facts, the committee found no clear and convincing evidence of any violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct in this matter.
The MRW matter — The committee found that respondent represented MRW in divorce proceedings. The only matter left to complete was to toll the six-month 17waiting period to confirm the divorce. During this waiting period, MRW invited respondent to have a drink at her house. Respondent went to her house, and they had a sexual encounter. Based on these facts, the committee found that respondent violated Rules 1.7(a)(2) and 8.4(d) of the Rules of Professional Conduct in this matter.
The KGH matter — KGH testified that respondent hugged her and attempted to kiss her after they departed from a dinner meeting. Thereafter, KGH continued with respondent as her attorney for approximately two years, and the committee accepted respondent’s explanation that he did hug her, as he does with most people, but that he did not attempt to kiss her. Based on these findings, the committee found no evidence of any violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct in this matter.
The MLDG matter — The committee found that respondent filed a divorce petition for MLDG on May 19, 2004, the same day she initially consulted with him. Later, MLDG expressed an interest in dating respondent, but he told her he could not date a client. Her response was that she would get another attorney. Respondent referred her to another attorney in the law firm with which he was “Of Counsel” and filed a motion to withdraw. MLDG’s testimony was very credible and powerful. She did not enter into a social or sexual relationship with respondent until after he withdrew as her attorney. She also stated that their relationship was positive and beneficial to her. The committee found that, although respondent was “Of Counsel” to the same law firm in which MLDG’s new attorney worked, any personal interest of respondent did not present a significant risk of materially limiting her new attorney’s representation. MLDG’s testimony also clearly indicated that her husband’s behavior was not different after she began dating respondent than it was before. Given these facts, the committee |sfound no clear and convincing evidence of any violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct in this matter.
The BDW matter — The committee found that, in August 2006, BDW hired respondent to file a petition for divorce, which he did. Shortly thereafter, she called respondent and requested that the petition be dismissed. Respondent complied with BDW’s wishes before the petition was served on her husband, and respondent filed a motion to withdraw as BDW’s counsel in October 2006. In November 2007, BDW met with respondent to review divorce documents another attorney was going to file on behalf of her and her husband. Since she and her husband had agreed to most issues, BDW told respondent she did not need an attorney and left his office without hiring him. She felt that any professional relationship with respondent was over once he finished reviewing her divorce documents. BDW’s husband filed for divorce in December 2007. After the petition for divorce was filed, BDW and respondent went to a social event and, two weeks later, began a sexual relationship that lasted approximately one month. BDW did not feel respondent had taken advantage of her, and she and her husband got along well after the divorce. Based on these facts, the committee found no clear and convincing evidence of any violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct in this matter.
The SKS matter — SKS testified that respondent made inappropriate comments to her during their initial consultation. The committee determined respondent’s testimony that he did not make any inappropriate remarks was more credible than SKS’s testimony. Based on these findings, the committee found no evidence of any viola tions of the Rules of Professional Conduct in this matter.
The BMP matter — The committee found that BMP hired respondent on April 28, 2008 to file a petition for divorce. The petition for divorce was filed on May 6, 2008. On June 10, 2008, BMP came to respondent’s home uninvited to Rcomplain that someone was following her. Respondent invited her into his house for a minute. During the course of the conversation, BMP began talking in an affectionate way, and respondent told her that he needed to be her attorney. During the conversation, respondent and BMP saw flashes through the stained glass windows of respondent’s home, which flashes were caused by BMP’s husband taking pictures of her ear in the front of respondent’s house. Instead of calling the police, respondent told BMP that he would deal with the matter the next day with her husband’s attorney.
The next day, respondent and an associate met with BMP and her parents. The entire domestic relationship between BMP and her husband had been extremely acrimonious, and one of the things that caused extreme problems with the divorce was the fact that BMP’s husband did not want her to use respondent as her attorney. BMP’s husband had actually provided a list of attorneys she could use. The representation was made even more problematic by BMP being at respondent’s house the night before and respondent witnessing her husband’s violation of the restraining order in the case. Ultimately, everyone agreed that respondent would withdraw as BMP’s attorney, and BMP chose attorney Evelyn Oubre to represent her.
Respondent filed a motion to withdraw, and Ms. Oubre enrolled as BMP’s counsel on June 16, 2008. On June 21, 2008, respondent and BMP went on a trip to Houston where they began a sexual relationship that lasted two and a half years. BMP’s testimony was very credible. She did not appear to have been vulnerable or taken advantage of by respondent. She considered their relationship to be a good one. Based on these facts, the committee found no clear and convincing evidence of any violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct in this matter.
Based on the above findings in these several matters, the committee determined that, with the exception of MRW, the women with whom respondent | inhad sexual relationships were no longer clients at the time the sexual contact occurred based upon their belief and understanding that respondent was no longer their attorney or that respondent had manifested to them that he had withdrawn as their attorney. As such, the only violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct was in connection with respondent’s relationship with MRW.
The committee determined that respondent negligently violated duties owed to his client and the legal profession. There was no apparent harm, but the potential for harm existed. Citing the ABA’s Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions, the committee determined the baseline sanction is suspension.
In aggravation, the committee found substantial experience in the practice of law (admitted 1981). The committee also found the following mitigating factors: absence of a prior disciplinary record, absence of a dishonest or selfish motive, full and free disclosure to the disciplinary board and a cooperative attitude toward the proceedings, character or reputation, delay in the disciplinary proceedings, and remorse.
Turning to the issue of an appropriate sanction, the committee recommended respondent be suspended from the practice of law for thirty days, fully deferred, subject to one year of unsupervised probation. The committee also recommended respondent be assessed with the costs of these proceedings.
The ODC filed an objection to the hearing committee’s report and recommendation,'arguing that the committee failed to find violations of the Rules |T1of Professional Conduct where they existed and recommended a sanction that .is inadequate to address the extent of the misconduct, in which respondent engaged.
Disciplinary Board Recommendation
After review, the disciplinary board determined the hearing committee’s factual findings are supported by the record and are not manifestly erroneous. The board further determined the record supports the committee’s conclusion that respondent did not violate the Rules of Professional Conduct except with regard to the MRW matter. The board adopted the committee’s finding that respondent violated Rules 1.7(a)(2) and 8.4(d) with respect to MRW and additionally found that respondent violated Rule 2.1 in the MRW matter.
Based on these findings, the board determined respondent negligently violated duties owed to his client. While the misconduct did not cause actual harm, the risk for harm was great. Considering the ABA’s Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions, the board determined the baseline sanction is suspension.
In aggravation, the board found substantial experience in the practice of law and the potential for harm. The board also found the following mitigating factors: absence of a prior disciplinary record, absence of a dishonest or selfish motive, full and free disclosure to the disciplinary board and a cooperative attitude toward the proceedings, character or reputation, remorse, and no apparent harm to any clients.
As a sanction, the board recommended respondent be suspended from the practice of law for thirty days, fully deferred, subject to one year of unsupervised probation. Regarding the costs and expenses, a majority of the board recommended respondent be assessed with only the investigative costs related to the MRW matter and only one-eighth of the total litigation expenses.
112The ODC filed an objection to the disciplinary board’s recommendation. Accordingly, the case was docketed for oral argument pursuant to Supreme Court Rule XIX, § 11(G)(1)(b).
DISCUSSION
Bar disciplinary matters fall within the original jurisdiction of this court. La. Const. art. V, § 5(B). Consequently, we act as triers of fact and conduct an independent review of the record to determine whether the alleged misconduct has been proven by clear and convincing evidence. In re: Banks, 09-1212 (La.10/2/09), 18 So.3d 57. While we are not bound in any way by the findings and recommendations of the hearing commit tee and disciplinary board, we have held the manifest error standard is applicable to the committee’s factual findings. See In re: Caulfield, 96-1401 (La.11/25/96), 683 So.2d 714; In re: Pardue, 93-2865 (La.3/11/94), 633 So.2d 150.
In this matter, the hearing committee and the disciplinary board determined that respondent committed attorney misconduct by engaging in a sexual relationship with a current client, MRW. The record supports this finding. However, the ODC also argues that the ethical prohibitions against attorney-client sexual relationships should be extended to former clients, and should likewise apply in instances in which the lawyer has been consulted by a prospective client but no attorney-client relationship is ultimately formed. We find no support for this position in the Rules of Professional Conduct. Therefore, we find no misconduct in respondent’s relationships with BMP, MLDG, VADL, CCL, or BDW. Finally, the ODC alleged respondent acted inappropriately toward two women, KGH and SKS, but did not engage in sexual relationships with them. The hearing committee made factual findings that respondent did not engage in any | ^inappropriate conduct toward these women. We find no manifest error in the committee’s factual findings in this regard.
Although respondent’s sexual relationship with MLDG does not constitute misconduct, we do find that he violated Rule 1.10 by referring her legal matter to another lawyer in the law firm with which he was associated as “Of Counsel.” A lawyer who is “Of Counsel” to a law firm is considered to be a member of the firm for purposes of analyzing imputed disqualification questions. ABA/BNA Lawyers’ Manual on Professional Conduct, 91:511-512 (2012). After respondent was discharged by MLDG, he was required to refer her divorce case to a lawyer outside his law firm prior to the time that he became involved in a personal relationship with her.
Having found evidence of professional misconduct, we now turn to a determination of the appropriate sanction for respondent’s actions. In determining a sanction, we are mindful that disciplinary proceedings are designed to maintain high standards of conduct, protect the public, preserve the integrity of the profession, and deter future misconduct. Louisiana State Bar Ass’n v. Reis, 513 So.2d 1173 (La.1987). The discipline to be imposed depends upon the facts of each case and the seriousness of the offenses involved considered in light of any aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Louisiana State Bar Ass’n v. Whittington, 459 So.2d 520 (La.1984).
We find respondent negligently violated duties owed to his clients. While respondent’s misconduct did not cause actual harm, the potential for harm was great. Considering the ABA’s Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions, the applicable baseline sanction is suspension.
In aggravation, we find that respondent has substantial experience in the practice of law. In mitigation, we find the following factors: absence of a prior disciplinary record, absence of a dishonest or selfish motive, full and free 114disclosure to the disciplinary board and a cooperative attitude toward the proceedings, character or reputation, and remorse.
Considering all the facts of this case, we conclude the appropriate sanction for respondent’s misconduct is a six-month suspension from the practice of law. However, in light of the significant mitigating factors present, we will defer all but three months of that sanction, subject to the condition that any additional misconduct by respondent within six months from the finality of this judgment may be grounds for making the deferred portion of the suspension executory, or imposing additional discipline, as appropriate.
With regard to costs, we believe the board’s division of costs is equitable considering the novel nature of these proceedings. Accordingly, we will not disturb the award of costs.
DECREE
Upon review of the findings and recommendations of the hearing committee and disciplinary board, and considering the record, briefs, and oral argument, it is ordered that Randy J. Fuerst, Louisiana Bar Roll number 5767, be and he hereby is suspended from the practice of law for six months, with all but three months deferred, subject to the condition that any additional misconduct by respondent within six months from the finality of this judgment may be grounds for making the deferred portion of the suspension execu-tory, or imposing additional discipline, as appropriate. It is further ordered that all investigative costs related to the MRW matter and one-eighth of the total litigation expenses are assessed against respondent in accordance with Supreme Court Rule XIX, § 10.1, with legal interest to commence thirty days from the date of finality of this court’s judgment until paid.
JOHNSON, Chief Justice, concurs.
KNOLL, Justice, concurs in result and assigns reasons.
WEIMER, Justice, concurs and assigns reasons.
. In support of this finding, the committee cited Louisiana State Bar Ass’n v. Bosworth, 481 So.2d 567 (La.1986), wherein the court stated that "[t]he existence of an attorney-client relationship turns largely on the client’s subjective belief that it exists."-
. Respondent objected to the portion of the committee’s ruling assessing him with costs, which totaled $17,900.59 at the time the committee issued its report. He argued that the costs and expenses unrelated to the charge involving MRW, the only charge found by the committee to have been proven, should not be assessed against him. The committee agreed with respondent’s position but did not believe it had the authority to recommend an adjustment of the costs. | [
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In re Bernard, Michelle; — Defendant; Applying For Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Lafayette, 15th Judicial District Court Div. K, No. 140081; to the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit, No. KW 14-00291.
Denied.
HUGHES, J., would grant. | [
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In re Brown, Arlen; — Defendant; Applying For Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Ascension, 23rd Judicial District Court Div. A, No. 10,949; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. 2013 KW 1991.
Denied. La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.8; State ex rel. Glover v. State, 93-2330 (La.9/5/95), 660 So.2d 1189. | [
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] |
In re Singer, Mark; — Plaintiff; Applying For Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Orleans, Criminal District Court Div. E, No. 357-914; to the Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, No. 2013-K-1688.
Denied. See State v. Tate, 12-2763 (La.11/5/13), 130 So.3d 829, cert. denied, Tate v. Louisiana, — U.S. —, 134 S.Ct. 2663,189L.Ed.2d 214 (2014). | [
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In re Robert Hilliard; — Plaintiff; Applying For Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Orleans, Criminal District Court Div. C, No. 272-836.
Relator represents that the district court has failed to act timely on an application for post-conviction he submitted on or about March 18, 2013 and a supplemental application for post-conviction he submitted on or about December 9, 2013. If relator’s representation is correct, the district court is ordered to consider and act on the post-conviction application and supplemental post-conviction application. If relator’s representation is incorrect, the district court is ordered to accept, file and act upon the pleading which is herewith transferred to the district court. The district court is ordered to provide this Court with a copy of its judgment. | [
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In re Thurston Tillery; — Defendant; Applying For Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of St. Helena, 21st Judicial District Court Div. A, No. 20880 & 20881; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. 2014 KW 1334.
Denied.
JOHNSON, C.J., would grant. . | [
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In re Gaines, Arthur Butch; — Plaintiff; Applying For Supervisory and/or Remedí al Writs, Parish of Ascension, 23rd Judicial District Court Div. B, No. 23,471; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. 2013 KW 1598.
Denied. | [
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] |
In re Green,. Tony T.; — Plaintiff; Applying For Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of St. Bernard, 34⅛ Judicial District Court Div. E, No. 333-929; to the Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, No. 2013-K-0946.
Denied. | [
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] |
In re Broome, Wanda Gail; — Defendant; Applying For Writ of Certiorari and/or Review, Parish of Caddo, 1st Judicial District Court Div. 5, No. 298,654; to the Court of Appeal, Second Circuit, No. 49,-004.
Denied.
JOHNSON, C.J., and HUGHES, J„ would grant. | [
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THIBODEAUX, Chief Judge.
| plaintiff, Stanley Savoie, appeals the grant of an exception of prescription by the trial court after it decided that an untimely, amended petition, substituting a new defendant, did not relate back to the original, timely-filed petition. Mr. Savoie avers that the amended petition arises out of the same transaction or occurrence as the original petition; thus, the amended claim did not prescribe. Upon determining that the substituted defendant did not receive timely notice and was a wholly new and unrelated defendant, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
I.
ISSUE
Did the trial court err in granting Lake Charles Police Department’s exception of prescription after finding that Stanley Sa-voie’s amended petition did not relate back to the original, timely-filed petition?
II.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Mr. Savoie was injured on September 13, 2008, during his arrest by Lake Charles Police Department (LCPD). He filed a timely suit for his injury on September 10, 2009. The petition incorrectly named Calcasieu Parish Sheriff Office (CPSO) as defendant and stated the date of injury as September 13, 2009. After learning of his mistake regarding the defendant, Mr. Savoie filed an amended petition substituting LCPD as defendant on September 16, 2009, three days after prescription ran. LCPD was not served with notice of the suit at this time. Several | ^months later, Mr. Savoie filed an “Order to Amend Petition for Damages,” again substituting LCPD as defendant, which was then signed by the trial judge and served on LCPD. The City of Lake Charles, on behalf of LCPD, filed a peremptory-exception of prescription, alleging a claim was not brought against it within the applicable prescription period of one year.
At the hearing on LCPD’s exception, the trial court, on its own motion, found no cause of action existed because the date of injury stated in the petition occurred after the date the original petition was filed. The trial court allowed Mr. Savoie fifteen days to amend the petition with the correct date of injury, which he failed to do. Mr. Savoie appealed the trial court’s judgment dismissing the claim. On appeal, this court affirmed, but again granted Mr. Savoie time to amend the petition.
Mr. Savoie properly amended his petition to state the date of injury as September 13, 2008 instead of 2009. The City of Lake Charles for LCPD again filed a peremptory exception of prescription. The trial court granted the exception, finding that LCPD and CPSO are different entities. Further, the court found that the earliest possible date that - LCPD could have received notice of the suit was on September 16, 2009, when Mr. Savoie first amended the petition to change defendants. However, the trial court also noted that, although an amended petition was filed, service on LCPD did not occur until March of 2010. Mr. Savoie now appeals the judgment granting defendant’s exception of prescription and dismissing his claim.
Jain.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
When examining a trial court’s decision regarding an exception of prescription, “prescriptive statutes are to be strictly construed against prescription and in favor of the claim that is said to be extinguished.” Louisiana Health Serv. and Indem. Co. v. Tarver, 93-2449 (La.4/11/94), 635 So.2d 1090, 1098. “When prescription is raised by peremptory exception, with evidence being introduced at the hearing on the exception, the trial court’s findings of fact on the issue of prescription. are subject to the manifest error-clearly wrong standard of review.” Specialized Loan Serv’g, L.L.C. v. January, 12-2668, pp. 3-4 (La.6/28/13), 119 So.3d 582, 584 (citations omitted). If the trial court’s factual findings “are reasonable in light of the record reviewed in its entirety,” the appellate court should not upset the judgment. Carter v. Haygood, 04-646, p. 9 (La.1/19/05), 892 So.2d 1261, 1267.
IV.
LAW AND DISCUSSION
A defendant who brings a peremptory exception of prescription before the court carries the burden of proving that the claim has prescribed. Carter, 892 So.2d 1261. However, if prescription is evident on the face of the pleadings, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show the claim is still viable. Id.
Delictual liability claims must be brought within one year from the date of injury or damage. La.Civ.Code art. 8492. The original petition in this case was filed against Calcasieu Parish Sheriffs Office and XYZ Insurance Companies on September 10, 2009. The injury occurred on September 13, 2008, making the | original petition timely. However, Lake Charles Police Department, the proper defendant, was not named as a defendant until after the one-year prescription period and was not served with the petition until March 10, 2010. Therefore, because the claim against LCPD was untimely on the face of the pleadings, the burden of proof moved to Mr. Savoie, as plaintiff, to show that his claim against LCPD was still viable.
Under certain circumstances a claim may be amended and considered timely after the one-year period, so long as the original pleading was timely filed. See La.Code Civ.P. art. 1153. Under Article 1153, “when the action or defense asserted in the amended petition or answer arises out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth ... in the original pleading, the amendment relates back to the date of filing the original pleading.” Id. However, the supreme court has further set forth specific requirements when the amendment changes one of the named parties.
The Louisiana Supreme Court established four factors in Ray v. Alexandria Mall, 434 So.2d 1083 (La.1983), to determine if an amended petition, which changes the identity of a party, may relate back to the original pleading. The supreme court requires the plaintiff to prove the following:
(1) The amended claim must arise out of the same transaction or occurrence set forth in the original pleading;
(2) The purported substitute defendant must have received notice of the institution of the action such that he will not be prejudiced in maintaining a defense on the merits;
(3) The'purported substitute defendant must know or should have known that but for a mistake concerning the identity of the proper party 15 defendant, the action would have been brought against him;
(4) The purported substitute defendant must not be a wholly new or unrelated defendant, since this would be tantamount to assertion of a new cause of action which would have otherwise prescribed.
Id. at 1087. Although all four factors must be met, courts have stressed that an emphasis is placed on whether the proper defendant was given sufficient notice of the claim to avoid prejudice. See Taylor v. Johnson, 617 So.2d 1213 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1993); Raziano v. Lincoln Prop. Co., 520 So.2d 1213 (La.App. 5 Cir.1988); Levingston v. City of Shreveport, 44,000 (La.App. 2 Cir. 2/25/09), 4 So.3d 942, writ denied, 09-673 (La.5/15/09), 8 So.3d 586.
In the present case, Mr. Savoie continues to assert the same injury from the same event, but now asserts LCPD caused the injury, not CPSO. There is no dispute that the first criterion in Ray has been met. The amended claim “arisefs] out of the same transaction or occurrence set forth in the original pleading.” Ray, 434 So.2d at 1087.
As to the second criterion, the record does not support the assertion that the substitute defendant received notice of the institution of the action in a timely manner to prevent prejudice. LCPD did not receive notice of the suit until March of 2010, several months after prescription ran on Mr. Savoie’s claim. Although the supreme court in Findley v. City of Baton Rouge, 570 So.2d 1168 (La.1990), determined that notice on the incorrect defendant may be imputed to the substitute defendant under certain circumstances; those circumstances are not present in this case.
The supreme court in Findley decided that an amended petition substituting the Recreation and Park Commission for the Parish of East Baton |fiRouge (BREC) as defendant related back to the original petition because there was an “identity of interest” between the defendants. Id. at 1171. After being injured at a public park, Findley filed suit against the City of Baton Rouge believing the City owned and operated the park. Id. Upon discovering the park was owned by BREC, plaintiff filed an untimely amendment to change the defendant. Id. The supreme court determined BREC was not prejudiced because they were provided with the City’s reports of an investigation conducted after the suit was originally filed. Id. More importantly, the supreme court specifically discussed the close relationship of the defendants, comparing them to a parent and subsidiary corporation, such that notice to one would serve as notice to the other. Id. Evidence showed the BREC commission was composed of several City employees, needed City approval for the BREC annual budget, and needed City approval of land purchases. Id. Evidence that the BREC superintendent “routinely informs claimants” that BREC, not the City, is the proper defendant for accidents in the park was also presented. Id. at 1172. After reviewing the evidence, the supreme court concluded there was an identity of interest between the two defendants sufficient to allow the amendment to relate back to the original petition. Id.
The evidence currently in front of this court does not indicate that an “identity of interest” exists between CPSO and LCPD. The facts in Renfroe v. State of Louisiana through, the Department of Transportation and Development, 01-1646 (La.2/26/02), 809 So.2d 947, are more similar to those at present, where the supreme court determined the evidence did not support relation back. Id. In Renfroe, after a deadly accident occurred on Causeway Boulevard, Mr. Renfroe brought a timely claim against the DOTD for improper construction, maintenance, 17and design of the road. Id. Plaintiff later discovered the DOTD was not the proper defendant and amended his petition twice after the claim prescribed. Id. Plaintiff finally named the proper defendant, Road District No. 1, in the second amendment to the petition, arguing the claim was timely under La.Code Civ.P. art. 1153. Id. The supreme court decided the second Ray factor was not met because Road District No. 1 did not “receive[ ] notice of the institution of the action.” Id. at 951. The court stated:
The fundamental purpose of prescription statutes is only to afford a defendant economic and psychological security if no claim is made timely, and to protect him from stale claims and from the loss of non-preservation of relevant proof. They are designed to protect him against lack of notification of a formal claim within the prescriptive period, not against pleading mistakes that his opponent makes in filing the formal claim within the period.
Id. (quoting Giroir v. S. La. Med. Ctr., Div. of Hosp., 475 So.2d 1040 (La.1985)). The supreme court states that notice of a formal claim is not technically necessary where the closeness of the parties’ business relationship and operations allows notice on one to serve as notice on the other. Id. However, the supreme court held that no identity of interest existed as in Find-ley that would allow the suit against the DOTD to provide sufficient notice to Road District No. 1 and, therefore, the claim prescribed. Id. at 952-53.
Mr. Savoie failed to demonstrate that the relationship of the entities was so close that one exercised any control over the other, or that the entities can be equated to parent and subsidiary corporations as in Findley. The record also fails to indicate that LCPD received any form of notice or became aware of the suit before prescription ran. Although CPSO and LCPD are both law enforcement agencies and service an overlapping area, the plaintiff did not introduce any | ¡^evidence showing such an overlap or coordination between entities that by serving notice on CPSO, LCPD would also be informed of the lawsuit. Therefore, the second Ray factor has not been met.
Ray also requires that the substitute defendant knew or should have known that, but for a mistake as to the identity of the original defendant, the action would have been brought against the substitute. Ray, 434 So.2d 1083. In Ray the plaintiff brought a claim against “Alexandria Mall,” instead of the proper defendant, “Alexandria Mall Company,” and the company’s insurance provider for injuries sustained after a slip-and-fall at the mall property. Id. The evidence demonstrated that the insurance company paid the plaintiffs medical bills after the accident, and that the mail’s general manager, though not the proper person for service, was originally served with notice. Id. The court considered federal jurisprudence interpreting FRCP 15(c), on which La.Code Civ.P. art. 1153 is based. Id. In those cases, the courts considered whether “the plaintiff had in mind a particular entity or person” and “merely made a mistake as to the name, and actually served the entity or person intended; or [did] the plaintiff actually [mean] to serve and sue a different person.” Id. at 1086. The evidence also showed that the proper defendant knew of the suit and of the plaintiffs mistake, but waited until after prescription ran to raise an exception. Id. The court allowed the amendment to relate back under the circumstances. Id.
The present record does not support the same conclusion as in Ray. Mr. Savoie failed to prove that, but for the mistake in identity, the claim would have been brought against LCPD, and that LCPD knew or should have known of the claim. The record indicates that Mr. Savoie intended to sue CPSO, and believed CPSO responsible, until CPSO informed him it was not the agency that 19made his arrest. LCPD was not notified of the suit until after prescription ran, and the entities do not share such a relationship that LCPD would have known of the mistake and expected the suit. Therefore, the third factor of Ray has also not been met.
Finally, the fourth criterion of Ray requires that the “substitute defendant must not be a wholly new or unrelated defendant.” Ray, 434 So.2d at 1087. As previously discussed, the record does not support a finding that the two entities had an overlapping relationship or identity of interest. Mr. Savoie argues that the two entities service the same area, but offers no other evidence of a relationship between CPSO and LCPD, in the amended petition or at any time, that would support a finding that LCPD is not a wholly new or unrelated defendant. Thus, Mr. Savoie has thus failed to prove the fourth factor in Ray.
When evidence is presented to the trial court on a motion for exception of prescription, the appellate court is to review that evidence under the manifest error standard. Specialized Loan Serv’g, L.L.C., 119 So.3d 582. Because the claim against LCPD had prescribed, and such prescription was evident on the face of the petition, Mr. Savoie had the burden to provide evidence that the claim remained viable. See Carter, 892 So.2d 1261. In reviewing the record and' giving discretion to the trial court’s observations, we find no manifest error by the trial court in ruling that the amended petition does not relate back and, therefore, Mr. Savoie’s claim has prescribed.
_bV-
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the trial court was correct in granting the exception of prescription. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs of this appeal are assessed to Stanley Savoie.
AFFIRMED.
. LCPD -is a department of the City of Lake Charles without the procedural capacity to sue or be sued, and, thus, the City answered the lawsuit. | [
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TALIAFERRO, Judge.
This suit was dismissed below on exceptions of no cause and no right of action, and plaintiffs appealed.
To consider and pass on the sole issue tendered and argued here, we shall have to accept the allegations of fact set up in the petition as true.
In the afternoon of September 3, 1938, Mrs. Daisy Strong Bentz, accompanied by her two children, ten and six years of age respectively, as paid patrons, witnessed a picture show being projected in defendant’s theater building in the City of Shreveport, Louisiana. The party occupied seats in the balcony. At the conclusion of the picture they left their seats and proceeded up a flight of several steps, but before reaching the aisle at the top of the steps, Mrs. Bentz fell and was injured. She sues for damages and her husband for expenses necessarily incurred in treating her.
The following articles of the original petition embody the cause of action alleged upon, to-wit:
“That leading from the platform in said balcony to the seats below, there is a stairway down which customers must descend to be seated and ascend to exit themselves from said theater, and that said stairway is steep and has no handrail or other means of safety provided for the descent and ascent of said patrons.
“That upon petitioner and her said children, proceeding to leave said theater and upon leaving their seats to ascend said steps, there was quite a crowd leaving at the same time and your petitioner was forced over to the edge of said stairway.
“That down said stairway there is a strip of carpet, leading from the top to the bottom thereof.
“That as your petitioner reached the second step from the top of said stairway, suddenly and without warning, her left foot caught between the carpet and the riser of. said step, violently throwing petitioner against the chairs adjoining said stairway.
“That the said carpet that caught your petitioner’s left foot was not securely fixed to the riser of said step but was bulging out from the riser of said step in such a way as to make it a natural trap for persons ascending said stairway, particularly so, your petitioner avers it} view of the circumstances at the time of said accident in that said stairway was crowded and was not well lighted.”
Defendant excepted to the petition as disclosing neither a right nor a cause of action. The exceptions were sustained with right to amend. These exceptions have as their basis the absence from the petition of any allegations charging that defendant had knowledge of the existence of the defect in the carpet runner, to which the accident is accredited, prior thereto, or that such defect had existed for such length of time that its presence could have been discovered by the exercise of reasonable care and inspections, and, therefore, defendant was impressed with constructive knowledge of the existence of the defect.
Plaintiffs then filed a supplemental petition in which it is alleged:
“That they do not know and have no way of knowing how long this strip of carpet on the stairway in defendant’s theater was in the condition alleged upon in the original petition prior to the date of the accident herein; however, your petitioners aver that said carpet was in that condition and the circumstances were as described in plaintiff’s petition from September 3rd, 1938 to or about May 1, 1939.
“Your petitioners further show that the said defendant has many ushers and employees who regularly go up and down said stairway and who should have seen said condition and your petitioners aver that they either knew or should have known of said condition.”
Defendant again excepted to the petition as amended on the ground that it disclosed neither a cause nor a right of action. These exceptions were also sustained.
This case propounds the legal proposition:
Is it necessary to the disclosure of a cause and a right of action that plaintiffs allege that defendant had actual knowledge of the defect in the runner, or that it had existed so long that constructive knowledge thereof may be charged to defendant?
Plaintiffs admit that they do not know how long the defect in the runner’s condition existed prior to the accident. In the usual run of things it would be impossible for them to have personal knowledge thereof. They argue that they have alleged all the facts and circumstances pertinent to the accident of which they do have personal knowledge, and that if permitted to support these allegations with relevant testimony a prima facie case of such strength will be made out as to warrant judgment for them if not overcome by adverse proof on the part of the defendant. Also, that in cases of this character, if to state a cause of action, the plaintiff is required to allege expressly that the defendant had knowledge, actual or constructive, of the existence of the defect, very often, if not always, he would be barred from prosecuting a claim in damages because he could not conscientiously and truthfully, for lack of such knowledge, allege and swear to such facts; that the knowledge of such facts is peculiarly and solely with the defendant. We think this argument and the reasoning in support of it, sound.
The court said in Lurie v. Titcomb, 139 La. 9, 17, 71 So. 200, 203: “Whatever facts must be proven to maintain a suit upon its merits must be alleged to set forth a cause of action, even though the allegations be of a negative character.”
But there are instances, exceptions to this rule, where this cannot be done, yet the plaintiff may have a valid cause of action. Because of this handicap, are courts of justice closed to him? We think not. Has he not the right, due to the peculiar facts and circumstances of his case, to set up all the facts within his knowledge which, if supported by proof, will make out a prima facie case, and thereby require defendant, if he would escape judgment against him, to adduce proof in support of his plea of nonliability? We think so.
Negligence is not to be presumed from the happening of an accident unless the circumstances authorize an application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. Jones on Evidence in Civil Cases, Vol. 1, page 29, 4th Ed.
But, as said in Zahniser v. Pennsylvania Torpedo Co., 190 Pa. 350-353, 42 A. 707, 708: “The accurate statement of the law is not that negligence is presumed, but that the circumstances amount to evidence from which it [negligence] may be inferred by the jury.”
It is the duty of an owner and operator of a moving picture show to exercise reasonable care to keep his building and equipment in such physical condition as will protect patrons from personal harm and injury while therein. It is a violation of that duty to create, allow or permit to continue such conditions in the building as will endanger the physical safety of such patrons. This duty, while not on all-fours with that of a common carrier, is somewhat similar in character. As regards the liability of a common carrier, it is only necessary to make out a prima facie case, that the injured passenger prove the contract of carriage, the accident and the injury. He need not prove the cause of the injury or damage, whereas a patron of a picture show, injured by accident therein, is required in order to establish a prima facie case for damages, to prove that he was a patron, that there was an accident with consequent injury and the cause of the accident. Slight evidence is sufficient to meet the burden of proof. If the cause of the accident is ascribable to a defect as such (in legal contemplation) in building or equipment, of which the owner or operator has or should have had knowledge, an action in damages will lie; and when the injured patron has made out a prima facie case, of course, it then devolves upon the sued owner or operator to exculpate himself from the inference of negligence arising therefrom if he would escape an adverse finding. This holding does not violate to any extent what was held by us in the case of McGregor against this same defendant, recently decided, McGregor v. Saenger-Ehrlich Enterprises, 195 So. 624. In that case it was not proven that the alleged defect in the runner existed at the time Mrs. McGregor fell; and, assuming that it did then exist, we held that the testimony did not convince us that it caused the fall.
We are of the opinion that the lower court in sustaining the exceptions of no cause and no right of action fell into error, and for the reasons herein assigned, the judgment appealed from is annulled, avoided and reversed and this case is remanded to the lower court for further proceedings. The defendant is cast for costs for appeal. Liability for all other costs will await final decree. | [
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In re Frazier, Jr., Eugene; — Plaintiff; Applying For Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Sabine, 11th Judicial District Court Div. O, No. 98-CR-49586; to the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit, No. KH 13-01263.
Denied. La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.8; State ex rel. Glover v. State, 93-2330 (La.9/5/95), 660 So.2d 1189; La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.3; State ex rel. Melinie v. State, 93-1380 (La.1/12/96), 665 So.2d 1172; State v. Cotton, 09-2397 (La.10/15/10), 45 So.3d 1030; cf. La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.4(D). | [
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In re Morgan, Torrey D.; — Plaintiff; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Ouachita, 4th Judicial District Court Div. D, No. 97-F1801; to the Court of Appeal, Second Circuit, No. 33187-KH.
Denied.
CALOGERO, C.J., not on panel. | [
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] |
JjBAGNERIS, Judge.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
By bill of information dated October 3, 1991, defendant was charged with second degree murder; and he pled not guilty. On October 22, 1991, the defendant was found guilty as charged. On October 29, 1991, the defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labor without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence.
Defendant filed an errors patent appeal with this Court, and on June 7, 1995. The defendant’s conviction and sentence were affirmed. State v. Oliver Ventry, 92-KA-0708, unpub., (La.App. 4 Cir. 6/7/95), 654 So.2d 1376. On April 24, 1998, defendant was granted an out-of-time appeal.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
In defendant’s previous appeal, the facts were set forth as follows:
Det. Porretto testified that on August 10, 1991 he investigated the murder of Myron Matthews and the defendant was a suspect. The defendant gave a voluntary statement in which he stated that he and Kenneth Johnson were drinking in a bar when Johnson and the bartender, Matthews, began to argue. Matthews knocked Johnson out of the door of the bar and turned toward the defendant. Because he thought Matthews was coming Rafter him, the defendant shot him. The defendant dropped a .38 revolver as he ran from the scene.
Det. Small testified that he was called to the crime scene and identified photographs taken there. He interviewed Barbara Smith, Matthews’ girlfriend, Richard Weber, a bar patron, and Matthews’ mother, who was called after the shooting. He could not locate Kenneth Johnson.
Dr. Tracy, who performed the autopsy for the Coroner, testified that Matthews died from a single gunshot wound to the back of the head.
Richard Weber testified that, he was in the bar sitting near the door about 3:20 a.m. when he heard a shot and saw Matthews fall to the floor. Matthews appeared to be going through the front door. Weber did not see a preceding fight and saw no weapon in Matthews’ hand. He did not see the person who fired the gun. Barbara Smith testified that she was helping Matthews behind the bar that night. Matthews, who did not have any kind of weapon, was putting a man out of the bar. The next thing she heard was Matthews’ sister yelling that he had been shot. She called the police. Smith did not see the person who shot Matthews, but everyone in the bar said that “Ollie” (the defendant) had fired the gun.
DISCUSSION
ERRORS PATENT
A review of the record reveals no errors patent.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER 1
In his first assignment of error, defendant complains that the State failed to' prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. He argues that the State failed to prove that he did not act in self-defense when he shot and killed Matthews. He points to the fact that neither Richard Weber nor Barbara Smith actually saw the shooting.
The standard for reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier |3of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); State v. Hawkins, 96-0766 (La.1/14/97), 688 So.2d 473. The reviewing court is to consider the record as a whole and not just the evidence most favorable to the prosecution; and if rational triers of fact could disagree as to the interpretation of the evidence, the rational decision to convict should be upheld. State v. Mussall, 523 So.2d 1305 (La.1988). Additionally, the court is not called upon to decide whether it believes the witnesses or whether the conviction is contrary to the weight of the evidence. Id. The trier of fact determination of credibility is not to be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Cashen, 544 So.2d 1268 (La.App. 4 Cir.1989).
Defendant was found guilty of second degree murder, which is defined as the killing of a human being with the specific intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm. La. R.S. 14:30.1; State v. Guy, 95-0899 (La.App. 4 Cir. 1/31/96), 669 So.2d 517, writ denied 96-0388 (La.9/13/96), 679 So.2d 102. When a defendant claims that he acted in self-defense, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the homicide was not justifiable under La. R.S. 14:20. State v. Causey, 96-2723 (La.App. 4 Cir. 10/21/98), 721 So.2d 78. A homicide is justifiable if committed by one in defense of himself when he reasonably believes that he is in imminent danger of being killed or of receiving great bodily harm and that the homicide is necessary to save himself from that danger. La. R.S. 14:20(1). Although there is no unqualified duty to retreat, the possibility of escape is a factor in determining whether or not the defendant had a reasonable belief that deadly force was necessary to avoid the danger. State v. McClain, 95-2546 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/11/96), 685 So.2d 590. However, a defendant who is the aggressor or who |4brings on a difficulty cannot claim the right of self-defense unless he withdraws from the conflict in good faith and in such a manner that his adversary knows or should know that the defendant desires to withdraw and discontinue the conflict. Id.
After reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, we find that the State proved that the defendant did not act in self-defense. Further, the defendant overlooks one critical fact in his assertion that he acted in self-defense: Dr. Tracy testified that the bullet entered the back of the victim’s head. Dr. Tracy further testified that in relation to the gun, the victim was facing exactly away from the firearm. This refutes the claim the defendant’s claim that Matthews was coming at him which allegedly led him to shoot Matthews. Accordingly, this assignment of error is without merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER 2
In his second assignment of error, defendant complains that the trial court erred in denying his motion for new trial because of the unavailability of a key defense witness and because of newly discovered evidence. He argues that the trial court refused to continue the trial so that he could find Kenneth Johnson, who could have possibly provided exculpatory evidence that would have shown that the shooting was a justifiable homicide. The defendant also argues that there was newly discovered evidence, namely that he had been on medication prior to the shooting while he was imprisoned and that he did not have this medication when he was released.
|sLa.C.Cr.P. art. 851 provides:
The motion for new trial is based on the supposition that injustice has been done the defendant, and, unless such is shown to have been the case the motion shall be denied, no matter upon what allegations it is grounded.
The court, on motion of the defendant, shall grant a new trial whenever:
(1) The verdict is contrary to the law and the evidence;
(2) The court’s ruling on a written motion, or an objection made during the proceedings, shows prejudicial error;
(3) New and material evidence that, notwithstanding the exercise of reasonable diligence by the defendant, was not discovered before or during the trial, is available, and if the evidence had been introduced at the trial it would probably have changed the verdict or judgment of guilty;
(4) The defendant has discovered, since the verdict or judgment of guilty, a prejudicial error or defect in the proceedings that, notwithstanding the exercise of reasonable diligence by the defendant, was not discovered before the verdict or judgment;
(5) The court is of the opinion that the ends of justice would be served by the granting of a new trial, although the defendant may not be entitled to a new trial as a matter of strict legal right.
When a motion for new trial is based on newly discovered evidence, the defendant must show, among other things, that, notwithstanding the exercise of reasonable diligence, the new evidence was not discovered before or during trial. La. C.Cr.P. art. 854(1). Additionally, Article 854 requires the defendant to show the names of the witnesses who will testify and a concise statement of the newly discovered evidence; the facts which the witnesses or evidence will establish; and that the witnesses are not beyond the process of the court or are otherwise available. The defendant must also show that the evidence is material to issues at |r,trial and that the evidence is of such a nature that it would probably have produced a different verdict. State v. Metoyer, 97-2266 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/7/98), 720 So.2d 148.
During the pendency of the defendant’s prior appeal, his counsel filed a motion to remand the case to the trial court to allow the filing of a motion for new trial so that the testimony of Kenneth Johnson, who is erroneously referred to as Kenneth Smith in the motion, and Dr. Ciro Juarez, the psychiatrist from parish prison, could be presented at the hearing. The trial court denied the motion for new trial because defense counsel was unable to locate Johnson. Further, the record is devoid of any evidence that Dr. Juarez testified at the hearing.
After reviewing the entirety of the record, we find no error in the trial court’s denial of the motion for new trial. The record indicates that the defendant never requested a motion for continuance in order to locate Johnson. The trial court issued an instanter subpoena for Johnson who was to be attached as a material witness. At the close of the State’s case, defendant requested a recess that the trial court granted. The defense rested its case after the subpoena came back with the return showing that Johnson was not “locatable.”
At the motion for new trial hearing, defense counsel informed the court that he was unable to locate Johnson. Defendant failed to show that Johnson is any more available or “locatable” as a witness now than he was at the time of the trial or the hearing on the motion for new trial. As to the purported testimony of Dr. Juarez regarding defendant’s medication, defendant failed to establish that this evidence was only discovered since trial and that his failure to discover this evidence was not due to a lack of reasonable diligence on his part. Accordingly, this assignment of error is without merit.
| .CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, defendant’s conviction and sentence are affirmed.
CONVICTION AND SENTENCE AFFIRMED. | [
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In re Grey Wolf Drilling Company et al.; — Defendant; Applying for Writ of Cer-tiorari and/or Review, Parish of Acadia, 15th Judicial District Court Div. L., No. 70832; to the Court of Appeal, third Circuit, No. 99-1682
Granted.
TRAYLOR, J., not on panel. | [
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In re Samuel, Joyce T. et al.; Samuel, Tiffany; Samuel, Bridgette; — Plaintiffis); Applying for Writ of Certiorari and/or Review, Parish of E. Baton Rouge, 19th Judicial District Court Div. F, No. 413-414; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. 98 CA 1669
Denied.
LEMMON, J., would grant the writ.
KIMBALL, J., not on panel. | [
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In re Garrett, David; — Plaintiff; Applying ■ for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Lafayette, 15th Judicial District Court Div. H, No. 52684; to the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit, No. 99 00760
Denied.
VICTORY, J., not on panel. | [
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In re Sewerage & Water Board of N.O.; — Defendant; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Or leans, Civil District Court Div. G, Nos. 95-4641, 95-6089, 95-9956; to the Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, No. 2000-C-0325.
Denied.
CALOGERO, C.J., and JOHNSON, J., would grant the writ.
LEMMON, J., not on panel. | [
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In re Edward Thomas, Jr., applying for Reconsideration of this Court’s Order dated May 12, 2000; Parish of Caddo, 1st Judicial District Court, Div. C, No. 113,-325.
Denied.
JOHNSON, J., not on panel. | [
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In re Southern Quikrete Products Inc.; — Defendant; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Orleans, Civil District Court Div. N, No. 95-199; to the Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, No(s). 00-C-0037, 00-C-0068.
Denied.
TRAYLOR, J., would grant the writ.
LEMMON, J., not on panel. | [
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PER CURIAM.
Defendant moves dismissal of this appeal on the sole ground that the appellant has refused to post an advance deposit required by the court reporter before transcribing the testimony, as a result of which the transcript has not been made and the record has not been lodged with this court by the return date.
We hold that the court reporter has no authority to require a deposit before transcribing the testimony for appeal. The legislature has protected the court reporter against an appellant’s abandoning the appeal without paying for the transcript by requiring an appeal bond for “all costs due by the appellant,” C.C.P. 2124. (Here, $250 cash was posted.) Perhaps the reporter may await filing of the bond before transcribing the testimony (or request the judge to increase the bond in an appropriate situation), but the reporter may not refuse to transcribe the testimony once bond has been posted.
The court reporter’s failure to transcribe the testimony is therefore not attributable to any fault of appellant, nor is the clerk’s consequential inability to prepare and file the record.
“Failure of the clerk to prepare and lodge the record on appeal either timely or correctly shall not prejudice the appeal.” C.C.P. 2127.
The motion is therefore denied. | [
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In re Skinner, Denice; — Defendant; Applying for Writ of Certiorari and/or Review, Parish of Lafayette, 15th Judicial District Court, Div. I, Nos. 96-3143-3A, 96-3143-3A; to the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit, No. 99-1245.
Denied.
VICTORY, TRAYLOR and KNOLL, JJ., would grant the writ.
KIMBALL, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
In re Myers, Chance Patrick; — Defendant; Applying for Writ of Certiorari and/or Review, Parish of St. Martin, 16th Judicial District Court Div. F, No. 98-182,383; to the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit, No. 99-677
Denied.
CALOGERO, C.J., not on panel, recused. | [
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JjBAGNERIS, Judge.
STATEMENT OF CASE
Richard Hughes was charged by bill of information on December 10, 1997, with possession of crack cocaine, a violation of La. R.S. 40:967. At his arraignment on December 15, 1997, he pled not guilty. A motion hearing was held on January 5, 1998, during which the trial court found probable cause, and denied the motion to suppress the evidence. That same day Hughes withdrew his plea of not guilty, and entered a guilty plea pursuant to State v. Crosby, 338 So.2d 584 (La.1976). On September 25, 1998, the court sentenced Hughes to three years at hard labor.
STATEMENT OF FACT
Officer Lionel Parker testified that he and his partner were on routine patrol in an unmarked police vehicle in the Second District at approximately 3:30 p.m. on September 1, 1997. As the officers approached the intersection of Olive and General Ogden Streets, the officers noticed three male subjects standing in front of a grocery store. When the officers were about seven to eight feet from the male subjects, they observed Hughes put a white object into his pants pocket and | ¡.hurriedly enter the grocery store. The officers followed Hughes and detained him. They patted him down and retrieved a plastic bag containing a rock-type substance which later proved to be cocaine.
ERRORS PATENT
Counsel assigns as an error patent the trial court’s failure to inform Hughes at sentencing of the prescriptive period for post-conviction relief under La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.8 C. In State ex rel. Glover v. State of Louisiana, 93-2330 (La.9/5/95), 660 So.2d 1189, the Supreme Court held that the trial court’s failure to notify the defendant at the time of sentencing of the prescriptive period for filing a post-conviction relief application did not bestow an enforceable right upon the defendant. Therefore, we find no errors patent.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER 1
In his only assignment of error, Hughes argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the evidence. He contends that the' officers did not have reasonable cause to conduct a stop pursuant to Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). Hughes argues, in the alternative, that if there was a valid Terry stop, the officer exceeded the legal limits of a pat down search and the seizure of the crack cocaine was illegal.
DISCUSSION
The Stop
A temporary stop by a police officer of a person in a public place is authorized by La.C.Cr.P. art. 215.1, which provides in part:
A. A law enforcement officer may stop a person in a public place whom he reasonably suspects is committing, has committed, or is about to commit an offense and may demand of him his name, address, and an explanation of |3his actions.
See also Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); State v.Williams, 621 So.2d 199 (La.App. 4th Cir.1993); State v. Johnson, 557 So.2d 1030 (La.App. 4th Cir.1990). As this court noted in State v. Clark, 612 So.2d 232, 233-234 (La.App. 4th Cir.1992), quoting from Johnson:
“Reasonable suspicion” is something less than the probable cause required for an arrest, and the reviewing court must look to the facts and circumstances of each case to determine whether the detaining officer had sufficient facts within his knowledge to justify an infringement of the suspect’s rights. State v, Jones, [483 So.2d 1207 (La.App. 4th Cir.1986), writ den. 488 So.2d 197 (1986) ]. Mere suspicion of activity is not a sufficient basis for police interference with an individual’s freedom. State v. Williams, 421 So.2d 874 (La.1982).
In State v. Ellington, 96-0766 (La.App. 4th Cir.9/4/96), 680 So.2d 174, this court affirmed a judgment granting a motion to suppress. In that case the police officer testified that he saw the defendant standing in an area known for high drug activity, and, upon seeing the marked police car, the defendant put his hands in his pocket as if attempting to conceal something. Thinking that this activity was suspicious and that the defendant was trying to conceal something in his pocket, possibly drugs, the officer stopped the defendant and conducted a patdown search. A folding knife was found in the defendant’s right rear pants pocket. The officer then shined a flashlight into the same pocket and found a glass vile containing cocaine residue. This Court found that these facts were not sufficient to justify the stop of the defendant. This Court noted that the officer did not testify that he saw the defendant engaging in what appeared to be a drug transaction, or that he saw a suspicious object, which the defendant attempted to conceal. Further, this Court |4stated that even if the initial stop was justified, the subsequent pat-down frisk of the defendant was not because La.C.Cr.P. art. 215.1 only allowed a frisk of outer clothing for a dangerous weapon. Since the officer did not testify to any particular facts from which he could reasonably infer that the defendant was armed and dangerous, this court held that the patdown frisk was not justified.
Likewise, in State v. Williams, 621 So.2d 199 (La.App. 4th Cir.1993), the defendant was seen standing in a courtyard of a housing project. When he saw the police officers, “he turned immediately and quickly walked away.” The officers also saw him “fooling with his belt area.” The trial court denied the defendant’s motion to suppress the pipe the officers seized after the defendant was stopped and frisked, but this court reversed the trial court’s ruling. This Court found that these facts did not justify the initial stop of the defendant, and even if the stop was legal, the officers provided no evidence to justify the subsequent pat-down frisk.
Similarly, in State v. Dappemont, 98-0446 (La.App. 4 th Cir. 3/17/99), 734 So.2d 736, the defendant was standing in the courtyard of the St. Bernard Housing Project. When he saw the police officers, he walked away and placed his hands into his waistband area. The officers stopped him and ordered him to remove his hands. When he did so, the officers noticed a white piece of paper protruding from his zipper area. The officer conducted a pat-down search, and discovered a bulge where the paper was sticking out. He removed the bulge and found a red, white and blue bag containing marijuana. This Court affirmed the trial court’s ruling suppressing the evidence, noting that there was no testimony that the officer saw the defendant engaged in drug activity or that he saw the defendant attempt to conceal a suspicious object. Moreover, there was no testimony by the officer that |,^placing the hands in the waistband was a common practice indicating drug activity; rather, it appeared the officer’s suspicion was a result of the way Hughes looked.
In this case, Officer Parker testified:
Q. What first drew your attention to Mr. Hughes that date?
A. While on patrol in the Second District myself and my partner which (sic) was driving up Olive approaching General Ogden. At that time we observed approximately three subjects. We was (sic), in an unmarked car. After we approached in front of a supermarket, we observed Mr. Hughes with a white object placing it into his left pocket. And then he hastily rushed into the supermarket. At that time myself and my partner exited the vehicle, went into the store right behind him. We located in his left pocket a plastic bag containing a rock-type substance.
Q. Okay. Now, when you said you saw Mr. Hughes placing a bag into his pocket, did you have a clear view of that?
A. Yes, ...
Q. When you went into the store, what is the first thing that you did?
A. We went in the store, detained Mr. Hughes. At the time a pat-down search was conducted on him. And the plastic bag was found in right front pocket.
Under cross-examination the officer stated:
Q. You hadn’t known Mr. Hughes before that time in any criminal fashion?
A. No.
Q .... you indicated in your testimony and in your police report that you saw him put a white object in his pocket; is that correct?
A. Correct.
Q. Not white bag, white object?
A. It was a white object ...
Q .... other than being suspicious as to that you had no objective knowledge that that was drugs at the time?
A. Just from my 19 years of police experience.
Q. But it’s fair to say that a white object could have been a grocery list?
IfrA Yes, sir. It could have.
Thus, the only reasons the officer stated for stopping Hughes were that he put a white object into his pants pocket and hurriedly entered a grocery store. There was no testimony that the area where the officers spotted Hughes was known for drug trafficking; nor was there testimony of any recent complaints of drug activity in the area. There was no evidence that Hughes was known to the officers, or that they had any information linking him to drug trafficking. Officer Parker’s “19 years of police experience” led him to believe that Hughes was engaged in drug activity. However, “A hunch or suspicion of illegal activity or transactions is insufficient to establish reasonable grounds to stop a person.” Williams, 621 So.2d at 201. Hence, the totality of the circumstances did not justify stopping Hughes; the State failed to elicit adequate information from Officer Parker for a finding of reasonable suspicion to support the detention of Hughes.
The Search
Even if it were found that the stop was justified by the evidence presented by the State, the testimony does not establish that Officer Parker had any particularized ground to frisk Hughes.
If a police officer stops a person whom he reasonably suspects is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a crime, pursuant to C.Cr.P. art. 215.1 A, and reasonably suspects he is in danger, the officer may frisk the outer clothing of such person for a dangerous weapon; if the officer reasonably suspects that the person possesses a dangerous weapon, he may search the person. La.C.Cr.P. art. 215.1 B; State v. Curtis, 96-1408, pp. 2-3 (La.App. 4th Cir.10/2/96), 681 So.2d 1287, 1289. “The officer need not be absolutely certain that the person pis armed, but the officer must be warranted in his belief that his safety or that of others is in danger.” State v. Williams, 98-3059, p. 4 (La.App. 4th Cir.3/3/99), 729 So.2d 142, 144 quoting State v. Smith, 94-1502, p. 5 (La.App. 4th Cir.1/19/95), 649 So.2d 1078, 1082. As noted by this court in State v. Denis, 96-0956 (La.App. 4th Cir.3/19/97), 691 So.2d 1295, unit denied, 97-1006 (La.6/20/97), 695 So.2d 1352:
While it is true that an officer is never justified in conducting a pat down for weapons unless the original detention itself was justified, a lawful detention for questioning does not necessarily give the officer the authority to conduct a pat down for weapons. Even after a lawful investigatory stop, a police officer is justified in frisking the subject only under circumstances where a “reasonably prudent man would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger.” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. at 27, 88 S.Ct. at 1883, 20 L.Ed.2d at 909. Further, the officer’s belief is not reasonable unless the officer is “able to point to particular facts from which he reasonably inferred that the individual was armed and dangerous.” Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. [40] at 64, 88 S.Ct. [1889] at 1903, 20 L.Ed.2d [917] at 935 [1968]. It is not necessary that the investigating officer establish that it was more probable than not that the detained individual was armed and dangerous; it is sufficient that he establish a “substantial possibility” of danger.
State v. Hunter, 375 So.2d 99, 101-102 (La.1979) (final citation omitted).
We recognize that the police have the right to ensure their own safety in an encounter with a suspected criminal. Under both our federal and state Constitutions, however, this right must be balanced against an individual citizen’s right to be free from unreasonable searches. Although sometimes appearing to be a legal technicality, Article 215.1 B represents the legislature’s attempt to maintain that balance by allowing an officer, who has lawfully stopped an individual, to perform a pat-down for weapons, but only if he “reasonably suspect [sic] that he is in danger.”
A police officer’s duty to enforce and uphold the laws includes not only those statutes that define and prohibit the criminal conduct, but also those which define and limit the government’s intrusion into the lives of its citizens. Unless the Isplain language of Article 215.1 B is interpreted as authorizing an officer to frisk every pedestrian who is stopped pursuant to subsection A, the only way a court can determine if the officer reasonably suspected that he was in danger is to require him to express that suspicion, and explain upon what it is based. Eliminating the requirement for such articulation not only eviscerates this statute, but also opens the door for potential abuse by the rare officer who acts upon personal prejudices rather than actual observation and experience.
96-0956 at pp. 7-8, 691 So.2d at 1299.
In this case, there was no evidence presented at the hearing on the motion to suppress concerning whether Officer Parker believed Hughes was armed. Officer Parker testified: “We went in the store, detained [the defendant]. At the time a pat-down search was conducted on him. And the plastic bag was found in his right front pocket.” Officer Parker did not allude to any circumstances, which would have led him to believe he was in danger or that Hughes was armed. The State concedes that it failed to elicit supporting testimony concerning the officer’s actions. However, the State suggests that “the trial court presumed the officer conducted a pat-down for weapons as a result of his concern for his own and his partner’s safety.” State v. Denis, supra, requires that the officer not only articulate his suspicion, but also explain its basis. Considering the lack of any evidence to justify a reasonable suspicion by Officer Parker that Hughes either posed a danger to him or others, or was armed, the officer was not justified in frisking Hughes.
The Seizure
Even if the State had shown a basis for the frisk, the State failed to show that the cocaine was discovered pursuant to the “plain feel” exception recognized in Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 113 S.Ct. 2130, 124 L.Ed.2d 334 (1993). | pUnder Dickerson, when a police officer lawfully pats down a suspect’s clothing for weapons and feels an object whose contour or mass makes its identity immediately apparent to be contraband, there has been no invasion of the suspect’s privacy beyond that already authorized by the officer’s search for weapons. In State v. Denis, 96-0956 pp. 8-9, 691 So.2d at 1300, this court set forth the requirements of the “plain feel” exception:
[E]vidence discovered during a lawful investigatory frisk may be seized under the “plain feel” exception to the warrant requirement, as explained in Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 113 S.Ct. 2130, 124 L.Ed.2d 334 (1993). However, just as the “plain view” doctrine requires that an object’s incriminating character be immediately obvious when seen, the “plain feel” doctrine requires the tactile discovery of “an object whose contour or mass makes its identity immediately apparent.” Dickerson at 375, 113 S.Ct. at 2137, 124 L.Ed.2d at 346. Thus, in State v. Parker, 622 So.2d 791 (La.App. 4th Cir.), writ denied, 627 So.2d 660 (1993), the seizure of a matchbox containing cocaine detected during a pat-down search was found not to fall within the “plain feel” exception because there was no evidence that a matchbox’s shape was identifiable as contraband. In contrast, in State v. Stevens, 95-501 (La.App. 5th Cir.3/26/96), 672 So.2d 986, the seizure of drugs in a matchbox detected during a lawful pat-down was upheld because the officer testified that her prior experience indicated that most street-level crack dealers carried their drugs in a matchbox. Similarly, where testimony establishes that an object detected during a pat-down was immediately identifiable as a “crack pipe,” suppression of the cocaine residue contained within the pipe is not required. State v. Lavigne, 95-0204 at p. 9, 675 So.2d at 778; State v. Livings, 95-251, pp. 5-6 (La.App. 3d Cir.11/15/95), 664 So.2d 729, 733, writ denied, 95-2906 (La.2/28/96), 668 So.2d 367.
Officer Parker’s suppression hearing testimony does not explain what, if anything, he felt in Hughes’ pocket that was immediately identifiable as contraband. Officer Parker offered no basis for his suspicion that Hughes’ pocket contained illegal drugs. The seizure of the bag exceeded the scope of the frisk and |incannot be justified under the “plain feel” exception to the warrant requirement.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, Hughes’ conviction and sentence are reversed, and this matter is remanded to the trial court for further action consistent with this opinion.
CONVICTION AND SENTENCE REVERSED AND REMANDED.
. But see State v. Wartberg, 586 So.2d 627 (La.App. 4 th Cir.1991) , in which this Court noted that any person who is suspected of dealing drugs is probably armed with a weapon and officers need not refer to specific particular facts concerning the danger to their safety. | [
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] |
In re Hotoph, Steve; — Defendant; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Jefferson, 24th Judicial District Court Div. A, No. 97-5518; to the Court of Appeal, Fifth Circuit, No. 99-KA-243.
Denied.
MARCUS, J., not on panel. | [
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In re Verret, John; — Defendant; Applying for Writ of Certiorari and/or Review, Parish of E. Baton Rouge, 19th Judicial District Court Div. E, No. 11-92-1329; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. 99 KW 2326
Denied. La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.3; State ex rel. Melinie, 93-1380 (La.1/12/96), 665 So.2d 1172.
VICTORY, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
In re: James Williams applying for Writ of Mandamus.
Application denied; the petition was withdrawn in the trial court on February 20, 1976. | [
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] |
In re: Lucien Charles McGee, applying for writ of mandamus.
Writ denied. In view of the rule to show cause issued by the trial court on March 23, 1976 and its ruling on March 31, the application for mandamus is moot. | [
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REDMANN, Judge.
Injured in a two-automobile collision, defendant was paid medical expenses under her host-driver’s vehicle insurance policy. That policy entitled the insurer to reimbursement from defendant out of any recovery from any person legally responsible for the injury causing the medical expense. Defendant settled with the other driver’s insurer, but refused to reimburse her host’s insurer. This suit followed, with judgment for the insurer and appeal by defendant. We affirm.
We ignore the “Reimbursement Agreement” which the insurer obliged defendant to sign, over her protest, as a prerequisite to payment of the $2,000 its policy obliged it to pay. Neither the insurer nor defendant intended to make any gift or compromise by that document, and it therefore cannot expand or contract either’s rights. Its wording (“settlement of judgment”) is thus immaterial.
Defendant stipulated that the other driver had driven through a stop sign into her host’s car. This showed legal responsibility by that driver for plaintiff guest-passenger’s injury.
Defendant argues that the policy’s reimbursement provision is against public policy, noting that La.R.S. 22:1406, subd. D(4) expressly provides analogous recovery in uninsured motorist coverage, while no such express legislative provision exists as to medical payments coverage. Defendant would suggest that it would be against public policy for her private hospitalization insurer to exact reimbursement like that here sought, and since she is the third-party beneficiary of her host’s private medical payments insurance, it is equally unacceptable for plaintiff insurer to exact reimbursement.
We respond, first, that R.S. 22:611 makes § 620, subd. A applicable to all insurance but ocean marine and foreign trade, and § 620, subd. A allows policies to contain “any provisions or conditions required by its plan of insurance or method of operation which are not prohibited by the provisions of this [Insurance] Code.” There is no prohibition of provisions such as ours. By analogy, § 1406, subd. D(4) (and § 691, providing subrogation in the standard fire policy) would support allowing a similar provision in medical payments policies. The “plan of insurance” that this insurer offered through this policy proposed a premium reduction in return for the net risk reduction brought about by the reimbursement provision.
Second, we add that public policy prefers reimbursement provisions in order to have the reduction in premium. There is no public advantage to the entire public paying a higher insurance premium in order that injured persons can collect twice for the same medical expenses.
Finally, we respond to defendant’s concern that she has had to pay attorney’s fees to obtain a settlement from which plaintiff insurer seeks reimbursement without contribution to attorney’s fees. This policy does not attempt to collect from a settlement irrespective of fees and costs. Here, the policy’s reimbursement (like that of uninsured motorist coverage, § 1406, subd. D(4)), is from “proceeds” of judgment or settlement, which could not result in the insured experiencing a loss by having to pay both 100% of a recovery to an insurer and an additional, say, 35% to a lawyer for fees and costs: the insurer’s recovery comes only out of the net 65% “proceeds”. The practical effect of this reimbursement provision is to make the insurer assume only the risk that the third-party tortfeasor may delay paying a claim because of a dispute over liability, or may be judgment-proof even if admitting liability. The insurance coverage is in a sense equivalent to a loan, repayable only in the event, and to the extent, that proceeds are obtained from a settlement or judgment with the tortfeasor.
It may seem questionable, at first glance, that the “insurer” recovers 100% of its outlay, while the “insured” does not, which occurs whenever the “proceeds” equal or exceed the amount the insurer paid. When this is the case, the insured does end up in the same final posture (ignoring possible interest accrual differentials) as if there were no insurance: but meanwhile the insured has received the same amount from the insurer immediately as he would have received (as “proceeds”) from the tort-feasor only after litigation. And when it is not the case that the proceeds suffice to repay the insurer, then the insured has had the additional benefit of collecting from the insurer money that could not have been collected from the tortfeasor at all.
The insurance before us insured against no other risks.
Affirmed.' | [
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| t PEATROSS, J.
Defendant, Laura Washkow, who now resides in St. Mary’s, Georgia, appeals the judgment of the trial court awarding sole custody of her two children to their father, Plaintiff, Ivan Washkow. For the reasons stated herein, we reverse the judgment in part and affirm in part.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Mr. and Mrs. Washkow were married in Pennsylvania on May 6, 1989. Sometime between 1990 and 1991, the parties moved to St. Mary’s, Georgia, where Mr. Wash-kow was stationed with the U.S. Navy. Two children were born of the marriage; namely, Anastasia Elizavet, born July 18, 1995, and Nikolai Ivanovich, born October 25,1998.
Mr. and Mrs. Washkow moved to Shreveport in September 1998, when Mr. Washkow was transferred from his previous military station in Georgia. Marital discord ensued and, with Mr. Washkow’s help, Mrs. Washkow moved back to Georgia in January 1999. Prior to this move, the couple agreed in writing that the children would reside near Bridgeport, Washington with Mr. Washkow’s mother until Mrs. Washkow was able to get settled in Georgia, at which time she would again have physical custody of both children.
After assisting Mrs. Washkow with her move to Georgia, Mr. Washkow brought Amy Carlisle, a friend of Mr. and Mrs. Washkow, and her two children with him from Georgia to Shreveport. Ms. Car-lisle’s former husband was stationed with Mr. Washkow in Georgia and testimony indicates that the couples were very good Mends. Ms. Carlisle testified, however, that her former husband bad become abusive and the C0UPle had recently divorced,
When they arrived in Shreveport, Ms. Carlisle and her children resided with Mr. Washkow and his children in Mr. Wash-tow’s home. Both Mr. Washkow and Ms. Carlisle testified that the living arrangement was a matter of convenience and Uthat there was no romantic relationship between them. As Ms. Carlisle stated, “I had the furnishings of a home with no home and [Mr. Washkow] had a home with no furnishings.... ”
Ms. Carlisle testified that she supported herself financially with the Transactional Compensation she received from the U.S. Navy as a result of her former husband’s abuse and she received child support directly from her former husband. Mr. Washkow testified that he affords Ms. Carlisle room and board free of charge in exchange for her help in taking care of his children, cooking and cleaning.
On February 12, 1999, Mr. Washkow filed a petition for divorce from Mrs. Washkow, which included a demand for sole custody of their two children. Mr. Washkow obtained the children from his mother’s home in Washington in March 1999, but refused to give them over to Mrs. Washkow despite his prior agreement with Mrs. Washkow.
On August 17, 1999, an interim order of custody was entered; and Dr. Webb Sen-tell, a mental health professional, was appointed by the trial court to perform an evaluation of the parties and render a report of his findings. Approximately three weeks prior to trial, which was set for October 21, 1999, Mrs. Washkow returned to Shreveport for her evaluation with Dr. Sentell. Mrs. Washkow arranged for visitation with the children while she was in town. After some difficulty and arguing on the part of the parties, Mrs. Washkow was allowed to have the children for the majority of the weekend.
After the trial of this matter, a ruling was made from the bench'- granting judgment in favor of Mr. Washkow, awarding him sole custody of the children. Mrs. Washkow was awarded visitation privileges, to be taken on any weekend from 6:00 p.m. Friday to 6:00 p.m. Sunday, exercised in either Caddo or Bossier Parish, with two weeks notice before the chosen weekend. In addition, |3Mrs. Washkow had visitation rights with the children in Georgia from December 20 to December 27 in odd numbered years and three weeks during the summer. Finally, Mrs. Wash-kow was permitted telephone calls to the children on Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday of each week from 7:00 p.m. to 7:15 p.m. Mr. Washkow was' assessed the responsibility of providing transportation for the children on those occasions in which they were to travel to Georgia for visitation. Mr. Washkow was also awarded $200 per month'in child support.
DISCUSSION
Defendant’s Assignment of Error No. One: The trial court committed reversible error in rendering an award of sole custodg of the minor children to Mr. Washkow rather than joint custody where the record is devoid of any clear and convincing evidence that an award of sole custody is in the best interest of the children as would be mandated by La. C.C. art. 132.
Defendant’s Assignment of Error No. Two: The trial court committed reversible error in failing to award joint custody of the minor children to both parents and in failing to designate Mrs. Wash-kow as domiciliary parent.
Regarding Mrs. Washkow’s first assignment of error, La. C.C. art. 132 states, in pertinent part:
In the absence of agreement, or if the agreement is not in the best interest of the child, the court shall award custody to the parents jointly; however, if custody in one parent is shown by clear and convincing evidence to serve the best interest of the child, the court shall award custody to that parent.
Pursuant to La. C.C. art. 132, Mr. Wash-kow must prove by clear and convincing evidence that sole custody, as opposed to joint custody, is in the best interest of the children. In order to prove a matter by “clear and convincing evidence,” a party must demonstrate that the existence of a disputed fact — in this instance, that sole custody is preferable — is highly probable or much more probable than its nonexistence. Johnson v. Breck Construction Co., 32,311 (La.App.2d Cir.9/22/99), 743 So.2d 296. We find Mr. Washkow failed to carry this burden.
|4In his report, Dr. Sentell stated that either parent is capable of serving as domiciliary parent. This indicates not only that, in his opinion, Dr. Sentell found joint custody to be in the children’s best interest, but that he believed either parent capable of parenting these children. Further, Mr. Washkow’s own testimony was that he did not see how the children could be properly raised without their mother. Finally, while the geographical distance between the respective parties is a factor in determining whether sole or joint custody is in the best interest of the children, a parent’s choice to leave Louisiana should not, in and of itself, constitute a sufficient reason to institute a sole custody arrangement. Evans v. Lungrin, 97-0541, 97-0577 (La.2/6/98), 708 So.2d 731
We acknowledge that the trial court’s decision in child custody matters is entitled to great weight and it will not be overturned absent a showing of manifest error or abuse of discretion. Bergeron v. Bergeron, 492 So.2d 1193 (La.1986); Estes v. Estes, 261 La. 20, 258 So.2d 857 (1972); Waits v. Waits, 556 So.2d 215 (La.App. 2d Cir.1990); Pacheco v. Pacheco, 486 So.2d 1098 (La.App. 2d Cir.1986). The best interest of the children, however, is the paramount consideration in any determination of child custody. La. C.C. art. 131; Ev ans, supra; Oglesby v. Oglesby, 25,974 (La.App.2d Cir.8/17/94), 641 So.2d 1027. On this record, we do not.find that Mr. Washkow showed, by clear and convincing evidence, that an award of sole custody to him would be in the best interest of the children. The judgment awarding sole custody to Mr. Washkow is, therefore, reversed. We award joint custody of the children to Mr. and Mrs. Washkow.
It is apparent from the record that there is some animosity between the parties. We, therefore, quote the supreme court in its definition of the méaning of joint custody, in the case of Evans, _supra, as guidance for the parties:
The term “custody” is usually broken down into two components: physical or “actual” custody and legal custody. The typical joint custody plan will allocate time periods for physical custody between | ¡¡parents so as to promote a sharing of the care and custody of the child in such a way as to ensure the child of frequent and continuing contact with both parents. Legal custody, by contrast, has previously been defined as “the right or authority of a parent or parents, to make decisions concerning the child’s upbringing.” Pursuant to this definition, both parents remained legal custodians of the child regardless of which parent had physical custody of the child at a given time under the typical joint custody plan. Joint legal custody thus involved a sharing of the responsibilities concerning the child including decisions about education, medical care, discipline and other matters relating to the upbringing of the child. (Citations omitted.)
Having decide'd that the best interest of the children would be optimally served in a joint custody arrangement, we must now address the issue concerning domiciliary parent. In this regard, we find no error in the trial court’s conclusion that the children should reside primarily with Mr. Washkow. Continuity and stability of environment are important factors to consider in determining what is in these children’s best interest. Cooper v. Cooper, 579 So.2d 1159 (La.App. 2d Cir.1991). The record reflects that Mr. Washkow is very capable of providing such an environment and we will not disturb the trial court’s finding in that regard. Mr. Washkow is hereby designated domiciliary parent of both children.
Defendant’s Assignment of Error No. Three: The trial court committed reversible error in awarding only minimal visitation/physical custody to Mrs. Wash-kow and the amount awarded to Mrs. Washkow, which was as a practical matter only approximately 28 days, fails to assure frequent and continuing contact between these very young children and their mother as would be mandated by La. B.S. 9:355(A)(2)(a).
In addressing this assignment of error, we note that Mrs. Washkow has cited La. R.S. 9:355. Given the language quoted, we will assume that it was her intent to reference La. R.S. 9:335(A)(2)(a), which states, in regard to the joint custody implementation order, that:
The implementation order shall allocate the time periods during which each parent shall have physical custody of the child so that the child is assured of frequent and continuing contact with both parents.
Having awarded joint custody to the parties and designated Mr. Washkow as domiciliary parent, application of this statute is appropriate. Given that the trial Rcourt has outlined a plan of visitation which would be applicable to either the situation of sole or joint custody, we will review that judgment now in light of a joint custody award.
We find no merit in Mrs. Wash-kow’s argument that she is only awarded essentially 28 days of visitation per year. In addition to three weeks in the summer, one week at Christmas in alternating years, as well as designated telephone visitation four days per week, the trial court awarded Mrs. Washkow the right to visit the children on any given weekend she so chooses, -without limitation as to number. The only requirement is that Mrs. Wash-kow give.Mr. Washkow two weeks notice and that the visitation take place in Caddo or Bossier Parish. Contrary to Mrs. Washkow’s argument, therefore, she could conceivably exercise visitation for up to an additional 48 weekends or approximately 96 days, exclusive of the holidays and summer visitation already granted, totaling approximately 124 days. We find this to be adequate visitation to meet the requirements of, and foster the intent of, La. R.S. 9:335(A)(2)(a), to assure frequent and continuing contact with both parents given the distance between the parties.
DECREE
For the foregoing reasons, that portion of the judgment of the trial court awarding sole custody to Plaintiff, Ivan Washkow, is reversed. The parties are awarded joint custody of the children with Plaintiff, Ivan Washkow, being designated the domiciliary parent. The remainder of the judgment is affirmed. Costs are divided equally between Defendant, Laura Washkow and Plaintiff, Ivan Washkow.
REVERSED IN PART AND AFFIRMED IN PART. | [
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] |
In re Commercial Union Insurance Company; Highlands Insurance Company; American Motorists Insurance Company; Travelers Insurance Company;' — Defendants); Applying for Writ of Certiorari and/or Review, Parish of Orleans, Civil District Court Div. B, No. 99-4480; to the Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, No. 99-CA-2198.
Denied.
MARCUS, and LEMMON, JJ., would grant the writ.
TRAYLOR, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
JjHOSTELKA, J.
After the trial court awarded custody of two minor children to their maternal grandmother, the father appeals seeking custody of his daughter. Finding no error in the ruling below, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
Larry Henderson (“Larry”) and Veronica Brown (“Veronica”) were married in 1989. At that time, Veronica already had a young son, ATB. Subsequently, in 1990, Larry and Veronica had a daughter together, MAH. The marital problems that began as minor conflicts soon escalated to the point that Larry and Veronica’s fights often turned to violence. Eventually, the couple decided to separate. On the day Larry was packing to leave the home, April 14, 1996, a fight between the spouses erupted into gunfire. Larry fatally shot Veronica in the chest with a shotgun. Although not witnesses to the confrontation, the children were present in the home when their mother was Wiled. Initially, Larry was charged with second degree murder, but the charge was reduced to manslaughter. Larry pled guilty to negligent homicide and received a sentence of five years at hard labor.
Immediately after Larry’s arrest, ATB and MAH began residing with their maternal grandmother, Margaret Claville (“Margaret”), and her husband, Wilford Claville (“Wilford”). In July 1996, and again in March 1997, Larry’s mother, Bobby Henderson (“Bobby”), attempted to gain custody of the children. In a May 1998 judgment, Margaret was awarded custody of both ATB and MAH; Bobby was awarded specific visitation with MAH.
Then, in December 1998, two months following his release from prison, Larry filed a rule to show cause seeWng custody of both his daughter, MAH, and his stepson, ATB. In that Larry had not been a party to the earlier custody | ¡.proceedings, the trial court treated this matter as an initial custody dispute. And, after hearing several days of evidence, the court awarded custody of both children to Margaret and granted Larry visitation with MAH. The court further ordered Larry to pay Margaret $135 per month as child support for MAH. Apparently conceding the issue of custody as to ATB, Larry appeals solely regarding the custody of his daughter.
Discussion
In a conflict between a parent and a nonparent, the parent enjoys the paramount right to custody of a child and may be deprived of such right only for compelling reasons. Bracy v. Bracy, 32,-841 (La.App.2d Cir.10/27/99), 743 So.2d 930, writ denied, 99-3325 (La. 12/17/99), 752 So.2d 169; Tennessee v. Campbell, 28,-823 (La.App.2d Cir.10/30/96), 682 So.2d 1274. Custody awards to nonparents are governed by La. C.C. art. 133, which provides:
If an award of joint custody or of sole custody to either parent would result in substantial harm to the child, the court shall award custody to another person with whom the child has been living in a wholesome and stable environment, or otherwise to any other person able to provide an adequate and stable environment.
At an initial custody contest between a parent and a nonparent, the burden of proof is on the nonparent to show that granting custody to the parent would be detrimental to the child (i.e., would result in substantial harm), and that the best interest of the child requires an award of custody to the nonparent. Bracy, supra; Tennessee, supra.
IsBased upon the evidence presented at trial, it appears that both Larry and Margaret are capable and willing to care for MAH’s physical needs. Larry has obtained a home across the street from his own mother, Bobby. He earns an adequate salary working for Bobby’s daycare facility as well as doing odd jobs for church members. Likewise, Margaret and Wilford have retirement income as well as salaries from their own daycare center. They have a large home in which they care for not only ATB and MAH but also sever al other young relatives. Thus, the relevant inquiry becomes whether MAH would suffer substantial harm to her emotional well-being living in the care of Larry.
At trial, Larry presented a host of witnesses, ranging from deputy sheriffs who knew him while he was imprisoned to the pastors of his current church, along with family members, to demonstrate that he was a good father who could provide a good home for his children. Conversely, Margaret presented copious evidence about Larry’s propensity to violence during domestic disputes — particularly the shooting incident which led to Veronica’s death. Indeed, on appeal, Margaret argues that the witnesses who testified Larry was a nonviolent man with an even temper were either less than candid or woefully uninformed. While no one reported instances of physical abuse by Larry against MAH, there were descriptions of physical encounters between Larry and ATB. Larry admitted that he disciplined ATB by whipping him with either his hand or belt and further explained that he believed there was a difference between a whipping and a beating. Larry claims he never beat ATB.
Specifically regarding MAH, the evidence clearly indicated that she had thrived in the care of Margaret and Wilford, living alongside her half-brother, ATB. She had performed well in elementary school and was engaging in various church activities as well as taking piano lessons. Indeed, the other young girls in Margaret’s home looked up to MAH as a role model. When questioned by the trial __yudge, MAH named ATB as both her best friend and closest relative. Indeed, Dr. Richard Meece, a psychologist who evaluated the children and various involved adults, testified regarding the extremely close relationship between ATB and MAH. According to Dr. Meece, MAH’s “sun rises and sets around her big brother.” He describes ATB as MAH’s “security blanket.” Indeed, in MAH’s young but tumultuous life, the one point of constancy has been her relationship with ATB.
Dr. Meece believed that if MAH were placed with Larry, and thus separated from ATB, she would develop an adjustment disorder manifested by somatoform ailments, i.e., she would begin experiencing pain or other physical symptoms of illness with no underlying medical cause. Indeed, as alleged by Margaret and as confirmed by MAH’s teacher, MAH began experiencing headaches and stomachaches both at school and at home beginning when Larry was released from prison and she began making regular visits with him. Likewise, MAH’s school performance also began to fluctuate at that time.
Upon receiving this evidence, the trial court determined that MAH would suffer substantial harm if placed in Larry’s custody. As a reviewing court, we may not set aside a trial court’s finding of fact in the absence of manifest error or unless it is clearly wrong. Where there is conflict in the testimony, reasonable evaluations of credibility and reasonable inferences of fact should not be disturbed, even though the appellate court may feel that its own evaluations and inferences are as reasonable as those of the lower court. When findings of fact are based on determinations regarding . the credibility of witnesses, the manifest error standard demands great deference to the trier of fact’s findings. Only the fact-finder can be aware of the variations in demeanor and tone of voice that bear so heavily on the listener’s understanding and belief in what is said. Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840 (La.1989).
| sUnder this unique set of circumstances, we agree with the trial court that placing MAH with her father would cause her substantial harm. Any advantages to be gained by permanent placement with Larry are clearly outweighed by the disadvantages of separating MAH and ATB and removing MAH from the stable environment which she so clearly needs. Separation of siblings is a hard choice and is not frequently approved. McKinley v. McKinley, 25,365 (La.App.2d Cir.01/19/94), 631 So.2d 45. Moreover, MAH’s best interests are clearly served by continued placement in the home of Margaret and Wilford Claville.
Conclusion
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the judgment below is affirmed at the cost of Larry Henderson.
AFFIRMED.
. Further, Margaret was named tutrix of both ATB and MAH. Wilford and Bobby were named co-undertutors of MAH, while Vanita Sumlin, ATB’s paternal grandmother, was named as ATB's undertutrix. The court had set forth essentially similar provisions in a July 1996 interim order prior to Larry's conviction.
. Cf. Kroics v. Kroics, 97-911 (La.App. 3d Cir.02/04/98), 705 So.2d 1302, in which the court concluded that where the nonparents previously had not been parties to the custody litigation, the stringent standard of Bergeron v. Bergeron, 492 So.2d 1193 (La.1986) did not apply.
.The evidence at trial was quite clear that ATB did not wish to be placed in Larry’s custody. He conveyed a refusal to live with the man who killed his mother. Indeed, ATB had even declined to visit Larry in prison. Finally, ATB testified that, if the court ordered him to live with Larry, he would run away. | [
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In re Smith, Stanley; — Plaintiff; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of E. Baton Rouge, 19th Judicial District Court Div. K, No. 10-81-394; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. 00 KW 0316.
Denied.
CALOGERO, C.J., not on panel. | [
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In re Patterson, Reginald; — Defendant; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Orleans, Criminal District Court Div. H, No. 409,991; to the Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, No. 2000-K-0984
Granted in part; denied in part. The ruling of the trial judge that evidence of vandalism of a vehicle on June 21, 1999 will be admissible at trial is ■ reversed. Otherwise denied.
LEMMON, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
In re McGlothurn, Lonzy; — Plaintiff; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Orleans, Criminal District Court Div. B, No. 343-283; to the Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, No. 99-K-2257
Denied. La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.8; State ex rel. Glover v. State, 93-2330 (La.9/5/95), 660 So.2d 1189.
TRAYLOR, J., not on panel. | [
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In re Nabors Drilling Company USA Ine.; — Defendant; Applying for Writ of Certiorari and/or Review Office Of Workers Compensation District 3, No. 98-03978; to the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit, No. 99-1651
Denied.
MARCUS and TRAYLOR, JJ., would grant the writ.
KNOLL, J., not on panel. | [
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PICKETT, Judge.
Defendants-Appellants, John Monterio Construction Co., Inc., its employee, Robert F. Eschete, Sr., and its liability insurer, Commercial Union Insurance Company, bring this appeal from a judgment rendered against them, in solido, in favor of Plaintiff-Appellee, Claude B. Triche, in a personal injury suit brought by the said Plaintiff-Appellee seeking recovery for personal injuries, pain and suffering, loss of wages, past and future, and medical expenses resulting from a motor vehicle collision that occurred on February 9, 1973, in Terre-bonne Parish, involving Plaintiff-Appellee and Robert F. Eschete, Sr., employee-driver of a vehicle owned by John Monterio Construction Co., Inc.
Plaintiff-Appellee answered the appeal and asked that the $149,326.91 judgment of the District Court be increased to $278,391.86, and, as thus amended, affirmed.
Undisputed facts are that Claude B. Triche, age 45 years, on or about February 9, 1973, at about 4:55 o’clock A.M., was driving his 1968 Chevrolet pickup truck in a westerly direction on Hollywood Road, in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, at a speed of approximately 25 to 30 m. p. h. in his own right hand lane of travel. At that time rain was falling, and the weather was cold. The highway was a two-lane, hard-surface road. A private driveway entered this highway from the North (Plaintiff-Appellee’s right), and it served as a means of entrance and exit to the site of the John Monterio Construction Co., Inc., Defendant-Appellant. As Plaintiff-Appellee was passing this driveway, a motor vehicle (pickup truck) owned by said John Monterio Construction Co., Inc., and operated by Robert F. Eschete, Sr., acting within the scope of his employment with said construction company, drove said motor vehicle onto Hollywood Road and struck Plaintiff-Appellee’s vehicle, which, as previously stated, was travelling in a westerly direction.
Mr. Robert F. Eschete testified that he planned to enter Hollywood Road and turn to his right, and proceed in a westerly direction, which was the same direction Plaintiff-Appellee was travelling. Mr. Eschete said he looked to his left before entering Hollywood Road, but admitted that the left window of his pickup truck was at least partially iced up, impairing his view, and that he did not see Plaintiff-Appellee’s vehicle until right at collision. Mr. Eschete had proceeded approximately 3 feet onto Hollywood Road when he struck the Triche vehicle.
State Trooper Gary Burnett testified there were no obstructions to prevent Mr. Eschete from seeing the Triche vehicle, and was of the opinion that the cause of the accident was Eschete’s improper entry of the highway. He found no negligence on the part of Mr. Triche. The highway at this point was straight.
Mr. Claude Triche testified that he never saw the Eschete vehicle until it struck him. The evidence firmly establishes, by a preponderence of the evidence, that the collision was caused solely by the negligence of Mr. Eschete. We concur with the findings of the Trial Court that the said Robert F. Eschete was negligent, in that the said Mr. Eschete,
1. Did not have or maintain his vehicle under proper control.
2. Did not maintain a proper lookout.
3. Did not see that which he ought to have seen.
4. Was driving said vehicle in a careless and reckless manner.
5. Failed to yield right of way.
Defendants-Appellants had plead the special defense of contributory negligence and now strongly urge that Mr. Triche was contributory negligent, and that this contributory negligence would bar his recovery.
The facts do not support this special defense. The record establishes that the Plaintiff-Appellee did not see the Defendant-Appellant’s vehicle prior to impact. Furthermore, as was re-affirmed in the case of Clark v. Allstate Insurance Co. et al., La.App., 279 So.2d 237, it is only in the exceptional case where the right-of-way motorist could have avoided the accident by the exercise of the very slightest degree of care that he will be considered guilty of negligence.
Plaintiff-Appellee, as the driver on the main, or preferred thoroughfare, had a right to assume that all vehicles entering onto this favored, public highway from private entrances would respect his right of way, and stop and yield the same. Clark v. Allstate Ins., Co., cited supra; Koob v. Cooperative Cab Co., 213 La. 903, 35 So.2d 849; Fontenot v. Lucas, La.App., 228 So. 2d 211.
The preponderance of the evidence also establishes that Mr. Eschete was acting within the course and scope of his employment for the Defendant-Appellant, John Monterio Construction Company, Inc., and, accordingly, his acts of negligence are imputed to his said employer, and to its public liability insurer, Employers Commercial Union Insurance Company, to the extent of its policy limits.
On the question of quantum of damages, we note initially that the State Trooper had reported no personal injuries sustained by either party. Mr. Triche testified as follows concerning how he felt right after the collision:
“A. I had a slight pain in my right side. It was so cold, and I was nervous on the wreck—I told the State Trooper I wasn’t hurt.”
The medical evidence establishes, beyond question, that Mr. Triche in fact had a hernia, for which he underwent surgery on April 30, 1973, in the Terrebonne General Hospital, Houma, Louisiana.
It also establishes that he had two ruptured, or herniated, discs in the lumbar sacral (L 4-5 and L-5 S-l) region of his back for which he underwent surgery in June, 1974.
These two herniated discs were removed at that time, and a bilateral lumbar sacral fusion accomplished, resulting in a residual disability of 15% to 20% of his back. This disability removed him from the labor market as a manual laborer.
The real issues before the Court are related to determining whether these two medical problems, i. e., the hernia and the ruptured disc, or either of them, were caused by the accident of February 9, 1973.
The first Doctor to see Mr. Triche following the accident was his family physician, Dr. Thomas Givens. He examined Mr. Triche on February 15, 1973,—six days after the accident. At this time Mr. Triche complained of back pain. The Doctor found muscle spasms in the lumbar sacral group, and gave a diagnosis of lumbar sacral muscle strain. He next saw Mr. Triche 12 days later, on February 26th, at which time Mr. Triche was still complaining of back pain, and Dr. Thomas referred him to Dr. Richard Landry, Orthopedic Surgeon. Dr. Thomas subsequently saw Mr. Triche on March 8, 16, 30th, and April 13 and 27th. On each occasion Mr. Triche complained of back pain. Additionally, on the visit of March 16th, Dr. Thomas noted an inguinal hernia on the right. On the April 27, 1973, visit, which was the last time Dr. Thomas saw him, Mr. Triche again complained of the hernia, and Dr. Thomas referred him to Dr. Phillip Cenac for that problem.
Dr. Thomas expressed the opinion that, based on the history given by Mr. Triche, the back problems originated with or were aggravated by, the accident of February 9th.
Dr. Thomas expressed no opinion about the hernia problem.
Dr. Phillip Cenac, however, was familiar with Mr. Tridie’s hernia problems, having first seen him in 1971, at the Houma Medical Clinic. At this time Mr. Triche underwent surgery, which was performed by Dr. Felix Mathieu and Dr. Mack Thomas, for bilateral hernia repairs. His recovery was uneventful and he was ultimately discharged with no residual medical problems.
Dr. Cenac next saw Mr. Triche on April 27, 1973, as a referral by Dr. Thomas Givens. Examination revealed a mass in the right inguinal area, and surgery was performed on April 30, 1973, at which time the hernia was repaired. This hernia was small and was located at a point above the suture line of the previous hernia surgery of 1971.
Dr. Cenac expressed the opinion that the hernia was related to the accident of February 9th.
Dr. Cenac testified that the hernia was in absolute accordance with the accident of February 9th, and, although he could not say with absolute certainty that the accident related trauma caused the hernia, he expressed the opinion that the hernia was related to the accident.
He further testified that an individual who undergoes hernia surgery of this type is normally disabled from 8-10 weeks, or 12 perhaps, and that most men return to their occupations after this type of surgery.
Dr. Dexter Gary, Orthopedic Surgeon, first saw Mr. Triche, in consultation with Dr. Thomas Givens, on July 2, 1973, and examined him with reference to back pain. After conservative treatment failed to produce relief, Dr. Gary asked for a consultation with Dr. John Jackson, a neurosurgeon of New Orleans. The evidence does not reveal any of the findings of Dr. Jackson, other than the statement by Dr. Gary that Dr. Jackson’s report was the same as his, and, also, • that Dr. Jackson suggested a myelogram. Dr. Gary caused a myelogram to be performed in November, 1973, and it appeared to be within normal limits, but a widening space between the posterior body of the lumbar spine and the dura which covers the nerve roots was noted. The significance of this was explained by saying that in an increased in-terspace a herniated disc can be present and not be seen on a myelogram. Subsequent review caused the Doctor to suspect a ruptured disc at the L 5-4 disc level, and narrowing of L5-S-1 interspace were noted. In April, 1974, a discogram was performed pursuant to Dr. Gary’s instructions. This test led to the conclusion that the L 5-4 and H-5 S-l were abnormal and compatible with herniated discs. On June 13, 1974, Mr. Triche underwent a two level laminectomy for excision of herniated discs, and a bilateral lumbar sacral fusion. Dr. Gary estimated 15% to 20% permanent physical impairment of the back, and testified that Mr. Triche could no longer perform work that would require repetitive, or heavy lifting, or jobs that would entail heavy labor.
It was Dr. Gary’s opinion that Mr. Triche was one hundred percent disabled from heavy manual labor, and that if he returned to this type of work he would suffer additional injury.
It was also Dr. Gary’s opinion, based on the history of Mr. Triche, and the medical findings subsequent thereto, that the above referred to injuries to Mr. Triche’s back occurred in the accident of February 9, 1973.
We find that the evidence amply supports the conclusion that the said back injuries were in fact received in the said accident, and resulted in the disabilities testified to by Dr.. Gary. To be more specific, this Court accepts, as having been established by competent evidence, that because of back injuries sustained by Mr. Triche in the accident of February 9, 1973, Mr. Triche has suffered 15%-20% permanent disability to his back, and that he cannot perform manual labor without injury to his back, and that he in fact should not perform manual labor.
This brings us to matters involving a determination of a just and adequate quantum of damages.
The jurisprudence of this State is well stated in the case of Barrois v. Service Drayage Co., La.App., 250 So.2d 135, in which it was held:
“A successful plaintiff in an action in tort is entitled to compensation for the following damages, where proven in the evidence: (1) loss of past and future earnings; (2) past and future pain and suffering; (3) permanent disfigure‘ments and disabilities; and (4) actual medical and related expenses. Brignac v. Pan American Pet. Corp., 224 So.2d 84 La.App.3rd Cir., 1969).”
LeBlanc v. Metal Locking of Louisiana, Inc., et al., La.App., 258 So.2d 683, 689, approached a consideration of loss of future income in the following manner:
“We must now determine a reasonable and fair amount of damages to compensate for the loss of future income. In so doing we must bear in mind that the Supreme Court in the case of McFarland v. Illinois Central Railroad Company, 241 La. 15, 127 So.2d 183 (1961), proscribed the ascertaining of loss of future earnings by computation based solely upon work-life expectancy. Also, in the case of Stanford v. Bateman Frozen Foods Company, 149 So.2d 753 (La.App. 1963), the First Circuit reaffirmed that the application of the mathematical formula based upon work expectancy could not be utilized in determining the loss of future wages. Recognizing the difficulty of determining with reasonable certainty and probability the loss of future earnings in the absence of any scientific and mathematical basis for so doing, the Supreme Court, in the case of Viator v. Gilbert, supra, indicated the standard to be used in making such a determination:
“ ‘ * * * [Consideration must be given to the settled jurisprudence of this Court that allowance of monetary damages for loss of future earnings (or support of dependents in case of death) cannot be calculated with mathematical exactitude; that they are speculative in character and the “ * * * most that the courts can do * * * is to exercise a sound judicial discretion and award such amount as, all the circumstances considered, may seem just to both litigants and not unduly oppressive to either.” * * * ’ 253 La. 81, 216 So.2d 821, at 822-23.”
The evidence established that Mr. Triche was forty-five years old at the time of the accident; that he only had a 5th grade education and is not qualified to do any job except manual labor. The evidence further established that if he does now perform manual labor he will be in danger of additional and serious and painful injury to himself.
Each of Mr. Triche’s employers since 1969 testified that Mr. Triche, because of his experience and educational background, was qualified only to do manual labor, and each of them stated, in turn, that they had no job for Mr. Claude Triche if he could not do manual labor. Each testifying employer stated that Mr. Triche was not qualified as a supervisory employee.
The evidence establishes that Mr. Triche was employed by Universal Iron Works as a manual laborer from 1969 to Janury 30, 1973, at which time he quit and went to work for Houma Steel at $600.00 per month, as a foreman. The foreman job entailed manual labor.
At the same time he had a second job, at Mack’s Oyster House, shucking oysters, at $84.00 per week.
Following the accident of February 9, 1973, Mr. Triche discontinued his job at Mack’s Oyster House, because he was physically unable to perform the work, which was, as indicated, in addition to his primary employment with Houma Steel. Following the accident, and because of the injuries he received in the accident, Mr. Triche was unable to adequately perform his work as foreman, and was relieved of this job and assigned to another job, as a truck driver. This job became progressively harder for him to perform, and he complained frequently of his injuries. Eventually he quit, on January 21, 1974, because of these problems, and went back to work for Universal Iron- Works, at $3.75 per hour, for an average work week of 40 hours, 5 of which were overtime. He worked for Universal Iron Works from January 21, 1974, through May 4, 1974.
The Trial Court accepted the testimony of Dr. Melville Wolfson as to what the evidence established regarding damages due Mr. Triche for lost past earnings, and this Court likewise accepts same, which are, in summation, as follows:
“Past Earnings
(a)Mack’s Oyster House:
$84.00 per week
Loss of earnings from date of accident to trial date—
$84.00 X 48 weeks =
$ 4,032.00
(b) Universal Iron Works and Houma Steel, Inc.
From date of accident to date of trial plaintiff averaged $560.33 wages per month. Plaintiff was unable to work from 5/4/74 through 11/5/74, or a six month period, due to the laminectomy and subsequent disability.
$560.33 X 6 months = $ 3,361.98
(c) Mr. Claude Triche’s income after the accident was less than before the accident due to his absence from work. From 1969 to the date of the accident, Mr. Triche’s monthly income averaged $688.00, but due to his absence from work after the accident his income from the date of the accident to 5/4/74 was only $560.33. The difference of Mr. Triche’s income prior to the said accident and subsequent to the accident was $128.47.
$688.00 income prior to accident 560.33 income subseq. to acc.
$128.47 difference in monthly income.
Mr. Triche actually suffered a loss of $128.47 per month for the period from 2/9/73 through 5/4/74 or a 15 month
period — $128.47 X 15 months = $ 1,927.05
TOTAL LOSS OF PAST WAGES. $ 9,321.03”
We concur in the finding of the Trial Court that when the accident of February 9, 1973, occurred Mr. Triche was working at two jobs. While his primary job at the time of the accident was with Houma Steel, Inc., the Trial Court refers to his permanent employment being with Universal Iron Works. The evidence is that Mr. Triche worked for Universal Iron Works, Inc., beginning in 1969 through January 30, 1973, at which time he was employed by Houma Steel, Inc. This employment continued until January 21, 1974, at which time he discontinued working for Houma Steel, Inc., and went back to work for Universal Iron Works, Inc., where he remained until May 4, 1974, at which time he quit working in order to have back surgery. The Trial Court’s finding that Mr. Triche’s wage earnings from his primary employer for that year were $8,265.58. This figure is supported by the evidence. His secondary employment was with Mack’s Oyster House, Inc., and from this job he had an income averaging $4,032.00 per annum.
Dr. Melville Wblfson testified that Mr. Triche, at age 45 years, had a life work expectancy of nineteen (19) years. This testimony was based on a table devised by the Bureau of Labor Statistics tabulations furnished by the U. S. Department of Labor, which was published in the June, 1971 Monthly Labor Review. Based on this testimony, we accept, as a proven fact, that Mr. Triche’s work-life expectancy at the time of the accident was 19 years.
Plaintiff sought to enhance loss of future earnings with testimony regarding a projected productivity rate factor of 3%. We think the Trial Court acted correctly in rejecting this concept, in this particular case, since it involves a 45 year old man whose future employment would be limited to the area of manual labor. We concur in the opinion of the Trial Court that an application and increase in the increase productivity rate factor would have proper application in the skilled and professional employment areas because there is among these classifications for employment wider range of possible increase of one’s expertise; whereas in the case of a manual laborer the wage remains standard. Also, in the area of manual labor young energy and strength are factors more desired than accumulating experience with age, accompanied by a continuing loss of strength and energy due to one becoming older.
Likewise the suggested projected future inflation factor of 3% is rejected as being too speculative.
It has been determined herein that Mr. Triche’s annual earning ability is $8,265.58, from his primary employment. Normally, he would be paid by the week, semi-monthly, or monthly, as a wage earner. For this reason the Trial Court concluded that the correct procedure, in arriving at a judgment figure for loss of future wages from this primary employment, is to apply the provisions of LSA-R.S. 47:2405, which provides a discount at the rate of six per cent (6%) compound interest annually. We concur in this application, the result of which is as follows:
"Primary employment
$8,265.58 per year for 19 years discounted at 6% compound interest per annum ($8,265.88 X 11.158116)
has a present value of $92,228.20"
We cannot concur, however, with the finding of the Trial Court that the work-life expectancy of Mr. Triche as related to his “second” or “moonlighting” job should be limited to three years. We find no evidence in the record, medical or otherwise to support this limitation.
We find no distinction between an individual working long, hard hours on one job, and that same individual working regular hours on one job, and additional hours “moonlighting” on a second job.
We find no jurisprudence in this State distinguishing “primary” employment from “secondary” employment in determining loss of future wages, or loss of future earning capacity.
25 C.J.S. Damages § 86, p. 950 contains the following statement:
“Where the injured person is engaged in two occupations, he may show the value of his services in both capacities to be greater than it would be in one exclusively, and a recovery for the loss of time and earnings in both occupations is not double recovery.”
Accordingly, judgment as to loss of earnings on Mr. Triche’s “second” or “moonlighting” job, should be determined on the basis of $4,032.00 per year, for a work life of 19 years, as follows:
$4,032.00 per year for 19 years discounted
at 6% compound interest per annum
($4,032.00 X 11.158116) $44,989.52
With reference to the items, past and future suffering:
(a) Inguinal hernia $ 3,000.00
(b) Herniated disc $30,000.00
as found by the Trial Court, we concur, the evidence amply supporting these awards, and same being within the sound discretion of the Trial Court.
We also concur in the award of $4,000.00 as medical expenses, these expenses being supported by the record.
For the foregoing reasons the judgment of the Trial Court is amended to increase the total loss of future earnings to $137,217.82.
To recapitulate, the judgment of the Trial Court is amended, as above set forth, and, as amended, affirmed, awarding judgment in favor of Claude B. Triche, and against Commercial Union Insurance Company, John Monterio Construction Co., Inc., and Robert F. Eschete, Sr., in solido, in the full sum of $183,538.85, with interest from judicial demand, itemized as follows:
Lost Past Earnings $ 9,321.03
Loss of Future Earnings $137,217.82
Past and Future Suffering:
(a) Inguinal hernia $ 3,000.00
(b) Herniated disc $ 30,000.00
Medical Expenses $ 4,000.00
TOTAL $183,538.85
For the foregoing reasons the judgment of the Trial Court is amended in part, and as amended, affirmed, at Appellants’ costs.
Amended and affirmed.
ON APPLICATION FOR HEARING
Before SARTAIN, BAILES and PICKETT, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendants Commercial Union Insurance Company, et al., in their application for rehearing urged reconsideration of several aspects of our original opinion and, in addition, contend that the decretal portion of our opinion is ambiguous in that we fail to limit the liability of Commercial Union Insurance Company to the sum of $100,000.00, the limits of its liability under the policy issued by it to defendant, John Monterio Construction Company, Inc.
We concede that it was not our intention to increase the liability of the above named insurer to an amount in excess of its policy limits.
Accordingly, the last paragraph of our opinion is hereby changed to read:
For the foregoing reasons the judgment of the trial court is amended in part, and as amended, affirmed, limiting the liability of Commercial Union .Insurance Company to the limits of its policy provisions.
All costs of this appeal are assessed against the appellants.
In all other respects and with this clarification, appellants’ application for rehearing is refused. | [
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| McMANUS, Judge.
' This appeal arises from the conviction and sentence of Patrick Palermo, for placing combustible materials. LSA-R.S.14:54. Defendant was charged with a three-count bill of information along with Frank Palermo, the co-defendant, but was only found guilty of one count. He was charged with two counts of Hate Crimes, because of race, and one count of placing combustibles. LSA-R.S. 14:107.2A and LSA-R.S. 14:54, respectively.. Defendant entered a plea of not guilty. Defendants were jointly tried before a jury, but the cases were not consolidated. Defendant’s post-trial motions for new trial, post verdict judgment of acquittal, and motion in arrest of judgment were denied. The trial judge sentenced defendant to three years at hard labor for the offense of placing combustible materials, with two years of the sentence being without the benefit of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence, to run concurrent with any other time.
UThe State filed a habitual offender bill of information, alleging that defendant was a second felony offender. Defendant admitted the allegations in the multiple bill, and the trial judge adjudicated him to be a multiple offender. Thereafter,- the trial judge vacated the prior sentence, and sentenced defendant to five years at hard labor, with credit for time served. Defendant filed a timely motion for appeal. He now assigns errors which raise the following issues on appeal: (1) LSA-R.S.14:54 is not a valid offense; (2) the trial judge erred in charging the jury to return a verdict after they indicated they had a deadlock; (3) the trial judge erred in failing to advise defendant of his right to remain silent during the habitual offender proceeding; (4) the trial judge erred in failing to advise him of statutory delays for filing post-conviction relief; and (5) the evidence was insufficient.
The seminal issue before this court is res nova: Does LSA-R.S. 14:54 charge a non-crime? Stated differently, is defendant’s conviction of LSA-R.S. 14:54 a conviction stemming from a non-chargeable offense? We first address the fundamental basis of the conviction. Principles of statutory construction and constitutional law convince us the statute does charge a crime. We also conclude that with the exception of the assignments relative to the habitual offender proceeding and the failure to advise defendant of the period for filing for post-conviction relief, the remaining arguments lack merit and we affirm the convictions. We vacate the habitual offender adjudication Rand remand for a rehearing and resentencing on the multiple bill. We also find a non-reversible error patent requiring that we amend the commitment to conform to the transcript.
FACTS
On September 9, 1998, defendant and co-defendant (brothers/white males), allegedly initiated racially inspired altercations against Curtis Briggs (Briggs), and Frank Taylor, the African-American victims. The incidents between the brothers and the victims escalated, culminating in Frank Palermo’s allegedly pouring gasoline on the victims’ vehicles with the intent to set the automobiles on fire, while one of the vehicles was occupied by Briggs’ son, Car-nell Kelly (Kelly), who was nearly three years of age.
The two alleged victims and the child traveled in Tony Taylor’s Honda Accord to the Westbank of Jefferson Parish in ordér to purchase an automobile for Briggs. After the sale, Briggs’ newly-purchased 1983 Cutlass Supreme broke down on the West-bank Expressway. Briggs went to get gasoline and encountered Tony Taylor, a mechanic, who arrived later at the scene to render assistance.
The Briggs-Frank Taylor version of the facts was presented by the victims, and Tony Taylor, as follows.
According to Frank Taylor, while Briggs was gone, another vehicle, driven by defendant, in which Frank Palermo was the passenger, stopped. The co-defendant pointed his middle finger in the 1 ¿victim’s direction, cursing the victim and calling the victim “nigger.” Frank Palermo further addressed the victim as “bitch-made nigger.” The victim responded by pointing his middle finger toward Frank Palermo. After the gesture, the co-defendant unsuccessfully tried to exit the vehicle, but he was impeded by the flow of traffic. Frank Palermo instructed Patrick Palermo to drive around the corner, and return in order to “get” the victims. When the Palermo brothers returned, Briggs was present.
The brothers were angry and wanted to fight. Briggs and Frank Taylor testified the Palermo brothers exited the vehicle, cursed the victims with racial slurs, and initiated an unprovoked attack. Frank Taylor testified Frank Palermo, upon exiting the vehicle, came toward him (Frank Taylor) remarking,
“Who are you pointing your finger at now, nigger?... You want to fight now? Let’s do this right here and right now... Let’s fight right now, nigger[.]”
Defendant chased Frank Taylor, urging Frank Taylor to fight. Meanwhile, Frank Palermo approached Briggs and asked,
“What you looking at, nigger? You want to fight? You want some of me now? You want to do something, because you ain’t nothing. You ain’t nothing but a little nigger and you ain’t going to do nothing to me.”
Frank Taylor stated he did not want to fight.
Briggs testified similarly. He stated Frank Palermo used racial slurs, referring to the victims as “black bastards” or “nigger.” Briggs told the Palermo brothers he (Briggs) did not want any trouble. Frank Palermo responded by following Briggs as Briggs walked away.
The co-defendant said,
|fi“No. Don’t run now. Talk that shit now. What you want to do now, punk mother fucker? You punk bitch. Huh, nigger, what you going to do now?”
Briggs then waved at passing traffic for assistance. Two African-American males responded.
Briggs testified one of these men grabbed a baseball bat from their vehicle. The co-defendant ran toward the two new arrivals and a fight began. However, the yictims were not involved in the altercation. After the brief altercation, the co-defendant gained possession of the baseball bat. The two new arrivals jumped into their vehicle and fled the scene. Upon leaving, Frank Palermo broke the taillight of their vehicle. Defendant, fearful of police intervention, urged his brother to leave. The brothers left the scene.
Frank Taylor testified that once the new arrivals left, the co-defendant approached the victims, swinging a baseball bat. Frank Palermo tried to break the window on Briggs’ car and Briggs tried to stop him. Frank Palermo pushed Briggs to the ground. Frank Taylor went to Briggs’ aid and prevented the co-defendant from swinging the baseball bat.
Prior to the next incident, Tony Taylor was at the scene, working on the disabled vehicle.
According to Briggs, when the brothers returned, the co-defendant exited the vehicle cursing Briggs, saying, ‘You niggers— you niggers are going to pay. Somebody’s going to pay today. [F] that shit.” Patrick Palermo said nothing. Briggs denied using foul language or^racial slurs toward the Palermos.
hThe co-defendant gave his brother the baseball bat while he, Frank Palermo, approached the Cutlass, grabbed the adjacent gasoline can, and threatened the victims would burn. The co-defendant poured gasoline on the Cutlass, unsuccessfully attempting to set it on fire, by making several attempts at lighting his cigarette lighter. Briggs’ son was seated in the Honda, next to the Cutlass. Frank Palermo next approached the Honda. He looked into the occupied vehicle and asked, “Is someone inside of this?” Despite hearing the child’s cries, the co-defendant said, “Oh, well, fuck it.” He then poured gasoline on the Honda, attempting unsuccessfully to set it on fire with the cigarette lighter. According to Frank Taylor, the co-defendant was unsuccessful in igniting the vehicles because it was drizzling at the time. Frank Taylor and Briggs testified that while Frank Palermo poured gasoline on the vehicles, Patrick Palermo, who held a baseball bat, encouraged the co-defendant to pour gasoline on the cars and to set them on fire.
Briggs and Tony Taylor testified it was evident the child was in the vehicle since the boy was yelling for his father. Briggs stated he tried to remove his son from the vehicle but was prevented from doing so by the co-defendant, who pushed Briggs to the ground.
According to Briggs, after Frank Palermo failed to ignite the vehicles, he, the co-defendant, abandoned the gasoline can and retrieved the baseball bat from his brother. Frank Palermo struck the Cutlass, breaking a window and the windshield. The co-defendant discarded the broken bat in the Cutlass.
pFrank Taylor and Tony Taylor testified that Frank Palermo also attempted pouring gasoline on the mechanic’s car. The brothers and the mechanic fought. After-wards, Patrick Palermo expressed concern the police would arrive and prompted his brother to leave. Once again, the brothers left.
Linda Pugh testified she alerted the police to the fighting incident after she drove near the scene and specifically observed the co-defendant splash gasoline on the vehicles.
The Palermo brothers’ version was recounted by Frank Palermo, and that version differed in part as follows. Frank Palermo thought the stalled car was similar to his neighbor’s car. He wanted to provide assistance, but was unable to do so because of traffic. After his brother hit the horn, the co-defendant pointed to Frank Taylor, using a mannerism the co-defendant uses in greeting. In response, Frank Taylor stuck his finger at Frank Palermo. The co-defendant was unconcerned and attributed Frank Taylor’s gesture as mere irritation at having broken down. Frank Palermo instructed his brother to drive around the block and return.
Upon their return, Frank Palermo approached the mechanic, offering suggestions. There, the alleged victims approached the co-defendant. Frank Taylor carried a club which is used to lock a steering wheel. Frank Taylor cursed and asked the co-defendant why the co-defendant stuck his finger at Frank Taylor. Frank Palermo denied doing so. When the co-defendant explained to Frank Taylor he thought he recognized the car, Frank Taylor responded, “No. That’s bullshit. You Lstuck the finger at us.” Frank Taylor made such statements as, ‘What your white ass wants.” Patrick Palermo responded by saying something like, “F you, niggers.”
The co-defendant explained that he and his brother use the “N” word daily in reference to each other and that the word does not have a racial connotation for the brothers. Frank Taylor became agitated and wanted to fight. At this point, two men arrived, inquiring about the problem. Frank Taylor responded, “These white IMF’s they want to fight. They’re giving us trouble. They’re starting shit.”
Patrick Palermo confronted the new arrivals. As Frank Palermo toned, Frank Taylor struck him, the co-defendant, with the club, hitting him in the forearm area. Frank Palermo proceeded toward Frank Taylor, angrily cursing him. However, Frank Taylor, now joined by Briggs, approached the co-defendant.
The co-defendant backed away and tripped. He lay on the ground and moved away from the alleged victims in a crablike walk. Frank Taylor walked toward the co-defendant, swinging the club while Briggs tried to kick the co-defendant. Frank Palermo was struck several times in the leg with the club. He was also struck on the head and shoulder.
Finally, the co-defendant grabbed the club and threw it into the field. Briggs and Frank Taylor backed away and Frank Palermo ran toward his vehicle. The co-defendant saw one of the new arrivals going toward his brother with a baseball bat. Frank Palermo assisted his brother. Defendant, who now had possession of the baseball bat, | nwanted to continue fighting. However, the co-defendant cautioned his brother that there were too many to fight and informed him the brothers should leave.
The two new arrivals left and the brothers began walking toward their (the brothers’) vehicle. Briggs approached and scuffled with the co-defendant. Patrick Palermo separated the two men. Briggs ran. Frank Palermo asked his brother for the baseball bat and said to the alleged victims, “All right. You all want this shit? ... If this is what you want, ‘F’ it, this is what’s going to happen.” Frank Taylor yelled in response,
“You white ass [M-F]. You got your ass kicked. How you feel now? What do you think about it now? You stick your finger now, this is what’s going to happen.”
Patrick Palermo grabbed the co-defendant and said, “Come on. Don’t worry about it we’ve got to go.” Defendant did not want to be involved with the police. The brothers decided to leave.
As the co-defendant walked toward his vehicle and reached for the door handle, he was doused with gasoline. Although Frank Palermo did not see the person responsible, he was certain it was Frank Taylor. Frank Taylor, however, denied pouring gasoline on the co-defendant.
Frank Palermo testified Frank Taylor taunted and cursed him with racial slurs. Out of anger, Frank Palermo, baseball bat in hand, went after Frank Taylor. The co-defendant struck windows of the stalled car. The co-defendant admitted yelling, ‘You little [F-ing] niggers. You little bastard.”
lioFrank Taylor denied using racial slurs. He also stated he did not know of any foul language used by Briggs.
Frank Palermo’s back began to burn. He removed his shirt and proceeded toward the brothers’ vehicle. Noticing the gasoline • can, the co-defendant retrieved the can, and said, “You want to throw gas?” Next, the co-defendant chased Frank Taylor while throwing gasoline at Frank Taylor. Frank Palermo denied pouring gasoline on the cars, but admitted gasoline .was unintentionally spilled on the cars because Frank Taylor dodged the co-defendant between the vehicles.
Briggs and the mechanic tackled the co-defendant and Frank Palermo fell to the ground. Patrick Palermo intervened, separating the men. The brothers left the scene.
The co-defendant admitted yelling, “nigger” and stated that he may have said, “pussy ass niggers.” Frank Palermo denied ever seeing or hearing a small child at the scene.
Defendant did not testify.
Deputy Devon Rogers, Deputy Laurie Toreto, and Sergeant Sean Lusk responded to the call. Deputies Rogers and Tore-to pursued the brothers as they fled the scene. The brothers were apprehended and returned to the scene where they were identified by the alleged victims. Firemen also arrived to hose the gasoline-covered vehicles.
Deputy Rogers testified he did not notice any injury to the co-defendant, whose shirt was off at the time of the arrest. The co-defendant did not request medical treatment, nor did he inform the officer he was attacked. Sergeant Diane Robinson, a desk sergeant, | n testified that the co-defendant’s health screening form taken on September 9, 1998, indicated Frank Palermo replied “No” when questioned as to whether he had any injuries.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERRORS NUMBERS ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE AND TEN
The two companion cases present issues of first impression. Defendant raises on appeal the constitutionality of LSA-R.S. 14:54, primarily based on the assertion the statute charges a non-crime, giving the trial judge the authority to determine the charged offense. LSA-R.S. 14:54 provides:
The placing of any combustible or explosive material in or near any structure, watercraft, movable, or forestland, with the specific intent eventually to set fire to such structure, watercraft, movable, or forestland, shall constitute an attempt to commit arson within the meaning of the attempt article of this Code, and the court shall look at Articles 51 through 53 of this Code in order to determine which type of arson was attempted [emphasis added].
The seminal issue is whether the emphasized provision is merely a sentencing guideline, establishing the minimum to the maximum sentences, or whether the provision allows the trial judge to charge defendant with a crime after hearing the evidence.
Defendant challenges the validity of LSA-R.S. 14:54, alleging the offense is only an alternative definition of attempt. He also asserts the trial judge determined the underlying offense at sentencing and usurped the jury’s function, thereby constituting reversible error; the jury charges did not advise the jury of the elements of the offense; and l^the sentence imposed is invalid because it is based upon an invalid statute and an erroneous/undefined penalty range.
Regarding the constitutional attack of LSA-R.S. 14:54, defendant argues the following: (1) LSA-R.S. 14:54 impermissibly removes from the trier of fact the determination of which form of arson was attempted; (2) the statute does not inform defendant of the nature and cause of the crime charged; and, (3) the statute is unconstitutionally vague and ambiguous since it does not apprise defendant of a definite penalty.
Defendant also argues that if this court upholds the statute, then, under State v. Piazza , he is entitled to the minimum sentence available under the statute, which would be no fine and no imprisonment. The State argues the statute is presumed constitutional and defendant did not meet his burden of proving it was unconstitutional.
Defendant filed a motion in arrest of judgment alleging, inter alia, the bill of information was defective on the basis LSA-R.S. 14:54 was not a valid statute. He argued below that the statute was unconstitutionally vague and ambiguous since it did not provide a sentencing range. The trial judge denied the motion.
CONSTITUTIONAL PRECEPTS
Constitutional scrutiny favors the statutes, which are presumed to be valid, and the constitutionality of a statute should be upheld | lawhenever possible. Because a statute is presumed constitutional, the party challenging the statute bears the burden of proving its unconstitutionality. State v. Griffin, 495 So.2d 1306, 1308 (La. 1986).
In State v. David, 468 So.2d 1126, 1128 (La.1984), cert denied, 476 U.S. 1130, 106 S.Ct. 1998, 90 L.Ed.2d 678 (1985), the court articulated two statutory due process requirements: “(1) adequate notice to indi viduals that certain contemplated conduct is proscribed; and (2) adequate standards for those charged with determining the guilt or innocence of an accused.”
In State v. Union Tank Car Co., 439 So.2d 377, 384-385 (La.1983), the Louisiana Supreme Court explained just what these two requirements entail:
In connection with the requirement of adequate notice, this court has held that a penal statute must describe unlawful conduct with sufficient particularity and clarity that ordinary men of reasonable intelligence are capable of discerning its meaning and conforming their conduct thereto. State v. Baron, 416 So.2d 537 (La.1982); State v. Dousay, 378 So.2d 414 (La.1979); State v. Payton, 361 So.2d 866 (La.1978). Likewise, the requirement of adequate standards for ascertaining guilt mandates that a criminal statute mark boundaries “sufficiently distinct for judges and juries to administer the law in accordance with the legislative will.” City of Baton Rouge v. Norman, 290 So.2d 865, 868 (La.1974). As explained by this Court in the case of State v. Dousay, 378 So.2d 414, 417 (La.1979):
The constitutional requirement of definiteness is satisfied when the language of a criminal enactment ‘has a generally accepted meaning such that a person of ordinary intelligence would be given fair notice of what conduct is forbidden’, State v. Dé-francés, 351 So.2d 133, 135 (La.1977), or when ‘the crucial words [or] phrases in the criminal |ustatute have a fixed and definite meaning for the person of ordinary intelligence.’ State v. Cloud, 248 La. 125, 130, 176 So.2d 620, 622 (1965)[.]
The criminal code itself requires that penal statutes must be strictly construed and cannot be extended to cases not included within the clear import of their language, and that nothing is a crime which is not clearly and unmistakably made a crime. La.R.S. 14:3, 14:7, State v. Truly, 211 La. 178, 29 So.2d 758 (1947)[.]
DOES LSA-R.S. 14:54 SET FORTH A PUNISHABLE OFFENSE, OR DOES IT MERELY DEFINE AN ATTEMPT UNDER LSA-R.S. 14:27?
Defendant argues the statute does not charge an offense, but functions only as an attempt. He also argues the bill does not charge LSA-R.S. 14:51 through 53, and that a charge of 14:54 alone is an invalid charge. He refers to the comment to the statute, and to pattern jury instructions, which refer to the charge as an attempt. However, comments do not constitute parts of the law. LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 10. See also State v. Lampkin, 253 La. 337, 218 So.2d 289, 296 (1969) (wherein the court held that comments may be persuasive, but they are not binding upon the court, and the rationale expressed in the particular comment at issue in that case was unsound and even contrary to a pronouncement by the United States Supreme Court).
The State argues the crime of placing combustibles is an offense and not merely an attempt, citing LSA-R.S. 14:107.2A and 40:1563.1, which refer to the crime as an offense.
State v. Eames, 365 So.2d 1361, 1363 (La.1978) explained:
h sAn attempt is an inchoate offense. The crime of attempt is designed to punish certain activity which • was not completed incipient criminal activity. It depends for its existence on a “specific intent to commit a crime.” R.S. 14:27. If the definition of another crime includes the attempt to do something, the attempt' statute, R.S. 14:27, cannot be employed, for then a defendant would be charged with an attempt to attempt to do an illegal act.
When presented with the issue of whether obscenity was in the nature of an attempt, the court in State v. Walters, 440 So.2d 115, 120-121 (La.1983), concluded otherwise, and elaborated:
Obscenity under Section 106A(1) is not an inchoate offense, since it requires the act of “exposure.” Thus, defendants’ argument that there can be no attempt to commit this offense, because the completed offense is itself in the nature of an attempt, has no merit.
Similarly, LSA-R.S. 14:54 is not an inchoate offense because it requires the act of “placing of any combustible or explosive material in or near any structure, watercraft, movable, or forestland, with the specific intent eventually to set fire to such structure, watercraft, movable, or forestland[.]”
Legislative history reveals the following. Originally, R.S. 1870, §§ 845, 846, provided for two similar punishable offenses, as follows:
Sec. 845. Whoever shall attempt wilfully and maliciously to set fire to any house or building, or to set fire to any vessel, steamboat or other water-craft, shall, on conviction, be imprisoned at hard labor for not less than five nor more than ten years.
Sec. 846. Whoever shall be convicted of having maliciously prepared combustible materials and put them in any place with the intent to set fire to any house or building, or to a vessel, steamboat or other water-craft, the person thus convicted shall be sentenced to an imprisonment at hard labor for not less than five years nor more than fifteen years, although the said person had not yet set fire to 'the said combustible matters.
|1fiSection 846, the preparation and placing of combustible materials was the more severely punished offense.
Acts 1898, No. 153, § 1 amended and reenacted Section 846 as follows:
Section 846. Whoever shall maliciously prepare combustible matter or explosive substances and put them in any place with the intent to set fire or to blow up or destroy any house or building, or ship, vessel, steam boat or other watercraft, shall' upon conviction, suffer imprisonment at hard labor for not less than five years nor more than fifteen years, although the said person had not yet set fire to the said combustible matter or explosive substance [emphasis added].
At that time, unlike the present, the penalty provision was incorporated within the provision setting forth the charged offense. As explained in State v. Helle, 137 La. 388, 68 So. 735, 736 (1915),
This section prescribes a punishment for whoever has prepared combustible matter or explosive substances, and has put them in any place with the intention to blow up or destroy that place, even though he has not set fire to the explosive or combustible.
To constitute the offense one must put the explosive in the place to be destroyed, or, at least in a place near by[.]
Thus, the earlier provision, which did not include movables or any structure as included at present, made the offense, as defined in that section, (short of actually setting fire), a punishable offense. It is apparent the legislature considered the act of placing the combustible or explosive material with the intent to set fire as described in the statute, to constitute a punishable offense.
Acts 1928, No. 211, §§ 5, 6 were part of comprehensive legislation, which enacted laws relative to -crimes of burning or 117attempting to burn certain property, and repealed inconsistent former laws. Those sections provided:
Section 5. That any person who wilfully or maliciously attempts to set fire to or attempts to burn or to aid, counsel or procures the burning of any of the buildings or property mentioned in the foregoing sections, or who commits any act preliminary thereto or in furtherance thereof, shall upon conviction thereof be imprisoned at hard labor for not less than one nor more than two years or fined not to exceed one thousand dollars. Section 6. That the placing or distributing of any inflammable, explosive or combustible material or substance, or any device, in any building or property mentioned in the foregoing sections in an arrangement or preparation with intent to eventually wilfully or maliciously set fire to or burn same, or to procure the setting fire to or burning of same, shall, for the purposes of this act, constitute an attempt to burn such building or property.
Thus, in 1928, the placing of combustibles was changed from a separately punishable offense, to a definition of attempt. However, the law still maintained a similar punishable offense as set forth in Section 5.
Acts 1932, No. 186, § 2 amended and reenacted Section 6 of Act No. 211 of 1928 as follows: •
Section 6. That the placing, distributing or igniting of any inflammable, explosive or combustible material or substance, or any device, in, under, on, or near any building or property mentioned in the foregoing sections in arrangement or preparation with intent to eventually wilfully or maliciously set fire to or burn same, or to procure the setting fire to or burning of same, shall, for the purpose of this act, constitute an attempt to burn such building or property, [emphasis added].
The Louisiana Criminal Code was adopted by the legislature as Act 43 of 1942. Acts 1942, No. 43, § 1, Art. 54 again provided that | isthe placing of combustible materials constituted and defined an attempt, instead of setting forth a punishable offense, as follows:
Art. 54. The placing of any combustible or explosive material in or near any structure, water craft, or movable, with the specific intent eventually to set fire to such structure, water craft, or movable, shall constitute an attempt to commit arson.
The comments to the article provided in part that:
This article is intended to make clear that any placing of materials with the intent to set fire to them, shall constitute an attempt to commit arson.
Acts 1944, No. Ill, § 1, amended and reenacted Article 54 and provided penalties, again providing for a punishable offense as follows:
Article 54. The placing of any combustible or explosive material in or near any structure, water-craft, or movable, with the specific intent eventually to set fire to such structure, water-craft or movable, shall constitute a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof such offender shall be fined not over Two Thousand Dollars ($2,000), or imprisoned for not more than five (5) years, or both.
In 1946, the legislature amended and reenacted Article 54 and that provision is similar to the current provision. Acts 1946, No. 305, § 1 provided:
The placing of any combustible or explosive material in or near any structure, water craft, or movable, with the specific intent eventually to set fire to such structure, water craft, or movable, shall constitute an attempt to commit arson within the meaning of the Attempt Article (Article 27) of this Code, and the court shall look to Articles 51 through 53 of this Code in order to determine which type of Arson was attempted [emphasis added].
The 1946 amendment to Acts 1944, No. Ill, § 1 amended the penalty portion of the article.
|19The latest amendment and reenactment of Article 54 occurred by Acts 1970, No. 660, § 1. The amendment added “forestland.” LSA-R.S. 14:54. Section 2 of the act provided:
Section 2. If any provision or item of this Act or the application thereof is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions, items or applications of this Act which can be given effect without the invalid provisions, items or applications, and to this end the provisions of' this Act are hereby deemed severable.
Also in the same year, the legislature gave authority to the fire marshal, the first assistant fire marshal, each deputy fire marshal and state or municipal arson in vestigator, while engaged in the performance of their duties as such, to arrest individuals suspected of having violated certain criminal laws, including LSA-R.S. 14:51, 52, 53, and 54. LSA-R.S. 40:1562.1 (Acts 1970, No. 539, § 1). The act also gave authority to arrest for any other criminal laws making unlawful an attempt or conspiracy to commit these offenses. Section 2 of the act additionally provided a severability clause as did LSA-R.S. 14:54. Although amended in 1997, the statute still provides arresting authority for 14:54. Acts 1997, No. 973, § 1 (now LSA-R.S. 40:1563.1A(4) and (16)).
Thus, the legislative intent in 1970 was that 14:54 was a punishable offense. This intent was also made clear in 1997 when the legislature added LSA-R.S. 14:107.2, the Hate Crimes statute, Acts 1997, No. 1479, § 2, as follows (in pertinent part):
A.It shall be unlawful for any person to select the victim of the following offenses against person and property because of actual or perceived race, age, gender, religion, color, creed, disability, sexual orientation, national origin, or ancestry of that person or the owner or occupant of that |9nproperty or because of actual or perceived membership or service in, or employment with, an organization: [s]imple or aggravated arson; placing combustible materials [.]
B. If the underlying offense named in Subsection A of this Section is a misdemeanor, and the victim of the offense listed in Subsection A of this Section is selected in the manner proscribed by that Subsection, the offender may be fined not more than five hundred dollars or imprisoned for not more than six months, or both. This sentence shall run consecutively to the sentence for the underlying offense.
C. If the underlying offense named in Subsection A of this Section is a felony, and the victim of the offense listed in Subsection A of this Section is selected in the manner proscribed by that Subsection, the offender may be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned with or without hard labor for not more than five years, or both. This sentence shall run consecutively to the sentence for the underlying offense[.] [emphasis added].
The legislature determined that 14:54 was an underlying offense for the purposes of the Hate Crimes statute.
LSA-R.S. 14:54 does not express a penalty provision, but refers to LSA-R.S. 14:51 through 53 and 14:27, the attempt statute. In State v. Piazza, 596 So.2d 817, 819-820 (La.1992), the court considered a conflict in the penalty portion of a statute, and held that when two or more interpretations of the penalties are possible, lenity directs the court to impose the least severe penalty. We find no conflicting penalty provisions in the sentencing portion of LSA-R.S. 14:54, and disagree with defendant that Piazza’s rule of lenity requires this court to apply the least severe penalty-
However, the Piazza court also enunciated principles of statutory construction, which we find applicable. In Piazza, the court explained that a court should give harmonious effect to all acts on a subject 12iwhen reasonably possible because the legislature presumably intends to achieve a consistent body of law and theoretically it envisions the entire body of law when it enacts new legislation. The determinative question is whether the statutes can be reconciled with legislative intent. 596 So.2d at 819-820 (and cases cited therein).
LSA-R.S. 14:54 provides in pertinent part that the offense “shall constitute an attempt to commit arson within the meaning of the attempt article of this Code, and the court shall look at Articles 51 through 53 of this Code in order to determine which type of arson was attempted.” Thus, the statute refers to LSA-R.S. 14:27, and 14:51 through 53. Having determined the legislative intent is that LSA-R.S. 14:54 is a punishable offense, we now determine, in light of Piazza, whether LSA-R.S. 14:54 can be reconciled with 14:51 through 14:53 and the attempt statute, 14:27.
Defendant argues that he was not given notice of the charges against him based on the statute’s reference to LSA-R.S. 14:51 through 53, since the bill of information did not charge him with LSA-R.S. 14:51 through 53. The trial judge, in denying the motion, did not interpret the statute in that fashion. Instead, he considered the later portion of the statute as a legislative sentencing directive. We agree.
A sentencing directive is within the province of the trial judge, and not the jury. LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 871; State v. Lacoste, 256 La. 697, 237 So.2d 871, 874 (1970). Furthermore, the legislature has enunciated and recognized sentencing guidelines, which include the 122seriousness of the offense is a factor. See, LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 894.1A(3).
After considering the legislative history of LSA-R.S. 14:54, and the constitutional precepts, including the Piazza analysis, we conclude that LSA-R.S. 14:52 through 53 and 14:27 can be reconciled with 14:54. We hold that 14:54 provides a sentencing directive to the trial judge whereby the trial judge must consider LSA-R.S. 14:51 through 53, and 14:27 in determining the sentencing range. Thus, LSA-R.S.14:54 is facially valid since it charges a crime and not an inchoate offense.
Considering LSA-R.S. 14:51, 52, 52.1, 53, and 14:27D(3) as required by 14:54, defendant’s sentencing exposure for imprisonment ranged from no mandatory minimum, to be served with or without hard labor, and no statutory restriction that the sentence be served in part without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence (14:27D(3) and 14:52C, simple arson), to a maximum of ten years at hard labor (14:27D(3) and 14:51, aggravated arson), with one year of the sentence to be served without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence (14:27D(3), 14:51, aggravated arson and 14:52.1 simple arson of a religious building). In addition, a fine of noj^more than twelve thousand, five hundred dollars, ($12,500.00), could be imposed (14:27D(3) and 14:51)).
We are mindful of the recent United States Supreme Court case, Apprendi, v. New Jersey, — U.S. -, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 2362-63, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), wherein the court declared a New Jersey statutory scheme for a Hate Crime unconstitutional. That scheme, unlike the Louisiana statute, allowed a court to impose a sentence exceeding the statutory maximum for the crime of conviction when the court found by a preponderance of the evidence that defendant was motivated by a statutorily-defined bias, which included race. A five-four court concluded that any fact which increases the punishment for a crime above the statutory maximum, absent the fact of a prior conviction, is subject to the jury’s determination of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. — U.S. -, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 2357-58,147 L.Ed.2d 435.
Apprendi is distinguishable since in that case the court found that defendant was exposed to a greater punishment on the basis of a judicial finding rather than the original jury verdict. — U.S. -, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 2357-58, 147 L.Ed.2d 435. In this case, however, defendant was not exposed to a greater punishment on the basis of the judicial finding rather than the jury’s verdict. The sentencing range for placing combustibles did not increase after conviction. The trial judge’s finding was permissible sentencing discretion in taking into consideration various factors relating to the offense and the offender and in imposing a judgment within the range prescribed by statute.
- U.S. -, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 2357-60, 147 L.Ed.2d 435.
Having concluded the statute validly charges an offense, we necessarily find no merit to defendant’s error regarding the failure of the trial judge to instruct the jury as to the elements of arson, a crime for which defendant was not charged, even assuming defendant properly preserved the error in the absence of a contemporaneous objection.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER SIX: APPLICABILITY OF ALLEN V. UNITED STATES
Initially, the foreman informed the court the jury reached a verdict of “not guilty” as to all counts. The jury was polled twice because the members misunderstood the trial judge’s instructions regarding the re-cordation of “yes” or “no” votes to the three counts. After the second poll, it became clear the verdict was illegal with six “yes” and six “no” votes. The trial judge expressed concern that his |¡^instructions were unclear. The foreman - explained that although he voted defendant guilty on count one, he wrote “no” when polled, based on his finding defendant was not guilty on the other counts. He explained that this could be the reason the court had so many “no” votes.
The trial judge further attempted to clarify the voting and asked the foreman whether ten jurors agreed defendant was not guilty of placing combustibles. The foreman responded the vote was seven to five in favor of guilty on count one. The trial judge explained in order to have a verdict, ten jurors must agree, “either way.” The foreman replied the members had ample time, stating that the jury would return to deliberate.
Afterwards, the trial judge gave the following instruction:
[A]ny vote in this case has to be ten/ two, either way. In order to reach a verdict in this case, the vote has to be ten/two. Then [sic] of you must concur to reach a verdict. If ten of you cannot concur in reaching a verdict, then that’s a different story. But it takes ten to two, either way, in order for a verdict to be reached. Do you all understand that? Okay. Why don’t you go back.
Defendant argues the trial judge erred in charging the jury with a prohibited “Allen” charge after the jury was deadlocked. Initially, we note defendant did not raise a contemporaneous objection below on this ground. Instead, defendant objected to, and sought a mistrial for, the alleged ground that the jury was tainted by observing spectators’ reactions to the initial verdict. The trial judge, upon defense counsel’s | ^request, admonished the jury members not to be swayed by any type of reaction and to decide the case only on the law and the evidence.
Even assuming the issue raised for the first time on appeal is properly before this court, we find no merit to this assignment since we conclude the jury was not deadlocked, nor was there a prohibited “Allen” charge.
As explained in State v. Caston, 561 So.2d 941, 942 (La.App. 2 Cir.1990),
The Allen charge stems from the United States Supreme Court decision in Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492, 17 S.Ct. 154, 41 L.Ed. 528 (1896). In that case, the court approved of a charge designed to break jury deadlocks and achieve jury unanimity. The predominant thrust of the original Allen charge was that the minority block of the jury, regardless of whether they were for conviction or acquittal, should reconsider the reasonableness of their opinion, as it was not shared by a majority of the jury-
In State v. Nicholson, 315 So.2d 639, 641-642 (La.1975), the court held that the tenor of the instructions in that case presented a substantial risk that “a juror or jurors possessed of a genuine conviction that reasonable doubt exists would thereby be coerced into agreement with a majority voting to render a guilty verdict.”
Defendant characterizes the failure of the jury to reach a valid verdict as a deadlock. Relying on the minutes, defendant argues that the jury reached a final verdict in such a short period of time, suggesting the jury members surrendered their beliefs in order to achieve a verdict. However, the foreman stated the jury had ample time, indicating there was no suggestion of pressure to achieve a valid verdict.
| j>7The instruction given by the trial judge, viewed in the entire context of the jurors’ misunderstanding regarding the method for recording the verdicts, was not coercive and did not rise to the Allen/Nicholson level. Further, since the foreman expressly stated the members had ample time and would deliberate, the jury, at this point, was not deadlocked.
This assignment lacks merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER NINE: SUFFICIENCY
Defendant complains the trial judge erred in denying his motion for acquittal on the basis there was insufficient evidence to prove defendant acted as a principal or that the elements for proving arson were met. We note at the outset that defendant was not charged with arson, and thus sufficiency, as it relates to a non-charged offense or offenses, is irrelevant.
The jury found defendant guilty, as a principal of placing combustible materials in violation of LSA-R.S. 14:54.
La. R.S.14:24 defines principals as:
All persons concerned in the commission of a crime, whether present or absent, and whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, aid and abet in its commission, or directly or indirectly counsel or procure another to commit the crime, are principals.
Moreover, “an individual may only be convicted as a principal for those crimes for which he personally has the requisite mental state.” State v. Pierre, 93-0893, p. 4, 631 So.2d 427, 428 (La.1994) (citing State v. Holmes, 388 So.2d 722, 726 (La.1980)).
| zsThe State argues the evidence established that defendant aided and abetted his brother in committing the crime of placing combustibles. Defendant states that no one testified he had the gasoline can in his hands or that he actively assisted his brother in pouring gasoline.
The crime of placing combustible materials required the State to prove, in this case, the placing of any combustible or explosive material in or near any movable, with the specific intent eventually to set fire to such movable. It is undisputed that defendant did not directly place the gasoline on the cars, nor did he attempt to set fire to them. The issue is whether he aided and abetted in its commission, or directly or indirectly counseled or procured his brother to commit the crime. LSA-R.S. 14:24 and 14:54.
In reviewing claims challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, this court must consider “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) (emphasis in original). See also LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 821(B); State v. Mussall, 523 So.2d 1305, 1308, 1309 (La.1988).
A determination of the weight 'of evidence is a question of fact, resting solely with the trier of fact who may accept or reject, in whole or in part, the testimony of any witnesses. State v. Silman, 95-0154, p. 12 (La.11/27/95), 663 So.2d 27, 35. A reviewing court may |29impinge on the factfinding function of the jury only to the extent necessary to assure the Jackson standard of review. State v. Bordenave, 95-2328, p. 2 (La.4/26/96), 678 So.2d 19, 20 (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S.Ct. at 2789 (emphasis in original)). It is not the function of an appellate court to assess credibility or reweigh the evidence. Appellate review for minimal constitutional sufficiency of evidence is a limited one restricted by the standard developed in Jackson. State v. Rosiere, 488 So.2d 965, 968 (La.1986) (and the cases cited therein).
LSA-R.S. 15:438 provides that when evidence is circumstantial, the applicable rule is that, “assuming every fact to be proved that the evidence tends to prove, in order to convict, it must exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.” In Rosiere, 488 So.2d at 965, 968, the Louisiana Supreme Court explained:
This is not a purely separate test from the Jackson sufficiency standard to be applied instead of a sufficiency of the evidence test whenever circumstantial evidence forms the basis of the conviction. Ultimately, all evidence, both direct and circumstantial, must be sufficient under Jackson to satisfy a rational juror that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Due process requires no greater burden.
Defendant asserts the evidence does not exclude the reasonable hypothesis that he did not willingly participate in his brother’s decision to pour gasoline on the cars and to attempt to set them on fire. Thus, defendant concludes that circumstantial evidence formed the basis for the conviction. The record reveals otherwise.
laoThere was’direct evidence showing defendant directly counseled and encouraged his brother to place the gasoline in or near the cars, with the specific intent eventually to set fire to the vehicles. Frank Taylor testified that while Frank Palermo poured gasoline on the vehicles, Patrick Palermo was telling Frank Palermo, “Go ahead, set their cars on fire.” Briggs testified that while Frank Palermo was trying to set two of the vehicles on fire, Patrick Palermo was holding the bat and cheering him on.
In contrast, Frank Palermo denied he was intentionally pouring gasoline on the cars.
The jury evidently attached greater weight to the testimony of Frank Taylor and Briggs. As stated in State v. Pascual, 98-1052, p. 6 (La.App. 5 Cir. 3/30/99), 735 So.2d 98, 101 (citation omitted):
It is the role of the fact finder to determine the weight of the evidence and the jury may accept or reject, in whole or in part, the testimony of any witness. The appellate courts may not second guess the jury’s rational credibility determinations.
Thus, viewing all of the evidence both direct and circumstantial in the light most favorable to the state, it appears that any rational trier of fact could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt and to the exclusion of any reasonable hypothesis of innocence that defendant aided and abetted in its commission, or directly or indirectly counseled or procured his brother to place the gasoline in or near the cars, with the specific intent eventually to set fire to such movable. LSA-R.S. 14:54.
[ S1 Defendant also argues the trial judge erroneously denied his motion for acquittal on the basis defendant did not leave the area. Although the trial judge focused on the evidence that defendant, the driver of the vehicle, continued to return to the scene and did nothing to end the confrontation, he was addressing an argument raised by trial counsel that a majority of the time defendant was trying to leave the scene.
This assignment lacks merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER SEVEN: HABITUAL OFFENDER PROCEEDING
Defendant argues the trial judge erred in failing to advise him of his right to remain silent prior to his admission of the underlying offense during the habitual offender colloquy. We agree. Further, there is no waiver of rights form indicating defendant was so informed by defense counsel. See LSA-R.S. 15:529.1D(l)(a) and (3); State v. Riggins, 97-1194, pp. 6-7 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/25/98), 718 So.2d 569, 572, writ denied, 98-2520 (La.1/15/99), 736 So.2d 206.
Thus, we vacate defendant’s habitual offender finding and sentence and remand the matter for rehearing and resentencing.
Although the issue raised in assignment of error number 8, regarding the trial court’s failure to advise defendant of the prescriptive period for filing post-conviction relief, is moot, we nonetheless note that on remand the trial judge should properly inform defendant of the newly-shortened two-year prescriptive period provided in LSA-C.Cr.Pjj^art. 930.8. See State v. Boles, 99-662, p. 7 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/10/99), 750 So.2d 1059, 1062.
Accordingly, the conviction is affirmed; the multiple offender adjudication and sentence are vacated, and the matter is remanded for rehearing on the multiple bill, and resentencing.
CONVICTION AFFIRMED; MULTIPLE OFFENDER ADJUDICATION AND SENTENCE VACATED; CASE REMANDED FOR REHEARING AND RESENTENCING ON THE MULTIPLE BILL.
. The bill of information was amended to refer to him as "Patrick Palermo” instead of "Anthony P. Palermo.”
. See the companion case of State v. Frank Palermo, 99-1254 (La.App. 5 Cir. 7/25/00), 765 So.2d 1139, wherein some of the issues raised herein are similar or identical.
.Although the original sentence was vacated, and the issue is not raised on appeal, we note the vacated sentence was imposed with a two-year restriction, when only a one-year restriction was authorized. See LSA-R.S. 14:51 through 53, 14:54, and 14:27D(3). See also State v. Middlebrook, 409 So.2d 588, 592-593 (La.1982) and State v. Collins, 98-376, p. 11 (La.App. 5 Cir. 3/10/99), 734 So.2d 723, 728 (cases discussing the applicability of LSA-R.S. 14:27).
. The facts herein are identical to those in the companion case.
. The bill of information refers to him as “Kelly Cornell.”
. See note 2, infra.
. 596 So.2d 817 (La.1992).
.The State Attorney General was afforded the opportunity to address the challenges to LSA-R.S. 14:54 and 107.2. On May 5, 2000, that agency responded it would adopt the state’s, arguments.
. The attempt statute provides:
(3) In all other cases he shall be fined or imprisoned or both, in the same manner as for the offense attempted; such fine or imprisonment shall not exceed one-half of the largest fine, or one-half of the longest term of imprisonment prescribed for the offense so attempted, or both.
. We also find Castillo v. United States,,U.S. -, 120 S.Ct. 2090, 2091, 2092, 2096, 147 L.Ed.2d 94 (2000) inapposite. In Costil- lo,the court considered a federal criminal statute prohibiting the use or carrying of a firearm in relation to a crime of violence. The statute provided for an enhanced penalty upon a finding by the trial judge that the weapon used was a "machinegun.” The court considered whether "Congress intended the statutory references to particular firearm types...to define a separate crime or simply to authorize an enhanced penalty.” After considering, inter alia, principles of lenity and statutory construction, the court concluded that Congress intended the'finding of a particular type of firearm to refer to an element of a separate, aggravated crime and not to a sentencing factor or directive.
.Although not assigned as error and not raised below, defendant notes in brief that the failure to state the amount of damages in the bill may have impacted the size of the jury since LSA-R.S. 14:52C (simple arson where the damage is less than five hundred dollars) is a relative felony, requiring a six-person as opposed to a twelve-person jury. Defendant does not claim prejudice from being afforded greater protection than the law allegedly requires in this case. Cases in which the punishment may be confinement at hard labor shall be tried by a jury composed of six jurors, all of whom must concur to render a verdict. LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 782; State v. Williams, 99-223, p. 5 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/30/99), 742 So.2d 604, 606-607. However, in the instant case, defendant's maximum sentence was ten years at hard labor. Therefore, the use of a twelve-person jury was proper since defendant was subject to punishment which was necessarily at hard labor, requiring a twelve-person jury. Article 782A. A case in which the punishment is necessarily confinement at hard labor shall be tried before a jury of twelve persons. State v. Issac, 527 So.2d 1045, 1050 (La.App. 5 Cir.1988), writ denied, 532 So.2d 175 (La.1988).
. 164 U.S. 492, 17 S.Ct. 154, 41 L.Ed.2d 528 (1896).
. LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 782A. | [
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In re Myles, Stephanie R.; — Plaintiff; Applying for Writ of Certiorari and/or Review, Parish of Quaehita, 4th Judicial District Court Div. E, No. 96-2702; to the Court of Appeal, Second Circuit, No. 33,-099-CA
Granted. Judgment of court of appeal vacated and set aside. There are genuine issues of material fact. Motion for summary judgment denied. Case remanded to district court for further proceedings.
MARCUS, KIMBALL, and TRAYLOR, JJ., would deny the writ.
VICTORY, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
In re: Mid-South Contractors, Inc., applying for Certiorari, or writ of review, to the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit, Parish of Rapides. 325 So.2d 375.
Application denied. No error of law in the court of appeal judgment. | [
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] |
In re: Thomas C. Mitchell applying for Writ of Certiorari and Habeas Corpus.
Writ denied. Several of relator’s claims of error were disposed of on his appeal. State v. Mitchell, 290 So.2d 829. The remaining allegations are without merit. | [
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LOTTINGER, Judge.
This is a suit by Kenneth W. Hughes to recover property damages sustained when his automobile was rear-ended. Named defendants are Southeastern Fidelity Insurance Company, Jimmie Coleman and Albert D. Andrews. From a judgment in favor of the plaintiff, the defendant, Southeastern Fidelity Insurance Company, has perfected this appeal.
The record points out that on the day of the accident, Green Andrews borrowed Tom Cates’ truck in order to go fishing and let Cates use his car while he was using the truck. This was a common practice between the two parties; Green Andrews would utilize the pickup truck to make fishing trips and at other times Tom Cates and Green Andrews would borrow each other’s vehicle for the purpose of running errands.
It was during this particular swap of vehicles that Cates, without first obtaining permission of Andrews and while remaining a passenger therein, permitted Jimmie Coleman to drive the automobile. Coleman struck the Hughes vehicle which was parked on the shoulder of U. S. Highway 90 in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana, while Hughes was attempting to change a flat tire. There is no question but that Coleman was intoxicated at the time of the accident and his drivers license was expired.
The subject insurance policy was originally procured by Leonea Andrews’ son, Albert, for a 1960 Chevrolet owned by him. Later, Albert Andrews gave this car to his father, Green Andrews, for his use. Thereafter, the automobile became nonfunctional and Leonea Andrews bought Green Andrews a 1961 Chevrolet, and the insurance coverage on this 1960 model was then transferred to the 1961 Chevrolet. It is uncontested that even though the title to the insured automobile was in the name of Leonea Andrews, it was within the exclusive control of her husband, Green Andrews. Southeastern acknowledges coverage of the Andrews’ automobile and concedes that Green Andrews is the named insured for the purposes of this litigation, but denies liability on the grounds that Jimmie Coleman was driving the car without the permission of the named insurer and was, therefore, not an insured under the omnibus clause of the policy.
The Trial Judge, without stating reasons, cast Southeastern in judgment for $1,000.-00, obviously holding that Coleman had Andrews’ permission to drive the subject car. Neither Andrews nor Coleman was made subject to the judgment.
Southeastern contends that the Trial Judge erred in (1) finding that Jimmie Coleman was driving the Andrews’ vehicle with the permission of the named insured, and (2) failing to require plaintiff to es tablish his damages by a preponderance of the evidence.
The insurance policy in part provides:
“HI. Definition of Insured. With respect to the insurance for bodily injury liability and for property damage liability the unqualified word ‘insured’ includes the named insured and, if the named insured is an individual, his spouse if a resident of the same household, and also includes any person while operating the automobile and any other person or organization legally responsible for the operation thereof, provided the actual operation of the automobile is by the named insured or such spouse or with the permission of either. * * * ”
In order for the plaintiff to recover from Southeastern, it must be shown that the insured’s automobile was driven by Coleman with the permission of Andrews.
The record points out that Coleman did not have specific permission from Andrews. However, the Trial Judge obviously found that there was implied permission for Coleman to drive Andrews’ automobile, as plaintiff was allowed to recover under the policy. If permission is to be implied in the instant case, it is dependent upon whether or not, in considering all of the facts and circumstances surrounding the use of the insured’s automobile by the first permittee, it was foreseeable that the first permittee had authority to let another (second permittee) drive or use the insured automobile.
We conclude from reading the record that these two friends, Andrews and Cates, swapped vehicles quite often, and without necessarily seeking permission each time. Andrews testified that he did not give instructions to Cates as to the use of the car, nor did he tell him not to let someone else drive it. In fact, Andrews did not know Coleman at the time of the accident.
As Mr. Justice Summers said in American Home Assurance Company v. Czar-niecki, 255 La. 251, 230 So.2d 253, 257 (1969), rehearing denied (1970) :
“Where a general permission is granted or implied, a deviation from the contemplated route or distances to be traveled is more readily foreseeable than the act of a permittee in lending the automobile to another driver. We say this because ordinarily it may be understood that a person is more apt to exercise care in the selection of the driver of his car than in the selection of the route over which it is to be used by a .permittee. This is a human equation based upon the inference that, generally, a delegation of authority to drive a car imposes a more onerous responsibility than an understanding concerning use or the route to be traveled by one who borrows the car of another.” (Emphasis added.)
We feel it important to note that in Czarniecki, supra, when permission was sought by the first permittee, the owner was informed by the first permittee that he was double dating. Even with this knowledge our Supreme Court held that it was not foreseeable that the first permittee would allow another to drive the car. There is no indication in this record that Andrews knew anyone else would be with Cates and have the possibility of driving the car. Further, this record gives no indication that Andrews gave Cates even implied permission to allow someone else to drive the car, much less an intoxicated person to drive the car. Yes, Cates used the car frequently, without specifically asking permission, and without being instructed by Andrews as to the use of the car and who could or could not drive it, but we do not find that Andrews could foresee Cates allowing someone who was drunk to drive the car. If there would have been some 'showing-as to how.Cates used the car in the past, whether he ever used the car on double dates, whether he partied with the car, whether he ever allowed someone else to drive it, the plaintiff may have proven implied permission, but this he did not do, and it is not for this Court to grant him something he has not proven. We are of the opinion that the Trial Court was in error in finding for the plaintiff. Having reached this conclusion, there is no need to discuss the specification of error as to damages.
Therefore, for the above and foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Trial Court is reversed, and it is ordered that there be judgment in favor of the defendant-appellant, Southeastern Fidelity Insurance Company. All costs of this appeal are to be paid by plaintiff-appellee.
Reversed and rendered.
BLANCHE, J., dissents for reasons assigned.
EDWARDS, J., dissents for reasons assigned by BLANCHE, J. | [
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] |
LOTTINGER, Judge.
This is a suit for property damages filed by Standard Brands, Inc. against the Loui siana Department of Highways, Robert Wilson, Ryder Truck Rentals, Inc., R.. L. Smith Manufacturing Company and Robert L. Davis. From judgment in favor of the defendants, plaintiff has perfected this appeal.
This case is one of four suits consolidated for trial below arising out of the same accident. Our reasons for judgment in all four suits as well as the judgment in this case will be given in this opinion, however, separate judgment will be rendered in each of the other consolidated suits.
In suit number 10612, La.App., 329 So.2d 826, United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, as the subrogee of R. L. Smith Manufacturing Company, Inc., seeks recovery for $4,595.54 from the State of Louisiana, through the Department of Highways, and Robert E. Wilson. The Department of Highways seeks contribution from Robert L. Davis and Robert E. Wilson.
In suit number 10613, La.App., 329 So.2d 826, Ryder Truck Rentals, Inc. seeks recovery of $9,103.44 from the Department of Highways, State of Louisiana, and Robert E. Wilson. The Department of Highways seeks contribution from Robert L. Davis, R. L. Smith Manufacturing Company and Robert E. Wilson.
In suit number 10614, La.App., 329 So.2d 827, Walter L. Mull seeks recovery of $32,000.00 for personal injuries and expenses from Robert L. Davis, R. L. Smith d/b/a R. L. Smith Manufacturing Company, R. L. Smith Manufacturing Company and the Department of Highways, State of Louisiana. R. L. Smith was dismissed from this suit on a declinatory exception. Commercial Union Assurance intervened to recover workman’s compensation benefits paid to Walter L. Mull. The Department of Highways seeks contribution from Robert E. Wilson.
The facts point out that a trailer truck driven by Robert L. Davis, owned by Ryder Truck Rentals, Inc., but leased to R. L. Smith Manufacturing Company struck the headache bar located on the west side of the Atchafalaya River Bridge on U.S. 190 at Krotz Springs, Louisiana. The trailer truck operated by Robert L. Davis was being followed at a distance of 150 to 200 feet by a truck being driven by Walter L. Mull. When the Davis truck made contact with the headache bar, the rear portion of his trailer was sheared away, and the headache bar made contact with the truck being operated by Walter L. Mull. Mull received personal injuries as well as property damage to the truck which was owned by Standard Brands, Inc.
The evidence adduced at the trial below, which was not seriously in dispute, was summarized by the Trial Court as follows:
“On the west end of the old Atchafalaya River Bridge there was a so-called ‘headache’ structure composed of an H beam upright on each side of the roadway connected across the tops by a 24 inch I beam so that there was a clearance of 14 feet 6 inches between the bottom of this I beam and the roadway surface. There was a sign on the crossbeam announcing this clearance. The standards on each side were encased to a depth of about 20 inches in a concrete footing two feet square and four feet deep.
“On October 28, 1972, Robert E. Wilson, a driver for Eagle Trucking Company with cargo measuring 14 feet 4 inches, for which he had a permit, came under this ‘headache’ bar. When a small piece of angle iron allegedly was knocked from atop his trailer he backed down under the bar and proceeded under it a third time. There was no damage to his cargo.
“Sgt. R. L. Montgomery, III of the Louisiana State Police assisted the Chief of Police of Krotz Springs in investigating the incident of October 28, 1972. He was not sure the angle iron came from Wilson’s trailer, which had no difficulty in repassing under the bar which could have been scraped, but was not bent or twisted.
“Chief Soileau testified the Wilson truck passed twice under the bar without difficulty and there was no damage to the bar. He did not report the matter to the Highway Department.
“In some manner, however, the matter was reported to J. H. Drake, Chief Maintenance and Operations Engineer, who wrote a letter dated November 1, 1972, to W. C. Vincent, District Engineer at Lafayette asking for an accident report and stating that Section 10 would remove and replace the clearance bar ‘at the earliest possible date, compatible with other duties.’ See Ryder Exhibit 16. Mr. Drake testified that he did not consider the matter a traffic hazard.
“On November 2, 1972, Henry Delrie, Bridge Maintenance Engineer for the Department of Highways, passed under the bar and noticed in the light from automobile headlamps that the standards had been knocked out of plumb about six to eight inches causing the cross piece to be lowered about four inches he judged. He called the Lafayette District office and reported the matter to a nightwatchman who answered the radio call. He thought the bar had been scraped but did not consider the situation dangerous.
“Gerald Lee Trahan, Engineer Inspector with the Lafayette District was called by the watchman about 5:45 [A.M.] and given such sketchy details that he decided to talk to Troop I who talked to Troop K of the Louisiana State Police who reported no trouble at the Krotz Springs Bridge. Trahan therefore concluded that they were being subjected to a prank call.
“Between 7:00 and 7:30 [A.M.] Charles R. Grave, an Equipment Specialist with the Department of Highways, after being delayed for about five minutes to allow a truck with a drag line boom to traverse the bridge, crossed under the clearance bar and found the standards leaning eastward ‘not too much.’ He did not see the crossbar because of being involved in heavy traffic including trucks. He reported the leaning condition to Roy Gilbert, connected with the Lafayette District office, who met him one mile west of the bridge. Mr. Gilbert passed eastward under the bar and then turned around and passed westward under the bar, observing it while driving slowly.
While he did not consider it an immediate hazard, he called the Lafayette District Headquarters and told them it should be attended to. It was arranged that a crew would be sent out that day to take care of the matter.
“Robert L. Davis, the driver of the truck that struck the bridge testified he had gone over this bridge a number of times without difficulty. He noticed nothing out of order. The first notice of anything awry was a loud noise caused by the crossbar ripping through the trailer. The leading end of the trailer cleared the crossbar, the first contact being some four to five feet back of the front end. He assumed he was driving a thirteen and one half foot trailer but saw it measured by the trooper at thirteen feet eight inches.
“Walter Mull, the driver of the Standard Brands truck, the following one, was driving at about thirty miles per hour, when he heard a loud noise and saw a portion of the preceding trailer going up. He received injuries to the head, elbow and abdomen for which he was hospitalized from Thursday through Sunday. He was off work two to three weeks thereafter. His pains continued for about a month except that he still has some difficulties with his jaw.”
The Trial Court held that the alleged negligence of Robert Wilson on October 28, was insufficient to convince the Court that the crossbar was struck and especially that any damage occurred to the clearance structure and, therefore, absolved him from any liability.
With regard to any negligence on the part of Robert L. Davis, the Court said that his trialer was marked as being 13 feet 6 inches in height and he assumed it to be so. Although the undamaged portion of the trailer, after the accident, was measured at 13 feet 8 inches, and the Trial Court assumed that a part of his rig even exceeded this height, it was shown that he had safely proceeded under this headache bar with the same rig on previous occasions without any problems. The Court also said that a rig over 13 feet 6 inches in height requires a permit but the issuance of a permit for a height up to 14 feet 6 inches would probably not have been questioned and the accident would still have occurred. The Court, therefore, absolved Mr. Davis from any negligence causing the accident.
The Court similarly reasoned that R. L. Smith Manufacturing Company and Ryder Truck Rentals, Inc. were free of negligence contributing to the accident because there was no evidence tending to show that they knew or should have known of the over-height status of the truck, but even if they had, and provided the height was 14 feet 6 inches or less, the accident would still have occurred because everyone thought the clearance of the Krotz Springs Bridge was 14 feet 6 inches.
With regard to the negligence, vel non, of the Department of Highways the Court cited LaBorde v. Louisiana Department of Highways, 300 So.2d 579, 583 (La.App. 3rd Cir. 1974), reh. denied (1974), writ refused (1974), as follows:
“The department is liable for damages only when it is shown (1) that the hazardous condition complained of was patently or obviously dangerous to a reasonably careful and ordinarily prudent driver, and (2) that the department had notice, either actual or constructive, of the existence of the defect and failed within a reasonable time to correct it (Citations).”
The Trial Judge further concluded:
“There is no evidence, whatsoever, that the alleged incident of October 28, 1972, resulted in a condition dangerous in any degree. The letter of Mr. Drake referring to the incident certainly is not evidence of any knowledge of any hazardous condition.
“The proof of any negligence, or any knowledge of a hazardous condition must arise from the evidence as to the events of November 2nd. Mr. Delrie at about 5:30 [A.M.] noticed a leaning of the standards and a possible lowering of the crossbar to the extent of about four inches. He reported this to Lafayette District but did not consider it dangerous. Even if there had been no mixup in the Lafayette District Headquarters, there would have been no urgency since there would have been no hint of danger. Both Messrs. Graves and Gilbert saw the leaning standards but did not consider the situation dangerous. Mr. Gilbert reported it routinely by radio for handling not as an emergency but as an ordinary part of his District’s work.
“Mr. Davis did not see anything out of the ordinary even though he had driven this truck and trailer over the bridge a number of times before. There is no evidence of anyone else having any notice or knowledge of a dangerous situation.
“The Court therefore finds that ‘the hazardous condition complained of was’ not ‘patently or obviously dangerous to a reasonably careful and ordinarily prudent driver,’ and that the department had no ‘notice, either actual or constructive, of the existence of the defect-.’ ”
Though we do not agree with the conclusion of the Trial Judge that the Depart ment of Highways had no notice, either actual or constructive, we can find no manifest error in the holding of the Trial Judge that “the hazardous condition complained of was not patently or obviously dangerous to a reasonably careful and ordinarily prudent driver.”
For the reasons hereinabove assigned, the judgment of the Trial Court will be affirmed, all costs of this appeal to be paid by plaintiff.
AFFIRMED.
ELLIS, J., dissents and assigns reasons. | [
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] |
In re: Jimmie McCauley applying for writs of habeas corpus, certiorari, prohibition and mandamus.
Writ denied. The ruling of the trial judge is correct. | [
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BENNETT, Judge.
This suit complains of the denial of assistance by the Division of Family Services. The claim for benefits was based on disability.
Hearing was had on the claim on October 18, 1974 where Mrs. Hills was assisted by Charlie A. Mills an investigator with the Legal Aid Society of Baton Rouge. The Director of the Division of Family Services denied benefits in a letter dated December 10, 1974 addressed to Mr. Mills at the Legal Aid office with a carbon copy directed to Mrs. Hills.
A petition for judicial review of the agency ruling was filed by the Legal Aid Society on behalf of Mrs. Hills on January 10, 1975.
At hearing on a motion for summary judgment the Court, ex proprio motu, raised the question of its jurisdiction to review the administrative decision in view of the length of time between the final determination and the filing of the petition seeking review. After taking the matter under advisement the court ruled that it lacked jurisdiction and dismissed the petition on June 30, 1975. Mrs. Hills appeals alleging three errors requiring reversal of the ruling of the trial court.
I. The appellant argues that the Court erred in holding that R.S. 46:107(D) requires the filing of a petition seeking judicial review of an adjudication by the LHSRSA, Division of Family Services, within fifteen days.
R.S. 46-.107(D), provides in pertinent part:
“D. Within fifteen days after the mailing of the decision of the division of family services, the applicant or recipient may obtain judicial review thereof by filing in the Nineteenth Judicial District Court a petition for review of the decision.” (Emphasis added)
Appellant contends that use of “may” in the language cited above makes the statute permissive rather than mandatory and thus the lapse of 15 days does not preclude an application for judicial review of a decision by the agency.
This argument is without merit. If read in accordance with the contention of the appellant the statute is superfluous and without meaning. A general and less rigorous statute includes the same subject matter. See R.S. 49:964(B). It is not presumed that the legislature adopts vain, useless or meaningless law. As this Court said in Peyrefitte v. Harvey, 312 So.2d 159 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1975), writ refused, 314 So.2d 736 (La.):
“There is a presumption that all legislative acts are enacted for some definite purpose and the Courts in construing them must endeavor to give an interpretation that will give them effectiveness and purpose, rather than one which makes them meaningless and useless.”
“May” relates to the decision to seek judicial review. The applicant may or may not wish to seek such review. If he does the petition may be filed within fifteen days after mailing of notice.
II. That the defendant misled the appellant as to the length of time during which judicial review could be sought.
This contention is grounded on the last sentence of the letter from the Director notifying the appellant of the denial of assistance. The sentence reads:
“If you are not dissatisfied with this decision, you have the right to seek judicial review through the courts in accordance with Act 284 of R.S.1974.”
Assuming arguendo that misrepresentation by an agency could serve as a basis for lengthening the time during which judicial review of an adjudication could be sought, nevertheless, such is not the case here.
Act 284 of 1974 deals with agency rule making and publication of rules. It does not concern adjudication or judicial review of adjudications. Further, the effective date of the Act is January 1, 1975.
We fail to see how the appellant could have relied to her detriment on an Act which does not purport to affect the type of agency proceeding she was protesting and which did not become effective until after the final agency adjudication. Under the circumstances the mere citation of an Act does not constitute misinformation sufficient to have misled the appellant.
III. The appellant contends the Court erred in holding it did not have jurisdiction of this case.
The trial court correctly found that R.S. 14:107(D) required the filing of the petition for judicial review within fifteen days after mailing of notice. The petition herein was filed on January 10, 1975, or thirty-one days after the mailing of notice.
In David v. Department of Public Safety, 261 So.2d 347 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1972), we held review of an agency adjudication was an appeal and review must be timely applied for in order for the reviewing court to have jurisdiction. Although David involved revocation of a drivers license with judicial review sanctioned under R.S. 32:414, we fail to see how this case differs in principle. The rationale in David applies with equal force to the facts before us and is dispositive of this case. The trial Court was correct in its ruling.
For the reasons assigned the judgment of the Court below is affirmed at appellant’s costs.
Affirmed. | [
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] |
In re: Samuel A. Maddie applying for Writs of Certiorari, Prohibition and Mandamus.
Writ denied. Circumstantial evidence justified denial of directed verdict. | [
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] |
In re: Charles A. Tyler, applying for writ of Certiorari.
Writ denied. There is no error of law. | [
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In re Smith, Sam Jr.; — Defendant; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of W. Baton Rouge, 18th Judicial District Court Div. D, No. 30038; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. OO-CW-1134
Stay denied; writ denied.
KIMBALL, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
PER CURIAM.
Writ granted in part; otherwise denied. The district court is directed to hold an evidentiary hearing without undue delay on those of relator’s claims which it has not properly defaulted, see State ex rel. Rice v. State, 99-0496 (La.11/12/99), 749 So.2d 650, including his claims that he received ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel, and that the state suppressed material exculpatory evidence. In addition, the court is directed to review relator’s request for funding under R.S. 15:151.2(E)(2).
VICTORY, J., not on panel, recused. See La. S.Ct. Rule IV, Part II, § 3. | [
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] |
PARRO, J.
This is an appeal by citizen groups from a decision of the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), in a permit action, to grant an exemption to BASF Corporation (BASF) from the statutory ban on the land disposal of hazardous waste.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
BASF filed an application with DEQ seeking approval to continue operating an injection well for the disposal of waste hydrochloric acid (HCI) at its facility in Geismer, Louisiana. On May 30, 1995, DEQ issued its decision to approve the application for an exemption. The Louisiana Environmental Action Network (LEAN) and the Ascension Parish Residents Against Toxic Pollution (APRATP) appealed that decision to this court. That appeal was transferred to the Nineteenth Judicial District Court subsequent to a legislative change in appellate jurisdiction over DEQ decisions. Thereafter, the district court remanded the matter to the DEQ Secretary to make basic findings supported by the evidence and ultimate findings which flow rationally from the basic findings, and for the articulation of a rational connection between the facts found and the decision granting the exemption to BASF, as required by Save Ourselves, Inc. v. Louisiana Environmental Control Commission, 452 So.2d 1152, 1159 (La.1984).
On December 22, 1997, DEQ issued its findings, in compliance with the order of the district court, maintaining its previously issued decision granting an exemption in favor of BASF. Again, LEAN and APRATP filed a petition for judicial review in the district court. On September 15, 1998, the district court signed a judgment which affirmed the decision of DEQ and dismissed appellants’ petition for review. From this judgment, LEAN and APRATP appeal.
On appeal, appellants urge this court to find that the district court erred in affirming the decision of DEQ, in short, because they allege alternative disposal |3methods were available and because they maintain DEQ should have required more extensive monitoring of the injection well.
DISCUSSION
APPLICABLE LAW
This matter is governed by LSA-R.S. 30:2193, which currently provides:
A. It is the determination of the legislature that Louisiana is particularly ill-suited both hydrologically and climatically to hazardous waste land disposal methods and past land disposal methods, siting criteria, and maintenance procedures have, despite the degree of stringency, been inadequate to insure the health of the citizens of the state and in maintaining the integrity of the environment generally and water resources specifically. It is further determined that eventual releases of hazardous constituents from land disposal facilities are highly probable if land disposal methods continue to be relied upon and that there presently exists alternatives which may be used to destroy, reduce, or lessen the toxicity of or lessen the leaching potential of hazardous wastes. In order to preclude further environmental damage and endangerment to the citizens of the state, it is the purpose of this Section to provide for restrictions and incentives designed to encourage alternative methods of hazardous waste disposal, destruction, and reduction; to lessen the possibility of hazardous waste releases from existing land disposal sites; and to provide for the eventual prohibition of land disposal of hazardous waste.
B. As used in this Section, the fol-’ lowing terms shall have the meaning ascribed to them in this Subsection, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:
(1) “Containment system” means a system designed to contain hazardous waste or materials within the confines of a hazardous waste disposal, storage, or treatment facility and operating within and according to the limits and conditions of its permit.
|4(2) “Encapsulation” means the pressing or bonding together and completely enclosing within a coating or jacket of inert material so as to prevent leaching potential from a department approved hazardous waste containment system.
(3) “Land disposal” means placement in or on the land and includes, but is not limited to, placement in a landfill, surface impoundment, waste pile, injection well, land treatment facility, salt-dome formation, salt-bed formation, underground mine or cave, or placement in a concrete vault or bunker intended for disposal purposes.
(4) “Stabilization or Solidification” means the modification of wastes in a manner which ensures that the hazard ous constituents are maintained in their least soluble form.
C.The secretary shall promulgate rules and regulations which:
(1) Identify generic categories of hazardous wastes that are inappropriate for land disposal and selected recycling, treatment, and destruction technologies applicable to waste streams in each category.
(2) Identify the waste constituents that present the greatest risks when disposed of in the land.
(3) Set target dates for the prohibition of land disposal of those wastes identified in Paragraph (2) based on:
(a) The risks involved.
(b) The availability of alternative facilities and methods within the state.
(4) Use the following general characteristics to determine which wastes pose the greatest risk to public health and environment when disposed of in the land:
(a) Toxicity.
(b) Persistence in the environment.
(c) Ability to bioaccumulate.
(d) Mobility in a land disposal environment.
(5) Provide for emergency variances.
(6) Provide for an exception from the application of this Section for special wastes which include:
(a) Spent bauxite (red mud) resulting from production of alumina.
(b) Byproduct gypsum and related wastes resulting from the production of phosphoric acid, phosphate fertilizers, and hydrofluoric acid.
(c) Coal residue (bottom ash and slag, fly ash, and flue-gas emission control waste) after use as a boiler fuel.
(d) Cement kiln dust.
| s(e) Industrial waste water in a NPDES treatment train when that train includes ponds, impoundments, or similar facilities.
(7) Prohibit the storage of hazardous waste that has been banned from land disposal unless such storage is solely for the purpose of the accumulation of such quantities of hazardous waste as are necessary to facilitate proper recovery, treatment, or disposal by appropriate means.
D. (1) Not later than January 1, 1986, the secretary shall determine what economically and technically feasible and environmentally sound alternatives are available in the state for processing, treating, destroying, recycling, reducing, or neutralizing the hazardous waste as identified in Subsection C.
(2) Between January 1, 1986, and June 1, 1992, any hazardous waste for which there is no alternative disposal, destruction, reduction, or recycling method in the state shall be land disposed only after stabilization, solidification, containment, encapsulation, or approved land treatment techniques in a manner and with a material sufficient to prevent the leaching potential of such wastes except that the secretary may, upon a showing that no other reasonable alternative exists, permit the injection of hazardous waste in an injection well. The burden of proof shall rest with the generators of such hazardous waste that they cannot meet the requirements of this Subsection, and the secretary shall determine the sufficiency and adequacy of such proof and evidence presented by generators.
E. (1) Effective June 1, 1992, and thereafter, the land disposal of hazardous waste shall be prohibited, except as provided in this Subsection and by regulations promulgated by the secretary pursuant to Subsection C of this Section.
(2) Any person seeking an exemption from the prohibition on the land disposal of hazardous waste shall file a written request for such exemption with the secretary. The secretary, after considering reasonable economic and environmental alternatives, may allow the land disposal of certain hazardous waste if in his determination:
(a) The best available technology cannot further reduce the toxicity, corro- siveness, virulent or infectious character, or volume of the hazardous waste.
(b) The waste cannot be further reduced through production modifications.
(c) The waste or specific constituents of the waste cannot be reclaimed and reused.
(d) The waste can be permanently-confined within a department-approved hazardous waste containment system.
(e) The land disposal of the hazardous waste does not and will not endanger public health or the environment.
(f) No reasonable alternative exists to the injection of hazardous waste in an injection well.
(8) The burden of proof that the conditions of Paragraph (2) of this Subsection have been met shall rest with the person requesting the | fiexemption.
(4) Hazardous waste or residues thereof which have been treated to the level of or by a method specified in regulations promulgated under Subsection C of this Section shall not be subject to any prohibition promulgated under this Subsection, and may be disposed of in a land disposal facility which meets the requirement of this Subtitle.
(5) Hazardous waste or residues thereof which have been granted a case-by-case extension, emergency variance, or variance pursuant to the regulations promulgated under Subsection C are not prohibited and may be disposed of in a land disposal facility which meets the requirements of this Subtitle.
(6) Newly listed hazardous waste or residues thereof which have no treatment standard are not prohibited and may be disposed of in a land disposal facility which meets the requirements of this Subtitle until standards are established pursuant to the regulations promulgated under Subsection C.
F. Any person found by the secretary to be in violation of any requirement or provision of this Section may be liable for a civil penalty of one hundred thousand dollars for each separate violation.
G. This Section shall not apply to the land disposal of hazardous waste by injection well provided that:
(1) Such land disposal has been exempted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency from land disposal prohibitions contained in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq.
(2) A permit has been issued for such injection well by the Louisiana office of conservation pursuant to Chapter 1 of Subtitle I of this Title and of the Safe Drinking Water Act, 42 U.S.C. 300(f) et seq.
(3) The secretary determines that there are no economically reasonable and environmentally sound alternatives to the injection of such hazardous waste.
APPLICATION OF STATUTORY AMENDMENT
After BASF originally filed its application with DEQ in May 1990, LSA-R.S. 30:2193 was amended several times. Paragraphs (E)(4), (5), and (6) were added by 1990 La. Acts, No. 649, § 1. Paragraphs (D) and (E) were amended by 1990 La. Acts, No. 979, § 1, to change the effective date of the land ban from January 1, 1991, to June 1, 1992, as well as to change other minor wording in paragraph (E). Paragraph (G) was added by 1997 La. Acts, No. 548, § 1. Since LSA-R.S. 30:2193(G) ostensibly reduces BASF’s burden of proof for obtaining the permit sought from DEQ, we must consider whether 1997 La. Acts, No. 548, § 1, is applicable to this action.
|7The general rule of law is that, in the absence of contrary legislative expression, substantive laws apply prospectively only, while procedural and interpretative laws apply both prospectively and retroactively, unless there is a legislative expression to the contrary. LSA-C.C. art. 6. Article 6 requires that we engage in a twofold inquiry: first, we must ascertain whether in the enactment of the law the legislature expressed its intent regarding retrospective or prospective application; if not, we must then classify the enactment as substantive, procedural, or interpretive. Keith v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, 96-2075 (La.5/9/97), 694 So.2d 180, 188; Rousselle v. Plaquemines Parish School Board, 98-1916 (La.2/28/94), 633 So.2d 1235, 1244; Cole v. Celotex Corporation, 599 So.2d 1058, 1063 (La.1992); Adams v. City of Baton Rouge, 95-2515 (La.App. 1st Cir.4/30/96), 673 So.2d 624, 632, writs denied, 96-1491, 96-1492 (La.9/20/96), 679 So.2d 439.
Section 2 of 1997 La. Acts, No. 548, reads:
This Act shall become effective upon signature by the governor or, if not signed by the governor, upon expiration of the time for bills to become law without signature by the governor, as provided in Article III, Section 18 of the Constitution of Louisiana. If vetoed by the governor and subsequently approved by the legislature, this Act shall become effective on the day following such approval.
This language established the effective date of the amendment as the date of signature by the governor, which was July 3, 1997. However, neither this language, nor any other language in the act is dis-positive regarding retrospective or prospective application to actions in which a DEQ decision has been issued, but the matter is still pending before the DEQ on remand by a court; therefore, we must classify the enactment as substantive, procedural, or interpretive. See Gauthreaux v. Trosclair, 95-0549 (La.App. 1st Cir.6/28/96), 676 So.2d 213, 217.
It is well-settled that substantive laws either establish new rules, rights, and duties, or change existing ones, while interpretive laws merely establish the meaning the statute had from the time of its enactment. Keith v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, 694 So.2d at 183; St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Company v. Smith, 609 So.2d 809, 817 (La.1992). Procedural laws prescribe a method for enforcing a previously existing substantive right and relate to the form of the |sproceeding or the operation of the laws. Keith v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, 694 So.2d at 183; Segura v. Frank, 93-1271 (La.1/14/94), 630 So.2d 714, 723, cert. denied sub nom., Allstate Insurance Company v. Louisiana Insurance Guaranty Association, 511 U.S. 1142, 114 S.Ct. 2165, 128 L.Ed.2d 887 (1994).
In Adams v. City of Baton Rouge, 673 So.2d at 634, at issue was a statute, enacted after the plaintiff filed his lawsuit, giving plaintiff a right to a jury trial; the court reasoned that the grant by the legislature of a right to trial by jury to an individual who previously had no such right did not divest or otherwise affect any substantive right of another party. The Adams court concluded that because the statute addressed the mode or means of the trial, it was procedural in nature and did not affect any vested rights and could be applied retroactively. Adams v. City of Baton Rouge, 673 So.2d at 635.
In Keith v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, 694 So.2d at 182, the act at issue amended LSA-C.C. art. 2323 to require the quantification of fault in a personal injury action of all persons causing or contributing to the injury, death, or loss regardless of whether the person was a party to the action or a non-party, and regardless of the person’s insolvency, ability to pay, immunity by statute, including but not limited to the provisions of LSA-R.S. 23.T032, or that the other person’s identity is not known or reasonably ascertainable. Amended LSA-C.C. art. 2323 was held to require the quantification of fault of an employer in a personal injury action, contrary to the last pronouncement of the Louisiana Supreme Court in Cavalier v. Cain’s Hydrostatic Testing, Inc., 94-1496 (La.6/30/95), 657 So.2d 975. The legislature did not express whether it intended the amendment of LSA-C.C. art. 2323 to have retrospective or prospective appli cation. In finding the act procedural in nature, the Keith court reasoned that since the substantive right to allocate fault was created in 1979 with the introduction of comparative fault, the amendment of LSA-C.C. art. 2323 was simply a delineation of a method for enforcing that substantive right as it applied, in particular, to a statutory employer. Keith v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company, 694 So.2d at 183.
|nIn considering 1997 La. Acts, No. 548, § 1, we find a situation similar to that reviewed in Keith v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company; i.e., the substantive right of BASF to apply for an exemption from the land disposal of hazardous waste existed in LSA-R.S. 30:2193(E)(2) prior to the enactment of 1997 La. Acts, No. 548, § 1. Act 548 simply lessens the burden on the party seeking to operate an injection well for the land disposal of hazardous waste by requiring only a determination from the DEQ Secretary “that there are no economically reasonable and environmentally sound alternatives to the injection of such hazardous waste,” where: (1) such land disposal has been exempted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency from land disposal prohibitions contained in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq., and (2) a permit has been issued for such injection well by the Louisiana Office of Conservation pursuant to Chapter 1 of Subtitle I of Title 30 and of the Safe Drinking Water Act, 42 U.S .C. 300(f) et seq. Thus, we find Act 548 to be procedural and applicable to the instant proceeding.
REVIEW OF AGENCY DECISION
On review, an appellate court should not reverse a substantive decision of DEQ on its merits unless it can be shown that the Secretary was arbitrary or clearly gave insufficient weight to environmental protection in balancing the costs and benefits of the proposed action. In the Matter of American Waste and Pollution Control Company, 93-3163 (La.9/15/94), 642 So.2d 1258, 1265; Save Ourselves, Inc. v. Louisiana Environmental Control Commission, 452 So.2d at 1159.
In making a decision, DEQ is required to make basic findings supported by the evidence and ultimate findings which flow rationally from the basic findings; it must also articulate a rational connection'between the facts found and the order issued. In the Matter of American Waste and Pollution Control Company, 642 So.2d at 1266; Save Ourselves, Inc. v. Louisiana Environmental Control Commission, 452 So.2d at 1159. A decision in conformity with these mandates should contain: (1) a general recitation of the facts as presented by all sides; (2) a basic finding of facts as supported by the record; (3) a response to all reasonable public comments; (4) a conclusion or conclusions on all issues raised which rationally support the order issued; and (5) any |1fland all other matters which rationally support the DEQ’s decision. In the Matter of Rubicon, Inc., 95-0108 (La.App. 1st Cir.2/14/96), 670 So.2d 475, 483. Additionally, the written findings of fact and reasons for decision must satisfy the issues of whether: (1) the potential and real adverse environmental effects of the proposed project have been avoided to the maximum extent possible; (2) a cost benefit analysis of the environmental impact costs balanced against the social and economic benefits of the project demonstrate that the latter outweighs the former; and (3) there are no alternative projects or alternative sites or mitigating measures which would offer more protection to the environment than the proposed project without unduly curtailing non-environmental benefits to the extent applicable. In the Matter of Rubicon, Inc., 670 So.2d at 483; Blackett v. Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, 506 So.2d 749, 754 (La.App. 1st Cir.1987).
In approving the hazardous waste injection well at issue in this case, DEQ’s amended permit letter subjected the approval to numerous conditions, which in- eluded: a restricted injection interval of 5020 feet to 5456 feet below the surface of the land; annual bottom hole pressure surveys; monitoring of the lowermost underground source of drinking water; reporting of annual waste minimization/reduction activities; yearly reports detailing marketing efforts; alternative disposition of waste prior to injection; restricted injection maximum of 12,000,000 gallons per calendar year; notification to DEQ within twenty-four hours of injection of waste; construction of a containment system around the wellhead; review of exemption upon loss of the Department of Natural Resources’ Underground Injection Control permit; cessation of injection on January 1, 2008; and, mandated termination of the exemption on violation of any condition. Reasons for and findings in support of DEQ’s decision granting the exemption were given in a twenty-one page attachment to its approval letter. Responses to public comments were given by DEQ in a nine page attachment to the approval letter.
InThe reasons of the DEQ Secretary essentially state that 1997 La. Acts, No. 548, adding LSA-R.S. 30:2193(G), governs BASF’s application. The DEQ Secretary contends that because BASF meets the provisions of LSA-R.S. 30:2193(G), no exemption is required as paragraph (E)(2) of section 2193 is rendered inapplicable. The DEQ Secretary notes that BASF has received the requisite U.S. Environmental Protection Agency exemption and the Louisiana Office of Conservation permit. Further, the DEQ Secretary concludes that BASF has satisfactorily shown that there are “no economically reasonable and environmentally sound alternatives” to the injection of waste HCI. Nevertheless, the DEQ Secretary goes on to discuss BASF’s compliance with the provisions of LAC 33:V.2271, stating the information was compiled prior to the enactment of Act 548. Furthermore, the DEQ Secretary, in his letter of approval states, “This exemption is granted ....”
In upholding the decision of the DEQ, the district court judge found as follows:
Question One is whether or not there is an economically reasonable and [environmentally] sound alternative to disposal by injection as required by R.S. 30:2193.
On Page 6, 7, and 8, the secretary has gone into the different possibilities. The court is impressed with the amount of salt water that would have to be injected into the Mississippi River, and the court understands that this has already been approved, that as between 160 tons of salt into the river or putting this acid a mile underground, it appears to me that the secretary has not abused its discretion in making the decision that it would be better to put it a mile underground.
Many of the ancient civilizations that failed in their irrigation efforts failed because of the buildup of salt. Babylonians, Samaritans, even some of the Western Indian tribes that used irrigation, their systems failed after a while because of the buildup of salt. It ruins agriculture. New Orleans ends up getting the waste that doesn’t go into Ascension.
The court is impressed with the fact that the injected waste is neutralized within 816 feet of the bore hole. The cost[s] of other methods of disposal are far greater than should be required considering the risks, the minor risks.
The [second] question is can BASF be legally exempted from the monitoring requirements imposed by the regulations, and the question here is whether there is an undue risk, whether it is necessary, and in this | ^particular case, because of the limited 816 feet of migration, the distance it is underground, the probability or improbability of it migrating into an aquifer, and the presence of wells to determine whether or not this has migrated anywhere close to an aquifer, that the cost as to the monitoring well and the minor risks involved, the court finds that the secretary of DEQ has not abused its discretion.
An appeal to this court from the judgment or ruling of the district court is authorized by LSA-R.S. 30:2050.31. Judicial review is governed by LSA-R.S. 49:964(C), (F), and (G) in accordance with LSA-R.S. 30:2050.21(F). LSA-R.S. 49:964(G) provides that the court may affirm the decision of the agency or remand the case for further proceedings; or, the court may reverse or modify the decision if substantial rights of the appellant have been prejudiced because the administrative findings, inferences, conclusions, or decisions are:
(1)In violation of constitutional or statutory provisions;
(2) In excess of the statutory authority of the agency;
(3) Made upon unlawful procedure;
(4) Affected by other error of law;
(5) Arbitrary or capricious or characterized by abuse of discretion or clearly unwarranted exercise of discretion; or
(6) Not supported and sustainable by a preponderance of evidence as determined by the reviewing court. In the application of this rule, the court shall make its own determination and conclusions of fact by a preponderance of evidence based upon its own evaluation of the record reviewed in its entirety upon judicial review. In the application of the rule, where the agency has the opportunity to judge the credibility of witnesses by first-hand observation of demeanor on the witness stand and the reviewing court does not, due regard shall be given to the agency’s determination of credibility issues.
Appellants argue that LSA-R.S. 30:2193(G) is inapplicable in this case because BASF has alternative means of disposing of its waste HCI. Appellants point to the fact that BASF has not needed to use its injection well since 1991, since it has either used or sold its excess HCI. However, the DEQ Secretary cites the increasing ratio of supply to demand in the HCI commercial market in support of his finding of a lack of alternative disposal methods, concluding that since supply of HCI exceeds demand, BASF may not be able to continue to sell all of its excess HCI in the near future. The DEQ Secretary |1salso discounted neutralization as a feasible HCI disposal alternative, citing a scientific study showing that the neutralization process would result in a tenfold increase in volume, as compared to unneu-tralized acid that would be disposed of in the injection well, or some 1.5 million gallons of salt water to be discharged into the Mississippi River on a daily basis. Addi tionally, the acid neutralization process produces waste sludges that require disposal in landfills. Other chemical recycling processes proposed were rejected as being economically unfeasible, which would require BASF to invest in multimillion dollar manufacturing facilities. Our review of the record reveals that the DEQ Secretary correctly concluded that no economically reasonable and environmentally sound alternatives to disposal by deep well injection exist. Accordingly, we find that LSA-R.S. 30:2193(G) is applicable to this case.
Appellants also argue on appeal that DEQ erred in failing to require additional monitoring of the injection well. Although DEQ ordered BASF to use their deep monitoring well, MW-1, to satisfy the ambient requirements for the lowermost underground source of drinking water, appellants maintain DEQ erred in failing to require additional monitoring of the first aquifer overlying the confining area, monitoring of groundwater quality in the first aquifer overlying the confining area, and the use of indirect, geophysical techniques to determine the position of the waste front, the water quality in a formation designated by the administrative authority, or to provide other site-specific data, all in accordance with LAC 33:V.2271(N). Since we have concluded in this opinion that LSA-R.S. 30:2193(G) provides that the requirements of LSA-R.S. 30:2193(E)(2) and LAC 33:V.2271 are not applicable to a paragraph (G) applicant, appellants’ reliance on LAC 33:V.2271(N) is misplaced. Therefore, we find it unnecessary to rule on whether the DEQ Secretary erred in the level of monitoring ordered in this case.
After reviewing the extensive record compiled before DEQ, we find no error in the ¡UDEQ decision authorizing the BASF injection well and finding LSA-R.S. 30:2193(E) inapplicable to BASF in this matter. For the reasons assigned, we affirm the judgment of the district court; all costs of this appeal are to be borne by appellants, Louisiana Environmental Action Network and Ascension Parish Residents Against Toxic Pollution.
AFFIRMED.
KUHN, J., concurs.
.Effective June 1, 1992, and thereafter, LSA-R.S. 30:2193(E)(1) banned the land disposal of hazardous waste, but a procedure for obtaining an exemption to that ban is provided in LSA-R.S. 30:2193(E)(2). While the parties to this appeal generally refer to the permission BASF received from DEQ to dispose of hazardous waste in its injection well as an “exemption,” the DEQ proceeding to obtain the exemption is also referred to as a “permit action.” See LSA-R.S. 30:2178-80; 3,0:2183. See also LAC 33:V.109.
. See also Matter of Rubicon, Inc., 95-0108 (La.App. 1st Cir.2/14/96), 670 So.2d 475, 482-83.
. Appellants assert the following assignments of error on appeal:
1. The Nineteenth Judicial District Court committed reversible error when it affirmed DEQ’s decision to grant BASF an exemption from the statutory ban on land disposal of hazardous waste because the statute expressly prohibits such an exemption when DEQ finds that there are economically reasonable and environmentally sound alternatives to underground injection and at least three such alternatives exist.
2. The Nineteenth Judicial District Court committed reversible error when it affirmed DEQ's decision to grant BASF an exemption from the statutory ban on land disposal of hazardous waste because DEQ violated its constitutional duties as the primary public trustee of the environment by failing to require the use of alternative projects that would offer more protection to the environment than injection without unduly curtailing non-environmental benefits.
3. The Nineteenth Judicial District Court committed reversible error when it affirmed DEQ's decision to grant BASF an exemption from the regulatory requirement of comprehensive monitoring utilized to detect hazardous waste because DEQ ignored the plain language of the regulations, failed to adequately explain its decision and relied upon clearly inadequate evidence to justify the exemption.
4.The Nineteenth Judicial District Court committed reversible error when it affirmed DEQ’s decision to grant BASF an exemption from the regulatory requirements of monitoring because DEQ violated its constitutional duties as the primary public trustee of the environment by failing to avoid potential adverse environmental effects to the maximum extent possible, and by failing to properly consider mitigating measures and potential costs to the environment of not requiring monitoring wells.
. Before the injection of any waste acid, BASF is required to: (a) use, reuse, reclaim, or recycle excess acid on-site, to the maximum extent possible; (b) aggressively market the sale of any excess acid; and (c) use all on-site storage facilities to their safest maximal extent.
. BASF has not appealed the imposition of these conditions.
. The wording of paragraph (G) of LSA-R.S. 30:2193 excludes the paragraph (G) applicant from the application of other provisions of section 2193, including the paragraph (E)(2) requirements applicable to "[a]ny person seeking an exemption.” Section 33:V.2271 of the Louisiana Administrative Code also applies only to "[a]ny person seeking an exemption.” Since the LSA-R.S. 30:2193(G) applicant is not subject to the LSA-R.S. 30:2193(E)(1) land ban, such an applicant needs no exemption and is not therefore subject to either LSA-R.S. 30:2193(E)(2) or LAC 33:V.2271.
.We note that although LSA-R.S. 30:2193(G) states that the statute does not apply to the land disposal of hazardous waste by injection well where an exemption has been granted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and a permit has been issued by the Louisiana Office of Conservation, LSA-R.S. 30:2193(G)(3) requires a determination by the DEQ Secretary that "there are no economically reasonable and environmentally sound alternatives to the injection of such hazardous waste.”
. Because this case involved a final permit action by the DEQ Secretary, LSA-R.S. 30:2050.21(A) authorized consideration by the Nineteenth Judicial District Court of the initial appeal by the appellants in this matter.
. Since the lodging of this appeal, DEQ has promulgated LAC 33:V.2273, which specifies a separate procedure applicable to LSA-R.S. 30:2193(G) petitions, and which states that the “requirements of R.S. 30:2193(A)-(F) and LAC 33:V.2205-2271 shall not apply to the land disposal of a hazardous waste by injection well excluded under R.S. 30:2193(G)(1)-(3).” See Louisiana Register, Vol. 25, No. 10, pp. 1801-2 (1999). | [
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In re Marshall, Charles Ray, Pro Se;— Plaintiff; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Caddo, 1st Judicial District Court Div. B, No. 170,198; to the Court of Appeal, Second Circuit, No. 3B120-KH.
Denied.
JOHNSON, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
In re Bieber, Cheryl; Landry, Kenneth Craig Jr.; Bieber, John et al.; — Plaintiffs); Applying for Writ of Certiorari and/or Review, Parish of E. Baton Rouge, 19th Judicial District Court Div. D, No. 375,431; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. 99 CA 0527
Denied.
KIMBALL, J., not on panel. | [
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In re Jackson, Perry; — Plaintiff; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Orleans, Criminal District Court Div. E, No. 402-422; to the Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, No. 99-K-2531.
Denied.
JOHNSON, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
In re Forty Acre Corporation, et al., applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs; 32nd Judicial District Court, Parish of Terrebonne, No. 116,900, Division “B”; Court of Appeal First Circuit, No. 00-CW-0315.
Denied. Relator may reraise this issue in the event of an adverse judgement.
MARCUS, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
In re Trahan, Dalfares; — Other; Applying for Writ of Certiorari and/or Review, Parish of Vermilion, 15th Judicial District Court Div. B, No. 9769467; to the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit,.No. 99-1819
Denied.
MARCUS, J., not on panel. | [
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11 KNOLL, J.
This case concerns an employee’s suit against his employer and a supervisor for intentional infliction of emotional distress associated with his termination of employment. We wanted to examine the judgment of the appellate court which affirmed an award of $850,000 for emotional distress and loss of enjoyment of life, as well as $15,000 for loss of consortium, in light of our earlier pronouncement in White v. Monsanto, 585 So.2d 1205 (La.1991). We find that the appellate court erred in failing to find that the jury required specific instructions on the elements of liability recognized in White. After conducting a de novo review of the record in this limited regard, we reverse, finding that the evidence does not reach the high threshold for intentional infliction of emotional distress established in White.
FACTS
Rodney Nicholas (“Nicholas”) began working on April 11, 1971, as an Allstate Insurance Company (“Allstate”) agent in Shreveport, Louisiana. In its recruitment of Nicholas, Allstate presented him and his wife, Neva, with written materials and showed a filmstrip, “The Promise,” which expounded upon the benefits of working for Allstate and explained his potential for earning substantial income from renewal commissions |¡>,after he had developed a client base. Nicholas, who began his Allstate career as an agent in a booth at the Sears store in the St. Vincent Mall, signed an R-830 compensation agreement which outlined his commissions on new and renewal policies and further provided that either Nicholas or Allstate could terminate the agreement after giving written notice. Approximately ten years later on June 1, 1981, Nicholas signed an amended Allstate compensation agreement. The agreement maintained the right of either party to terminate after written notice. However, it further specified that Allstate would not terminate Nicholas’ employment because of unsatisfactory work unless: (1) it notified him that his work was unsatisfactory and that his job was in jeopardy, and (2) he failed to upgrade his performance after being given a reasonable opportunity to improve.
In Allstate’s Jackson, Mississippi region, which encompassed Shreveport, a three-tiered review process preceded agent termination. At each level of review, Allstate particularized goals to be reached within certain time periods. Initially, an agent was placed on Corrective Review and, if the agent failed to meet the goals set, he was moved to Unsatisfactory Review. Finally, if the agent failed to remove himself from Unsatisfactory Review, he was placed on Personal, “Job in Jeopardy,” Review.
Nicholas received annual performance reviews from Allstate, and on numerous occasions, Nicholas’ district sales manager, Richard Ebbs (“Ebbs”), advised him that his production figures were not up to expectation. In August of 1984, Allstate’s territorial sales manager, William Monie, Jr., (“Monie”), directed Ebbs to place Nicholas on- Corrective Review for poor performance. After failing to meet the goals established for the first two tiers of review, Nicholas was placed on Personal Review on February 12, 1985, and was informed in writing that his job was in jeopardy. ^Although Nicholas only achieved one of the assigned insurance production goals in the initial period set for job in jeopardy review, the territorial sales manager extended Nicholas’ review period by thirty days because Ebbs failed to regularly meet with Nicholas as outlined in Allstate’s obligation to the agent during this process.
Each stage of Nicholas’ review process was marked with Nicholas’ failure to achieve all of the goals that supervisory personnel placed. Notwithstanding, Ebbs suggested to Larry Rhodes (“Rhodes”), the person who replaced Monie in April 1985 as territorial sales manager, that Nicholas, be removed from Personal Review. After management rejected Ebbs’ recommendation, Rhodes, with the approval of the Jackson regional office, recommended Nicholas’ termination on June 27, 1985. This termination recommendation was then sent to Allstate’s corporate headquarters in Illinois and was approved. After receiving notification of his termination, Nicholas requested a hearing before an Agent Review Board. This board was comprised of five members, two of whom Nicholas selected. After convening a hearing, the Agent Review Board unanimously voted to sustain Allstate’s termination recommendation. On October 14, 1985, Allstate terminated Nicholas and paid him severance pay of $5,125.89.
In 1992, Nicholas learned of testimony that Ebbs gave in Deus v. Allstate Ins. Co., 800 F.Supp. 420 (W.D.La.1992), affirmed in part and vacated in part, 15 F.3d 506 (5 Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1014, 115 S.Ct. 573, 130 L.Ed.2d 490 (1994), another case involving a former Allstate agent’s claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. In that case, Ebbs testified that Monie singled Nicholas out for termination and manipulated the peer group against which Allstate compared Nicholas’ performance. Nicholas and his wife sued Allstate, Monie, and Rhodes on November 4, 1992, alleging breach of contract, fraud, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and detrimental reliance.
| Nicholas’ trial against Allstate, Monie, and Rhodes extended over a period of 17-days. The jury returned a verdict against the defendants on all four theories of recovery. It also determined the question of prescription adverse to Allstate, Monie, and Rhodes, finding that Nicholas and his wife were unaware of the underlying facts necessary to file suit until November 4, 1992. The jury assessed damages against all defendants, awarding $440,000 for loss of salary or commissions, $159,000 for loss of retirement benefits, and $850,000 for emotional distress and loss of enjoyment of life. The jury further awarded Neva Nicholas $15,000 for loss of consortium.
The Court of Appeal, Second Circuit, affirmed the jury’s determination of the prescription issue as well as its award for emotional distress and loss of enjoyment of life, but reversed the awards for lost salary or commissions and for the loss of retirement benefits. Nicholas v. Allstate Ins. Co., 30,735 (La.App. 2 Cir. 5/28/99), 739 So.2d 830. The appellate court also reversed the jury’s finding that Rhodes was hable with Monie and Allstate. Nicholas, 739 So.2d at 842.
The Nicholases and the defendants, Allstate and Monie, sought writs of certiorari to this Court. We denied Nicholas’ writ application. ■ 99-2537 (La.11/19/99), 749 So.2d 678. Thus, the judgment regarding the issues of Nicholas’ lost salary or commissions, lost retirement benefits, and the reversal of Rhodes’s liability is final. We granted the writ application of Allstate and Monie' to address the issue of the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress in this workplace setting. 99-2522 (La.11/19/99), 750 So.2d 208.
I .^INTENTIONAL INFLICTION OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS
Allstate and Monie contend that the lower courts erred in finding that their actions in the termination of Nicholas’ employment with Allstate were sufficient to constitute the tort of the intentional infliction of emotional distress. Relying upon our decision in White v. Monsanto, 585 So.2d 1205 (La.1991), they argue that their conduct was not extreme and outrageous, that their actions did not cause Nicholas to suffer severe emotional distress, and that they neither desired to inflict emotional distress nor knew that severe emotional distress was substantially certain to follow their actions. They also contend that the trial judge erred in failing to give the jury specific instructions which would guide it through the elements enunciated in White.
As we recognized in White, the basis for the tort of the intentional infliction of emotional distress in Louisiana is La. Civ.Code art. 2315 as illuminated by the restrictions and guidelines enunciated in the American Institute’s Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46. Comment D of Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 provides:
It has not been enough that the defendant has acted with an intent which is tortuous or even criminal, or that he has intended to inflict emotional distress, or even that this conduct has been characterized by “malice” or a degree of aggravation which would entitle the plaintiff to punitive damages for another tort. Liability has been found only where the conduct has been so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community. Generally, the case is one in which the recitation of the facts to an average member of the community would arouse his resentment against the actor, and leave him to exclaim, “Outrageous!”
Drawing upon this background, we stated in White that:
| a[I]n order to recover for intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must establish (1) that the conduct of the defendant was extreme and outrageous; (2) that the emotional distress suffered by the plaintiff was severe; and (3) that the defendant desired to inflict severe emotional distress or knew that severe emotional distress would be certain or substantially certain to result from his conduct.
White, 585 So.2d at 1209.
Applying that standard in White, we found no showing of extreme and outrageous conduct when a supervisor directed profanity at White and other workers who were sitting idly in the workplace. Although the supervisor threatened them with dismissal, referring to them and castigating them using base and vulgar four letter words, we found that such conduct did not constitute the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress as described in the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 and our general provision for tort recovery, La. Civ.Code art. 2315.
Jury instruction for intentional infliction of emotional distress
In the court of appeal opinion, the majority noted in a footnote that although the litigants did not specify the adequacy of the jury instructions as an assignment of error, it observed that the three-part test of White was requested, but was not -included. Despite this omission from the jury instructions, the appellate court found that this failure did not interdict the jury verdict because the trial court instructed the jury as to the defendants’ liability for performing an intentional act whereby they “either desired to bring about the physical results of [their] act or believed that they were substantially certain to follow from what [they] did.” Nicholas, 739 So.2d at 839 n. 1. Accordingly, the majority reviewed the lower court’s resolution of the issue of intentional infliction of emotional distress under the manifest error rule. The two dissenting judges, relying on White’s “extreme and outrageous conduct” definition for the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress, stressed that the omission in the jury instructions was |7essential to the jury determination and should have necessitated a de novo review of the facts in light of the White definition.
This question requires us to perform a twofold inquiry: (1) should the appellate court have reached this issue even though it was not assigned as error; and (2) if it should have reached this issue, was the omission of the White definition such that the jury charge was so incorrect or inadequate as to preclude the jury from reaching a proper verdict?
La.Code Crv. Proc. art. 2129 provides that an assignment of error is not necessary in any appeal. Moreover, La.Code Civ. Proc. art. 2164 provides that an appel late court “shall render any judgment which is just, legal, and proper upon the record on appeal.” Likewise, UnifoRM Rules Of Louisiana Courts of Appeal, Rule 1-3 provides that “[t]he Courts of Appeal will review only issues which were submitted to the trial court and which are contained in specifications or assignments of error, unless the interest of justice dearly requires otherwise.” (emphasis added).
It is clear that the defendants submitted very specific jury instructions which incorporated the White definition of intentional infliction of emotional distress, that the trial court rejected that submission, and that the defendants objected to that omission. Under the codal authorities cited above, the appellate court clearly had the authority to consider the issue of the adequacy of the jury instructions even though there was no |sassignment of error in that regard. See Georgia Gulf Corp. v. Board of Ethics for Public Employees, 96-1907 (La.5/9/97), 694 So.2d 173, 175-76.
Louisiana jurisprudence is well established that an appellate court must exercise great restraint before it reverses a jury verdict because of erroneous jury instructions. Melancon v. Sunshine Const., Inc., 97-1167 (La.App. 1 Cir. 5/15/98), 712 So.2d 1011. The basis for this rule of law is that trial courts are given broad discretion in formulating jury instructions and it is well accepted that a trial court judgment will not be reversed so long as the charge correctly states the substance of the law. United States v. L’Hoste, 609 F.2d 796, 805 (5 Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 833, 101 S.Ct. 104, 66 L.Ed.2d 39 (1980). However, when a jury is erroneously instructed and the error probably contributed to the verdict, an appellate court must set aside the verdict. Smith v. Travelers Ins. Co., 430 So.2d 55 (La.1983). In the assessment of an alleged erroneous jury instruction, it is the duty of the reviewing court to assess such impropriety in light of the entire jury charge to determine if they adequately provide the correct principles of law as applied to the issued framed in the pleadings and evidence and whether they adequately guided the jury in its deliberation. Kaplan v. Missouri-Pacific R.R. Co., 409 So.2d 298, 304-05 (La.App. 3 Cir.1981). Ultimately, the determinative question is whether the jury instructions misled the jury to the extent that it was prevented from dispensing justice. 1 Brown v. White, 405 So.2d 555, 560 (La.App. 4 Cir.1981), aff'd, 430 So.2d 16 (La.1982).
In White, we carefully defined the parameters for intentional infliction of emotional distress, specifying that: (1) the conduct of the defendant must be extreme and outrageous; (2) that the emotional distress suffered must be severe; and (3) that the defendant desires to inflict emotional distress or knew that such distress was certain or substantially certain to result from the conduct. White, 585 So.2d at 1209.
In the case sub judice, after reciting the codal articles for negligence and vicarious liability, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:
Employers are responsible for the acts of their employees while the employee is in the course and scope of their employment. Fraud is a misrepresentation or suppression of the truth made with the intention either to obtain an unjust advantage for one party or to cause a loss or inconvenience to the other. Fraud may also result from silence or inaction. If you find that the preponderance of evidence shows that Allstate or William Monie or Larry Rhodes either misrepresented the truth to Mr. Nicholas or failed to tell him the truth with the intention either to obtain an unjust advantage for themselves or to cause a loss or inconvenience for him, then you may award to the plaintiffs the damages they suffered as a result of that conduct.
An intentional act toward an employee is an act whereby the defendant either desired to bring about the physical results of his act or believed that they were substantially certain to follow from what he did.
Viewing this instruction in light of our pronouncements in White, it is evident that the trial court failed to properly instruct the jurors with the correct standard with which to evaluate defendants’ conduct. Glaringly omitted is any reference to the requirement that the defendants’ conduct be extreme and outrageous and that plaintiffs emotional distress be severe. Our review of jurisprudence in this state and throughout the nation underscores and highlights the inadequacy of the jury instructions at issue. Without the Improper instructions defining the parameters of intentional infliction of emotional distress, the jurors were led astray in their deliberations and this error more likely than not contributed to their verdict. The jurors could not have considered whether the defendants’ conduct was so extreme and outrageous, nor the severity of Nicholas’ emotional distress because they were not told to make these findings. These findings are essential to support a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Accordingly, we find that the appellate court erred as a matter of law by failing to find that the jury instructions misled the jury in its assessment of the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress and failed to interdict the jury verdict.
Because of .the erroneous jury instructions, we are compelled to interdict the jury verdict and make an independent determination of the facts from the record without according any weight whatsoever to the factual findings of the erroneously instructed jury. Picou v. Ferrara, 483 So.2d 915, 918 (La.1986).
Overview: tort of intentional inñiction of emotional distress
A canvass of national jurisprudence shows that courts require truly outrageous conduct before allowing a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress even to be presented to a jury. Conduct which is merely tortuous or illegal does not rise to [nthe level of being extreme and outrageous. See, e.g., Marques v. Fitzgerald, 99 F.3d 1 (1st Cir.1996) (applying Rhode Island law) (holding that an employer’s termination of employee just days shy of probationary period was not outrageous conduct); Atkinson v. Denton Pub. Co., 84 F.3d 144 (5 th Cir.1996) (applying Texas law) (holding that a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress was not shown when the employer abruptly terminated a long-standing employee without notice and even though employer published false and defamatory reasons to co-employees within the company about the termination); Haun v. Ideal Indus., 81 F.3d 541 (5 th Cir.1996) (applying Mississippi law) (holding that the conduct of the fired employee’s former supervisor did not rise to an extreme degree even though the former supervisor lied to the employee about probationary status, was three months dilatory in informing employee of probationary status, and failed to abide by his promise to remove the employee from probationary status); Stults v. Conoco, Inc., 76 F.3d 651 (5th Cir.1996) (applying Texas law) (holding that insufficient evidence was shown to support a claim [1Pfor intentional infliction of emotional distress when it was established that the supervisor had a smile or smirk on his face when he discussed the former employee’s work record and then failed to contact the employee even though he promised such action); Santiago-Ramirez v. Secretary of Dept. of Defense, 62 F.3d 445 (1st Cir.1995) (applying Puerto Rico law) (holding that evidence that employer was accusatory of employee for leaving the work premises with merchandise from the store and detention of the employee for 45 minutes during which time the employee was questioned and told that her conduct would be reported to the FBI if cooperation was not forthcoming was insufficient to rise to the level of being intentional infliction of emotional distress); Burden v. General Dynamics Corp., 60 F.3d 213 (5th Cir.1995) (applying Texas law) (holding that an employer’s reassignment of an employee to a new job which substantially involved tasks similar to the employee’s principal job was insufficient to constitute an action for intentional infliction of emotional distress); Hanson v. Hancock County Mem’l Hosp., 938 F.Supp. 1419 (N.D.Iowa 1996) (applying Iowa law) (holding that a supervisor who used her position as a hospital employee to acquire information about the employee’s hospitalization in the hospital that later formed the basis for termination of the employee was held insufficiently outrageous); Fernandez v. Community Asphalt, Inc., 934 F.Supp. 418 (S.D.Fla.1996) (applying Florida law) (holding that the employer’s verbal abuse of an employee coupled with threats of economic sanctions if the employee failed to sign a general release, though constituting an illegal termination of the employee, failed to constitute intentional infliction of emotional distress); Ali v. Douglas Cable Communications, 929 F.Supp. 1362 (D.Kan.1996) (applying Kansas law) (held that a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress was not supported by inappropriate disciplining of employee accused of theft, even though employer monitored employee’s telephone calls and demanded |¡ ¡¡removal of employee from the work premises); Dandridge v. Chromcraft Corp., 914 F.Supp. 1396 (N.D.Miss.1996) (applying Mississippi law) (holding that an employer’s racially motivated demotion of an employee was not sufficiently extreme and outrageous to establish a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress); Harvey v. Strayer College, Inc., 911 F.Supp. 24 (D.D.C.1996) (applying District of Columbia law) (holding that an employee’s termination did not constitute extreme and outrageous conduct even though the pregnant employee was summoned and confronted with questioning about her ability to conduct fall registration, knowing that earlier pregnancies had resulted in untoward hospitalization, and the manager laughed and advised employee that the president was unavailable to respond to her queries relative to her termination of employment).
On the other hand, the following jurisprudential sampling of cases beyond our borders are referenced to show what conduct was found extreme and outrageous to support a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. See, e.g. Harris v. Procter & Gamble Cellulose Co., 73 F.3d 321 (11th Cir.1996) (applying Georgia law) (holding that an employee stated a sufficient claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress when he alleged a pattern of harassment, threatened termination, humiliation, and supervisory indifference after employee brought allegedly dangerous work conditions to light); Bristow v. Drake Street, Inc., 41 F.3d 345 (7th Cir.1994) (applying Illinois law) (holding that a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress was supported when the employer subjected the employee to a protracted series of “outrages that included firing [and promptly rehiring the employee] between 12 and 40 times ..., yelling at her, following her around at work, stalking her in non-working hours, banging on the door of her apartment late at night, calling her ten to thirty times |ua night, and leaving messages on her telephone answering machine that he hated her and wished her dead.”); Bernard v. Doskocil Companies, 861 F.Supp. 1006 (D.Kan.1994) (applying Kansas law) (holding that a cumulative barrage of racial slurs and physical threats, including a threat to set the employee afire, may constitute extreme and outrageous conduct).
Although recognizing a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress in a workplace setting, this state’s jurisprudence has limited the cause of action to cases which involve a pattern of deliberate, repeated harassment over a period of time. White, 585 So.2d at 1205; Maggio v. St. Francis Med. Ptr., Inc., 391 So.2d 948 (La.App. 2 Cir.1980), writ denied, 396 So.2d 1351 (La.1981). The distress suffered by the employee must be more than a reasonable person could be expected to endure. Moreover, the employer’s conduct must be intended or calculated to cause severe emotional distress, not just some lesser degree of fright, humiliation, embarrassment or worry. White, 585 So.2d at 1210.
A sampling of Louisiana cases post-White indicate a mosaic from the work place which exemplifies the importance of White’s threefold criteria and establishes our conformity with the national jurisprudence. See, e.g., the following cases which failed to establish facts sufficient to constitute the intentional infliction of emotional distress: Smith v. Ouachita Parish Sch. Bd., 29,873 (La.App. 2 Cir. 9/24/97), 702 So.2d 727, writ denied, 97-2721 (La.1/16/98), 706 So.2d 978 (holding that the wrongful demotion and transfer of a teacher within the school system, though causing emotional and psychological distress, did not constitute extreme and outrageous conduct); Stewart v. Parish of Jefferson, 95-407 (La.App. 5 Cir. 1/30/96), 668 So.2d 1292, writ denied, 96-0526 (La.4/8/96), 671 So.2d 340 (holding that intentional infliction of emotional distress was not shown, even though a supervisor maintained two-year’s harassment 11Rin which he questioned the worker’s personal life, increased the workload, and pressured the employee to accept a demotion which ultimately led to the employee’s termination); Beaudoin v. Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co., 594 So.2d 1049 (La.App. 3 Cir.), writ denied, 598 So.2d 356 (La.1992) (holding that even if the employee felt singled out for abuse, a supervisor’s eight-month undertaking in which he shouted at an employee, cursed her, called her names (dumb, stupid, and fat), commented about the inferiority of women, and falsely accused her of making mistakes did not constitute extreme and outrageous conduct); Deus v. Allstate Ins. Co., 15 F.3d 506 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1014, 115 S.Ct. 573, 130 L.Ed.2d 490 (1994) (holding that employer may call upon an employee to do more than others, use special review on particular employees and not others to downgrade performance, institute long term plan to move younger persons into sales and management positions without engaging in extreme and outrageous conduct); Trahan v. BellSouth Tel., Inc., 881 F.Supp. 1080 (W.D.La.), aff'd, 71 F.3d 876 (5th Cir.1995) (holding that employers use of a security team to ridicule, tease, and taunt plaintiff for seven and one-half hours questioning was not conduct which was outrageous); Glenn v. Boy Scouts of America, 977 F.Supp. 786 (W.D.La.1997) (holding that telling an employee that she was rumored to have had a sexual affair with a prior scout executive, being told that her placement next to a donor who liked her was because she might get more money from him, communication to her that he did not want a woman in her position, being called a total disgrace in a staffing meeting after she successfully completed her probationary period, and being told that she would be terminated on an undisclosed volunteer complaint unless she voluntarily resigned, did not constitute extreme and outrageous conduct).
Compare Bustamento v. Tucker, 607 So.2d 532 (La.1992) (holding that almost daily improper sexual comments and advances, threatened physical violence, and an 11fiattempt to run over the plaintiff with a forklift constituted extreme and outrageous conduct); Walters v. Rubicon, Inc., 96-2294 (La.App. 1 Cir. 12/29/97), 706 So.2d 503 (holding that extreme and outrageous conduct was shown when plaintiffs supervisors continuously abused plaintiff verbally, ordered him to ignore company policy which he saw as illegal, harassed him with phone calls, endangered him and his son when a supervisor cut in front of him in traffic, and another supervisor pointed his hand at him in the form of a gun and mouthed “pow”); Wright v. Otis Engineering Corp., 94-257 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/5/94), 643 So.2d 484, 487 (holding that allegations that the supervisor daily ad dressed profanity-filled tirades to an employee for five years, often threatening the worker’s continued employment, knowing that the employee had been hospitalized for depression and received electric shock treatment, prohibited the entry of summary judgment on the issue of whether the supervisor was substantially certain that his actions would cause harm to the worker).
Merits of present case
In the case sub judice, the testimony focused on several incidents to support the allegations regarding the intentional infliction of emotional distress by Allstate and Monie on Nicholas. Initially, Nicholas contends that his to corrective review was manipulated and vindictively motivated. He contends that he was neither the lowest producing agent nor deserving of placement on corrective review.
The record shows that Nicholas’s review process commenced when Monie directed the sales managers in his territory to forward the name of the worst producing agent in their peer groups. According to Monie, he wanted to “stir things up from the bottom.” At that time Monie specifically told Ebbs that Nicholas was the name that he would forward. As Ebbs stated, Monie wanted Nicholas’s “scalp on [his] tepee pole.” 117Monie’s zeal in this regard was highlighted when Ebbs submitted another agent’s name who was actually the lowest producer. At that time, Monie instructed Ebbs to expand his review so that Nicholas would become the lowest, peer group performer. After Ebbs increased the review categories to twenty-seven, Nicholas was shown to be the least producing agent overall.
As evidence that such action exemplified Monie’s management techniques, Nicholas offered the testimony of Ed DeLorenzo, an Allstate agent from the Arizona region, who spoke of having been targeted by Monie when Monie was his territorial sales manager. Although DeLorenzo was a top producing agent, Monie purportedly sought to make an example of him so that other agents would be shaken and be more likely to follow Monie’s supervision. Accordingly, Nicholas presented DeLorenzo’s testimony to shed insight on Monie’s actions in this case.
When questioned about Monie’s motivation in targeting Nicholas, Ebbs recalled that at an earlier agents’ meeting, an agent or agents criticized Monie and Blankenship in an evaluation of their daylong presentation for having acted unprofessionally when they “dipped” tobacco and cursed during the meeting. Ebbs suspected that Monie attributed this poor evaluation to Nicholas because he was one of the more religious agents at Allstate’s office on Florida Street.
There is no doubt that Monie singled out Nicholas from his peers for corrective review. Although Monie’s tactic seem arbitrary and without compassion, we cannot 11ssay that his conduct rises to the high threshold of extreme and outrageous conduct. We say this for two reasons. First, the evidence overwhelmingly shows that Nicholas was only an-average Allstate agent. His yearly evaluations bear out this fact and show that many of Nicholas’s own written comments to his supervisors’ reviews recognized this reality. In addition, it is likewise clear that Ebbs’s expanded review categories comprised legitimate production lines available in the Allstate system and included performance elements related to improved production. See Deus, 15 F.3d at 506 (holding that employer may call upon an employee to do more than others, use special review on particular employees and not others to downgrade performance). Also, in this regard, the record is void of any evidence that the production figures used throughout Nicholas’s corrective review were inaccurate or misrepresented in any way. The fact that Monie may have used the term “scum” to refer to the lower producing agents, though demeaning and inappropriate, this language was never shown to have been directed to Nicholas individually and was not shown to have been heard by him when Monie uttered the term. Second, as a territorial sales manager, it cannot be denied that Monie had an interest in the improvement of sales figures among the poorer producing agents. Although Monie’s technique may be subject to criticism because it was demeaning, inappropriate, and not fully justified, we cannot say that it was outrageous conduct or conduct which went beyond the bounds of decency.
It, too, cannot be gainsaid that Nicholas’s corrective review, lasting over a year, was longer than was customary. Notwithstanding, the record further shows that this delay can be attributed to administrative errors on Allstate’s part that Allstate itself detected through internal controls that worked to protect Nicholas. For instance, the 119corrective review that Ebbs attempted to give Nicholas on May 10, 1984, had to be withdrawn because it was discovered that the regional office had not approved the action and Ebbs had miscalculated Nicholas’s goals. That Nicholas was not given credit for his insurance production during the withdrawn review period, though seemingly unfair, can be related to Allstate’s goal of encouraging production. See, e.g., Deus, 15 F.3d at 506 (holding that employer may call upon an employee to do more than others, use special review on particular employees and not others to downgrade performance). Another example was the extension of Nicholas’s corrective review that occurred in the Spring of 1985 because Ebbs failed to meet regularly with Nicholas as had been promised in the preceding review. Although these occurrences lengthened Nicholas’s corrective review, the proper functioning of Allstate’s internal controls clearly necessitated this delay — all for the protection and benefit of Nicholas. Likewise, it can also be said that Nicholas’s mishandling of a cancellation of Beulah McCormick’s policy in the Fall of 1984 further complicated the review process and ultimately resulted in his placement on permanent personal review for having mishandled funds in that matter. Thus, it cannot be said that Allstate purposefully abused the corrective review process to cause Nicholas emotional distress.
Finally, Nicholas urges that Monie’s continued involvement in the review process after Rhodes replaced him as territorial sales manager was unseemingly intrusive and abusive. Exemplifying Monie’s intentional action toward him, Nicholas _[¿ícites Rhodes’s abrupt reversal of position toward Ebbs’s recommendation that Nicholas be removed from the review process. Nicholas claims that Monie colored Rhodes’s attitude against him. In explanation of the chronology of events, Monie and Rhodes point out that Monie’s continued involvement can be justified by the fact that Rhodes was new to the position whereas Monie had been involved in Nicholas’s review process from the beginning. Although we recognize the sharp reversal of Rhodes’s opinion regarding the continuation of Nicholas’s corrective review, we must acknowledge that reliance on Monie’s knowledge is fully explainable as an example of shared information that normally occurs when there is a change in supervisory personnel in the corporate setting. It would be foolhardy on our part not to recognize such activity in this age where mobility within a national corporation, such as Allstate, regularly occurs. Again, although we might question Monie’s motives, we recognize that disciplinary action and conflict in a pressure-packed workplace environment, though calculated to cause some degree of mental anguish, are not ordinarily actionable. White, 585 So.2d at 1210.
Moreover, the evidence fails to show that Allstate and Monie knew that severe emotional distress would be substantially certain to follow because of their conduct. Even though the record establishes that Nicholas began treatment for symptoms of anxiety in the early 1980s, long before both the initiation of corrective review and his termination, it is equahy clear that neither Allstate nor Nicholas’s supervisors were ever aware of that fact. Likewise, although Nicholas genuinely felt humihated, anxious, confused, upset and worried because of the corrective review process, we cannot say that Nicholas’s emotional distress was more than a reasonable employee might be expected to endure in the workplace. Compare: Bustamento, 607 So.2d at 532; Walters, 706 So.2d at 503; Wright, 643 So.2d at 484; Harris, 73 F.3d at 321; Bristow, 41 F.3d at 345; Bernard, 861 F.Supp. at 1006.
FRAUD & DETRIMENTAL RELIANCE CLAIMS
Nicholas further argued to the jury that Allstate acted fraudulently in his dismissal. Nicholas focuses on the number of categories used in his evaluation and Allstate’s reliance on a “reconstructed” personnel file with regard to his work history.
It is well accepted that fraud is the misrepresentation or suppression of the truth intentionally made to obtain an unjust advantage over another, or to cause either a loss or inconvenience to another party. La. Cxv.Code art. 1953.
George Bishop testified at length about the 27 categories that Ebbs used to determine that Nicholas was the lowest producing agent. Bishop identified that the categories used to measure Nicholas were actual lines of production available through Allstate and appeared in the Agent Growth, Profit Profile. He further testified that the personnel within the human resources department verified the computer generated figures and concluded that based upon these figures Nicholas was the lowest producer in his peer group. Thus, there was no evidence presented to show that the figures produced were fraudulently calculated.
It was established at trial that Allstate “reconstructed” Nicholas’s personnel file for trial purposes. In this regard, Nicholas primarily relies upon the fact that Ebbs’s memos which recommended his removal from corrective review were absent. We find this of no moment. Even assuming that Ebbs’s letters did urge Nicholas’s removal from corrective review, at best these were recommendations and were subject to rejection by Ebbs’s supervisors.
Nicholas further contended in the trial court he relied upon Allstate to perform several promises to his detriment. He relies upon Ebbs’s promised assistance during 1 P!>the corrective review process and the duty Allstate owed him not to “lose” policy applications he may have submitted.
La. Civ.Code art. 1967 provides, in pertinent part:
A party may be obligated by a promise when he knew or should have known that the promise would induce the other party to rely on it to his detriment and the other party was reasonable in so relying.
In Morris v. Friedman, 94-2808 (La.11/27/95), 668 So.2d 19, 25, and cases cited therein, we recognized three elements required for the application of detrimental reliance: (1) a representation by conduct or work; (2) justifiable reliance thereon; and (3) a change of position to one’s detriment because of the reliance.
It was well established at trial that Allstate assured Nicholas that Ebbs would assist him during the process of corrective review. As we noted above, Allstate’s supervisory personnel recognized that Ebbs failed to live up to this commitment. Accordingly, Allstate unilaterally extended Nicholas’s corrective review because of that fact in hope of fulfilling its promise. In light of Allstate’s corrective action, we find no merit to Nicholas’s contention in regard to this assertion.
Nicholas further urges that it was implicit in his employment relationship that Allstate would faithfully guard against the loss of any policy application that he might forward to them for acceptance. Thus, he asserts that Allstate’s loss of two applications during his corrective review constituted a breach of its implied promise to him. Although it was established that Nicholas did not receive credit for these two applications, the evidence does not perponderate that Allstate deliberately lost these policies. Even if these policies had been found, the record contains no evidence that l^the applications would have passed Allstate’s underwriting criteria. Thus, we find that Nicholas failed to present a prima facie case of detrimental reliance.
DECREE
For the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the lower courts are reversed and set aside. Judgment is hereby rendered in favor of Allstate Insurance Company and William Monie, Jr. and against Rodney Nicholas and Neva Nicholas, dismissing their claims with prejudice. Costs of these proceedings are assessed to the plaintiffs.
REVERSED.
CALOGERO, C.J., dissents and assigns reasons.
Victory, J., recused, not on panel. Rule IV, Part 2, § 3.
. The amended agreement did not define what was considered "unsatisfactory work” or what time was encompassed by the term "reasonable opportunity.”
.In reversing the jury awards for loss of income and lost retirement benefits, the appellate court reasoned that the contract provisos that called for notice and an improvement period did not establish a fixed term of employment and did not restrict Allstate's authority to determine in its sole discretion when an agent’s performance was unsatisfactory and to decide that an employee had not achieved satisfactory improvement. Nicholas, 739 So.2d at 838.
. Because of our determination of the merits adverse to Nicholas, we do not reach the prescription issue addressed in the appellate court.
. Although the Restatement is not binding on Louisiana courts, the restrictions and guidelines established therein for policy reasons do provide guidance to our courts in the adjudication of these claims. Steadman v. South Cent. Bell Tel. Co., 362 So.2d 1144 (La.App. 2 Cir.1978); White, 585 So.2d at 1209-10.
. In one sense, it appears that the appellate court informally addressed the question in a pro forma manner in the footnote and, without much examination, resolved the issue in favor of manifest error review. Notwithstanding, we find that the appellate court erred as a matter of law in its resolution of the jury instruction question.
. For completeness, we further observe that the plaintiffs likewise submitted jury instructions in line with White.
. In making this statement, we in no way abrogate that body of jurisprudence which requires that a party must assert an objection in the trial court in order for an appellate court to reach the issue, whether by assignment of error or otherwise. See, e.g., Roadrunner Motor Rebuilders, Inc. v. Ryan, 603 So.2d 214, 219-20 (La.App. 1 Cir.1992); Haltom v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 588 So.2d 792, 794 (La.App. 2 Cir.1991). As observed in this matter, the defendants objected to the jury instructions and incorporated their proposed White instructions in their objection. We further note that our analysis of this issue does not signal our intention to abolish the requirement that constitutional issues be specifically pleaded and argued in the trial court. Vallo v. Gayle Oil Co., 94-1238 (La. 11/30/94), 646 So.2d 859, 864 (noting that the requirements of Lemire v. New Orleans Public Serv., Inc., 458 So.2d 1308 (La.1984) "that the constitutionality of a statute must first be questioned in the trial court and that the plea of unconstitutionality must be specifically pled to be considered by the trial court”).
. See infra pp. 1026-28.
. See infra pp. 1025-26.
. Even though we, like the appellate court, have appellate jurisdiction of both law and fact in civil matters, and may perform an independent review and render judgment on the merits, see Buckbee v. United Gas Pipe Line Co., 561 So.2d 76 (La.1990) (citing La. Const, art. V, § 5(C) and Thomas v. Missouri Pacific R.R. Co., 466 So.2d 1280 (La.1985)), we have not always chosen to conduct a de novo review of the record. Our reasons for opting not to conduct a de novo review is usually prompted by two considerations. First, the appellate courts of this state are charged with the primary responsibility of reviewing the trial court's factual findings. Second, we have consistently recognized that the "proper allocation of functions between the lower appellate courts and the Supreme Court is best served by consigning the first appellate review to the court of appeal and preserving to this Court discretionary review upon the litigant’s petition for certiorari.” Buckbee, 561 So.2d at 87 (citing Canter v. Koehring Co., 283 So.2d 716, 724 (La.1973) for the proposition that the preservation of the proper allocation of functions between the trial and appellate courts is one reason the appellate courts adhere to the manifest error standard of review). In the present case, we find it appropriate for us to reach the merits of the case because the appellate court fleshed out the salient factual differences in its majority and dissenting opinions.
. Some courts have held that the conduct of an employer toward its employee does not ordinarily give rise to a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. See, e.g. Tischmann v. ITT/Sheraton Corp., 882 F.Supp. 1358 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (applying New York law) (holding that a former employee cannot utilize claims for intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress to circumvent the employment-at-will doctrine; to hold otherwise would undermine an employer's ability to demote (or dismiss) its employees); Glasgow v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 901 F.Supp. 1185 (N.D.Miss.) (applying Mississippi law) (holding that mere employment disputes do not give rise to claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress claims and further noting that such a cause of action arising in the workplace is limited to those cases which display a pattern of deliberate, repeated harassment over a period of time); Pardasani v. Rack Room Shoes, Inc., 912 F.Supp. 187 (M.D.N.C.1996) (applying North Carolina law) (holding that the allegations of a former employee received poor performance evaluations, was not given promotions that others received, was excluded from training, and was finally terminated in retaliation for asserting an age discrimination claim did not state a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress); Pegues v. Emerson Elec. Co., 913 F.Supp. 976 (N.D.Miss.1996) (applying Mississippi law) (holding that an employer’s actions in the termination of an employee were within the domain of an ordinary employment dispute); Hockaday v. Texas Dept. of Criminal Justice, Pardons & Paroles Div., 914 F.Supp. 1439 (S.D.Tex.1996) (applying Texas law) (holding that employment disputes and even the termination of an employee in contravention of the Texas Whistle blowers Act did not constitute extreme and outrageous conduct); Herman v. United Brotherhood of Carpenters, 60 F.3d 1375 (9th Cir.1995) (holding that Nevada law precludes an employee's claim for emotional distress in the context of employment).
. Conduct within the context of sexual harassment is not included in this category. Reference to sexual harassment as a categorization of employer/supervisor misconduct is perhaps the most often recognized claim under a theory of intentional infliction of emotional distress. See, e.g., Prunty v. Arkansas Freightways, Inc., 16 F.3d 649 (5th Cir.1994); Barb v. Miles, Inc., 861 F.Supp. 356 (W.D.Pa.1994).
. See also, 12, supra.
. Compare this indirect statement to that which was directed to and personally heard by the employees in White. See p. 1022, supra.
. The evidence does not show any approved or recommended number of goals for corrective review. To the contrary, it seems that the number of goals fluctuated with each salesman. Although Nicholas was ultimately given 27 goals, Charles Scott had five 60-day goals, Bill Walsworth had four 60-day goals, and David Shelby had eight 60-day goals.
.According to DeLorenzo, Monie targeted him because he (DeLorenzo) earned more money than Monie. DeLorenzo thought that Monie's strategy was to bring him down to frighten less productive agents into working harder. He also felt that his demise would be further effective because he was well respected among the agents’ corp; he perceived Mo-nie’s stratagem as one which would utilize his downward progression with one goal in mind: the lowering of the fellow agents’ respect for DeLorenzo would cause them to flock to Mo-nie's camp.
. The one exception might be the two homeowners’ applications which were not credited to Nicholas’s production because management purportedly lost them while they were being processed. The record, however, fails to preponderate that this isolated instance was purposefully done.
. See footnote 14, supra.
. Nicholas failed to respond to a notice of cancellation of his customer’s policy. As. a result his mistake caused Allstate to pay the claim of another insurance company. Because of this, Allstate involved its internal security office in the investigation of Nicholas's financial records. Although it appears that Monie may have forged Ebbs’s name on a letter recommending that Nicholas be placed on permanent personal review because of this incident, we find this of little moment because Nicholas did not deny that he erred in this regard.
.In making this statement, we neither sanction nor give approval to Allstate’s manner in handling Nicholas’ corrective review. Rather, we simply find that Allstate’s conduct did not rise to the high threshold of extreme and outrageous conduct.
. We further note that Nicholas noted on a number of his annual performance reviews that he received ongoing supervisory assistance in improving his sales performance; he also stated several times that he did not need any further training from Allstate.
. Having found that Nicholas is not entitled to recovery, we further find that Neva Nicholas’s claim for loss of consortium also falls because her claim is derivative of her husband's. See Ferrell v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 96-3028 (La.7/1/97), 696 So.2d 569. | [
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] |
In re Nasworthy, Donald G.; applying for Reconsideration of this Court’s action dated May 5, 2000; Parish of Orleans, Criminal District Court, Div. E, No. 317-745; to the Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, No. 99-K-1541
Denied.
VICTORY, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
In re: Harold J. Vincent, applying for writ of mandamus and remedial writs.
Writ denied. District judge has acted on relator’s application stating that no further extensions of time will be granted to lodge appeal in this court. | [
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] |
In re: Kenneth W. Meyers applying for certiorari, or writ of review, to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, Parish of St. Tammany, 324 So.2d 562.
Not considered. Not timely filed. | [
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In re: Mrs. Peggy Jo Hilsmeyer Berry, applying for Certiorari, or writ of review, to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, Parish of E. Baton Rouge. 327 So.2d 521.
Writ denied. No error in the holding as to the issues before the Court. | [
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] |
In re: Louisiana Tax Commission and the State of Louisiana, applying for certio-rari, or writ of review, to the Court of Appeal, 4th Circuit, Parish of Orleans.
It is ordered that the writ of review issue; that the Court of Appeal send up the record in duplicate of the case; and that counsel for plaintiff and defendant be notified. | [
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] |
In re: Charles Weedon applying for Writs of Mandamus and Review.
Application denied. There is no showing of abuse or error in the ruling of the trial judge. | [
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] |
In re: Henry Martin, applying for writs of certiorari and habeas corpus.
Writ denied. The issues presented in this application were considered and disposed of previously by this Court after an evidentiary hearing in the district court. See 318 So.2d 45. | [
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BEER, Judge.
Plaintiff-appellant, Rivers Hall (hereafter, Hall) filed this workmen’s compensation suit in the Twenty-Fifth Judicial District Court for the Parish of St. Bernard on October 4, 1974. Defendant-appellee, Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Company (hereafter, Kaiser) peremptorily excepted to Hall’s petition, contending that Hall’s claim had prescribed on October 1, 1974, one year subsequent to his alleged injury. After a full hearing on the exception, the trial court dismissed Hall’s suit. The sole issue before us is the correctness of the trial court’s determination that there was no merit to Hall’s contention that he received wages in lieu of compensation, thus interrupting prescription. We find that the record supports the trial court’s deter-’ mination and affirm.
Since the suit was filed more than a year after the accident, Hall had the burden of showing that prescription had been interrupted. Gulling v. E. I. Dupont de Nemours & Co., 228 So.2d 750 (La.App.4th Cir. 1969.) The only evidence which he offered in support of this contention was his uncorroborated testimony that while he reported to work and received his pay until his discharge in December, 1973, he had not performed any services whatsoever following his alleged injury on October 1, 1973.
The only period of time that is really important to this decision is the period between October 1, 1973 and October 4, 1973. If Hall was, as he alleged, receiving what would constitute wages in lieu of compensation during that brief period, his suit filed on October 4, 1974 would be timely. However, the record supports a finding that this was not the case. We believe that the trial court was correct in making a credibility determination adverse to plaintiff. There was a direct contradiction between witnesses in connection with the question of whether Hall worked or just sat around during this crucial period aqd we will not disturb the trial court’s credibility call. Canter v. Koehring Co., 283 So.2d 716 (La., 1973).
The judgment is affirmed at appellant’s cost.
Affirmed. | [
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] |
In re: Simon Smith, Jr., applying for writ of mandamus.
Writ refused. In view of advice that the trial judge has directed that relator be given jail time credit (letter February 19, 1976), this matter is now moot. | [
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|, GASKINS, J.
In this medical malpractice action, the plaintiff, Wilbert LaGrange, appeals from a trial court judgment sustaining an exception of prescription in favor of the defendant, Schumpert Medical Center. For the following reasons, we affirm.
FACTS
The plaintiff was hospitalized at Schum-pert Medical Center (Schumpert) from August 26, 1996 until September 25, 1996, for treatment of peripheral vascular disease with occlusion of the vessels of his left leg. Conservative treatment of the leg was not successful and the limb was amputated below the knee on August 27, 1996. The stump did not heal properly, resulting in an additional amputation above the knee on September 12, 1996. The hospital records reflect that the plaintiff complained that on September 16, 1996, hospital personnel struck the stump of his left leg into a metal bed frame while transferring him from one bed to another.
On September 25, 1996, the plaintiff was transferred to Dubuis Hospital. On October 9, 1996, the plaintiff was brought back to Schumpert for one day where additional surgery was performed on the amputation site. Operative notes indicate that this surgery was necessitated by a breakdown of the site caused by falling on it within a week before this surgery. Apparently the plaintiff was discharged from Dubuis in October 1996.
The plaintiff filed his petition to convene a medical review panel on October 2, 1997. The plaintiff asserts that due to the negligent care he received at Schumpert, he developed a decubitus ulcer on his right heel. He also alleged that as a consequence of the “negligent handling of his person” he further injured his left lower extremity at the original surgery site, causing infection and gangrene and ^necessitating additional surgeries. Apparently no other action was taken in this matter until November 4, 1998, when Schumpert filed an exception of prescription, pursuant to La. R.S. 40:1299.47B(2)(a). Schumpert asserted that the plaintiff was aware of all instances of alleged negligence as they occurred and that he was discharged from Schumpert on September 25, 1996. Therefore, the filing on October 2, 1997, of the petition to convene a medical review panel shows that his claims have prescribed on the face of the petition. The trial court agreed with Schumpert’s reasoning and granted the exception of prescription in a judgment filed September 8,1999. The plaintiff appealed.
LEGAL PRINCIPLES
We review the factual conclusions of the trial judge under the manifest error/clearly wrong standard of review as articulated in Stobart v. State, Through Department of Transportation and Development, 617 So.2d 880 (La.1993). See also Herold v. Martinez, 30,684 (La.App.2d Cir.6/24/98), 715 So.2d 660, writ denied, 98-1932 (La.11/6/98), 727 So.2d 448.
Regarding the prescriptive period for medical malpractice claims, La. R.S. 9:5628 provides in pertinent part:
No action for damages for injury or death against any physician, ... [or] hospital duly licensed under the laws of this state, ... whether based upon tort, or breach of contract, or otherwise, arising out of patient care shall be brought unless filed within one year from the date of the alleged act, omission, or neglect, or within one year from |sthe date of discovery of the alleged act, omission, or neglect; however, even as to claims filed within one year from the date of such discovery, in all events such claims shall be filed at the latest within a period of three years from the date of the alleged act, omission, or neglect.
Generally, the burden of proving that a suit has prescribed rests with the party pleading prescription. However, when the plaintiffs petition shows on its face that the prescriptive period has expired, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate suspension or interruption of the prescriptive period. Wilkes v. Carroll, 30,066 (La.App.2d Cir.12/10/97), 704 So.2d 938.
When it appears on the face of the petition that prescription has accrued, the plaintiff must allege and prove facts indicating that the injury and its causal relationship to the alleged misconduct were not apparent or discoverable until within one year before the suit was filed. White v. Willis-Knighton Medical Center, 25,575 (La.App.2d Cir.2/23/94), 632 So.2d 1198, writ denied, 94-1024 (La.6/17/94), 638 So.2d 1098.
The one year prescriptive period commences on the date that an injured party discovers or should have discovered the facts on which to base a cause of action. When a party has sufficient information to incite curiosity, to excite attention, or to put a reasonably minded person on guard and call for inquiry, he or she has the constructive knowledge necessary to start the running of prescription. Herold v. Martinez, supra. The law of prescription does not require that the patient be informed by a medical practitioner or an attorney of possible malpractice before the commencement of the running of prescription. Dixon v. Louisiana State University Medical Center, 33,036 (La.App.2d Cir.1/26/00), 750 So.2d 408.
Constructive knowledge sufficient to begin the running of prescription requires more than a mere apprehension that something might be wrong, but a “reasonable basis for filing suit against a defendant” is sufficient. Kavanaugh v. Long, 29,380 (La.App.2d Cir.8/20/97), 698 So.2d 730, writ denied, 97-2554 (La.5/15/98), 719 So.2d 67. In other words, the simple knowledge that “an undesirable condition has developed at some time after the medical treatment” does not equate to knowledge of everything to which inquiry might lead. The issue is the reasonableness of the patient’s action or inaction, in fight of his education and intelligence, severity of symptoms, and the nature of the defendant’s conduct. Kavanaugh v. Long, supra.
Prescription does not run as long as it is reasonable for the plaintiff not to recognize that the condition may be related to treatment. When a plaintiff has knowledge of facts strongly suggestive that the untoward condition or result may be the result of improper treatment and there is no effort by the health care provider to mislead or cover up information which is available to the plaintiff through inquiry or professional medical or legal advice, then the facts and the cause of action are reasonably knowable to the plaintiff. Inaction by the plaintiff for more than one year under these circumstances is not reasonable. Herold v. Martinez, supra; White v. Willis-Knighton Medical Center, supra; Bossier v. Ramos, 29,766 (La.App.2d Cir.8/20/97), 698 So.2d 711, writ denied, 97-2583 (La.12/19/97), 706 So.2d 463; Chandler v. Highland Clinic, 28,204 (La.App.2d Cir.4/3/96), 671 So.2d 1271. Ignorance of the probable extent of the injuries materially differs from ignorance of actual harm, which delays the commencement of prescription. Dufriend v. Tumminello, 590 So.2d 1354 (La.App. 5th Cir.1991), writ denied, 592 So.2d 1335 (La.1992).
DISCUSSION
On appeal, the plaintiff argues that the petition to convene a medical review panel was timely and the trial court erred in granting the exception of prescription in favor of Schumpert. He contends that during his hospital stay, he was confused and disoriented due to medication and does not know the exact date of the | ¿formation of the ulcer on his heel or when he fell, re-injuring his left leg stump. For these reasons, the plaintiff argues that his petition for a medical review panel filed on October 2,1997, was timely.
Regarding the decubitus ulcer on his right heel, the plaintiff argues that the date of formation of this ulcer is unknown, but it was first noted in his hospital records on September 25, 1996. In his deposition, the plaintiff stated that while at Schumpert, he received no treatment for the ulcer. The plaintiff also contends that his treating orthopedic surgeon told him that the sore was caused by substandard treatment. At some points in the record, the plaintiff contends that this conversation took place while he was a patient at Schumpert and at other points the plaintiff contends that the conversation occurred in the physician’s office after the plaintiff was released from Dubuis Hospital. According to the plaintiff, it was not until some time in 1997 that he learned that the decubitus ulcer would be slow to heal and might require surgery. He asserts that it was only at that point that he realized that the ulcer was related to treatment, so as to trigger the one year prescriptive period.
The record does not support the plaintiffs allegations. Hospital records show that as early as September 6, 1996, the beginning of the decubitus ulcer was noted. In the plaintiffs deposition, he stated that he noticed the decubitus ulcer after returning to his hospital room from the ICU after one of his surgeries. Hospital records show that the plaintiffs last transfer from ICU was on September 14, 1996. Numerous entries in the hospital record show that the heel was bandaged and routinely treated while the plaintiff was in Schumpert. According to the hospital records, the plaintiff was frequently instructed not to push against his right heel in order to reposition himself while in bed. The records further show that the plaintiff indicated that he understood the instruction.
|fiThe record shows that the plaintiff was aware of the formation of the decubitus ulcer on his heel in September 1996. However, he failed to file his petition to convene a medical review panel until October 1997. The plaintiffs claim regarding his heel had prescribed on its face. Therefore, it was the plaintiffs burden to prove that the injury and its causal relationship to the alleged misconduct were not apparent or discoverable until one year before the suit was filed. The record fails to support such a finding. The plaintiff was apprised of the alleged actual harm, even if he was not aware of the extent of the injury, before the date of his discharge from Schumpert. Further, there is no showing of any attempt on the part of Schumpert to mislead or cover up information regarding this condition. All information was available to the plaintiff through inquiry or medical or legal advice in September 1996. Prescription on his claim regarding his heel commenced on or before September 25,1996. Accordingly, the plaintiffs inaction regarding any claim for more than one year was not reasonable.
The plaintiff additionally claims that he received injuries to the amputation site of his left leg which resulted in further surgeries. However, the plaintiff has failed to show that any claim for injury to his left leg has not prescribed. At one point the plaintiff seems to argue that the amputation site was injured when struck on the bed frame at Schumpert in September 1996. He then later urges in his appellate brief that he suffered a fall on or after October 2, 1996, while a patient at Dubuis Hospital, which required additional surgery to the amputation site. In support of this argument, the plaintiff cites hospital and operative notes on October 8, 1996, stating that the plaintiff had a breakdown of the amputation site caused by falling on it about one week earlier. Under either theory, the plaintiff has faded to show that his medical malpractice claim against Schumpert, regarding injury to his amputation site, was timely.
|7In his deposition, the plaintiff claimed that the stump of his left leg was struck against a metal bed frame, resulting in injury which required additional surgeries. The hospital records show that the plaintiff claimed this incident occurred on September 16, 1996. This was after the second surgery at Schumpert. He has failed to show that this incident was not apparent or discoverable until one year before suit was filed. There is no showing that this injury resulted in additional amputation of the leg. Again, the plaintiff was aware of this alleged injury in September 1996. Therefore, any medical malpractice claim he might have based upon this incident had prescribed when the petition for a medical review panel was filed in October 1997.
On appeal, the plaintiff argued that he suffered another fall and injury to the leg on or after October 2, 1996. However, he has failed to show any information regarding when or how this alleged injury occurred. In his deposition testimony, the plaintiff was specifically asked about injury to his left leg. The plaintiff related only the alleged injury on September 16, 1996. The plaintiff was asked, “Now were there any other traumatic events during your Schumpert stay or your stay at Dubuis?” He responded, “No, sir.”
It is important to note that any alleged injury on or after October 2,1996 occurred not at Schumpert, but at Dubuis. The plaintiff has not asserted a medical malpractice claim against Dubuis Hospital. The plaintiff has claimed medical malpractice only against Schumpert and has failed to demonstrate that Schumpert and Du-buis are the same legal entity. Accordingly, we find that he trial court was not manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong in sustaining the exception of prescription filed in this matter by Schumpert.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we affirm the trial court judgment sustaining an exception of prescription in favor of the defendant, Schumpert Medical Center, |sand dismissing the claims of the plaintiff, Wilbert LaGrange. Costs in this court are assessed to the plaintiff.
AFFIRMED.
. It also appears that at some point in the proceedings the plaintiff complained that he was allowed to fall in a hallway at Schumpert and sustained a blow to his head. He also complained that the food was inadequate and he lost a lot of weight. However, on the present appeal, the plaintiff does not argue these last two instances of alleged negligence.
. La. R.S. 40:1299.47B(2)(a) provides:
A health care provider, against whom a claim has been filed under the provisions of this Part, may raise any exception or defenses available pursuant to R.S. 9:5628 in a court of competent jurisdiction and proper venue at any time without need for completion of the review process by the medical review panel. | [
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|! MARCUS, Justice.
This suit arises out of an automobile accident that occurred on July 21, 1991, when Abigail Farbe and Stephen Beaver were traveling in opposite directions around a sharp curve on Louisiana Highway 451 in Avoyelles Parish. Beaver, whose blood alcohol level was .17, lost control of his vehicle and entered Farbe’s lane of travel, causing a head-on collision. Beaver was killed instantly and Farbe sustained severe injuries.
Farbe brought a personal injury action against the estate of Stephen Beaver, his insurer, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, the owner of the vehicle driven by Beaver, Charles K. Marion-neaux, Jr., his insurer, Casualty Reciprocal Exchange, Farbe’s uninsured/underin-sured motorist carrier, Louisiana Indemnity Company, and the State of Louisiana, through the Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD). The parents of Stephen Beaver, Philip and Cynthia Beaver, were later added as defendants. DOTD filed third-party claims against the estate of Stephen Beaver,' State Farm, and Casualty Reciprocal Exchange, seeking contribution and/or indemnity in the event DOTD was cast in judgment.
Before trial, Farbe received policy limits of $100,000 from Stephen Beaver’s insurer, State Farm, and $25,000 from Charles Marionneaux’s insurer, Casualty Reciprocal Exchange. In consideration of these payments she released Stephen Beaver, his Restate, Philip and Cynthia Beaver, State Farm, Charles Marionneaux, Jr., and Casualty Reciprocal Exchange. She also received $9,900 from Louisiana Indemnity Company, her uninsured/underinsured motorist carrier, and $5,000 in medical benefits.
Trial proceeded against DOTD, the only remaining defendant. After a bench trial, the trial court found that DOTD shared responsibility for the accident due to the severity of the curve and the defective design of the highway where the accident occurred. The court further determined that Beaver was 80% at fault and DOTD was 20% at fault. Farbe’s total damages award was $406,866.35. Following Harvey v. Travelers Insurance Company, 163 So.2d 915 (La.App. 3d Cir.1964), the trial court granted DOTD a credit of 80% against the damages award because DOTD’s right to contribution from Beaver’s estate was prejudiced by plaintiffs settlement with the estate before trial. Accordingly, judgment was rendered in favor of Farbe and against DOTD in the amount of $81,373.27, which was 20% of the total damages award. Both Farbe and DOTD appealed this judgment.
The court of appeal affirmed the finding that DOTD was 20% at fault in causing the accident. However, the court amended the judgment to hold DOTD liable in solido for 50% of the damages, or $203,433.00, pursuant to Civil Code article 2324(B) as it existed in 1991 and Touchard v. Williams, 617 So.2d 885 (La.1993). The court felt compelled to follow Touchard and find DOTD solidarity liable up to 50% despite plaintiffs settlement with Beaver. Upon DOTD’s application, we granted certiorari “primarily to consider the solidarity issue.”
The sole issue under our consideration is whether DOTD is entitled to receive a credit against the judgment in accordance with the percentage of fault assigned to the released tortfeasor | a(80%) or whether DOTD is solidarity liable for 50% of the judgment.
Up until 1987, Louisiana law recognized complete solidary liability among joint tortfeasors such that any one of multiple tortfeasors could be compelled to pay the entire judgment. La. Civ.Code art. 2324 (1979); La. Civ.Code art. 1794 (1984); Joseph v. Ford Motor Co., 509 So.2d 1, 2 (La.1987); Reid v. Lowden, 192 La. 811, 815, 189 So. 286, 287 (1939); Cline v. Crescent City R.R. Co., 41 La. Ann. 1031, 1039-1040, 6 So. 851, 854-55 (1889). However, that year Civil Code article 2324 was amended to provide in pertinent part:
A. He who conspires with another person to commit an intentional or willful act is answerable, in solido, with that person for the damage caused by such act.
B. If liability is not solidary pursuant to Paragraph A, or as otherwise' provided by law, then liability for damages caused by two or more persons shall be solidary, only to the extent necessary for the person suffering injury, death, or loss to recover fifty percent of his recoverable damages....
This court interpreted the 1987 amendment in Touchard v. Williams, 617 So.2d 885. After a thorough examination of the legislative history, we determined that the legislature intended to retain solidary liability among joint tortfeasors but cap each defendant’s liability at 50% of the plaintiffs recoverable damages. Thus, a tort-feasor found to be minimally at fault would only be liable for half the judgment rather than the whole. The 1987 version of Civil Code article 2324 is applicable in this case because it was in effect in 1991 when plaintiffs accident occurred.
The doctrine of contribution serves to mitigate the harsh effects of solidary liability by permitting a tortfeasor who has paid more than his share of a solidary obligation to seek [ reimbursement from the other tortfeasors for their respective shares of the judgment. La. Civ.Code art. 1804. The source of the right to claim contribution is subrogation to the plaintiffs rights against the remaining tortfea-sors. Perkins v. Scaffolding Rental and Erection Serv., Inc., 568 So.2d 549, 551 (La.1990). Contribution rights are enforced by joining potential solidary co-obli-gors as third-party defendants. La. Civ. Code art. 1805.
When a plaintiff settles with and releases one of several joint tortfeasors, he deprives the remaining obligors of the right to contribution against the released obligor. Taylor v. United States Fidelity & Guar. Ins. Co., 630 So.2d 237, 239 (La.1993); Harvey v. Travelers Ins. Co., 163 So.2d 915, 921-22 (La.App. 3d Cir.1964). As comment (c) to article 1805 explains, “[a]n obligor who has been released by his obligee is no longer an obligor and therefore cannot be made a third party.” In other words, once a plaintiff releases one solidary obligor, the plaintiff has no further rights against that obligor to which a remaining obligor can be subrogated. Cunningham v. Hardware Mut. Cas. Co., 228 So.2d 700, 704 (La.App. 1st Cir.1969).
Accordingly, Civil Code articles 1803 and 1804 govern the effect of a plaintiffs settlement with one joint tortfeasor upon the rights of the remaining obligors. These articles provide in pertinent part:
Article 1803
Remission of debt by the obligee in favor of one obligor, or a transaction or compromise between the obligee and one obligor, benefits the other solidary obligors in the amount of the portion of that obligor.
Article 1804
Among solidary obligors, each is liable for his virile portion ... If the obligation arises from an offense or quasi-offense, a virile portion is proportionate to the fault of each obligor.
Long before the legislature capped solidary liability in 1987, Louisiana courts developed the rule, codified in article 1803, that a plaintiffs settlement with one soli-dary obligor reduces his | Rrecovery against the remaining obligors by the amount of the released obligor’s portion of the debt. Taylor, 630 So.2d at 239; Harvey, 163 So.2d at 921-22. This court has consistently followed this settlement credit rule, although we have adjusted the method of reduction in response to the introduction of the comparative fault system of tort liability. Taylor, 630 So.2d at 239. Before comparative fault, when the debt was divided equally among joint tortfeasors, the settlement credit was calculated in proportion to the total number of tortfeasors found to be solidarily liable. Wall v. Am. Employers Ins. Co., 386 So.2d 79, 85 (La.1980); Canter v. Koehring Co., 283 So.2d 716, 727-28 (La.1973); Harvey, 163 So.2d at 921-22. Now, under article 1804 and comparative fault principles, judgments are reduced in proportion to the percentage of fault allocated to the released tort-feasor. Taylor, 630 So.2d at 239; Buckbee v. Aweco, Inc., 614 So.2d 1233, 1239 (La.1993); Dill v. State of La., Dep’t of Transp. and Dev., 545 So.2d 994, 997 (La.1989). Importantly, a nonsettling tortfea-sor is entitled to a reduction in the judgment only if he proves at trial that the released party was at fault and therefore solidarily hable. Steptoe v. Lallie Kemp Hosp., 93-1359, p. 11-12 (La.3/21/94), 634 So.2d 331, 337; Taylor, 630 So.2d at 239; Raley v. Carter, 412 So.2d 1045, 1046 (La.1982).
There is no question that in this case plaintiff validly released the estate of Stephen Beaver as part of her settlement with the insurers. The remaining defendant, DOTD, successfully proved at trial that Beaver was 80% at fault in causing the accident. If there had been no settlement with Beaver, DOTD would have been solidarily liable for 50% of plaintiffs recoverable damages under 2324(B) and Touch-ard, but would have been entitled to seek contribution from Beaver’s estate for the 30% of that liability that was properly Beaver’s share. However, because plaintiffs settlement deprived DOTD of' the right to enforce contribution against the estate, under articles 1803-04 the effect IfiOf the settlement was to reduce the amount of recoverable damages against DOTD by 80%. Under the old law of complete solidary liability, a proportionate credit would have been granted. The fact that DOTD’s solidary Lability was capped at 50% under article 2324(B) and Touch-ard does not alter DOTD’s right to receive a settlement credit for Beaver’s portion of the debt under articles 1803-04.
Plaintiff urges us to make an exception to articles 1803-04 when the released tortfeasor is insolvent. She contends that the rights of DOTD to seek contribution from. Beaver’s estate were not prejudiced by the settlement because evidence introduced át trial showed that the estate was insolvent. There is simply no basis for such an insolvency exception in the language of articles 1803 or 1804 or in the long line of jurisprudence that has granted a settlement credit to nonsettling solidary obligors. Moreover, when plaintiff settled with Beaver’s insurers and released his estate, she was fully aware that any judgment obtained against DOTD would be reduced by the percentage of fault allocated to Beaver at trial. See Moon v. City of Baton Rouge, 522 So.2d 117, 129 (La.App. 1st Cir.1987) (on second rehearing). Plaintiffs must weigh many uncertain factors in the settlement process, including how many tortfeasors will ultimately be held liable for their injuries, the degree of fault that each tortfeasor will bear, and their total amount of damages. Martha Chamallas, Comparative Fault and Multiple Party Litigation in Louisiana: A Sampling of the Problems, 40 La. L.Rev. 373, 394 (1980). If plaintiffs miscalculate these factors, and the amount they receive in settlement differs from the portion of damages ultimately attributed to the released tortfeasor at trial, they may either reap a windfall or suffer a loss. J¿Taylor, 630 So.2d at 239 n. 9. Therefore, Louisiana courts do not look to the settle ment amount received by a plaintiff when determining the credit granted to the remaining solidary obligors. Taylor, 630 So.2d at 239; Joseph, 509 So.2d at 3. The net worth of the released obligor is similarly irrelevant to the calculation of the settlement credit.
Finally, we note that DOTD has raised as error the lower courts’ factual finding that it was 20% at fault in plaintiffs accident. In granting the application for cer-tiorari on the legal issue of DOTD’s entitlement to a settlement credit, we did not intend to address this issue. Therefore, we will recall the writ as to this issue and deny the application insofar as it pertains to the allocation of 20% fault to DOTD. See Ruiz v. Oniate, 97-2412, p. 12 (La.5/19/98), 713 So.2d 442, 449; Sanders v. Zeagler, 96-1170, p. 6 (La.1/14/97), 686 So.2d 819, 823; Ledbetter v. Concord Gen. Corp., 95-0809, p. 8 (La.1/6/96), 665 So.2d 1166, 1171.
DECREE
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the court of appeal is reversed insofar as it amended the judgment of the trial court to cast DOTD solidarity liable for 50% of plaintiffs recoverable damages. The judgment of the trial court finding DOTD hable for 20% of the damages is reinstated. In all other respects, the writ is recalled and denied. All costs on appeal and in this court are assessed against plaintiff.
Knoll, J., not on panel, recused. Rule IV, Part 2, § 3.
. 99-341 (La.App. 3d Cir. 10/27/99), 746 So.2d 228.
. 2000-0076 (La.3/17/00), 755 So.2d 890.
. In 1996, Civil Code article 2324 was amended again to abolish solidary liability among joint tortfeasors except in the case of intentional torts. We have held that this amendment worked a substantive change in the law and is subject to prospective application only. Aucoin v. State of La. through the Dep’t of Transp. and Dev., 97-1938, p. 9-10 (La.4/24/98), 712 So.2d 62, 67. Therefore, the relevant version of article 2324 is that which existed at the time of the accident. Id.
. The only evidence of insolvency introduced at trial was the Affidavit of Death and Heir-ship filed in Stephen Beaver’s succession proceedings, which showed that the estate had a negative balance of $2,328.99. We do not pass on the sufficiency of this evidence to prove insolvency because of our finding that insolvency is irrelevant to the issue presented in this case. | [
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In re: Vernie Ray Miller applying for Writs of Review.
Writ denied. In absence of an indictment, defendant is entitled to a hearing to determine whether he is entitled to bail. La.Code Crim.P. art. 313(1). Bail hearing is ordered, otherwise the application is denied. | [
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In re Nixon, Ted et al.; Nixon, Rita d/b/a; Nixon Associates; — Defendant(s); Applying for Writ of Certiorari and/or Review, Parish of E. Baton Rouge, 19th Judicial District Court Div. A, No. 405,058; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. 99 CA 0378
Denied.
MARCUS, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
hMcMANUS, Judge.
STATEMENT OF CASE
This is a suspensive appeal from a district court judgment finding that the former insurer of a pest control business is liable for termite damage that manifested after the policy period. For the following reasons, we reverse.
The plaintiffs, James Pest Control and Louisiana Pest Control Insurance Company (hereafter LPCIC), filed suit against Scottsdale Insurance Company (hereafter SIC) alleging that SIC is liable for termite damage to a condominium, 809 Rue Ro-yale, that occurred during James Pest Control’s policy period with SIC. LPCIC avers that the damages occurred prior to the inception of its policy with James Pest Control, therefore, SIC is indebted to its insured James Pest Control pursuant to the terms of the insurance policy and to LPCIC by subrogation and assignment.
On March 19, 1996, James Pest Control and LPCIC filed its First Supplemental and Amending Petition averring that James Pest Control entered into a contract to treat the DeLimon Condominiums including 801 Rue Royale, 803 Rue Royale, 807 Rue Royale,-809 Rue Royale, 320 Rue St. Peter, 322 Rue St. Peter and 324 Rue St. Peter, all of which were found to have sustained termite damage. LPCIC paid the claims which totaled to $43,893.39. James Pest Control and LPCIC also aver that SIC was arbitrary Land capricious in refusing to pay for the damages sustained in the condominiums.
On August 6, 1997, James Pest Control and LPCIC filed a Petition for Declaratory Judgment, seeking judgment declaring that SIC provided insurance coverage to James Pest Control during the period that the damages occurred to the properties named in the suit.
On February 10,1998, SIC filed a Motion for Summary Judgment arguing that there is no genuine issue of material facts in this case and that SIC did not provide coverage because the termite damage did not occur during its policy period.
The trial court subsequently denied both the Petition for Declaratory Judgment and the Motion for Summary Judgment in open court. In a pre-trial order, the parties stipulated that the total amount of damages are $43,893.39. After trial on the merits on June 14,1999, the trial court rendered judgment for the plaintiffs in open court.
On June 28, 1999, the trial court signed the judgment rendered on June 14,1999, in favor of James Pest Control, Inc. and LPCIC against SIC for these amounts:
801 Rue Royale (95% of $1154.52) $ 1,096.79
803 Rue Royale (80% of $2,522.23) $ 2,017.78
807 Rue Royale (95% of $14,066.25) $13,362.93
809 Rue Royale (80% of $7,481.64) $ 5,985.31
320 Rue St. Peter (80% of $2,518.00) $ 2,014.40
322 Rue St. Peter (95% of $12,448.00) $11,825.60
324 Rue St. Peter (80% of $3,662.75) $ 2,930.20
TOTAL $39,233.01
laThe* trial court also awarded costs, expert fees in the amount of $400.00, and legal interest from the date of judicial demand which was September 28,1995, for 809 Rue Royale and March 19, 1996, for the other condominiums. SIC timely appealed.
It was uncontested that SIC issued James Pest Control an occurrence type insurance policy. Over SIC’s policy period, termite infestation and damage were discovered at the DeLimon Condominium Complex. On April 19, 1995, LPCIC replaced SIC as James Pest Control’s insurer. Immediately after LPCIC began insuring James Pest Control, LPCIC was notified of termite damage at 801 Rue Royale, 803 Rue Royale, 805 Rue Royale, 807 Rue Royale, 809 Rue Royale, 320 Rue St. Peter, 322 Rue St. Peter, 324 Rue St. Peter.
Plaintiffs immediately notified SIC of the termite damage because they maintain that the damages occurred during SIC’s policy period. SIC paid for the damages to 805 Rue Royale because the damage was discovered on April 18, 1995, however, SIC denied coverage for damages associated with the other units. In good faith, LPCIC paid the owners of the condominiums $43,893.39.
FACTS
At trial, Robert A. James, Sr., testified that he was the owner of James Pest Control from 1964 to 1995. James Pest Control was insured by SIC from April 18, 1989 to April 19, 1995. Around April of 1984, James Pest Control began treating the DeLimon condominiums. Mr. James testified that James Pest Control treated soil prior to laying the condominiums’ foundation. After the condominiums were erected, James Pest Control Rtrenched and treated around the perimeter of the building.
Mr. James testified that on June 15, 1993, the prospective owner spotted dead termites in 801 Rue Royale and James Pest Control inspected the condominium pursuant to that complaint. On June 9, 1994, James Pest Control found termite damage to the window frame and door-frames of 801 Rue Royale. The owner of 801 Rue Royale filed a claim, and SIC paid it. On May 12, 1995, James Pest Control was notified that there was a swarm of termites in the kitchen. On May 18, 1995, James Pest Control inspected a hole in the wall but saw no visible damage. On June 26, 1995, James Pest Control received a complaint that a few boards outside on the rear patio had old termite damage. On cross-examination, Mr. James testified that the first evidence of termite damage in 1995 at 801 Rue Royale was noted on June 27,1995.
Mr. James testified that James Pest Control treated 803 Rue Royale in 1993 because either termites were spotted or the owners changed the soil. In 1994, James Pest Control inspected the condominium. On cross-examination, Mr. James testified that he first had notice that there was termite damage in 1995 at 803 Rue Royale on June 7,1995.
Mr. James testified that James Pest Control was informed on May 8, 1995, of termite damage in the front wall and window at 807 Rue Royale. Mr. James testified that there was also evidence of termite tunnels in the ceiling wall on January 12, 1995, indicating old termite damage. On June 1, 1995, James Pest Control conducted an inspection of the condominium and found evidence of live termites in the wall. On cross-examination, Mr. James testified that he first had notice that there was termite damage in 1995 at 807 Rue Royale on June 28,1995.
IsMr. James testified that on September 28, 1994, Formosan termites were found at 809 Rue Royale in the fascia boards on the left side of the porch. SIC paid for the damage to the fascia boards. On June 1, 1995, James Pest Control found termites in the front wall. On cross-examination, Mr. James testified that he first had notice that there was termite damage in 1995 at 809 Rue Royale on June 28,1995.
On July 17, 1995, Mr. James testified that he had notice that termite damage was discovered at 320 Rue St. Peter. On July 18, 1995, James Pest Control first learned that 822 Rue St. Peter had live termites. Mr. James testified that he was first notified that there was termite damage at 322 Rue St. Peter on July 18, 1995.
On June 26, 1995, termites were found in the rear living room of 324 Rue St. Peter. On August 21, 1995, the area was treated by the front door to keep termites from entering the building. On cross-examination, Mr. James testified that he was first notified of termite damage at 324 Rue St. Peter on June 26,1995.
Mr. James testified that he notified LPCIC of termite damage to condominiums 801 Rue Royale, 805 Rue Royale, 807 Rue Royale, and 324 Rue St. Peter on July 14, 1995. On July 17, 1995, Mr. James testified that he notified LPCIC that there was termite damage to 322 Rue St. Peter. Mr. James admitted that SIC usually paid the claims for termite damage when James Pest Control filed a claim.
Mr. James testified that Formosan termites did most of the damage, noting, however, termite sightings in a home does not indicate that there is damage to that home. Further, Mr. James testified that evidence of termite swarming is not evidence of damage to a building or structure. Mr. James Instated that an infestation of termites occurs when over 100 termites are spotted in a building.
Mr. Robert Kunst was accepted by the trial court as an expert in the field of termites and aging termite damage. Mr. Kunst testified that he inspected James Pest Control’s records, and he inspected the exterior of 801 Rue Royale, 803 Rue Royale, 805 Rue Royale, 807 Rue Royale, 809 Rue Royale, 320 Rue St. Peter, 322 Rue St. Peter, and 324 Rue St. Peter.
Mr. Kunst testified that termites attack a whole building and that there are two basic types of subterranean termites in Louisiana. He explained that the termites move their tentacles looking for cellulose material to eat, and as the termites find cracks in the structures, more termites migrate to the site until a colony developes within the structure. Mr. Kunst testified that the biomass of termites determines the rate at which a building or wood can be ingested. Mr. Kunst testified that termite damage occurs at a faster rate when the biomass of the tennite colony increases. It is generally accepted in the pest control profession that if termites are found in a building, there must be termite damage. For example, the State of Louisiana specifies that there must be disclosure of termite sightings on the Wood Destroying Insect Reports as part of an act of sale for a house.
Mr. Kunst opined that most of the infestations in these condominiums began between 1990 to 1992. These condominium buildings were treated with chlorinated hydrocarbon, which is a chemical that is extremely repulsive to insects. The termites, according to Mr. Kunst, broke' through one of the chlordane barriers or chlorinated hydrocarbon barrier by gaining access from the soil into the siding and moving up the exterior walls in the garage areas and the front of the buildings. The Rue Royale building was very heavily | Jnfested and the infestation probably began at 807 Rue Royale around 1990 and spread to the other condominiums. Another infestation began a year later at 801 Rue Royale, and the termites then moved to 805 Rue Royale in the early 1990’s. Around 1994, the termites moved to 809 Rue Royale. Mr. Kunst opined that 95 percent of the damage at 801 Rue Royale, 805 Rue Royale, and 807 Rue Royale occurred prior to the middle of 1995, 80-90 percent of the damage at 809 Rue Royale occurred prior to April 19, 1995, and that only 80-85 percent of the damage at 803 Rue Royale occurred prior to April 19, 1995.
He testified that the infestation at Rue St. Peter started in 322 in 1991. He testified that termites cover approximately % to • /& mile when they forage and foraging increases as the colony increases. Mr. Kunst estimated that 80-85 percent of the damage occurred at 320 Rue St. Peter prior to April 19, 1995, 95 percent of the damage was done at 322 Rue St. Peter before April 19, 1995, and only 80 percent of the damage occurred prior to April 19,-1995 at 324 Rue Peter.
Mr. Kunst testified he did not make an estimate on the size of the colony, however, Mr. Kunst opined that Formosan termites caused the termite damage at the DiLimon Condominiums.
The trial court found for the plaintiffs and provided oral reasons for judgment. In its reasons, the trial court stated that the plaintiffs met their burden of proof in showing that the termite damage occurred during the SIC policy period. The trial court further noted that Mr. Kunst rationally set forth the development of termite infestation in those two buildings. SIC timely appealed. On appeal, SIC assigns these trial court errors:
1) The trial court erred in finding that termite damage “manifested” during SIC’s policy period.
|s2) Robert Kunst, plaintiffs’ expert, was not qualified to testify as to the occurrence of termite damage.
3) The trial court erred in finding that LPCIC met its burden of proof in establishing subrogation rights.
We find merit in SIC’s first specification of error and pretermit the others.
Insurance Policy Coverage
In this specification, SIC argues that it does not provide coverage under its policy because the damage manifested itself during LPCIC’s coverage period which commenced after April 19, 1995. SIC specifically argues that the manifestation theory as set forth in Korossy v. Sunrise Homes, Inc., 94-473 (La.App. 5 Cir. 3/15/95), 653 So.2d 1215, writ denied, 95-1536 (La.9/29/95), 660 So.2d 878 (La.1996) is controlling in this case and that the property damage does not result until the damage manifests itself on the date of discovery.
James Pest Control and LPCIC respond that the termite damage occurred during SIC’s policy period as noted by Mr. Kunst, plaintiffs’ expert. James Pest Control and LPCIC further respond that Korossy is distinguishable on its facts because the Korossy court did not have any evidence on when the damage occurred, and thus, could not rule as to when the damage occurred while, conversely, there is credible evidence in this case that the damage occurred prior to April 19,1995.
The issue before this Court is whether the trial court erred in its implicit finding that the termite damage in these condominiums was caused by an occurrence during SIC’s policy period.
The insuring agreement of the SIC policy states:
l.a. We will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of “bodily injury” or “property damage” to which this insurance applies. We 19will have the right and duty to defend any “suit” seeking those damages. We may at our discretion investigate any “occurrence” and settle any claim or “suit” that may result.
The Insuring Agreement further states that:
b. The insurance applies to “bodily injury” and “property damage” only if
(1) The “bodily injury” or “property damage” is caused by an “occurrence”that takes place in the “coverage territory”; and
(2) The “bodily injury” or “property damage” occurs during the policy period.
The SIC policy defines “occurrence” and “property damage” as follows:
9. “Occurrence” means an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.
12. “Property damage” means:
a. Physical injury to tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that property. All such loss of use shall be deemed to occur at the time of the physical injury that caused it; or
b. Loss of use of tangible property that is not physically injured. All such loss shall be deemed to occur at the time of the “occurrence” that caused it.
The insuring agreement of LPCIC states:
a. We will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of “bodily injury” or. “property damage”to which this insurance applies. No other obligation or liability to pay sums or perform acts or services is covered. This insurance does not apply to “bodily injury” or “property damage” which occurs before the Retroactive Date, if any, shown in the Declarations. The “bodily injury” or “property damage” must be caused by an “occurrence.” The “occurrence” must take place in the “coverage territory.” We will have the right and duty to defend any “suit” seeking those damages.
The insuring agreement of LPCIC further states that:
9. “Occurrence” means an accident, including continuous or | TOrepeated exposure to substantially the -same general harmful conditions.
12. “Property damage” means:
a. Physical injury to tangible property, including all resulting loss of that property; or
b. Loss of use of tangible property that is not physically injured.
In Oceanonics, Inc. v. Petroleum Distributing Co., 292 So.2d 190, 192 (La.1974), the insured was a welding contractor who performed a defective weld on a crane boom during the policy period. After the policy expired, the weld failed and the boom collapsed. Oceanonics, 292 So.2d at 190-191. The court applied the language of the policy’s “occurrence” definition (“an accident ‘which results, during the policy period, in bodily injury or property damage’”) and concluded public policy does not prohibit an insurer from exclusion of coverage for damage accidentally occurring after the policy expiration but resulting from a delictual act committed during the policy period, especially considering that the insured had the opportunity to protect himself against such risk by continuously maintaining liability coverage from the completed operations and products liability hazards. Id. The Supreme Court held that there was no coverage because the damage manifested itself after the policy expired. Oceanonics, Inc. v. Petroleum Distributing Co., 292 So.2d 190, 192 (La.1974).
In Cole v. Celotex Corporation, 599 So.2d 1058 (La.1992), the Supreme Court adopted the “exposure theory” under which “coverage is triggered by the exposure to the harmful conditions during the policy period.” Cole, 599 So.2d at 1076. In Cole, the jury determined that nine corporate executive officers were negligent in failing to provide plaintiffs, who had contracted an asbestos-related occupational disease, with a safe place to | nwork from 1945 through 1976. Cole, 599 So.2d at 1061-62. The court noted that, if coverage during the exposure period were provided by multiple insurers, it would be necessary to rule that an insured may recover under all available coverages up to the limits of each policy. Cole, 599 So.2d at 1079. The Supreme Court considered and rejected the “manifestation theory” under which coverage is triggered only under the policy in effect when the injury becomes manifest because the Supreme Court concluded that the key relevant events giving rise to a claim in a long-latency occupational disease cases are the repeated tortious exposures resulting in continuous, on-going damages, although the disease may not be considered contracted or manifested until later. Cole, 599 So.2d at 1066.
In an opinion, this Court found a similar definition of “occurrence” in a contractor’s general liability policy was ambiguous. Western World v. Paradise Pools & Spas, 93-723 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/23/94) 633 So.2d 790, involved claims for damage to a swimming pool by cracks which developed in the pool walls and the patio decking surrounding it. This Court concluded the definition of “occurrence” was ambiguous because it was defined as “an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to conditions” and thus could be construed to include development of cracks in the swimming pool, so that the policy in that case covered the damages. Western World, 633 So.2d at 794.
In Korossy v. Sunrise Homes, Inc., 94-473 (La.App. 5 Cir.3/15/95), 653 So.2d 1215 (La.App. 5 Cir.1995), writ denied, 95-1536 (La.9/29/95), 660 So.2d 878 (La.1995), this Court adopted the manifestation theory as the trigger of coverage for a property damage claims. In Korossy, the plaintiffs filed suit against a developer alleging that faulty construction and |12defective building materials resulted in excessive settlement. This Court determined that it must choose between the “exposure theory” and the “manifestation theory” and chose the “manifestation theory,” concluding that “the effects of excessive settlement did not become ‘damage’ until it was discovered by the homeowners.” While this court noted that damage certainly may have occurred before it was discovered, this Court concluded that the manifestation theory should be applied because the effects of the differential settlement of the houses did not become “damage” until it was discovered by the homeowners. Ko-rossy, 653 So.2d at 1226. Although Koros-sy, supra, did not distinguish Cole, supra, it is apparent that the application of manifestation theory eliminates the difficult factual issue of determining when a hidden property damage actually occurs, a proof problem that is not as difficult in asbestos cases when the dates of injurious exposure to a substance can usually be determined. Accordingly, we find that the manifestation theory is applicable in this case and that the effects of the termite infestation in the condominiums did not become “damage” until it was discovered by the homeowners.
Further, Mr. James, the claimant, testified that he did not become aware that the termite infestation caused the damage on all of the condominiums except 805 Rue Royale until after April 19, 1995. Mr. James explained that the presence of termites does not necessarily mean that there is damage to a building and that it is difficult to ascertain when exactly the damage occurs.
We note that while the termite damage to 807 Rue Royale manifested itself after April 19, 1995, the insuring agreement between SIC and James Pest Control provided that SIC pay for any damage discovered within one j13year of an inspection if the inspection occurs during the policy period. Since James Pest Control inspected 807 Rue Royale in January of 1995, SIC is liable for the damages to that condominium pursuant to the terms of its insuring agreement. Since the termite damage manifested after April 19, 1995 at 801 Rue Royale, 803 Rue Royale, 809 Rue Royale, 320 Rue. St. Peter, 322 Rue St. Peter, and 324 Rue St. Peter, LPCIC is liable for the entire amount of those damages.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and find LPCIC liable for all of the damages to 801 Rue Royale, 803 Rue Royale, 809 Rue Royale, 320 Rue St. Peter, 322 Rue St. Peter, and 324 Rue St. Peter. We find that SIC is liable for all of the damages to 807 Rue Royale. All costs associated with this appeal are assessed equally between the parties.
REVERSED. | [
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In re Dean Commerce Building L.L.C.; — Defendant; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of E. Baton Rouge, 19th Judicial District Court Div. N, No. 459,515; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. 00 CW 0743
Denied.
VICTORY, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
SMITH, Judge.
This is an appeal by a husband from a judgment of the lower court awarding his estranged wife $1,434 per month as child support and alimony pendente lite.
Prior to a recent raise in pay defendant apparently received a regular net salary of $1,034 monthly from his employment at his brother’s record company. In addition to his salary, defendant received at least $100 cash per week from his brother. The evidence shows that since the separation defendant has received a raise of more than $100 per month which nets him an additional $143.59 monthly.
During the marriage the husband delivered his pay in full to his wife. She returned approximately $60 per month to him for his personal use. After the separation and before this proceeding, defendant continued giving his wife the same amount of money he had been giving her 'before he left the matrimonial domicile.
At first glance it appears that the trial court granted alimony pendente lite for the total net income of the defendant. Closer examination, however, reveals that the award is actually only of defendant’s regular net income from salary before he received his pay increase, and the cash payments made to him by his brother. The evidence reveals that these were not his only sources of income.
The trial court obviously assigned little weight to defendant’s testimony as to his total income. Mr. Lewis was vague and evasive when questioned about income from sources other than his regular income. Despite questioning at length, the lower court was unable to elicit testimony from Mr. Lewis as to estimates of the amounts of money received from concert ticket sales and record company promotions. The court was obviously perplexed by Mr. Lewis’ testimony regarding his living expenses from the time of the separation until trial. Mr. Lewis testified that he lived on cash in his pocket for some three months. Only after extensive questioning- on the subject did he admit to having $500 or $600 in his pocket at the time of the separation. He was very evasive about the source of this cash.
Defendant’s gross from his regular salary was $1,605 per month. After deductions he was left with $1,144.26. In addition, defendant received $100 per week in cash from his brother. This amounts to $433 per month, and makes his net income from these two sources alone $1,577.59. If this were defendant’s only income, he would be left with $143.59 per month for his living expenses after deducting the alimony pen-dente lite award.
The difficult part of the case is the determination of defendant’s outside income. It had been, in times past, in 1974, sufficient to purchase an $800 piano and a $1,-100 fur coat for his wife from outside record sales. It had amounted to $500-$1,000 from ticket promotion deals. There were other outside sources of income, interest from savings accounts, almost $1,200 annually, -and rent income of $250 annually. Totaling all sources of income reveals an additional annual income, over and above defendant’s regular salary, of over $3,500.
LSA-C.C. arts. 148 and 227 provide the basis of alimony pendente lite and child support. The Supreme Court in Reichert v. Lloveras, 188 La. 447, 177 So. 569 (1937) set forth the principle that if the amount the wife “needs is proportionate to the husband’s means of payment, that amount should be awarded. If, however, the wife’s needs exceed the husband's ability to pay, the courts must fix a monthly sum which will as nearly as possible be just and fair to each.” This principle was recognized and applied in Thomas v. Thomas, 281 So.2d 471 (La.App., 4th Cir. 1973).
The trial judge is vested with wide discretion in applying these standards for support of minor children and alimony pendente lite, and the award will not be disturbed unless there is clear abuse of discretion. Frazier v. Frazier, 318 So.2d 625 (La.App., 2d Cir. 1975); Jackson v. Jackson, 275 So.2d 456 (La.App., 2d Cir. 1973); Hargrove v. Hargrove, 272 So.2d 394 (La.App., 2d Cir. 1973).
Defendant in the present case failed to claim or to establish any expenses of his own to show inability to meet plaintiff’s needs from his means.
In Bowsky v. Silverman, 184 La. 977, 168 So. 121 (1936), the Supreme Court explained that Article 148 said nothing about the income or earnings of the husband, stating:
“ * * * The word ‘means’ as used in this article refers to the husband’s resources and not necessarily to his income. . . . The word ‘means,’ as used in this article of the Code, signifies any resources from which the wants of life may be supplied." The amount necessary for the support of a wife under such conditions as those referred to in this article is a debt which the husband must discharge out of his means, and his means may consist of money in his pocket, cash in bank, income from whatever source, or assets in the way of real or personal property. . . .” Id p. 122
In the instant case the defendant admitted owning stocks as an investment and is a stockholder in five family corporations. He has savings accounts and received about $5,000 refund from a pension account during the past year.
This court awarded alimony of $300 per month in a case where the record disclosed that the husband’s only income was $50 per month from royalty payments and he had attempted to find employment without success. During prior years he had earned $3,600 monthly. His whole capacity to earn was considered. See Viser v. Viser, 179 So.2d 672 (La.App., 2d Cir. 1965). This principle was again expressed in Vaughan v. Vaughan, 286 So.2d 416 (La. App., 4th Cir. 1973) where the court stated:
“The jurisprudence of this state has consistently held that, in assessing the amount of alimony pendente lite, the entire financial condition of the husband must be examined. The inquiry is not complete by merely looking at the income of the husband. . . .” Id. p. 417
Considering the total resources of defendant — salary, cash, rent, interest receipts, ticket promotions, outside record sales, stock ownership and savings accounts — it cannot be said the trial court abused its discretion in fixing the alimony pendente lite.
In accord with the foregoing reasons, the judgment is affirmed at appellant’s cost.
. Assuming 4.33 weeks per month. | [
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LNORRIS, Chief Judge.
Debra James appeals the trial court’s ruling finding that her children were in need of care and that continuing custody with the State Office of Community Service (OCS) was in the best interest of J.T. and G.T. We amend and remand.
Facts
Debra married Bradley Thompson when she was 15 years old; they had a son, who is not involved in the instant matter. Four months after they were married, Debra left Thompson, met and moved in with Clyde Terrell, and G.T. was born November 16, 1987. Due to his physical and mental abuse, Debra left him, met and “married” Morris Woods, and J.T. was born October 30, 1990. Debra left Woods because he abused her, divorced Thompson and married Donnie James. Debra later left Donnie and is currently involved with another woman in what she described as a nurturing and stable relationship. The parents have never litigated legal custody of J.T. and G.T.
In December 1999, Debra was talking to a friend who informed her that Woods had been arrested for aggravated rape of a young girl and was currently incarcerated. Overhearing the conversation, J.T. started crying and told her mother that Woods had done the same thing to her and if she had said something she could have stopped him from hurting the other little girl. Debra reported the incident to the authorities and OCS set up an appointment for J.T. with Dr. Anne Springer, a pediatrician.
On the morning of J.T.’s appointment, G.T. and Debra got into a confrontation and G.T. threatened suicide. G.T. was admitted into Brentwood and it was discovered that while in her biological father’s physical custody, G.T. was sexually molested by him. G.T. lived with Terrell from the time she was five until [2she turned 11 years old. Dr. Springer examined both girls and confirmed that there had been penetration.
Pursuant to an Instanter Order, OCS removed J.T. and G.T. from Debra’s custody on December 14, 1999 for failure to supervise and protect the children against sexual abuse. OCS filed a petition on January 6, 2000, alleging the children were in need of care. At the Continued Custody Hearing on January 25, Terrell and Woods stipulated that the children were in need of care and Terrell expressed wishes to surrender his rights to G.T. Thompson denied being the biological fa ther and as legal father, expressed plans to surrender his rights. At this hearing, the trial court continued custody of the children with OCS.
An adjudication hearing was conducted on March 27 and 30, at which time the District Court found that the children were in need of care because they had been sexually abused by their fathers and inadequately supervised by their mother. Custody of G.T. and J.T. was continued with OCS. Debra appeals this judgment.
Law
“Allegations that a child is in need of care must assert one or more of the following grounds: (1) The child is the victim of abuse perpetrated, aided, or tolerated by the parent ... (2) The child is a victim of neglect. (3) The child is without necessary food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or supervision. (4) As a result of a criminal prosecution, the parent has been convicted of a crime against the child who is the subject of this proceeding, or against another child of the parent, and the parent is unable to retain custody or control or the child’s welfare is otherwise endangered if left within the parent’s custody or control. (5) The conduct of the parent ... constitutes a crime against the child or against any other child of that Dparent.” La. Ch.C. art. 606. “A child whose parent is unable to provide basic support, supervision, treatment, or services due to inadequate financial resources shall not, for that reason alone, be determined to be a child in need of care.” La. Ch.C. art 606B. The state shall have the burden to prove the allegations of a child in need of care petition by a preponderance of evidence. La. Ch.C. art. 665; State in Interest of H.P., 98-1015 (La.App. 3d Cir.10/28/98), 721 So.2d 546.
After an adjudication that a child is in need of care, and prior to entering a judgment of disposition, the court shall conduct a disposition hearing. La. Ch.C. art. 678, et seq. The court shall not remove a child from the custody of his parents unless his welfare cannot be adequately safeguarded without such removal. La. Ch.C. art. 682; State in the Interest of A.R., 99 0813 (La.App. 1st Cir.9/24/99), 754 So.2d 1073.
Analysis: Burden of Proof
Debra argues that the trial court incorrectly shifted the burden of proof away from OCS and to her. She bases this allegation on comments made by the trial court, specifically the trial court stated that “[t]he fact that she’s up here now trying to get the children back without taking advantage of what’s being offered to her ... doesn’t speak well of her.... It’s almost like the harder she gets up here and tells me they ought to be returned to her quicker, the more I’m inclined to think that’s not an appropriate place to place the children.” The trial court further told her to “put your evidence on at your own risk.”
The state had the burden of proving that the children were in need of care by a preponderance of the evidence. We do not construe the trial court’s remarks |4as shifting the burden of proof to Debra. Additionally, even if the trial court had erred by shifting the burden, we would still find that the evidence clearly showed that G.T. and J.T. were children in need of care, as it was uncontested that they had been victims of sexual abuse by their bio logical fathers. This assignment of error lacks merit.
Judgment of Adjudication
Debra argues that the trial court erred in finding that G.T. and J.T. were in need of care for her failure to supervise and protect them. She avers that there is no evidence she participated in any direct abuse or that she allowed, aided or tolerated any sexual abuse perpetrated by the girls’ natural fathers. Furthermore, when she discovered that her daughters were abused, she immediately informed the authorities and is doing all she can to help prosecute the offenders. Debra argues that Woods is in jail and Terrell has not had access to his daughter since she found out about the abuse, thus the men no longer present a danger to the girls and that they should be returned to her custody. OCS argues that by fading to supervise G.T. and J.T., Debra allowed the girls to be molested and has shown a pattern of choosing men who are prone to abuse young girls and she does not currently have the skills to protect her daughters.
According to testimony, while Debra was living with Terrell, she heard that he raped his oldest daughter. Debra testified that she asked Terrell and others about the accusation and did her best to find out if it was true; however, Terrell denied the allegations and Debra could not confirm them. In 1996, after Debra and Terrell separated, OCS investigated a report of physical abuse perpetrated on G.T. by Terrell. It was at this time that Debra told OCS about the allegation that Terrell had raped his oldest daughter. At that time, Debra assured OCS that G.T. would reside with her and she would not be returned to Terrell’s physical custody; OCS took no steps to remove G.T. from her father or follow up to ensure that Terrell 15would not regain physical custody of his child. Despite Debra’s assurances, Terrell, with the aid of a deputy sheriff, obtained physical custody of G.T. and Debra testified that she tried to stop him, but was unsuccessful. Notably, neither Debra nor OCS put on any evidence regarding the time frame of the sexual abuse except that it never occurred in Debra’s house or in her presence. G.T. refuses to discuss the specifics of the molestation, merely acknowledging that she was in fact sexually abused by Terrell, her natural father.
Debra testified that Woods had raped her on two separate occasions, once while they were living together and once after they had separated. Despite this, Debra allowed Woods to have weekend visitation with J.T. OCS alleges that because Woods raped her, Debra should have been alerted to the fact that he posed a danger to J.T. Debra testified that Woods never abused J.T. while he was in her home or her presence; and before J.T. said Woods had abused her, Debra never considered him a risk to the girl.
OCS presented testimony from Daniel Lonowski, an expert in clinical psychology, who opined that Debra could ultimately have her children safely returned to her, but at the present time, without some assurances that she understands how her dependent personality characteristics undermine her ability to provide appropriate supervision, returning the children posed some risk.
On this record, the trial court was plainly wrong to find that Debra should have been aware of the risks Terrell and Woods posed to her daughters and that she tolerated their abuse and failed to adequately protect and supervise them. Notably, OCS did not pursue, apart from an initial investigation, the 1996 report that Terrell had abused G.T. The allegation that Terrell had molested his oldest daughter was in the nature of a rumor that Debra could not confirm and apparently not sufficient to prompt OCS to further investigate. Debra’s similar failure to act on this information, apart from questioning Terrell about the allegation and | ¡^searching court records, cannot be deemed toleration of Terrell’s conduct with G.T. The trial court was also plainly wrong to find that because Woods raped Debra, she should have known that he would abuse J.T. Simply put, the suggestion that Debra should have been suspicious does not lead to the conclusion that she “allowed” or “tolerated” any sexual abuse. However, Terrell and Woods both stipulated that their daughters were in need of care and Debra did not dispute the allegation that her daughters were molested. In sum, G.T. and J.T. were sexually abused by their fathers and the trial court was not manifestly erroneous in adjudicating them children in need of care.
Disposition Judgment
Lastly, Debra challenges the Adjudication/Disposition Judgment, arguing that she is entitled to a separate Disposition Hearing and the trial court erred in not conducting one. La. Ch.C. art. 678 states that the court shall conduct a disposition hearing before entering a judgment of disposition. The trial court signed an “adjudication/disposition” judgment after the adjudication hearing without conducting a disposition hearing. As such, we remand this case to the trial court so that it can conduct a disposition hearing. We further note that OCS did not prove that Debra was guilty of inadequate supervision or allowed or tolerated any sexual abuse of G.T. or J.T. Based on the record before us, a disposition that removed custody of the girls from their mother would not be warranted under Ch.C. arts. 681, 682. State in the Interest of A.R., supra.
Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s conclusion that G.T. and J.T. are children in need of care because they were sexually abused by their biological fathers. We reverse the finding that Debra allowed or tolerated the abuse of them and the finding that she failed to adequately supervise or protect her daughters. We further find that the trial court erred in issuing a Disposition Judgment without conducting a ^Disposition Hearing. We remand the case to the trial court for a Disposition Hearing in accordance with La. Ch.C. art. 678, et seq. and this opinion.
AMENDED, AS AMENDED AFFIRMED AND REMANDED.
. The marriage was an absolute nullity because she was still married to Thompson. La. C.C. art. 90, 94.
. Woods was incarcerated at the time.
. The definition of abuse includes “any of the following acts which seriously endanger the physical, mental, or emotion health and safety of the child:
(a)The infliction, attempted infliction, or, as a result of inadequate supervision, the allowance of the infliction or attempted infliction of physical or mental injury upon the child by a parent or any other person.
(b) The exploitation or overwork of a child by a parent or any other person.
(c) The involvement of the child in a sexual act with a parent or any other person, or the aiding or toleration by the parent of the cáretaker of the child’s sexual involvement with any other person ...”
La. Ch.C. art. 603(1). | [
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MARCUS, Justice.
James A. Bullock was sentenced to serve forty-two years at hard labor as a second offender under the provisions of the Habitual Offender Law. La.R.S. 15:529.1. On appeal, he relies on six assignments of error for reversal of his sentence.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1
A hearing for sentencing defendant as a second offender under the Habitual Offender Law (La.R.S. 15:529.1) was set for July 3, 1975. When the matter was called for hearing, defense counsel orally moved for a continuance until the following Monday in order to file additional pleadings. He asserted that he was unable to accomplish this prior to the present hearing as his secretary had been engaged since the day before in typing a memorandum which was due in federal court at four o’clock that day. The motion was denied by the trial judge.
A motion for continuance shall be by written motion alleging specifically the grounds upon which it is based, and when made by defendant, must be verified by his or his counsel’s affidavit. La.Code Crim.P. art. 707 (1966). When no written motion for continuance appears of record, the denial thereof will not be considered by this court. State v. Weathers, 304 So.2d 662 (La. 1974); State v. Hubbard, 279 So.2d 177 (La.1973). Furthermore, when the oral motion was denied, no objection was made. Failure to make timely objection acts as a waiver to have this court review the discretionary denial of such a request. La.Code Crim.P. art. 841, amend ed by Acts 1974, No. 297 § 1; State v. Marcell, 320 So.2d 19S (La.1975); State v. Craddock, 307 So.2d 342 (La.1975). Moreover, we find no abuse of discretion by the trial judge in denying the continuance under the circumstances here presented. La.Code Crim.P. art. 712 (1966). This assignment of error is without merit.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NOS. 2 AND 4
During the hearing at which defendant was sentenced as a second offender, defense counsel made certain oral motions referring to a previous plea of prescription and a motion to quash the “double billing” procedure. These motions were reurged and overruled by the trial judge.
In reference to the plea of prescription, defendant argues that, while he was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death on February 2, 1967, the district attorney did not file an information accusing him of a previous felony conviction and asserting that he should be sentenced in conformity with R.S. 15:529.1 until after his conviction for manslaughter on retrial in 1974. He argues that this constitutes an unreasonable delay.
We do not agree. R.S. 15:529.1(D) provides in pertinent part:
If, at any time, either after conviction or sentence, it shall appear that a person convicted of a felony has previously been convicted of a felony under the laws of this state, or has been convicted under the laws of any other state or of the United States; or any foreign government or country of a crime, which, if committed in this state would be a felony, the district attorney of the parish in which subsequent conviction was had may file an information accusing the person of a previous conviction. . . .
(Emphasis added.) In State ex rel. Williams v. Henderson, 289 So.2d 74 (La. 1974), we held that R.S. 15:529.1(D) required that a proceeding to have defendant sentenced as a multiple offender must be completed before defendant serves the sentence which is to be enhanced. In State v. McQueen, 308 So.2d 752 (La.1975), we held that, while R.S. 15:529.1.(D) does not impose a specific prescriptive period in which the district attorney must act upon the receipt of the necessary information, the statute does require that the information be filed within a reasonable time after the necessary information is available to the appropriate district attorney; that the failure of the district attorney to file an information within a reasonable time after having the necessary information is not sanctioned by the statute and is in fact prohibited by article 874 of the Code of Criminal Procedure; and that an unreasonable delay in filing the information divests the jurisdiction to have the defendant sentenced as a multiple offender. We held under the facts of that case that the unexplained delay of three years eight months was unreasonable.
In view of the protracted history of this litigation as set forth in footnote 1 herein, we do not consider that the delay in filing the information accusing defendant of a previous conviction and asserting that he should be sentenced under R.S. 15:529.1 is unreasonable. Hence, defendant’s plea of prescription is without substance.
Next we consider defendant’s contention that the information should be quashed for the following reasons: (1) the state failed to allege an offense under a valid statute as the conviction by a court martial is not an offense under the laws of any other state or of the United States, or any foreign government or country or within this state; (2) the Habitual Offender Law is unconstitutional and specifically violates article I, section 10 of the Louisiana Constitution of 1921; (3) the “double billing” procedure constitutes double jeopardy; (4) the Habitual Offender Law violates the re quirements of “fair notice,” “equal protection” and “due process.”
None of these contentions have merit. The first contention is answered by the explicit wording of R.S. 15:529.1 (A) which provides in pertinent part:
A. Any person who, after having been convicted within this state of a felony, or who, after having been convicted under the laws of any other state or of the United States, or any foreign government or country of a crime which, if committed in this state would be a felony, thereafter commits any subsequent felony within this state upon conviction of said felony shall be punished as follows: . .
(Emphasis added.) Defendant was convicted of the crime of murder in 1945 by a court martial while serving as a soldier in Italy during World War II. He was prosecuted under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, a law of the United States. 10 U.S.C.A. § 801, et seq. Murder, if committed in Louisiana, would be a felony (former R.S. 14:30). Consequently, defendant was properly sentenced as a second offender under R.S. 15:529.1.
In regard to the assertion that the Habitual Offender Law is unconstitutional, we recently stated in State v. Williams, 322 So.2d 177 (La.1975):
Habitual offender statutes have survived constitutional attack so often that their validity is no longer a matter of serious doubt. See McDonald v. Massachusetts, 180 U.S. 311, 21 S.Ct. 389, 45 L.Ed. 542 (1901). The constitutionality of La.R.S. 15:529.1 has been upheld by this court several times. It is well established that the law does not make it a crime to be a multiple offender ; it merely prescribes an enhanced penalty for multiple offenders. As an enhancement-of-penalty provision, the statute does not punish a status, nor does it impose cruel and unusual punishment. See State ex rel. Williams v. Henderson, 289 So.2d 74 (La.1974); State v. Vale, 252 La. 1056, 215 So.2d 811 (1968), rev’d on other grounds, 399 U.S. 30, 90 S.Ct. 1969, 26 L.Ed.2d 409 (1970); State v. Guidry, 169 La. 215, 124 So. 832 (1929). See also Price v. Allgood, 369 F.2d 376 (5th Cir. 1966), cert. denied, 386 U.S. 998, 87 S.Ct. 1321, 18 L.Ed.2d 349 (1967).,
Accordingly, this contention is without substance.
A multiple offender indictment need only inform the accused that he was previously convicted of a felony within the time period set forth in the statute (La.R.S. 15:529.1). This satisfies the constitutional requirement that the accused shall be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. State v. Rowell, 306 So.2d 671 (La.1975). Hence, there is no merit in defendant’s contention that the Habitual Offender Law violates article 1, section 10 of the Louisiana Constitution of 1921.
The third contention under the motion to quash is that the “double billing” procedure constitutes double jeopardy. We have previously held that R.S. 15:529.1 does not make it a crime to be a multiple offender; it merely prescribes an enhanced penalty be leveled against multiple offenders. Hence, it does not constitute double jeopardy. State v. Boatner, 304 So.2d 661 (La.1974); State ex rel. Williams v. Henderson, 289 So.2d 74 (La.1974).
The last contention is equally without merit. Defendant made no showing that he was not afforded adequate notice or that the statute violates the equal protection or due process clauses of the fourteenth amendment.
In sum, Assignments of Error Nos. 2 and 4 are without merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3
This assignment of error has been abandoned as it is neither briefed nor argued. State v. Blanton, 325 So.2d 586 (La. 1976); State v. Carlisle, 315 So.2d 675 (La.1975); State v. Edwards, 261 La. 1014, 261 So.2d 649 (1972).
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 5
Defendant contends that his request for the required legal delay between conviction and sentence was improperly denied by the trial judge.
We find no merit m this contention. The Habitual Offender Law, R.S. 15:529.1, does not make it a crime to be a multiple offender. It provides for an enhanced penalty against the multiple offender for the basic crime for which he has been convicted. A multiple offender hearing relates only to the sentencing of a defendant. Thus, the three-day delay of article 873 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is the required delay between conviction of the basic crime and sentencing. State v. Davalie, 313 So.2d 587 (La.1975); State v. Rowell, 306 So.2d 668 (La.1975). Here, more than three days elapsed between conviction of the basic crime and sentencing. Hence, this assignment of error is without substance.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 6
Defendant asserts that the entire proceedings indicate a personal prejudice on the part of the trial judge against him.
A general allegation to this effect is made without specifically pointing out any particular facts to show prejudice or hostility on the part of the trial judge. We have carefully examined the record and find no such evidence. Nor do we find that defendant’s rights were infringed upon or that he was denied a fair hearing. On the contrary, a full hearing was held and defendant was not curtailed ■ in any way from presenting his defense. The allegation made is simply not supported by the record of the proceedings. Assignment of Error No. 6 is without merit.
DECREE
For the reasons assigned, the sentence is affirmed.
F. James A. Bullock was convicted of murder and sentenced to death in 1967. No appeal was taken. In 1971, defendant’s writ of ha-beas corpus was granted and a new trial ordered. The matter came up for retrial in 1972 but the district judge, sua sponte, set aside the previous order granting a new trial and sentenced defendant to life imprisonment. We granted certiorari, 261 La. 818, 261 So.2d 227 (1972). Thereafter, we annulled the sentence and remanded for a new trial. 263 La. 946, 269 So.2d 824 (1972). Again the district judge, on his own motion, set aside the judgment granting a new trial and ordered the case taken to this court on a conventional appeal. We again ordered a new trial and remanded. 294 So.2d 218 (La. 1974). Following this remand, a retrial was held and Bullock was found guilty of manslaughter. Defendant was then billed as a a second offender under R..S. 15 :529.1 based on a 1945 conviction of murder by court martial, while serving as a soldier during World War II, and was sentenced to serve forty-two years. On appeal, we affirmed the conviction but, finding that the prior conviction had not been properly certified in accordance with R.S. 15:529.1(F), we annulled the sentence and remanded for resentencing in accordance with law. 311 So.2d 242 (La.1975). A hearing was held on this remand and Bullock was sentenced to serve forty-two years at hard labor with credit for time served from February 25, 1966. The appeal from the imposition of this sentence is the one presently before us.
. See article I, section 13 of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974 for a similar provision. | [
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ORDER
Considering the Motion of Defendants in No. 99-CA-3357 Seeking a Stay of Proceedings in the Court of Appeal, and the Application of Defendants in No. 00-CC-1505 Seeking Review of the Action of the Court of Appeal Denying Defendants’ Motion for Stay,
IT IS ORDERED that all proceedings in the court of appeal in this case be and hereby are stayed pending further orders of this court.
/s/ Walter F. Marcus, Jr. Justice, Supreme Court of Louisiana
KNOLL, J., not on panel (recused). Rule IV, Part II, § 3. | [
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In re International Maintenance Corp.; — Defendant; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Iberville, 18th Judicial District Court Div. B, Nos. 51,121; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. 99 CW 2689
Denied.
LEMMON, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
TATE, Justice.
The defendant was convicted of murder, La.R.S. 14:30 (1950), and sentenced to life imprisonment “without benefit of parole, probation, commutation, or suspension of sentence.”
Upon his appeal, he argues two errors as reversible: (a) the admission of photographs of the victim (bills of exceptions 2 and 3); and (b) the failure to suppress from evidence the gun used in the killing, allegedly the product of an illegal search (bills of exceptions 5 and 6). Additionally, we note a sentence defect which will require correction.
Photographs
Over defense objection, four photographs of the murder victim were introduced into evidence. They showed the position and condition of her body at the time it was discovered lying in a field. The defendant argues that, since the killing by gunshot wound is not contested, the pictures have little probative value and that their prejudicial effect outweighs what little probative value they have.
To be admissible, photographs must be offered for some relevant purpose and, even if so, must have probative value which outweighs any inflammatory effect. State v. Smith, 327 So.2d 355 (Docket No. 56,410; decided on rehearing February 23, 1976); State v. Beach, 320 So.2d 142 (La. 1975); State v. Chavers, 294 So.2d 489 (La.1974); State v. Curry, 292 So.2d 212 (La.1974). As we noted in State v. Palmer, 227 La. 691, 80 So.2d 374, 383 (1955):
“In determining their admissibility, proper inquiry should he made to ascertain whether such evidence would clarify some material issue and would afford the court and the jury a clearer comprehension of existing physical facts and throw greater light and more accurate appreciation of the weight, if any, to be given the oral testimony. Manifestly, where photographs are irrelevant or immaterial, would confuse, or mislead, rather than be helpful, distract the tribunal’s attention to other than the main issues, or where the natural effect of their introduction in evidence would arouse the sympathies or prejudices, rather than throw helpful light, such evidence should be promptly excluded.”
The decedent was the victim of an unwitnessed killing. In a statement taken from the accused prior to trial, he had claimed that the killing was accidental, when his gun went off by mistake.
The pictures themselves are unpleasant. They are not, however, so prejudicially gruesome as to outweigh their probative value for the purposes offered: By showing the position of the body and the nature of the wounds, they tended to negate the defense of accidental rather than intentional shooting. They were also of value in affording the jury a clearer appreciation of the factual testimony of the witnesses as to the location and appearance of the victim’s body when found in the plantation field.
We find no merit to this assignment.
Suppression of the Gun
After the murder, a gun was located in the accused’s home. Ballistic tests proved that it was the weapon which had killed the victim.
The defendant objected to admission of the gun on the ground that it was the product of an illegal warrantless search. There is no merit to this objection.
The defendant lived in his mother’s home. Earlier, a search warrant had been secured to search the home. The defendant’s brother had, after the accused's arrest, placed the gun in a closet, which the searching officers overlooked.
When the brother learned of the search, he called the police, with the consent of the mother, who owned the home. He and the mother showed the police the location of the gun when they came. The mother (whose house it was) and the brother thus on their own initiative called the police to have them pick up the gun and, without the slightest police coercion, voluntarily turned over the weapon to law enforcement personnel.
It is doubtful that a “search and seizure” occurred when the police came into the home and accepted the gun at the spontaneous good-faith invitation of persons with dominion over the premises and the property. See Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 485, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 2050, 29 L.Ed. 2d 564 (1971). Even if it were a search, however, consent given by a co-inhabitant of the house is sufficient to permit inspection of a common area of the home to which the coinhabitant’s joint access with the accused may reasonably be recognized. State v. Johnson, 319 So.2d 786 (La.1975); State v. Taylor, 303 So.2d 169 (La.1974); State v. Nelson, 261 La. 153, 259 So.2d 46 (1972). See also United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 94 S.Ct. 988, 39 L.Ed.2d 242 (1974); Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973).
Sentence Defect
The jury found the defendant guilty of murder. It qualified its verdict, as authorized, La.C.Cr.P. art. 817 (as amended by Act 502 of 1972, the enactment in force at the time of the offense), by adding “without benefit of parole, probation, commutation, or suspension of sentence.”
The power to commute sentences is an incident of the power to pardon which has been and is constitutionally vested in the governor. La. Const, of 1974, Art. 4, Section 5(E); La.Const. of 1921, Art. V, Section 10. It cannot be restricted by the legislature; hence, the severable restriction attempting to prohibit commutation of sentences is unconstitutional. State v. Ramsey, 292 So.2d 708 (La.1974); State v. Varice, 292 So.2d 703 (La.1974); See also, State v. Smith, 327 So.2d 355 (Docket No. 56,410, decided on rehearing February 23, 1976).
Accordingly, as in the cited cases, we must set aside the sentence and remand this case for the trial court to re-sentence the defendant to life imprisonment without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence (i. e., but not without benefit of commutation).
Decree
For the reasons assigned, we affirm the conviction, but we annul the sentence and remand this case for sentencing in accordance with law.
CONVICTION AFFIRMED; CASE REMANDED FOR SENTENCING. | [
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] |
VICTORY, J.
|! Following defendant’s second degree murder trial and his conviction and sentence for the lesser verdict of manslaughter, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal vacated defendant’s conviction and sentence upon finding that the prosecutor’s use of defendant’s post-arrest silence, in violation of Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 96 S.Ct. 2240, 49 L.Ed.2d 91 (1976), was not harmless because it undercut his plausible self-defense claim. We granted the State’s writ application, and, after reviewing the record and the applicable law, reverse the judgment of the court of appeal and reinstate defendant’s conviction and sentence.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On the evening of September 25, 2009, defendant, Daniel Marshall, ended a love triangle by repeatedly shooting Ronald Hodges, Jr., as Hodges jumped off the porch of a residence on South Scott Street in New Orleans and came toward him. The residence belonged to Ebony Gasti-nell, the mother of his three children. In all, Hodges sustained five gunshot wounds — two to the back — and projectile fragment abrasions on his right shoulder, arm and hand. The police found nine spent casings fired by a .40 caliber handgun scattered on the ground but did not find any firearms discarded on the scene.
li>Hodges had been in a romantic relationship with Gastinell for several years,- and fathered her three children. He had been separated from her for six months while serving a sentence on a drug conviction before his release in September 2009. During that time, Gastinell began a relationship with defendant, and he sometimes stayed at her residence. After Hodges returned from jail, Gastinell lied to him when he confronted her about her relationship with defendant, as revealed to him by his children living in the house. Gastinell stopped seeing or talking to defendant in that week as she attempted to repair her relationship with Hodges.
On the night of the shooting, Hodges arrived at Gastinell’s residence to unclog a toilet. While he was there, defendant knocked on the back door. Gastinell told him to leave. About thirty minutes later, defendant came back and knocked on the front door. Gastinell went out to the front porch and again told defendant to leave, explaining that she was trying to work things out with Hodges. She heard her mother Sandra tell Hodges she wanted to bring him home and then Sandra walked outside to her car. At that time, defendant backed up and stood by the gate in the front yard. Hodges then came out the front door and saw the defendant standing there. Instead of walking down the steps, Hodges jumped off the porch with his hands in the air and rushed at defendant, despite Gastinell’s attempt to restrain him. Hodges was nearly six feet tall and weighed over 200 pounds. The much smaller defendant (5'6" and 140 pounds) responded by pulling out his gun and opening fire. Gastinell described the incident as follows:
As [Hodges] came ... out of the house, he saw [defendant] standing right there. And [defendant] was just staring ... like he had something on his mind. So when [Hodges] ... saw him standing over there, he just jumped off the porch and he raised his hands up and he was like, ... “Say, Homie, I’m not even tripping. I ain’t even tripping.” And that’s when [defendant] just came off his hip with the gun and cocked it and started shooting. There was no altercation, |,.¡there was no nothing. They never passed words. They never even bumped heads, never.
Gastinell testified that defendant continued to fire even after Hodges, who had turned and tried to run when the shooting began, collapsed on the ground. Sandra Gastinell testified that after Hodges turned and attempted to run, he sustained two bullet wounds to his back and fell to the ground, at which point defendant stood over the prostrate victim and “kept on shooting and kept on shooting.” When he finished, he took off running. Sandra got into her car and pursued him as defendant ran down the street and jumped a fence. When Sandra yelled after him to ask why he had shot Hodges, defendant exclaimed, “Because I told fool not to tell me nothing,” and then went over the fence. His arrest followed four days later when he surrendered to the police after Gastinell and her mother identified him in a photographic lineup, and a warrant issued for his arrest.
Police testimony established that nine spent casings, all from a .40 caliber semiautomatic pistol, together with bullets fragments, were found in close proximity to the victim’s body lying in the driveway of GastinelTs home near the sidewalk. The coroner testified that Hodges had been shot a total of five times. One bullet entered the left side of his face and exited through the right side. Another entered the back of the victim’s left hand and exited through his palm Another entered his right upper arm near the bicep and lodged in his arm. Another entered his back left shoulder, cut through a major artery in the neck, and lodged in the left side of his chest. The coroner testified this shot was the primary cause of death. The final bullet entered the victim’s back and passed through the spinal column before lodging in his torso. The coroner also testified that fragment abrasions sustained by the victim on his right side had been caused by a bullet or |4bullets breaking up after striking a hard surface, such as wood, cement, or metal, close to the body. Viewing a photograph of the victim' lying sprawled on the ground, the coroner concluded that the fragment injuries appeared to have been caused by a bullet hitting either the cement of the driveway or the nearby ground. The bullet wound to the victim’s face was also consistent with the victim lying on the ground when he was shot. Notably, the coroner had found blood smeared on the palm of the victim’s right hand, the same hand in which defendant claimed Hodges held a gun as he came off Gastinell’s porch.
Defendant took the stand and told jurors he shot Hodges in self-defense as the victim rushed at him in a jealous rage with a revolver held in his right hand. Defendant testified he dropped his own gun in a panic as he fled the scene after shooting Hodges, although he normally carried it with him at all times for protection. Defendant further claimed that he knew Hodges had access to firearms stashed in the residence because he had stayed there and saw a small revolver that belonged to Sandra Gastinell. Defendant was uncertain whether Hodges fired his own gun, but he was sure that he did not stand over the victim and continue to shoot Hodges while he lay on the ground. On cross-examination, the state confronted defendant with his failure to stay on the scene and explain to the police that he shot Hodges in self-defense. The state also confronted defendant with his failure to give his self-defense account to the police following his arrest and receipt of his Miranda warnings, although he had four days in which to cool off and consider his options before surrendering to the authorities. Over defense counsel’s repeated objections, the state challenged defendant as follows:
IsQ. All right. So you had four days to think about what happened, and you decided to do the right thing and turn yourself in, right?
A. Yes, ma’am.
Q. Cool down a little bit, correct?
A. Yes, ma’am.
Q. All right. So you turn yourself in. You go to the police. At that point, did you go to the detective and say, wait, let me tell you what happened.... this was a misunderstanding.... Did you tell them what happened, Mr. Marshall?
A. No, ma’am.
Q. In fact, you invoked you right to remain silent.
A. Yes, ma’am.
Q. And you haven’t talked to anybody for the past two years and told them it was self-defense, correct?
Only at that point did the trial court sustain counsel’s objection to the state’s line of cross-examination. The state also referred to his post -Miranda silence during closing arguments as one circumstance among others, principally forensic evidence provided by the pathologist in the coroner’s office with respect to the number and placement of the gunshot wounds sustained by the victim, that contradicted his claim of self-defense. The prosecutor pointedly asked jurors:
And what else does he say that also doesn’t support their self-defense theory? That he had four days to think about this and he wanted to all of a sudden do the right thing and turn himself in. Well, there was a warrant out for his arrest, so he kind of had to. He turns himself in. he had four days to cool down, but still doesn’t want to talk to the detectives. He still doesn’t want ... to tell them that he didn’t do this.”
The court overruled defense counsel’s objection to the state’s cross-examination of defendant about his post-arrest silence and counsel’s mistrial motion during closing argument when the state addressed the significance of that silence for defendant’s claim of self-defense at trial. Following the jury’s return of a lesser verdict of manslaughter on the original charge of second degree murder, the court sentenced defendant to 40 years imprisonment at hard labor.
|fiOn appeal, the court of appeal indicated the state conceded that the prosecutor violated Doyle, supra, by cross-examining defendant with respect to his post-arrest, post-Miranda silence, and then arguing to jurors that defendant’s silence amounted to an admission his claim of self-defense at trial was spurious; therefore, only the question of whether the error required reversal of defendant’s conviction and sentence appeared at stake. After reviewing the evidence, a majority on the court of appeal panel concluded that even without considering defendant’s claim Hodges had a gun in his hand when he sprang off Gastinell’s porch and came at him, “a review of the facts makes Mr. Marshall’s self-defense claim at least plausible.” State v. Marshall, 12-0650 (La.App. 4 Cir. 7/31/13), 120 So.3d 922, 931. The court noted that the cross-examination of Ebony Gastinell established that she had testified before the grand jury with respect to information she had received from other persons that Hodges had gone looking for defendant on at least two prior occasions after learning of his relationship with Gastinell. Further, the evidence also established that Gastinell attempted to restrain the much larger Hodges from exiting the house and that he then jumped off of the porch in the direction of the much smaller defendant. Given all of that, the majority concluded that “[bjecause the prosecution’s conduct resulted in a violation of Mr. Marshall’s constitutional rights under Doyle and Miranda, and his exculpatory claim of self-defense was plausible from the facts in the record, we cannot find that the trial error [was] harmless or, stated another way, that the verdict is surely unattributable to the error.” Id.
17Pissenting, Judge Dysart underscored the forensic evidence indicating that defen dant moved closer to Hodges as he fired his weapon, ultimately standing over him as he emptied his pistol. The eyewitness testimony of Ebony and Sandra Gastinell corroborated what the physical evidence depicted. Thus, while the prosecutor’s unfair use of defendant’s post-Miranda silence to impeach his trial testimony may have influenced jurors to question his credibility, “the overwhelming physical evidence render[ed] the improper questioning harmless.” Marshall, 120 So.3d at 932 (Dysart, J., dissenting).
We granted the state’s writ application to consider whether this Doyle violation constituted harmless error. State v. Marshall, 13-2007 (La.4/25/14), 138 So.3d 634.
DISCUSSION
In Doyle, the United States Supreme Court held that a defendant’s right to due process is violated when a prosecutor impeaches a defendant’s exculpatory story, told for the first time at trial, by cross-examining him about his failure to have told the story after receiving Miranda warnings at the time of his arrest. Doyle, supra, 426 U.S. at 619, 96 S.Ct. at 2245. Use of a defendant’s post-arrest silence in such manner violates due process. Id.
A Doyle violation is characterized as a trial error which is subject to a harmless error analysis. Id. (reversing defendant’s conviction upon finding that “the State has not claimed that such use in the circumstances of this case might have been harmless error”); State v. Patterson, 12-464 (La.7/2/12), 92 So.3d 338 (reversing defendant’s conviction upon finding the Doyle violation was not harmless error). The Supreme Court’s seminal harmless-error decision involved prosecutorial comment on a defendant’s assertion at trial of his Fifth Amendment |8privilege. Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967). As explicated by the Court’s later decision in Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 279, 113 S.Ct. 2078, 2081, 124 L.Ed.2d 182 (1993), the question Chapman instructs reviewing courts to consider is “not whether, in a trial that occurred without the error, a guilty verdict would surely have been rendered, but whether the guilty verdict actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error.” The Sullivan formulation of harmless-error explicitly drew on the Court’s prior decision in Yates v. Evatt, 500 U.S. 391, 111 S.Ct. 1884, 114 L.Ed.2d 432 (1991), which posed as the first step in the analysis a determination of “what evidence the jury actually considered in reaching its verdict,” and then framed the question for a reviewing court to answer in conducting harmless-error review as follows:
To say that an error did not ‘contribute’ to the ensuing verdict is not, of course, to say that the jury was totally unaware of that feature of the trial later held to have been erroneous.... To say that an error did not contribute to the verdict is, rather, to find that error unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered on the issue in question, as revealed in the record.
Yates, 500 U.S. at 403-04, 111 S.Ct. at 1893.
The record does not reflect whether defendant was ever actually advised of his right to remain silent at the time of his arrest. However, assuming normal protocol ensued, and considering the state’s concession before the court of appeal that a Doyle violation occurred, there can be no real dispute that a violation of Doyle did occur. Therefore, we will analyze all the evidence before the jury to determine whether this error was harmless.
In Patterson, supra, we found a Doyle violation was not harmless because the circumstances of the case “essentially pitted the victim’s word against the |9defendant’s with little or no corroboration on either side.” 92 So.3d at 338. This is not such a case. As stated above, here the forensic evidence showed the victim was shot five times, twice in the back, and that a bullet or bullets fired close to his prone body struck the cement beside him and caused the fragment abrasions Hodges sustained on his right side. This forensic evidence was clearly inconsistent with any reasonable claim of self-defense but entirely consistent with the eyewitness accounts given by Ebony and Sandra Gastinell. Ebony testified that when the victim charged off the porch with his hands raised as he exclaimed, “Say, Homie, I’m not even tripping,” defendant simply pulled out his gun and began firing, and continued firing even after Hodges had fallen to the ground. Sandra testified that after Hodges turned and attempted to run, he sustained two bullet wounds to his back and fell to the ground, at which point defendant stood over the prostrate victim and “kept on shooting and kept on shooting.” After Sandra chased him in her car and yelled after him to ask why he had shot Hodges, defendant exclaimed, “Because I told fool not to tell me nothing,” and then went over the fence.
The forensic and eyewitness testimony which provided a consistent account of how Hodges died, and which clearly demonstrated that defendant shot five times at close range, twice in the back, truly undermined defendant’s self-defense claim. There was no evidence corroborating defendant’s claim Hodges had been armed— no gun was found and no eyewitness, other than defendant, said the victim had a gun. In fact, the coroner’s report explicitly stated that there was “[s]meared blood on the palm of the [victim’s] hand,” refuting the defense contention that the victim’s palm was clean because he had been holding a weapon. Assuming the jury found Hodges was unarmed, it is conceivable that rational jurors might have |infound that defendant, the much smaller man, was initially justified in evening the odds by pulling out his gun when Hodges charged at him with his hands raised. However, defendant nevertheless continued to fire even after Hodges collapsed on the ground defenseless, and it was then that the fatal wound through his left shoulder severing his carotid artery occurred. As the prosecutor argued to jurors at the close of the case, the only hard surface against which one of the bullets fired by defendant could shatter in close proximity to the victim’s body was the driveway or ground underneath him. Further, the victim sustained two gunshot wounds to his back. This forensic evidence would make any finding of self-defense irrational. Moreover, defendant told Sandra Gastinell that he shot defendant, not in self-defense, but “[b]ecause I told fool not to tell me nothing.”
Finally, what hurt defendant’s credibility was not the prosecutor’s exploitation of his post-Miranda silence to suggest that his claim of self-defense was a recent fabrication, but defendant’s own criminal past, which revealed two prior convictions for possession of cocaine and one felony conviction for second offense marijuana. Defendant was in the process of committing his fourth felony, carrying a concealed weapon as a previously convicted felon, while on probation for his third offense, when he pulled out his .40 caliber semiautomatic and opened fire. Further, while the state violated Doyle by questioning defendant about his post-arrest failure to tell his story of self-defense, the state also validly asked defendant why he did not wait at the Gastinell home following the shooting and tell the police that he had shot the victim in self-defense. Thus, defendant’s failure to claim self-defense until trial was already before the jury, in spite of the later Doyle violation. With overwhelming evidence on one side and with a totally implausible self-defense claim offered by a three-time felony offender on the other, [nthe prosecutor’s Doyle violation was unquestionably harmless, as jurors would surely have reached the inevitable guilty verdict that followed.
CONCLUSION
A defendant’s due process rights are violated when a prosecutor impeaches a defendant’s exculpatory story, told for the first time at trial, by cross-examining him about his failure to have told the story after receiving Miranda warnings at the time of his arrest. That is what occurred in this case when the state cross-examined defendant with respect to his post-arrest, post-Miranda failure to tell police that he killed Hodges in self-defense and then argued to jurors that defendant’s silence amounted to an admission that his claim of self-defense at trial was spurious. This Doyle violation is subject to a harmless error analysis whereby we consider whether the guilty verdict at trial was surely unattributable to the error. Considering all of the other evidence the jurors had before them, specifically the forensic evidence and eyewitness testimony that completely undermined the credibility of defendant’s self-defense claim argument, we find the Doyle violation was harmless when weighed against everything else presented to the jury. Based on the evidence presented at trial, the jury clearly rejected defendant’s claim of self-defense and returned a manslaughter verdict in what amounted to a classic love triangle pitting two men, mismatched in size and weight but also in firepower, in a fight over a woman.
DECREE
For the reasons stated herein, the judgment of the court of appeal and the defendant’s conviction and sentence for manslaughter are reinstated.
REVERSED; CONVICTION AND SENTENCE REINSTATED.
. While the state now contends it did not concede to a Doyle violation, for purposes of our analysis, we will presume that a Doyle violation did occur. | [
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] |
In re Boudreaux, Gary; — Plaintiff; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Vermilion, 15th Judicial District Court Div. C, No. 22744; to the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit, No. 9900968
Denied.
KNOLL, J., not on panel, recused. | [
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] |
STOULIG, Judge.
This is a somewhat unusual case in that the plaintiff-employer, Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, and its workmen’s compensation insurer, Argonaut Insurance Company, filed this suit to have the court determine whether compensation benefits are owed to the defendant-employee, Laura Falkins. The employee filed a claim for disability benefits arising out of an accident which occurred on July 6, 1973 while acting in the course and scope of her employment. As a part of their suit, plaintiffs included a request for a medical examination in order to evaluate her claim of disability. Defendant refused to submit to the examination and was ordered to do so by the court. The employee filed a reconventional demand for compensation benefits, which was denied on a finding that plaintiffs were not liable. Defendant has appealed.
The chronology of her work history with Ochsner is significant in weighing the merits of her claim. The record establishes these facts:
On August 22, 1972 she was hired as an aide in the hospital’s dietary department.
On January 8, 1973, she was treated in the Ochsner emergency room for com plaints of fainting and nausea. At the time defendant was in the early stages of pregnancy with her second child.
On May 4, 1973, the employee was seen in the emergency room at Oschner for complaints of low back pain. Her medical records reflect complaints of intermittent episodes of low back pain since the birth of her first child.
On May 30, 1973 defendant was treated in the emergency room with complaints of stomach pain due to her sixth month of pregnancy.
On June 11, 1973 she was treated for a headache. (We note here that medical treatment is rendered without charge to Ochsner employees.)
On July 6, 1973 defendant complained of a fall in the hospital kitchen, which allegedly occurred when she slipped in a puddle of water on the floor while carrying a tray of celery into the freezer. She was immediately examined by a resident physician in the emergency room and advised to go home for three days because of her advanced pregnant condition.
On July 11, 1973, Mrs. Falkins was examined by another resident physician at Ochsner and informed she could return to work. Because of her pregnancy, she immediately took a leave of absence, during which time she was paid $443.53 in sick leave and insurance disability payments.
On August 15, 1973, an examination by Dr. A. William Dunn, an orthopedist at Ochsner, revealed no neurological deficit, no bone or joint abnormality, no neuro-musculoskeletal cause for pain and no treatment was indicated.
On October 18, 1973, defendant returned to work after her second child was born and continued in her employment without incident for more than three months.
On February 8, 1974, she was treated in the Ochsner emergency room for complaints of backache and was instructed to take three days off. On February 11, she was reexamined and told she could return to work.
On March 22, 1974, she was either terminated or voluntarily left her employment after her attorney made a letter demand upon the employer for compensation benefits for the alleged disability sustained as a result of the July 6, 1973 fall.
We need not chronicle the ensuing contacts between the litigants to illustrate the lack of connexity between the alleged accident and the subsequent complaints of disability. As will be noted from the summarized facts, the claimant first alleged she suffered a disability from the slip-and-fall accident more than seven months after it occurred. This lapse of time per se is not conclusive proof she did not suffer a disabling job-connected injury if competent evidence is adduced to prove the contrary. But in the case before us neither the lay nor the medical testimony establishes Laura Falkins suffered any disability as a result of her accident.
Several neighbors were called to testify that Mrs. Falkins had trouble bending, reaching, and lifting because of back complaints. There was no effort to relate the alleged impairment to the July incident by testimony that prior to the accident she could do all these things. In fact her medical record at Ochsner indicates she first began experiencing low back pain after the birth of her first child, which was long before the accident.
Defendant presented as her.medical expert her treating physician, Dr. Louis En-senat, a general surgeon, who was imprecise in describing her condition as disabling. This witness diagnosed the defendant’s condition as one of back spasms with limitation of motion, for which he treated her for a period of approximately seven months with diathermy and prescribed muscle relaxants, analgesics and a lumbo-sacral support. He prescribed this regimen of treatment without the benefit of x rays, the utilization of a myelogram or consultation with either a orthopedic or neurological specialist. Obviously the trial court was not impressed with this or other testimony adduced on behalf of the defendant in view of its finding that the employee failed to prove by a preponderance thereof that her subjective complaints of disability were caused by the accident of July 6, 1973.
In summary we likewise find no evidence of disability causally connected to a job-related injury and accordingly affirm the judgment of the trial court.
AFFIRMED.
. R.S. 23:1311.
. Defendant initially contacted Dr. Ensenat on March 14, 1974 at the suggestion of her attorney and was discharged on August 31, 1974 after receiving 00 diathermy treatments and being fitted with a lumbosacral support on July 24. She returned on October 11, 1974 and was administered 14 more diathermy treatments and was discharged on October 31, 1974. | [
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In re Vaughan, Billie Jo; — Plaintiff; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Jefferson, 24th Judicial District Court Div. D, Nos. 520-419; to the Court of Appeal, Fifth Circuit, No. 00-C-296.
Not considered. Not timely filed.
CALOGERO, C.J., additionally concurs with reasons.
LEMMON, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
In re James H. Forrest, Applying for Rehearing of this Court’s order dated May 12, 2000; Parish of Livingston, 21st. Judicial District Court Div. A, No. 2003.
Denied.
CALOGERO, C.J., not on panel. | [
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] |
MARVIN, Judge.
The State appeals from a judgment awarding $54,244 for property expropriated for highway purposes under the quick-taking provisions of L.R.S. Title 48, for which property the State had deposited $21,615.00 as its estimate of just compensation. The landowner contends in answer to the appeal that the award should be increased. We amend the judgment below so as to modify the award and the amount allowed as expert witness fees and, as amended, affirm.
The property in question is a portion of a corner lot in Jonesboro about three blocks south of the Jackson Parish Courthouse on Highway 167. We have considered the appeal of several cases where property on this highway was expropriated along the approximate three-mile stretch from Jonesboro to Hodge. The property under consideration is the southernmost of the several properties we have so far considered. In each case we have been favored with the appraisal testimony of Messrs. Carlock and Roy for the State, and of Messrs. Bass and Jordan, sometimes together with the testimony of Messrs. Monsur and Willett, for the respective landowner. We are again favored with the testimony of these six gentlemen.
Prior to the expropriation, the property comprised 15,000 square feet on which was situated a service station, a storage building and an apartment building. Reproduced here is a facsimile' of the survey of the property showing the location, existence of improvements, and as shaded area, the portion expropriated, totalling 2,944.9 square feet.
Each of the appraisal witnesses used sales which they considered comparable to the subject property and adjusted these sales by various factors (time, location, similarity or disparity in use or topography, etc.). One comparable was a September 16, 1969, sale of property to Oil Mark Corporation for approximately 99 cents a square foot. We considered this property in State, Dept. of Highways v. Oil Mark Corp., 324 So.2d 606 (La.App. 2d Cir. 1975), and found that the fair market value at the time of the expropriation was $1.80 a square foot. In Oil Mark, we assessed severance damages of $15,-249.00 which included $3,000.00 as damage to the real estate remaining after the taking. The Oil Mark property, while not a corner lot, is approximately two blocks north of the subject property.
We also note that the subject property is one block south of the property under consideration in Whitman. Whitman also involved a commercial corner lot. There, we approved or determined that the award should be on the basis of $1.75 a square foot for the property taken, a 30 percent depreciation to the remainder because of its reduction in size and limited use as commercial property, plus an amount for the value of the improvements condemned. There the property consisted of approximately 12,500 square feet before the taking, from which some 4,100 square feet were taken. Approximately 1/ of the Whitman property was taken, while here approximately i/s of the subject property is taken.
The Bounds property was located about four blocks north of the subject property. There the property was considered as commercial and was a corner lot on Highway 167. We adopted the trial court’s conclusions that the award should be determined on the basis of $2.00 a square foot, deducting therefrom a cost to fill the land to the grade of the highway. Severance damages were also there awarded, principally because the property was reduced in size by the taking from 7,500 square feet to 2,900 square feet.
In Oil Mark and in Model Development Corporation, we made specific comment as to the range of awards made or approved for expropriation of commercial property along Highway 167 in the Jones-boro-Hodge area. Those comments are appropriate here.
The trial court awarded $3.50 a square foot for the property taken; $25,854 for improvements taken and $18,032.85 severance damage. Expert witness fees allowed by the trial court totaled $12,650.52.
The State contends the trial court erred in valuing the land at $3.50 a square foot; in assessing severance damage and in allowing excessive expert witness fees. The landowner contends the awards should be increased and that the State’s appeal should be held to be a frivolous appeal and attorney’s fees therefor should be assessed against the State.
The several appraisers used the comparable sales or market data approach, using their professional experience in adjusting the sales, which they considered in varying degree to be comparable to the subject property. The service station and small storage house are to be (or were) removed from the property. Some concrete remaining on the portion of the property not expropriated will also have to be removed to make the property again suitable for commercial development.
The ultimate values assigned by the several appraisers were as follows:
DEPRECIATED
SQ. FT. VALUE OF DEPRECIATION
VALUE IMPROVEMENTS FACTOR (%) SEVERANCE
State 1 $1.95 $20,146.00 30 None
State 2 $1.85 $18,163.00 36 None
Owner 1 $4.00 $30,397.00 30 $24,110.00
Owner 2 $3.00 $24,137.00 30 $16,028.00
Owner 3 $4.00 $40,495.00 331/3 $16,000.00
Owner 4 $3.00 $31,252.00 28 $10,849.00
Trial
Court
Award $2.81 $25,854.00 30 $18,032.85
The service station building was approximately 35 years old. Prior to the taking, the property fronted only 44 feet on Pershing Highway (167) because of a triangular tract belonging to an adjoining landowner stood between the property and the highway. The triangular tract was expropriated by the state and after the taking the subject property will have 133 feet frontage on Pershing Highway. On Allen Avenue, the frontage will be reduced from 100 feet to 50 feet by the taking.
As in Kilpatrick, it is contended here that barrier curbs contemplated by the State along the proposed improved highway will grossly depreciate the remaining property and that severance damages of $18,032.15 should be approved. In Kilpatrick, we said:
On the authority of Kilpatrick and Oil Mark, it is our judgment that an adequate compensation for severance damage would be $3,000.00. On the authority of the cited cases and awards therein, and on the basis of the totality of the evidence herein, recognizing that each particular property in question must be valued on its own, it is our opinion that a just and adequate award for the property taken would be $2.10 a square foot. We do hot disturb the itemization by the lower court as to its findings regarding the depreciated values assigned to the service station building ($23,058), the storage building ($900), the concrete ($1,496) and underground utilities ($400), which will be destroyed, ruined or removed by the taking. These items total $25,854.00. The judgment shall be amended accordingly.
“The evidence as to additional development costs and dimunition in value of the remaining property by virtue of the highway construction is somewhat speculative. Defendant’s evidence is convincing, however, that there will be some dimunition in value of the remaining property by reason of limitation of access and additional development costs arising out of the taking and construction. In our judgment the sum of $2,-500 will adequately compensate for severance damage." Kilpatrick, 327 So.2d 456 (1976).
EXPERT WITNESS FEES
As expert witness fees, the trial court awarded:
H. L. Bass $2,550
O. L. Jordan 2,424
Darrell V. Willet 2,675
Hab Monsur 2,900
Ronnie Terral 500
Don Barron 550
A. Ray Bond 300
Lavelle Nunn 451
Richard Crawford 300
TOTAL $12,650
In Kilpatrick, we observed:
“The Highway Department contends the expert witness fees awarded are excessive. In several recent expropriation cases involving this same highway project, or other projects in the Jonesboro area, and involving most of the same witnesses, this court found similar fees to be excessive and reduced the awards of the district court. [citing cases]
“Defendant argues the present case is different because the expert witnesses more precisely itemized and described the services rendered and the time involved, thereby substantiating the charges made by them.
“Considering the evidence as to the services rendered by the expert witnesses, the value of the property taken and severance damages awarded, and the amounts allowed for expert witness fees in other similar cases recently before this court, we disallow the fee for the photographer and fix the expert witness fees as follows:
O. L. Jordan $700.00
H. L. Bass Loren Willet 700.00 700.00
Richard Crawford 250.00”
For reasons expressed in the cited cases and considering the amounts awarded therein as expert witness fees, we disallow the fee of the photographer and amend the award of fees as follows:
H. L. Bass $ 750.00
O. L. Jordan 700.00
Darrell V. Willet 750.00
Hab Monsur 750.00
Ronnie Terral 325.00
Don Barron 350.00
A. Ray Bond 250.00
Richard Crawford 250.00
TOTAL $4,125.00
THE RECUSATION ISSUE
The trial judge is a defendant in two expropriation cases filed in Jackson Parish wherein the property expropriated abuts a state highway or state highways other than Highway 167, but which connect with Highway 167. The record indicates this property is essentially rural in nature as opposed to the urban or commercial nature of the Highway 167 area of construction. The State filed a motion to recuse on these grounds alleging an “interest” in the cause. La.C.C.P. Art. 151(5). Another judge of the same district heard and denied the motion because of the State’s failure to meet the burden of proof.
Art. 151(5) provides a judge may be recused when he is “interested in the cause.” The “interest” of the judge sought to be recused insofar as the “cause” of the subject landowner is extremely remote. The State presented no evidence to show that this judge had employed in his cases the same attorneys or appraisers. The trial judge did volunteer that he had employed the same photographer to make pictures of his property affected by the expropriation suits. We know of no exact test, and we are not cited any, whereby an interest in the cause can be easily and readily determined. Each situation will have to be examined where “interest” is asserted. While the burden is on the litigant seeking recusation, interest in a cause may be inferred from other facts and circumstances. We find no error below in this respect.
We are certain that all of our esteemed and learned brethren of the bench are mindful of the need to uphold and enhance the dignity of the judiciary and bar in the eyes of our fellow citizens. We feel confident that in cases where there is truly an interest “ . . . however remote and distant, sufficient to incite the tongue of the disappointed to the most unreasonable suspicion,” the judge will recognize his interest, and in other cases where the interest does not exist but where it is plausible for the citizenry to infer that the judge has an interest in the cause, the judge will likewise recognize this and will always be guided by the high standards of his office.
SUMMARY
Judgment below is amended to reduce the total amount awarded to $35,038.29 as just compensation and to fix the expert fees as above set forth.
Amended, and as amended, Affirmed.
. See La.App. 2d Cir. cases (1975) : State, Dept. of Highways
v. United Pentecostal Church, 313 So.2d 886
v. Whitman, 313 So.2d 918
v. Bounds, 319 So.2d 549
v. DeJean, 322 So.2d 265
v. Model Development Corp., 322 So.2d 270
v. Oil Mark, 324 So.2d 606 (1976)
v. Kilpatrick, 327 So.2d 452 (1976)
. Recusation vel non, is interlocutory in nature and may be reviewable on appeal of a final judgment on the merits of the case. See Bchwing v. Dunlap, 125 La. 677, 51 So. 684 (1910). The Code of Civil Procedure is silent as to the procedural means to achieve review of an order granting or denying recusation of a judge.
. Succession of Jan, 43 La.Ann. 924, 10 So. 6, 7 (1891). | [
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h MURRAY, Judge.
Defendants, Thomas Lee Whaley, III and the New Orleans City Park Improvement Association, appeal the trial court’s award of damages and equitable relief in favor of the plaintiffs, Iris and Sundance Morgan. We reverse the award of damages for the reasons that follow.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW
In their petition filed March 31, 1989, the Morgans asserted that prior to April 1, 1988, they had been permitted virtually unrestricted use of the tennis courts at New Orleans City Park for their instructional clinics and related activities. They alleged, however, that after the Improvement Association illegally contracted with Mr. Whaley to operate the tennis courts and related facilities, arbitrary guidelines and regulations, specifically enumerated in the petition, had been instituted in April 1988 “which were not uniformly applied to all citizens.” The Morgans sought damages for economic losses as well as for deprivation of rights, and asked for an injunction prohibiting enforcement of the contract between the Improvement Association and Mr. Whaley. The petition subsequently was 1 ¡.amended to withdraw both the claim for economic losses and the prayer for injunctive relief. Instead, the Morgans asked for a prohibition against further violations of their constitutional rights and for damages to compensate for their intangible injuries. The defendants answered both the original and amending petitions with general denials'.
At the July 1998 bench trial, Mr. Beauregard L. Bassich, executive director of the City Park Improvement Association, explained that in 1987, the Board of Commissioners was advised that there would no longer be any recurring funds for the Park’s routine maintenance and operations. It thus became essential that all of the recreational facilities, including the Tennis Center, generate sufficient revenues to cover all expenses other than for capital improvements. At the same time, however, the Association’s primary purpose remained the promotion of public access and enjoyment of the Park.
Mr. Bassich ■ further testified that the City Park tennis facilities are administered by the Board of Commissioners through a Tennis Committee, which submits recommended policies, rules and regulations for Board approval. In accord with the Committee’s investigation and recommendation, the Board entered into a contract with Harbour Management, Inc. in December 1987 for the administration, management and operation of the Tennis Center and surrounding areas. In conjunction with this agreement, the Board issued a public notice that new rules would be implemented regarding the use of the tennis facilities, and particularly concerning those who provided tennis instruction at City Park. This notice explicitly authorized the Director of Tennis, the position then held by Thomas L. Whaley, III, to “institute procedures and regulations governing ... the number and qualification of tennis teachers ... and the manner in which their services are offered to the general public.” However, the Board acknowledged that |3the new policies “will not prevent any member of the public from providing instruction to another person from time to time ... as a result of private arrangements,” as long as that did not violate “the manner and spirit in which [the new policies] were intended.”
On March 17, 1988, Mr. Whaley sent a letter to the Morgans outlining the new rules and regulations which were to go into effect on April 1, 1988. Because the Board’s prior notice expressly required all instructors affiliated with -the Park to be certified by the U.S. Professional Tennis Association (USPTA), the Morgans were invited to join that organization and to become members of the City Park teaching staff, which would entitle them to preferential use of the tennis facilities subject to special regulations. They were advised, however, that “[a]ll other tennis players who are not members of the teaching staff will be expected to follow the general rules regarding court prices, reservation procedures and facility rules” that would soon be in effect.
Mr. Morgan testified that he, his wife and various assistants had provided tennis lessons at City Park under the name of “Team Sundance” since about 1975, teaching groups as well as individuals. Until 1988, the Park charged only minimal fees for court rentals on a quarterly basis, with the result that, “for a thousand dollars a year, you could essentially be in business.” Although he had not completed any certification process with a professional organization, Mr. Morgan paid approximately $120 per year in dues to belong to the U.S. Professional Tennis Registry (USPTR), which also provided insurance coverage. While the annual cost for membership in the USPTA and the USPTR was comparable, the fees for certification by the former group, as required by City Park, was approximately double the amount charged by the latter organization. In addition, an instructor who opted to become a “City Park pro” would be subject to a fee schedule set by | ¿the Park and, whenever there were more than four students, the Park would retain a portion of the fee.
Mr. Morgan testified that at the time this new system and the accompanying rule changes were announced, there were between twenty and twenty-five people who used the City Park courts on a regular basis to provide tennis lessons. However, in addition to giving private lessons to individuals, he was one of the few instructors who conducted several large group programs. Because the new system would thus impact Team Sundance differently than most of the others, Mr. Morgan and his wife proposed that they be permitted to obtain USPTA certification but otherwise function independently, as they had in the past. Although some minor changes in the new system were made after many of the instructors voiced their complaints at a Tennis Committee meeting in late March 1988, all other suggestions were rejected, including Mr. Morgan’s proposed accommodation for what he considered to be his special circumstances.
Mr. Morgan and his wife decided that affiliation with City Park on Mr. Whaley’s terms was unacceptable and they, along with a few of the other instructors, declined to join the teaching staff. Accordingly, Mr. Whaley informed them that Team Sundance would be subject to the new rules set for court usage by the general public. These rules, which were posted throughout the facilities and printed on the back of the rental tickets, included the following limitations at issue in this suit:
Tennis players may not use more than 3 tennis balls on the courts at any time. No more than four individuals may be on any tennis court at any given time. Posting of notices, signs and banners anywhere in the tennis facility is prohibited without permission of the Tennis Director.
lBThus, the Morgans were no longer able to place a basket of balls on the courts for repetitive drills by their students; they had to rent more courts to provide lessons to large groups; and they were not permitted to advertise for customers or display indicators of commercial sponsorship for their programs, as in the past.
Iris Morgan, a full-time elementary schoolteacher, testified that enforcement of the first two rules caused her to stop teaching tennis on weekends because she was not physically able to keep up with her young students under those conditions. She named several others similarly impacted by the new limitations, who either began using another facility or gave up teaching altogether. The three-ball rule, in particular, resulted in Mr. Morgan’s exclusion of all children under the age of nine from Team Sundance because more time was spent chasing balls than playing tennis.
During the trial, the parties stipulated “that the rules and regulations ... at issue here, do, in fact, serve legitimate state interest in revenue raising, public safety and public enjoyment and are rationally related to those objectives.” After entry of this stipulation, plaintiffs’ counsel emphasized that while they agreed that “there’s a rational basis for the rules, ... the purpose that we’re here is that we don’t believe that those rules have been equally enforced.”
In support of this claim of discriminatory enforcement, John Trinh, one of Mr. Morgan’s assistants, testified that on sev eral occasions in the past five years he had seen others using baskets of balls while teaching more than three students on one City Park tennis court. One such group was Newman High School, but he had also seen some individuals, whose names were unknown, violating the rules without any reaction from City Park officials. Mr. Trinh said he, on the other hand, was often harassed by staff members questioning him about how many balls he was using and whether he had purchased a ticket for use of the court. He | ¡^admitted, however, that he had been “let go” from the City Park Tennis Club, a private organization, for violating similar club rules, and that, in fact, he had sometimes played on City Park courts without purchasing a ticket. Mr. Trinh also acknowledged that the three-ball rule had been somewhat relaxed to permit play with five or six balls at a time.
Similarly, Iris Morgan testified that when the rule changes went into effect, “We were targeted and other instructors were using baskets, people from other organizations: Delgado, playeare groups, different groups throughout the city, clinics, were all using baskets.” She named some individual instructors she had seen with baskets of balls on the court, but admitted she did not know whether or not they had joined the City Park staff. As previously mentioned, Ms. Morgan knew that enforcement of the new rules against others who gave private lessons had resulted in their departure from City Park’s facilities.
Numerous photographs, dated from 1989 to 1998, were introduced as evidence that the rules prohibiting baskets of balls and only four people on a court were not enforced against everyone. Mr. Morgan identified most of the photos as showing clinics and tournaments put on by such organizations as the New Orleans Tennis Association; New Orleans Recreation Department (NORD); Delgado Community College; a local nonprofit entity known as The Louis Armstrong Group; and the U.S. Tennis Association (USTA). Other groups shown to be using baskets of balls included the Metairie-Kenner Playeare Center and Sacred Heart High School, as well as . “a very large promotional clinic that is sponsored by a lot of companies,” identified as Nick Bollettieri’s Traveling World Tennis Tour. Both the latter event and a New Orleans Tennis Association Clinic were shown to have been advertised on the Tennis Center’s bulletin boards, and sponsorship banners were visible in some of the pictures.
|7According to Mr. Morgan, none of the instructors shown in the photos were members of the City Park staff, and he believed, but could not be certain, that most were being paid for their services. He further testified that in many cases, a Tennis Center employee would walk right past the courts where these violations occurred to question him about* how many courts he had reserved that day. Like Mr. Trinh, Mr. Morgan described incidents in which he believed a staff member was trying to provoke him with rudeness and disrespect, and he often felt that he was deliberately assigned to courts that were in poor condition. Although he is now allowed to hang a “Team Sundance” banner and an American flag on the courts he is using, the City Park staff will not allow him to post the type of sponsorship banners seen in the photos he introduced.
Mr. Morgan explained that he charges a per-person fee for private lessons provided by himself or one of his assistants, and there is also a charge for students participating in his clinic and summer camp programs. In addition, he is paid a per-child fee for after-school programs provided under his “special arrangements” with three local schools. In some cases, however, Mr. Morgan provides scholarships or reduced rates to promising needy' students. On weekends, he books courts and arranges matches between players of similar skill levels, charging only enough to cover the cost of the court rentals. Mr. Morgan testified that he conducts his classes year-round, and that he generally rents a block of contiguous courts for his programs. He and his staff also volunteered instructional time one year for a Tennis Association clinic held in conjunction with the Sugar Bowl Tournament.
Mr. Morgan acknowledged that although the Delgado program had been j Roperated in violation of the general rules for about two years, it had been taken over by the City Park staff some years ago. He further admitted that in most of the tournaments and clinics reflected in his photographs, the participants paid no fee, whether or not the instructors were paid for their time. Mr. Morgan also testified that the current Tennis Director had recently explained that with proper documentation, he could be allowed to use baskets of balls for his Christian Brothers school program. However, with only three more weeks left in that program, Mr. Morgan had decided to await the outcome of this litigation to see what, if anything, he would do.
Paul C. “Chris” Barbe testified that he replaced Mr. Whaley as Director of Tennis at City Park in late 1989 and held the position until August 1991, when he left. He returned to the City Park staff in 1994 as an assistant pro, was then promoted to head pro, and in August 1996 again became Director of Tennis. Mr. Barbe explained that other than City Park’s eight tennis instructors, there are, at most, only three staff members on duty to operate the Tennis Center and supervise the thirty-six courts: one outside maintenance employee, one person in the pro shop, and himself. He admitted that with this limited staff, they could not always catch every violation of the rules limiting the number of people and balls on a court, but felt that “we do a fair, fair-to-middling job.”
Mr. Barbe further explained that while City Park usually provided free court usage for nonprofit programs such as The Louis Armstrong Group, NORD, and the USTA, the tournaments and other special events generally brought in reyenue from court rentals and pro shop sales. Because the Board considered these to be “community service” activities that were to be encouraged, they were exempted from the limitations and rules applied to the general public. In addition, such programs were generally intermittent and short-term, rather than the year-round, lflongoing activities of Team Sundance. School programs, like those provided by Delgado and Sacred Heart, were required to either engage a City Park pro as instructor, at the standard rates, or to abide by the rules applicable to the general public. Mr. Barbe testified that, in fact, when Mr. Morgan complained about those particular schools, he took action to bring them into compliance. While Delgado subsequently arranged for a City Park instructor to operate its program, Sacred Heart had moved to the University of New Orleans.
Because Mr. Barbe was not involved in the original implementation of the rules at issue here, he could not testify with certainty regarding the intended purpose of each regulation. In his view, however, both the three-ball rule and the four-to-a-court limitation promoted safety and public enjoyment by reducing the risk of balls flying into other courts as well as the distraction of noisy groups. On questioning by the court and on cross examination, Mr. Barbe admitted that when baskets of balls were in use or more than four players were on a court, the same risks existed whether Mr. Morgan or a nonprofit group was conducting the program. Mr. Barbe also acknowledged that Mr. Morgan provided direct revenue for the Tennis Center, and that indirect revenue was generated by those who became interested in the game through participation in his programs.
After trial, the matter was held open for the submission of post-trial memoranda by the parties. On September 9, 1998, the court rendered judgment in favor of the Morgans. In the accompanying written reasons, the court explained that the evidence clearly established unequal enforcement of the rules at issue, but the defendants had failed to establish a rational basis for this discrimination. The court particularly noted Mr. Barbe’s admission “that from a safety and public enjoyment standpoint, there is no reason for the distinction” between nonprofit and for-profit programs, as well as his agreement that, whether or not Mr. Morgan was 1 incertified by any organization, his skill and competence as an instructor was not questioned. Therefore, the Park was ordered not to enforce the complained-of rules against the plaintiffs, and general damages for mental anguish, emotional distress, inconvenience and harassment were awarded in the amount of $2,500 for Iris Morgan and $10,000 for Sundance Morgan.
DISCUSSION
In their appeal from this judgment, Mr. Whaley and the City Park Improvement Association assert, among other things, that the trial court erred in its finding of unlawful discrimination based solely upon the safety aspects of the rules at issue. The defendants argue that the classifications created by the Tennis Center’s rules further the legitimate state interests of maximizing Park revenue and promoting public enjoyment, as well as safety. Because enforcement of the rules bears a rational relationship to those ends by distinguishing between the Park’s staff instructors, for-profit programs, and nonprofit, community service groups, they contend that the evidence failed to establish a violation of the Morgans’ rights to equal protection.
Both the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 3 of the Louisiana Constitution provide that all persons are entitled to equal protection of the law. These provisions mandate “that persons similarly situated receive like treatment.” Whitnell v. Silverman, 95-0112, pp. 9-10 (La.12/6/96), 686 So.2d 23, 29-30. While claims may be subject to a different analysis under the federal and state guarantees, a minimal standard of review applies under both provisions where, as here, there is no fundamental right, suspect | n class, or enumerated characteristic alleged as the basis for discrimination. Progressive Security Ins. Co. v. Foster, 97-2985, pp. 17-19 (La.4/23/98), 711 So.2d 675, 685-87. Under these, standards, an individual claiming an equal protection violation has the burden of establishing that a discriminatory classification “is not rationally related to any legitimate governmental interest” or that it “does not suitably further any appropriate state interest.” Id.
In this case, the plaintiffs stipulated that City Park’s rules are rationally related to the legitimate goals of revenue raising, public enjoyment and safety. The Morgans complain, however, that enforcement of the rules against Team Sundance, while allowing the exceptions for nonprofit programs and community service events, fails to serve these objectives. They thus maintain that the trial court correctly found that this unequal enforcement constituted unlawful discrimination. We disagree.
It is clear that, as Mr. Bassich testified, neither the Park nor the recreational facilities within its borders can be operated or maintained unless sufficient revenues are generated. Therefore, when governmental funding was discontinued in 1987, the fees imposed on those using the Park’s tennis courts had to be increased. However, because the need for revenue had to be balanced against the public’s right of access, the Board of Commissioners .had a legitimate basis for rejecting a uniform system of fees based solely upon operational costs.
The effect of the fee structure instituted in 1988 is to distinguish between those who merely use the City Park tennis courts for recreation and those who use the facilities for personal gain. As he admitted at trial, Mr. Morgan and many other individuals had been able to conduct profitable businesses providing tennis instruction based upon the minimal rental costs and lack of regulation at City Park. After 1987, in contrast, the ability to profit from group lessons is now hampered by l^the limitations on the number of balls and people on the courts. However, if an instructor is willing to share a portion of the fees paid by his or her students, the lessons may be facilitated by the use of baskets of balls, and more than four people will be allowed on the court. Thus, under the new rules, the Park can derive the benefit of increased revenue from those who use the tennis courts to operate a business, rather than to merely play a game of tennis. This distinction clearly and reasonably furthers the stipulated governmental interest in revenue raising. The instructors who are unwilling to affiliate with the Tennis Center and share their fees with the Park cannot expect to share the benefits afforded to those who do. Therefore, it is not unlawful discrimination for Mr. Morgan to be subject to the rules that apply to the general public.
Similarly, the exemption from enforcement of the rules that is allowed for nonprofit and community service groups is rationally related to the Park’s interest in public enjoyment. The programs conducted by groups such as NORD, The Louis Armstrong Group, the New Orleans and U.S. Tennis Associations, and even the commercially sponsored “Traveling World Tennis Tour” were shown to attract participants from a greater area, even statewide. This increase in the number of people making use of the Park’s facilities clearly promotes the legitimate goal of ensuring that the Tennis Center remain accessible for all citizens, not merely those who can pay for tennis instruction. Although it was admitted that Mr. Morgan’s programs also contribute to increased use of the Park’s facilities, his fee-for-service status distinguishes him from these organizations that charge little, if anything, for participation. Therefore, it is not unlawful discrimination for the Park to allow exceptions from the Tennis Center rules for such groups, but not for Team Sundance.
Finally, our review of the evidence fails to support any finding of | ^discriminatory enforcement of the rules against the Morgans as compared to other “for-profit” instructors or groups. Both plaintiffs testified that virtually all of those individuals who had been giving tennis lessons at the Park prior to 1988 eventually either became affiliated with the Tennis Center or began using other facilities. Similarly, although the Park did not obtain immediate compliance from school programs, with the new rules and regulations, there was no evidence that any school, group, or individual was knowingly allowed to operate in violation of the limitations on a continuing basis. Notwithstanding Mr. Morgan’s 1989 photo of a private daycare center or Mr. Trinh’s one-time observation of a private high school using baskets of balls, there was no showing of any significant or intentional lack of enforcement of the Tennis Center’s rules by the Park. Instead, the Tennis Center staff attempted, to the best of their abilities, to enforce the limitations against all who were similarly situated to the Morgans.
Because we thus find no basis for the trial court’s finding that the Morgans were entitled to damages for unlawful discrimination, we need not address the issue raised in their answer to the appeal.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons assigned, the judgment in favor of Iris and Sundance Morgan is reversed. Judgment is rendered in favor of defendants, Thomas Lee Whaley, III and the New Orleans City Park Improvement Association, dismissing plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice, with each party to bear their own costs.
REVERSED AND RENDERED.
. Mr. Morgan testified that while his legal name is James O'Connell Morgan, Jr., he uses the name "Sundance” for all business as well as social purposes.
. Mr. Morgan said that these weekend programs were mostly adults, but with some "junior” players; men played on Saturdays and women on Sundays.
. While defendants also challenged the court's authority to prohibit enforcement of the rules at issue, the briefs and arguments presented to this court indicate that post-trial modifications in the Park’s rules and regula-lions led to Mr. Morgan’s eventual affiliation with the teaching staff. Therefore, we preter-mit discussion of the trial court’s grant of equitable relief. | [
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HAMITER, Judge.
An automobile driven by G. H. Neighbors on the Shreveport-Vivian highway within the unincorporated town of Oil City, Louisiana, struck and injured James W. Hopson, a pedestrian, about seven o’clock of the evening of May 12, 1938. The latter’s demands for damages arising out of the accident, which he urges in this suit instituted against such driver, were rejected; and he appeals.
The mentioned highway courses through the named municipality in a north and south direction and is straight for a considerable distance on each side of the place of the accident. It possesses an 18-foot asphalt surface with graveled shoulders S to 6 feet in width. Facing it on its east side are numerous business establishments, including the Norman Hotel. West of it is another portion of the business district. There are no marked or otherwise defined lanes across the highway for pedestrian travel.
At the above-stated time, while daylight prevailed, plaintiff emerged from the front entrance of the Norman Hotel, conversed for a few moments with a person seated on a nearby bench, and then commenced his journey in a southwesterly direction onto and across the highway. As he neared the center of the thoroughfare, he heard the horn of defendant’s machine, which was approaching him from the north, and hastened to and did reach the graveled shoulder of the west side. Shortly thereafter the accident occurred.
It is plaintiff’s contention, and he so alleges, that defendant was operating the automobile at an excessive rate of speed and that its left front fender struck him while he was upon the west graveled shoulder of the highway several feet from the asphalt’s edge. The defense is that plaintiff, after reaching the west graveled shoulder and a place of safety, jumped back onto the asphalt in front of the car, when it was only ten or fifteen feet away, and was there struck. The pivotal question, therefore is: Was plaintiff, when .the accident occurred, off or on the asphalt portion of the highway?
The trial judge, in a well-considered written opinion, analyzed the testimony of the various witnesses and resolved such factual issue in favor of defendant. He stated that the preponderance of the evidence sustained defendant’s position, and held that plaintiff had failed to discharge the burden of proving that defendant was guilty .of negligence that proximately caused the accident. After carefully and closely studying the transcribed testimony of the witnesses, we are unable to disagree with his finding and holding. To say the least, we cannot state that his conclusions are manifestly erroneous.
The evidence adduced at the trial of the case will not be discussed by us in detail. To do so would only serve to increase the financial burden of those who must purchase the published reports. It- is sufficient to say that the contention of plaintiff is supported by the testimony of himself and another eyewitness, and by two other persons who did not witness the actual collision but directed their attention to the scene of the accident upon hearing the sound of the impact. On the other hand, four witnesses, including the automobile’s operator, testified emphatically that they were looking at plaintiff when he was struck, and that they saw him move suddenly from the west graveled shoulder onto the asphalt and in front of defendant’s machine.
With reference to the unusually strange actions of the plaintiff in forsaking a place of safety, which he had gained, for one of peril, the trial court appropriately and interestingly commented: “While it is true that no one is expected to act crazily and jump back in front of a car, it is equally true that the driver of a car does not, on a clear, unobstructed highway, deliberately turn off the pavement to strike a pedestrian on the gravelled shoulder.” '
The speed traveled by the motor vehicle through the unincorporated town of Oil City was admittedly between 30 and 35 miles per hour, this being in excess of the legal rate-fixed by Section 3, Rule 4(c) of Act No. 286 of 1938. Hence, it must be said that defendant was negligent in his driving. However, such negligence was not a proximate cause of the accident, in view of the discussed sudden actions of plaintiff, and therefore is not actionable.
It is contended by counsel for plaintiff that it makes no material difference with respect to defendant’s liability whether he lost control of the car and ran down plaintiff on the graveled shoulder of the road, or “whether plaintiff was so confused and frightened by the close proximity of the car which he had run across the road to avoid, that he believed the car was going to hit him and involuntarily jumped in the path thereof.” In connection with this contention, the emergency doctrine is invoked and relied on. This well-known rule of law, in our opinion, has no application here. It does not clearly appear from the evidence that the automobile was sufficiently near to plaintiff, as he journeyed across the highway, to constitute the existence of an emergency requiring the sudden actions on his part.
We find no error in the judgment of the district court, and it is affirmed. | [
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HAMITER, Judge.
The disagreement forming the basis of this litigation is the outgrowth of dairy-operations conducted by plaintiff and defendant.
On the 19th day of March, 1934, the parties litigant entered into a written agreement which provided that during the year 1934 the farm belonging to defendant, James M. Agurs, and located about 12 miles from Shreveport on the Greenwood Road, should be managed and occupied by plaintiff, H. G. Carney, “under a contract of employment based on a share of the profits to be realized from the operation of said farm and the said dairy situated thereon.”
It further recited that plaintiff would furnish and stand .the expenses of all necessary labor; that the milk produced from the herd of approximately 40 cows would be sold from day to day and the proceeds therefrom used in purchasing supplies for the farm and dairy; and that “the profits made under this contract of employment” would be divided by the parties after the marketing of the crops of cotton and other farm products.
Another provision was that “this contract shall be in force until after the crops are gathered and not later than December 1st, in any case, and if either party desires to terminate this contract he is to give ten days’ notice to the other party of his said intention, but a new contract shall be entered into if the contract is desired to be renewed by the parties.”
The litigants operated the farm and dairy pursuant to the mentioned written recitations, and reached a settlement on October 1, 1934. The farming activities proved to be unprofitable.
Commencing on or shortly after the last mentioned date and continuing until September S, 1938, they engaged ’exclusively in the dairy business, and operated without any written contract. Defendant furnished the required lands, buildings and cattle, while plaintiff provided the necessary labor, except as hereinafter mentioned, and cared for the production and marketing of the milk. On the first of each month during that period, the parties effected a settlement of the preceding month’s business by first deducting the cost of the feed and other supplies from the gross receipts and then sharing equally in the net profits. Defendant contributed towards plaintiff’s labor expense from about January 1, 1935, until March 31, 1938, to the extent of $15 per month.
In July, 1936, a cooling system was purchased by defendant, at a cost to himself of $700, while plaintiff bought, with his own funds, a motor truck. They made those purchases in the interest of the dairying business pursuant to a previously reached understanding.
Defendant, on September 5, 1938, sold all of his cattle to one John Roberts, thus ending their dairy operations. The premises were not then vacated by plaintiff, however, he having occupied one of the houses thereof until the latter part of the following December.
Plaintiff, in his petition in this suit, alleges that on or about January 1, 1935, he entered into a verbal contract with defendant for the year 1935, under which he leased the above mentioned farm, together with all improvements, cows and dairy equipment thereon, and was to have complete control and management of said properties and was to market all the products of said dairy; that “he was to buy all the feed, as well as all other things necessary for the operations of said business, and to do all the work necessary in connection therewith, except defendant each month was to pay petitioner in cash, to apply on the labor bills incurred in the employment of the necessary help in operating said dairy, the sum of Fifteen Dollars, and that at the end of each month the feed bill, as well as the bills for any other items of expense due to be paid by the said business, incurred during the preceding month, was to be first paid and deducted from the gross receipts of said business and then the balance left, or in other words, the net profit for the month, was to be divided equally between petitioner and defendant, which said division of the said net profits, constituted the consideration petitioner paid, and was due to pay, defendant' for the said lease;” and that for the year 1935 the said agreement was carried out to the advantage of both parties.
It is further alleged that on or about January 1, 1936, he and defendant entered into a new agreement, covering the year 1936, to operate the dairy upon the same terms and conditions governing the previous year, with the exception that the purchasing of the aforementioned motor truck and cooling system was provided for.
On or about the first day of the years 1937 and 1938, according to the petition’s additional allegations, the parties entered into new agreements covering the same properties for those respective years, based upon the same terms and conditions of the 1936 contract.
It is also averred by plaintiff that defendant’s sale-of the dairy cattle to John Roberts on September 5, 1938, constituted a breach of their contract and damaged him in the amount of the profits he would have made had he been permitted to continue the .operation of said dairy throughout the remainder of the year 1938; and that on April 1, 1938, and thereafter defendant also violated the contract by refusing to pay the said $15 per month on the labor bill.
The prayer of plaintiff is for judgment against defendant in the sum of $947.65, which is the total of the following itemized amounts:
1. One-half of the net profits of the operation of said dairy, September 1 to 5, inclusive, 1938... $ 57.11'
2. One-half the net profits that would have been earned by the operations of said dairy, from September 5, 1938, to January 1, 1939, based on the average ' monthly profits of that year pri- or thereto, of which petitioner ' was denied on account of the breach by defendant of the said contract in making the said sale of the said dairy and equipment . $793.89
3. Five months’ pay to laborers, at $15.00 per month, which defendant had previously paid, and which he later declined to pay, . beginning April 1, 1938, and covering the months of April, May, June, July and August. $ 75.00
4. For milk cans bought-and paid ■ for by petitioner, and for which defendant agreed to pay. $ 10.00
5. One-half of the premium paid by petitioner on liability policy on the truck, after crediting the full amount with refund. $ 11.65
Defendant, in his answer, denies the material allegations of the petition and all indebtedness to plaintiff, except the .claim of $57.11, being for one-half of the net profits of the dairy operations from September 1 to 5, 1938, inclusive, which is admitted. Affirmatively, he sets forth that at the expiration of the above described written contract for the year 1934, he employed plaintiff from month to month only and “it was agreed between them that if at any time the said defendant should be able to advantageously dispose of the dairy, the cattle, or the equipment or any part of same that he had the right to do so and the contract of employment would be immediately terminated.”
In reconvention, defendant avers plaintiff’s unauthorized occupancy of a five-room house on the premises subsequent to September 5, 1938, 'and that such has prevented a leasing of the farm and improvements thereon and resulted in loss and injury to him.
Defendant prays for a rejection of plaintiff’s demands, and that he have judgment in reconvention for $500 as damages for wrongfully preventing said leasing, and additionally for $50 per month as rentals from September 5, 1938, until the house is vacated.
The district court, after a trial on the merits, rendered judgment in plaintiff’s favor for $171.33, and in favor of defendant in reconvention for $70; and condemned defendant to pay all costs incurred in the suit.
Defendant appealed from the judgment. The appeal has been answered by plaintiff who asks that “the said judgment of the district court be amended by increasing the amount of plaintiff’s award herein against defendant, appellant, to the full amount sued for in principal, interest and costs, and that the said judgment be further amended by rejecting the demands of defendant, appellant, in full.”
No written opinion in the case was rendered by the trial judge. We are informed, however, by plaintiff’s counsel in the brief, that he “held that the contract between plaintiff and defendant was subject to be terminated by giving 10 days’ notice, basing that view on the written contract for 1934, which did have a stipulation to that effect, and that since such notice was not given, plaintiff was entitled to judgment, not only for the $57.11 admitted by defendant to be due him for his part of the earnings from September 1st to and through September '5th, but a further* judgment at the same rate of income for the 10 days following September 5th. That is to say, the lower court awarded plaintiff judgment in the sum of $171.33, with the legal rate of interest from September 15th, 1938, and awarded defendant, on his reconventional demand, judgment in the sum of $70.00 at the legal rate of interest from the alleged due date, fixing rental due by plaintiff for use of the house he occupied at $20.00 per month, from September 15th through January 31st.” Defense counsel’s appreciation of the holding is substantially the same, according to the' provisions of his brief.
Our first duty, in passing on this litigation, is to determine the relationship that existed between the parties during the year 1938, arid particularly on September 5, 1938, when their dairying operations were abruptly terminated through the sale by defendant of all of the cows. As before shown, it is the position of plaintiff that they were operating under a verbal contract covering the entire year of 1938, while defendant claims that their arrangements were for no definite period of time and that he possessed the right to dispose of the business whenever he saw fit.
Counsel for plaintiff first argues, in support of the contended year’s contract, that the farm constituting the base of the dairy operations was a predial estate; that according to Civil Code, article 2687, the lease of a predial estate, when time has not been specified, is presumed, to be for one year; and that defendant has not discharged the burden which he carries of proving the asserted shorter term. If the term “predial estate” correctly characterizes the properties in question, with reference to which we express no opinion, we think that the presumption created by the mentioned codal provision has been clearly rebutted or overcome by the evidence in the record and hereinafter discussed.
It is next said by plaintiff’s counsel that the testimony, with all the attending circumstances, preponderates in favor of the conclusion that the contract was by the year. With this we are unable to agree.
As above shown, the described written contract of 1934 pertained to both farming and dairying and was terminated October 1, 1934. It did not in any manner affect the subsequent operations. After its expiration no agreement of the parties was ever reduced to writing and their activities related only and exclusively to dairying.
Plaintiff testifies that about the first of January, 1935, he met defendant in front of the Dairyland Creamery in Shreveport, and while standing next to his milk truck, the two agreed verbally that for the year 1935 plaintiff would operate the dairy and produce the milk while' defendant would furnish the cows and pay $15 a month toward the labor; and that at the end of each month of that year the net profits would be divided. The testimony of Mrs. Carney, who claims to have been, seated in the truck at the time and overheard the conversation, is corroborative of plaintiff’s described version. It is further stated by plaintiff that at the beginning of each of the years 1936, 1937 and 1938, he had the following conversation with defendant: “I said to him, ‘How about it, Mr. Jim, are you ready for us to keep going?’ He said, ‘Yes, we will keep on going as we have been going.’ I said, ‘Okay.’ ”
Defendant emphatically denies the making of an agreement with plaintiff on or about January 1, 1935, at the Dairyland creamery. He says that on October 1, 1934, when they had the settlement for the year 1934, plaintiff requested the privilege of milking the cows and selling the milk until a job could be obtained or the cattle were sold. This request was granted, so defendant testifies, with the understanding that plaintiff was to get one-half of the net profits of the milk sales as his salary. “That was Mr. Carney’s wages until he could get a job.”
Monthly settlements between the parties occurred regularly after October, 1934, as before stated. These were effected at the home .of defendant, and on each occasion, as the evidence conclusively shows, he gave to plaintiff a check for half of the net proceeds then due with a notation thereon, “Settlement in full to date.”
In the month of May, 1935, plaintiff unsuccessfully applied to one J. M. Wynn for employment. When asked at the time if he was not engaged with the defendant Agurs, he replied that “he was not tied up with anybody.”
The testimony of defendant, the above discussed month tO' month settlements, the application for work made to J. M. Wynn, and other circumstances disclosed by the record, combine to show convincingly that no year’s contract was in existence when defendant sold the cattle on September 5, 1938. It is our opinion, however, formed from a consideration of all of the evidence, that on October 1, 1934, defendant engaged plaintiff as an employee to work on a monthly basis, and that this relationship continued by means of recon-duction from month to month thereafter.
Undoubtedly, defendant was privileged to dispose of his cows; but their sale was subject to the existing employment relationship and could not be made with prejudice to plaintiff's rights to wages for any month that had begun to run. We think, therefore, that plaintiff is entitled to remuneration for the entire month of September, 1938, or, in other words, the wages that he would have earned during that month had the termination not occurred on September 5th. The amount thereof is fixed at $212.75, this being his average monthly net profit computed over a long period of time, as disclosed by the evidence, and includes the above mentioned item of $57.11. He is not entitled to any damages for the remaining months of that year.
Plaintiff's claim for five months’ pay to laborers at $15 per month, or a total of $75, was, in our opinion, properly disallowed. Although defendant made numerous monthly contributions toward the labor expenses, it is not clearly shown that there existed a definite agreement binding him to contribute for any fixed period of time.
The items of $10 for milk cans and $11.65 for insurance premiums, listed in the petition and for which judgment is asked, are not supported, as the trial judge held, by a preponderance of the evidence.
Considering now the reconventional demand, the item of $500, claimed as damages for wrongfully preventing the leasing of the properties, is not proved. As to the claim relating to plaintiff’s occupancy of the house on the premises, the district judge allowed and fixed a rental of $20 per month from September 15, 1938, through December 31, 1938, a period of three and one-half months. The mentioned monthly rate appears to be correct under the evidence adduced; however, in, view of our above holding, plaintiff was entitled to use the house until September 30, and he is chargeable with rent only from October 1, 1938.
An appellate court is granted the right by Act 229 of 1910,. § 2, to tax the costs against any party to the suit, as in its judgment may be deemed equitable. Neither party to this controversy is without fault, and we think that each should pay one-half of the entire costs. Coussons v. Smythe, La.App., 178 So. 657; Perkins v. Louisiana Land & Exploration Co., 171 La. 913, 132 So. 499.
Accordingly, the judgment appealed from is amended by increasing the amount awarded plaintiff from $171.33 to $212.75, with five per cent per annum interest thereon from judicial demand; and by reducing the amount awarded defendant from $70 to $60, with five per cent per annum interest thereon from judicial demand. In all other respects, except as to costs, the judgment is affirmed. The costs of both courts shall be borne in equal portions by plaintiff and defendant. | [
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In re Pierce, Terrell; — Plaintiff; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Orleans, Criminal District Court Div. B, Nos. 387-235, 387-729; to the Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, No. 99-K-2161.
Denied.
LEMMON, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
11 KIRBY, Judge.
This writ was remanded to this Court by the Louisiana Supreme Court for briefing, argument and opinion. In the remand order, the Supreme Court instructed this Court to specifically address the applicability of Gary v. Camden Fire Insurance Co., 96-0055 (La.7/2/96), 676 So.2d 553.
Plaintiffs allege that Joseph Migliori was injured in a fall at The Willows Apartments on Máy 5, 1993. On January 7, 1994, plaintiffs filed their original petition against The Willows Apartments and its alleged insurer, Reliance Insurance Company. Thereafter, two supplemental and amending petitions were filed by plaintiffs to correct the name of the original defendant, that was ultimately named as VOA Thorpe Affordable Housing, L.L.C., d/b/a The Willows Apartments.
On May 24, 1995, more than two years after the accident, plaintiffs filed another supplemental and amending petition, naming as additional defendants, Pyrenees Construction Company (“Pyrenees”) and J. B. Fortson, Inc. (“Fortson”), the relators herein. The Louisiana Workers’ Compensation Corporation (LWCC) Lyras served with a copy of this petition. This petition was the first one served on LWCC in this lawsuit. The insurers of Pyrenees and Fortson were subsequently named as defendants.
The original defendant, VOA Thorpe, filed a motion for summary judgment, which was granted by the trial judge and affirmed by this Court. Migliori, et al. v. Willows Apartments, et al., 98-1814 (La. App. 4 Cir. 2/3/99), 727 So.2d 1258, writ denied 99-0873 (La.5/14/99), 741 So.2d 662. Pyrenees and Fortson and their insurers then filed an exception of prescription, arguing that because the only timely sued defendant (VOA Thorpe) had been dismissed, plaintiffs’ claims against them had prescribed. Plaintiffs opposed the exception of prescription, arguing that the petition naming Pyrenees and Fortson as defendants related back to the filing of the original petition because these two parties were closely connected with VOA Thorpe and knew or should have known of the institution of legal proceedings against VOA Thorpe. Plaintiffs also argued that prescription is interrupted as a result of LWCC’s acknowledgment and recognition of its obligation to Migliori. Plaintiffs noted that LWCC has continued to pay workers’ compensation benefits to Migliori. Finally, plaintiffs argue that the doctrine of contra non valentem prevented the running the prescription in this case because they did not know the identity of these parties until the prescriptive period had run.
The trial judge rejected the plaintiffs’ relation back argument, but overruled re-lators’ exception of prescription, holding that LWCC and relators were solidary obligors and the continuing payment of workers’ compensation benefits to Migliori |3by LWCC was sufficient to interrupt prescription as to relators. Relators took writs from the denial of their exception prescription. This Court declined to exercise its supervisory jurisdiction in this matter. The Louisiana Supreme Court granted writs and remanded this matter for us to consider the applicability of Gary v. Camden Fire Insurance Co., supra.
In the Gary case, the issue presented was whether the payment alone of workers’ compensation benefits to an injured employee interrupts prescription with regard to the worker’s claim against third-party tortfeasors. The Court cited La. Civil Code article 3462, which provides that prescription is interrupted when suit is filed in a court of competent jurisdiction. The Court found that voluntary workers’ compensation payments were insufficient to toll prescription under Article 3462, which specifically requires the filing of a lawsuit. Gary v. Camden Fire Insurance Co., 96-0055 at p. 3, 676 So.2d at 555-556.
The Gary Court went on to distinguish the case of Williams v. Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans, 611 So.2d 1383 (La.1993), wherein the Supreme Court concluded that prescription was interrupted with regard to an injured employee’s claims against a third-party tortfeasor when the employee filed a timely suit seeking workers’ compensation benefits from his employer. The Court in Gary stated that there is no analogy between a lawsuit against an employer and mere claim assertion that prompts voluntary workers’ compensation payments. The Court held that “[w]hile the former may interrupt prescription, Williams v. | Sewerage & Water Bd. Of New Orleans, supra, the latter simply does not.” Gary, supra at p. 4, 676 So.2d at 556.
The Gary Court also cited La. R.S. 23:1204 of the Workers’ Compensation Act, which states:
Neither the furnishing of medical services nor payments by the employer or his insurance carrier shall constitute an admission of liability for compensation under this Chapter.
The Court held under Section 1204, voluntary compensation payments do not acknowledge debt or liability and do not interrupt prescription under La. C.C. art. 3464.
In the instant case, plaintiffs argue that the Gary case is distinguishable because the workers’ compensation carrier in this case did more than just pay compensation benefits; it acknowledged its liability to plaintiffs through other actions. Those actions include paying benefits and medical expenses for seven years without contesting liability, a letter stating to Migliori that he was entitled to medical treatment, a letter from the LWCC to its reinsurer stating that Migliori could never return to employment, an affidavit from a LWCC employee stating that LWCC had acknowledged Migliori’s claim shortly after it was made and recognized his right to reasonable medical treatment and benefits, and LWCC’s response to plaintiffs’ requests for admissions admitting that LWCC acknowledged its obligation to Migliori in accordance with the Louisiana Workers’ Compensation Act.
| sWe conclude that these actions show nothing more than LWCC’s willingness to voluntarily pay compensation benefits to Migliori, which is encouraged by La. R.S. 23:1204. These items do not constitute an admission of Lability on the part of LWCC. This situation is one in which Migliori asserted his claim, which prompted voluntary workers’ compensation payments by the LWCC. Under Gary, these actions do not interrupt prescription.
Furthermore, we find no error in the trial court’s rejection of plaintiffs’ relation back argument. Relators did not have a close enough relationship to VOA Thorpe for the petition against relators to relate back to the date of the filing of the petition against VOA Thorpe. See, Ray v. Alexandria Mall, 434 So.2d 1083 (La.1983); Findley v. City of Baton Rouge, 570 So.2d 1168 (La.1990); Catalano v. GSB Theatres of Chalmette, Inc., 480 So.2d 428 (La.App. 4 Cir.1985). Additionally, we find no merit in plaintiffs’ claim that the doctrine of contra non valentem interrupted prescription in this case. Plaintiffs knew or should have known that they had a reasonable basis to pursue a claim against relators within one year of the accident. See, Jordan v. Em ployee Transfer Corp., 509 So.2d 420 (La.1987).
We find that the ease of Gary v. Camden Fire Insurance Co., supra, cannot be distinguished from the instant case. The payment of workers’ compensation benefits to plaintiffs did not interrupt prescription as to relators. Our interpretation of the Gary decision is that plaintiffs had to file suit against relators within one [¿year of Joseph Migliori’s accident. Having failed to do so, the plaintiffs’ claims against relators have prescribed.
For the reasons stated above, the rela-tors’ writ is granted, the trial court judgment is reversed and relators’ exception of prescription is maintained. Plaintiffs’ claims against relators are dismissed with prejudice.
REVERSED AND RENDERED. | [
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ORDER
Considering the foregoing Joint Petition for Immediate Interim Suspension and the reasons set forth therein,
IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that respondent, GARY W. SHEFFIELD, is hereby interimly suspended from the practice of law in the State of Louisiana.
/s/ Harry T. Lemmon Justice, Supreme Court of Louisiana
VICTORY, J., not on panel. | [
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In re Stuckey, Ralph; — Plaintiff; Applying for Supervisory and/or Remedial Writs, Parish of Orleans, Criminal District Court Div. D, No. 308-416; to the Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, No. 99-K-2251.
Denied. La.C.Cr.P. art. 930.8; State ex rel. Glover v. State, 93-2330 (La.9/5/95), 660 So.2d 1189; State v. Parker, 98-0256 (La.5/8/98), 711 So.2d 694.
MARCUS, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
In re: Donald Briggs applying for writs of habeas corpus, certiorari, prohibition and mandamus.
Application denied. The trial court has acted on the application, denying it on Feb. 26, 1976. | [
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] |
MARVIN, Judge.
The several plaintiffs (hereafter called Hanna) appeal from a judgment decreeing defendants (Harris Green, et ux) to be owners of several tracts of real property in Lincoln Parish. We affirm.
Filed in 1973, the Hanna suit was styled as an action to remove a cloud from the Hanna title, under which title Hanna claimed ownership of the SW/4 of the SW/4 of Section 24, Township 20 North, Range 3 West, less excepted tracts. For simplicity, we refer to the property as the SW/4 of the SW/4. Defendants alleged their ownership of several tracts within the SW/4 of the SW/4 and pleaded the acquisitive prescription of 10 and 30 years.
In 1856, a patent issued to John Green for 240 acres of land including the subject property and adjacent lands in Sections 24 and 25. In 1877, D. L. Green acquired 470 acres including the SW/4 of SW/4 from John Green. •
During his lifetime, D. L. Green disposed of various tracts of land to several vendees, including W. R. Madden, Jim Brax Morrow, and the Hopewell Church. In 1931 in a foreclosure brought against the D. L. Green estate (through his widow and administratrix) R. B. Hanna (plaintiffs’ ancestor) purchased the property foreclosed at a sheriff’s sale. R. B. Hanna and his descendants have since corporeally and civilly possessed some portions of the property described in the sheriff’s deed.
An understanding of the issues and claims of acquisitive prescription as concerns the several tracts disputed between Hanna and defendants may be facilitated by referring to a detailed survey in the record which was prepared by C. L. Albrit-ton, an expert witness who testified below. A facsimile of the pertinent detail of this survey is reproduced here. Also reproduced here is the pertinent part of 1912 partition plat which is hereafter mentioned.
• Defendants claim or trace their titles (1) from the excepted tracts mentioned in the sheriff’s deed; (2) to deeds from persons other than successors in title to D. L. Green, primarily persons who derive title from the heirs of B. F. Stokes by virtue of a partition between these heirs in 1912; and (3) on the basis of open and uninterrupted possession as owner for more than 10 years and for more than 30 years under the law and codal articles relating to acquisitive prescription.
In the 1912 partition, Ila Stokes acquired, with adjacent properties, a tract in the SW/4 of the SW/4 described as:
“5.88 acres in the shape of a ‘V’ in the nw in the SW/4 of SW/4 [sic] . . .”
The plat filed with and referred to in the partition instrument shows that the V-shaped tract is north and west of Brushy Branch, a creek running through the area.
In 1915 Ila Stokes and her sister, Alma Stokes Avery, entered into an exchange whereby Mrs. Avery acquired the V-shaped property by the same description and by reference to the partition as recorded at a specific conveyance book and page. The tract referred to as the V-shaped property is shown on the facsimile survey as Tract A, and as Tract B, bounded north and west by the forty lines and east and south by Brushy Branch. The trial court found that Alma Stokes Avery, and her later successors in title (and we note, by virtually the identical description), including the defendants, had enclosed Tract A by fences and other visible boundaries and had openly and without interruption possessed Tract A as owner, respectively, since about the year 1915 to the time of the trial. The record amply supports the lower court’s findings.
Tract B of the facsimile survey is that property between what was an old eastern boundary fence of Tract A and Brushy Branch erected by W. R. Madden. Tract C is the property lying south and east of Tracts A and B and lying north and west of the state highway. In 1917, W. R. Madden acquired what the trial court found was Tract B by a deed from Alma Stokes Avery, et vir, containing this description :
A strip of land containing 5 acres, more or less, in the West Side of SW/4 of Sec. 24, T. 20 N., R. 3 West, bounded on the East by Brushy Branch and surrounded on the North, West, and South by a wire fence built by W. R. Madden to determine the boundary lines on these three sides.
In 1915, W. R. Madden acquired from D. L. Green “one-half acre” described by metes and bounds beginning at the southeast corner of the Hopewell Church lot [Tract F] and property by this description :
“ . . . Also all of the land East of Brusby [sic] Branch and West of the Public Road, making the Public Road the East Line and Jim Brack’s Land the South Line, containing 5 acres more or less. All in SW 14 of SW 4 Sec. 24, Tp. 20, N. R. 3 West ...”
It is the above property said to contain five acres that is Tract C.
Jim Brack, as revealed by the testimony and as found by the trial court, was Jim Brax Morrow, who in 1904, under a deed from D. L. Green went into possession of land contiguous to the southwest corner of the SW/4 of SW/4. A son of Jim Brax Morrow testified that he was born on the property in 1907 and lived there for approximately 25 years. He testified as to the neighbors and as to a fence on the east of his father’s property, the west boundary of Tract A. Among the neighbors were W. R. Madden and Cal Moore. By mesne conveyances, defendants acquired Tract A from Mrs. Avery’s successors in 1964. The trial court found that fences, hedgerows or turnrows, enclosing these tracts (A, B and C), separately or with other property owned by a respective possessor, existed continuously since about the year 1915. While one owner-possessor might have removed interior fences when two or more tracts were acquired by the one owner, all of the SW/4 of the SW/4 lying north and west of the state highway had been adversely possessed within enclosures by defendants or their predecessors in title for more than 30 years. The trial court further found that D. L. Green did not possess or claim to possess any portion of the SW/4 of the SW/4 west and north of the highway after the year 1915 and that R. B. Hanna and the plaintiffs did not possess [we add corporeally] any portion of the SW/4 of the SW/4 north and west • of the highway before or after the 1931 sheriff’s sale. The trial court’s findings are fully supported by the record.
In the SW/4 of the SW/4 east of - the highway, defendants acquired by mesne conveyances the excepted [4-acre W. R. Madden tract (F) and the Hopewell School tract (E) which were excepted from the sheriff’s deed. The lower court found that the requisites of the 30-year acquisitive prescription had been met by defendants and defendants ancestors in title. The record supports these conclusions. Neither plaintiffs nor defendants claim ownership or possession of the Hopewell Cemetery lot of 1.9 acres, a small triangular portion of which lies in the SW/4 of the SW/4 immediately south of the north forty line and west of the highway.
The trial court also found the deeds to Tract A to be translative of title from the 1912 partition deed through conveyances to the deed by which defendants acquired and that defendant had proved the requisites of the 10-year prescription. In view of the finding below and here that the requisites of 30-year acquisitive prescription have been fulfilled, and while it was not necessary to the decision below, we approve of the trial court’s conclusions in this respect as to Tracts A, B and C in the SW/4 of SW/4, excepting the cemetery lot.
The character of possession exercised by defendants and their predecessors in title consisted primarily of grazing livestock, patch farming, planting grass and cutting and clearing wood. The acts of possession exercised by the several respective owners of Tracts A, B and C from about 1915 were not grossly different as between these owners. The description of each tract was in almost identical language from possessor to possessor, except for typographical errors of no consequence and except to add to some descriptions the book and page of the conveyance records by which the conveying possessor had acquired the property.
In Jowers v. Coats, cited supra, we had occasion to consider the issues emanating from a situation where record title apparently existed in two parties, both of which claimed the property. There Coats had title to 600 acres. Jowers had a title to a 20-acre tract within the 600 acres. Jowers and his predecessors had corporeally possessed the 20-acre tract for more than 30 years. Coats and his predecessors had apparently possessed civilly the 20 acres and had corporeally possessed the remainder of his title. There we recognized the “well-established principle” that possession of a portion of land under a deed is possession of the whole, but stated that the principle was not applicable against one who possessed corporeally and adverse to the possessor of part of the larger tract, citing La.C.C. Arts. 3478, 3499 and Ernest Realty Co. v. Hunter Co., Inc., 189 La. 379, 179 So. 460 (1938).
The lower court found sufficient acts of possession for more than 30 years to establish a 30-year acquisitive prescriptive title in defendants as to Tracts E and F in the SW/4 of SW/4. We agree. The Hopewell School and a home for the teacher at the school existed on these respective tracts for several years before defendants acquired the property in 1942 from the Lincoln Parish School Board. The School Board acquired the two tracts by deeds in 1919 and 1920 from the Trustees of the Hopewell School. One or more witnesses who attended school there testified that the school property was fenced on three sides not facing the road as shown on the facsimile survey. Harris Green built a fence along the road shortly after his purchase to graze cattle there and has since maintained the fences. Tract F was used during this time of the existence of the school by the teacher at the school and was later used by tenants of Harris Green. The SW/4 of SW/4 east of the highway, to the east and south of Tract F and Tract E were farmed by R. B. Hanna. Tract E was farmed by Harris Green and fences, turnrows or hedgerows bounding the property were recognized by the tenants or farm laborers of both Green and Hanna. The Hopewell Church and school and teacher residence had existed in the area for several years before defendant acquired in 1942 the acre described as beginning at the SE corner of the Hopewell Church lot and thereafter described by calls south, east, north and west.
In Snelling v. Adair, 196 La. 624, 199 So. 782 (1941), the Supreme Court had under consideration, as applied to a 10-year acquisitive prescription question, a description which did not describe the property by governmental subdivisions but as lying [in fact erroneously] west of a railroad, bounded by lands of T on the north, by lands of W on the south and east, and by lands of M on the west. The property was east of the railroad and was not contiguous on the south and east to the lands of W. W’s lands were 50 acres removed from the property there in question. The court emphasized that the record was replete with testimony of persons owning property or residing in the general area that the tract in question was owned by defendant’s ancestor. The court there upheld the description as being susceptible of location and translative of title and subject to the acquisitve prescription of 10 years.
“ . . . it suffices if the description be ‘such as to enable the court to determine with certainty, with the aid of such extrinsic evidence as is admissible under the rules of evidence, what property was intended by the parties to be covered thereby. The description need not be given with such particularity as to make a resort to extrinsic evidence unnecessary,’ ...” 199 So. 788.
As to Tract F, the i/^-acre lot sold by D. L. Green to W. R. Madden in 1915, and eventually to Harris Green, was sufficiently identified to support the plea of 10 years acquisitive prescription, considering the long existence of the school and continued corporeal possession adverse to Hanna. We cannot say the lower court was manifestly erroneous in these conclusions.
In summary, Hanna has shown an unbroken chain of title from the patentee through D. L. Green and the sheriff’s deed of 1931 to R. B. Hanna of a large quantity of acreage. Defendants have shown that they and their predecessors in title and adversely to Hanna, corporeally possessed as owner, portions of the SW/4 of SW/4 in such a manner and for such uninterrupted periods of time as to fulfill the requirements to establish a valid title by acquisitive prescription. Defendants have further shown that while Hanna corporeally possessed property east of the public road in the SW/4 of SW/4, Hanna did not corporeally possess property therein west of the public road.
At appellants’ cost, judgment below is
AFFIRMED.
. The N/2 of the NW/4 and S/2 of the SW/4, Section 24, and W/2 of the NW/4, Section 25.
. The sheriff’s deed contains this description: “NE/4 of NW/4, W/2 of SE/4 of NW/4, W/2 of E/2 of SW/4 and all that part of W/2 of NW/4 lying East of Brushy Branch and SW/4 of SW/4 Section 24 (less lot sold to Hopewell Church, described as a . parcel of land commencing at the SE comer of SW/4 of SW/4 Section 24, T 20, N., R. 3 West and run North 20 chains; thence West 5 chains; thence West to Brushy Branch 26% rods; thence East 7 rods, making triangle plat; thence West to the said corner; thence 26% rods to the said Brushy Branch, containing 3% acres; [This corresponds to Tract E on the facsimile survey reproduced with this opinion] and lot sold to W. R. Madden, described as follows: One half acre beginning at the SE corner of the Hopewell Church lot and running south 70 yards; thence East 35 yards; thence North 70 yards ; thence West 35 yards to starting point [This corresponds to Tract F on the facsimile survey reproduced with this opinion]. Also all the land East of Brushy Branch and West of the public road, making the public road the East line and Jim Brack’s land the South line, containing 5 acres, more or less, all in SW/4 of SW/4, Section 24, T. 20 N., R. 3 West [This corresponds to Tract 0 on the facsimile survey reproduced with this opinion] * * * Ten acres off of the East side of the NW/4 of NW/4; E/2 of NW/4 and W/2 of NE/4, Section 25, all in T. 20, N. R. 3 W. LESS AND EXCEPT, the following described property: * * * Six acres in NW corner of SE/4 of NW/4, * * * and 8% acres in NW/4 of NW/4, and East of Brushy Branch, described as follows: * * * LESS AND EXCEPT the following described property : All of that part in SW/4 of NW/4 of Sec. 24, lying East of Brushy Branch, and South of Mrs. J. M. Brewster containing 25 acres, more or less. Also all of that part in W/2 of SE/4 of NW/4 Sec. 24 lying South of Mrs. J. M. Brewster and West of Mrs. J. E. Hammons, containing 15 acres, more or less. Also the NW/4 of NE/4 of SW/4 Sec. 24, all the above in T. 20 N. R. 3 W., containing in all 50 acres. (This being the same land that D. L. Green sold to J. M. Lindsey as recorded in Book TT page 408). Material in brackets supplied.
.Plaintiffs corporeally possessed the SW/4 of SW/4 east and south of the highway (excluding the school property and residence on the north), but did not corporeally possess property therein north and west of the state highway. Plaintiffs apparently possessed corporeally other properties described in the sheriff’s deed and claimed to possess civilly all of the property described in the sheriff’s deed. Possession of a part of a tract as being possession of the whole of the tract does not apply to defeat the adverse corporeal possession by defendants and their ancestors in title for a sufficient period of time to establish prescriptive title. See Jowers v. Coats, 76 So.2d 99 (La.App.2d Gir. 1954), discussed infra.
. A partition deed has been held translative of title or just title under La.C.C. Art. 3483. See Pitre v. Peltier, 122 So.2d 867 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1960). The civil code provides that an exchange also may be translative of title. La.C.C. Art. 3485. Also the fact that property is described in a conveyance as being bounded by the estates of other persons does not fatally affect the description of the property. If the property intended to be conveyed can be ascertained with certainty by the aid of legally admissible extrinsic evidence, the description is sufficient to support a plea of 10 years acquisitive prescription and to permit tacking of possession under a plea of either 10 or 30 year acquisitive prescription. See Bruce v. Cheramie, 231 La. 881, 93 So.2d 202 (1957) ; Authement v. Theriot, 292 So.2d 319 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1974) ; La.C.C. Arts. 3493, 3495.
. When reference is made to the plat filed with the 1912 partition instrument which describes the disputed Tract A as 5.88 acres in the shape of a “V” in the northwest corner of the SW/4 of SW/4, it is with certainty that this description intended to convey all that part of the SW/4 of SW/4 lying north and west of Brushy Branch.
Tract C, by the 1915 deed from D. L. Green to W. R. Madden, was described in part as “ . . . all of the land east of Brushy Branch and West of the public road making the public road the east line and Jim Brack’s land the south line ... in the SW/4 of SW/4 . . . ” This description is sufficient to uphold the deed as being translative of title.
The 1917 deed from Alma Stokes Avery to W. R. Madden is also translative of title, the description contained in which is reasonably ascertainable by reference to the 1915 deed to W. R. Madden and the exchange deed to Alma Stokes Avery, both of which are of record. This is Tract B of the disputed property. The 1917 deed describes this property as bounded on the east by Brushy Branch and on the north, south and west by lands (or fences) of W. R. Madden.
The fact that Tracts A and C, respectively, contain more acreage than the deeds specify is of no moment. A sale by fixed boundaries is a sale by aversionem even though quantities are also given. La.G.C. Art. 854; Passera v. City, 167 La. 199, 118 So. 887 (1928) ; Schexnayder v. Duhon, 163 So.2d 393 (La. App.3d Oir. 1964).
. Tract F description in the deed to the School Board in 1920 and to Harris Green in 1942 reads as follows:
“ . . . and % acre, beginning at the SE corner of the Hopewell Church lot and running South 70 yards, thence East 35 yds., thence North 70 yards, and thence West 75 yards to starting point ...”
Tract E description in the deeds reads as follows :
“Beginning 300 ft. West of the S.E. comer of N.W. !4 of S.W. % of section 24 T. 20N. It. 3 West and running North 65 yds., thence N. 30° E. 67 yds., thence West 234 yds., thence in a Southeasterly direction to a point 72 yds. West of starting point, thence East 72 yds. to starting point ...”
. See Pure Oil v. Skinner, 294 So.2d 797 (La. 1974). | [
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JjMURRAY, Judge.
This writ application was originally granted by this Court, reversing the trial court’s judgment, with one judge dissenting. Upon application to the Supreme Court, it was remanded to this Court with instructions that it be reargued before a five-judge panel, which was done on November 15, 1999. However, a disposition was not rendered prior to Judge Robert Katz’s untimely death. . Therefore, the matter was reargued on May 24, 2000, with Judge Ciaccio sitting pro tempore. Upon reconsideration of relator’s writ application, we reverse our previous disposition, and affirm the trial court’s denial of summary judgment.
The fee schedule codified in Chapter 35 of Title 40 of the Louisiana Administrative Code, § 3513, which was not promulgated by the Department of Labor, Office of Workers’ Compensation until February of 1993, cannot be applied retroactively to Ms. Robinson’s claim.
We rely on the reasoning of the Fifth Circuit in Manuel v. River Parish Disposal, Inc., 96-302, 96-303 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/1/96), 683 So.2d 791. In that factually similar case, the court was asked to decide if a reimbursement schedule | ^promulgated after the date of the claimant’s injury could be applied retroactively. Based on the principle that the law in effect at the time of injury controls in workers’ compensation cases, the court held that the fee schedule could not apply. It noted that the legislature enacted a statute directing the Office of Workers’ Compensation to establish reimbursement schedules for various medical treatments, but that at the time of the claimant’s injury the schedule had not been promulgated.
Relator argued that the hearing officer erred in denying summary judgment because the factual disputes were not relevant in face of an explicit fee schedule. However, because that schedule is not applicable to the services provided to this claimant, the trial court’s denial of summary judgment based on a genuine issue of fact as to the reasonableness of the fees charged, is correct. That judgment is affirmed, and this matter is remanded for further proceedings.
WRIT APPLICATION GRANTED; JUDGMENT AFFIRMED. | [
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In re Jones, Wayne; — Defendant; Applying for Writ of Certiorari and/or Review, Parish of Lafourche, 17th Judicial District Court Div. D, No. 310882; to the Court of Appeal, First Circuit, No. 98 KA 2581
Denied.
VICTORY, J., not on panel. | [
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] |
SANDERS, Chief Justice.
The State charged the defendant, Robert Bartley, with armed robbery in violation of LSA-R.S. 14:64. After a trial by jury, he was convicted and sentenced to eighteen years imprisonment, without benefit of probation, parole, or suspension of sentence. On appeal to this. Court, defendant relies upon seven assignments of error. Assignment of Error No. 5 was neither briefed nor argued and is considered abandoned. See State v. Edwards, 261 La. 1014, 261 So.2d 649 (1972). Finding merit in none of them, we affirm the defendant’s conviction and sentence.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NOS. 1-4
In these assignments of error, defendant complains that the trial judge erroneously denied his motion to suppress certain evidence seized at an apartment at 101 Morgan Street in Hahnville, Louisiana. Defendant contends that the evidence was seized in a warrantless search that violated his Fourth Amendment rights.
The pertinent facts, developed at the hearing on the motion, are as follows: State Trooper W. McBroom received information over his radio that an armed robbery by four masked black men was then in progress at Gaston’s Bar in Hahn-ville. He broadcast an alert and rushed to the scene, just missing the robbers’ departure. A witness reported seeing a black car with several men in it driving very fast away from the bar towards a school. Trooper McBroom found the car behind the school building a few blocks away. It matched the witness’s description; additionally, he noticed several rolls of coins on the floor and seats. When other officers arrived a man baling hay in a nearby field told them that a few minutes previously he had seen four or five black males in the same car drive to the end of the road in his field, reverse the car, and quickly back up. Two or three of them jumped out of the car and ran through the grass toward some nearby apartments.
Within fifteen minutes, the officers put the apartments under surveillance, especially observing the activities at 101 Morgan Street, one side of a duplex a few hundred feet from the abandoned car. Upon arrival of additional officers, the police approached the apartment and questioned Jules Scott, who was repairing a car in front of No. 101. Officer Faucheaux testified that Scott told him that he lived there with Christine Antonio as her common-law husband and that Scott voluntarily gave them the apartment key, which was inside the car. When the officers opened the door with the key, the police saw the defendant Bartley, who attempted to flee, and a quantity of money on the floor. They investigated noises in the other rooms and found three other suspects and a large amount of cash. They then arrested the four suspects and seized the cash, several pistols, a wrist watch, and a wallet.
Defendant’s only witness at the hearing was Jules Scott, who testified that he did not give the police permission to search the apartment, because he was not living there at that time. He testified that the police took the keys from his car against his will and that he had been afraid someone would shoot him as some of their guns were drawn. Deputy Faucheaux’s testimony directly contradicted Scott’s. The trial judge, evaluating the credibility of the witnesses, stated that he did not believe Scott’s testimony because of his relationship with the defendants.
Consent is one of the well-recognized exceptions to the search warrant requirement. See e. g., Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L. Ed.2d 854 (1973). It is clear that Scott, the common-law husband of the person in whose name the apartment was leased, had authority over the apartment at the time of the search, and his consent to a search is valid. Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971); State v. Hubbs, 261 La. 173, 259 So.2d 53 (1972). Furthermore, the question of consent is a factual one. A factual determination by the trial judge, especially when as here it involves the credibility of witnesses, must be given great weight on appeal. State v. Hubbs, supra; State v. Hall, 257 La. 253, 242 So.2d 239 (1970). We find no error in the trial judge’s finding that the consent was valid.
These assignments of error have no merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 6
Defendant alleges that the trial judge erred in refusing to order a directed verdict in his favor because the State failed “to meet its burden of proof.” In State v. Douglas, La., 278 So.2d 485 (1973), this Court held that the denial of a directed verdict can be reversed on appeal only when there is no evidence of an essential element of the crime charged. We have reviewed the transcript and find some evidence of all the elements of the crime.
This assignment of error is without merit.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NOS. 7 AND 8
Defendant alleges that he was not convicted on “evidence strong enough to sustain a conviction beyond a reasonable doubt”; he contends that he should be granted a new trial under Article 851(5) of the Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure, which provides for the granting of a new trial whenever the court is of the opinion that the ends of justice would be served thereby.
It is well established in Louisiana that an assignment of error reserved to the denial of a motion for a new trial alleging that the verdict is contrary to the law and the evidence presents nothing for appellate review. State v. Williams, La., 310 So.2d 513 (1975); State v. Hollingsworth, La., 292 So.2d 516 (1974); State v. Washington, La., 292 So.2d 234 (1975).
The assignments of error have no merit.
For the reasons assigned, the conviction and sentence are affirmed. | [
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Subsets and Splits