I have the following function executing PDO queries:

```
  // removed error handling for presenting here
  function getRows($sql) {
      $stmt = $this->db->query($sql);
      $result = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);          
      return $result;            
    } 
  }

```

The result is:

```
Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [id] => 1
            [category] => Audi
        )

    [1] => Array
        (
            [id] => 2
            [category] => BMW
        )

    [2] => Array
        (
            [id] => 3
            [category] => Chrysler
        )

)

```

The the following `foreach` code:

```
foreach($result as $key => $value ) {
  echo $value.'<br/>';
}

```

outputs this:

```
Array
Array
Array

```

What can I do so it returns the following? 

```
Audi
BMW
Chrysler

```

I understand that I could just do `$value['category]`. 

But that's not what I want to achieve / understand. I would like the resultset **not** to be an array of arrays.