How to check when a record is replicated in SQL Server I have configured a database installed On-Premise to replicate certain tables on a Cloud SQL Server database hosted on Azure.

The replication task is scheduled to run at specific time everyday and I am looking for a way to check when a record was updated and what kind of operation was performed (Create, Update or Delete).

Is there any system table, stored procedure, or log that contains this information?
yes,you can get the statements executed by distributor agent which are applied on subscriber by sp_browsereplcmds procedure. 
There is a nice article to get familiar with distributor databse system tables and other objects.

http://www.sqlservercentral.com/blogs/vinaythakur/2009/10/23/some-useful-commands-and-sp-for-transaction-replication/

all replication information stored in distribution database.Further it depends how you get.  Kindly go through the article and get the desired information.