Slow SQL Server database on a specific server I have a SQL Server database on a production server (Windows server 2012, Intel Xeon, 24 GB RAM).
The same database is present on my computer (Windows 10, Intel I3, 8 GB RAM).

When I'm querying the databases the response time is ~2 times longer on the production server.

The size of the databases and log files are identical.
Have you tried running Adam Machanic's sp_WhoIsActive while the query runs on prod?  This will show you other queries that may be taking up resources or blocking your query.   

Can you confirm that the isolation level is the same for the database on the server versus your laptop?  Different isolation levels can contribute to various issues related to blocking.  You can check that by running the below in the context of the database in question.

SELECT 
[name] AS DBName
, snapshot_isolation_state_desc
, is_read_committed_snapshot_on

FROM sys.databases