Postgres's equivalent for Oracle's datafile recovery In oracle, one can do a recovery from datafiles.
Does Postgres have an equivalent procedure?
I am already aware of the WAL files in Postgres, but I believe this is different. Datafiles in Oracle are the actual files on disk.

Data files are the operating system files that store the data within the database. The data is written to these files in an Oracle proprietary format that cannot be read by other programs

Does something like this exist for Postgres?
PostgreSQL does not have datafiles in the same way as Oracle. PostgreSQL stores its contents in a directory (show data_directory;) and not in a tablespace that consists of 1 or more datafiles. You have no control over the naming and/or size of the files in there.