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<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Medical images are acquired from X-ray, computerized tomography(CT), magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), ultrasonic, etc., and different apparatus is used according to the part of a body or the object of observation. Medical images have an advantage of observing inside of a body without cutting a body open, and widely used for deciding a schedule or a method of a diagnosis, treatment and an operation. Additional information about such medical images should be supplied to those who analyzes and diagnoses such medical images for an objective decision. Employing computerized digital image processing method, such additional information, which enables quicker and more accurate analysis and diagnosis, can be supplied to medical people. These medical image processing techniques are growing rapidly and widespread, and more efficient and accurate processing techniques are being developed. To acquire desired data from an image, numerous processing steps are required. Methods developed to have new algorithms based on medical expert knowledge should be applied instead of using the conventional image processing methods, for medical images have their unique features. These new algorithms have been developed to be operated by text commands on workstations with UNIX operating systems. Therefore, expert knowledge about image processing and UNIX computer systems was required in order to operate a conventional medical image processing system. Moreover, conventional image processing systems have been developed to deal with ordinary digital image processing. However, conventional image processing systems are inefficient to deal with medical images because medical images need different image processing methods from those applied to ordinary images. The number of medical images for diagnosis or treatment is so enormous that using conventional image processing systems requires too long processing time and too much operating efforts. There have been difficulties for those who have little knowledge about image processing to acquire desired data from conventional image processing systems. |
<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>An object of the present invention is to provide a medical image processing system, which is needless of expert knowledge about image processing to operate. Another object of the present invention is to provide a medical image processing system, which has a graphic user interface and is based on Microsoft Windows operating system. To achieve the above object, the present invention comprises a medical image storage server for storing digital image data provided by means such as CT (computerized tomography) or MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) apparatus in a medical image database, and an image processing system which is coupled to said medical image storage server and to several client computers by TCP/IP protocol. Another detailed feature of the medical image processing system of the present invention is that said image processing system comprises a user interface unit converting the user's command into an electric signal and outputting said electric signal; an image processor unit reading a medical image out of said medical image database, performing an image processing program comprising a medical image controlling algorithm and outputting a result signal; and an output interface unit receiving said result signal and converting said result signal to be a format, which is recognizable to users. Another detailed feature of the medical image processing system of the present invention is that said image processing program embedded in said image processor comprises both an ordinary digital image processing algorithm and an organ-searching algorithm. The medical image processing method of the present invention comprises the steps of providing a menu screen as a window frame on a display means; converting a command of a user, which is received through an input interface unit, into a control signal and transferring said control signal to an image processor unit; analyzing said control signal; loading an image corresponding to said control signal and displaying said image on a displaying means; receiving an image processing control signal from a user; reading an image processing algorithm embedded in said image processor and performing said algorithm; displaying a result image acquired by performing said algorithm on a displaying means; and storing the result data, which is obtained according to the command of the user, in a specific database. |
Increased solubility flavanolignan preparations |
The inventors have devised novel approaches for the preparation of flavanolignan compositions of enhanced solubility and substantially free of toxic contaminants. Such novel approaches are based on spray drying or lyophilizing to dry a diluted preparation of flavanolignan. These approaches avoid the use of toxic excipients and or carriers commonly used to precipitate flavanolignan concentrates and thus address the drawbacks of existing methods and compositions. |
1. A method for the preparation of a flavanolignan composition: (a) providing a solution of an organic solution of one or more flavanolignans, and at least one water-soluble compound; and (b) drying the solution of step (a) to obtain a product; wherein the drying is spray drying or lyophilization. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution is dried by spray drying. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the product is an amorphous product. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) of providing the organic solution comprises, mixing at least one flavanolignan substantially dissolved in an organic solvent with an aqueous solution comprising at least one water-soluble compound. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the water-soluble compound is a sugar alcohol. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the sugar alcohol is selected from the group consisting of tetritols, pentitols and hexitols. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein the sugar-alcohol is selected from the group consisting of xylitol, mannitol, and sorbitol. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the solution comprises about 10 weight parts of the organic solution of one or more flavanolignans substantially dissolved in 30-120 weight parts organic solvent mixed with an aqueous solution containing from about 0.5-10 weight parts of at least one water-soluble compound wherein the ratio of flavanolignans and water soluble compounds in the final dry product is in the range of 10: 0.5-10 9. The method of claim 4, wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of non-branched and branched alkanols or ketones having 1-4 carbon atoms. 10. The method of claim 4, wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, methanol, isopropylalcohol, water-tert.butanol, acetone, or mixtures thereof. 11. The method of claim 4, wherein the flavanolignan comprises silybin, silydianin or silymarin. 12. A flavanolignan composition, comprising a dry, amorphous co-precipitate consisting essentially of one or more flavanolignan, and at least one sugar alcohol. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the sugar alcohol is selected from the group consisting of tetritols, pentitols and hexitols. 14. The composition of claim 12, wherein the flavanolignan is silybin, silydianin or silymarin. 15. A flavanolignan composition prepared according to the method of claim 1. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to compositions and a process for the manufacture of a flavanolignan-containing substance from milk thistle displaying enhanced aqueous solubility relative to pure flavanolignan preparations. The substance of the method according to the invention is useful for the manufacture of solid medicinal products and dietary supplements with desired improved dissolution characteristics. 2. Summary of the Related Art Fruits of milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) contain several isomeric compounds of flavanol-lignane type of the general formula C 25 H 22 O 11 -silybinin A, silybinin B, isosilybinin A, isosilybinin B, silydianin and silychristin—collectively called flavanolignans of milk thistle or silymarin. Silymarin (generally available as the dry extract of milk thistle) has been reported to have numerous pharmacological activities such as for example, antioxidant effect, stabilization of cell membranes, and stimulation of biosynthesis of proteins to mention a few. Silybin (a mixture of silybinin A and silybinin B) has been found to be particularly suited as an hepatoprotective agent. Silymalin is effective in the treatment and prophylaxis of liver disease including acute and chronic intoxication of the liver caused by toxins, (including drugs and various alcohols, e.g., carbon tetrachloride, galactosamine, paracetamol, ethanol, phalloidin and α-amanitin). Silymarin is an active component of pharmaceutical products, (e.g., LEGALON®, Madus AG, Koln, Germany; Hepamarin, Pharmasan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany; HEPADURAN®, Zwinkscher GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany; or SILYHEXAL®, Hexal Pharma AG, Wien, Austria) used to treat and prevent hepatic diseases. More information about silymarin and its use can be found in Morazzoni et al., Fitoterapia, LXVI, 3-42, (1995); Sailer et al., Drugs, 61: 2035-2063, (2001); Wellington et al., BioDrugs, 15(7): 465-489, (2001). The silymarin preparation used for manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations or food supplements is thus a purified extract standardized to include specific flavanolignans. Pharm. Forum 28: 418-420, (2002) provides that silymarin contains not less than 90% and not more than 110% of silymarin, calculated as silybin on the dried basis; consisting of not less than 20.0% and not more than 45.0% of the sum of silydianin and silycristin; not less than 40% and not more than 65% for the sum of silibin A and silibin B; and not less 10.0% and not more than 20% for the sum of isosilybin A and isosilybin B; contains from about 40 up to 80% flavanolignans consisting of from about 40 up to 65% of the sum of silybinin A and B; from about 20 up to 45% of the sum of silychristin and silydianin and from about 10 up to 20% of the sum of isosilybinin A and B. However, the use of milk thistle flavanolignans in general and that of silymarin and its components in the preparation of pharmaceutical products is greatly impaired by the low solubility in both hydrophilic and lipophilic environments of these compounds which greatly reduces their bioavailability and resorbability in mammals. Given the tremendous therapeutic potential, it is not surprising that several investigators have sought a variety of approaches to address the solubility/bioavailability problems as attested by the large body of literature on point including several patents discussed hereinafter. One approach lies in the preparation of silybin esters (mixture of silybinins A and B, possibly also isosilybinins A and B) with dicarboxylic acid. For example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,895,839 and 5,196,448 describe a di-sodium salt of bis-hemisuccinate of silybin. This preparation is presently incorporated in in LEGALON® SIL inj,. a pharmaceutical product for the treatment of serious poisoning by Amanita mushrooms or other hepatotoxic compounds, marketed by Madaus &Co. Another approach has been the preparation of silybin glycosides as set forth for example in CZ Patent No. 287 657. The described silybin glycosides are more soluble in water than silybin and they show similar effects as silymarin. Complex compounds of silymarin or silybin with phospholipides are also described by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,764,508 and 4,895,839. These complexes are prepared by dissolution of components (1 mol of silymarin or silybin and 0.3 up to 2.0 mol of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine or phosphatidyl ethanolamine) in aprotic solvent (dioxane or acetone) and by precipitation of the complex by addition of aliphatic hydrocarbon or lyophilization or spray drying. The described complex compounds are the basis of the substance called called SILIPED™ or SILYPHOS™, (manufactured by Indena) currently under clinical trials (Comoglio A., et al., Biochem. Pharmacol., 50:(8):1313-1316 (1995). Yet another approach has been formulation in cyclodextrin complexes notorious for their role in solubilizing a variety of compounds. Inclusion complexes of silybinin with cyclodextrines are described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,430. Complexes of silybini are described with α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrine and their derivatives in molecular ratio of 1 mmol of silybinin with 1 up to 4 mol of the corresponding cyclodextrine. Complexes are prepared by dissolution of both components in aqueous ammonia and by removal of the ammonia either by evaporation or neutralization with hydrochloric acid and by subsequent drying or lyophilization. Solutions of silymarin in polyethylene glycol alone or in polyethylene glycol and some co-solvents and/or surfactants are described in WO 99/18985. The gelatin capsules filled with such solutions show higher solubility in dissolution tests than silymarin alone. Another patented procedure for increasing the biological availability of silymarin consists in the preparation of coprecipitates of flavanolignans with carriers and detergents (see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,906,991 and EP 722719). Suitable carriers according to these methods include water soluble saccharides, derivatives of cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone whereas polysorbates of fatty acids are used as detergent. These coprecipitates are said to have higher solubility properties as compared to untreated silymarin. However, some of these obligatory carriers and excipients according to these patents coprecipitate as contaminants with the flavanolignans. Unfortunately, some of these contaminants are known toxic compounds and thus may produce adverse reactions in a patient further exacerbating an already existing condition. Thus, the currently available approaches for the preparation of flavanolignan compositions suffer from a number of drawbacks. In general, conventional methodologies fail to produce a sufficiently soluble preparation. Moreover, because of the low solubility, such preparations are not sufficiently bioavailable. A further disadvantage of the formulations in presently the art is that often the flavanolignan is bound to a chemical compound which can physiologically act as a foreign substance in the body thereby bringing about undesired side reactions or impair the effectiveness of the flavanolignan. Therefore, there remains a need to identify and develop improved methodologies and compositions. Such methodologies and compositions should overcome the shortcomings of the traditional methods in the literature. It is an object of the present invention to provide flavanolignan preparations which reduce the binding of the flavanolignans to foreign compounds and possess high rate of liberation wherein the liberation is accomplished physically by means of destruction of its crystalline lattice (amorphous substance). These flavanoligaans preparations should maintain their efficacy while limiting their binding to foreign compounds. |
<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The inventors have devised novel approaches for the preparation of flavanolignan compositions of enhanced solubility and substantially free of toxic contaminants. Such novel approaches are based on spray drying or lyophilizing to dry a diluted preparation of flavanolignan. These approaches avoid the use of toxic excipients and or carriers commonly used to precipitate flavanolignan concentrates and thus address the drawbacks of existing methods and compositions. The process achieves this advantage through the use of non-toxic water-soluble compounds and spray drying or lyophilizing techniques selected and applied to produce an amorphous product shown to have greater solubility in an aqueous environment. The compositions of the instant invention achieve greater solubility (and thus higher bioavailability) without the need of materials such as wetting agents, or the use of materials such as complexing agents with physiological activity that could result in undesired side reactions or impair the effectiveness of the flavanolignin product. The patents and scientific literature referred to herein establish the knowledge of those with skill in the art and are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Any conflict between any reference cited herein and the specific teachings of this specification shall be resolved in favour of the latter. Likewise, any conflict between an art-understood definition of a word or phrase and a definition of the word or phrase as specifically taught in this specification shall be resolved in favour of the latter. In one aspect, the invention relates to methods for the preparation of a flavanolignan composition by preparing a solution of an organic solution of one or more flavanolignans, and at least one water-soluble compound, and spray drying or lyophilizing the solution to obtain an amorphous product. In another aspect, the invention provides a dry, amorphous co-precipitate of one or more flavanolignan and at least one sugar alcohol. These and other features of the invention will be further described and exemplified in the detailed description below. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"? |
Method and apparatus of producing uniform isotropic stresses in a sputtered film |
The invention provides a method and apparatus for producing uniform, isotropic stresses in a sputtered film. In he presently preferred embodiment, a new sputtering geometry and a new domain of transport speed are presented, which together allow the achievement of the maximum stress that the film material can hold while avoiding X-Y stress anisotropy and avoiding stress non-uniformity across the substrate. |
1. A method for depositing a film on a substrate, comprising the steps of: depositing successive layers of film on said substrate at any of successive different discrete deposition angles of rotation of said substrate and/or of said deposition source about a normal axis of said substrate; providing a substantially identical amount of deposition from each different deposition angle as for each other deposition angle; wherein said overall deposited film behaves substantially isotropically in properties in all directions parallel to said substrate and at different angles of rotation about said normal axis. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: reducing the thickness of successive layers of said film on the order of a property projection distance within a depositing material; wherein said property projection distance comprises a distance at which a fluctuation in a relevant film property from point to point through said film's thickness becomes too small to affect overall properties of said film when averaged through said film's thickness; and wherein said fluctuation is caused by layering. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said property projection distance is within a minimum of one atomic diameter of said depositing material to a maximum of ten atomic diameters for stress and strain, and a maximum of one magnetic domain diameter for magnetic properties. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: moving each substrate past a same one or more sources of depositing material in a planetary manner; wherein each time said substrate passes by one of said sources of depositing material as said substrate executes a planet orbit, said substrate is rotated about said substrate's normal axis with respect to the planet carrier such that it maintains a constant rotational orientation with respect to a stationary point and said depositing material source by which it is passing. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said substrate is rotated 360/n degrees with respect to the planet carrier plate each time it passes by one of said depositing material sources, wherein n is an integer larger than 2 and equal to the number of deposition sources. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising the steps of: providing four depositing material sources arranged about a circle; and positioning a relevant anisotropic property of each said depositing material source 90 degrees with respect to that of a previous depositing material source; wherein each substrate maintains a fixed rotational orientation about its normal axis as said substrate orbits, as measured from a stationary point; wherein said film is deposited in layers having an anisotropy rotated 90 degrees for each successive layer. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein said source of depositing material exhibits two-fold symmetry in a relevant anisotropic property of said depositing material source. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein a 270 degree rotation of said substrate is equivalent to a 90 degree rotation of said substrate with respect to said anisotropy in said relevant property of said film layer. 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising the step of: providing two depositing material sources; wherein each depositing material source has two-fold symmetry; wherein said depositing material sources are disposed relative to one another such that a relevant anisotropic property of said depositing material source is rotated 90 degrees with respect to a previous depositing material source; wherein each substrate maintains a fixed rotational orientation about its normal axis as it orbits, as measured from a stationary point; and wherein said film is deposited in layers having an anisotropy rotated 90 degrees for each successive layer. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein said sources of depositing material comprise linear magnetron sputtering targets from which said depositing material emanates in a pattern which approximates a rectangle having rounded corners. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein a distance along a substrate normal axis and between a substrate surface and a target surface from which depositing material emanates is sufficiently smaller than a distance between material as it emanates from an end of said rectangular emanation pattern and a nearest edge of said substrate such that a relevant property of said film is sufficiently uniform along said substrate from a center of said substrate to said substrate's edge. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of: making film stress along directions parallel to said substrate sufficiently uniform across said substrate by making a distance along a substrate normal axis and between a substrate surface and a target surface from which depositing material emanates sufficiently small, as compared to a distance between material as it emanates from an end of said rectangular emanation pattern and the nearest edge of the substrate. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein a ratio of distance along a substrate normal axis and between a substrate surface and a target surface from which depositing material emanates to a distance between material as it emanates from an end of said rectangular emanation pattern and a nearest edge of said substrate is ¼ or less. 14. A method for depositing a film on a substrate, comprising the steps of: symmetrically disposing at least one deposition source at any of successive different deposition angles of rotation of said substrate and of said deposition source about a normal axis of said substrate; and depositing successive layers of film on said substrate to achieve high levels of stress in said films, wherein said stress is both isotropic in a film plane and uniform over large areas of a substrate surface. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said depositing step comprises: providing a monatomic-layer-scale deposition thickness per pass over a deposition source using close-spaced magnetron sputtering from long, substantially rectangular targets or sources of deposition material; wherein effects on film stress caused by periodic fluctuations in any of deposition incident angle, ion bombardment flux, and substrate azimuthal orientation are minimized. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of: rotating said substrate by substantially 90 degrees between successive passes to laminate said film; wherein X-Y anisotropy in a film plane is eliminated. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of: using magnetron targets that are longer, when compared to a substrate diameter, than is needed for uniform film thickness; wherein uniform film stress along a long axis of said target is achieved. 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of: providing a drive mechanism comprising a peripheral chain arranged around a ring of substrates, and a chain extending from one substrate to a fixed central sprocket, to impart high speed, planetary motion to said substrate. 19. An apparatus for depositing a film on a substrate, comprising: a target for depositing successive layers of film on said substrate at any of successive different discrete deposition angles of rotation of said substrate and/or of said deposition source about a normal axis of said substrate; means for symmetrically disposing a collection of said successive different discrete deposition angles used for an overall deposited film about said normal axis; and means for providing a substantially identical amount of deposition from each different deposition angle as for each other deposition angle; wherein said overall deposited film behaves substantially isotropically in properties in all directions parallel to said substrate and at different angles of rotation about said normal axis. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising: means for reducing the thickness of successive layers of said film on the order of a property projection distance within a depositing material; wherein said property projection distance comprises a distance at which a fluctuation in a relevant film property from point to point through said film's thickness becomes too small to affect overall properties of said film when averaged through said film's thickness; and wherein said fluctuation is caused by layering. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein said property projection distance is within a minimum of one atomic diameter of said depositing material to a maximum of ten atomic diameters for stress and strain, and a maximum of one magnetic domain diameter for magnetic properties. 22. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising: a drive for moving each substrate past a same one or more sources of depositing material in a planetary manner; wherein each time said substrate passes by one of said sources of depositing material as said substrate executes a planet orbit, said substrate has been rotated about said substrate's normal axis with respect to the planet carrier such that it maintains a constant rotational orientation with respect to a stationary point and to said depositing material source by which it is passing. 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said substrate is rotated 360/n degrees with respect to the planet carrier plate each time it passes by one of said depositing material sources, wherein n is an integer larger than 2 and equal to the number of deposition sources. 24. The apparatus of claim 22, further comprising: four depositing material sources arranged about a circle; and means for positioning a relevant anisotropic property of each said depositing material source 90 degrees with respect to that of a previous depositing material source; wherein each substrate maintains a fixed rotational orientation about its normal axis as said substrate orbits, as measured from a stationary point; wherein said film is deposited in layers having an anisotropy rotated 90 degrees for each successive layer. 25. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said source of depositing material exhibits two-fold symmetry in a relevant anisotropic property of said depositing material. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein a 270 degree rotation of said substrate is equivalent to a 90 degree rotation of said substrate with respect to said anisotropy in said relevant property of said film layer. 27. The apparatus of claim 25, further comprising: two depositing material sources; wherein each depositing material source has two-fold symmetry; wherein said depositing material sources are disposed relative to one another such that a relevant anisotropic property of said depositing material source is rotated 90 degrees with respect to a previous depositing material source; wherein each substrate maintains a fixed rotational orientation about its normal axis as it orbits, as measured from a stationary point; and wherein said film is deposited in layers having an anisotropy rotated 90 degrees for each successive layer. 28. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein said sources of depositing material comprise linear magnetron sputtering targets from said depositing material emanates in a pattern which approximates a rectangle having rounded corners. 29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein a distance along a substrate normal axis and between a substrate surface and a target surface from which depositing material emanates is sufficiently smaller than a distance between material as it emanates from an end of said rectangular emanation pattern and a nearest edge of said substrate such that a relevant property of said film is sufficiently uniform along said substrate from a center of said substrate to said substrate's edge. 30. The apparatus of claim 29, further comprising: means for making film stress along directions parallel to said substrate sufficiently uniform across said substrate by making a distance along a substrate normal axis and between a substrate surface and a target surface from which depositing material emanates sufficiently small, as compared to a distance between material as it emanates from an end of said rectangular emanation pattern and the nearest edge of the substrate. 31. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein a ratio of distance along a substrate normal axis and between a substrate surface and a target surface from which depositing material emanates to a distance between material as it emanates from an end of said rectangular emanation pattern and a nearest edge of said substrate is ¼ or less. 32. An apparatus for depositing a film on a substrate, comprising: means for symmetrically disposing at least one deposition source at any of successive different deposition angles of rotation of said substrate and of said deposition source about a normal axis of said substrate; and a target for depositing successive layers of film on said substrate to achieve high levels of stress in said films, wherein said stress is both isotropic in a film plane and uniform over large areas of a substrate surface. 33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein said target comprises: means for providing a monatomic-layer-scale deposition thickness per pass over a target using close-spaced magnetron sputtering from long, substantially rectangular targets; wherein effects on film stress caused by periodic fluctuations in any of deposition incident angle, ion bombardment flux, and substrate azimuthal orientation are minimized. 34. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising: a drive for rotating said substrate by substantially 90 degrees between successive passes to laminate said film; wherein X-Y anisotropy in a film plane is eliminated. 35. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising: one or more magnetron targets that are longer, when compared to a substrate diameter, than is needed for uniform film thickness; wherein uniform film stress along a long axis of said target is achieved. 36. The method of claim 32, further comprising: a drive mechanism comprising a peripheral chain arranged around a ring of substrates, and a chain extending from one substrate to a fixed central sprocket, to impart high speed, planetary motion to said substrate. 37. A drive mechanism, comprising: a fixed central, driven sprocket; a peripheral chain arranged around a ring of substrates; and a chain extending from one substrate to said fixed central sprocket, to impart high speed, planetary motion to said substrate. 38. A method for depositing a film on substrates by sputter deposition comprising the steps of: providing at least one substrate mounted on a substrate holder affixed to a substantially circular carrier plate, wherein both the substrate and the carrier plate can independently rotate about their respective normal axes at various speeds; providing at least two elongated deposition sources (targets) having a long dimension positioned parallel to a carrier plate radius, with their surfaces facing the substrate substantially coplanar, said long dimension being substantially larger than a substrate dimension, and having a small perpendicular distance between substrate and deposition source surfaces; initiating a sputter deposition process by striking a plasma at sub-atmospheric gas pressure inside a deposition chamber as the carrier plate rotates about its normal axis along with the affixed substrate, which additionally undergoes a concomitant rotation about its own normal axis, as measured relative to the carrier plate, with equal and opposite angular velocity as that of the rotating carrier plate; and depositing successive layers of thin films onto the substrate as it repeatedly traverses each of the deposition sources; wherein the resulting film, comprising plurality of thin film layers, is formed with substantially uniform thickness and isotropic properties. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein said deposition sources having any of a 90° separation, 45° separation, 120° separation. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein said target is a rectangular target; and wherein said substrates are located centrally when passing the target. 41. The method of claim 38, wherein the ratio of a perpendicular distance between substrate and deposition source surfaces to the distance between the edge of said long dimension and the nearest substrate edge is about 1:4 or smaller. 42. The method of claim 38, wherein a preferred deposition rate is about 1-60 μm/hr; typically 4 μm/hr and wherein preferred plate rotation is about 6-600 rpm, typically 120 rpm. 43. The method of claim 38, wherein isotropic properties include stress. 44. The method of claim 38, wherein said thin film layer thickness range is about atomic diameters. 45. A method of depositing films on substrates by sputtering of a relatively larger target comprised of the film material, comprising the steps of: positioning at least one substrate close to the deposition source (target) in a sputter deposition system so that there is a small perpendicular distance between the substrate and the target surfaces; providing a magnet system near the deposition source to facilitate confinement of a plasma in the vicinity of the substrate during sputtering; initiating the sputter deposition process by striking a plasma at sub-atmospheric gas pressure inside the deposition chamber so that materials are sputtered off the the target causing formation of an erosion zone on the deposition source surface facing the substrate; and periodically moving at least one of the magnet system and the substrate such that an erosion zone alternately passes across the substrate in at least two orthogonal directions, or optionally in at least three directions that are 120 degrees apart, depositing a thin film layer on the substrate during each pass; wherein a resulting film, comprising plurality of thin film layers, is formed with substantially uniform thickness and isotropic properties. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the ratio of a perpendicular distance between substrate and deposition source surfaces to the distance between the edge of said long dimension and the nearest substrate edge is about 1:4 or smaller. 47. The method of claim 45, wherein said thin film layer thickness range is about 1-10 atomic diameters. 48. A method for depositing a film on substrate by sputtering, comprising steps of: depositing successive layers of film on said substrate at any of successive different and discrete (fixed) deposition angles of rotation of said substrate about a normal axis of said substrate as measured relative to an angle of rotation of the pattern of depositing material that is emanating from the source of that material; and providing a substantially identical amount of deposition from each different said deposition angle of rotation as for each other said deposition angle of rotation; wherein said overall deposited film behaves substantially isotropically (uniformly) in properties in all directions parallel to said substrate. 49. The method of claim 48, wherein ion compression is obtained by rf or dc bias of a fixed substrate. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein a plurality of thin layers of films are deposited, wherein stresses in adjacent layers are different, resulting in the formation of a film with a stress gradient in a direction normal to the film surface. 51. The method of claim 50, wherein stresses in the thin layers are varied from a compressive at the bottom to tensile at the surface. 52. An apparatus for depositing a film on substrates by sputter deposition comprising: at least one substrate mounted on a substrate holder affixed to a substantially circular carrier plate, wherein both the substrate and the carrier plate can independently rotate about their respective normal axes at various speeds; at least two elongated deposition sources (targets) having a long dimension positioned parallel to a carrier plate radius, with their surfaces facing the substrate substantially coplanar, said long dimension being substantially larger than a substrate dimension, and having a small perpendicular distance between substrate and deposition source surfaces; means for initiating a sputter deposition process by striking a plasma at sub-atmospheric gas pressure inside a deposition chamber as the carrier plate rotates about its normal axis along with the affixed substrate, which additionally undergoes a concomitant rotation about its own normal axis, as measured relative to the carrier plate, with equal and opposite angular velocity as that of the rotating carrier plate; and wherein successive layers of thin films are deposited onto the substrate as it repeatedly traverses each of the deposition sources; wherein the resulting film, comprising plurality of thin film layers, is formed with substantially uniform thickness and isotropic properties. 53. A substrate having a film deposited thereon in accordance with the process of claim 1. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Technical Field The invention relates to the deposition of films on substrates. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for producing uniform, isotropic stresses in a sputtered film. 2. Description of the Prior Art Thin films are often deposited on substrates by sputtering in a glow-discharge plasma, where ions accelerated out of the plasma knock atoms off of the target (source) material whence the atoms are transported to the substrate. A magnetically confined plasma generator (magnetron) is typically used to increase sputtering efficiency and to reduce the minimum operating pressure. Sputtering is a preferred deposition technique because it can be used for any material, because the energy of the depositing atoms helps film adherence, and because the substrates do not get very hot. Uniformity of film thickness across large substrates is usually important, and one of two approaches is conventionally taken to achieve such uniformity. One such approach is to position the substrates at a radius far from the target relative to substrate and target diameters. To increase throughput and use targets efficiently, many substrates are positioned at this radius over most of a hemisphere and are kept in a planetary (two-axis) motion so that they occupy a wide range of positions over the hemisphere during the course of the deposition time. This averages out deposition rate variation over the hemisphere. The second approach uses a rectangular target that is larger than the substrate in the target's long dimension. The substrate is placed close to the target and is passed back and forth across it in linear transport so that the substrate is painted with a uniform swath of film in successive layers much like painting with a roller. Typically 100 nm of film are deposited in each pass. Sputtering is used in the formation of various microelectronic structures. Among these structures is a patterned spring structure that is useful in such applications as device testing. For example, D. Smith and S. Alimonda, Photolithographically Patterned Spring Contact, U.S. Pat. No. 5,613,861 (Mar. 25, 1997), U.S. Pat. No. 5,848,685 (Dec. 15, 1998), and International Patent Application No. PCT/US 96 / 08018 (Filed May 30, 1996), disclose a photolithography patterned spring contact, which is formed on a substrate and electrically connects contact pads on two devices. The spring contact also compensates for thermal and mechanical variations and other environmental factors. An inherent stress gradient in the spring contact causes a free portion of the spring to bend up and away from the substrate. An anchor portion remains fixed to the substrate and is electrically connected to a first contact pad on the substrate. The spring contact is made of an elastic material and the free portion compliantly contacts a second contact pad, thereby contacting the two contact pads.” Such patterned spring technology depends on being able to control very high levels of film mechanical stress uniformly across a substrate. Stress is common in thin films and is usually undesirable. Indeed, many techniques of process control are used in planetary and linear-transport sputtering, as well as in other film-deposition processes, to minimize stress. Consequently, while many of the factors influencing stress are recognized, the state of the art is concerned with substantially eliminating such stresses. Ion bombardment is known to increase compressive stress in any vacuum-deposition process. In magnetron sputtering, low plasma pressure increases compression, higher pressure creates tensile stress, and still higher pressure results in porous films that have no mechanical strength in the film plane. The magnetron sputter-deposition of films imparted with stress gradients by increasing plasma pressure during deposition is a presently preferred technique for implementing patterned spring technology. Although it is known in the art how to minimize stress and how to produce high compressive or tensile stress, techniques for maximizing stress and of controlling uniform high stress across large substrates are not known. Both maximizing the stress level and making it uniform are desirable in connection with the fabrication of patterned spring structures. It would be advantageous to provide a method and apparatus for producing uniform, isotropic stresses in a sputtered film. |
<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The invention provides a method and apparatus for producing uniform, isotropic stresses in a sputtered film. In the presently preferred embodiment, a new sputtering geometry and a new domain of transport speed are presented, which together allow the achievement of the maximum stress that the film material can hold while avoiding X-Y stress anisotropy and avoiding stress non-uniformity across the substrate, where the X-Y refers to two orthogonal dimensions in the plane of the substrate, The presently preferred embodiment of the invention comprises a method and apparatus for depositing a film on a substrate that comprises the steps of depositing successive layers of film on said substrate at any of successive different discrete deposition angles of rotation of said substrate and/or of'said deposition source about a normal axis of said substrate; providing a substantially identical amount of deposition from each different deposition angle as for each other deposition angle; wherein said overall deposited film behaves substantially isotropically in properties in all directions parallel to said substrate and at different angles of rotation about said normal axis. The herein disclosed method and apparatus further comprise the step of reducing the thickness of successive layers of said film on the order of a property projection distance within a depositing material; wherein said property projection distance comprises a distance at which a fluctuation in a relevant film property from point to point through said film's thickness becomes too small to affect overall properties of said film when averaged through said film's thickness; and wherein said fluctuation is caused by layering. In a preferred embodiment, said property projection distance is within a minimum of one atomic diameter of said depositing material to a maximum of ten atomic diameters for stress and strain, and a maximum of one magnetic domain diameter for magnetic properties. The herein disclosed method and apparatus further comprise moving each substrate past a same one or more sources of depositing material in a planetary manner; wherein each time said substrate passes by one of said sources of depositing material as said substrate executes a planet orbit, said substrate has been rotated about said substrate's normal axis with respect to said depositing material source by which it is passing. In a preferred embodiment said substrate is rotated 360/n degrees each time it passes by one of n said depositing material sources, wherein n is an integer larger than 2, or by 90 degrees if n is 2. The herein disclosed method and apparatus further comprise providing four depositing material sources arranged about a circle; and positioning a relevant anisotropic property of each said depositing material source 90 degrees with respect to that of a previous depositing material source; wherein each substrate maintains a fixed rotational orientation about its normal axis as said substrate orbits, as measured from a stationary point; wherein said film is deposited in layers having an anisotropy rotated 90 degrees for each successive layer. In a preferred embodiment said source of depositing material exhibits two-fold symmetry in a relevant anisotropic property of said depositing material source. In a preferred embodiment a 270 degree rotation of said substrate is equivalent to a 90 degree rotation of said substrate with respect to said anisotropy in said relevant property of said film layer when the said source exhibits two-fold symmetry. The herein disclosed method and apparatus further comprise providing two depositing material sources; wherein each depositing material source has two-fold symmetry; wherein said depositing material sources are disposed relative to one another such that a relevant anisotropic property of said depositing material source is rotated 90 degrees with respect to a previous depositing material source; wherein each substrate maintains a fixed rotational orientation about its normal axis as it orbits, as measured from a stationary point; and wherein said film is deposited in layers having an anisotropy rotated 90 degrees for each successive layer. In a preferred embodiment said sources of depositing material comprise linear magnetron sputtering targets from which said depositing material emanates in a pattern which approximates a rectangle having rounded corners. In a preferred embodiment a distance along a substrate normal axis and between a substrate surface and a target surface from which depositing material emanates is sufficiently smaller than a distance between material as it emanates from an end of said rectangular emanation pattern and a nearest edge of said substrate such that a relevant property of said film is sufficiently uniform along said substrate from a center of said substrate to said substrate's edge. The herein disclosed method and apparatus further comprise making film stress along directions parallel to said substrate sufficiently uniform across said substrate by making a distance along a substrate normal axis and between a substrate surface and a target surface from which depositing material emanates sufficiently small, as compared to a distance between material as it emanates from an end of said rectangular emanation pattern and the nearest edge of the substrate. In a preferred embodiment a ratio of distance along a substrate normal axis and between a substrate surface and a target surface from which depositing material emanates to a distance between material as it emanates from an end of said rectangular emanation pattern and a nearest edge of'said substrate is ¼ or less. A further embodiment of the herein disclosed method and apparatus further comprise symmetrically disposing at least one deposition source at any of successive different deposition angles of rotation of said substrate and of said deposition source about a normal axis of said substrate; and depositing successive layers of film on said substrate to achieve high levels of stress in said films, wherein said stress is both isotropic in a film plane and uniform over large areas of a substrate surface. The herein disclosed method and apparatus further comprise providing a monatomic-layer-scale deposition thickness per pass over a target using close-spaced magnetron sputtering from long, substantially rectangular targets; wherein effects on film stress caused by periodic fluctuations in any of deposition incident angle, ion bombardment flux, and substrate azimuthal orientation are minimized. The herein disclosed method and apparatus further comprise rotating said substrate by substantially 90 degrees relative to the source over which it is passing between successive passes to laminate said film; wherein X-Y anisotropy in a film plane is eliminated. The herein disclosed method and apparatus further comprise using magnetron targets that are longer, when compared to a substrate diameter, than is needed for uniform film thickness; wherein uniform film stress along a long axis of said target is achieved. The herein disclosed method and apparatus further comprise providing a drive mechanism comprising a peripheral chain arranged around a ring of substrates, and a chain extending from one substrate to a fixed central sprocket, to impart high speed, planetary motion to said substrate. |
Method of computer rapid start-up |
A method of computer start-up, using the configuration information of the internal and peripheral components of the computer system and information required for executing initialization of these components, and performing fast test and initialization of the components of the system. Said information is pre-stored in the computer system. The present invention can perform fast start-up of the computer, significantly reduce the time needed to start up the computer, improve the efficiency of start-up of the computer, save the waiting time for users. |
1. A computer start-up method comprising: performing fast test and initialization of each of the components of the system by the use of configuration information of the internal and peripheral components of the computer system and information required for executing initialization of each of the components, said information being pre-stored in the computer system. 2. The computer start-up method according to claim 1, wherein the method is executed during the power-on self test procedure of the computer. 3. A computer start-up method comprising: (1) first test step for testing whether a current start-up mode preset by a user is a fast start-up mode or a normal start-up mode, and going to step (3) if the current start-up mode is a fast start-up mode, or going to step (2) if it is a normal start-up mode; (2) normal start-up step for performing a complete test and initialization of the components of the computer system; (3) second test step for testing whether the current start-up is the first time start-up after the setting of the fast start-up mode, and going to step (4) if the current start-up is the first time start-up, otherwise going to step (5); (4) normal start-up and storing step for executing the normal start-up step to acquire configuration information of internal and peripheral components of said computer system and information required for initializing the components, and storing said information in a non-volatile memory of the computer; and (5) fast start-up step for fast implementing the test and initialization of the system components by the use of said information acquired and stored in the computer in step (4). 4. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, wherein the presetting of the current start-up mode is executed by pressing a predetermined hot key on a keyboard by a user within a predetermined time period after the computer is powered or reset; and the computer is started up with the start-up mode set in the previous presetting if the hot key is not pressed within the predetermined time period. 5. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, wherein said first test step comprises testing a fast start-up flag preset in the computer based on said setting step. 6. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, wherein said second test step comprises testing a first time start-up flag preset in the computer, and the flag being set after said setting step. 7. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, wherein the non-volatile memory for storing the information is a system BIOS chip. 8. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, wherein said non-volatile memory chip is a FLASH chip or a non-dynamically refreshing RAM chip. 9. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, said normal start-up and storing step comprising steps of: detecting a plurality of configuration parameters of the components; and writing the detected configuration parameters of the components into the non-volatile memory on the mother board of the computer, and writing the detected configuration parameters of the components into the register in the controller of the component. 10. The computer start-up method according to claim 9, said fast start-up step comprising: reading the configuration parameters of the component from the non-volatile memory; writing the read configuration parameters into the register in the controller of the component; and performing necessary initialization processing of the component. 11. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, said fast start-up step comprising: reading the configuration parameters of the component from the non-volatile memory; writing the read configuration parameters into the register in the controller of the component; and performing necessary initialization processing of the component. 12. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, said normal start-up and storing step comprising: reading the configuration parameters from a component and configuring the component based on the configuration parameters; and writing the configuration parameters into the non-volatile memory. 13. The computer start-up method according to claim 12, said fast start-up step comprising steps of: reading the configuration parameters of a component from the non-volatile memory of the system; and configuring the component based on the configuration parameters. 14. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, said fast start-up step comprising steps of: reading the configuration parameters of a component from the non-volatile memory of the system; and configuring the component based on the configuration parameters. 15. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, said normal start-up and storing step comprising: performing standard test on the component; determining the status of the component, and executing corresponding initialization program based on the status thereof; and storing the status flag bits of the component and writing them into the non-volatile memory. 16. The computer start-up method according to claim 15, said fast start-up step comprising: reading the status flag bits of the component from the non-volatile memory, and invoking corresponding initialization program according to the status flag bits; and initializing the component by executing the initialization program. 17. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, said fast start-up step comprising: reading the status flag bits of the component from the non-volatile memory, and invoking corresponding initialization program according to the status flag bits; and initializing the component by executing the initialization program. 18. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, wherein the configuration information or the information necessary for initialization of all the components are collectively written into a segment of the memory of the computer before being written into the non-volatile memory, and said information is collectively written into a segment in the non-volatile memory after the configuration parameters or initialization program flag of all the components having been written into this segment of the memory. 19. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, wherein the components of said computer includes a central processing unit (CPU), a memory, a keyboard, a mouse, an IDE device, an SCSI device, floppy disk drives, a serial communication port, a parallel communication port, a USB device, external plug-in or computer mother board embedded sound interface card, a network interface card, a display interface card and a modem. 20. The computer start-up method according to claim 3, wherein the method is executed during the power-on self test procedure of the computer. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Currently, computer technology is rapidly developing, the speed of CPU, the speed of bus, the capacity of storage device, the integration level of elements and devices, as well as the costs of components have been improving significantly. Software technology is also developing dramatically evolving from the initial DOS into several generations of the WINDOWS operating system, and there are various application software having sophisticated functionality. However, the start-up time of the personal computer system becomes longer and longer, without any substantive development. In conventional BIOS, many operations are necessary during system start-up. It takes about 40 seconds to one minute to test the kernel components of the system first, to initialize the peripherals and to warm up the hard disk of the computer finally. The system takes long start-up time for many reasons, with the increase of the speed of the components and the enlargement of the capacity, the devices integrated become numerous as well, which making the workload of and the requirements to the BIOS (basic input and output system) of the computer higher and higher in order to manage individual components; for example, the initialization of a large amount of power supply management and individual components, and the arduous tasks of the compression and decompression of the BIOS per se. A poll among the clients reveals that a faster speed of the system start-up is often expected by users of PC, whether it is a cold start or a waking-up from the waiting state or sleep state. In practical cases, a system ordinarily configured by a user is relatively stable, and its components are not frequently changed, it will be unnecessary to redetect the existence of those components and their configuration at each start-up, since it will waste a lot of time for the user to wait the start-up of the computer. The start-up of a computer system shall pass through a series of test and initialization operations. For example, in the POST (Power-On Self Test) procedure of personal computers, it is necessary to perform the test and initialization of the memory, CPU, hard disk, optical disk drive, PCI plug-in card, main control chip and a plurality of peripherals. The proper initialization of those components is the basis of the normal operation of the computer system, therefore is necessary. However, for a specific computer of a specific user, what are tested and initialized at power-on of the computer every day are the same group of memories, the same set of main control chips, the same CPU, the same optical disk drive and hard disk, the same PCI plug-in card and the same peripherals, that is, the same test operations are performed at the power-on of the computer system every day, and the user waits for the processing of the components one by one by the system, thus the time of the user is wasted by repetitive operations, since the configuration of an ordinary computer is not changed frequently. |
<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for fast start-up of a computer, thereby the start-up time of the computer can be reduced significantly, the start-up efficiency of the computer can be enhanced and the waiting time can be saved for the user. The technical solution of the present invention is as follows: The method for computer start-up according to the present invention comprises: performing fast test and initialization of each of the components of the system by the use of the configuration information of the internal and external components of the computer system and information required for executing initialization of each of the components, said information is pre-stored within the computer system. Said information can be obtained in the test and initialization of each of the components during the normal start-up procedure of the computer system, or obtained by other ways and pre-stored in the computer. For computer apparatus of fixed configuration, said information is also fixed, for computers with configuration necessary to be changed, said information obtained by testing is also changed. An alternative method for computer start-up according to the present invention comprises: (1) First test step for testing whether the current start-up is in fast start-up mode or in normal start-up mode by the computer, in which the start-up mode is preset by the user in a setup step, and going to step (3) if the current start-up is in fast start-up mode, or going to step (2) if it is in normal start-up mode; (2) Normal start-up step for performing a full test and initialization of the system components; (3) Second test step for testing whether the current start-up is the first start-up after the setting of the fast set-up mode by the computer, going to step (4) if so, otherwise going to step (5); (4) Normal start-up and storing step for executing the normal start-up step to obtain the configuration information of the internal and peripheral components of said computer system and necessary information for initializing components, and storing said information in the non-volatile of memory the computer; (5) Fast start-up step for fast performing the test and initialization of the system components by utilizing said information obtained and stored in the computer in step (4). In the present invention, the presetting of the current start-up mode may be executed by pressing a predetermined hot key on a keyboard by a user within a predetermined time period after the computer is powered or reset to enter a setup interface; and the computer is started up with the start-up mode set in the previous presetting if the hot key is not pressed within the predetermined time period. The setup interface may also be entered by other manners than the use of a hot key, for example, the start-up mode setup interface may be entered by executing a setup software at any time during the running of the computer. The presetting step may also be executed by setting an option relating to the start-up mode in the COMS setup interface, thus the start-up mode can be set by pressing a hot key for CMOS SETUP by the user. The start-up mode may also be set by employing other schemes. It is not necessary for a user to set the start-up mode at each start-up. After each time a start-up mode is set, the computer stars up according to this mode until a new start-up mode is set. In the present invention, the non-volatile memory used for storing information may be the system BIOS chip, that is, a software for implementing the present invention can be integrated directly into the BIOS software and written into the system BIOS chip. Preferably, the non-volatile memory chip or the BIOS chip may be a Flash chip or non-dynamically refreshing RAM memory chip. A Flash chip is a high speed erasable and alterable memory, and is also called a flash memory, which is a non-volatile memory capable of being erased as a whole or in partitions and reprogrammed in bytes. According to an embodiment of the present invention, during the start-up of a computer, said first test step includes testing a high speed start-up flag which is preset in the computer based on said setup step, when this flag indicates start-up according to the normal start-up step, the computer is started up according to the normal start-up procedure. In an embodiment of the present invention, said second test step includes testing a first time start-up flag preset in the computer, when this first time start-up flag indicates that the current start-up is a non-first start-up after the step of setting computer to the fast start-up, the computer performs fast start-up by employing the data information stored in the non-volatile memory. The flag was set after said setup step. This flag is set after said setup step. Generally, this flag is set automatically by the computer, when the first start-up is completed, this flag is updated, and the current start-up can recognized as non-first start-up based on this flag in the next start-up. In an embodiment of the present invention, said normal start-up and storing step in the start-up procedure comprises: testing a plurality of configuration parameters of the components; writing the detected configuration parameters of the component into the non-volatile memory chip on the mother board of the computer and into the register of the controller of the component. In this embodiment, said fast start-up step comprises: reading the configuration parameters of the component from the non-volatile memory chip; writing the read out configuration parameters into the registers of the controller of the component; performing necessary initialization processing for the component. In an embodiment of the present invention, said normal start-up and storing step comprises: reading the configuration parameters from the component, and performing configuration based on the configuration parameters; writing the configuration parameters into the non-volatile memory chip. In this embodiment, said fast start-up step comprises: reading the configuration parameters of the component from the non-volatile memory chip of the system; configuring the component based on the configuration parameters. In an embodiment of the present invention, in the start-up procedure of the computer, said normal start-up and storing step comprises: testing the component in normal mode, i.e., performing tests on the component performed in the normal start-up step; determining the state of the component, and executing corresponding initialization program based on its status; storing the status flag bits of the component in the non-volatile memory chip. In this embodiment, said fast start-up step comprises: reading the status flag bits from the non-volatile memory chip, and invoking corresponding initialization program according to said status flag bits; executing the initialization program to initialize the component. Three procedures for performing test and/or initialization of the components in a computer during start-up are mentioned in the above. Generally speaking, one of the three modes can be adopted by any of the components in the computer. However, it may be more appropriate for some components to adopt a certain one of those modes. In an embodiment of the present invention, before the configuration parameters or initialization program flags of all the components are written into the non-volatile memory chip, they are collectively written in a segment of the memory of the computer, and they are written into a segment of the non-volatile memory chip when the configuration parameters or initialization program flags of all components have been written into this segment of the memory. In the present invention, said computer components may include a central processing unit (CPU), a memory, a keyboard, a mouse, an IDE device, an SCSI device, a floppy disk drive, a serial communication port, a parallel communication port, a USB device, a sound card which is a plug-in card or is embedded in computer mother board, a network interface card, a display interface card and a modem. Therefore, the present invention is adapted to be used with any computer internal and peripheral components. In an embodiment of the present invention, the method of the present invention is executed in the computer power-on self test (POST) procedure. In the present invention, when a user sets the computer to use the normal start-up mode, the computer is started up according to the normal start-up step. Therefore, the method of the present invention can be enabled or disabled by the user of the computer, when the method is disabled, the computer starts-up according to the normal start-up step to perform a full test and initialization of each of the components of the system. For example, the function of the present invention can be enabled or disabled by a user in the CMOS SETUP at the power-on of the computer, in order to ensure that the normal start-up step can still be executed when the system configuration of the computer is altered. The present invention is based on the practical situation where the computer housing is usually not opened and the configuration of the system hardware is usually not changed by the user, so that the data detected and acquired at the first start-up are collected and stored, and can be directly and automatically employed at each start-up of the computer in the future. When a computer is started up by the use of the method of the present invention for the first time, the test of each of the components of the computer system and the initialization of the peripherals are performed according to the normal start-up step, such that each of the components is changed from the initial state after power-on or resetting to the normal operating state; after the completion of the initialization of each of the components, all the information of the peripherals and the results of initialization are stored in the non-volatile memory, the BIOS boots the operating system and hands over the control to the operating system. It is a main object of the present invention to reduce the time from the power-on or resetting of the computer to the booting of the operating system. At succeeding start-up, the repetitive operations are no more performed by the BIOS, and the test information and initialization information of each of the components in the system stored in the non-volatile memory are directly utilized to achieve the fast test and initialization of each of the components, thereby entering into a “high way” of the start-up of the computer. Therefore, in a power-on start-up after the first fast start-up after the computer is set to fast start-up by the user, the whole POST procedure takes only about 4 or 5 seconds. No compatibility requirement for the hardware and software is required by the present invention, thus the performance is stable and reliable. The present invention brings about a revolutionary power-on mode for the user to save large amount of start-up time and improve the start-up efficiency of computers. |
Injection blow moulded single layer metallocene polyethylene container |
A single layer hollow packaging, comprising essentially a metallocene-produced polyethylene and produced by injection blow moulding, chasacterised in that said hollow packaging has an external and internal gloss of at least 30 and said metallocene-produced polyethylene has a density of from 0.910 up to 0.966 g/CM3 or up to homopolymer densities and a melt index MI2 of from 0.5 to 2.5 g/10 min. |
1-8. (Cancelled) 9. A hollow, high-gloss packaging article produced by injection blow molding comprising a single layer wall structure having an external surface having a gloss of at least 30 and an internal surface having a gloss of at least 30 and defining an internal chamber, said wall structure formed of a single layer of a metallocene produced-polyethylene having a density of from 0.910 to 0.966 g/cm3 and a melt index MI2 of from 0.2 to 5 g/10 min. 10. The hollow packaging article of claim 9 wherein said metallocene-produced polyethylene has a melt index MI2 of from 0.5 to 2.5 g/10 min. 11. The hollow packaging article of claim 9, wherein the metallocene-produced polyethylene has a melt index M12 of from 0.5 to 2.0 g/10 min. 12. The hollow packaging article of claim 9 wherein the metallocene-produced polyethylene has a melt index M12 of from 0.5 to 2.0 g/10 min. 13. The hollow packaging article of claim 9 wherein said metallocene-produced polyethylene has a density within the range of 0.925 g/cm3 to 0.966 g/cm3. 14. The hollow packaging article of claim 9 wherein said metallocene-produced polyethylene is produced by the polymerization of ethylene in the presence of a metallocene catalyst selected from the group consisting of ethylene bis-(tetrahydroindenyl) zirconium dichloride, ethylene bis-(indenyl) zirconium dichloride, and bis-(n-butylcyclopentadienyl) zirconium dichloride. 15. The hollow packaging article of claim 9 wherein the metallocene-produced polyethylene has a molecular weight distribution within the range of 2-5. 16. The hollow packaging article of claim 9 wherein said single layer wall structure is configured to define a chamber to provide a container for a liquid product. 17. The hollow packaging article of claim 9 wherein said single layer wall structure is configured to define a chamber to provide a container for a food product. 18. The hollow packaging article of claim 9 wherein said single layer wall structure is configured to define a chamber to provide packaging suitable for cosmetic or pharmaceutical products. 19. The hollow packaging article of claim 9 wherein said polyethylene is a co-polymer of ethylene and a higher molecular weight alpha olefin. 20. The hollow packaging article of claim 19 wherein said alpha olefin is selected from the group consisting of butene, hexene, octene and 4-methyl pentene. 21. The hollow packaging article of claim 20 wherein said higher molecular weight alpha olefin is hexene. 22. The hollow packaging article of claim 9 wherein said single layer wall structure is formed of a metallocene-produced polyethylene homopolymer. |
Methods for producing micro and nano-scale dispersed-phase morphologies in polymeric systems comprising at least two |
A polymeric system is disclosed wherein at least one minor polymeric component is dispersed into a major polymeric component such that the minor polymeric component is dispersed with less than micro-scale dispersed-phase morphologies. |
1. A polymeric system wherein at least one minor polymeric component is dispersed into a major polymeric component such that the at least one minor polymeric component is dispersed with less than micro-scale dispersed-phase morphologies. 2. The polymeric system as set forth in claim 1 wherein the at least one minor polymeric component is dispersed with less than 800 nanometer dispersed-phase morphologies. 3. A method for dispersing at least one minor polymeric component into a major polymeric component comprising the steps of: mixing the at least one minor component into the major component using baker's transformation techniques until two-dimensional sheets having thicknesses of less than 1 micron are created; and promoting the onset of Rayleigh's instabilities that cause the sheets to break up into threads and eventually droplets of the same order of magnitude of thickness as the sheets. 4. The method for dispersing as set forth in claim 3, wherein sheets having a thickness of less than 800 nanometers are created. 5. A method for forming an article of manufacture molded from a major polymeric component and at least one minor polymeric component, comprising the steps of: mixing the at least one minor component into the major component to form a polymer system by using baker's transformation techniques until two-dimensional sheets having thicknesses of less than 1 micron are created; promoting the onset of Rayleigh's instabilities that cause the sheets to break up into threads and eventually droplets of the same order of magnitude of thickness as the sheets; and molding the polymer system into the article of manufacture and further promoting the onset of Rayleigh's instabilities during formation of the article of manufacture 6. The method as set forth in claim 5, wherein the step of molding is conducted by profile extrusion. 7. The method as set forth in claim 5, wherein the step of molding is conducted by compression or blow molding. 8. The method as set forth in claim 5, wherein the step of molding is conducted using thermoforming techniques. 9. A polymer system mixing process comprising: mixing a major polymeric component and a minor polymeric component together via “baker's transformation” in order to create sheets of a polymer system having a thickness of up to one micron;, causing the onset of Rayleigh's instabilities, thereby reducing the size of the polymer system's minor component to less than one micron. 10. The polymer system mixing process as set forth in claim 9, further comprising: molding the polymer system to thereby allow the Rayleigh instabilities to completely disperse the minor component. 11. The polymer system mixing process of claim 9, wherein the “baker's transformation” consists of stretching and folding the polymer system. 12. The polymer system mixing process of claim 9, wherein the “baker's transformation” consists of stretching, cutting, and stacking the polymer system. 13. The polymer system mixing process of claim 9, wherein the major and minor components of the polymer systems are selected from the group consisting of: polystyrene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, compatibilized polyphenylene ether, nylon, polybutylene terephthalate, styrene-acrylonitrile, and polybutadiene. 14. The polymer-system mixing process of claim 9, wherein the step of mixing including utilizing a mixer selected from the group consisting of static mixers and chaotic mixers. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Polymeric systems comprise at least two components—a major and a minor component. Producing polymeric systems comprising at least two components mandates dispersing the minor component into the major component. Conventional manufacturing processes typically utilize single or twin screw extruders to this end. When the minor component is thoroughly mixed into the major component, it is otherwise known as the dispersed minor phase. The morphology—general size and shape—of the dispersed minor phase affects the overall mechanical and chemical properties of the polymeric system. The smaller the dispersed-phase morphologies tend to be, the better the resulting mechanical and chemical properties; clearly, relatively small dispersed-phase morphologies provide a commercial advantage because of the polymeric system's improved mechanical and chemical properties. In some cases, chemical stabilization of the dispersed minor phase is necessary (or the polymer-polymer blend compatibilized) so that its morphology remains small and stable—even under severe postmanufacturing operations. Extruders are conventionally used in dispersion processes to produce dispersed-phase morphologies having an order of magnitude of approximately 1 micron. An explanation for current polymeric systems generally having consistent dispersed-phase morphologies of 1 micron is that a particular extruder's viscous and interfacial forces acting on the polymeric system's minor components are of the same magnitude as any other. For a typical continuous phase extrusion process (viscosity equal to 100 Pa-second and shear rate equal to 100 sec −1 ), the shear (viscous) stresses responsible for breaking up the minor component into smaller domains are about 10,000 Pa. and have to balance the interfacial stresses acting on the surface of the dispersed particles (or polymer-polymer interfacial tension divided by the length scale of the dispersed phase). For a typical surface tension of about 0.01 N/m, the characteristic dimension of the dispersed particles to balance the characteristic viscous stresses is about 10 −6 m (or 1 micron). Because of the inherent mechanical limitations—a typical extrusion process is incapable of producing polymeric systems having dispersed-phase morphologies less than 1 micron. It would therefore be of great scientific and commercial importance to design a commercially viable process comprising a mixing method yielding polymeric systems having dispersed-phase morphologies less than 1 micron-dispersed-phase morphologies smaller than those currently produced by conventional methods. |
<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>In general, the present invention provides for a polymeric system wherein at least one minor polymeric component is dispersed into a major polymeric component such that the minor polymeric component(s) are dispersed with less than micro-scale, i.e, nano-scale, dispersed-phase morphologies. The present invention also provides a method for dispersing at least one minor polymeric component, eventually having micro- and nano-scale dispersed-phase morphologies, into a major polymeric component comprising the steps of mixing the minor component into the major component using baker's transformation techniques, i.e., stretching and folding the composition, until two-dimensional sheets, i.e., domains, having thicknesses of preferably less than 1 micron are created, thereby promoting the onset of Rayleigh's instabilities that cause the sheets to break up into threads and eventually droplets of the same order of magnitude as the sheets. The invention may further include the step of forming an article of manufacture from the composition, typically by profile extrusion, compression or blow molding, or by thermoforming techniques. It will be appreciated that the step of forming may continue to add to the Rayleigh's instabilities, thereby continuing the break up of the sheets and threads into droplets preferably less than 1 micron in size. Thus, the method of the present invention advantageously allows for the blending of at least two distinct polymeric components wherein one of the components, i.e., the minor component, will have micro- and nano-scale dispersed-phase morphologies. Where the above method is employed, multi-component polymeric systems having dispersed-phase morphologies of less than 1 micron can be manufactured. It will also be appreciated that such polymeric systems, which are made by the method and processes of this invention, will have dispersed-phase morphologies of preferably less than 1 micron, i.e., less than those produced by conventional mixers, and therefore, will have relatively superior mechanical and chemical properties to those polymeric systems produced by conventional methods. |
Acoustic device |
An acoustic device comprises a suspended sheet (1) of a thin flexible material having a rigid elongate member (4) secured thereto, for example along an edge thereof, an audio frequency actuator (5) acoustically coupled to an end of the elongate member, and means (6) for supplying the audiofrequency actuator with an audio signal. |
1. An acoustic device, comprising a sheet of a thin flexible material having a rigid elongate member secured thereto, an audio frequency actuator acoustically coupled to the elongate member, and means for supplying the audiofrequency actuator with an audio signal. 2. An acoustic device according to claim 1, wherein the elongate member is secured to the sheet by means of adhesive. 3. An acoustic device according to claim 2, wherein the adhesive is an inelastic adhesive. 4. An acoustic device according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the elongate member is a metal rod. 5. An acoustic device according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the elongate member is formed of a rigid polymeric material or a composite material. 6. An acoustic device according to any preceding claim, wherein the audio frequency actuator is a giant magnetostrictive material (GMM) actuator. 7. An acoustic device according to any preceding claim, wherein the actuator is bonded to the end of the elongate member. 8. An acoustic device according to any preceding claim, wherein means are provided for suspending the sheet from at least one edge thereof. 9 An acoustic device according to any preceding claim, wherein the elongate member is secured along an edge of the sheet. 10. An acoustic device according to claim 9, wherein the elongate member is secured to the lowermost edge of the sheet. 11. An acoustic device according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the sheet is formed into a roll at one edge thereof, and the elongate member is secured within the roll. 12. An acoustic device according to any of claims 8 to 11, wherein the sheet is suspended at two opposed ends thereof. 13. An acoustic device according to claim 12, wherein the lowermost end of the sheet is suspended in such a manner as to form an end portion of the sheet into a curve. 14. An acoustic device according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the sheet is supported by the rigid elongate member. 15. An acoustic device according to claim 14, wherein the sheet is sufficiently stiff to hold a curve therein. 16. An acoustic device according to claim 14, wherein the sheet is provided with at least one stiffening support. 17. An acoustic device according to any preceding claim, wherein the elongate member contains the audio frequency actuator and the means for supplying the actuator with an audio signal. 18. An acoustic device according to any preceding claim, wherein the means for supplying the audio signal comprises a player device for reproducing a recorded audiofrequency signal. 19. An acoustic device according to claim 17, wherein the player device is a recording tape player, a CD player, a DVD player, or a solid state memory device. 20. An acoustic device according to any of claims 1 to 16, wherein the means for supplying the audio signal comprises a radio receiver or a network receiver. 21. An acoustic device according to claim 19, wherein the radio receiver is a broadcast radio receiver. 22. An acoustic device according to claim 19, wherein the radio receiver is a receiver for a locally-radiated radio signal, for example providing a wireless connection from a local signal source. 23. An acoustic device according to any preceding claim, wherein the thin flexible material is an extruded plastics sheet material or metal foil. 24. An acoustic device according to any of claims 1 to 22, wherein the thin flexible material is a woven or non-woven textile material. 25. An acoustic device according to any of claims 1 to 22, wherein the thin flexible material is paper or card. 26. An acoustic device according to any preceding claim, comprising a microphone directed to one side of the sheet and connected to a noise cancellation circuit for supplying the audiofrequency signal to the actuator, thereby causing the sheet to radiate an opposite signal to at least selected frequencies received by the microphone. 27. An acoustic device according to claim 26, wherein the microphone is attached to a surface spaced from the sheet, the surface receiving the sound to be cancelled. 28. An acoustic device according to claim 27, wherein the surface comprises a second flexible blind. 29. An acoustic device according to claim 27, wherein the surface is a rigid sheet adjacent to the blind. 30. An acoustic device according to claim 29, wherein the rigid sheet is glass. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION <EOH>Flat panel loudspeakers are well-known, and typically consist of a rigid panel of laminated plastics, card or wood with an acoustic transducer attached to one face of the panel. Typical transducers are moving coil electromagnetic devices or piezoelectric devices. On a smaller scale, it has been proposed to attach a transducer to a greetings card to permit the card to deliver an audible message, or music, in addition to the written or printed matter on the card. Devices of this type are disclosed in WO 97/09842, for example. It has now been found that a flexible sheet material, such as may be used to a make a window blind or the like, may be caused to act as an effective sound radiator. |
<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>According to the invention, there is provided an acoustic device comprising a sheet of a thin flexible material having a rigid elongate member secured thereto, an audio frequency actuator acoustically coupled to the elongate member, and means for supplying the audiofrequency actuator with an audio signal. The sheet may be suspended from one edge thereof, for example in the manner of a blind. It will be understood that, while the sheet might conveniently have a generally rectangular shape, for example when used as a blind, the invention is not limited to the use of sheets having any particular shape. The elongate member may be secured to the sheet by means of adhesive, preferably an inelastic adhesive or the sheet may be secured by any rigid clamping means either against the body of the elongate member or in a groove in the member. Conveniently, the elongate member is attached to the sheet along an edge thereof, suitably the lower edge when the sheet is suspended at one end thereof. For example, the sheet may be formed into a roll at one edge thereof, and the elongate member is then secured within the roll. The elongate member may be a rod or tube, formed of metal, plastics or a composite material, for example carbon fibre-reinforced plastics material. It will be appreciated that any rigid or inelastic material may be used. The actuator is preferably a giant magnetostrictive material (GMM) actuator, for example of the type described and claimed in our co-pending International Patent Application PCT/GB01/01184, or as described and claimed in our co-pending application GB0115481.4. Preferably, the actuator is bonded to one end of the elongate member, for example by adhesive or by a screw-threaded connection. Where the elongate member is a tube, the actuator may be bonded to a short rod which is in turn secured within the tube, for example by a non-flexible adhesive. The elongate member is preferably secured to the lowermost edge of the sheet, the sheet being suspended at its upper edge, but it is also possible for the elongate member to be at the upper edge of the sheet, or at a position intermediate the ends or sides, particularly where the sheet is not rectilinear in form. The sheet does not have to be held flat. Indeed, in an especially preferred embodiment of the invention, the sheet is suspended in such a manner as to form an end portion of the sheet into a curve. It has been found that this configuration gives an improved bass response. The elongate member need not be straight; it can be curved, for example to form a parabola or other curve, or multiple curves, for example in an ‘s’ shape, so that the sound or improved sound is heard on both sides of the sheet, and this may permit the sound emitted by the sheet to be directed so as to give improved volume and bass response at a particular location. It may be desirable to curve the elongate member in more than one plane, or over only a part of the length thereof. The elongate member may comprise a body containing the audio frequency actuator and the means for supplying the actuator with an audio signal. The body could also contain a power source for operation of the device, for example one or more dry cells. It may be desirable for the edge of the sheet by which it is suspended not to be parallel to elongate member particularly where the elongate member is attached to the lowermost edge of the sheet. The means for supplying the audio signal may comprise a player device for reproducing a recorded audiofrequency signal. For example, the player device may be a recording tape player, a CD player, a DVD player, or a solid state memory device. Alternatively, the means for supplying the audio signal may comprise a radio receiver or a network receiver, for example a device providing a connection to the Internet. The radio receiver may be a broadcast radio receiver, or a receiver for a locally-radiated radio signal, for example providing a wireless connection from a local signal source. The thin flexible material of the sheet may be an extruded or otherwise formed plastics sheet material, a woven or non-woven textile material, paper or card, or even metal foil. The material will ideally be such that, when rolled, the material will stand up on the rolled end and be self-supporting, but it could be a combination of a floppy or non-self-supporting material and support strips attached thereto or incorporated therein. The acoustic device of the invention will be useful for a wide range of applications, from display stands that serve also to radiate sound for audio-visual information or entertainment purposes to blinds that serve as loudspeakers. In one application, a blind is provided which, when pulled down, can be caused to play soothing music for a baby, for example. Another application for the acoustic device of the invention is in the reduction of noise. By combining with the device a microphone and noise cancellation controller which generates an antiphase signal corresponding to the noise received by the microphone, the device can be employed to reduce perceived noise in a room or just in a part of a room. The noise reduction may be configured to have a broad-spectrum effect or to reduce the amplitude of selected frequency bands, for example frequencies associated with speech. By configuring the device as a roller blind, for example, it can be arranged to activate when the blind is lowered, reducing noise on a selected side of the blind. In this way, for example, a temporary quiet zone could be provided in an open-plan office or the like, without the need for providing relatively high-mass walls around the zone, but just by lowering blinds. Another use for such blinds would be in hospital wards, to provide quieter conditions for a patient without the need for a separate room. The blind may be provided with two separate layers spaced apart from one another, one carrying a microphone to receive the ambient noise to be reduced, while the other has the GMM actuator supplied with the antiphase signal to reduce the amplitude of the ambient sound in the region of the blind. It will be appreciated that a similar effect can be achieved by a combination of a rigid screen having a microphone associated therewith and a blind in accordance with this aspect of the invention to radiate the cancellation signal. The microphone could be a GMM actuator coupled to the second layer. Another embodiment of the invention comprises a “flag” formed of a small sheet of a flexible material having sufficient stiffness to retain a curve therein. The flag has a rod attached to it, for example along a vertical edge, or centrally of the width of the flag, the rod being bonded to an actuator, for example a magnetostrictive actuator. The flag can be used to provide local sound output, for example providing an individual choice of music at a restaurant table, or information and announcements at a conference or exhibition. The flag is preferably formed of thin card, stiffened fabric, metal foil or plastics sheet material, but floppy materials incorporating stiffening supports may be employed. A slightly concave arrangement is preferable, the concave face being directed towards the user, in use, to enhance the sound heard by the user. Alternatively, a shape such as an ‘s’ shape of multiple curves may be employed. The device may have more than one rod, for example at each side of the flag. Alternatively, the rod may be located centrally of the flag, for example diagonally across the flag, effectively forming two flags on a single support. The rod may be dimensioned to incorporate therein the actuator, and audio signal generator and batteries to power the device. The flag could be used to carry advertising material, or perhaps a picture of a musician whose music is played through the device. The flag could be attached to an integral rigid bar which could be mechanically connected to the rod, for example by sliding it into a groove, thereby facilitating replacement of the flag. The flag could be formed as a pullout roll in the rod. |
Curing machine for producing tires for road vehicles and the like |
Two opposed coaxial discoidal elements (35, 37) are diametrically dilatable and are able to move independently of each other axially and pass axially into the tire (P) when the tire is positioned in the mold, in such a way as to dilate each of said discoidal elements (35, 37), for engaging a corresponding annular bead (P1, P2) of the tire and positioning it exactly against the edge of the respective pan (13, 15). |
1. Machine for curing green rubber in the production of tires for road vehicles and the like, comprising a mold with two circular pans or end plates (13, 15) and peripheral sectors (17) defining the tread, and with bladder means (155, 242) for creating a pressure inside the tire, and with two opposed diametrically dilatable coaxial discoidal elements (35, 37) that are able to pass axially from the top into the tire (P) when the tire is positioned in the mold, characterized in that: said two opposed discoidal elements (35, 37) are able to move independently of each other axially; said discoidal elements (35, 37) have sectors (61, 83) that can be moved radially forming horizontal contact surfaces for engaging from the inside the annular beads of the tire, when said discoidal elements (35, 37) are moved one from the other; that said sectors (61, 83) of said discoidal elements (35, 37 have moreover spring loaded vertical pegs (65, 85) for radially making contact with the inner edge of the annular beads (P1, P2) of the tires and that are able to retract on contact with the circular pans or end plates (13, 15) of the mold when said discoidal elements (35, 37) approach the respective circular pans or end plates of the mold; means (101) are provided for supplying a shaping gas at limited pressure into the tire while the two pans (13, 15) are being moved toward each other during mold closure; and means (109, 110, 111) are provided for discharging at the appropriate time said shaping gas from inside the tire when said bladder means are expanded from inside the tire (155, 242). 2. Machine according to claim 1, characterized in that said sectors (61, 83) are radially movable and operated by shaped links (55, 81) pivoting on an angularly movable actuator disk (49, 77) coaxial with said discoidal elements. 3. Machine according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises, for bringing about the axial movements of said discoidal elements (35, 37): a first actuator (27) for lowering both of said discoidal elements (35, 37) into the tire, and raising them again; and a second actuator (33) for axially moving one of said discoidal elements with respect to the other. 4. Machine according to claim 1, comprising control means (39, 47, 48, 71) for radially moving said sectors (61, 83) characterized in that said control means are able to bring about a partial dilation before the axial movement to contact the respective annular bead (81, 87) of the tire, followed by a further dilation to make radial contact with the edge of said bead (P1, P2), by means of said spring-loaded pegs (65, 85). 5. Machine according to at least claim 1, characterized in that said bladder means (155; 242) are tubular in shape, with the two annular edges engaged on movable members (153, 157; 244, 240) of two axial actuators capable of positioning the bladder means in the mold in the closed position; means being provided for supplying a fluid—especially a liquid—at pressure into the bladder means for the molding and curing stage. 6. Machine according to claim 4, characterized in that said axial actuators are two cylinder-and-piston systems (151A, 151B, 151C; 159B, 159A). 7. Machine according to claim 4, characterized in that one of said axial actuators is in the form of a cylinder-and-piston system (132, 134) which rises the bladder assembly and the other of said axial actuators comprises two symmetrical toggles (245, 248) controlled by a gear pair mechanism (256) controlled by a single fluid actuator (158). 8. Machine according to claim 7, characterized in that said axial actuators are two cylinder-and-piston systems (151A, 151B, 151C; 159B, 159A). 9. Machine according to claim 7, characterized in that one of said axial actuators is in the form of a cylinder-and-piston system (132, 134) which rises the bladder assembly and the other of said axial actuators comprises two symmetrical toggles (245, 248) controlled by a gear pair mechanism (256) controlled by a single fluid actuator (158). 10. Machine according to claim 2, characterized in that it comprises, for bringing about the axial movements of said discoidal elements (35, 37): a first actuator (27) for lowering both of said discoidal elements (35, 37) into the tire, and raising them again; and a second actuator (33) for axially moving one of said discoidal elements with respect to the other. 11. Machine according to claim 2, comprising control means (39, 47, 48, 71) for radially moving said sectors (61, 83) characterized in that said control means are able to bring about a partial dilation before the axial movement to contact the respective annular bead (81, 87) of the tire, followed by a further dilation to make radial contact with the edge of said bead (P1, P2), by means of said spring-loaded pegs (65, 85). 12. Machine according to claim 3, comprising control means (39, 47, 48, 71) for radially moving said sectors (61, 83) characterized in that said control means are able to bring about a partial dilation before the axial movement to contact the respective annular bead (81, 87) of the tire, followed by a further dilation to make radial contact with the edge of said bead (P1, P2), by means of said spring-loaded pegs (65, 85). |
Sealing material tablet method of manufacturing the tablet and electronic component device |
To provide a method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet by which adhesion of an encapsulating molding material to the punch surface of a tablet forming machine can be reduced, an encapsulating molding material tablet produced by this method, and an electronic part apparatus equipped with an element encapsulated using this encapsulating molding material tablet. A method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet in which a release agent dissolved in a solvent is fed to the punch surface of a tablet forming machine to form a release agent layer having a thickness of over 0.001 μm and less than 0.07 μm on the above-mentioned punch surface, then, an encapsulating molding material is fed to the above-mentioned tablet forming machine for molding the material, an encapsulating molding material tablet produced by this method or having a contact angle ratio of 1.15 or more and less than 1.35, and an electron part apparatus equipped with an element encapsulated using this encapsulating molding material tablet. |
1. A method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet comprising: feeding an encapsulating molding material to a forming metal die and compression-forming the material by upper and lower punches, wherein a release agent layer having a thickness greater than 0.001 μm and less than 0.07 μm is provided on a contact surface of at least one of the upper and lower punches with an encapsulating molding material, for compression forming. 2. The method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 1, wherein the release agent contains at least one of fluorine-based release agents and silicone-based release agents. 3. The method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 2, wherein the fluorine-based release agent is at least one of perfluoroalkyl-containing polymers and polytetrafluoroethylene. 4. The method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 2, wherein the silicone-based release agent is carboxyl group-modified dimethylpolysiloxane. 5. The method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 1, wherein a release agent dissolved in a solvent is fed to the contact surface of the upper and lower punches with an encapsulating molding material, to provide a release agent layer. 6. The method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 5, wherein the solvent has no flammability. 7. An encapsulating molding material tablet produced by the production method according to claim 1. 8. An encapsulating molding material tablet having a contact angle ratio of at least 1.15 and less than 1.35. 9. An electronic part apparatus equipped with an element encapsulated using the encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 7. 10. The method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 1, wherein the encapsulating molding material tablet has a contact angle ratio of greater than 1.15 and less than 1.35. 11. The encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 7, wherein the contact angle ratio is greater than 1.15 and less than 1.35. 12. The encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 7, comprising: (A) a thermosetting resin, (B) a hardener and (C) an inorganic filler. 13. The encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 8, comprising: (A) a thermosetting resin, (B) a hardener and (C) an inorganic filler. 14. The method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 2, wherein a release agent dissolved in a solvent is fed to the contact surface of the upper and lower punches with an encapsulating molding material, to provide a release agent layer. 15. The method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 14, wherein the solvent has no flammability. 16. An encapsulating molding material tablet produced by the production method according to claim 14. 17. An encapsulating molding material tablet produced by the production method according to claim 5. 18. An encapsulating molding material tablet produced by the production method according to claim 2. 19. An electronic part apparatus equipped with an element encapsulated using the encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 8. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND TECHNOLOGY <EOH>Conventionally, in electronic part apparatuses such as semiconductor apparatuses and the like, an element is encapsulated for the purpose of protecting elements such as transistors, IC and the like from the outer environments, and making mounting on a substrate easy. In the field of this element encapsulation, encapsulation with a resin is mainly used from the standpoints of productivity, cost and the like and encapsulating molding materials using thermo-setting resins are widely used. Particularly, encapsulation methods such as transfer molding using an encapsulating molding material in the form of powder, and the like are excellent in economy and productivity, and said to be suitable for mass production. Encapsulating molding materials in the form of powder are often tablet-formed into a cylindrical encapsulating molding material tablet of weight and dimension corresponding to the requirements by clients. In encapsulating an element of an electronic part apparatus using an encapsulating molding material tablet, reduction in generation of voids inside is required for improving its molding property and reflow crack resistance. Therefore, high density of an encapsulating molding material tablet is required, and the forming pressure in forming a tablet tends to be increased. However, when the forming pressure in forming a tablet increases, an encapsulating molding material easily adheres to the punch surface of a tablet forming machine. When a biphenyl type epoxy resin excellent in reflow crack resistance is used as an encapsulating molding material, an encapsulating molding material easily adheres to the punch surface irrespective of the forming pressure in forming a tablet. When an encapsulating molding material is partially adhered to the punch surface of a tablet forming machine, there occurs a problem of production of an encapsulating molding material tablet of which surface is partially missed. In generation of such adhesion, a tablet forming machine is stopped, the punch surface is manually cleaned to remove the adhered substance, leading to remarkable decrease in productivity. As a method of preventing adhesion of an encapsulating molding material to the punch surface of a tablet forming machine, a release agent has been tried to be baking-applied on the punch surface of a tablet forming machine, leading, however, to only an insufficient effect. Further, a method of adding a release agent to an encapsulating molding material and a method of coating a silicone-based release agent having specific thickness on the punch surface (JP-A No. 9-193149) have been suggested, however, there are problems regarding the reliability of an encapsulating molding material such as poor appearance of stain observed on the appearance of a tablet, lowering in reflow resistance, and the like though adhesion is partially improved. The present invention has been accomplished in view of such conditions, and an object thereof is to provide a method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet by which adhesion of an encapsulating molding material to the punch surface of a tablet forming machine can be reduced, an encapsulating molding material tablet produced by this method, and an electronic part apparatus equipped with an element encapsulated using this encapsulating molding material tablet. |
<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present inventors have intensively studied to solve the above-mentioned problems, and carried out various investigations such as heating of an encapsulating molding material in forming a tablet, cooling of a punch of a tablet forming machine, formation of a release agent layer on the punch surface, and the like. As a result, the present inventors have found that the above-mentioned object can be attained by forming a release agent layer having specific thickness on the punch surface of a tablet forming machine using a release agent dissolved in a solvent then, tablet-forming an encapsulating molding material fed to the above-mentioned tablet forming machine, leading to completion of the present invention. Namely, the present invention relates to the following matters. 1. A method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet comprising: feeding an encapsulating molding material to a forming metal die and compression-forming the material by upper and lower punches, wherein a release agent layer having a thickness greater than 0.001 μm and less than 0.07 μm is provided on a contact surface of at least one of the upper and lower punches with an encapsulating molding material, for compression forming. 2. The method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 1 , wherein the release agent contains at least one of fluorine-based release agents and silicone-based release agents. 3. The method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 2 , wherein the fluorine-based release agent is at least one of perfluoroalkyl-containing polymers and polytetrafluoroethylene 4. The method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 2 , wherein the silicone-based release agent is carboxyl group-modified dimethylpolysiloxane. 5. The method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet according to any one of claims 1 to 4 , wherein a release agent dissolved in a solvent is fed to the contact surface of the upper and lower punches with an encapsulating molding material, to provide a release agent layer. 6. The method of producing an encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 5 , wherein the solvent has no flammability. 7. An encapsulating molding material tablet produced by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 6 . 8. An encapsulating molding material tablet having a contact angle ratio of at least 1.15 and less than 1.35. 9. An electron part apparatus equipped with an element encapsulated using the encapsulating molding material tablet according to claim 7 or 8 . |
Herbicidal mixtures based on substituted aryl ketones |
The application relates to compositions comprising a) at least one of the compounds of the formula (I) where A, R1, R2, R3 and R4 have the meaning given in the description and b) known herbicides as stated in the description and/or c) known safeners as stated in the description, and to their use for controlling undesirable vegetation. |
1-12. (canceled) 13: A composition comprising an effective amount of an active compound combination comprising (a) at least one substituted aryl ketone of the formula (I) including any tautomeric forms thereof or a salt or an acid or base adduct of a compound of formula (I) including any tautomeric forms thereof, in which A represents alkanediyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R1 represents one of the groups m represents the numbers 0 to 6, R5 represents halogen; represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkylthio having in each case 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups; represents optionally halogen-, C1-C4-alkyl-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted phenyl; or when m represents 2, optionally together with a second radical R5 represents a carbonyl group (C═O) or alkanediyl having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, R6 represents hydroxyl, formyloxy, or halogen; represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, or alkylsulfonyloxy having in each case 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups; represents optionally cyano- or halogen-substituted alkenyloxy or alkynyloxy having in each case 2 to 6 carbon atoms; or represents optionally nitro-, cyano-, halogen-, C1-C4-alkyl-, C1-C4-halogenoalkyl-, C1-C4-alkoxy-, or C1-C4-halogenoalkoxy-substituted phenoxy, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl, phenylsulfonyl, phenylcarbonyloxy, phenylcarbonylalkoxy, phenylsulfonyloxy, phenylalkoxy, phenylalkylthio, phenylalkylsulfinyl, or phenylalkylsulfonyl having optionally 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, R7 represents hydrogen, cyano, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, or halogen; represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, or alkoxycarbonyl having in each case 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups; or represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, R8 represents hydrogen; represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; represents optionally cyano- or halogen-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl having in each case 2 to 6 carbon atoms; represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl having in each case 3 to 6 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl group and optionally 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety; or represents optionally nitro-, cyano-, halogen-, C1-C4-alkyl-, C1-C4-halogenoalkyl-, C1-C4-alkoxy-, or C1-C4-halogenoalkoxy-substituted phenyl or phenyl-C1-C4-alkyl, R9 represents hydroxyl or formyloxy; represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, or alkylsulfonyloxy having in each case 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups; represents optionally cyano- or halogen-substituted alkenyloxy or alkynyloxy having in each case 2 to 6 carbon atoms; represents optionally nitro-, cyano-, halogen-, C1-C4-alkyl-, or C1-C4-halogenoalkyl-substituted phenylalkoxy, phenylcarbonyloxy, phenylcarbonylalkoxy, or phenylsulfonyloxy having optionally 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, R10 represents hydrogen, cyano, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, or halogen; or represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, or alkylsulfonyl having in each case 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups, R11 represents hydrogen; represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; or represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, R12 represents hydrogen; represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted C1-C6-alkyl; or represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, and R13 represents hydrogen, cyano, carbamoyl, or halogen; or represents optionally represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, or alkylsulfonyl having in each case 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups, R2 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, or halogen; or represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-, C1-C4-alkylthio-, C1-C4-alkylsulfinyl-, or C1-C4-alkylsulfonyl-substituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, or dialkylaminosulfonyl having in each case 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups, R3 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, or halogen; or represents optionally cyano-, halogen-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-, C1-C4-alkylthio-, C1-C4-alkylsulfinyl-, or C1-C4-alkylsulfonyl-substituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, or dialkylaminosulfonyl having in each case 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups, and R4 represents an optionally substituted 4- to 1 2-membered saturated or unsaturated monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic group that contains 1 to 4 heteroatoms, up to 4 of which heteroatoms are nitrogen atoms and alternatively or additionally optionally 1 to 3 oxygen atoms, sulfur atoms, —SO— groups, —SO2— groups, —CO— groups, and/or —CS— groups, and (b) one or more compounds selected from a second group of herbicides consisting of the active compounds 4-(2-chloro-phenyl)-N-cyclohexyl-N-ethyl-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-tetrazole-1-carboxamide (fentrazamide), N-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-N-i-propyl-2-(5-trifluoromethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl-oxy)-acetamide (flufenacet), 2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methyl-phenyl)-acetamide (acetochlor), 5-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2-nitro-benzoic acid sodium salt (acifluorfen-sodium), 2-chloro-6-nitro-3-phenoxy-benzeneamine (aclonifen), 2-chloro-N-(methoxymethyl)-N-(2,6-diethyl-phenyl)-acetamide (alachlor), N-ethyl-N′-i-propyl-6-methylthio-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (ametryn), 4-amino-N-(1,1-dimethyl-ethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-(1-methyl-ethyl)-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carboxamide (amicarbazone), N-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-(N-methyl-N-methylsulfonyl-sulfamoyl)-urea (amidosulfuron), 1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amine (amitrole), S-[2-[(4-chloro-phenyl)-(1-isopropyl)-amino]-2-oxo-ethyl]O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate (anilofos), 6-chloro-4-ethylamino-2-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine (atrazin), 2-[2,4-dichloro-5-(2-propynyloxy)-phenyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazolo-[4,3-a]-pyridin-3(2H)-one (azafenidin), N-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-[1-methyl-4-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-ylsulfonyl]-urea (azimsulfuron), N-benzyl-2-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-butanamide (beflubutamid), 4-chloro-2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazoleacetic acid (benazolin), N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzeneamine (benfluralin), 2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl-ethanesulfonate (benfuresate), N-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-(2-methoxycarbonyl-phenylmethylsulfonyl)-urea (bensulfuron-methyl), S-[(4-chloro-phenyl)-methyl]diethylthiocarbamate (benthiocarb, thiobencarb), methyl 2-[2-[4-(3,6-dihydro-3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-trifluoromethyl-1(2H)-pyrimidinylphenoxymethyl]-5-ethyl-phenoxy-propanoate (benzfendizone), 3-(2-chloro-4-methylsulfonyl-benzoyl)-4-phenylthio-bicyclo-[3.2.1]-oct-3-en-2-one (benzobicyclon), 2-[[4-(2,4-dichloro-3-methyl-benzoyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-oxy]-1-(4-methyl-phenyl)-ethanone (benzofenap), ethyl N-benzoyl-N-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-DL-alaninate (benzoylprop-ethyl), 3-i-propyl-1H-2, 1 ,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one (bentazon), methyl 5-(2,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-2-nitro-benzoate (bifenox), 2,6-bis-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl-oxy)-benzoic acid sodium salt (bispyribac-sodium), 5-bromo-6-methyl-3-(1-methyl-propyl)-2,4(1 H ,3H)pyrimidinedione (bromacil), 2-bromo-3,3-dimethyl-N-(1-methyl-1-phenyl-ethyl)-butanamide (bromobutide), 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde O-(2,4-dinitro-phenyl)-oxime (bromofenoxim), 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile (bromoxynil), N-butoxymethyl-2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethyl-phenyl)-acetamide (butachlor), [1,1-dimethyl-2-oxo-2-(2-propenyloxy)]-ethyl 2-chloro-5-(3,6-dihydro-3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-trifluoromethyl-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)-benzoate (butafenacil-allyl), O-ethyl O-(5-methyl-2-nitro-phenyl) N-s-butylphosphoramidothioate (butamifos), (Z)-2-chloro-N-[(2-butenyloxy)-methyl]-N-(2,6-diethyl-phenyl)-acetamide (butenachlor), 2-(1-ethoximino-propyl)-3-hydroxy-5-[2,4,6-trimethyl-3-(1-oxo-butyl)-phenyl]-2-cyclohexen-1-one (butroxydim), S-ethyl-bis-(2-methyl-propyl)-thiocarbamate (butylate), N,N-diethyl-3-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenylsulfonyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carboxamide (cafenstrole), 2-[1-[(3-chloro-2-propenyl)-oxy-imino]-propyl]-3-hydroxy-5-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one (caloxydim, tepraloxydim), 2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(2-chloro-2-ethoxycarbonyl-ethyl)-phenyl)-4-difluoromethyl-5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (carfentrazone-ethyl), 2,4-dichloro-1-(3-methoxy-4-nitro-phenoxy)-benzene (chlomethoxyfen), 3-amino-2,5-dichloro-benzoic acid (chloramben), N-(4-chloro-6-methoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-(2-ethoxycarbonyl-phenylsulfonyl)-urea (chlorimuron-ethyl), 1,3,5-trichloro-2-(4-nitro-phenoxy)-benzene (chlornitrofen), N-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-N′-(2-chloro-phenylsulfonyl)-urea (chlorsulfuron), N′-(3-chloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-urea (chlortoluron), ethyl 2-chloro-3-[2-chloro-5-(1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)-phenyl]-2-propanoate (cinidon-ethyl), exo-1-methyl-4-isopropyl-2-(2-methyl-phenyl-methoxy)-7-oxabicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptane (cinmethylin), N-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-N′-(2-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-phenylsulfonyl)-urea (cinosulfuron), 2-[1-[2-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-propoxyaminobutyl]-5-(tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (clefoxydim), (E,E)-(+)-2-[1-[[(3-chloro-2-propenyl)-oxy]-imino]-propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one (clethodim), (R)-(2-propynyl) 2-[4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro-pyridin-2-yl-oxy)-phenoxy-propanoate (clodinafop-propargyl), 2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone (clomazone), 2-(2,4-dichloro-3-methyl-phenoxy)-N-phenyl-propanamide (clomeprop), 3,6-dichloro-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (clopyralid), methyl 3-chloro-2-[(5-ethoxy-7-fluoro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-2-yl-sulfonyl)-amino]-benzoate (cloransulam-methyl), N-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-methyl]-N′-(1-methyl-1-phenyl-ethyl)-urea (cumyluron), 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-(1-cyano-1-methyl-ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (cyanazine), N-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-(2-cyclopropyl-carbonyl-phenylsulfonyl)-urea (cyclosulfamuron), 2-(1-ethoximinobutyl)-3-hydroxy-5-(tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl)-2-cyclohexen-l1-one (cycloxydim), (R)-2-butyl [4-(4-cyano-2-fluoro-phenoxy)-phenoxy]-propanoate (cyhalofop-butyl), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy-benzoic acid (dicamba), (R)-2-(2,4-Dichloro-phenoxy)-propanoic acid (dichlorprop-P), methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-phenoxy]-propanoate (diclofop-methyl), N-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-5-ethoxy-7-fluoro-[1,2,4]-triazolo-[1,5-c]-pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide (diclosulam), ethyl N-(chloroacetyl)-N-2,6-(diethyl-phenyl)-glycin (diethatyl-ethyl), 1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium methylsulfate (difenzoquat), N-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-2-(3-trifluoro-methyl-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carboxamide (diflufenican), 2-[1-[(3,5-difluoro-phenyl)-amino-carbonyl-hydrazono]-ethyl]-pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (diflufenzopyr), S-(1-methyl-1-phenyl-ethyl)-1-piperidine carbothioate (dimepiperate), 2-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-ethyl)-acetamide (dimethachlor), N-(1,2-dimethyl-propyl)-N′-ethyl-6-methylthio-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (dimethametryn), (S-) 2-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-acetamide (S-) (dimethenamid), 2-amino-4-(1-fluoro-1-methyl-ethyl)-6-(1-methyl-2-(3,5-dimethyl-phenoxy)-ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (dimexyflam), N3,N3-diethyl-2,4-dinitro-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3-diamino-benzene (dinitramine), 6,7-dihydro-dipyrido[1,2-a:2′,1′-c]pyrazinediium (diquat), S,S-dimethyl-2-difluoromethyl-4-i-butyl-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3,5-dicarbothioate (dithiopyr), N′-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-urea (diuron), N-(4-methyl-phenyl)-N′-(1-methyl-1-phenyl-ethyl)-urea (dymron, daimuron, dimuron), S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), S-(phenylmethyl)-N-ethyl-N-(1,2-dimethyl-propyl)-thiocarbamate (esprocarb), N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzeneamine (ethalfluralin), (S)-(2-ethoxy-1-methyl-2-oxoethyl) 2-chloro-5-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-benzoate (ethoxyfen), N-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-(2-ethoxy-phenoxysulfonyl)-urea (ethoxysulfuron), N-(2,3-dichloro-phenyl)-4-ethoxymethoxy-benzamide (etobenzanid), (R)-ethyl-2-[4-(6-chlorobenzoxazol-2-yl-oxy)-phenoxy]-propanoate (fenoxaprop-(P)-ethyl), isopropyl N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluro-phenyl)-DL-alaninate (flamprop-isopropyl), isopropyl N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluro-phenyl)-L-alaninate (flamprop-isopropyl-L), methyl N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenoxy)-DL-alaninate (flamprop-methyl), N-(2,6-difluoro-phenyl)-8-fluoro-5-methoxy-[1,2,4]-triazolo-[1,5-c]-pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide (florasulam), butyl (R)-2-[4-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl-oxy)-phenoxy]-propanoate (fluazifop, -butyl, -P-butyl), i-propyl 5-(4-bromo-1-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-2-chloro-4-fluoro-benzoate (fluazolate), 4,5-dihydro-3-methoxy-4-methyl-5-oxo-N-[(2-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-sulfonyl]-1-H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carboxamide sodium salt (flucarbazone-sodium), ethyl [2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(5-methyl-6-oxo-4-trifluoromethyl-1(6H)-pyriazinyl)-phenoxy]-acetate (flufenpyr), N-(2,6-difluoro-phenyl)-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide (flumetsulam), pentyl [2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)-phenoxy]-acetate (flumiclorac-pentyl), 2-[7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-4-(2- propynyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (flumioxazin), 2-[4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-[(1-methyl-2-propynyl)-oxy]-phenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (flumipropyn), 3-chloro-4-chloromethyl-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidinone (fluorochloridone), ethoxycarbonylmethyl 5-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2-nitro-benzoate (fluoroglycofen-ethyl), 1-(4-chloro-3-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-propoxymethyl)-phenyl)-5-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-carboxamide (flupoxam), 1-isopropyl-2-chloro-5-(3,6-dihydro-3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-trifluoromethyl-1(2H)-pyrimidyl)-benzoate (flupropacil), N-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-(3-methoxycarbonyl-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl-sulfonyl)-urea sodium salt (flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium), 9-hydroxy-9H-fluorene-9-carboxylic acid (flurenol), (4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-pyridin-2-yl-oxy)-acetic acid (-2-butoxy-1-methyl-ethyl ester, -1-methyl-heptyl ester) (fluroxypyr, -butoxypropyl, -meptyl), 5-methylamino-2-phenyl-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3(2H)-furanone (flurtamone), methyl-[(2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(tetrahydro-3-oxo-1 H,3H-[1,3,4]-thiadiazolo-[3,4-a]-pyridazin-1-ylidene)-amino-phenyl]-thio-acetate (fluthiacet-methyl), 5-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-N-methylsulfonyl-2-nitro-benzamide (fomesafen), 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)-amino]-carbonyl]-amino]-sulfonyl]-4-formylamino-N,N-dimethyl-benzamide (foramsulfuron), 2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-butanoic acid (-ammonium salt) (glufosinate (-ammonium)), N-phosphonomethyl-glycine (-isopropylammonium salt), (glyphosate, -isopropylammonium), methyl 3-chloro-5-[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)-amino]-carbonyl]-amino]-sulfonyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (halosulfuron-methyl), (R)-2-[4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl-oxy)-phenoxy]-propanoic acid (-methyl ester, -2-ethoxy-ethyl ester, -butyl ester) (haloxyfop, -methyl, -P-methyl, -ethoxyethyl, -butyl), 3-cyclohexyl-6-dimethylamino-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (hexazinone), N-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-N-i-propyl-5-oxo-1-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-methyl]-4H-1,2,4-triazole-4-carboxamide (HOK-201), methyl 2-(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-isopropyl-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-4-methyl-benzoate (imazamethabenz-methyl), 2-(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-isopropyl-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-5-methyl-pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (imazamethapyr), 2-(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-isopropyl-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-5-methoxymethyl-pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (imazamox), 2-(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-isopropyl-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (imazaquin), 2-(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-i-propyl-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-5-ethyl-pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (imazethapyr), N-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-(2-chloro-imidazo[1,2-a]-pyridin-3-yl-sulfonyl)-urea (imazosulfuron), 2-[2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-oxiranylmethyl]-2-ethyl-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione (indanofan), N-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-N′-(5-iodo-2-methoxycarbonyl-phenylsulfonyl)-urea sodium salt (iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium), 4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodo-benzonitrile (ioxynil), N,N-dimethyl-N′-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-urea (isoproturon), N-(3-(1-ethyl-1-methyl-propyl)-isoxazol-5-yl)-2,6-dimethoxy-benzamide (isoxaben), (4-chloro-2-methylsulfonyl-phenyl)-(5-cyclopropyl-isoxazol-4-yl)-methanone (isoxachlortole), (5-cyclopropyl-isoxazol-4-yl)-(2-methylsulfonyl-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methanone (isoxaflutole), 2-[2-[4-[3,5-dichloro-2-pyridinyl)-oxy]-phenoxy]-1-oxo-propyl]-isoxazolidine (isoxapyrifop), 2-[(2,3-dihydro-5,8-dimethyl-1,1-dioxidospiro[4H-1-benzothiopyran-4,2′-[1,3]-dioxolan]-6-yl)-carbonyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione potassium salt (ketospiradox), (2-ethoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl)-5-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2-nitro-benzoate (lactofen), N′-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl-urea (linuron), (4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid (MCPA), 4-(4-chloro-Z-methyl-phenoxy)-butyric acid (MCPB), 2-(4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxy)-propionic acid (mecoprop), 2-(2-benzothiazolyloxy)-N-methyl-N-phenyl-acetamide (mefenacet), methyl 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)-amino]-carbonyl]-amino]-sulfonyl]-4-[[(methylsulfonyl)-amino]methyl]-benzoate (mesosulfuron), 2-(4-methylsulfonyl-2-nitro-benzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (mesotrione), 4-amino-3-methyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one (metamitron), 2-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl-methyl)-acetamide (metazachlor), N′-(4-(3,4-dihydro-2-methoxy-2,4,4-trimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl-oxy)-phenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl-urea (metobenzuron), N′-(4-bromo-phenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea (metobromuron), (S)-2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methyl-phenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-acet-amide (metolachlor, S-metolachlor), N-(2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-phenyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide (metosulam), N′-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-phenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-urea (metoxuron), 4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-methylthio-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one (metribuzin), N-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-N′-(2-methoxycarbonyl-phenylsulfonyl)-urea (metsulfuron-methyl), S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepin-1-carbothioate (molinate), 2-(2-naphthyloxy)-N-phenyl-propanamide (naproanilide), N-butyl-N′-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-N-methyl-urea (neburon), N-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-(3-dimethylcarbamoyl-pyridin-2-yl-sulfonyl)-urea (nicosulfuron), 4-chloro-5-methylamino-2-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3(2H)pyridazinone (norflurazon), 4-(7-chloro-2,4-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl)-2,4-dihydro-2-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (OK-701), S-(2-chloro-benzyl) N,N-diethyl-thiocarbamate (orbencarb), 4-dipropylamino-3,5-dinitro-benzenesulfonamide (oryzalin), 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(2-propynyloxy)-phenyl]-5-(t-butyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (oxadiargyl), 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methyl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-5-(t-butyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (oxadiazon), N-(4,6-dimethyl-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-(2-oxetan-3-yl-oxy-carbonyl-phenylsulfonyl)-urea (oxasulfuron), 3-[1-(3,5-dichloro-phenyl)-1-i-propyl]-2,3-dihydro-6-methyl-5-phenyl-4H-1,3-oxazin-4-one (oxaziclomefone), 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitro-phenoxy)-4-trifluoromethyl-benzene (oxyfluorfen), 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium (paraquat), 1-amino-N-(1-ethyl-propyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-benzene (pendimethalin), 4-(t-butyl)-N-(1-ethyl-propyl)-2,6-dinitro-benzeneamine (pendralin), 2-(2,2-difluoro-ethoxy)-N-(5,8-dimethoxy-[1,2,4]-triazolo-[1,5-c]-pyrimidin-2-yl)-6-trifluoromethyl-benzene-sulfonamide (penoxsulam), 3-(4-chloro-5-cyclopentyloxy-2-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(1-methyl-ethylidene)-2,4-oxazolidine-dione (pentoxazone), 2-chloro-N-(2-ethoxy-ethyl)-N-(2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propenyl)-acetamide (pethoxamid), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (picloram), N-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-6-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-pyridine-2-carboxamide (picolinafen), S-[2-(2-methyl-1-piperidinyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]O,O-dipropyl phosphorodithioate (piperophos), 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethyl-phenyl)-N-(2-propoxy-ethyl)-acetamide (pretilachlor), N-(4,6-bis-difluoromethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-(2-methoxycarbonyl-phenylsulfonyl)-urea (primisulfuron-methyl), 1-chloro-N-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-[(6S,7aR)-6-fluoro-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxo-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-2(3H)-yl]-phenyl]-methanesulfonamide (profluazol), 2-[1-[[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-propoxy]-imino]-butyl]-3-hydroxy-5-(tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl)-2-cyclohexene-1-one (profoxydim), 2-chloro-N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-acetamide (propachlor), N-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-propanamide (propanil), (R)-[2-[[(1-methyl-ethylidene)-amino]-oxy]-ethyl]2-[4-(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyloxy)-phenoxy]-propanoate (propaquizafop), 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methyl-phenyl)-N-[(1-methyl-ethoxy)-methyl]-acetamide (propisochlor), methyl 2-[[[(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-5-oxo-3-propoxy-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-carbonyl]-amino]-sulfonyl]-benzoate sodium salt (propoxycarbazone-sodium), S-phenylmethyl-N,N-dipropyl-thiocarbamate (prosulfocarb), N-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-N′-(2-(3,3,3-trifluoro-propyl)-phenylsulfonyl)-urea (prosulfuron), ethyl [2-chloro-5-(4-chloro-5-difluoromethoxy-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-4-fluoro-phenoxy]-acetate (pyraflufen-ethyl), 1-(3-chloro-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-2-yl)-5-(methyl-2-propynylamino)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile (pyraclonil, pyrazogyl), 4-(2,4-dichloro-benzoyl)-1,3-dimethyl-5-(4-methyl-phenylsulfonyloxy)-pyrazole (pyrazolate), 4-(2,4-dichloro-benzoyl)-1,3-dimethyl-5-(phenylcarbonylmethoxy)-pyrazole (pyrazoxyfen), N-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-1-methyl-pyrazol-5-yl-sulfonyl)-urea (pyrazosulfuron-ethyl), diphenylmethanone O-[2,6-bis-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl-oxy)-benzoyl]-oxime (pyribenzoxim), O-[3-(1,1-dimethyl-ethyl)-phenyl](6-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)-methylthiocarbamate (pyributicarb), 6-chloro-3-phenyl-4-pyridazinol (pyridafol), O-(6-chloro-3-phenyl-pyridazin-4-yl) S-octyl-thiocarbonate (pyridate), 6-chloro-3-phenyl-pyridazin-4-ol (pyridatol), 7-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)-thio]-3-methyl-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone (pyriftalid), methyl 2-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl-oxy)-benzoate (pyriminobac-methyl), 2-chloro-6-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-ylthio)-benzoic acid sodium salt (pyrithiobac-sodium), 3,7-dichloro-quinoline-8-carboxylic acid (quinchlorac), 7-chloro-3-methyl-quinoline-8-carboxylic acid (quinmerac), 2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthalene-dione (quinoclamine), 2-[4-(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyloxy)-phenoxy]-propanoic acid (-ethyl ester, -tetrahydro-2-furanyl-methyl ester) (quizalofop, -ethyl, -P-ethyl, -P-tefuryl), N-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-(3-ethylsulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl-sulfonyl)-urea (rimsulfuron), 2-(1-ethoximinobutyl)-5-(2-ethylthiopropyl)-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one (sethoxydim), 6-chloro-2,4-bis-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine (simazin), 2-(2-chloro-4-methylsulfonyl-benzoyl)-cyclohexane-1,3-dione (sulcotrione), 2-(2,4-dichloro-5-methylsulfonylamino-phenyl)-4-difluoromethyl-5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (sulfentrazone), methyl 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-amino]-carbonyl]-amino]-sulfonyl]-benzoate (sulfo-meturon-methyl), N-phosphonomethyl-glycine-trimethylsulfonium (sulfosate), N-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-N′-(2-ethylsulfonyl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-sulfonamide (sulfosulfuron), 6-chloro-4-ethylamino-2-tert-butylamino-1,3,5-triazine (terbuthylazine), 2-tert-butylamino-4-ethylamino-6-methylthio-1,3,5-triazine (terbutryn), 2-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-(3-methoxy-2-thienyl-methyl)-acetamide (thenylchlor), methyl 2-difluoromethyl-5-(4,5-dihydro-thiazol-2-yl)-4-(2-methyl-propyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-carboxylate (thiazopyr), 6-(6,7-dihydro-6,6-dimethyl-3H,5H-pyrrolo[2,1-c]-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-ylideneamino)-7-fluoro-4-(2-propynyl)-2H-1 ,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (thidiazimin), N-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-N′-(2-methoxy-carbonyl-thien-3-yl-sulfonyl)-urea (thifensulfuron-methyl), S-(phenylmethyl)-bis-(1-methyl-propyl)-carbamothioate (tiocarbazil), 2-(ethoximino-propyl)-3-hydroxy-5-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one (tralkoxydim), S-(2,3,3-trichloro-2-propenyl) diisopropylcarbamothioate (triallate), N-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-N′-[2-(2-chloro-ethoxy)-phenylsulfonyl]-urea (triasulfuron), N-methyl-N-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-N′-(2-methoxycarbonyl-phenylsulfonyl)-urea (tribenuron-methyl), (3,5,6-trichloro)-pyridin-2-yl-oxy-acetic acid (triclopyr), 2-(3,5-dichloro-phenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl)-oxirane (tridiphane), N-[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)-amino]-carbonyl]-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy)-2-pyridinesulfonamide sodium salt (trifloxysulfuron), 1-amino-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-trifluoromethyl-benzene (trifluralin), N-[4-dimethylamino-6-(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-N′-(2-methoxycarbonyl-phenylsulfonyl)-urea (triflusulfuron-methyl), N-(4-methoxy-6-trifluoromethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-N′-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl-sulfonyl)-urea (tritosulfuron), N-[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)-amino]-carbonyl]-3-(N-methyl-N-methylsulfonyl-amino)-2-pyridinesulfonamide, 4-(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-5-oxo-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-(ethylsulfonylamino)-5-fluoro-benzenecarbothioamide (HWH4991), 2-chloro-N-[1-(2,6-dichloro-4-difluoromethyl-phenyl)-4-nitro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-propanecarboxamide (SLA5599), [2-chloro-3-(4,5-dihydro-3-isoxazolyl)-4-methylsulfonyl-phenyl]-(5-hydrox-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-methanone, [3-(4,5-dihydro-3-isoxazolyl)-2-methyl-4-methylsulfonyl-phenyl]-(5-hydrox-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-methanone, [3-[2-chloro-3-[(2,6-dioxo-cyclohexyl)-carbonyl]-6-ethylsulfonyl-phenyl]-5-isoxazolyl]-acetonitrile, 2-[2-chloro-4-methylsulfonyl-3-[(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy)-methyl]-benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione, and 2-[[5,8-dimethyl-1,1-dioxido-4-(2-pyrimidinyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2H-thiochromen-6-yl]-carbonyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione and/or (c) one or more compounds selected from a third group of compounds that improve crop plant compatibility consisting of the active compounds 4-dichloroacetyl-1-oxa-4-aza-spiro[4.5]-decane (AD-67), 1-dichloroacetyl-hexahydro-3,3,8a-trimethylpyrrolo[1,2-a]-pyrimidin-6(2H)-one (BAS-145138), 4-dichloroacetyl-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazine (benoxacor), 1-methyl-hexyl 5-chloro-quinoxalin-8-oxy-acetate (cloquintocet-mexyl, α-(cyanomethoximino)-phenylacetonitrile (cyometrinil), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 2,2-dichloro-N-(2-oxo-2-(2-propenylamino)-ethyl)-N-(2-propenyl)-acetamide (DKA-24), 2,2-dichloro-N,N-di-2-propenyl acetamide (dichlormid), N-(4-methyl-phenyl)-N′-(1-methyl-1-phenyl-ethyl)-urea (dymron), 4,6-dichloro-2-phenyl-pyrimidine (fenclorim), ethyl 1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-5-trichloro-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylate (fenchlorazol-ethyl), phenylmethyl 2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-thiazole-5-carboxylate (flurazole), 4-chloro-N-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methoxy)-α-trifluoro-acetophenone oxime (fluxofenim), 3-dichloroacetyl-5-(2-furanyl)-2,2-dimethyl-oxazolidine (furilazole, MON-13900), ethyl-4,5-dihydro-5,5-diphenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylate (isoxadifen-ethyl), (4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid (MCPA), (+−)-2-(4-chloro-methylphenoxy)-propionic acid (mecoprop), diethyl 1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylate (mefenpyr-diethyl), 2-dichloromethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan (MG-191), 1,8-naphthalic anhydride, α-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methoximino)-phenylacetonitrile (oxabetrinil), 2,2-dichloro-N-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methyl)-N-(2-propenyl)-acetamide (PPG-1292), 3-dichloroacetyl-2,2,5-trimethyl oxazolidine (R-29148), N-cyclopropyl-4-[[(2-methoxy-5-methyl-benzoyl)-amino]-sulfonyl]-benzamide, N-[[(4-methoxyacetylamino)-phenyl]-sulfonyl-2-methoxy-benzamide and N-[[(4-methylaminocarbonylamino)-phenyl]-sulfonyl-2-methoxy-benzamide, 4-(2-chlorobenzoylaminosulfonyl)-N-propylbenzamide, N-(phenylsulfamoyl) benzamide derivatives of the formula (V) in which R1 represents hydrogen, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, (C5-C6)-cycloalkenyl, phenyl, or 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl having up to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, where the radicals R1 other than hydrogen are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, (C1-C6)-alkoxy, (C1-C6)-haloalkoxy, (C1-C2)-alkylsulfinyl, (C1-C2)-alkylsulfonyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, (C1-C4)-alkoxycarbonyl, (C1-C4)-alkylcarbonyl, and phenyl and the cyclic radicals are optionally also substituted by (C1-C4)-alkyl or (C1-C4)-haloalkyl; R2 represents hydrogen, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C2-C6)-alkenyl, or (C2-C6)-alkynyl, where the radicals R2 other than hydrogen are optionally substituted by one or more identical or different substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, (C1-C4)-alkyl, (C1-C4)-alkoxy, and (C1-C4)-alkylthio; R3 represents halogen, (C1-C4)-haloalkyl, (C1-C4)-haloalkoxy, nitro, (C1-C4)-alkyl, (C1-C4)-alkoxy, (C1-C4)-alkylsulfonyl, (C1-C4)-alkoxycarbonyl, or (C1-C4)-alkylcarbonyl; R4 represents hydrogen or methyl; R5 represents halogen, nitro, (C1-C4)-alkyl, (C1-C4)-haloalkyl, (C1-C4)-haloalkoxy, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, phenyl, (C1-C4)-alkoxy, cyano, (C1-C4)-alkylthio, (C1-C4)-alkylsulfinyl, (C1-C4)-alkylsulfonyl, (C1-C4)-alkoxycarbonyl, or (C1-C4)-alkylcarbonyl; n represents 0, 1, or 2 and m represents 1 or 2, or salts thereof, and 2-methoxy-N-[4-(2-methoxybenzoylsulfamoyl)phenyl]acetamide N-acylsulfonamide derivatives of the formula (VI) in which R1 represents hydrogen, (C1-C6)-alkyl, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, furanyl, or thienyl, where each of the radicals R1 other than hydrogen is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, (C1-C4)-alkyloxy, halogeno-(C1-C6)-alkoxy, and (C1-C4)-alkylthio and the cyclic radicals are optionally also substituted by (C1-C4)-alkyl or (C1-C4)-halogenoalkyl R2 represents hydrogen or methyl; R3 represents halogen, halogeno-(C1-C4)-alkyl, halogeno-(C1-C4)-alkoxy, (C1-C4)-alkyl, (C1-C4)-alkoxy, (C1-C4)-alkylsulfonyl, (C1-C4)-alkoxycarbonyl, or (C1-C4)-alkylcarbonyl, R4 represents hydrogen or methyl, R3 represents halogen, (C1-C4)-alkyl, halogeno-(C1-C4)-alkyl, halogeno-(C1-C4)-alkoxy, (C3-C6)-cycloalkyl, phenyl, (C1-C4)-alkoxy, cyano, (C1-C4)-alkylthio, (C1-C4)-alkylsulfinyl, (C1-C4)-alkylsulfonyl, (C1-C4)-alkoxycarbonyl, or (C1-C4)-alkylcarbonyl, n represents 0, 1, or 2, and m represents 1 or 2, or alkali metal salts thereof. 14: A composition according to claim 13 wherein, for the aryl ketone of the formula (I), m represents the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, A represents alkanediyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R1 represents one of the groups R2 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; or represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, C1-C3-alkoxy-, C1-C3-alkylthio-, C1-C3-alkylsulfinyl-, or C1-C3-alkylsulfonyl-substituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, or dialkylaminosulfonyl having in each case 1 to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups, R3 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; or represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, C1-C3-alkoxy-, C,-C3-alkylthio-, C1-C3-alkylsulfinyl-, or C1-C3-alkylsulfonyl-substituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, or dialkylaminosulfonyl having in each case 1 to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups, R4 represents one of the heterocyclic groups where the broken bond in each group represents a single bond or a double bond, Q represents oxygen or sulfur, Y1 represents hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, C1-C3-alkoxy-, C1-C3-alkylthio-, C1-C3-alkylsulfinyl-, and/or C1-C3-alkylsulfonyl-substituted alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, or alkylsulfonyl having in each case up to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups; represents optionally fluorine- or chlorine-substituted alkylamino or dialkylamino having in each case up to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, and/or bromine-substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, alkenyloxy, alkenylthio, or alkenylamino having in each case up to 5 carbon atoms in the alkenyl or alkynyl groups; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, and/or bromine-substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkylthio, cycloalkylamino, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkoxy, cycloalkyl-alkylthio, or cycloalkylalkylamino having in each case 3 to 6 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl groups and optionally up to 3 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, iodine-, C1-C4-alkyl-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted phenyl, phenyloxy, phenylthio, phenylamino, benzyl, benzyloxy, benzylthio, or benzylamino; represents pyrrolidino, piperidino, or morpholino; or when two adjacent Y1 radicals are located at a double bond, the adjacent radicals Y1 together optionally also represent a benzo group, and Y2 represents hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, or alkylideneamino having up to 4 carbon atoms; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, or C1-C3-alkoxy-substituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, or alkanoylamino having in each case up to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, and/or bromine-substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, or alkenyloxy having in each case up to 5 carbon atoms in the alkenyl or alkynyl groups; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, and/or bromine-substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, or cycloalkylamino having in each case 3 to 6 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl groups and optionally up to 3 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, iodine-,. C1-C4-alkyl-, and/or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl; or together with an adjacent radical Y1 or Y2 optionally represents halogen- or C1-C4-alkyl-substituted alkanediyl having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, with the proviso that when more than one of the radicals Y1 and Y2 are attached to the same heterocyclic group, the radicals Y1 and Y2 can have identical or different meanings within the scope of the above definitions, R5 represents fluorine, chlorine, or bromine; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, or C1-C3-alkoxy-substituted alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkylthio having in each case 1 to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, C1-C4-alkyl-, or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted phenyl; or when m represents 2, optionally together with a second radical R5 represents alkanediyl having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, R6 represents hydroxyl or formyloxy; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, or C1-C3-alkoxy-substituted alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, or alkylsulfonyloxy having in each case 1 to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups; R6 represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, and/or bromine-substituted alkenyloxy or alkynyloxy having in each case 3 to 5 carbon atoms; represents optionally nitro-, cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, or (fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted) C1-C4-alkyl- or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted phenoxy, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl, phenylsulfonyl, phenylcarbonyloxy, phenylcarbonylalkoxy, phenylsulfonyloxy, phenylalkoxy, phenylalkylthio, phenylalkylsulfinyl, or phenylalkylsulfonyl having optionally 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, R7 represents hydrogen, cyano, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, or C1-C3-alkoxy-substituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, or alkoxycarbonyl having in each case 1 to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups; or represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine, bromine-, or C1-C3-alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, R8 represents hydrogen; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, or C1-C3-alkoxy-substituted alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, and/or bromine-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl having in each case 3 to 5 carbon atoms; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, or C1-C3-alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl having in each case 3 to 6 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl group and optionally 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety; or represents optionally nitro-, cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, iodine-, or (optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted) C1-C4-alkyl- or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted phenyl or phenyl-C1-C4-alkyl, R9 represents hydroxyl or formyloxy; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, or C1-C3-alkoxy-substituted alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, or alkylsulfonyloxy having in each case 1 to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, and/or bromine-substituted alkenyloxy or alkynyloxy having in each case 3 to 5 carbon atoms; or represents optionally nitro-, cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, iodine-, or (optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted) C1-C4-alkyl- or C1-C4-alkoxy-substituted phenylalkoxy, phenylcarbonyloxy, phenylcarbonylalkoxy, or phenylsulfonyloxy having optionally 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, R10 represents hydrogen, cyano, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine; or represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, or C1-C3-alkoxy-substituted alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, or alkylsulfonyl having in each case 1 to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups, R11 represents hydrogen; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, or C1-C3-alkoxy-substituted alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; or represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, or C1-C3-alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, R12 represents hydrogen; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, or C1-C3-alkoxy-substituted alkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; or represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, or C1-C3-alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, R13 represents hydrogen, cyano, carbamoyl, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine; or represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, or C1-C3-alkoxy-substituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, or alkylsulfonyl having in each case 1 to 5 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups. 15: A composition according to claim 14 wherein R4 represents a heterocyclic group having 1 to 3 substituents Y1 and/or Y2. 16: A composition according to claim 13 wherein, for the aryl ketone of the formula (I), m represents the numbers 0, 1, 2, or 3, A represents methylene, ethane-1,2-diyl (dimethylene), ethane-1,1-diyl, propane-1,2-diyl, or propane-1,3-diyl (trimethylene), R2 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; or represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, n- or i-propoxy-, methylthio-, ethylthio-, n- or i-propylthio-, methylsulfinyl-, ethylsulfinyl-, methylsulfonyl-, or ethylsulfonyl-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, or n-, i-, s-, or t-butyl; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, or n- or i-propoxy-substituted methoxy, ethoxy, or n- or i-propoxy; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted methylthio, ethylthio, n- or i-propylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, n- or i-propylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, or n- or i-propylsulfonyl; or represents methylamino, ethylamino, n- or i-propylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, dimethylaminosulfonyl, or diethylaminosulfonyl, R3 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, n- or i-propoxy-, methylthio-, ethylthio-, n- or i-propylthio-, methylsulfinyl-, ethylsulfinyl-, methylsulfonyl-, or ethylsulfonyl-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, or n-, i-, s-, or t-butyl; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, or n- or i-propoxy-substituted methoxy, ethoxy, or n- or i-propoxy; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted methylthio, ethylthio, n- or i-propylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, n- or i-propylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, or n- or i-propylsulfonyl; or represents methylamino, ethylamino, n- or i-propylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, dimethylaminosulfonyl, or diethylaminosulfonyl, R4 represents one of the heterocyclic groups where Q represents oxygen, Y1 represents hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine- methoxy-, ethoxy-, n- or i-propoxy-, methylthio-, ethylthio-, n- or i-propylthio-, methylsulfinyl-, ethylsulfinyl-, methylsulfonyl-, or ethylsulfonyl-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, s-, or t-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, n-, i-, s-, or t-butoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, n- or i-propylthio, n-, i-, s-, or t-butylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, n- or i-propylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, or n- or i-propylsulfonyl; represents methylamino, ethylamino, n- or i-propylamino, n-, i-, s-, or t-butylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, di-n-propylamino, or di-i-propylamino; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, propenyloxy, butenyloxy, propenylthio, butenylthio, propenylamino, or butenylamino; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, cyclopropylthio, cyclobutylthio, cyclopentylthio, cyclohexylthio, cyclopropylamino, cyclobutylamino, cyclopentylamino, cyclohexylamino, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopropylmethoxy, cyclobutylmethoxy, cyclopentylmethoxy, cyclohexylmethoxy, cyclopropylmethylthio, cyclobutylmethylthio, cyclopentylmethylthio, cyclohexylmethylthio, cyclopropylmethylamino, cyclobutylmethylamino, cyclopentylmethylamino, or cyclohexylmethylamino,; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methyl-, ethyl-, n- or i-propyl-, n-, i-, s-, or t-butyl-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, or n- or i-propoxy-substituted phenyl, phenyloxy, phenylthio, phenylamino, benzyl, benzyloxy, benzylthio, or benzylamino; represents pyrrolidino, piperidino, or morpholino; or when two adjacent Y1 radicals are located at a double bond, the adjacent Y1 radicals together optionally also represent a benzo group, and Y2 represents hydrogen, hydroxyl, or amino; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, or s-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, methylamino, ethylamino, or dimethylamino; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted ethenyl, propenyl, ethynyl, propynyl, or propenyloxy; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, or cyclohexylmethyl; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methyl-, ethyl-, n- or i-propyl-, n-, i-, s-, or t-butyl-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, or n- or i-propoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl; or together with an adjacent radical Y1 or Y2 optionally represents methyl- and/or ethyl-substituted propane-1,3-diyl (trimethylene) or butane-1,4-diyl (tetramethylene), R5 represents fluorine, chlorine, or bromine, represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, s-, or t-butyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n- or i-propoxycarbonyl, methylthio, ethylthio, or n- or i-propylthio; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methyl-, or methoxy-substituted phenyl; or when m represents 2, optionally together with a second radical R5 represents ethane-1,2-diyl (dimethylene), propane-1,3-diyl (trimethylene), or butane-1,4-diyl (tetramethylene), R6 represents hydroxyl or formyloxy; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, n- or i-propylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, acetyloxy, propionyloxy, n- or i-butyroyloxy, methoxycarbonyloxy, ethoxycarbonyloxy, n- or i-propoxycarbonyloxy, methylaminocarbonyloxy, ethylaminocarbonyloxy, n- or i-propylaminocarbonyloxy, methylsulfonyloxy, ethylsulfonyloxy, or n- or i-propylsulfonyloxy; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, or bromine-substituted propenyloxy, butenyloxy, propynyloxy, or butynyloxy; or represents optionally nitro-, cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methyl-, ethyl-, n- or i-propyl-, n-, i-, s-, or t-butyl-, trifluoromethyl-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, n- or i-propoxy-, difluoromethoxy-, or trifluoromethoxy-substituted phenoxy, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl, phenylsulfonyl, benzoyloxy, benzoylmethoxy, phenylsulfonyloxy, phenylmethoxy, phenylmethylthio, phenylmethylsulfinyl, or phenylmethylsulfonyl, R7 represents hydrogen, cyano, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, n- or i-propylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, or n- or i-propoxycarbonyl; or represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methyl-, or ethyl-substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, R8 represents hydrogen; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, or n-, i-, s-, or t-butyl; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, or bromine-substituted propenyl, butenyl, propynyl, or butynyl; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methyl-, or ethyl-substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, or cyclohexylmethyl; or represents optionally nitro-, cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine- methyl-, ethyl-, n- or i-propyl-, n-, i-, s-, or t-butyl-, trifluoromethyl-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, n- or propoxy-, difluoromethoxy-, or trifluoromethoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl, R9 represents hydroxyl or formyloxy; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, or n- or i-propoxy-substituted methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, acetyloxy, propionyloxy, n- or i-butyroyloxy, methoxycarbonyloxy, ethoxycarbonyloxy, n- or i-propoxycarbonyloxy, methylaminocarbonyloxy, ethylaminocarbonyloxy, n- or i-propylaminocarbonyloxy, methylsulfonyloxy, ethylsulfonyloxy, or n- or i-propylsulfonyloxy; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, or bromine-substituted propenyloxy, butenyloxy, propynyloxy, or butynyloxy; or represents optionally nitro-, cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methyl-, ethyl-, n- or i-propyl-, n-, i-, s-, or t-butyl-, trifluoromethyl-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, n- or i-propoxy-, difluoromethoxy-, or trifluoromethoxy-substituted phenylmethoxy, benzoyloxy, benzoylmethoxy, or phenylsulfonyloxy, R10 represents hydrogen, cyano, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine; or represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, acetyl, propionyl, n- or i-butyroyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n- or i-propoxycarbonyl, methylthio, ethylthio, n- or i-propylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, or ethylsulfonyl, R11 represents hydrogen; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, or n- or i-propyl; or represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methyl-, or ethyl-substituted cyclopropyl, R12 represents hydrogen; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, or n- or i-propyl; or represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methyl-, or ethyl-substituted cyclopropyl, and R13 represents hydrogen, cyano, carbamoyl, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine; or represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n- or i-propoxycarbonyl, methylthio, ethylthio, n- or i-propylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, or ethylsulfonyl. 17: A composition according to claim 13 wherein, for the aryl ketone of the formula (I), A represents methylene or dimethylene, R1 represents one of the groups R2 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, methylsulfinylmethyl, methylsulfonylmethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfony, ethylsulfonyl, or dimethylaminosulfonyl, R3 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, methylsulfinylmethyl, methylsulfonylmethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfony, ethylsulfonyl, or dimethylaminosulfonyl, R4 represents the heterocyclic grouping in which Q represents oxygen or sulfur, Y1 represents hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, n- or i-propoxy-, methylthio-, ethylthio-, methylsulfinyl-, ethylsulfinyl-, methylsulfonyl-, or ethylsulfonyl-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, n- or i-propylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, n- or i-propylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, or n- or i-propylsulfonyl; represents methylamino, ethylamino, n- or i-propylamino, dimethylamino, or diethylamino; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted ethenyl, propenyl, ethynyl, propynyl, propenyloxy, propenylthio, or propenylamino; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted cyclopropyl, cyclopropyloxy, cyclopropylamino, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopropylmethoxy, or cyclopropylmethylamino; or represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methyl-, ethyl-, n- or i-propyl-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, or n- or i-propoxy-substituted phenyl, phenyloxy, phenylthio, phenylamino, benzyl, benzyloxy, benzylthio, or benzylamino, and Y2 represents hydrogen or amino; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, methylamino, ethylamino, or dimethylamino; represents propenyl or propynyl; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclopropylmethyl; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methyl, ethyl-, n- or i-propyl-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, or n- or i-propoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl; or together with the radical Y1 optionally represents methyl- and/or ethyl-substituted propane-1,3-diyl (trimethylene) or butane-1,4-diyl (tetramethylene), m represents the numbers 0, 1, or 2, R5 represents optionally fluorine- or chlorine-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, methylthio, ethylthio, or n- or i-propylthio; represents phenyl; or when m represents 2, optionally together with a second radical R5 represents ethane-1,2-diyl (dimethylene), propane-1,3-diyl (trimethylene), or butane-1,4-diyl (tetramethylene), R6 represents hydroxyl or formyloxy; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, n- or i-propylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, acetyloxy, propionyloxy, n- or i-butyroyloxy, methoxycarbonyloxy, ethoxycarbonyloxy, n- or i-propoxycarbonyloxy, methylaminocarbonyloxy, ethylaminocarbonyloxy, n- or i-propylaminocarbonyloxy, methylsulfonyloxy, ethylsulfonyloxy, or n- or i-propylsulfonyloxy; represents propenyloxy or propynyloxy; or represents optionally nitro-, cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methyl-, ethyl-, n- or i-propyl-, trifluoromethyl, methoxy-, ethoxy-, n- or i-propoxy-, difluoromethoxy-, or trifluoromethoxy-substituted phenoxy, phenylthio, phenylsulfinyl, phenylsulfonyl, benzoyloxy, benzoylmethoxy, phenylsulfonyloxy, phenylmethoxy phenylmethylthio, phenylmethylsulfinyl, or phenylmethylsulfonyl, R7 represents hydrogen, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, n- or i-propylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, n- or i-propylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, n- or i-propylsulfonyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, or n- or i-propoxycarbonyl, R8 represents hydrogen; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, or n- or i-propyl; represents optionally fluorine- or chlorine-substituted propenyl or propynyl; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methyl-, or ethyl-substituted cyclopropyl; or represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methyl-, ethyl-, n- or i-propyl-, trifluoromethyl-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, n- or i-propoxy-, difluoromethoxy-, or trifluoromethoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl, R9 represents hydroxyl or formyloxy; represents optionally cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, or n- or i-propoxy-substituted methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, acetyloxy, propionyloxy, n- or i-butyroyloxy, methoxycarbonyloxy, ethoxycarbonyloxy, n- or i-propoxycarbonyloxy, methylaminocarbonyloxy, ethylaminocarbonyloxy, n- or i-propylaminocarbonyloxy, methylsulfonyloxy, ethylsulfonyloxy, or n- or i-propylsulfonyloxy; represents propenyloxy or propynyloxy; or represents optionally nitro-, cyano-, fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methyl-, ethyl-, n- or i-propyl-, trifluoromethyl-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, n- or i-propoxy-, difluoromethoxy-, or trifluoromethoxy-substituted phenylmethoxy, benzoyloxy, benzoylmethoxy, or phenylsulfonyloxy, R10 represents hydrogen, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine; or represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, or n- or i-propoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, acetyl, propionyl, n- or i-butyroyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n- or i-propoxycarbonyl, methylthio, ethylthio, n- or i-propylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, or ethylsulfonyl, R11 represents hydrogen; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, or n- or i-propyl; or represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methyl-, or ethyl-substituted cyclopropyl, R12 represents hydrogen; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, or n- or i-propyl; or represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methyl-, or ethyl-substituted cyclopropyl, and R13 represents hydrogen, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine; or represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n- or i-propoxycarbonyl, methylthio, ethylthio, n- or i-propylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, n- or i-propylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, or n- or i-propylsulfonyl. 18: A composition according to claim 13 wherein, for the aryl ketone of the formula (I), in which A represents methylene or dimethylene, R1 represents one of the groups R2 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, methylsulfinylmethyl, methylsulfonylmethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfony, ethylsulfonyl, or dimethylaminosulfonyl, R3 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, methylsulfinylmethyl, methylsulfonylmethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfony, ethylsulfonyl, or dimethylaminosulfonyl, and R4 represents the heterocyclic group in which Y2 represents hydrogen; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, or n- or i-propyl; represents ethenyl, propenyl, or propynyl; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, or cyclohexylmethyl; or represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methyl-, ethyl-, n- or i-propyl-, methoxy-, ethoxy-, or n- or i-propoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl. 19: A composition according to claim 13 wherein, for the aryl ketone of the formula (I), in which A represents methylene or dimethylene, R1 represents one of the groups R2 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, methylsulfinylmethyl, methylsulfonylmethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfony, ethylsulfonyl, or dimethylaminosulfonyl, R3 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, methylsulfinylmethyl, methylsulfonylmethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfony, ethylsulfonyl, or dimethylaminosulfonyl, and R4 represents the heterocyclic group in which Y1 represents hydrogen or represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl or ethyl, and Y2 represents hydrogen; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, or n- or i-propyl; represents propenyl or propynyl; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, or cyclohexylmethyl; or represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methyl-, ethyl-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl. 20: A composition according to claim 13 wherein, for the aryl ketone of the formula (I), in which A represents methylene or dimethylene, R1 represents one of the groups R2 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, methylsulfinylmethyl, methylsulfonylmethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfony, ethylsulfonyl, or dimethylaminosulfonyl, R3 represents hydrogen, nitro, cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, methylsulfinylmethyl, methylsulfonylmethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, methylsulfony, ethylsulfonyl, or dimethylaminosulfonyl, and R4 represents one of the heterocyclic groups in which Y1 represents hydrogen, fluorine, or chlorine; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl or ethyl, or when two adjacent Y1 radicals are located at a double bond, the adjacent Y1 radicals together optionally also represent a benzo group, and Y2 represents hydrogen; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted methyl, ethyl, or n- or i-propyl; represents propenyl or propynyl; represents optionally fluorine- and/or chlorine-substituted cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, or cyclohexylmethyl; represents optionally fluorine-, chlorine-, methyl-, ethyl-, methoxy-, or ethoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl; or together with the radical Y1 optionally represents methyl- and/or ethyl-substituted propane-1,3-diyl (trimethylene) or butane-1,4-diyl (tetramethylene), with the proviso that when more than one of the radicals Y1 and Y2 are attached to the same heterocyclic group, the radicals Y1 and Y2 can have identical or different meanings within the scope of the above definition, 21: A composition according to claim 13 wherein component (b) comprises at least one of the active compounds fentrazamide, flufenacet, acetochlor, alachlor, amicarbazone, amidosulfuron, anilofos, atrazin, azimsulfuron, benfuresate, bensulfuron-methyl, bentazone, benthiocarb (thiobencarb), benzobicyclon, benzofenap, bifenox, bispyribac-sodium, bromobutide, butachlor, butamifos, butenachlor, cafenstrole, carfentrazone-ethyl, chlomethoxyfen, chlornitrofen, cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, clefoxydim, clodinafop-propargyl, clomazone, clomeprop, cumyluron, cyanazine, cyclosulfamuron, cyhalofop-butyl, 2,4-D, dichlorprop-P, diethatyl-ethyl, dimepiperate, dimethametryn, dimethenamid, S-dimethenamid, dithiopyr, dymron (daimuron, dimuron), esprocarb, ethoxysulfuron, etobenzanid, fenoxaprop-(P)-ethyl, fluazifop-P-butyl, flucarbazone-sodium, flumetsulam, halosulfuron-methyl, haloxyfop-P-methyl, HOK-201, imazamox, imazaquin, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, indanofan, isoxaflutole, MCPA, mefenacet, mesosulfuron, mesotrione, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, metosulam, metsulfuron-methyl, metribuzin, molinate, naproanilide, nicosulfuron, OK-701, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxaziclomefone, oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, pentoxazone, piperophos, pretilachlor, profoxydim, propanil, propoxycarbazone-sodium, pyraclonil, pyrazolate, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyrazoxyfen, pyribenzoxim, pyributicarb, pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl, qinclorac, quinoclamine, simazin, simetryn, sulcotrione, terbuthylazine, thenylchlor, thifensulfuron-methyl, tiocarbazil, or tritosulfuron. 22: A composition according to claim 13 wherein component (c) comprises at least one of the compounds 5-chloro-quinoxalin-8-oxy-acetic acid (1-methyl-hexyl ester) (cloquintocet-mexyl), ethyl 4,5-dihydro-5,5-diphenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylate (isoxadifen-ethyl) and diethyl-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylate (mefenpyr-diethyl), particularly suitable for improving compatibility in cereals, and also 4-dichloroacetyl-1-oxa-4-aza-spiro[4,5]-decane (AD-67), 1-dichloroacetyl-hexahydro-3,3,8a-trimethylpyrrolo[1,2-a]-pyrimidin-6(2H)-one (BAS-145138), 4-dichloroacetyl-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazine (benoxacor), 2,2-dichloro-N,N-di-2-propenyl-acetamide (dichlormid), 3-dichloroacetyl-5-(2-furanyl)-2,2-dimethyl-oxazolidine (furilazole, MON-13900), 3-dichloroacetyl-2,2,5-trimethyl-oxazolidine (R-29148), and 2,4-D, NCPA, or mecoprop. 23: A method for controlling weeds comprising allowing an effective amount of a composition according to claim 13 to act on one or more undesirable plants and/or their habitat. 24: A process for preparing a herbicidal composition comprising mixing a composition according to claims 13 with one or more surfactants and/or extenders. |
Male genital sheart for providing greater protection against sexually transmitted diseases enhanced pleasure, and improved performance |
A realiable cover that is roughly tubular and that has two open ends that applies to the purposes of disease prevention and enhanced pleasure. A sheath covers the entire scrotum and extends partly up the pcnile shaft. A restraining strap, optionally attached and with fixable ends, is wrapped around the periphery of the proximal open end, guided by a finishing lip or band, in order to secure the scrotum within the scrotal sac and also to anchor the sheath during use. In a modified form there is wider proximal opening for more comfort of application. |
1. A condom configured to cover the user's scrotum and a portion of the user's penis, comprising: a shaft portion, a scrotum portion having one end thereof integrally formed with said shaft portion and another end thereof defining an opening, and a strap member releasably disposed surrounding said opening of said scrotum portion. 2. The condom as set forth in claim 1, wherein said strap member comprises a strap having fixable ends with a hook-and-loop fastener for releasably fastening said strap around said opening of said scrotum portion. 3. The condom as set forth in claim 1, wherein said proximal opening of said scrotum portion includes a stopper ring integrally formed at and surrounding said opening, said stopper ring having a thickness substantially greater than the corresponding thickness of the material forming said scrotum portion. 4. The condom as set forth in claim 3, wherein said shaft portion, said scrotum portion and said stopper ring are formed of a material chosen from a group of materials consisting of polyurethane, natural lambskin, latex, plastic and rubber. 5. The condom as set forth in claim 3, wherein said strap member is a continuous electrometric band or an elastomeric band having fixable ends for releasably fastening said elastomeric band around said opening of said scrotum portion. 6. The condom as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shaft portion is eccentrically formed with said scrotum portion. 7. The condom as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shaft portion and said scrotum portion are configured to tightly fit onto the user. 8. The condom as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shaft portion and said scrotum portion are configured to loosely fit onto the user. 9. The condom as set forth in claim 1, wherein said shaft portion is configured to tightly fit onto the user and said scrotum portion is configured to loosely fit onto the user. 10. A condom configured to cover the user's scrotum and a portion of a user's penis, comprising: a shaft portion having an open distal end, a scrotum portion having one end thereof integrally formed with said open distal end of said shaft portion and the proximal end thereof defining an opening, said shaft portion including a stopper ring integrally formed at and surrounding said opening, said stopper ring having a thickness substantially greater than the corresponding thickness of the material forming said shaft portion, said scrotum portion having a different circumferential dimension than said shaft portion, said scrotum portion including a stopper ring integrally formed at and surrounding said opening, said stopper ring having a thickness substantially greater than the corresponding thickness of the material forming said scrotum portion, and securing means encompassing said opening of said scrotum portion. 11. The condom as set forth in claim 10 wherein said securing means is an elastomeric band disposed at said opening adjacent to and retained by said stopper ring thereby preventing said elastomeric band from slipping beyond said opening of said scrotum portion. 12. The condom as set forth in claim 11, wherein said securing means comprises a strap having fixable ends with a hook-and-loop fastener for releasably fastening said strap around said opening of said scrotum portion. 13. The condom as set forth in claim 10, wherein said shaft portion and said scrotum portion are configured to tightly fit onto the user. 14. The condom as set forth in claim 11, wherein said shaft portion and said scrotum portion are configured to loosely fit onto the user. 15. The condom as set forth in claim 11, wherein said shaft portion is configured to tightly fit onto the user and said scrotum portion is configured to loosely fit onto the user. 16. The condom as set forth in claim 11, wherein said opening of said scrotum portion is sized to fit loosely around the user's scrotum and said securing means is configured to tighten said opening of said scrotum portion snugly onto the user. 17. The condom as set forth in claim 11, wherein said opening of said scrotum portion is of a diameter larger than said shaft portion. 18. The condom as set forth in claim 11, wherein said securing means comprises a strap having fixable ends for releasably fastening said strap around said opening of said scrotum portion. 19. The condom as set forth in claim 18, wherein said strap is permanently attached to the condom adjacent to said opening of said scrotum portion. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) continue to spread at an alarming rate throughout the U.S. population. In fact, it is estimated that 12 million people in the U.S. acquire some form of STD each year. Overall, about one in four Americans has a STD. This category includes such conditions as herpes, human papilloma virus, uterine cancers, penile cancers, syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, chlamydia, infertility and HIV (AIDS), among others. STDs are most commonly spread when sexual partners engage in unprotected sex, that is, the infected genitalia (and surrounding area) of one partner comes into contact with the genitalia (and surrounding area) of another partner, thus transferring the infection. Although most STDs respond to some form of treatment, certain sexually transmitted pathogens cause cervical, liver, and other cancers, while infections in pregnant women can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, pre-term delivery, and illness among infants. The objects of this invention are to provide sexual partners with effective protection against STDs, sexual dysfunction and increase pleasure for both male and female partners. This has been accomplished by fashioning a genital prophylactic with a scrotal and partial penile covering with an optionally removable restraining strap. Together, the sheath covering and strap are intended to provide improved prophylactic protection, when used with a traditional condom, as compared with a traditional continuous shaft condom that does not include scrotal coverage or restraining capability and may expose the penile shaft and vagina during intercourse. The scrotal and penile covering also provides more comprehensive protection against disease when used with a regular condom, by preventing contact between the scrotum and the labia, and between the scrotum and the anal region. The restraining strap and band provide more reliable protection in that it anchors the prophylactic, thus safeguarding against the genital cover slipping partly or completely off during intercourse, a consequence known to occur with traditional, continuous shaft condoms used by most condom users throughout the world today. To further increase protection against slippage, the shaft portion of the sheath includes an optional restrictive band. The restrictive strap and band act like a cock ring to hold blood in the erect penis, thus prolonging erection, increasing durability and hardness. The restrictive strap and band, which is secured under the scroturn puts pressure on the pubococcygeus muscle, which is used in exercises and tantric sexual practices designed to prolong and control ejaculation while increasing the ability for multiple orgasms. This genital cover may be worn as a sexual novelty and accessory without the use of a regular condom for enhanced pleasure and performance, when both partners are not concerned about prevention of pregnancy and disease prevention. This feature may also be desired for older men or men with drooping or large hanging testes. This invention is an advancement over prior art patents of a partially similar construction in many important ways: (1) Construction of the scrotal and partial penile covering for added protection without skin-to-skin genital or anal contact; (2) The option of using the male genital sheath with the user's condom of choice; (3) Firming the scrotum for more compact contact and uplifting of sagging and large testes; (4) Added protection for those that may be concerned about scrotal skin diseases or have scrotal outbreaks and may or may not want to use a traditional condom; (5) A restrictive band or optional band which adds pressure on the Pubococcygeus muscle for hardness and durability; (6) Compact, smaller, and less bulky than the one piece scrotal condoms and has pocket size portability; (7) As an accessory; the public continues to use the regular shaft condom that they are used to with the sheath as a simple addition (8) Novelty of a new product design to increase use; (9) As an accessory the condom industry could add this to their product line without making traditional shaft condoms seem outdated or inferior; (10) On the factory dipping line, the tanks would not need to be changed, since the standard tank depth works for manufacturing sheaths, but may be a technical problem with one-piece scrotal condoms; (11) The sheath and traditional condom may be rolled and made more compact for packaging. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,209,543 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,042 and U.S. Pat No. 5,070,890 have the disadvantages of being of one piece covering shaft and sac. This adds additional torque, which may be a problem with breakage for men who have large penile shafts and large testes. The shaft portion may be too long for other users who have small penile members, which may create air pockets, noise and breakage. The one-piece scrotal condoms may need to be made in various shaft sizes, which complicates manufacturing. These require educating users to select the appropriate size, small, medium, and large, which could become a psychological issue. Those that purchase condoms for different partners may have a problem of size selection and use. U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,165 is a unisex condom designed like an undergarment panty, is very atypical from the tubular shaft condoms. It covers a much larger part of the external body and is bulky to wear or carry in a wallet. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,781,709 includes a large water-impervious sheet that extends upward to cover the male navel. It is very atypical of the tubular shaft condoms. It is very bulky and much larger than normal condoms that can fit into a wallet for portability. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,070,890 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,447 include a scrotal sac in each embodiment, but the sac opening has the disadvantages of not being substantially wider than the shaft and of not being fashioned from a pliant construction, hindering admittance of the scrotum into the scrotal sac. And since condom usage is often dependent on convenience and comfort, this limitation could discourage usage, possibly during a sexual encounter where usage is necessary to prevent disease and/or pregnancy. Likewise, The patents U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,042 and U.S. Pat No. 5,070,890 also have a limited access and rigid construction relative to the scrotal sac. Other than U.S. Pat. No. 6,209,543 the other patents do not provide a restraining mechanism to prevent the condom from slipping partly or completely off during sexual intercourse as does the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,354,494 does provide a restraining strap that fits over the scrotum. However, it is unclear if this strap would remain secure during sexual intercourse and if tension from this strap would cause discomfort to the testes, whereas the restraining strap of the present invention is designed to provide a comfortable, secure fit. Also significant, this patent does not provide a coverage over the scrotum. Therefore, it is unable to provide the same level of protection as the present invention. U.S Pat. No. 5,111,831 provides a band around the scrotum for sensual purposes, but has a hole so the scrotum is uncovered. However, it does not have added protective covering over the scrotum or the added firmness by holding the scrotum in a sac. |
<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The prophylactic of the present invention provides an improved safety against STDs, the device comprising a roughly tubular, non-continuous shaft that is roughly cylindrical and that covers the lower portion of the shaft of the penis, and the scrotum. When used in conjunction with a regular shaft condom, it prevents skin-to-skin contact of the penile and scrotal areas with the vagina and labial regions. It also protects homosexual and heterosexual partners engaged in anal genital contact. |
Process for distilling alkaline caprolactam product at reduced pressure |
The invention relates to a process for distilling alkaline caprolactam product at reduced pressure, said alkaline caprolactam product comprising (i) caprolactam, (ii) organic impurities, and (iii) one or more bases selected from the group consisting of alkali hydroxide and alkali amino caproate, characterized in that the alkalinity of the alkaline caprolactam product is less than 5 meq. per kg of caprolactam. |
1. Process for distilling alkaline caprolactam product at reduced pressure, said alkaline caprolactam product comprising (i) caprolactam, (ii) organic impurities, and (iii) one or more bases selected from the group consisting of alkali hydroxide and alkali amino caproate, characterized in that the alkalinity of the alkaline caprolactam product is less than 5 meq. per kg of caprolactam. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the alkalinity of the alkaline caprolactam product is between 0.10 and 3 meq. per kg of caprolactam. 3. Process according to claim 2, wherein the alkalinity of the alkaline caprolactam product is between 0.15 and 2 meq. per kg of caprolactam. 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein said one or more bases are selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, sodium amino caproate, potassium hydroxide, potassium amino caproate. 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein at least 75 mol. % of said one or more bases is alkali amino caproate. 6. Process according to claim 1, wherein said alkaline caprolactam product comprises at least 95 wt. % of caprolactam. 7. Process according to claim 1 for the purification of caprolactam product, said caprolactam product comprising (i) caprolactam and (ii) impurities, wherein said process comprises adding one or more bases selected from the group consisting of alkali hydroxide and alkali amino caproate to said caprolactam product in an amount so as to yield the alkaline caprolactam product. 8. Process according to claim 7, wherein the caprolactam product has an acidity of between 0 and 5 meq. per kg of caprolactam, is neutral, or has an alkalinity of between 0 and 5 meq. per kg of caprolactam. 9. Process according to claim 7, wherein the process involves adding said one or more bases to said caprolactam product in an amount of less than 10 mmol per kg caprolactam. 10. Process according to claim 9, wherein the process involves adding to said caprolactam product between 0.10 and 5 mmol of said one or more bases per kg of caprolactam. 11. Process according to claim 10, wherein the process involves adding to said caprolactam product between 0.15 and 3 mmol of said one or more bases per kg of caprolactam. 12. Process according to claim 7, wherein the caprolactam product comprises at least 15 wt. % of caprolactam. 13. Process according to claim 12, wherein the caprolactam product comprises water and the sum quantity of water and caprolactam in the caprolactam product is at least 95 wt. %. 14. Process according to claim 7, wherein the process involves adding alkali hydroxide to said caprolactam product yielding an alkaline product, and converting at least part of said alkali hydroxide in the alkaline product to form alkali amino caproate prior to said distilling. 15. Process according to claim 1, wherein the caprolactam is obtained by a Beckmann rearrangement. 16. Process according to claim 1, wherein the process involves distilling the alkaline caprolactam product at a temperature between 100 and 200° C. 17. Process according to claim 1, wherein the process involves distilling the alkaline caprolactam product at a pressure of less than 10 kPa. 18. Process according to claim 1, wherein said distilling includes separating out low-boiling impurities from the alkaline caprolactam product and/or separating out high-boiling impurities from the alkaline caprolactam product. 19. Process according to claim 18, wherein said distilling includes, in a first step, separating out as a top product low-boiling impurities from the alkaline caprolactam product while leaving alkaline caprolactam product containing high-boiling impurities as a bottom product, and, in a second step, separating out high-boiling impurities from the bottom product, and recovering caprolactam as a top product. 20. Process according to claim 1, wherein the process is a continuous process. |
Printing paper and method of manufacturing the same |
Disclosed is a printing paper comprising a back surface thereof applied with a repositionable adhesive, adhered to a coated surface of a PET sheet paper, which can be freely repositioned and printed at high resolution up to 2800 dpi even by ink-jet printers as well as laser printers. Thus, the printing paper is variously utilized for reports, color-printed paper and public information paper. In particular, the printing paper for use in public information paper. In particular, the printing paper for use in public information paper or guide paper can be attached to any surface in a typical office, and separated therefrom, and again attached to other surfaces. A method of manufacturing be printing paper is also provided. |
1. (cancel) 2. An improved printing paper of the type in which an adhesive that is repositionable is deposited on a back surface of a printing paper and a PET sheet paper is positioned on the adhesive over the back surface of a printing paper, wherein the improvement comprises: a coating agent deposited on a front surface of a printing paper to increase stickiness of ink jetted by an ink-jet printer. 3. The improved printing paper as defined in claim 2, wherein the adhesive comprises 43-47 parts by weight of vinyl acetate-acrylic acid ester copolymer resin, 1.5-2.5 parts by weight of a nonionic surfactant (poly ory ethylene nonyl phenyl ether), 16-20 parts by weight of an inorganic filler (calcium carbonate), 1,000-2,000 ppm of vinyl acetate monomer, 1,000-2,000 ppm of 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate monomer, and 32-36 parts by weight of water. 4. The improved printing paper as defined in claim 2, wherein the coating agent comprises 23-27 parts by weight of silica, 46-50 parts by weight of a polymeric binder, 1 part by weight of an ink sticking agent, 1 part by weight of an ink fixing agent, and 20 parts by weight of water. 5. A method of manufacturing an improved printing paper, comprising: (A) preparing a coating agent including 23-27 parts by weight of silica, 46-50 parts by weight of a polymeric binder, 1 part by weight of an ink sticking agent, 1 part by weight of an ink fixing agent, and 20 parts by weight of water; (B) applying 8.4 g of the coating agent onto a front surface of a printing paper, followed by a drying process at 120° C. for about 20 sec; (C) preparing an adhesive including 43-47 parts by weight of vinyl acetate-acrylic acid ester copolymer resin, 1.5-2.5 parts by weight of a nonionic surfactant (poly ory ethylene nonyl phenyl ether), 16-20 parts by weight of an inorganic filler (calcium carbonate), 1,000-2,000 ppm of vinyl acetate monomer, 1,000-2,000 ppm of 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate monomer, and 32-36 parts by weight of water; (D) applying 8.4 g of the adhesive onto a back surface of the printing paper; (E) adhering the back surface of the printing paper applied with the adhesive to a polyethylene terephthalate sheet paper; and (F) cutting the printing paper adhered to the sheet paper to a predetermined size. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>In typical, A4 size (210×297 mm) printing paper is used in 90% or more in offices, and also adaptable for most printers. That is, A4 size printing paper is generalized. However, when A4 paper having printed contents (advertisement, information, etc.) is attached to walls or notice boards, there are a variety of inconveniences, such as using transparent tape or tacks, or applying paste to the paper. Alternatively, label paper for postal mail, which is provided with an adhering surface to be adhered to a coating paper, is known. However, since such label paper is previously cut to predetermined sizes, specified word files based on word processors must be used. Thus, it is difficult to freely print desired contents on the label paper. As well, due to disposable attachments, after the label paper is attached to a predetermined surface, it is impossible to further attach the detached label paper to another surface. In addition, the bleeding of ink on the printing paper becomes severe upon printing by use of ink-jet printers. Therefore, with the aim of ensuring printability of high resolution, laser printers have been mainly employed. As for the ink-jet printer, because a printing process is carried out by jetting ink through a nozzle, the resolution greatly depends on a period required for sticking ink to the printing paper and a printing paper material capable of absorbing ink. However, a printing process conducted on conventional printing paper by use of the ink-jet printers results in the resolution amounting to 800 dpi, at most. |
<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING <EOH>FIG. 1 is a view illustrating a printing paper of the present invention when being used. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"? |
Method for debugging reconfigurable architectures |
A method for debugging reconfigurable hardware is described. According to this method, all necessary debug information is written in each configuration cycle into a memory, which is then analyzed by the debugger. |
1-7. (cancelled). 8. A method for debugging reconfigurable hardware comprising: writing in each configuration cycle into a memory debug information; and analyzing by a debugger the debug information. 9. The method as recited in claim 8, further comprising: loading a configuration during the debugging after occurrence of a debugging condition according to which information regarding the configuration to be debugged is needed; and reading out of the memory the debug information using the configuration. 10. The method as recited in claim 9, further comprising: writing the debug information into a debugging unit or a debugging configuration. 11. The method as recited in claim 8, further comprising: altering a configuration to be debugged before the debugging sequence in such a way that information not needed in normal non-debugging execution is stored in a memory. 12. The method as recited in claim 8, further comprising: at least partially slowing down or stopping a clock pulse frequency for readout. 13. The method as recited in claim 8, further comprising: performing a cycle process of a configuration to be debugged, step by step. 14. The method as recited in claim 8, further comprising: simulating a configuration to be debugged according to readout of relevant information or according to previously available information. 15. A reconfigurable device, comprising: a field of configurable elements, the field including at least one of coarse-grained logic and arithmetic units; and a debugging arrangement to debug programs, program parts or complex operations to be executed on the field of configurable elements, wherein the debugging arrangement includes a memory to store information relevant to debugging during or at an end of a working step of the field of configurable elements, the memory being readable for debugging. 16. The device as recited in claim 14, wherein the memory is a dual-ported RAM having a first input for information to be saved from the field and a second input for readout of information into an analysis device. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND INFORMATION <EOH>Reconfigurable architecture refers to modules (VPUs) having a configurable function and/or interconnection, in particular integrated modules having a plurality of one-dimensionally or multidimensionally arranged arithmetic and/or logic and/or analog and/or memory and/or interconnecting modules (hereinafter referred to as PAEs) and/or communicative/peripheral modules (IOs) that are interconnected directly or via one or more bus systems. PAEs are arranged in any configuration, combination, and hierarchy. This system is referred to below as a PAE array or PA. The generic class of such modules includes in particular systolic arrays, neural networks, multiprocessor systems, processors having a plurality of arithmetic units and/or logic cells, interconnection and network modules such as crossbar switches, as well as conventioal modules of the generic types FPGA, DPGA, XPUTER, etc. In this connection, reference is made in particular to the following applications of the same applicant: P 44 16 881.0-53, DE 197 81 412.3, DE 197 81 483.2, DE 196 54 846.2-53, DE 196 54 593.5-53, DE 197 04 044.6-53, DE 198 80 129.7, DE 198 61 088.2-53, DE 199 80 312.9, PCT/DE 00/01869, DE 100 36 627.9-33, DE 100 28 397.7, DE 101 10 530.4, DE 101 11 014.6, PCT/EP 00 / 10516 , EP 01 102 674.7, DE 102 06 856.9, 60/317,876, DE 102 02 044.2, DE 101 29 237.6-53, DE 101 39 170.6. These are herewith incorporated to the full extent for disclosure purposes. In addition, it should be pointed out that the methods to be described here may be used for groups of multiple modules. Nevertheless, reference is made below to a VPU and/or to “modules.” These modules and their operations are to be further improved. |
<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>An object of the present invention is to provide something novel for commercial use. A plurality of variants and hardware implementations (which make efficient debugging of VPU systems possible) are presented in the following. 1. Example Embodiments In a preferred variant, debugging is performed either by using a microcontroller appropriately connected to a VPU or the module or by the load logic according to the patents P 44 16 881.0-53, DE 196 51 075.9, DE 196 54 846.2-53, DE 196 54 593.5-53, DE 197 57 200.6-33, DE 198 07 872.2, DE 101 39 170.6, DE 199 26 538.0, DE 100 28 397.7, the full content of which is herewith incorporated by this reference. As will be seen, however, other hardware variants may also be used. The following basic methods may be used alternatively and/or jointly here: 1.1 Detecting a Debug Condition 1.1.1 Condition The programmer defines, e.g., within the debugging tool, one or more conditions which start debugging (cf. breakpoint according to the related art). The occurrence of the conditions is detected at run time in the VPU and/or in any device exchanging data with the VPU. This preferably takes place due to the occurrence of certain data values with certain variables and/or certain trigger values with certain PAEs. 1.1.2 Precondition In the optimum case, a certain condition according to the definition given above may already be defined by the programmer several cycles before the occurrence of the debugging condition. This precludes, from the beginning, certain latency problems which are discussed below. Two fundamental types of debugging for VPUs are discussed below, the method preferred in each case depending on the choice of the compiler. Method A described below may be particularly suitable for compilers which generate code on the basis of instantiated modules of a hardware description language (or a similar language). For compilers like those described in DE 101 39 170.6 and additional applications which generate complex instructions according to a method like VLIW, method B described below is particularly suitable. Generally, method B is the method preferred for operation of a VPU or a corresponding module as a processor or coprocessor. It has been recognized that in particular the use of the two methods A and B together yields the best and most transparent debugging results. In particular, depending on the depth of the error to be debugged, it is possible to perform debugging first with the help of fast debugging method B, and then after adequate localization of the error, to analyze the details in depth by method A. 2. Method A 2.1 Basic Principle After the occurrence of a (pre)condition, the VPU is stopped. The relevant debug information is then transferred from the PAEs to the debug program. The relevant debug information has previously been defined by the programmer within the debug program. After readout of all relevant debug information, the next cycle is executed and the relevant debug information is again read out. This is repeated until the programmer terminates the debugging operation. Instead of stopping the VPU, other methods are optionally also possible. For a given sequence of cycles, for example, data may be made available repeatedly for readout, if this is possible rapidly enough. 2.2 Support by the Hardware 2.2.1 Readout from the Registers Essential for the functioning of the debugger is the possibility of reading back another externally connected (host) processor or a reserved area of array, the internal data registers, and/or status registers, and/or state registers, and optionally, depending on implementation, other relevant registers and/or signals from the PAEs and/or the network through a higher level unit (referred to below as a debug processor (DB)), i.e., a CT or a load logic, for example, and doing so only for selected registers and/or signals (referred to jointly below as debug information). Such a possibility is implementable, for example, with the connection created in PCT/DE 98/00334 between the load logic and the data bus of a PAE (PCT/DE 98/00334 0403, FIG. 4 ). It should be pointed out explicitly that serial methods for readout of the registers may also be used. For example, JTAG may be selected, and the DB may also be connected via this method and optionally also as a separate external device, possibly a device that is commonly available on the market (e.g., from Hitex, Karlsruhe). Since the debugger may have reading and/or writing access to all registers or at least a considerable number of them, it is optionally and preferably possible to omit a significant portion of the (serial) chaining of the registers for test purposes (scan chain) for the production tests of the chip. The scan chain is normally used to permit preloading of test data into all the registers within a chip during production tests and/or to permit the contents of the registers to be read back for test purposes. Preloading and/or reading back then typically take place through test systems (e.g., SZ Test Systems, Amerang) and/or according to the methods described in DE 197 57 200.6-33. The scan chain requires an additional not insignificant hardware complexity and surface area required for each register. This may now be eliminated at least for the registers that are debuggable, if, as proposed according to the present invention, production testing systems have access to the registers via suitable interfaces (e.g., parallel, serial, JTAG, etc.) 2.2.2 Stopping or Slowing down the Clock Cycle The clock may either be stopped or slowed down due to the occurrence of the condition and/or precondition to make available enough time for readout. This debug start is triggered in particular either directly by a PAE that has calculated the (pre)condition(s) or by a higher-level unit (e.g,., load logic/CT, host processor) on the basis of any actions, e.g., due to the information that a pre(condition) has occurred on a PAE and/or due to an action within the debug processor and/or through any program and/or any external/peripheral source. Trigger mechanisms according to P 44 16 881.0-53, DE 196 51 075.9-53, DE 197 04 728.9, DE 198 07 872.2, DE 198 09 640.2, DE 100 28 397.7 are available for information. Alternatively, the clock pulse may be slowed down in general in debugging. If only array parts are to be debugged, a partial slowing down of the clock pulse may also be provided. If the clock pulse is slowed down, all the relevant debug information must be read out of the PAEs by the debug processor within the slowed-down cycle of the processing clock pulse. It is therefore appropriate and preferable to slow down the clock pulse only partially, i.e., to reduce or stop the working clock pulse but to continue the clock pulse for the readout mechanism. In addition, it is reasonable and preferable to supply the registers in general with a clock pulse for data preservation. After stopping the clock pulse, a single-step mode may be implemented, i.e., the debug processor stops the processing clock pulse until it has read out all the debug information. It restarts the processing clock pulse for one cycle and then stops it again until all relevant debug information has been read out. The readout clock pulse and the clock pulse of the debug processor are preferably independent of the processing clock pulse of the PAEs, so that data processing is separated from debugging and in particular from readout of debug information. In terms of the hardware, the clock pulse is stopped or slowed down by conventional methods, such as gated clocks and/or PLLs, and/or splitters or other methods. These means are preferably introduced at suitable locations (nodes) within the clock tree so that global clock control of the deeper branches is implementable. Slowing down the clock pulse of only selected array portions is described in the patent applications of the present applicant cited above. It is particularly preferable for clock control information to be sent from a higher level unit, e.g., a load logic/CT, host processor) to all PAEs or to all PAEs that are to be debugged. This may be accomplished preferably via the configuration bus system. The clock control information here is typically transmitted by being broadcast, i.e., all PAEs receive the same information. For example., the following clock control information may be implemented: STOP: The working clock pulse is stopped. SLOW: The working clock pulse is slowed down. STEP: One processing step (single-step mode) is executed and then the working clock pulse is stopped again. STEP (n): n processing steps are executed and the working clock pulse is stopped again. GO: The working clock pulse continues normally. The method for stopping and/or slowing down the clock pulse may also be used to reduce power consumption. If no computing power is needed at the moment, a “sleep mode” may be implemented by switching off the working clock pulse (STOP), for example, or through special instructions (SLEEP). If the full computing power is not needed, the clock pulse may be slowed down by using SLOW and/or temporarily suspended by using STEP(n). To this extent, this method may be used optionally and/or in addition to the methods described in German Patent Application No. DE 102 06 653.1 for reducing the power loss in particular. One problem in broadcasting clock control information is the transmission time of the broadcast through the array of PAEs. At higher clock pulse frequencies, the transmission cannot take place within one working clock cycle. However, it is obligatory for all PAEs to respond to the clock control information at the same time. The clock control information is therefore preferably transmitted over a pipelined bus system similar to the CT bus system described in German Patent Application No. DE 100 28 397.7. In addition, a numerical value (LATVAL) is appended to the clock control information, this numerical value being equal to or greater than the maximum length of the pipeline of the bus system. The numerical value is decremented in cycles in each pipeline step (subtraction of 1). Each PAE receiving clock control information also decrements the numerical value with each clock pulse. This ensures that the numerical value in the pipelined bus system and the PAEs that have already received the clock control information is always exactly the same. If the numerical value reaches a value or 0 , this ensures that all the PAEs have received the clock control information. The clock control information then goes into effect and the behavior of the clock pulse is modified accordingly. Another latency time occurs due to the method described here. This latency may be additionally supported through the register pipeline which is described in greater detail below or, as is particularly preferred, by the definition of the (pre)condition by setting the (pre)condition forward to the extent that the latency time is already taken into account. The latency time in the single-step mode is negligible because it plays a role only in the shutdown of the clock pulse (STOP). Since the STEP instruction always executes only one step, there is no corruption (delay) of the debug data due to the latency time during single-step operation. 2.2.3 Register Pipeline for Compensating for Latency At higher operating frequencies, there may be a latency time between detecting the debug start and stopping or slowing down the clock pulse. This latency time is precisely predictable because the position of the delaying registers in the VPU is defined by the hardware and/or by the algorithm to be debugged and is therefore exactly calculable by the debugger. However, due to the latency time, the information made available to the debug processor is shifted, so it is no longer possible to read out the correct debug information. This problem is preferably solved by a suitable definition of the (pre)condition by the programmer. By inserting a multistage register pipeline which transmits the debug information further by one register in each clock pulse, the debug processor is optionally able to use as many cycles of debug information as the register pipeline is long. The length of the register pipeline is to be designed to correspond to the maximum expected latency. Because of the precise calculability of the latency time, the debug program is now able to read the timely correct and relevant debug information out of the register pipeline. One problem which occurs in using register pipelines is that they are relatively long and are thus expensive, based on the silicon surface area required for implementation. 2.3 Visible Debug Information In this method, debugging is generally performed after occurrence of the (pre)condition because only thereafter is the clock pulse slowed down or stopped and the debug information read out. Debug information prior to occurrence of the (pre)condition is therefore not visible at first. However, it is also possible, although this also involves a loss of performance, to operate a VPU at a slowed clock pulse or in single-step mode directly from the start of an application. The relevant debug information is then read out by the debug processor from the start. 3. Method B 3.1 Basic Principle Relevant debug information from the memory units, which includes the application data and states of a certain working step in accordance with P 44 16 881.0-53, DE 196 54 846.2-53, DE 199 26 538.0, DE 101 39 170.6 as well as their additional applications and DE 101 10 530.4, is transmitted to the debug program. These memory units, hereinafter also referred to as working memories, operate more or less as registers for storing data which has been calculated within a configuration cycle in the PA or parts of the PA, in the machine model according to P 44 16 881.0-53, DE 196 54 846.2-53, DE 101 39 170.6 and their additional applications DE 199 26 538.0 and DE 101 10 530.4. Reference is made in particular to German Patent Application No. DE 101 39 170.6 and its additional applications which describe in detail the use of the memory units as registers (REG) for implementation of a processor model. The full content of DE 101 39 170.6 and its additional applications are herewith included for disclosure purposes. A memory unit here includes any arrangement and hierarchy of independent and dependent memories. It is possible to execute simultaneously a plurality of different algorithms on the PA (processing array), which then use different memories. It is essential for the use of this method that data and/or algorithmically relevant states are stored in the memory units assigned to the PAEs, one memory unit in each case being of such size that all the relevant data and/or states of a cycle may be stored there. The length of a cycle may be determined by the size of the memory unit, which it preferably actually is (see DE 196 54 846.2-53). In other words, the cycle length is adapted to the hardware. Different data and/or states are stored in the memory units in such a way that the latter may be assigned unambiguously to the algorithm. The debugger is therefore able to unambiguously identify the relevant data and/or states (debug information). The relevant debug information may be determined by the programmer within the debug program—in particular also in advance. This debug information is read out of the memory units. Different methods are available for this, and a few possibilities are discussed in greater detail below. After readout of all relevant debug information, the next configuration cycle is executed and the relevant debug information is again read out. This is repeated until the programmer/debugger aborts the debugging procedure. In other words, the relevant data and/or status information is not transmitted to the debugger in cycles but instead according to the configuration. It is read out of the memory units that are comparable to the registers of the CPU. 3.2 Support by the Hardware For the mode of operation of the debugger, it is essential for the CT or another externally connected processor (referred to below as the debug processor (DB)) to be able to read the internal working memory (memories) of the VPU, for example. Such a possibility is provided, for example, by connecting the CT to the working memory for preloading and reading the data and/or by the method described in DE 199 26 538.0 for writing the internal memory to external memories. In one possible embodiment, the working memory may be accessed by various methods of the related art (e.g., shared memory, bank switching) by the debug processor, so that data exchange with the DB may take place largely independently of any other data processing in the VPU. In one possible embodiment, the clock pulse of the VPU may optionally be either retarded or stopped for readout of the memory, e.g., according to method A by one or more of the measures described above and/or it may optionally be operated in a single-step mode. Depending on the implementation of the working memory, e.g., in the bank switching method, it is possible to eliminate a separate intervention involving the clock pulse. The clock pulse is typically stopped or slowed down according to method B and the working memories are read out and/or copied and/or switched only when a data processing or configuration cycle is ended. In other words, an important advantage of method B is that it does not require any particular support by the hardware. In one possible embodiment, a DB need only have access to the working memory. In an example embodiment which is particularly preferred, the working memory is accessed through a suitable configuration of the VPU, which therefore reads out the working memories automatically and without modification and transmits this information to a DB. 3.3 Access to Debug Information Patents and patent applications P 44 16 881.0-53, DE 196 54 846.2-53, DE 101 39 170.69, DE 199 26 538.0 describe data processing methods in which a set of operations is mapped cyclically onto a reconfigurable data processing module. In each cycle, a plurality of data originating from a peripheral source and/or an internal/external working memory and written to a peripheral source and/or an internal/external working memory is calculated. Different working memories and/or in particular a plurality of independent working memories may be used at the same time. For example, in this data processing method, the working memories or some of the working memories function as register sets. According to DE 101 39 170.6 and DE 199 26 538.0, all data and states relevant for further data processing are stored in the working memory and/or read out of same. In a preferred method, states irrelevant for further data processing are not stored. The differentiation between relevant and irrelevant states is to be illustrated using the following example, although for disclosure purposes, reference is made in particular to the discussion in DE 101 39 170.6. The state information of a comparison is essential for further processing of data, for example, because it determines the functions to be executed. A sequential divider is formed, for example, by mapping a division instruction onto hardware that supports only sequential division. This results in a state which characterizes the computation step within division. This state is irrelevant because the algorithm needs only the result (i.e., the division performed). Therefore,.in this case, only the results and the time information (i.e., the availability) are needed. The time information is available from the RDY/ACK handshake in the VPU technology according to P 44 16 881.0-53, DE 196 51 075.9-53 and DE 199 26 538.0, for example. However, it should be pointed out here in particular that the handshake itself likewise does not constitute a relevant state because it merely signals the validity of the data, so that the remaining relevant information is in turn reduced to the existence of valid data. DE 101 39 170.6 shows a differentiation between locally relevant states and globally relevant states: Local: The state is relevant only within a single closed configuration. Therefore, this state need not necessarily be stored. Global: The state information is needed for a plurality of configurations. This state must be stored. It is possible that the programmer might want to debug a locally relevant state that is not stored in the memories. In this case, the application may be modified to create a debug configuration (equivalent to the debug code of processors), having a modification of the “normal” code of the application so that this state is additionally written into the memory unit and is therefore made available to the debugger. This results in a deviation between the debug code and the actual code which may result in a difference in the performance of the codes. In a particularly preferred embodiment, no debugging configuration is used. Instead, the configuration to be debugged is terminated so that the data additionally required for debugging purposes outlasts the termination, i.e., it remains valid in the corresponding memory locations (REGs) (e.g., registers, counters, memories). If the configuration to be debugged is terminated in such a way that the data additionally required for debugging purposes outlasts the termination, it is possible to perform debugging easily by not loading the next configuration required in a normal program sequence, but loading instead a configuration through which the data required for debugging purposes is transmitted to the debugging unit, i.e., the debugging means. It should be pointed out that in such debugging, the data required for debugging purposes may always be stored even later in the program run, thereby ensuring that the program which has been executed later has been subject to a debugging process in exactly the same way as required. Normal program execution may continue after readout of the debug information by a dedicated debugging configuration. A configuration is loaded which connects the REGs in a suitable manner and in a defined order to one or more global memories to which the DB has access (e.g., working memories). It is thus proposed that a configuration is loaded which connects the REGs in a suitable manner and in a defined order to one or more global memories to which the DB has access (e.g., working memories). The configuration may use address generators, for example, to which the global memory (memories) has/have access. The configuration may use address generators, for example, to access REGs designed as memories. According to the configured connection between the REGs, the contents of the REGs are written in a defined order into the global memory, the particular addresses being predetermined by address generators. The address generator generates the addresses for the global memory (memories) in such a way that the described memory areas (DEBUGINFO) may be unambiguously assigned to the remote configuration to be debugged. This method corresponds to the context switch described in DE 102 06 653.1 and DE 101 39 170.6, the full content of which is incorporated here for disclosure purposes. The DB may then access data within a memory area (DEBUGINFO) which is accessible to it. If debugging is to be performed by a single-step method, a context switch may be performed after each single step of a configuration to be debugged, so that all data is preserved and the information to be debugged is written out of the REGs and into a working memory. While preserving the data, the configuration to be debugged is then reconfigured again and prepared for another single step. This is done for each single step to be debugged of the configuration to be debugged. Reference is made here to the possibility of debugging using the principles known as “wave reconfiguration.” 3.4 Visible Debug Information Debugging before the (pre)condition may be performed easily and without any great loss of performance because the required debug information is available in working memories. The debug information may be secured in a simple manner by transferring the working memories to other memory areas to which the DB preferably has direct access. An even faster method is to switch the working memories by a bank switching method (according to the related art) between the individual configurations so that the debug information is always in a new bank. This switching may take place in a very time-optimizing manner, in the optimum case even without any effect on the processing performance. It has already been disclosed that in a VPU, data may be transferred by blocks into a memory area, which may also be located outside of the actual PA and/or may have a dual-ported RAM or the like, so that it is readily possible to externally access the information thus written. 4. Mode of Operation of the Debugger The debugger program itself may run on a DB outside of the PA. As an alternative, a VPU itself may form the DB according to the methods used with processors. To do so, a task switch or context switch (SWITCH) may be performed according to the description given in PACT11 (U.S. Published Application No. 2003-0056202). The debug information of the program to be debugged is saved together with the relevant data in a SWITCH and the debugger program, which analyzes the information and/or processes it interactively with the programmer, is loaded. Another SWITCH is then performed (in which the relevant information of the debugger is saved) and the program to be debugged is continued. It should also be mentioned that a partial area of the processor may be provided as a debugger. The debug information is read by the debugger according to method A and/or B and is saved in a memory and/or memory area that is separate from the data processing and to which the DB preferably has direct access. The breakpoints and (pre)conditions are defined by the debugger program. The debugger program may also assume control of execution of the application, in particular the start of execution and the end of execution. The debugger makes a suitable working environment available to the programmer, optionally with a graphical interface. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the debugger is integrated into a complex development environment with which it exchanges data and/or control information. In particular, the debugger may save the data read out of the working memories on a data medium (hard drive, CD-ROM) for any further processing and/or may run it within a network (such as Ethernet). The debugger according to the present invention may also communicate with other tools and in particular other debuggers within a development environment described in DE 101 29 237.6-53. In a preferred embodiment, the control and/or definition of the debug parameters may be taken over from another debugger. Likewise, the debugger may make the debug information generated by it available to another debugger and/or may receive debug information from another debugger. In particular, the determination of the occurrence of breakpoints and/or a (pre)condition may be implemented by another debugger and/or the units debugged by this other debugger. The debugger according to the present invention and the VPU then respond accordingly. The other debugger may be in particular the debugger of another processor (CT or ARC in Chameleon, Pentium, AMD, etc.) connected to a VPU. In particular, the other debugger may run on a processor connected or assigned to the VPU and/or it may be the processor assigned to the DB, e.g., a CT or ARC in Chameleon. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the particular processor may be a host processor such as that described in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/317,876 and/or DE 102 06 856.9, for example. 5. Evaluation of Methods Method A is considerably more time- and resource-intensive than method B, which requires hardly any additional hardware, and also omits the time-consuming readout of debug information from the start of the application. Method B is therefore fundamentally preferable. Method B is preferred for compilers described in DE 101 39 170.6 and its related applications. It has been recognized that in particular using methods A and B together yields the best and most transparent debugging results. In particular, depending on the depth of the error to be debugged, debugging may be performed first with the help of the fast debugging method B and then after adequate localization of the error, debugging may be performed by method A, which analyzes the details in depth. 6. Mixed-mode Debugger When using method B, which is particularly preferred, the problem may also occur that the visible information in the memories is insufficient. Typically, detailed debugging may proceed as follows: a) The visible debug information (PREINFO) before configuring a breakpoint-containing configuration is saved. If an error occurs in the breakpoint, a search is then conducted for visible debug information (POSTINFO). Based on the PREINFO information, a software simulator is started, simulating the configuration(s) to be debugged. The simulator may determine each value within the PAEs and the bus systems and output it (optionally also graphically and/or as text), thus providing a detailed insight into the sequence of the algorithm at the point in time when the error occurred. It is possible in particular to compare the simulated values in each case with the values from POSTINFO in order to rapidly recognize any differences. b) The visible debug information before a breakpoint is saved. When a breakpoint occurs, a software visualizer is started based on this information. The module to be debugged is then operated in a single-step method to permit readout of all relevant data according to method A. This data may then be output either directly (including graphically and/or as text, if necessary) and/or relayed to a simulator whose simulation is then based on the more detailed data and may next be output in the known ways. 6.1 Advantages of a Mixed-mode Debugger The mixed-mode debugger permits a detailed analysis of the sequences within a module. Due to the possibility according to method B of working at full speed up to a set breakpoint and then stopping, if necessary, slowing down and/or switching to a single-step mode, if necessary, the debugging becomes time-efficient, so it becomes possible to test large volumes of data and/or complex algorithms. The preferred use of a simulator after occurrence of the breakpoint on the basis of the current data and states permits detailed insight into the hardware. If the time required for the simulation is too long and/or a 100% correspondence of the simulator to the hardware is questionable, then reading back the data in the single-step mode after occurrence of a breakpoint according to method A or according to the context switching method according to DE 102 06 653.1 and DE 101 39 170.6 permits 100% correct debugging of the algorithm and/or the hardware itself. |
Method for the transmission of data packets in a radio communication system |
Disclosed is a method for the transmission of data packets in aradio communication system, wherein the transmission of data packets of a data flow having a first priority (Prio) with respect to the transmission of data packets is interrupted by that of a second priority (Prio) if the second priority (Prio) is higher than the first priority (Prio). |
1. Method for transmitting data packets in a radio communication system, wherein a data packet (Packet 3) of a data stream having a first priority (Prio 5) is transmitted by a first radio station (NB, UE, Unit A) to a second radio station (UE, NB, Unit B), and a retransmission of the data packet (Packet 3) by the first radio station (NB, UE, Unit A) is requested by the second radio station (UE, NB, Unit B) if the data packet is not received correctly, characterized in that the retransmission of the data packet (Packet 3) of the data stream with the first priority (Prio 5) is interrupted by the first radio station (NB, UE, Unit A) in order to allow the transmission of a data packet (Packet 1) of a data stream with a second priority (Prio 1) to the second radio station (UE, NB, Unit B) if the second priority (Prio 1) is higher than the first priority (Prio 5). 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the priorities (Prio 1, Prio 5) are defined as a function of a respective quality-of-service requirement. 3. Method according to claim 1, wherein the priorities (Prio 1, Prio 5) are defined independently of a respective quality-of-service requirement. 4. Method according to a preceding claim, wherein each data packet (Packet 3, Packet 1) is provided with a priority and/or quality-of-service indicator. 5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the retransmission of an incorrectly received data packet is performed according to an ARQ-based process. 6. Method according to claim 5, wherein the ARQ-based process is terminated upon expiration of a time interval. 7. Radio station of a radio communication system for transmitting data packets according to the method as claimed in claim 1. |
Ecommerce benchmarking |
The present invention comprises an electronic processing system for guiding a person through the stages of a project for benchmarking commerce over the internet, the system being adapted to generate sequences of screen displays in response to the inputs from the user, the screen displays containing data relevant to the stages of the benchmarking project, wherein the screen displays are stored in a database having a plurality of levels. |
1. An electronic processing system for guiding a person through the stages of a project for benchmarking commerce over the internet, the system being adapted to generate sequences of screen displays in response to the inputs from the user, the screen displays containing data relevant to the stages of the benchmarking project. 2. A system according to claim 1, wherein the screen displays are stored in a database having a plurality of levels. 3. A system according to claim 2, wherein one of the levels is a main heading level, the screen display generated by the system at this level consisting of a single page having a plurality of main headings, selection of any one of which leads into the next level of the taxonomy of the database. 4. A system according to claim 3, wherein each page of the screen display accessed by the user in the next level contains at least the main headings of the main level heading by means of which the user can return immediately to the main heading level, together with one or more direction arrows, selection of which enables the user to move either to a next screen display or back to a previous screen display in said next level. 5. A system according to claim 4, wherein one of the main headings, if selected, generates a first screen display identifying a plurality of steps to be carried out in order to accomplish a benchmarking project for commerce over the internet, selection of each step leading into a still further sequence of consecutive screen displays each giving information with regard to the initial selected step. 6. A system according to claim 5 and adapted to generate second screen display providing guidelines for each of said plurality of steps. 7. A system according to claim 6, wherein the second display screen has three selectable headings in addition to the main headings, the sub-sections of each guideline heading relating to individual ones of said plurality of steps of the said first screen display. 8. A system according to claim 7, wherein the second display screen can be reached either by progressing through the plurality of steps of the first display screen or by direct selection using the screen display of the main heading level. 9. A method of guiding a person through the stages of a project for benchmarking commerce over the internet, comprising utilising an electronic processor to generate signals representing sequences of screen displays in response to inputs from a user, the screen displays containing data relevant to the stages of the benchmarking project. 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the screen displays are stored in a database having a plurality of levels. 11. A method according to claim 10, wherein one of the levels is a main heading level, the screen display generated at this level consisting of a single page having a plurality of main headings selection of any one of which leads into the next level of the taxonomy of the database. 12. A method according to claim 11, wherein each page of the screen display accessed by the user in the next level contains at least the main headings of the main heading level by means of which the user can return immediately to the main level heading, together with one or more direction arrows, selection of which enables the user to move either to a next screen display or back to a previous screen display in said next level. 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein one of the main headings, if selected, generates a first screen display identifying a plurality of steps to be carried out in order to accomplish a benchmarking project for commerce over the internet, selection of each step leading into a still further sequence of consecutive screen displays each giving information with regard to the initial selected step. 14. A method according to claim 13 and adapted to generate second screen display providing guidelines for each of said plurality of steps. 15. A method according to claim 14, wherein the second display screen has three selectable headings in addition to the main headings, the sub-sections of each guideline heading relating to individual ones of said plurality of steps of the said first screen display. 16. A method according to claim 15, wherein the second display screen can be reached either by progressing through the plurality of steps of the first display screen or by direct selection using the screen display of the main heading level. |
Combination of quetiapine and zolmitriptan |
The present invention relates to a combination comprising quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, pharmaceutical compositions, processes for its preparation, the use thereof in the manufacture of a medicament and a method of treatment of disease and more particularly to a method of treatment of diseases typically treated with 5-HT1D agonists and/or atypical antipsychotics, in particularly, migraine, related conditions and for reducing or eliminating of migraine recurrence. |
1. A combination comprising quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2. The combination according to claim 1 wherein the quetiapine and zolmitriptan species are administered simultaneously, sequentially or separately. 3. (cancelled) 4. (cancelled) 5. The combination according to claim 1 wherein quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally and zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally or intranasally. 6. The combination according to claim 5 wherein zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally. 7. The combination according to claim 6 wherein quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a tablet and zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a tablet. 8. The combination according to any one of claims 1, 2 and 5-7 wherein zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a fast melt formulation. 9. The combination according to any one of claims 1, 2 and 5-7 wherein quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a controlled, delayed or sustained release dosage form. 10. The combination according to any one of claims 1, 2 and 5-7 wherein zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a unit dose of about 0.5 to 15 mg and quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a unit dose of about 5 to 50 mg. 11. The combination according to claim 10 wherein zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a 5 mg unit dose and quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a 25 mg unit dose. 12. The combination according to any one of claims 1, 2 and 5-7 wherein the quetiapine pharmaceutically acceptable salt is quetiapine fumarate. 13. The combination according to any one of claims 1, 2 and 5-7 comprising zolmitriptan and quetiapine fumarate. 14. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising the combination according to claim 1 and optionally a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent. 15-19. (cancelled) 20. A method for lowering the effective unit dose of zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which comprises administration of a combination according to claim 1. 21. A method for reducing the frequency and/or severity of episodes of migraine attacks and their symptoms which comprises administration of a combination according to claim 1. 22. A method for reducing or eliminating migraine recurrence which comprises administration of a combination according to claim 1. 23. A method for improving the efficacy of zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which comprises combining it with quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 24. A method of treating migraine or a related condition in a mammal that comprises administering to said mammal quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 25. The method according to claim 24 wherein the quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are administered simultaneously, sequentially or separately. 26. The method according to any one of claims 20-25 wherein quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally and zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally or intranasally. 27. The method according to claim 26 wherein zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally. 28. The method according to claim 27 wherein quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a tablet and zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a tablet. 29. The method according to any one of claims 20-25 wherein zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a fast melt formulation. 30. The method according to any one of claims 20-25 wherein quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a controlled, delayed or sustained release dosage form. 31. The method according to any one of claims 20-25 wherein zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a unit dose of about 0.5 to 15 mg and quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a unit dose of about 5 to 50 mg. 32. The method according to claim 31 wherein zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a 5 mg unit dose and quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in a 25 mg unit dose. 33. A process for the preparation of a combination according to claim 1 wherein quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are incorporated in the same pharmaceutical composition. 34. A process for the preparation of a combination according to claim 1 wherein quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are in different pharmaceutical compositions. 35. A kit comprising quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally with instructions and/or labeling for use. 36. The kit according to claim 35 wherein quetiapine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and zolmitriptan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are for simultaneous or contemporaneous administration. |
Plastic shaped bodies based on polyvinyl alcohol, method for the production thereof involving thermoplastic methods, and their use |
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