Digital twins are representations (usually by means of software) of some aspects of physical systems. They are meant to enable the prediction or research of those systems - be these cities, organizations, or natural phenomena such as climate change.

If building a simulation of some system - how shall we view the simulation's outcome? Is the outcome scientific as if it were the result of the system represented by the simulation? What is the epistemological status of the results of simulations? Are they like speculations/conjectures? Are they equal to the results of scientific experiments? What are they?