<https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/55967145/a_3A100301651551420180305-1337-h7mebg.pdf>

> 
> **The Japanese have often been criticized for the lack of government
>  funding of basic science, compared to the private sector.** This neglect
>  of academic science has been noted since 1970. The budget of public
>  universities, where most government-funded research occurs, has failed
>  to keep up with inflation since that time.
> 
> 
> Japanese academics have always been dissatisfied with the poor state
>  of university budgets, especially when compared to the U.S. On the
>  other hand, the American scientific community tends to recognize more
>  of the strong points of Japanese academic science than the Japanese
>  community itself does. Who, then, criticizes the Japanese basic
>  science effort? It seems that overseas critics are primarily concerned
>  with trade and technology-related conflicts between the U.S. and
>  Japan. **They claim that American intellectual property has been
>  virtually given away or stolen by Japanese manufacturers.**
> 
> 
> 

I remembered that the U.S. put pressure on the Japanese for not spending enough on basic sciences, and it made me wonder if a country like the U.S. can block access by a foreign nation to its universities. Is this legal under international laws?

> 
> The Japanese neglect of basic science has mainly been criticized
>  outside of Japan by American science policy makers, who are concerned
>  about the loss of intellectual property rights. In contrast, Japanese
>  practitioners of academic science have bemoaned the poor financial
>  state of universities. Both of these charges reflect how in postwar
>  Japan, academic science has been overshadowed by private science, as
>  practiced in corporate laboratories in particular.
> 
> 
> 

Is blocking access legal, I tried to find a law that would allow this, but I couldn't find anything, except to find out it was a gentleman's agreement to share scientific knowledge.