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1,300 | In human neuroanatomy, brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs), also called brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs), are very small auditory evoked potentials in response to an auditory stimulus, which are recorded by electrodes placed on the scalp. They reflect neuronal activity in the auditory nerve, cochlear nucleus, superior olive, and inferior colliculus of the brainstem. They typically have a response latency of no more than six milliseconds with an amplitude of approximately one microvolt | Brainstem auditory evoked potential |
1,301 | In neuroscience the bridge locus for a particular sensory percept is a hypothetical set of neurons whose activity is the basis of that sensory percept. The term was introduced by D. N | Bridge locus |
1,302 | The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), originally developed at the University of Cambridge in the 1980s but now provided in a commercial capacity by Cambridge Cognition, is a computer-based cognitive assessment system consisting of a battery of neuropsychological tests, administered to subjects using a touch screen computer. The CANTAB tests were co-invented by Professor Trevor Robbins and Professor Barbara Sahakian. The 25 tests in CANTAB examine various areas of cognitive function, including:
general memory and learning,
working memory and executive function,
visual memory,
attention and reaction time (RT),
semantic/verbal memory,
decision making and response control | Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery |
1,303 | The Center for Neural Science is a research institution founded in 1989 by members of the New York University Psychology Department, following a major funding drive. Its founder was J. Anthony Movshon, who has been director ever since, with brief interruptions | Center for Neural Science |
1,304 | The cervical enlargement corresponds with the attachments of the large nerves which supply the upper limbs.
Located just above the brachial plexus, it extends from about the fifth cervical to the first thoracic vertebra, its maximum circumference (about 38 mm. ) being on a level with the attachment of the sixth pair of cervical nerves | Cervical enlargement |
1,305 | The China Brain Project is a 15-year project, approved by the Chinese National People's Congress in March 2016 as part of the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016–2020); it is one of four pilot programs of the Innovation of Science and Technology Forward 2030 program, targeted at research into the neural basis of cognitive function. Additional goals include improving diagnosis and prevention of brain diseases and driving information technology and artificial intelligence projects that are inspired by the brain. The China Brain Project prioritizes brain-inspired AI over other approaches | China Brain Project |
1,306 | Collier's sign (also known as Collier's tucked lid sign or posterior fossa stare) is bilateral or unilateral eyelid retraction.
It is an accepted medical sign of a midbrain lesion, first described in 1927 by J Collier. With the eyes in the primary position, the sclera can be seen above the cornea, and further upgaze increases the distance between the eyelids and irises | Collier's sign |
1,307 | In neurophysiology, commutation is the process by which the brain's neural circuits exhibit non-commutativity.
Physiologist Douglas B. Tweed and coworkers have considered whether certain neural circuits in the brain exhibit noncommutativity and state:
In noncommutative algebra, order makes a difference to multiplication, so that
| Commutation (neurophysiology) |
1,308 | Computational and Systems Neuroscience (COSYNE or CoSyNe) is an annual scientific conference for the exchange of experimental and theoretical/computational approaches to problems in systems neuroscience. It is an important meeting for computational neuroscientists where many levels of approaches are discussed. It is a single track-meeting with oral and poster sessions and attracts about 800-900 participants from a variety of disciplines, including neuroscience, computer science and machine learning | Computational and Systems Neuroscience |
1,309 | Crossmodal perception or cross-modal perception is perception that involves interactions between two or more different sensory modalities. Examples include synesthesia, sensory substitution and the McGurk effect, in which vision and hearing interact in speech perception.
Crossmodal perception, crossmodal integration and cross modal plasticity of the human brain are increasingly studied in neuroscience to gain a better understanding of the large-scale and long-term properties of the brain | Crossmodal |
1,310 | Electronarcosis, also called electric stunning or electrostunning, is a profound stupor produced by passing an electric current through the brain. Electronarcosis may be used as a form of electrotherapy in treating certain mental illnesses in humans, or may be used to render livestock unconscious prior to slaughter.
History
In 1902, Stephen Leduc discovered he could produce a narcotic-like state in animals, and eventually, he tried it on himself, where he remained conscious but unable to move in a dream-like state | Electronarcosis |
1,311 | An electroneurogram is a method used to visualize directly recorded electrical activity of neurons in the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) or the peripheral nervous system (nerves, ganglions). The acronym ENG is often used. An electroneurogram is similar to an electromyogram (EMG), but the latter is used to visualize muscular activity | Electroneurogram |
1,312 | The empty delta sign is a radiologic sign seen on brain imaging which is associated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. It is usually seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans with contrast. It is seen as dural wall enhancement in the absence of intra-sinus enhancement (there is no enhancement in the lumen of the dural sinus) | Empty delta sign |
1,313 | Fogging phenomenon in computerized tomography (CT) scanning of the head is vanishing signs of an infarct on the serial CT imaging in a patient with a recent stroke. It is a reversal of the hypodensity on the CT after an acute ischemic stroke. This happens as a result of re-nourishment of the infarcted area in subacute phase about one to three weeks after the stroke | Fogging phenomenon |
1,314 | The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is an assessment tool that aims to evaluate the functional status of patients throughout the rehabilitation process following a stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury or cancer. Its area of use can include skilled nursing facilities and hospitals aimed at acute, sub-acute and rehabilitation care. Performed on admission to and departure from a rehabilitation hospital, it serves as a consistent data collection tool for the comparison of rehabilitation outcomes across the health care continuum | Functional Independence Measure |
1,315 | A gammatone filter is a linear filter described by an impulse response that is the product of a gamma distribution and sinusoidal tone. It is a widely used model of auditory filters in the auditory system.
A gammatone response was originally proposed in 1972 as a description of revcor functions measured in the cochlear nucleus of cats | Gammatone filter |
1,316 | The Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) is a scale of patients with brain injuries, such as cerebral traumas that groups victims by the objective degree of recovery. The first description was in 1975 by Jennett and Bond.
Application
The Glasgow Outcome Score applies to patients with brain damage allowing the objective assessment of their recovery in five categories | Glasgow Outcome Scale |
1,317 | The grey commissure is a thin strip of grey matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and, along with the anterior white commissure, connects the two halves of the cord. It comprises lamina X in the Rexed classification.
External links
Blok BF, van Maarseveen JT, Holstege G (June 1998) | Grey commissure |
1,318 | Hallucinations is a 2012 book written by the neurologist Oliver Sacks. In Hallucinations, Sacks recounts stories of hallucinations and other mind-altering episodes of both his patients and himself and uses them in an attempt to elucidate certain features and structures of the brain including his own migraine headaches.
Summary
Hallucinations was written with the intention to remove the stigma of hallucinations in the eyes of society and the medical world | Hallucinations (book) |
1,319 | The hanger reflex is a human reflex. When the head is circled with a tight-fitting and stretched clothes hanger, the hanger compresses the frontotemporal region and the head involuntarily rotates toward the direction of the hook. It is not clear what causes this action | Hanger reflex |
1,320 | The term high-conductance state describes a particular state of neurons in specific states of the brain, such as for example during wakefulness, attentive states, or even during some anesthetized states. In individual neurons, the high-conductance state is formally defined by the fact that the total synaptic conductance received by the neuron is larger than its natural resting (or leak) conductance, so in a sense the neuron is "driven" by its inputs rather than being dominated by its intrinsic activity. High-conductance states have been well characterized experimentally, but they also have motivated numerous theoretical studies, in particular in relation to the considerable amount of "noise" present in such states | High-conductance state |
1,321 | I of the Vortex: From Neurons to Self is a popular science book by the Colombian neuroscientist Rodolfo Llinás, published in February 2002 by MIT Press. and whose Spanish edition features a prologue by his friend, Nobel laureate Gabriel García Márquez. The book is considered a best seller for scientific dissemination and won the "best health book" award at the International Latino Book Award Fair in BookExpo America 2013, in New York, and according to Google Scholar has received more than 1000 citations | I of the Vortex |
1,322 | An ionotropic effect is the effect of a transmitter substance or hormone that activates or deactivates ionotropic receptors (ligand-gated ion channels). The effect can be either positive or negative, specifically a depolarization or a hyperpolarization respectively. This term is commonly confused with an inotropic effect, which refers to a change in the force of contraction (e | Ionotropic effect |
1,323 | Keeper: Living with Nancy is a 2009 biographical book written by Andrea Gillies which centers around Alzheimer's disease. It won the Wellcome Book Prize and Orwell Prize.
Plot
The book is the account of Andrea Gillies' mother-in-law, Nancy, who had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's | Keeper: Living with Nancy |
1,324 | In physiology, psychology, or psychophysics, a limen or a liminal point is a sensory threshold of a physiological or psychological response. Such points delineate boundaries of perception; that is, a limen defines a sensory threshold beyond which a particular stimulus becomes perceivable, and below which it remains unperceivable. Liminal, as an adjective, means situated at a sensory threshold, hence barely perceptible | Limen |
1,325 | The line of Gennari (also called the "band" or "stria" of Gennari) is a band of myelinated axons that runs parallel to the surface of the cerebral cortex on the banks of the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe. This formation is visible to the naked eye as a white strip running through the cortical grey matter, and is the reason the V1 in primates is also referred to as the "striate cortex. " The line of Gennari is due to dense axonal input from the thalamus to layer IV of visual cortex | Line of Gennari |
1,326 | Lövheim Cube of Emotion is a theoretical model for the relationship between the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline and emotions. The model was presented in 2012 by Swedish researcher Hugo Lövheim. Lövheim classifies emotions according to Silvan Tomkins, and orders the basic emotions in a three-dimensional coordinate system where the level of the monoamine neurotransmitters form orthogonal axes | Lövheim Cube of Emotions |
1,327 | MAPseq or Multiplexed Analysis of Projections by Sequencing is a RNA-Seq based method for high-throughput mapping of neuronal projections. It was developed by Anthony M. Zador and his team at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and published in Neuron, a Cell Press magazine | MAP-Seq |
1,328 | The matrix-core theory of thalamus, first proposed by Ted Jones, states that neurons in the thalamus belong to either a calbindin-immunopositive matrix of diffusely and widely projecting neurons, or to a parvalbumin-immunopositive core of precisely projecting neurons. Unfortunately only one nucleus is simply immunoreactive to just one of three calcium binding proteins, and that is the centromedial nuclei which stains for parvalbumin. A given region usually stains for two of the three proteins—parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin The neurons comprising the core are believed to be involved in propagation of 'driving' information, whereas neurons comprising the matrix are believed to play a more modulatory role | Matrix-core |
1,329 | McN5652 is a molecule that can be radiolabeled and then used as a radioligand in positron emission tomography (PET) studies. The [11C]-(+)-McN5652 enantiomer binds to the serotonin transporter. The radioligand is used for molecular neuroimaging and for imaging of the lungs | McN5652 |
1,330 | In neurobiology, a mesaxon is a pair of parallel plasma membranes of a Schwann cell. It marks the point of edge-to-edge contact by the Schwann cell encircling the axon. A single Schwann cell of the peripheral nervous system will wrap around and support only one individual axon (then myelinated; ratio of 1:1), while the oligodendrocytes found in the central nervous system can wrap around and support 5-8 axons | Mesaxon |
1,331 | The MICrONS program (Machine Intelligence from Cortical Networks) is a five-year project run by the United States government through the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) with the goal of reverse engineering one cubic millimeter—spanning many petabytes of volumetric data—of a rodent's brain tissue and use insights from its study to improve machine learning and artificial intelligence by constructing a connectome. The program is part of the White House BRAIN Initiative.
Teams
The program has set up three independent teams, each of which will take a different approach towards the goal | MICrONS |
1,332 | Multivesicular Release (MVR) is the phenomenon by which individual chemical synapses, forming the junction between neurons, is mediated by multiple releasable vesicles of neurotransmitter. In neuroscience, whether one or many vesicles are released per action potential depends on the synapse and has been shown to be more prevalent in humans.
Examples
In the mammalian brain, MVR has been shown to be common throughout the brain including in hippocampus and cerebellum | Multivesicular release |
1,333 | Myelin incisures (also known as Schmidt-Lanterman clefts, Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, clefts of Schmidt-Lanterman, segments of Lanterman, medullary segments) are small pockets of cytoplasm left behind during the Schwann cell myelination process.
They are histological evidence of the small amount of cytoplasm that remains in the inner layer of the myelin sheath created by Schwann cells wrapping tightly around an axon (nerve fiber).
Development
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) axons can be either myelinated or unmyelinated | Myelin incisure |
1,334 | The neural efficiency hypothesis proposes that while performing a cognitive task, individuals with higher intelligence levels exhibit lower brain activation in comparison to individuals with lower intelligence levels. This hypothesis suggests that individual differences in cognitive abilities are due to differences in the efficiency of neural processing. Essentially, individuals with higher cognitive abilities utilize fewer neural resources to perform a given task than those with lower cognitive abilities | Neural efficiency hypothesis |
1,335 | A neural substrate is a term used in neuroscience to indicate the part of the central nervous system (i. e. , brain and spinal cord) that underlies a specific behavior, cognitive process, or psychological state | Neural substrate |
1,336 | A neurally controlled animat is the conjunction of
a cultured neuronal network
a virtual or physical robotic body, the Animat, "living" in a virtual computer generated environment or in a physical arena, connected to this arrayPatterns of neural activity are used to control the virtual body, and the computer is used as a sensory device to provide electrical feedback to the neural network about the Animat's movement in the virtual environment.
The current aim of the Animat research is to study the neuronal activity and plasticity when learning and processing information in order to find a mathematical model for the neural network, and to determine how information is processed and encoded in the rat cortex.
It leads towards interesting questions about consciousness theories as well | Neurally controlled animat |
1,337 | In neuroscience, a neurometric function is a mathematical formula relating the activity of brain cells to aspects of an animal's sensory experience or motor behavior. Neurometric functions provide a quantitative summary of the neural code of a particular brain region.
In sensory neuroscience, neurometric functions measure the probability with which a sensory stimulus would be perceived based on decoding the activity of a given neuron or collection of neurons | Neurometric function |
1,338 | Neuromimetic intelligence, also referred to as computational neuroscience, is a system in which computational models methods apply underlying concepts of neural processes. The framework of this approach closely refers to the study of perception, action, learning, memory and cognition within Neuroscience.
Analyzing the brain at the neural level, for example, provides an enhanced understanding of how information flow can be conveyed and exchanged within the mechanisms of a computer in an adaptive, integrated, unified, and autonomous manner | Neuromimetic intelligence |
1,339 | Neuromusculoskeletal medicine (NMM) is a sub-specialty of American osteopathic medicine. The field was defined in order to recognize medical doctors who had received post-graduate medical training in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal and related neurological medical problems. Both American DOs and MDs have the option to train and practice in any of the medical specialties and sub-specialties | Neuromusculoskeletal medicine |
1,340 | Neuronal tiling is a phenomenon in which multiple arbors of neurons innervate the same surface or tissue in a nonredundant and tiled pattern that maximizes coverage of the surface while minimizing overlap between neighboring arbors. Hence, dendrites of the same neuron spread out by avoiding one another (self-avoidance). Moreover, dendrites of certain types of neurons such as class III and class IV dendritic arborization neurons avoid dendrites of neighboring neurons of the same type (tiling), whereas dendrites of different neuronal types can cover the same territory (coexistence) | Neuronal tiling |
1,341 | Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation is the application of non-invasive neurostimulation techniques on the cerebellum to modify its electrical activity. Techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can be used. | Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation |
1,342 | The normalization model is an influential model of responses of neurons in primary visual cortex. David Heeger developed the model in the early 1990s, and later refined it together with Matteo Carandini and J. Anthony Movshon | Normalization model |
1,343 | A nuclear bag fiber is a type of intrafusal muscle fiber that lies in the center of a muscle spindle. Each has many nuclei concentrated in bags and they cause excitation of the primary sensory fibers. There are two kinds of bag fibers based upon contraction speed and motor innervation | Nuclear bag fiber |
1,344 | Occipital cryoneurolysis is a procedure used to treat nerve pain generated by peripheral nerves (nerves located outside of the spinal column and skull) commonly due to the condition occipital neuralgia. A probe (no larger than a small needle) is carefully placed adjacent to the specific nerve. Once in the appropriate area the probe is first used to stimulate the affected nerve helping to verify positioning | Occipital cryoneurolysis |
1,345 | Melly S. Oitzl (in full: Maria-Silvana Oitzl, born 1955 in Lind/Arnoldstein) is an Austrian behavioral neuroscientist. She is associate professor of medical pharmacology at Leiden University and adjunct professor of cognitive neurobiology at the University of Amsterdam | Melly Oitzl |
1,346 | The Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) is an organization of scientists with the main aim of organizing an annual meeting ("Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping").
The organization was established in 1995 at the first conference which was a Paris satellite meeting of the meeting of the International Society for Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism (ISCBFM) in Cologne.
Although the 1999 meetings of the two societies were coordinated, ISCBFM and OHBM are now completely split | Organization for Human Brain Mapping |
1,347 | The brain pathway that orients visual attention to a stimulus is referred to as the orienting system. There are two main types of visual orientations, covert (exogenous) which occurs when a salient environmental change causes a shift in attention and overt (endogenous) which occurs when the individual makes a conscious decision to orient attention to a stimuli During a covert orientation of attention, the individual does not physically move, and during an overt orientation of attention the individual's eyes and head physically move in the direction of the stimulus. Information acquired through covert and overt visual orientations travels through the norepinephrine system, indirectly effecting the ventral visual pathway | Orienting system |
1,348 | Perceptual robotics is an interdisciplinary science linking Robotics and Neuroscience. It investigates biologically motivated robot control strategies, concentrating on perceptual rather than cognitive processes and thereby sides with J. J | Perceptual robotics |
1,349 | Plateau potentials, caused by persistent inward currents (PICs), are a type of electrical behavior seen in neurons.
Spinal Cord
Plateau potentials are of particular importance to spinal cord motor systems. PICs are set up by the influence of descending monoaminergic reticulospinal pathways | Plateau potentials |
1,350 | In neuroscience, a population spike (PS) is the shift in electrical potential as a consequence of the movement of ions involved in the generation and propagation of action potentials. Population spikes often reflect synaptically induced firing and therefore, they can be classified as a type of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials.
In some areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus, neurons are arranged in such a way that they all receive synaptic inputs in the same area | Population spike |
1,351 | The Primordial Emotions: The Dawning of Consciousness is a 2006 book by Australian neuroscientist Derek Denton.
Summary
Denton argues that, if self-awareness and intentionality are intrinsic to consciousness, the primordial emotions such as thirst, hunger and pain (that involve feeling the self and intentionality) are the likely precursors to consciousness; that a kind of non-reflective consciousness evolved along with these feelings and before the emergence of cognition. This opposes the view put by Edelman and others that consciousness emerged after the development of cognitive processes such as the ability to create a scene from diverse sensory inputs | The Primordial Emotions |
1,352 | The Protomap is a primordial molecular map of the functional areas of the mammalian cerebral cortex during early embryonic development, at a stage when neural stem cells are still the dominant cell type. The protomap is a feature of the ventricular zone, which contains the principal cortical progenitor cells, known as radial glial cells. Through a process called 'cortical patterning', the protomap is patterned by a system of signaling centers in the embryo, which provide positional information and cell fate instructions | Protomap (neuroscience) |
1,353 | Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) is a brain connectivity analysis method for functional brain imaging data, mainly functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It estimates context-dependent changes in effective connectivity (coupling) between brain regions. Thus, PPI analysis identifies brain regions whose activity depends on an interaction between psychological context (the task) and physiological state (the time course of brain activity) of the seed region | Psychophysiological interaction |
1,354 | The Religious Orders Study conducted at the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center at Rush University in Chicago is a research project begun in 1994 exploring the effects of aging on the brain. More than 1,000 nuns, priests, and other religious professionals are participating across the United States. The study is finding that cognitive exercise including social activities and learning new skills has a protective effect on brain health and the onset of dementia, while negative psychological factors like anxiety and clinical depression are correlated with cognitive decline | Religious Orders Study |
1,355 | A repetitive visual stimulus is a visual stimulus that has a distinctive property (e. g. , frequency or phase) | Repetitive visual stimulus |
1,356 | Retinal mosaic is the name given to the distribution of any particular type of neuron across any particular layer in the retina. Typically such distributions are somewhat regular; it is thought that this is so that each part of the retina is served by each type of neuron in processing visual information. The regularity of retinal mosaics can be quantitatively studied by modelling the mosaic as a spatial point pattern | Retinal mosaic |
1,357 | Rosehip neurons are inhibitory GABAergic neurons present in the first layer (the molecular layer) of the human cerebral cortex. They make up about 10-15% of all inhibitory neurons in Layer 1. Neurons of this type (having "large ‘rosehip’-like axonal boutons and compact arborization") exist in humans, but have not been reported in rodents | Rosehip neuron |
1,358 | A sacral anterior root stimulator is an implantable medical device enabling patients with a spinal cord lesion to empty their bladders.
History
From 1969 onwards Giles Brindley developed the sacral anterior root stimulator, with successful human trials from the early 1980s onwards. Although both sphincter and detrusor muscles are stimulated at the same time, the slower contraction kinetics of the bladder wall (smooth muscle tissue) compared to the sphincter (striated muscle tissue) mean that voiding occurs between the stimulation pulses, rather than during them | Sacral anterior root stimulator |
1,359 | Sarnat staging, Sarnat Classification or the Sarnat Grading Scale is a classification scale for hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy of the newborn (HIE), a syndrome caused by a lack of adequate oxygenation around the time of birth which manifests as altered consciousness, altered muscle tone, and seizures. HIE is graded based on the infant's clinical presentation, examination findings, the presence of seizures and the duration of illness. Sarnat staging is used alongside electroencephalogram findings to provide information about the prognosis for the infant | Sarnat staging |
1,360 | Shunting inhibition, also known as divisive inhibition, is a form of postsynaptic potential inhibition that can be represented mathematically as reducing the excitatory potential by division, rather than linear subtraction. The term "shunting" is used because of the synaptic conductance short-circuit currents that are generated at adjacent excitatory synapses. If a shunting inhibitory synapse is activated, the input resistance is reduced locally | Shunting inhibition |
1,361 | Louis Sokoloff (October 14, 1921 – July 30, 2015) was an American neuroscientist. He is considered to be a pioneer in functional imaging of the brain. Louis Sokoloff was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Louis Sokoloff |
1,362 | Somatotopy is the point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the central nervous system. Typically, the area of the body corresponds to a point on the primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus). This cortex is typically represented as a sensory homunculus which orients the specific body parts and their respective locations upon the homunculus | Somatotopic arrangement |
1,363 | Sommer's Sector is region CA1 of the hippocampus, a part of the human brain. It is particularly vulnerable to hypoxic or ischemic damage and is one of the first brain regions to show gross changes in cerebral hypoxia. Sommer's sector is one of the vulnerable areas in global cerebral ischemia | Sommer's sector |
1,364 | The Space Between Our Ears: How the Brain Represents Visual Space is a 2001 non-fiction book by Michael J. Morgan, which explores the workings of vision.
Reception
The Space Between Our Ears won the Wellcome Trust Book Prize for science writing | The Space Between Our Ears |
1,365 | The spectro-temporal receptive field or spatio-temporal receptive field (STRF) of a neuron represents which types of stimuli excite or inhibit that neuron. "Spectro-temporal" refers most commonly to audition, where the neuron's response depends on frequency versus time, while "spatio-temporal" refers to vision, where the neuron's response depends on spatial location versus time. Thus they are not exactly the same concept, but both are referred to as STRF and serve a similar role in the analysis of neural responses | Spectro-temporal receptive field |
1,366 | In vision science, stabilized Images are images that remain immobile on the retina. Under natural viewing conditions, the eyes are always in motion. Small eye movements continually occur even when attempting fixation (the maintenance of steady gaze on a single point) | Stabilized images |
1,367 | Dr. Friedrich Karl Stephan (born 27 May 1941) is an American academic who is a circadian physiologist. He is the Curt P | Friedrich Stephan |
1,368 | In neuroscience and computer science, synaptic weight refers to the strength or amplitude of a connection between two nodes, corresponding in biology to the amount of influence the firing of one neuron has on another. The term is typically used in artificial and biological neural network research.
Computation
In a computational neural network, a vector or set of inputs
x
{\displaystyle {\textbf {x}}}
and outputs
y
{\displaystyle {\textbf {y}}}
, or pre- and post-synaptic neurons respectively, are interconnected with synaptic weights represented by the matrix
w
{\displaystyle w}
, where for a linear neuron
y
j
=
∑
i
w
i
j
x
i
or
y
=
w
x
{\displaystyle y_{j}=\sum _{i}w_{ij}x_{i}~~{\textrm {or}}~~{\textbf {y}}=w{\textbf {x}}}
| Synaptic weight |
1,369 | Tardive dysmentia is a rarely used term introduced in a 1983 paper to describe "changes in affect, activation level, and interpersonal interaction", and hypothesized to be caused by long-term exposure to neuroleptic drugs in the same way as the much better-known syndrome of tardive dyskinesia. Several papers in the following years discussed the validity of the concept, and this small literature was reviewed in a 1993 publication by M. S | Tardive dysmentia |
1,370 | Ladislav Tauc (1926–1999) was a French neuroscientist, born in Pardubice, Czechoslovakia.
He was a pioneer in neuroethology and neuronal physiology, who immigrated to France in 1949 to work at the Institut Marey in Paris. Tauc was the founder and former director of the Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire of the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) | Ladislav Tauc |
1,371 | The temporal branches of the facial nerve (frontal branch of the facial nerve) crosses the zygomatic arch to the temporal region, supplying the auriculares anterior and superior, and joining with the zygomaticotemporal branch of the maxillary nerve, and with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve.
The more anterior branches supply the frontalis, the orbicularis oculi, and corrugator supercilii, and join the supraorbital and lacrimal branches of the ophthalmic. The temporal branch acts as the efferent limb of the corneal reflex | Temporal branches of the facial nerve |
1,372 | A tetrode is a type of electrode used in neuroscience for electrophysiological recordings. They are generally used to record the extracellular field potentials from nervous tissue, e. g | Tetrode (biology) |
1,373 | The thalamic fasciculus is a component of the subthalamus. It is synonymous with field H1 of Forel. Nerve fibres form a tract containing cerebellothalamic (crossed) and pallidothalamic (uncrossed) fibres, that is insinuated between the thalamus and the zona incerta | Thalamic fasciculus |
1,374 | Richard Frederick Thompson (September 6, 1930 – September 16, 2014) was an American behavioral neuroscientist. He was the William M. Keck Professor of Psychology and Biological Sciences at the University of Southern California, with a parallel appointment as professor of neurology | Richard F. Thompson |
1,375 | Gaspard Vieusseux (February 18, 1746 – October 21, 1814) was a Genevan physician born in Geneva.
In 1766 he obtained his doctorate from the University of Leiden, and subsequently returned to Geneva in order to practice medicine.
Vieusseux is remembered for his pioneer work with neurological disorders | Gaspard Vieusseux |
1,376 | A water maze is a device used to test an animal's memory in which the alleys are filled with water, providing a motivation to escape. Many different mazes exist, such as T- and Y-mazes, Cincinnati water mazes, and radial arm mazes. Water mazes have been used to test discrimination learning and spatial learning abilities | Water maze (neuroscience) |
1,377 | The yotari mouse is an autosomal recessive mutant. It has a mutated disabled homolog 1 (Dab1) gene. This mutant mouse is recognized by unstable gait ("Yota-ru" in Japanese means "unstable gait") and tremor and by early deaths around the time of weaning | Yotari |
1,378 | Othenio Lothar Franz Anton Louis Abel (June 20, 1875 – July 4, 1946) was an Austrian paleontologist and evolutionary biologist. Together with Louis Dollo, he was the founder of "paleobiology" and studied the life and environment of fossilized organisms.
Life
Abel was born in Vienna, the son of the architect Lothar Abel | Othenio Abel |
1,379 | John Alroy is a paleobiologist born in New York in 1966 and now residing in Sydney, Australia.
Area of expertise
Alroy specializes in diversity curves, speciation, and extinction of North American fossil mammals and Phanerozoic marine invertebrates, connecting regional and local diversity, taxonomic composition, body mass distributions, ecomorphology, and phylogenetic patterns to intrinsic diversity dynamics, evolutionary trends, mass extinctions, and the effects of global climate change.
In a 3 September 2010 online article by Hugh Collins, a contributor for AOL Online Science, Alroy was quoted in a newly released study paper from Sydney's Macquarie University that "It would be unwise to assume that any large number of species can be lost today without forever altering the basic biological character of Earth's oceans | John Alroy |
1,380 | Graham Edward Budd is a British palaeontologist. He is Professor and head of palaeobiology at Uppsala University. Budd's research focuses on the Cambrian explosion and on the evolution and development, anatomy, and patterns of diversification of the Ecdysozoa, a group of animals that include arthropods | Graham Budd |
1,381 | Richard James Butler is a vertebrate palaeontologist at the University of Birmingham, where he holds the title of professor of palaeobiology. His research focuses on ornithischian dinosaur evolution, dinosaur origins, and fossil tetrapod macroevolution.
Biography
Butler's undergraduate degree is a BSc in geology from the University of Bristol (2002) | Richard J. Butler |
1,382 | Gustav Arthur Cooper (February 9, 1902 – October 17, 2000) was an American paleobiologist.
Cooper was born in College Point, Queens, and attended Colgate University. He graduated in 1924, staying on to receive a master's degree in 1926 | G. Arthur Cooper |
1,383 | Hanna Czeczott (3 January 1888 – 17 March 1982) was a Polish botanist, and paleobiologist. She was award the Order of the Banner of Work.
Life
She was born in Saint Petersburg | Hanna Czeczott |
1,384 | Louis Antoine Marie Joseph Dollo (Lille, 7 December 1857 – Brussels, 19 April 1931) was a Belgian palaeontologist, known for his work on dinosaurs. He also posited that evolution is not reversible, known as Dollo's law. Together with the Austrian Othenio Abel, Dollo established the principles of paleobiology | Louis Dollo |
1,385 | Sarah Gabbott is a palaeobiologist from the University of Leicester. She is known for her research on decomposition and fossilization. Her focus is soft-bodied animals, details of which are often lost during decay | Sarah Gabbott |
1,386 | Françoise Gasse (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃swaz ɡas] (listen); born 1942; died 22 April 2014) was a French paleobiologist, paleoclimatologist and paleohydrologist. She specialized in environmental phenomena and more specifically the study of lacustrine sediments from ancient lakes in Africa and Asia region. F | Françoise Gasse |
1,387 | Sam Giles is a palaeobiologist at the University of Birmingham. Her research combines modern imaging with fossils to understand the evolution of life, in particular that of early fish, and in 2015 "rewrote" the vertebrate family tree. She was a 2017 L'Oréal-UNESCO Rising Star and won the 2019 Geological Society of London Lyell Fund | Sam Giles |
1,388 | Anjali Goswami is a Resesarch Leader and Dean of the Graduate Centre at the Natural History Museum. She is an Honorary Professor of Paleobiology at University College London (UCL) in the Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment. She was elected President of the Linnean Society of London, in 2022 and is the first person of colour elected to this role since its founding in 1788 | Anjali Goswami |
1,389 | Linda Ivany is a professor in the Earth Sciences department at Syracuse University. Her research focuses primarily on paleoecology and paleoclimatology. She completed a BS degree in Geology at Syracuse University, and then went on to do an MS at the University of Florida-Gainesville, and a Ph | Linda Ivany |
1,390 | David Ira Jablonski (born 1953) is an American professor of geophysical sciences at the University of Chicago. His research focuses upon the ecology and biogeography of the origin of major novelties, the evolutionary role of mass extinctions—in particular the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event—and other large-scale processes in the history of life. Jablonksi is a proponent of the extended evolutionary synthesis | David Jablonski |
1,391 | Frankie Jackson is an American academic whose career has focused on the evolution and fossil history of archosaur reproduction, particularly the study of fossil eggs. Her research on fossil eggs spans five continents, and has been foundational to our views of dinosaur nesting behavior.
Early life and education
After moving to Montana, she studied geography at University of Montana and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, with honors, following this with a PhD at Montana State University where she worked and taught for several decades | Frankie D. Jackson |
1,392 | Charles Richard Marshall is an Australian paleobiologist and the director of the University of California Museum of Paleontology, where he is also a professor in the department of Integrative Biology at the University of California, Berkeley.
Career
Marshall graduated with honours in Palaeontology, Mathematics, and Zoology from the Australian National University in 1984 (B. Sc | Charles R. Marshall |
1,393 | Maria Eithne McNamara is an Irish palaeontologist. She is Professor of Palaeobiology at University College Cork. McNamara's research focuses on the preservation of soft tissues in the fossil record, fossil colour, and feather evolution | Maria McNamara |
1,394 | Duncan Merrilees (1922–2009) was an Australian geologist, palaeontologist, lecturer and curator at the Western Australian Museum. His research on the fossil records of mammals also founded examination into the period after the arrival of humans and their role within the ecology of the Australian continent. His excavations and research into mammalian palaeontology also included description of unknown species of extinct marsupials | Duncan Merrilees |
1,395 | Baron Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás (also Baron Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás, Baron Nopcsa, Ferenc Nopcsa, báró felsőszilvási Nopcsa Ferenc, Baron Franz Nopcsa, and Franz Baron Nopcsa; May 3, 1877 – April 25, 1933) was a Hungarian aristocrat, adventurer, scholar, geologist, paleontologist and albanologist. He is widely regarded as one of the founders of paleobiology, and first described the theory of insular dwarfism. He was also a specialist on Albanian studies and completed the first geological map of northern Albania | Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás |
1,396 | Justin Baker Ries (b. 1976) is an American marine scientist, best known for his contributions to ocean acidification, carbon sequestration, and biomineralization research.
Biography
Ries was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1976, and attended the Friends School of Baltimore from 1982 to 1994 | Justin B. Ries |
1,397 | Claudia Roth is a research scientist in the field of paleobiology. She is associated with Institute of Sciences of Evolution, Lille University of Science and Technology, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France and the Institute of Geosciences-Palaeontology, University of Mainz, Germany. Roth and Legendre have both contributed as a team to the Paleobiology Database, an online closed scientific database | Claudia Roth (paleobiologist) |
1,398 | Natalia Rybczynski is a Canadian paleobiologist, professor and researcher.
She is a research scientist with the Canadian Museum of Nature and holds a professorship at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario. Her doctorate was obtained at Duke University and her main interests are evolutionary functional morphology, particularly at the polar climes | Natalia Rybczynski |
1,399 | Lauren Sallan is an American academic who is the head of the Macroevolution Unit at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology and was previously the Martin Meyerson Assistant Professor in Interdisciplinary Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. She is a paleobiologist who uses big data analytics to study macroevolution. She is a TED Senior Fellow and has two TED talks with almost three million views as of 2022 | Lauren Sallan |
Subsets and Splits