The energy equivalent of 1 gram of TNT is about 1 kcal or large Calorie. For reference, 1 gram of carbohydrates gives us almost 4 Calories of energy (if we are lucky enough to use it and not store it).

So upon detonation or complete combustion with oxygen:

```
1 kT of    yields    Joules
--------             -------
TNT                  4.2E+12
carbs                1.7E+13
Kerosene             4.6E+13
Methane              5.5E+13
Hydrogen             1.4E+14

```

If we naively treat a catastrophic rocket explosion (on the launchpad or during an unlikely mishap where it comes crashing down soon after launch on the equivalent of the [Pillars of Baikonur](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/28067/12102)), then rocket fuel has 100 to 300 times the energetic "yield" of TNT.

But rockets are not exactly proper explosive devices despite popular analogies in space lore ([nor are they candles to be lit](https://youtu.be/LUO5HO0C8qc?t=372)) and their explosions are sometimes called "fast fires" ([1](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/18241/12102), [2](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/35787/12102), [3](https://space.stackexchange.com/a/34983/12102), [4](https://space.stackexchange.com/a/35551/12102), [5](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/18337/12102)).

So even though the potential energy yield of rocket fuel is orders of magnitude larger than TNT, it's explosive yield, say in equivalent shock wave energy, might be far less.

**Question:** Have there been any quantitative estimates of the *explosive energy* released in a rocket explosion, separate from the total energy released as heat? Has a rocket explosion every knocked something down at a distance, or blown out windows for example?