I think I got most of the proof, but feel free to critique anything you would like :).

First, notice that $aRa$ means $3a - 5a = a(3 - 5) = 2(-a)$. This is even, thus, $R$ is reflexive.

Second we show that $aRb \implies bRa$. Well, $aRb$ means that $3a - 5b$ is even. Then we have $3a - 5b = 2k$ for some integer k. Rearrange like so
$$
\begin{equation} \begin{split} 
3a - 5b &= 2k \\
-5b &= 2k - 3a \\
-5b &= 2(k - a) + (-a)
\end{split} \end{equation}
$$
Since, we stated that the LHS and RHS were both even in the beginning and still are (i think?), this forces $a$ and $b$ to be even. Thus, $3b - 5a$ is even because we are dealing with two even numbers. Therefore $bRa$ which means $R$ is symmetric.

Now for transitive. We have show that $(aRb \wedge bRc) \implies aRc$. Since $aRb \wedge bRc$, we have $3a - 5b$ even and $3b - 5c$ even. Note when we add, the sum is even. Observe
$$
(3a - 5b) + (3b - 5c) \\
3a - 2b - 5c \\
2(-b) + (3a - 5c)
$$
$2(-b)$ is even and this forces $3a - 5c$ to be even. Therefore $R$ is transitive. QED.

For the equivalences classes we know that if $a$ is even we have that $b$ must be even. Similarly, if $a$ is odd then $b$ is odd. Therefore, the equivalence classes are the set of odd integers and the set of even integers.

My question is on proving that $R$ is symmetric. Is it mathematically sound?