Which is better for long term database scalability: adding columns or having key/value store For application, which has few (5-10) settings at the moment but will have a lot more (up to 100) in the future which would be better approach:


to add new columns to settings table every time new setting is introduced
to have settings table as key/value storage


Consider that application might have millions of instances (which all run on the same db and use the same table for settings), DB might be sharded. DB is relational, i.e. either MySQL or T-SQL.

As a developer I would prefer the 2nd variant, so I could scale the application without changing the DB schema and add/remove settings at will. As far as I understand having several million records in a single table shouldn't be an issue if the index is clustered on application instance. Are there any drawbacks that I'm not aware of?

And what about 1st variant? Are there any big benefits? And what about the number of columns: is there any theoretical limit of columns that table can have? What happened if I had a table with 1000 (10 000, 1000 000) columns? Would that be slow?
Option 2 is known as "EAV" or Entity-Attribute-Value


not relational
no DB level constraints
requires contortions to read the data unless a simple list


But, it depends what you mean by "settings". If you have a few 1000 rows that are not objects and don't require constraints then, yes, use this pattern. This is what SQL Server does with sys.configurations

If you are trying to have a "flexible schema" that can store anything, then simply don't. It will end in tears. Also see EAV questions here on DBA.SE

Note that "extra columns" (option 1) allows you to define defaults and datatype-safety, whereas "lack of row" (option 2) requires a default value to be stored in code and everything is a string in the database

"It depends"