Assistance with: SQL Server detected a logical consistency-based I/O error I'm having a big problem after querying 1 record table, with the following
error information:

Msg 824, Level 24, State 2, Line 1
SQL Server detected a logical consistency-based I/O error: invalid protection option. It occurred during a read of page (1:40607) in database ID 19 at offset 0x00000013d3e000 in file 'D:\database\20001_30082019.mdf'.  Additional messages in the SQL Server error log or operating system error log may provide more detail. This is a severe error condition that threatens database integrity and must be corrected immediately. Complete a full database consistency check (DBCC CHECKDB). This error can be caused by many factors; for more information, see SQL Server Books Online.

Can anyone help me?
Error 824 points you to IO subsystem issue. I would highly recommend you to open a support case to Microsoft and they will be able to assist you and pinpoint the root cause. It usually cost you roughly 500USD.
Before you open a case, do due diligence and check your database for corruption. You can find the link here. The link will give you some guidance on the resolution and possible cause.
From my experience, check your firmware updates and filter drivers (antivirus) as a possible cause this error to show up.