Is there a way (other than by doing two separate pattern matches) to use preg\_match in PHP to test for either the beginning of the string or a pattern? More specifically I often find myself wanting to test that I have a matching pattern which is not preceded by something, as in 

```
preg_match('/[^x]y/', $test)
```

(that is, match y if it is not preceded by x), but to also match y if it occurs at the start of $test (when it also isn't preceded by x, but isn't preceded by any character, so the [^x] construct won't work as it always requires a character to match it.

There's a similar problem at the end of strings, to determine whether a pattern occurs that is not followed by some other pattern.