SSMS not coloring tables, columns and variables I use SSMS 2012 v11.0.5058.0.

MSDN says "System table, view, or table-valued function" should have green color. I'm used to have green color in variables and a few other token types too. But my SSMS keeps them black as raw values.

I followed Change Font Color, Size, and Style and tried to set default, but it didn't solve. I also tried to set them manually but didn't find them to select.

Any idea what may be the issue?

This happens in both cases of opening an .sql file or having SSMS create a select query for a table. Even when there are [] around the column name. It remains even after restarting Windows.
Colors are controlled via the options dialog box, which you linked to in your question.

Check the following, to see what it shows in the "Sample" box: