Let $M$ be a complete Riemannian 2-manifold.
Define a subset $C$ of $M$ to be *convex*
if all shortest paths between any two points
$x,y \in C$ are completely contained within $C$.
For a finite set of points $P$ on $M$, define
the *convex hull* of $P$ to be
the intersection of all convex sets containing $P$.
It is my understanding that this definition is due to Menger.

In the Euclidean plane, the convex hull of $P$ coincides
with the minimum perimeter polygon enclosing $P$.
This does not hold on every $M$.
For example, the convex hull of four points on a sphere that do not
fit in a hemisphere is the whole sphere (this is Lemma 3.4 in the book below),
different from the minimum perimeter geodesic polygon:

![Quad on Sphere](https://i.stack.imgur.com/GWIDi.jpg)

The shortest path connecting $a$ and $b$ goes around the back of the sphere,
but the illustrated quadrilateral is (I think!) the minimum perimeter polygon enclosing 
$\lbrace a,b,c,d \rbrace$.

My specific question is:

> 
> **Q1**.
>  Under what conditions on $M$ and on $P$ will the convex hull of $P$
>  coincide with the minimum perimeter geodesic polygon enclosing $P$?
> 
> 
> 

I am teaching the (conventional, Euclidean)
convex hull now, and it would be enlightening to say something
about generalizing the concept to 2-manifolds.
More generally:

> 
> **Q2**.
>  Which properties of the convex hull in $\mathbb{R}^d$ are retained
>  and which lost when generalizing to the convex hull in a
>  $d$-manifold?
> 
> 
> 

(The earlier MO question,
[Convex Hull in CAT(0)](https://mathoverflow.net/questions/6627/),
is related but its focus is different.)
I recall reading somewhere in Marcel Berger's writings that some questions about
convex hulls of just three points in dimension $d > 3$ are open, but I cannot find the
passage at the moment, and perhaps he was discussing a different concept of hull...

**Added**: I found the passage, in Berger's
*Riemannian geometry during the second half of the twentieth century* (American Mathematical Society, Providence, 2000), p.127:

> 
> A most naive problem is the following. What is the convex envelope of $k$ points in a Riemannian
>  manifold of dimension $d \ge 3$? Even for three points and $d \ge 3$ the question is
>  completely open (except when the curvature is constant). A natural example to look at would be
>  $\mathbb{C P}^2$, because it is symmetric but not of constant curvature.
> 
> 
> 

(Caveat: These quoted sentences were published in 2000.)

Thanks for pointers and/or clarification!

---

C. Grima and A. Márquez,
[*Computational Geometry on Surfaces:
Performing Computational Geometry on the Cylinder, the Sphere, the Torus, and the Cone*](http://www.springer.com/computer/theoretical+computer+science/book/978-1-4020-0202-1),
Springer, 2002.