As you may know, Virtual Private Network or VPN is a system to create an encrypted tunnel between two computers on the internet, on one end is the VPN client, and on the other end is the VPN server. Everything the client does on the internet can be monitored by the VPN server, which will otherwise be monitored by the ISP and/or the government.

**The question is,** what kind of data can a VPN server log or monitor? Can the VPN service provider *monitor* or *intercept* the *full length of the transmitted data*, or are they able to do so for *some part of it*? Also, can they *alter* and *re-transmit* the data as it passes through the VPN server?

This question came to my mind after reading some articles warning about VPNs that log and sell user data to third parties. How do I know that the provider isn't doing such thing?