Create cyclic pointers in postgresql 9.5 The problem is to write the &quot;ADD-VALUE&quot; request defined below.
For each &quot;cat&quot; value from the table below, keep only 3 records. Figure this table:




id
cat
value
updatedAt




1
cat1
v1
06/01/2021 00:00:01


2
cat1
v2
06/01/2021 00:00:02


3
cat1
v3
06/01/2021 00:00:03 (pointer cat1 is here)


4
cat2
v1
06/01/2021 00:01:01


5
cat2
v2
06/01/2021 00:01:02  (pointer cat2 is here)




INSERT case: Calling &quot;ADD-VALUE(cat=cat2, value=v3)&quot; will produce the result in bold:




id
cat
value
updatedAt




1
cat1
v1
06/01/2021 00:00:01


2
cat1
v2
06/01/2021 00:00:02


3
cat1
v3
06/01/2021 00:00:03 (pointer cat1 is here)


4
cat2
v1
06/01/2021 00:01:01


5
cat2
v2
06/01/2021 00:01:02


6
cat2
v3
06/01/2021 00:01:02  (pointer cat2 is now here)




UPDATE case: Calling &quot;ADD-VALUE(cat=cat1, value=v4)&quot; will produce the result in bold:




id
cat
value
updatedAt




1
cat1
v4
07/01/2021 00:00:04  (pointer cat1 is now here)


2
cat1
v2
06/01/2021 00:00:02


3
cat1
v3
06/01/2021 00:00:03


4
cat2
v1
06/01/2021 00:01:01


5
cat2
v2
06/01/2021 00:01:02  (pointer cat2 is here)




Any advice is welcome. UPDATE or INSERT in one request is maybe impossible? I think about using row-num to have the count per category.
Your idea would be a pain to enforce under concurrent load. Instead, just keep adding new rows (INSERT only). There are simple and fast queries to get the current row(s) for each cat.
Make sure, that updated_at is current. I added a column default and a trigger for that.
To rule out duplicate entries for the same cat and the same timestamp, add a UNIQUE constraint.
CREATE TABLE cat(
  id         serial PRIMARY KEY
, cat        text NOT NULL
, value      text
, updated_at timestamptz NOT NULL DEFAULT now()
, CONSTRAINT uni_cat_updated_at UNIQUE (cat, updated_at)
);

-- trigger func &amp; trigger
CREATE FUNCTION public.trg_cat_updated()
  RETURNS trigger
  LANGUAGE plpgsql AS
$func$
BEGIN
   NEW.updated_at = now();
   RETURN NEW;
END
$func$;

CREATE TRIGGER cat_befupd
BEFORE UPDATE ON public.cat
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE public.trg_cat_updated();

Or, to be absolutely sure, make that:
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON public.cat

The default value normally takes care of inserts cheaply, but it can be overruled with explicitly inserting a value. The trigger overrules no matter what.
To get the &quot;current&quot; row for a given cat:
SELECT value
FROM   cat
WHERE  cat = 'cat1'
ORDER  BY updated_at DESC
LIMIT  1;

This is extremely fast while you have a matching index:
CREATE INDEX on cat (cat, updated_at DESC, value);

In modern Postgres versions you could use a unique covering index to replace index and UNIQUE constraint. See:

Does a query with a primary key and foreign keys run faster than a query with just primary keys??

To get the last three (live) rows, use the same query with LIMIT 3:
From time to time (as your db load and schedule permit/require) delete deprecated rows:
DELETE FROM cat c
USING (
   SELECT id, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY cat ORDER BY updated_at DESC) AS rn
   FROM cat
   ) d
WHERE  d.rn &gt; 3
AND    c.id = d.id;

db&lt;&gt;fiddle here