@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ public final class BlockTreeTermsWriter extends FieldsConsumer {
 
           PendingTerm term = (PendingTerm) ent;
 
-          assert StringHelper.startsWith(term.termBytes, prefix): "term.term=" + term.termBytes + " prefix=" + prefix;
+          assert StringHelper.startsWith(term.termBytes, prefix): term + " prefix=" + prefix;
           BlockTermState state = term.state;
           final int suffix = term.termBytes.length - prefixLength;
           //if (DEBUG2) {
/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.lucene.codecs.blocktree;


import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Objects;

import org.apache.lucene.codecs.BlockTermState;
import org.apache.lucene.codecs.CodecUtil;
import org.apache.lucene.codecs.FieldsConsumer;
import org.apache.lucene.codecs.NormsProducer;
import org.apache.lucene.codecs.PostingsWriterBase;
import org.apache.lucene.index.FieldInfo;
import org.apache.lucene.index.FieldInfos;
import org.apache.lucene.index.Fields;
import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexFileNames;
import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexOptions;
import org.apache.lucene.index.SegmentWriteState;
import org.apache.lucene.index.Terms;
import org.apache.lucene.index.TermsEnum;
import org.apache.lucene.store.ByteArrayDataOutput;
import org.apache.lucene.store.ByteBuffersDataOutput;
import org.apache.lucene.store.DataOutput;
import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexOutput;
import org.apache.lucene.util.ArrayUtil;
import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRef;
import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRefBuilder;
import org.apache.lucene.util.FixedBitSet;
import org.apache.lucene.util.IOUtils;
import org.apache.lucene.util.IntsRefBuilder;
import org.apache.lucene.util.StringHelper;
import org.apache.lucene.util.compress.LZ4;
import org.apache.lucene.util.compress.LowercaseAsciiCompression;
import org.apache.lucene.util.fst.ByteSequenceOutputs;
import org.apache.lucene.util.fst.BytesRefFSTEnum;
import org.apache.lucene.util.fst.FST;
import org.apache.lucene.util.fst.FSTCompiler;
import org.apache.lucene.util.fst.Util;

/*
  TODO:
  
    - Currently there is a one-to-one mapping of indexed
      term to term block, but we could decouple the two, ie,
      put more terms into the index than there are blocks.
      The index would take up more RAM but then it'd be able
      to avoid seeking more often and could make PK/FuzzyQ
      faster if the additional indexed terms could store
      the offset into the terms block.

    - The blocks are not written in true depth-first
      order, meaning if you just next() the file pointer will
      sometimes jump backwards.  For example, block foo* will
      be written before block f* because it finished before.
      This could possibly hurt performance if the terms dict is
      not hot, since OSs anticipate sequential file access.  We
      could fix the writer to re-order the blocks as a 2nd
      pass.

    - Each block encodes the term suffixes packed
      sequentially using a separate vInt per term, which is
      1) wasteful and 2) slow (must linear scan to find a
      particular suffix).  We should instead 1) make
      random-access array so we can directly access the Nth
      suffix, and 2) bulk-encode this array using bulk int[]
      codecs; then at search time we can binary search when
      we seek a particular term.
*/

/**
 * Block-based terms index and dictionary writer.
 * <p>
 * Writes terms dict and index, block-encoding (column
 * stride) each term's metadata for each set of terms
 * between two index terms.
 * <p>
 *
 * Files:
 * <ul>
 *   <li><code>.tim</code>: <a href="#Termdictionary">Term Dictionary</a></li>
 *   <li><code>.tip</code>: <a href="#Termindex">Term Index</a></li>
 * </ul>
 * <p>
 * <a id="Termdictionary"></a>
 * <h2>Term Dictionary</h2>
 *
 * <p>The .tim file contains the list of terms in each
 * field along with per-term statistics (such as docfreq)
 * and per-term metadata (typically pointers to the postings list
 * for that term in the inverted index).
 * </p>
 *
 * <p>The .tim is arranged in blocks: with blocks containing
 * a variable number of entries (by default 25-48), where
 * each entry is either a term or a reference to a
 * sub-block.</p>
 *
 * <p>NOTE: The term dictionary can plug into different postings implementations:
 * the postings writer/reader are actually responsible for encoding 
 * and decoding the Postings Metadata and Term Metadata sections.</p>
 *
 * <ul>
 *    <li>TermsDict (.tim) --&gt; Header, <i>PostingsHeader</i>, NodeBlock<sup>NumBlocks</sup>,
 *                               FieldSummary, DirOffset, Footer</li>
 *    <li>NodeBlock --&gt; (OuterNode | InnerNode)</li>
 *    <li>OuterNode --&gt; EntryCount, SuffixLength, Byte<sup>SuffixLength</sup>, StatsLength, &lt; TermStats &gt;<sup>EntryCount</sup>, MetaLength, &lt;<i>TermMetadata</i>&gt;<sup>EntryCount</sup></li>
 *    <li>InnerNode --&gt; EntryCount, SuffixLength[,Sub?], Byte<sup>SuffixLength</sup>, StatsLength, &lt; TermStats ? &gt;<sup>EntryCount</sup>, MetaLength, &lt;<i>TermMetadata ? </i>&gt;<sup>EntryCount</sup></li>
 *    <li>TermStats --&gt; DocFreq, TotalTermFreq </li>
 *    <li>FieldSummary --&gt; NumFields, &lt;FieldNumber, NumTerms, RootCodeLength, Byte<sup>RootCodeLength</sup>,
 *                            SumTotalTermFreq?, SumDocFreq, DocCount, LongsSize, MinTerm, MaxTerm&gt;<sup>NumFields</sup></li>
 *    <li>Header --&gt; {@link CodecUtil#writeHeader CodecHeader}</li>
 *    <li>DirOffset --&gt; {@link DataOutput#writeLong Uint64}</li>
 *    <li>MinTerm,MaxTerm --&gt; {@link DataOutput#writeVInt VInt} length followed by the byte[]</li>
 *    <li>EntryCount,SuffixLength,StatsLength,DocFreq,MetaLength,NumFields,
 *        FieldNumber,RootCodeLength,DocCount,LongsSize --&gt; {@link DataOutput#writeVInt VInt}</li>
 *    <li>TotalTermFreq,NumTerms,SumTotalTermFreq,SumDocFreq --&gt; 
 *        {@link DataOutput#writeVLong VLong}</li>
 *    <li>Footer --&gt; {@link CodecUtil#writeFooter CodecFooter}</li>
 * </ul>
 * <p>Notes:</p>
 * <ul>
 *    <li>Header is a {@link CodecUtil#writeHeader CodecHeader} storing the version information
 *        for the BlockTree implementation.</li>
 *    <li>DirOffset is a pointer to the FieldSummary section.</li>
 *    <li>DocFreq is the count of documents which contain the term.</li>
 *    <li>TotalTermFreq is the total number of occurrences of the term. This is encoded
 *        as the difference between the total number of occurrences and the DocFreq.</li>
 *    <li>FieldNumber is the fields number from {@link FieldInfos}. (.fnm)</li>
 *    <li>NumTerms is the number of unique terms for the field.</li>
 *    <li>RootCode points to the root block for the field.</li>
 *    <li>SumDocFreq is the total number of postings, the number of term-document pairs across
 *        the entire field.</li>
 *    <li>DocCount is the number of documents that have at least one posting for this field.</li>
 *    <li>LongsSize records how many long values the postings writer/reader record per term
 *        (e.g., to hold freq/prox/doc file offsets).
 *    <li>MinTerm, MaxTerm are the lowest and highest term in this field.</li>
 *    <li>PostingsHeader and TermMetadata are plugged into by the specific postings implementation:
 *        these contain arbitrary per-file data (such as parameters or versioning information) 
 *        and per-term data (such as pointers to inverted files).</li>
 *    <li>For inner nodes of the tree, every entry will steal one bit to mark whether it points
 *        to child nodes(sub-block). If so, the corresponding TermStats and TermMetaData are omitted </li>
 * </ul>
 * <a id="Termindex"></a>
 * <h2>Term Index</h2>
 * <p>The .tip file contains an index into the term dictionary, so that it can be 
 * accessed randomly.  The index is also used to determine
 * when a given term cannot exist on disk (in the .tim file), saving a disk seek.</p>
 * <ul>
 *   <li>TermsIndex (.tip) --&gt; Header, FSTIndex<sup>NumFields</sup>
 *                                &lt;IndexStartFP&gt;<sup>NumFields</sup>, DirOffset, Footer</li>
 *   <li>Header --&gt; {@link CodecUtil#writeHeader CodecHeader}</li>
 *   <li>DirOffset --&gt; {@link DataOutput#writeLong Uint64}</li>
 *   <li>IndexStartFP --&gt; {@link DataOutput#writeVLong VLong}</li>
 *   <!-- TODO: better describe FST output here -->
 *   <li>FSTIndex --&gt; {@link FST FST&lt;byte[]&gt;}</li>
 *   <li>Footer --&gt; {@link CodecUtil#writeFooter CodecFooter}</li>
 * </ul>
 * <p>Notes:</p>
 * <ul>
 *   <li>The .tip file contains a separate FST for each
 *       field.  The FST maps a term prefix to the on-disk
 *       block that holds all terms starting with that
 *       prefix.  Each field's IndexStartFP points to its
 *       FST.</li>
 *   <li>DirOffset is a pointer to the start of the IndexStartFPs
 *       for all fields</li>
 *   <li>It's possible that an on-disk block would contain
 *       too many terms (more than the allowed maximum
 *       (default: 48)).  When this happens, the block is
 *       sub-divided into new blocks (called "floor
 *       blocks"), and then the output in the FST for the
 *       block's prefix encodes the leading byte of each
 *       sub-block, and its file pointer.
 * </ul>
 *
 * @see BlockTreeTermsReader
 * @lucene.experimental
 */
public final class BlockTreeTermsWriter extends FieldsConsumer {

  /** Suggested default value for the {@code
   *  minItemsInBlock} parameter to {@link
   *  #BlockTreeTermsWriter(SegmentWriteState,PostingsWriterBase,int,int)}. */
  public final static int DEFAULT_MIN_BLOCK_SIZE = 25;

  /** Suggested default value for the {@code
   *  maxItemsInBlock} parameter to {@link
   *  #BlockTreeTermsWriter(SegmentWriteState,PostingsWriterBase,int,int)}. */
  public final static int DEFAULT_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE = 48;

  //public static boolean DEBUG = false;
  //public static boolean DEBUG2 = false;

  //private final static boolean SAVE_DOT_FILES = false;

  private final IndexOutput metaOut;
  private final IndexOutput termsOut;
  private final IndexOutput indexOut;
  final int maxDoc;
  final int minItemsInBlock;
  final int maxItemsInBlock;

  final PostingsWriterBase postingsWriter;
  final FieldInfos fieldInfos;

  private final List<ByteBuffersDataOutput> fields = new ArrayList<>();

  /** Create a new writer.  The number of items (terms or
   *  sub-blocks) per block will aim to be between
   *  minItemsPerBlock and maxItemsPerBlock, though in some
   *  cases the blocks may be smaller than the min. */
  public BlockTreeTermsWriter(SegmentWriteState state,
                              PostingsWriterBase postingsWriter,
                              int minItemsInBlock,
                              int maxItemsInBlock)
    throws IOException
  {
    validateSettings(minItemsInBlock,
                     maxItemsInBlock);

    this.minItemsInBlock = minItemsInBlock;
    this.maxItemsInBlock = maxItemsInBlock;

    this.maxDoc = state.segmentInfo.maxDoc();
    this.fieldInfos = state.fieldInfos;
    this.postingsWriter = postingsWriter;

    final String termsName = IndexFileNames.segmentFileName(state.segmentInfo.name, state.segmentSuffix, BlockTreeTermsReader.TERMS_EXTENSION);
    termsOut = state.directory.createOutput(termsName, state.context);
    boolean success = false;
    IndexOutput metaOut = null, indexOut = null;
    try {
      CodecUtil.writeIndexHeader(termsOut, BlockTreeTermsReader.TERMS_CODEC_NAME, BlockTreeTermsReader.VERSION_CURRENT,
                                 state.segmentInfo.getId(), state.segmentSuffix);

      final String indexName = IndexFileNames.segmentFileName(state.segmentInfo.name, state.segmentSuffix, BlockTreeTermsReader.TERMS_INDEX_EXTENSION);
      indexOut = state.directory.createOutput(indexName, state.context);
      CodecUtil.writeIndexHeader(indexOut, BlockTreeTermsReader.TERMS_INDEX_CODEC_NAME, BlockTreeTermsReader.VERSION_CURRENT,
                                 state.segmentInfo.getId(), state.segmentSuffix);
      //segment = state.segmentInfo.name;

      final String metaName = IndexFileNames.segmentFileName(state.segmentInfo.name, state.segmentSuffix, BlockTreeTermsReader.TERMS_META_EXTENSION);
      metaOut = state.directory.createOutput(metaName, state.context);
      CodecUtil.writeIndexHeader(metaOut, BlockTreeTermsReader.TERMS_META_CODEC_NAME, BlockTreeTermsReader.VERSION_CURRENT,
          state.segmentInfo.getId(), state.segmentSuffix);

      postingsWriter.init(metaOut, state);                          // have consumer write its format/header

      this.metaOut = metaOut;
      this.indexOut = indexOut;
      success = true;
    } finally {
      if (!success) {
        IOUtils.closeWhileHandlingException(metaOut, termsOut, indexOut);
      }
    }
  }

  /** Throws {@code IllegalArgumentException} if any of these settings
   *  is invalid. */
  public static void validateSettings(int minItemsInBlock, int maxItemsInBlock) {
    if (minItemsInBlock <= 1) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("minItemsInBlock must be >= 2; got " + minItemsInBlock);
    }
    if (minItemsInBlock > maxItemsInBlock) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("maxItemsInBlock must be >= minItemsInBlock; got maxItemsInBlock=" + maxItemsInBlock + " minItemsInBlock=" + minItemsInBlock);
    }
    if (2*(minItemsInBlock-1) > maxItemsInBlock) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("maxItemsInBlock must be at least 2*(minItemsInBlock-1); got maxItemsInBlock=" + maxItemsInBlock + " minItemsInBlock=" + minItemsInBlock);
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void write(Fields fields, NormsProducer norms) throws IOException {
    //if (DEBUG) System.out.println("\nBTTW.write seg=" + segment);

    String lastField = null;
    for(String field : fields) {
      assert lastField == null || lastField.compareTo(field) < 0;
      lastField = field;

      //if (DEBUG) System.out.println("\nBTTW.write seg=" + segment + " field=" + field);
      Terms terms = fields.terms(field);
      if (terms == null) {
        continue;
      }

      TermsEnum termsEnum = terms.iterator();
      TermsWriter termsWriter = new TermsWriter(fieldInfos.fieldInfo(field));
      while (true) {
        BytesRef term = termsEnum.next();
        //if (DEBUG) System.out.println("BTTW: next term " + term);

        if (term == null) {
          break;
        }

        //if (DEBUG) System.out.println("write field=" + fieldInfo.name + " term=" + brToString(term));
        termsWriter.write(term, termsEnum, norms);
      }

      termsWriter.finish();

      //if (DEBUG) System.out.println("\nBTTW.write done seg=" + segment + " field=" + field);
    }
  }
  
  static long encodeOutput(long fp, boolean hasTerms, boolean isFloor) {
    assert fp < (1L << 62);
    return (fp << 2) | (hasTerms ? BlockTreeTermsReader.OUTPUT_FLAG_HAS_TERMS : 0) | (isFloor ? BlockTreeTermsReader.OUTPUT_FLAG_IS_FLOOR : 0);
  }

  private static class PendingEntry {
    public final boolean isTerm;

    protected PendingEntry(boolean isTerm) {
      this.isTerm = isTerm;
    }
  }

  private static final class PendingTerm extends PendingEntry {
    public final byte[] termBytes;
    // stats + metadata
    public final BlockTermState state;

    public PendingTerm(BytesRef term, BlockTermState state) {
      super(true);
      this.termBytes = new byte[term.length];
      System.arraycopy(term.bytes, term.offset, termBytes, 0, term.length);
      this.state = state;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
      return "TERM: " + brToString(termBytes);
    }
  }

  // for debugging
  @SuppressWarnings("unused")
  static String brToString(BytesRef b) {
    if (b == null) {
      return "(null)";
    } else {
      try {
        return b.utf8ToString() + " " + b;
      } catch (Throwable t) {
        // If BytesRef isn't actually UTF8, or it's eg a
        // prefix of UTF8 that ends mid-unicode-char, we
        // fallback to hex:
        return b.toString();
      }
    }
  }

  // for debugging
  @SuppressWarnings("unused")
  static String brToString(byte[] b) {
    return brToString(new BytesRef(b));
  }

  private static final class PendingBlock extends PendingEntry {
    public final BytesRef prefix;
    public final long fp;
    public FST<BytesRef> index;
    public List<FST<BytesRef>> subIndices;
    public final boolean hasTerms;
    public final boolean isFloor;
    public final int floorLeadByte;

    public PendingBlock(BytesRef prefix, long fp, boolean hasTerms, boolean isFloor, int floorLeadByte, List<FST<BytesRef>> subIndices) {
      super(false);
      this.prefix = prefix;
      this.fp = fp;
      this.hasTerms = hasTerms;
      this.isFloor = isFloor;
      this.floorLeadByte = floorLeadByte;
      this.subIndices = subIndices;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
      return "BLOCK: prefix=" + brToString(prefix);
    }

    public void compileIndex(List<PendingBlock> blocks, ByteBuffersDataOutput scratchBytes, IntsRefBuilder scratchIntsRef) throws IOException {

      assert (isFloor && blocks.size() > 1) || (isFloor == false && blocks.size() == 1): "isFloor=" + isFloor + " blocks=" + blocks;
      assert this == blocks.get(0);

      assert scratchBytes.size() == 0;

      // TODO: try writing the leading vLong in MSB order
      // (opposite of what Lucene does today), for better
      // outputs sharing in the FST
      scratchBytes.writeVLong(encodeOutput(fp, hasTerms, isFloor));
      if (isFloor) {
        scratchBytes.writeVInt(blocks.size()-1);
        for (int i=1;i<blocks.size();i++) {
          PendingBlock sub = blocks.get(i);
          assert sub.floorLeadByte != -1;
          //if (DEBUG) {
          //  System.out.println("    write floorLeadByte=" + Integer.toHexString(sub.floorLeadByte&0xff));
          //}
          scratchBytes.writeByte((byte) sub.floorLeadByte);
          assert sub.fp > fp;
          scratchBytes.writeVLong((sub.fp - fp) << 1 | (sub.hasTerms ? 1 : 0));
        }
      }

      final ByteSequenceOutputs outputs = ByteSequenceOutputs.getSingleton();
      final FSTCompiler<BytesRef> fstCompiler = new FSTCompiler.Builder<>(FST.INPUT_TYPE.BYTE1, outputs).shouldShareNonSingletonNodes(false).build();
      //if (DEBUG) {
      //  System.out.println("  compile index for prefix=" + prefix);
      //}
      //indexBuilder.DEBUG = false;
      final byte[] bytes = scratchBytes.toArrayCopy();
      assert bytes.length > 0;
      fstCompiler.add(Util.toIntsRef(prefix, scratchIntsRef), new BytesRef(bytes, 0, bytes.length));
      scratchBytes.reset();

      // Copy over index for all sub-blocks
      for(PendingBlock block : blocks) {
        if (block.subIndices != null) {
          for(FST<BytesRef> subIndex : block.subIndices) {
            append(fstCompiler, subIndex, scratchIntsRef);
          }
          block.subIndices = null;
        }
      }

      index = fstCompiler.compile();

      assert subIndices == null;

      /*
      Writer w = new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream("out.dot"));
      Util.toDot(index, w, false, false);
      System.out.println("SAVED to out.dot");
      w.close();
      */
    }

    // TODO: maybe we could add bulk-add method to
    // Builder?  Takes FST and unions it w/ current
    // FST.
    private void append(FSTCompiler<BytesRef> fstCompiler, FST<BytesRef> subIndex, IntsRefBuilder scratchIntsRef) throws IOException {
      final BytesRefFSTEnum<BytesRef> subIndexEnum = new BytesRefFSTEnum<>(subIndex);
      BytesRefFSTEnum.InputOutput<BytesRef> indexEnt;
      while((indexEnt = subIndexEnum.next()) != null) {
        //if (DEBUG) {
        //  System.out.println("      add sub=" + indexEnt.input + " " + indexEnt.input + " output=" + indexEnt.output);
        //}
        fstCompiler.add(Util.toIntsRef(indexEnt.input, scratchIntsRef), indexEnt.output);
      }
    }
  }

  private final ByteBuffersDataOutput scratchBytes = ByteBuffersDataOutput.newResettableInstance();
  private final IntsRefBuilder scratchIntsRef = new IntsRefBuilder();

  static final BytesRef EMPTY_BYTES_REF = new BytesRef();

  private static class StatsWriter {

    private final DataOutput out;
    private final boolean hasFreqs;
    private int singletonCount;

    StatsWriter(DataOutput out, boolean hasFreqs) {
      this.out = out;
      this.hasFreqs = hasFreqs;
    }

    void add(int df, long ttf) throws IOException {
      // Singletons (DF==1, TTF==1) are run-length encoded
      if (df == 1 && (hasFreqs == false || ttf == 1)) {
        singletonCount++;
      } else {
        finish();
        out.writeVInt(df << 1);
        if (hasFreqs) {
          out.writeVLong(ttf - df);
        }
      }
    }

    void finish() throws IOException {
      if (singletonCount > 0) {
        out.writeVInt(((singletonCount - 1) << 1) | 1);
        singletonCount = 0;
      }
    }

  }

  class TermsWriter {
    private final FieldInfo fieldInfo;
    private long numTerms;
    final FixedBitSet docsSeen;
    long sumTotalTermFreq;
    long sumDocFreq;

    // Records index into pending where the current prefix at that
    // length "started"; for example, if current term starts with 't',
    // startsByPrefix[0] is the index into pending for the first
    // term/sub-block starting with 't'.  We use this to figure out when
    // to write a new block:
    private final BytesRefBuilder lastTerm = new BytesRefBuilder();
    private int[] prefixStarts = new int[8];

    // Pending stack of terms and blocks.  As terms arrive (in sorted order)
    // we append to this stack, and once the top of the stack has enough
    // terms starting with a common prefix, we write a new block with
    // those terms and replace those terms in the stack with a new block:
    private final List<PendingEntry> pending = new ArrayList<>();

    // Reused in writeBlocks:
    private final List<PendingBlock> newBlocks = new ArrayList<>();

    private PendingTerm firstPendingTerm;
    private PendingTerm lastPendingTerm;

    /** Writes the top count entries in pending, using prevTerm to compute the prefix. */
    void writeBlocks(int prefixLength, int count) throws IOException {

      assert count > 0;

      //if (DEBUG2) {
      //  BytesRef br = new BytesRef(lastTerm.bytes());
      //  br.length = prefixLength;
      //  System.out.println("writeBlocks: seg=" + segment + " prefix=" + brToString(br) + " count=" + count);
      //}

      // Root block better write all remaining pending entries:
      assert prefixLength > 0 || count == pending.size();

      int lastSuffixLeadLabel = -1;

      // True if we saw at least one term in this block (we record if a block
      // only points to sub-blocks in the terms index so we can avoid seeking
      // to it when we are looking for a term):
      boolean hasTerms = false;
      boolean hasSubBlocks = false;

      int start = pending.size()-count;
      int end = pending.size();
      int nextBlockStart = start;
      int nextFloorLeadLabel = -1;

      for (int i=start; i<end; i++) {

        PendingEntry ent = pending.get(i);

        int suffixLeadLabel;

        if (ent.isTerm) {
          PendingTerm term = (PendingTerm) ent;
          if (term.termBytes.length == prefixLength) {
            // Suffix is 0, i.e. prefix 'foo' and term is
            // 'foo' so the term has empty string suffix
            // in this block
            assert lastSuffixLeadLabel == -1: "i=" + i + " lastSuffixLeadLabel=" + lastSuffixLeadLabel;
            suffixLeadLabel = -1;
          } else {
            suffixLeadLabel = term.termBytes[prefixLength] & 0xff;
          }
        } else {
          PendingBlock block = (PendingBlock) ent;
          assert block.prefix.length > prefixLength;
          suffixLeadLabel = block.prefix.bytes[block.prefix.offset + prefixLength] & 0xff;
        }
        // if (DEBUG) System.out.println("  i=" + i + " ent=" + ent + " suffixLeadLabel=" + suffixLeadLabel);

        if (suffixLeadLabel != lastSuffixLeadLabel) {
          int itemsInBlock = i - nextBlockStart;
          if (itemsInBlock >= minItemsInBlock && end-nextBlockStart > maxItemsInBlock) {
            // The count is too large for one block, so we must break it into "floor" blocks, where we record
            // the leading label of the suffix of the first term in each floor block, so at search time we can
            // jump to the right floor block.  We just use a naive greedy segmenter here: make a new floor
            // block as soon as we have at least minItemsInBlock.  This is not always best: it often produces
            // a too-small block as the final block:
            boolean isFloor = itemsInBlock < count;
            newBlocks.add(writeBlock(prefixLength, isFloor, nextFloorLeadLabel, nextBlockStart, i, hasTerms, hasSubBlocks));

            hasTerms = false;
            hasSubBlocks = false;
            nextFloorLeadLabel = suffixLeadLabel;
            nextBlockStart = i;
          }

          lastSuffixLeadLabel = suffixLeadLabel;
        }

        if (ent.isTerm) {
          hasTerms = true;
        } else {
          hasSubBlocks = true;
        }
      }

      // Write last block, if any:
      if (nextBlockStart < end) {
        int itemsInBlock = end - nextBlockStart;
        boolean isFloor = itemsInBlock < count;
        newBlocks.add(writeBlock(prefixLength, isFloor, nextFloorLeadLabel, nextBlockStart, end, hasTerms, hasSubBlocks));
      }

      assert newBlocks.isEmpty() == false;

      PendingBlock firstBlock = newBlocks.get(0);

      assert firstBlock.isFloor || newBlocks.size() == 1;

      firstBlock.compileIndex(newBlocks, scratchBytes, scratchIntsRef);

      // Remove slice from the top of the pending stack, that we just wrote:
      pending.subList(pending.size()-count, pending.size()).clear();

      // Append new block
      pending.add(firstBlock);

      newBlocks.clear();
    }

    private boolean allEqual(byte[] b, int startOffset, int endOffset, byte value) {
      Objects.checkFromToIndex(startOffset, endOffset, b.length);
      for (int i = startOffset; i < endOffset; ++i) {
        if (b[i] != value) {
          return false;
        }
      }
      return true;
    }

    /** Writes the specified slice (start is inclusive, end is exclusive)
     *  from pending stack as a new block.  If isFloor is true, there
     *  were too many (more than maxItemsInBlock) entries sharing the
     *  same prefix, and so we broke it into multiple floor blocks where
     *  we record the starting label of the suffix of each floor block. */
    private PendingBlock writeBlock(int prefixLength, boolean isFloor, int floorLeadLabel, int start, int end,
                                    boolean hasTerms, boolean hasSubBlocks) throws IOException {

      assert end > start;

      long startFP = termsOut.getFilePointer();

      boolean hasFloorLeadLabel = isFloor && floorLeadLabel != -1;

      final BytesRef prefix = new BytesRef(prefixLength + (hasFloorLeadLabel ? 1 : 0));
      System.arraycopy(lastTerm.get().bytes, 0, prefix.bytes, 0, prefixLength);
      prefix.length = prefixLength;

      //if (DEBUG2) System.out.println("    writeBlock field=" + fieldInfo.name + " prefix=" + brToString(prefix) + " fp=" + startFP + " isFloor=" + isFloor + " isLastInFloor=" + (end == pending.size()) + " floorLeadLabel=" + floorLeadLabel + " start=" + start + " end=" + end + " hasTerms=" + hasTerms + " hasSubBlocks=" + hasSubBlocks);

      // Write block header:
      int numEntries = end - start;
      int code = numEntries << 1;
      if (end == pending.size()) {
        // Last block:
        code |= 1;
      }
      termsOut.writeVInt(code);

      /*
      if (DEBUG) {
        System.out.println("  writeBlock " + (isFloor ? "(floor) " : "") + "seg=" + segment + " pending.size()=" + pending.size() + " prefixLength=" + prefixLength + " indexPrefix=" + brToString(prefix) + " entCount=" + (end-start+1) + " startFP=" + startFP + (isFloor ? (" floorLeadLabel=" + Integer.toHexString(floorLeadLabel)) : ""));
      }
      */

      // 1st pass: pack term suffix bytes into byte[] blob
      // TODO: cutover to bulk int codec... simple64?

      // We optimize the leaf block case (block has only terms), writing a more
      // compact format in this case:
      boolean isLeafBlock = hasSubBlocks == false;

      //System.out.println("  isLeaf=" + isLeafBlock);

      final List<FST<BytesRef>> subIndices;

      boolean absolute = true;

      if (isLeafBlock) {
        // Block contains only ordinary terms:
        subIndices = null;
        StatsWriter statsWriter = new StatsWriter(this.statsWriter, fieldInfo.getIndexOptions() != IndexOptions.DOCS);
        for (int i=start;i<end;i++) {
          PendingEntry ent = pending.get(i);
          assert ent.isTerm: "i=" + i;

          PendingTerm term = (PendingTerm) ent;

          assert StringHelper.startsWith(term.termBytes, prefix): "term.term=" + term.termBytes + " prefix=" + prefix;
          BlockTermState state = term.state;
          final int suffix = term.termBytes.length - prefixLength;
          //if (DEBUG2) {
          //  BytesRef suffixBytes = new BytesRef(suffix);
          //  System.arraycopy(term.termBytes, prefixLength, suffixBytes.bytes, 0, suffix);
          //  suffixBytes.length = suffix;
          //  System.out.println("    write term suffix=" + brToString(suffixBytes));
          //}

          // For leaf block we write suffix straight
          suffixLengthsWriter.writeVInt(suffix);
          suffixWriter.append(term.termBytes, prefixLength, suffix);
          assert floorLeadLabel == -1 || (term.termBytes[prefixLength] & 0xff) >= floorLeadLabel;

          // Write term stats, to separate byte[] blob:
          statsWriter.add(state.docFreq, state.totalTermFreq);

          // Write term meta data
          postingsWriter.encodeTerm(metaWriter, fieldInfo, state, absolute);
          absolute = false;
        }
        statsWriter.finish();
      } else {
        // Block has at least one prefix term or a sub block:
        subIndices = new ArrayList<>();
        StatsWriter statsWriter = new StatsWriter(this.statsWriter, fieldInfo.getIndexOptions() != IndexOptions.DOCS);
        for (int i=start;i<end;i++) {
          PendingEntry ent = pending.get(i);
          if (ent.isTerm) {
            PendingTerm term = (PendingTerm) ent;

            assert StringHelper.startsWith(term.termBytes, prefix): "term.term=" + term.termBytes + " prefix=" + prefix;
            BlockTermState state = term.state;
            final int suffix = term.termBytes.length - prefixLength;
            //if (DEBUG2) {
            //  BytesRef suffixBytes = new BytesRef(suffix);
            //  System.arraycopy(term.termBytes, prefixLength, suffixBytes.bytes, 0, suffix);
            //  suffixBytes.length = suffix;
            //  System.out.println("      write term suffix=" + brToString(suffixBytes));
            //}

            // For non-leaf block we borrow 1 bit to record
            // if entry is term or sub-block, and 1 bit to record if
            // it's a prefix term.  Terms cannot be larger than ~32 KB
            // so we won't run out of bits:

            suffixLengthsWriter.writeVInt(suffix << 1);
            suffixWriter.append(term.termBytes, prefixLength, suffix);

            // Write term stats, to separate byte[] blob:
            statsWriter.add(state.docFreq, state.totalTermFreq);

            // TODO: now that terms dict "sees" these longs,
            // we can explore better column-stride encodings
            // to encode all long[0]s for this block at
            // once, all long[1]s, etc., e.g. using
            // Simple64.  Alternatively, we could interleave
            // stats + meta ... no reason to have them
            // separate anymore:

            // Write term meta data
            postingsWriter.encodeTerm(metaWriter, fieldInfo, state, absolute);
            absolute = false;
          } else {
            PendingBlock block = (PendingBlock) ent;
            assert StringHelper.startsWith(block.prefix, prefix);
            final int suffix = block.prefix.length - prefixLength;
            assert StringHelper.startsWith(block.prefix, prefix);

            assert suffix > 0;

            // For non-leaf block we borrow 1 bit to record
            // if entry is term or sub-block:f
            suffixLengthsWriter.writeVInt((suffix<<1)|1);
            suffixWriter.append(block.prefix.bytes, prefixLength, suffix);

            //if (DEBUG2) {
            //  BytesRef suffixBytes = new BytesRef(suffix);
            //  System.arraycopy(block.prefix.bytes, prefixLength, suffixBytes.bytes, 0, suffix);
            //  suffixBytes.length = suffix;
            //  System.out.println("      write sub-block suffix=" + brToString(suffixBytes) + " subFP=" + block.fp + " subCode=" + (startFP-block.fp) + " floor=" + block.isFloor);
            //}

            assert floorLeadLabel == -1 || (block.prefix.bytes[prefixLength] & 0xff) >= floorLeadLabel: "floorLeadLabel=" + floorLeadLabel + " suffixLead=" + (block.prefix.bytes[prefixLength] & 0xff);
            assert block.fp < startFP;

            suffixLengthsWriter.writeVLong(startFP - block.fp);
            subIndices.add(block.index);
          }
        }
        statsWriter.finish();

        assert subIndices.size() != 0;
      }

      // Write suffixes byte[] blob to terms dict output, either uncompressed, compressed with LZ4 or with LowercaseAsciiCompression.
      CompressionAlgorithm compressionAlg = CompressionAlgorithm.NO_COMPRESSION;
      // If there are 2 suffix bytes or less per term, then we don't bother compressing as suffix are unlikely what
      // makes the terms dictionary large, and it also tends to be frequently the case for dense IDs like
      // auto-increment IDs, so not compressing in that case helps not hurt ID lookups by too much.
      // We also only start compressing when the prefix length is greater than 2 since blocks whose prefix length is
      // 1 or 2 always all get visited when running a fuzzy query whose max number of edits is 2.
      if (suffixWriter.length() > 2L * numEntries && prefixLength > 2) {
        // LZ4 inserts references whenever it sees duplicate strings of 4 chars or more, so only try it out if the
        // average suffix length is greater than 6.
        if (suffixWriter.length() > 6L * numEntries) {
          LZ4.compress(suffixWriter.bytes(), 0, suffixWriter.length(), spareWriter, compressionHashTable);
          if (spareWriter.size() < suffixWriter.length() - (suffixWriter.length() >>> 2)) {
            // LZ4 saved more than 25%, go for it
            compressionAlg = CompressionAlgorithm.LZ4;
          }
        }
        if (compressionAlg == CompressionAlgorithm.NO_COMPRESSION) {
          spareWriter.reset();
          if (spareBytes.length < suffixWriter.length()) {
            spareBytes = new byte[ArrayUtil.oversize(suffixWriter.length(), 1)];
          }
          if (LowercaseAsciiCompression.compress(suffixWriter.bytes(), suffixWriter.length(), spareBytes, spareWriter)) {
            compressionAlg = CompressionAlgorithm.LOWERCASE_ASCII;
          }
        }
      }
      long token = ((long) suffixWriter.length()) << 3;
      if (isLeafBlock) {
        token |= 0x04;
      }
      token |= compressionAlg.code;
      termsOut.writeVLong(token);
      if (compressionAlg == CompressionAlgorithm.NO_COMPRESSION) {
        termsOut.writeBytes(suffixWriter.bytes(), suffixWriter.length());
      } else {
        spareWriter.copyTo(termsOut);
      }
      suffixWriter.setLength(0);
      spareWriter.reset();

      // Write suffix lengths
      final int numSuffixBytes = Math.toIntExact(suffixLengthsWriter.size());
      spareBytes = ArrayUtil.grow(spareBytes, numSuffixBytes);
      suffixLengthsWriter.copyTo(new ByteArrayDataOutput(spareBytes));
      suffixLengthsWriter.reset();
      if (allEqual(spareBytes, 1, numSuffixBytes, spareBytes[0])) {
        // Structured fields like IDs often have most values of the same length
        termsOut.writeVInt((numSuffixBytes << 1) | 1);
        termsOut.writeByte(spareBytes[0]);
      } else {
        termsOut.writeVInt(numSuffixBytes << 1);
        termsOut.writeBytes(spareBytes, numSuffixBytes);
      }

      // Stats
      final int numStatsBytes = Math.toIntExact(statsWriter.size());
      termsOut.writeVInt(numStatsBytes);
      statsWriter.copyTo(termsOut);
      statsWriter.reset();

      // Write term meta data byte[] blob
      termsOut.writeVInt((int) metaWriter.size());
      metaWriter.copyTo(termsOut);
      metaWriter.reset();

      // if (DEBUG) {
      //   System.out.println("      fpEnd=" + out.getFilePointer());
      // }

      if (hasFloorLeadLabel) {
        // We already allocated to length+1 above:
        prefix.bytes[prefix.length++] = (byte) floorLeadLabel;
      }

      return new PendingBlock(prefix, startFP, hasTerms, isFloor, floorLeadLabel, subIndices);
    }

    TermsWriter(FieldInfo fieldInfo) {
      this.fieldInfo = fieldInfo;
      assert fieldInfo.getIndexOptions() != IndexOptions.NONE;
      docsSeen = new FixedBitSet(maxDoc);
      postingsWriter.setField(fieldInfo);
    }
    
    /** Writes one term's worth of postings. */
    public void write(BytesRef text, TermsEnum termsEnum, NormsProducer norms) throws IOException {
      /*
      if (DEBUG) {
        int[] tmp = new int[lastTerm.length];
        System.arraycopy(prefixStarts, 0, tmp, 0, tmp.length);
        System.out.println("BTTW: write term=" + brToString(text) + " prefixStarts=" + Arrays.toString(tmp) + " pending.size()=" + pending.size());
      }
      */

      BlockTermState state = postingsWriter.writeTerm(text, termsEnum, docsSeen, norms);
      if (state != null) {

        assert state.docFreq != 0;
        assert fieldInfo.getIndexOptions() == IndexOptions.DOCS || state.totalTermFreq >= state.docFreq: "postingsWriter=" + postingsWriter;
        pushTerm(text);
       
        PendingTerm term = new PendingTerm(text, state);
        pending.add(term);
        //if (DEBUG) System.out.println("    add pending term = " + text + " pending.size()=" + pending.size());

        sumDocFreq += state.docFreq;
        sumTotalTermFreq += state.totalTermFreq;
        numTerms++;
        if (firstPendingTerm == null) {
          firstPendingTerm = term;
        }
        lastPendingTerm = term;
      }
    }

    /** Pushes the new term to the top of the stack, and writes new blocks. */
    private void pushTerm(BytesRef text) throws IOException {
      // Find common prefix between last term and current term:
      int prefixLength = Arrays.mismatch(lastTerm.bytes(), 0, lastTerm.length(), text.bytes, text.offset, text.offset + text.length);
      if (prefixLength == -1) { // Only happens for the first term, if it is empty
        assert lastTerm.length() == 0;
        prefixLength = 0;
      }

      // if (DEBUG) System.out.println("  shared=" + pos + "  lastTerm.length=" + lastTerm.length);

      // Close the "abandoned" suffix now:
      for(int i=lastTerm.length()-1;i>=prefixLength;i--) {

        // How many items on top of the stack share the current suffix
        // we are closing:
        int prefixTopSize = pending.size() - prefixStarts[i];
        if (prefixTopSize >= minItemsInBlock) {
          // if (DEBUG) System.out.println("pushTerm i=" + i + " prefixTopSize=" + prefixTopSize + " minItemsInBlock=" + minItemsInBlock);
          writeBlocks(i+1, prefixTopSize);
          prefixStarts[i] -= prefixTopSize-1;
        }
      }

      if (prefixStarts.length < text.length) {
        prefixStarts = ArrayUtil.grow(prefixStarts, text.length);
      }

      // Init new tail:
      for(int i=prefixLength;i<text.length;i++) {
        prefixStarts[i] = pending.size();
      }

      lastTerm.copyBytes(text);
    }

    // Finishes all terms in this field
    public void finish() throws IOException {
      if (numTerms > 0) {
        // if (DEBUG) System.out.println("BTTW: finish prefixStarts=" + Arrays.toString(prefixStarts));

        // Add empty term to force closing of all final blocks:
        pushTerm(new BytesRef());

        // TODO: if pending.size() is already 1 with a non-zero prefix length
        // we can save writing a "degenerate" root block, but we have to
        // fix all the places that assume the root block's prefix is the empty string:
        pushTerm(new BytesRef());
        writeBlocks(0, pending.size());

        // We better have one final "root" block:
        assert pending.size() == 1 && !pending.get(0).isTerm: "pending.size()=" + pending.size() + " pending=" + pending;
        final PendingBlock root = (PendingBlock) pending.get(0);
        assert root.prefix.length == 0;
        final BytesRef rootCode = root.index.getEmptyOutput();
        assert rootCode != null;

        ByteBuffersDataOutput metaOut = new ByteBuffersDataOutput();
        fields.add(metaOut);

        metaOut.writeVInt(fieldInfo.number);
        metaOut.writeVLong(numTerms);
        metaOut.writeVInt(rootCode.length);
        metaOut.writeBytes(rootCode.bytes, rootCode.offset, rootCode.length);
        assert fieldInfo.getIndexOptions() != IndexOptions.NONE;
        if (fieldInfo.getIndexOptions() != IndexOptions.DOCS) {
          metaOut.writeVLong(sumTotalTermFreq);
        }
        metaOut.writeVLong(sumDocFreq);
        metaOut.writeVInt(docsSeen.cardinality());
        writeBytesRef(metaOut, new BytesRef(firstPendingTerm.termBytes));
        writeBytesRef(metaOut, new BytesRef(lastPendingTerm.termBytes));
        metaOut.writeVLong(indexOut.getFilePointer());
        // Write FST to index
        root.index.save(metaOut, indexOut);
        //System.out.println("  write FST " + indexStartFP + " field=" + fieldInfo.name);

        /*
        if (DEBUG) {
          final String dotFileName = segment + "_" + fieldInfo.name + ".dot";
          Writer w = new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(dotFileName));
          Util.toDot(root.index, w, false, false);
          System.out.println("SAVED to " + dotFileName);
          w.close();
        }
        */

      } else {
        assert sumTotalTermFreq == 0 || fieldInfo.getIndexOptions() == IndexOptions.DOCS && sumTotalTermFreq == -1;
        assert sumDocFreq == 0;
        assert docsSeen.cardinality() == 0;
      }
    }

    private final ByteBuffersDataOutput suffixLengthsWriter = ByteBuffersDataOutput.newResettableInstance();
    private final BytesRefBuilder suffixWriter = new BytesRefBuilder();
    private final ByteBuffersDataOutput statsWriter = ByteBuffersDataOutput.newResettableInstance();
    private final ByteBuffersDataOutput metaWriter = ByteBuffersDataOutput.newResettableInstance();
    private final ByteBuffersDataOutput spareWriter = ByteBuffersDataOutput.newResettableInstance();
    private byte[] spareBytes = BytesRef.EMPTY_BYTES;
    private final LZ4.HighCompressionHashTable compressionHashTable = new LZ4.HighCompressionHashTable();
  }

  private boolean closed;
  
  @Override
  public void close() throws IOException {
    if (closed) {
      return;
    }
    closed = true;

    boolean success = false;
    try {
      metaOut.writeVInt(fields.size());
      for (ByteBuffersDataOutput fieldMeta : fields) {
        fieldMeta.copyTo(metaOut);
      }
      CodecUtil.writeFooter(indexOut);
      metaOut.writeLong(indexOut.getFilePointer());
      CodecUtil.writeFooter(termsOut);
      metaOut.writeLong(termsOut.getFilePointer());
      CodecUtil.writeFooter(metaOut);
      success = true;
    } finally {
      if (success) {
        IOUtils.close(metaOut, termsOut, indexOut, postingsWriter);
      } else {
        IOUtils.closeWhileHandlingException(metaOut, termsOut, indexOut, postingsWriter);
      }
    }
  }

  private static void writeBytesRef(DataOutput out, BytesRef bytes) throws IOException {
    out.writeVInt(bytes.length);
    out.writeBytes(bytes.bytes, bytes.offset, bytes.length);
  }
}

that 'term' class (PendingTerm) actually has a perfectly fine toString method... why not just remove termBytes and let it do its job?