Convert MySQL database from latin1 to utf8mb4 - and take care of German umlauts I am using 5.6.28 MySQL Community Server to host WordPress + ProPhoto blog in German language at CentOS 6.7 Linux server:

mysql&gt; show tables;
+-----------------------+
| Tables_in_blog        |
+-----------------------+
| wp_commentmeta        |
| wp_comments           |
| wp_links              |
| wp_options            |
| wp_postmeta           |
| wp_posts              |
| wp_term_relationships |
| wp_term_taxonomy      |
| wp_terms              |
| wp_usermeta           |
| wp_users              |
+-----------------------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)


Then recently I have started developing a Russian language app and had to change MySQL settings to utf8mb4 encoding in /etc/my.cnf:

[client]
default-character-set=utf8mb4

[mysql]
default-character-set=utf8mb4

[mysqld]
character-set-client-handshake=FALSE
character-set-server=utf8mb4
collation-server=utf8mb4_general_ci


Now I have a minor problem with the first database that it is still shown as latin1:

mysql&gt; show variables like 'char%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                      |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8mb4                    |
| character_set_connection | utf8mb4                    |
| character_set_database   | latin1                     | HOW TO CONVERT?
| character_set_filesystem | binary                     |
| character_set_results    | utf8mb4                    |
| character_set_server     | utf8mb4                    |
| character_set_system     | utf8                       |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)


What is the best way to convert a latin1 database to utf8mb4 please?

And how to ensure that the German umlaut characters ( ä ö ü ) are converted properly in the process?
There are two possible questions here, and they have two different answers --

How do I make all new tables utf8mb4

It can be done (for one database) while creating a database:

CREATE DATABASE dbname
    DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4
    DEFAULT COLLATE       utf8mb4_unicode_ci;


You can ALTER a database (similar syntax), but that only provides a default for future tables.

There are bugs relating to inheriting from the 'server' variables:  http://dev.mysql.com/worklog/task/?id=3811 , so I suggest that you simply be explicit on each database.

How do I convert existing latin1 tables

If you have a table declared to be latin1 and correctly contains latin1 bytes, and you would like to change all the char/text columns to utf8...

ALTER TABLE tbl CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET utf8mb4;


This changes the definition and actively changes the necessary bytes in the columns.

ALTER TABLE tbl MODIFY col1 ... CHARACTER SET utf8mb4;


is similar to the above, but works only one column at a time, and needs
exactly the right stuff in the MODIFY clause.  Hence, it would be quite tedious.  However, it is useful if you want to change only some of the columns.