Retrieving database dump after copying from remote server I used command 

pg_dump -C -h remotehost -U remoteuser db_name | psql localhost -U localuser


to copy database on remote server to my local machine.

Can I somehow retreive the dump obtained after the first part of the command, i.e. 

pg_dump -C -h remotehost -U remoteuser db_name 


is executed? Can it be stored in some temporary location?
The first command does not store the created file anywhere, so the answer is: no, you can't retrieve that file because there is none. 

If you need such a file, you can either re-run the first statement and provide a filename using the -f switch. 

Or, if f you have not yet changed your local database,  then you can simply dump that.