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Method and device for testing semiconductor memory devices |
A test method for a semiconductor memory device having a bidirectional data strobe terminal for a data strobe signal, and having at least one data terminal for a data signal at a test apparatus, which can at least generate data strobe and data signals and also transfer and evaluate data signals. The memory device is connected to a test apparatus, which generates data strobe and data signals, and transfers and evaluates data signals. In the course of the test using the data strobe and data signals, data are transferred from the first semiconductor memory device to a second semiconductor memory device of identical type and are evaluated after a read-out from the second semiconductor memory device by the test apparatus. |
1. A test method for a first semiconductor memory device having a bidirectional data strobe terminal for a data strobe signal (DQS) and at least one bidirectional data terminal for data signals (DQ), the method comprising: providing a test apparatus (PA) capable of generating data strobe and data signals and transferring and evaluating data signals in the course of a test using the data strobe and data signals; transferring data from the first semiconductor memory device to a second semiconductor memory device of identical type used as a reference; and evaluating the data after a read-out from the second semiconductor memory device by the test apparatus (PA). 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transferring data from the second semiconductor memory device to the first semiconductor memory device; and evaluating the data after a read-out from the first semiconductor memory device by the test apparatus. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the data signals are DQ signals, and wherein the data strobe signal is a DQS signal of a DDR interface in accordance with a JEDEC standard. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second semiconductor memory device is operated in a test mode during the data transfer from the first to the second semiconductor memory device, and wherein a permitted time window for write accesses is reduced during test mode. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein one of the first and second semiconductor memory devices is operated in a test mode during the data transfer from the first to the second semiconductor memory device and the data strobe signal is delayed in the test mode. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a delay device, which delays the data strobe signal by ¼ of the duration of a period of the data strobe signal, is provided in a connection between the data strobe terminals of the first and second semiconductor memory devices. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a first delay device is provided in the connection between the data strobe terminals of the first and second semiconductor memory devices, wherein the delay device delays the data strobe signal by the duration of a whole period of the data strobe signal, and wherein second delay devices, which delay the corresponding data signal by ¾ of the period duration of the data strobe signal, are respectively provided in the connections between corresponding data terminals of the first and second semiconductor memory devices. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a delay device is provided in the connection between the data strobe terminals of the first and second semiconductor memory devices and said delay device delays the data strobe signal by half the duration of a period of the data strobe signal, wherein connections between corresponding data terminals of the first and second semiconductor memory devices respectively have delay devices that delay the corresponding data signal by ¼ of the period duration of the data strobe signal, and wherein two semiconductor memory devices are connected to mutually inverted clock signals. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second semiconductor memory device are DDR-DRAMs or devices that contain DDR-DRAMs. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein a DDR interface in accordance with a JEDEC standard is situated on the first and second semiconductor memory device. 11. A device for facilitating measurement of a first semiconductor memory device, which has a bidirectional data strobe terminal and at least one bidirectional data terminal, at a test apparatus that generates data strobe and data signals and transfers and evaluates data signals, the device comprising: a switching device that connects the data strobe and data terminals of the first semiconductor memory device and a second semiconductor memory device respectively either to the test apparatus or via a respective connection to the corresponding terminal of the respective other semiconductor memory device. 12. The device of claim 11, further comprising: a delay device residing in the connection between the data strobe terminals of the first and second semiconductor memory devices, wherein the delay device delays the data strobe signal by ¼ of the duration of a period of the data strobe signal. 13. The device of 11, further comprising: a delay device residing in the connection between the data strobe terminals of the first and second semiconductor memory devices, wherein the delay device delays the data strobe signal by the duration of a whole period of the data strobe signal; and delay devices residing in the connections between corresponding data terminals of the first and second semiconductor memory devices, wherein the delay devices delay the corresponding data signal by ¾ of the period duration of the data strobe signal. 14. The device of claim 11, further comprising: a delay device residing in the connection between the data strobe terminals of the first and second semiconductor memory devices, wherein the delay device delays the data strobe signal by half the duration of a period of the data strobe signal; and delay devices residing in the connections between corresponding data terminals of the first and second semiconductor memory devices, wherein the delay devices delay the corresponding data signal by ¼ of the period duration of the data strobe signal. 15. The device of claim 11, wherein the first and second semiconductor memory devices are DDR-DRAMs semiconductor memory devices or include semiconductor memory devices. 16. The device of claim 11, wherein the test apparatus is designed for conventional semiconductor memory devices absent a data strobe terminal. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to semiconductor measurements and more particularly to a method and a device for the measurement of a semiconductor memory device having a bidirectional data strobe terminal for a data strobe signal and having at least one data terminal for a data signal at a test apparatus. 2. Background of the Invention Semiconductor memory devices are tested at test apparatuses which generally have a plurality of identical test heads which each have a plurality of test locations for semiconductor memory devices that are to be tested (also referred to herein as “devices under test”). Each test location has, inter alia, outputs (hereinafter “drivers”), and also bidirectional inputs and outputs (hereinafter “I/O ports”) for outputting and for receiving data signals. The number of I/O ports per test location is limited and, in test apparatuses for conventional semiconductor memory devices, is based on the number of data terminals of the semiconductor memory devices. Therefore, it is generally a multiple of eight or twelve. Given maximum occupancy of a test head, all of the I/O ports of a test head are regularly used. In the course of the test, the data signals output by the test apparatus via I/O ports transfer data to the device under test, while the data signals output via data terminals of the device under test transfer data to the test apparatus. In this case, the transfer and the evaluation of the data signals received by the test apparatus are always produced in a manner synchronized with an internal clock of the test apparatus. Semiconductor memory devices of a newer type may also have newer architecture that comprises, in addition to the bidirectional data terminals, at least one further bidirectional terminal for a data strobe signal (data strobe terminal). operated in parallel with the data signals. The data strobe signal is output (hereinafter also: “driven”) by the semiconductor memory device during the read-out of data from the semiconductor memory device and by a memory control device (hereinafter “memory controller”) during the writing of data to the semiconductor memory device. Such a signal may serve for controlling or synchronizing write and read operations (also termed “data transfer” hereinafter). During the testing of such semiconductor memory devices of a newer type which have a bidirectional data strobe terminal serving for synchronizing or controlling the data transfer, using a conventional test apparatus, that is, one designed for testing conventional semiconductor memory devices, problems arise with regard to the number of available I/O ports per test location and the testing of time conditions (hereinafter “timing”) of the data strobe signal. During the read-out of data from the device under test, the test apparatus instigates the read operation and evaluates the data signals present at the I/O ports in a manner synchronized to the read operation using an internal clock of the test apparatus itself. However, if the device under test has a data strobe signal of the above-mentioned type, the evaluation of the data signals, in the case of complete testing or testing close to the application, has to be performed in a manner synchronized with the data strobe signal, which, in general, does not depend on the clock signal of the test apparatus. However, test apparatuses designed for conventional semiconductor memory devices are not designed to measure devices where the clock signal is synchronized to the device strobe signal. The second problem relates to the resources of the test apparatus. The maximum number of possible test locations (and thus also devices under test) per test head generally results directly from the total number of I/O ports on a test head and the number of bidirectional terminals on a device under test. In the case of semiconductor memory devices of a conventional type, only data terminals are regularly bidirectional, and are generally provided in a multiple of eight or twelve in accordance with the customary data bus width. Accordingly, the total number of I/O ports is also a multiple of eight or twelve. Furthermore, the I/O ports are organized electrically, mechanically and in terms of programming, into units compatible with the data bus width and are limited in terms of their assignability to the test locations. An additional bidirectional terminal on the semiconductor memory device reduces the number of devices under test which can be tested in a given test pass at the test apparatus, since the additionally required I/O port for the data strobe signal can only be made available by a second test location. Since the second test location is then not only blocked for accommodating a further device under test but, moreover, due to the organization of the test apparatus, is also unsuitable for making available I/O ports for other devices under test on the common test head, the number of devices under test per test pass is ultimately reduced by half. In will therefore be appreciated that a need exists to improve test methods for newer types semiconductor memory devices. |
<SOH> SUMMARY <EOH>Embodiments of the present invention provide a test method in which the timing of an additional data strobe signal is tested in conjunction with data signals. An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a test method for a first semiconductor memory device having a bidirectional data strobe terminal used for a data strobe (DQS) signal and at least one bidirectional data terminal used for data signals (DQ). The memory device is connected to at a test apparatus (PA), which generates data strobe and data signals, and transfers and evaluates data signals. In the course of the test using the data strobe and data signals, data are transferred from the first semiconductor memory device (P) to a second semiconductor memory device (R) of identical type used as a reference, and are evaluated after a read-out from the second semiconductor memory device (R) by the test apparatus (PA). Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a test device for facilitating testing of a first semiconductor memory device that contains a bidirectional data strobe terminal at least one bidirectional data terminal. The test device contains a switching device (SV), which connects the data strobe and data terminals of the first and the second semiconductor memory device respectively either to a test apparatus or via a respective connection to the corresponding terminal of the respective other semiconductor memory device. |
Anti-hiv and anti-tumor peptides and fragments of lysozyme |
A fragment of lysozyme which contains a minimum nine amino acid sequence with antiviral, anti-tumor and bactericidal activities but lacking muramidase activity is provided. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing this fragment and methods for treating HIV infection or for inhibiting tumor growth using this fragment as an active ingredient. |
1. A fragment of lysozyme comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, wherein said fragment has anti-viral activity and bactericidal activity but lacks muramidase activity. 2. A fragment according to claim 1, wherein said fragment consists of a sequence of 9 to 50 amino acid residues. 3. A fragment according to claim 1, wherein said fragment consists of a sequence of 9 to 18 amino acid residues. 4. A fragment according to claim 3, wherein said sequence, which comprises SEQ ID NO:8, is an amino acid sequence from human lysozyme. 5. A fragment according to claim 3, wherein said sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:8. 6. A fragment according to claim 1, wherein said fragment consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8. 7. A fragment according to claim 1, further comprising an amino acid sequence flanking the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8 which retains the α-helical conformation of native human lysozyme in the region immediately surrounding SEQ ID NO:8. 8. A fragment according to claim 1, which is a variant of a native mammalian lysozyme, wherein said fragment further comprises an amino acid sequence flanking the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, said flanking amino acid sequence having one to five amino acid substitutions or deletions. 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the fragment of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient, carrier or auxiliary agent. 10. A method for treating a viral or bacterial infection, comprising administering an effective amount of the fragment of claim 1 to a subject in need thereof. 11. A method according to claim 9, wherein the subject in need thereof suffers from a viral infection. 12. A method according to claim 10, wherein the viral infection is HIV infection. 13. A method for inhibiting tumor growth, comprising administering an effective amount of the fragment of claim 1 to a subject in need thereof. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <EOH>1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to anti-viral and anti-tumor peptides and polypeptides. 2. Description of the Related Art The transmission of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) from mother to fetus is rare during the first trimester of pregnancy when the secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is high in the placenta (De Rossi et al., 1992; Krivine et al., 1995). It was found that the β-subunit of hCG (hCGP), but not the α-subunit, is active against HIV-1 virus (Bourinbaiar et al., 1995) and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (Lunardi-Iskandar et al., 1995) in AIDS patients (Gill et al., 1996) and HIV-1 transgenic mice (De et al., 1997). These studies were conducted by using heterogeneous commercial preparations with different potencies reported for different source materials. There has been controversy as to whether the activity against Kaposi's sarcoma found in hCGP preparations is caused by hCGβ itself or other proteins (Griffiths et al., 1997; DeMarchi et al., 1997; Hopp et al., 1997; Flamand et al., 1998). Recently the present inventors reported their discovery that lysozyme contributes to the antiviral (anti-HIV-1) and anti-HHV8 activity of the β-core preparations of hCG. Lysozymes are a family of enzymes that are widespread in nature. Hen egg-white lysozyme is a classic representative of this enzyme family, and the related enzymes found in birds and many other animals, such as mammals, reptiles and invertebrates are designated as chicken-type (c-type or conventional-type) lysozymes. Lysozyme was sequenced in the early 1960s and it was the first enzyme for which a complete X-ray crystallographic analysis was performed. All lysozymes have bactericidal activity and they all have muramidase activity which cleaves a β-glycosidic band between the C-1 of N-acetylmuramic acid and the C-4 of N-acetylglucosamine of peptidoglycan. The reference text, Lysozyme: Model Enzymes in Biochemistry and Biology, ed. P. Jolles, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, 1996, provides a review of this family of enzymes. FIG. 1 on pages 10-11 of this text provides an alignment of the amino acid sequences of lysozymes from various organisms. In human lysozyme, the active site for muramidase activity resides in the cleft formed around residues Glu35 and Asp52. Citation of any document herein is not intended as an admission that such document is pertinent prior art, or considered material to the patentability of any claim of the present application. Any statement as to content or a date of any document is based on the information available to applicant at the time of filing and does not constitute an admission as to the correctness of such a statement. |
<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>The present invention provides a fragment of lysozyme which contains what was discovered by the present inventors to be the minimum nine amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:8) required to retain the full antiviral and anti-tumor activities of lysozyme. This fragment of lysozyme further lacks muramidase activity. The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition containing the fragment of lysozyme according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient, carrier or auxiliary agent. Further provided by the present invention are a method for treating viral and bacterial infections, such as HIV infection, and a method for inhibiting tumor growth by administering to a subject in need thereof the fragment of lysozyme according to the present invention. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"? |
Substituted n-phenyl 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3,3,3-trifluropropanamide derivatives which elevate pyruvate dehydrogenase activity |
Compounds of formula (I) wherein R is methyl or mesyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and in vivo hydrolysable esters thereof are described. Also described are processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing it and their use in producing an elevation of PDH activity in a warm-blooded animal. |
1. A compound of formula (I): wherein R is methyl or mesyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof. 2. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 wherein R is methyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof. 3. A compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 wherein R is mesyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof. 4. A process for preparing a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof as claimed in anyone of claims 1-3, which process (wherein R is as defined for formula (I) unless otherwise stated) comprises of: (a) deprotecting a protected compound of formula (II): where pg is an alcohol protecting group; (b) oxidising a compound of formula (III): wherein a is 0 or 1; (c) coupling a compound of formula (IV): with the acid of formula (V): wherein X is OH; (d) coupling an aniline of formula (IV) with an activated acid derivative of formula (V); (e) reacting a compound of formula (VI): wherein L is a displaceable group; with 4-mesylpiperazine or 4-methylpiperazine; (f) for compounds of formula (I) wherein R is methyl; methylating the compound of formula (VII): (g) for compounds of formula (l) wherein R is mesyl; mesylating the compound of formula (VII); (h) chlorination of a compound of formula (VIII): (i) functional group conversion to chlorine of a compound of formula (IX): wherein Fg is a functional group; (j) addition of an organometallic reagent to a compound of formula (X): (k) addition of an organometallic reagent to a compound of formula (XI): (l) addition of a compound of formula (V) wherein X is NH2 to a compound of formula (XII): wherein L is a displaceable group; (m) Smiles rearrangement of a compound of formula (XIII): or (n) separating a mixture of the (R) and (S) enantiomers of compounds of formula (I) to give the (R)-enantiomer; and thereafter if required forming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or in vivo hydrolysable ester. 5. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof as claimed in anyone of claims 1-3, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier. 6. A compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof as claimed in anyone of claims 1-3, for use as a medicament. 7. The use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof as claimed in anyone of claims 1-3, in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the production of an elevation of PDH activity in a warm-blooded animal such as a human being. 8. The use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof as claimed in anyone of claims 1-3, in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in a warm-blooded animal such as a human being. 9. A method for producing an elevation of PDH activity in a warm-blooded animal, in need of such treatment which comprises administering to said animal an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof as claimed in anyone of claims 1-3. 10. A method of treating diabetes mellitus in a warm-blooded animal, such as a human being, in need of such treatment which comprises administering to said animal an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof as claimed in anyone of claims 1-3. 11. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof as claimed in anyone of claims 1-3, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier for use in producing an elevation of PDH activity in an warm-blooded animal, such as a human being. 12. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or an in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof as claimed in anyone of claims 1-3, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier for use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in an warm-blooded animal, such as a human being. |
Process for the preparation of indole derivatives |
A process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) wherein R1 is unsubstituted or substituted C1-C8alkyl, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are each independently of the others hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C8alkyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, phenoxy or benzyloxy, or halogen, Y1 and Y2 are each independently of the other hydrogen or a protecting group, or Y1 and Y2 together form a protecting bridge, and X1 is hydrogen, an organic radical or a cation, in which process a compound of formula (II) wherein R1 R2, R3, R4 and R5 are as defined above and Z1 is a leaving group, is reacted, in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of a palladium catalyst, with a compound of formula (III) wherein R6 is hydrogen, bromine, chlorine, iodine, —OSO2CF3, —COCI, —B(OH)2 or a mono- or di-ester derived from —B(OH)2, Y3 and Y4 are each a protecting group, or Y3 and Y4 together form a protecting bridge, and X1 is as defined above, to form a compound of formula (IV) and if desired the radicals Y3 and Y4 are converted into the radicals Y1 and Y2 where Y1 and Y2 are hydrogen. |
1. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula wherein R1 is unsubstituted or substituted C1-C8alkyl, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are each independently of the others hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C8alkyl, C1-C8alkoxy, phenoxy or benzyloxy, or halogen, Y1 and Y2 are each independently of the other hydrogen or a protecting group, or Y1 and Y2 together form a protecting bridge, and X1 is hydrogen, an organic radical or a cation, in which process a compound of formula wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are as defined above, and Z1 is a leaving group, is reacted, in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of a palladium catalyst, with a compound of formula wherein R6 is hydrogen, bromine, chlorine, iodine, —OSO2CF3, —COCl, —B(OH)2 or a mono- or di-ester derived from —B(OH)2, Y3 and Y4 are each a protecting group, or Y3 and Y4 together form a protecting bridge, and X1 is as defined above, to form a compound of formula and optionally, the radicals Y3 and Y4 are converted into the radicals Y1 and Y2 where Y1 and Y2 are hydrogen. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein R1 is isopropyl. 3. A process according to claim 1, wherein R2, R3 and R5 are hydrogen and R4 is fluorine bonded in the 4-position. 4. A process according to claim 1, wherein Y1 and Y2 are each independently of the other hydrogen, C1-C4alkylcarbonyl or a silyl radical or Y1 and Y2 together form an unsubstituted or substituted alkylene or silyl radical. 5. A process according to claim 1, wherein Y1 and Y2 are each independently of the other hydrogen or together form a radical of formula wherein R7 and R8 are each independently of the other hydrogen, unsubstituted or phenyl-substituted C1-C8alkyl or phenyl, and R9 and R10 are each independently of the other unsubstituted or phenyl-substituted C1-C8-alkyl or phenyl. 6. A process according to claim 1, wherein X1 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or phenyl-substituted C1-C8alkyl or a cation. 7. A process according to claim 1, wherein X1 is a cation. 8. A process according to claim 1, wherein R6 is hydrogen, bromine, chlorine or iodine. 9. A process according to claim 1, wherein Z1 is bromine, chlorine, iodine, —OSO2CF3, —COCl, —B(OH)2 or a mono- or di-ester derived from —B(OH)2. 10. A process according to claim 1, wherein as compound of formula (2) there is used a compound of formula wherein Z1 is bromine, —B(OH)2 or a mono- or di-ester derived from —B(OH)2, and as compound of formula (3) there is used a compound of formula wherein R6 is hydrogen, bromine, chlorine or iodine, X1 is as defined for claim 1, and R7 and R8 are each independently of the other hydrogen, unsubstituted or phenyl-substituted C1-C8alkyl or phenyl. 11. A process according to claim 1, wherein there is used as palladium catalyst a compound of formula wherein L is a neutral ligand having electron donor properties, Z is an anionic ligand and D denotes substituents, and p is an integer from zero to five and defines the number of substituents on the allyl group; or a compound of formula wherein R11, R12, R11′ and R12′ are each independently of the others hydrogen, C1-C8alkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C5-C8cycloalkyl, C1-C4alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-C4alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N-mono- or N,N-di-C1-C4alkylamino, phenyl or halogen, R13, R14, R13′ and R14′ are each independently of the others C1-C8alkyl, C5-C8cycloalkyl or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, and the phenyl rings A and B are unsubstituted or substituted, or a compound of formula wherein (i) R15 and R16 together with R17 and R18 and R19 and R20, and together with the atoms to which they are bonded, form an unsubstituted or substituted quinolylene ring system, and R21 and R22 are each independently of the other hydrogen or an organic radical; or (ii) R17 and R18 together with R19 and R20 and R21 and R22, and together with the atoms to which they are bonded, form an unsubstituted or substituted naphthylene ring system, and R15 and R16 are each independently of the other hydrogen or an organic radical; or (iii) R17 and R18 together with R19 and R20, and together with the atoms to which they are bonded, form an unsubstituted or substituted phenylene ring, and R15, R16, R21 and R22 are each independently of the others hydrogen or an organic radical; or (iv) R19 and R20, together with R21 and R22, and together with the atoms to which they are bonded, form an unsubstituted or substituted phenylene ring, and R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each independently of the others hydrogen or an organic radical; or (v) R15 ad R16, together with R17 and R18, and together with the atoms to which they are bonded, form an unsubstituted or substituted phenylene ring, and R19 and R20, together with R21 and R22, and together with the atoms to which they are bonded, form an unsubstituted or substituted phenylene ring; and L and Z are as defined above; with the proviso that in cases in which R15 and R16 do not form an unsubstituted or substituted quinolylene or pyridylene ring system, R15 and R16, instead of being hydrogen or an organic radical, can also together form unsubstituted or substituted alkylene, which forms a ring together with the nitrogen atom. 12. A process according to claim 11, wherein there is used as palladium catalyst a compound of formula (8) or (10). 13. A process according to claim 11, wherein there is used as palladium catalyst a compound of formula (10). 14. A process according to claim 1, wherein, subsequent to the preparation of the compound of formula (4), the radicals Y3 and Y4 are converted into the radicals Y1 and Y2 where Y1 and Y2 are hydrogen, and, when X1 is hydrogen or an organic radical, X1 is converted into a cation. 15. A compound of formula wherein the two R′ radicals have identical or different meanings and are hydrogen, unsubstituted or phenyl-substituted C1-C8alkyl or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or wherein the two R′ radicals together form a C1-C8alkylene radical. 16. A compound according to claim 15, wherein the two R′ radicals have identical or different meanings and are hydrogen, benzyl or C1-C4alkyl, or the two R′ radicals together form a C4-C8alkylene radical. 17. A compound of formula wherein R7 and R8 are each independently of the other hydrogen, unsubstituted or phenyl-substituted C1-C8alkyl, or phenyl, and X1 is unsubstituted or phenyl-substituted C1-C8alkyl. |
Nanocomposite magnet and method for producing the same |
A nanocomposite magnet represented by the general formula: (Fe1-mTm)100-x-y-z-w-n(B1-pCp)xRyTizVwMn, where T is Co and/or Ni; R is a rare-earth element; M is at least one element selected from Al, Si, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ga, Nb, Zr, Mo, Ag, Ta and W; and x, y, z, w, n, m and p satisfy: 10 at %<x≦15 at %; 4 at %≦y<7 at %; 0.5 at %≦z≦8 at %; 0.01 at %≦w≦6 at %; 0 at %≦n≦10 at %; 0≦m≦0.5; and 0.01≦p≦0.5, respectively. The magnet includes a hard magnetic phase with an R2Fe14B type crystal structure and a soft magnetic phase. At least one of the coercivity and the maximum energy product of the nanocomposite magnet is at least 1% higher than that of a magnet including no V. |
1-8. (canceled). 9. A nanocomposite magnet having a composition represented by the general formula: (Fe1-mTm)100-x-y-z-w-n(B1-pCp)xRyTizVwMn, where T is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co and Ni; R is a rare-earth element; and M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ga, Nb, Zr, Mo, Ag, Ta and W, the mole fractions x, y, z, w, n, m and p satisfying the inequalities of: 10 at %<x≦15 at %; 4 at %≦y<7 at %; 0.5 at %≦z≦8 at %; 0.01 at %≦w≦6 at %; 0 at %≦n≦10 at %; 0≦m≦0.5; and 0.01≦p≦0.5, respectively, wherein the nanocomposite magnet includes: a hard magnetic phase with an R2Fe14B type crystal structure; and a soft magnetic phase, and wherein at least one of the coercivity and the maximum energy product of the nanocomposite magnet is at least 1 % higher than that of a magnet including no V. 10. The nanocomposite magnet of claim 9, wherein the nanocomposite magnet includes at least 40 vol % of the hard magnetic phase with the R2Fe14B type crystal structure. 11. The nanocomposite magnet of claim 9, wherein the hard magnetic phase with the R2Fe14B type crystal structure has an average grain size of about 10 nm to about 200 nm, and wherein the soft magnetic phase has an average grain size of about 1 nm to about 100 nm. 12. The nanocomposite magnet of claim 9, wherein the soft magnetic phase includes α-Fe and a ferromagnetic iron-based boride. 13. A method of making a rapidly solidified alloy for a nanocomposite magnet, the method comprising the steps of preparing a melt of a material alloy having a composition represented by the general formula: (Fe1-mTm)100-x-y-z-w-n(B1-pCp)xRyTizVwMn, where T is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co and Ni; R is a rare-earth element; and M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ga, Nb, Zr, Mo, Ag, Ta and W, the mole fractions x, y, z, w, n, m and p satisfying the inequalities of: 10 at %<x≦15 at %; 4 at %≦y<7 at %; 0.5 at %≦z≦8 at %; 0.01 at %≦w≦6 at %; 0 at %≦n≦10 at %; 0≦m≦0.5; and 0.01≦p≦0.5, respectively, and rapidly cooling and solidifying the melt to obtain the rapidly solidified alloy. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of rapidly cooling includes the step of rapidly cooling and solidifying the melt by a strip casting process. 15. A method of making a nanocomposite magnet powder, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a rapidly solidified alloy having a composition represented by the general formula: (Fe1-mTm)100-x-y-z-w-n(B1-pCp)xRyTizVwMn, where T is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co and Ni; R is a rare-earth element; and M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ga, Nb, Zr, Mo, Ag, Ta and W, the mole fractions x, y, z, w, n, m and p satisfying the inequalities of: 10 at %<x≦15 at %; 4 at %≦y<7 at %; 0.5 at %≦z≦8 at %; 0.01 at %≦w≦6 at %; 0 at %≦n≦10 at %; 0≦m≦0.5; and 0.01≦p≦0.5, respectively; thermally treating the rapidly solidified alloy to obtain a nanocomposite magnet alloy including a hard magnetic phase with an R2Fe14B type crystal structure and a soft magnetic phase; and pulverizing the nanocomposite magnet alloy. 16. A method for producing a nanocomposite magnet, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a nanocomposite magnet powder having a composition represented by the general formula: (Fe1-mTm)100-x-y-z-w-n(B1-pCp)xRyTizVwMn, where T is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co and Ni; R is a rare-earth element; and M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ga, Nb, Zr, Mo, Ag, Ta and W, the mole fractions x, y, z, w, n, m and p satisfying the inequalities of: 10 at %<x≦15 at %; 4 at %≦y<7 at %; 0.5 at %≦z≦8 at %; 0.01 at %≦w≦6 at %; 0 at %≦n≦10 at %; 0≦m≦0.5; and 0.01≦p≦0.5, respectively, wherein the nanocomposite magnet powder includes: a hard magnetic phase with an R2Fe14B type crystal structure; and a soft magnetic phase, and wherein at least one of the coercivity and the maximum energy product of the nanocomposite magnet powder is at least 1% higher than that of a magnet powder including no V; and compacting the nanocomposite magnet powder to obtain the nanocomposite magnet. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Recently, it has become more and more necessary to further improve the performance of, and further reduce the size and weight of, consumer electronic appliances, office automation appliances and various other types of electric equipment. For these purposes, a permanent magnet for use in each of these appliances is required to maximize its performance to weight ratio when operated as a magnetic circuit. For example, a permanent magnet with a remanence B r of 0.5 T or more is now in high demand. Hard ferrite magnets have been used widely because magnets of this type are relatively inexpensive. However, the hard ferrite magnets cannot achieve the high remanence B r of 0.5 T or more. An Sm—Co based magnet, produced by a powder metallurgical process, is currently known as a typical permanent magnet that achieves the high remanence B r of at least about 0.5 T. Examples of other high-remanence magnets include an Nd—Fe—B based sintered magnet produced by a powder metallurgical process and an Nd—Fe—B based rapidly solidified magnet produced by a melt quenching process. An Nd—Fe—B based sintered magnet is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 59-46008, for example, and an Nd—Fe—B based rapidly solidified magnet is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 60-9852, for instance. However, the Sm—Co based magnet is expensive, because Sm and Co are both expensive materials. As for the Nd—Fe—B based magnet on the other hand, the magnet is mainly composed of relatively inexpensive Fe (typically in an amount of about 60 wt % to about 70 wt % of the total weight), and is much less expensive than the Sm—Co based magnet. Nevertheless, it is still expensive to produce the Nd—Fe—B based magnet. This is partly because huge equipment and a great number of manufacturing and processing steps are required to separate and purify, or to obtain by reduction reaction, Nd, which usually accounts for about 10 at % to about 15 at % of the magnet. Also, a powder metallurgical process normally requires a relatively large number of manufacturing and processing steps by its nature. Compared to an Nd—Fe—B based sintered magnet formed by a powder metallurgical process, an Nd—Fe—B based rapidly solidified magnet can be produced at a lower cost by a melt quenching process. This is because an Nd—Fe—B based rapidly solidified magnet can be produced through relatively simple process steps of melting, melt quenching and heat treating. However, to obtain a permanent magnet in bulk by a melt quenching process, a bonded magnet should be formed by compounding a magnet powder, made from a rapidly solidified alloy, with a resin binder. Accordingly, the magnet powder normally accounts for at most about 80 volume % of the molded bonded magnet. Also, a rapidly solidified alloy, formed by a melt quenching process, is magnetically isotropic. For these reasons, an Nd—Fe—B based rapidly solidified magnet produced by a melt quenching process has a remanence B r lower than that of a magnetically anisotropic Nd—Fe—B based sintered magnet produced by a powder metallurgical process. As disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 1-7502, a technique of adding, in combination, at least one element selected from the group consisting of Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta and W and at least one more element selected from the group consisting of Ti, V and Cr to the material alloy effectively improves the magnetic properties of an Nd—Fe—B based rapidly solidified magnet. When these elements are added to the material alloy, the magnet has increased coercivity H cJ and anticorrosiveness. However, the only known effective method of improving the remanence B r is increasing the density of the bonded magnet. Also, where an Nd—Fe—B based rapidly solidified magnet includes 6 at % or more of rare-earth elements, a melt spinning process, in which a melt of its material alloy is ejected through a nozzle against a chill roller, has often been used in the prior art to rapidly cool and solidify the material alloy at an increased rate. As for an Nd—Fe—B based rapidly solidified magnet, an alternative magnet material was proposed by R. Coehoorn et al., in J. de Phys, C8, 1998, pp. 669-670. The Coehoorn material has a composition including a rare-earth element at a relatively low mole fraction (i.e., around Nd 3.8 Fe 77.2 B 19 , where the subscripts are indicated in atomic percentages) and an Fe 3 B phase as its main phase. This permanent magnet material is obtained by heating and crystallizing an amorphous alloy that has been prepared by a melt quenching process. Also, the crystallized material has a metastable structure in which soft magnetic Fe 3 B and hard magnetic Nd 2 Fe 14 B phases coexist and in which crystal grains of very small sizes (i.e., on the order of several nanometers) are distributed finely and uniformly as a composite of these two crystalline phases. For that reason, a magnet made from such a material is called a “nanocomposite magnet”. It was reported that such a nanocomposite magnet has a remanence B r as high as 1 T or more. But the coercivity H cJ thereof is relatively low, i.e., in the range from 160 kA/m to 240 kA/m. Accordingly, this permanent magnet material is applicable only when the operating point of the magnet is 1 or more. It has been proposed that various metal elements be added to the material alloy of a nanocomposite magnet to improve the magnetic properties thereof. See, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 3-261104, Japanese Patent Publication No. 2727505, and Japanese Patent Publication No. 2727506. However, none of these proposed techniques is reliable enough to always obtain a sufficient “characteristic value per cost”. More specifically, none of the nanocomposite magnets produced by these techniques realizes a coercivity that is high enough to actually use it in various applications. Thus, none of these magnets can exhibit commercially viable magnetic properties. Also, W. C. Chan et al., reported a technique of obtaining Nd 2 Fe 14 B and α-Fe phases with grain sizes on the order of several tens nm. According to Chan's technique, the amorphous former La is added to a material alloy. Next, the material alloy is melt-spun to obtain a rapidly solidified alloy mainly composed of amorphous phases. And then the alloy is heated and crystallized to nucleate and grow both the Nd 2 Fe 14 B and α-Fe phases simultaneously. See W. C. Chan et al., “The Effects of Refractory Metals on the Magnetic Properties of α-Fe/R 2 Fe 14 B-type Nanocomposites”, IEEE Trans. Magn. No. 5, INTERMAG. 99, Kyongiu, Korea, pp. 3265-3267, 1999. This article also teaches that adding a refractory metal element such as Ti in a very small amount (e.g., 2 at %) improves the magnet performance and that the mole fraction of Nd, rare-earth element, is preferably increased from about 9.5 at % to about 11.0 at % to reduce the grain sizes of the Nd 2 Fe 14 B and α-Fe phases. The refractory metal is added to reduce the nucleation of borides such as R 2 Fe 23 B 3 and Fe 3 B and to make a magnet consisting essentially of Nd 2 Fe 14 B and α-Fe phases. According to the Chan's technique, the rapidly solidified alloy for a nanocomposite magnet is prepared by a melt spinning process in which a molten alloy is ejected through a nozzle onto the surface of a chill roller that is rotating at a high velocity. The melt spinning process is suitably effective to make an amorphous rapidly solidified alloy because a process of this type ensures an extremely high cooling rate. To overcome these problems, the applicant of the present application developed an improved nanocomposite magnet, including a compound with an R 2 Fe 14 B-type crystal structure at an increased volume percentage, and disclosed it in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-175908. Specifically, such a nanocomposite magnet can be obtained by adding Ti to a material alloy, including less than 10 at % of rare-earth elements and more than 10 at % of boron, such that an α-Fe phase does not grow excessively while the molten alloy is being rapidly cooled and solidified. Japanese Patent Publication No. 2002-285301 and Japanese Patent No. 3297676 disclose a number of elements that may be added to a nanocomposite magnet. Examples of those elements include Al, Si, V, Cr, Mn, Ga, Zr, Mb, Mo, Ag, Hf, Ta, W, Pt, Au and Pb. In the nanocomposite magnet disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-175908, the additive Ti realizes a novel structure in which fine soft magnetic phases are dispersed on the grain boundary of a hard magnetic phase. However, if the mole fraction of the rare-earth elements is defined even lower than such a nanocomposite magnet, no nanocomposite magnet with excellent magnet performance can be obtained unless the mole fraction of boron is decreased to less than about 10 at %. As for a material alloy including less than about 10 at % of rare-earth elements and less than about 10 at % of boron, however, the melt of such a material alloy has an excessively increased viscosity and the resultant rapidly solidified alloy rarely has the desired fine structure. The molten alloy is normally rapidly cooled by a melt-quenching process, which may be a melt spinning process that rotates a chill roller at a relatively high velocity or a strip casting process that rotates the chill roller at a relatively low velocity, for example. Among other things, the strip casting process is regarded as a melt-quenching process that effectively contributes to mass production, because the strip casting process results in a relatively low cooling rate and can make a relatively thick, thin-strip rapidly solidified alloy. However, to mass produce nanocomposite magnets, in which the mole fraction of rare-earth elements is reduced to about 7 at % or less, by a melt-quenching process resulting in a relatively low cooling rate such as the strip casting process, the material alloy needs to include boron at more than about 10 at %. Nevertheless, if no Ti with or without Nb is added to a material alloy including about 4 at % to 7 at % of rare-earth elements and about 10 at % to about 15 at % of boron, then the coercivity Hcj of the resultant nanocomposite magnet will fall short of about 400 kA/m, which is the minimum required level to actually use the magnet in a motor, for example, and the loop squareness of the demagnetization curve thereof will not be so good, either. |
<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating an exemplary configuration for a strip caster for use in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of a powder XRD analysis that was carried out on specific examples of preferred embodiments of the present invention and on comparative examples. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"? |
Document creating method apparatus and program for visually handicapped person |
According to the invention, a document is created through steps of inputting handwritten characters by the use of a mouse or a pen-tablet, recognizing the inputted characters, and determining to use the characters. A transparent virtual window is created on a screen of a display device. In the transparent virtual window, continuity is established between upper and lower boundaries and between left and right boundaries of an input region so as to remove upper, lower, left, and right frame boundaries which would otherwise limit the input region. A handwritten character is inputted and displayed on the thus-created transparent window. Accordingly, a visually handicapped person can input characters on a personal computer in a simple manner. |
1. A document creating method for a visually handicapped person adapted to create a document through procedures of inputting a handwritten character by use of a sensor, such as a mouse or a pen-tablet, recognizing the input character, and determining to use the character, the method comprising: creating, on a screen of a display device, a transparent virtual window in which continuity is established between upper and lower boundaries and between left and right boundaries of an input region so as to remove upper, lower, left, and right frame boundaries which would otherwise limit the input region; and allowing a user to input a handwritten character on the created transparent virtual window and displaying the input character on the created transparent virtual window. 2. A document creating method for a visually handicapped person according to claim 1, wherein the result of inputting of the handwritten character and contents of processing are fed back to the user by voice. 3. A document creating method for a visually handicapped person according to claim 1, wherein, when an erroneous character or the like has been inputted, a proper character is selected from candidate characters by inputting a handwritten character, to thereby change or correct the inputted character. 4. A document creating method for a visually handicapped person according to claim 1, wherein a process such as confirming or saving the created document or the like is performed by inputting a handwritten character. 5. A document creating method for a visually handicapped person according to claim 1, wherein the function of each key of a keyboard is performed by inputting a handwritten character. 6. A document creating apparatus for a visually handicapped person adapted to create a document through procedures of inputting a handwritten character by use of a sensor, such as a mouse or a pen-tablet, recognizing the input character, and determining to use the character, the apparatus comprising: means for creating, on a screen of a display device, a transparent virtual window in which continuity is established between upper and lower boundaries and between left and right boundaries of an input region so as to remove upper, lower, left, and right frame boundaries which would otherwise limit the input region; and means for allowing a user to input a handwritten character on the created transparent virtual window and displaying the input character on the created transparent virtual window. 7. A document creating program for a visually handicapped person adapted to create a document through procedures of inputting a handwritten character by use of a sensor, such as a mouse or a pen-tablet, recognizing the input character, and determining to use the character, the program causing a computer to perform: a step of creating, on a screen of a display device, a transparent virtual window in which continuity is established between upper and lower boundaries and between left and right boundaries of an input region so as to remove upper, lower, left, and right frame boundaries which would otherwise limit the input region; and a step of allowing a user to input a handwritten character on the created transparent virtual window and displaying the input character on the created transparent virtual window. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Conventional methods for inputting characters to editor software mainly include a method of inputting characters on a keyboard and a method of inputting characters on a character input pad. When a visually handicapped person inputs a character on a keyboard, the person encounters difficulty in recognizing the positions of keys. FIG. 8 shows the status in which a [Japanese hiragana] character “a” has been inputted in a predetermined input region on an input pad. Generally, in inputting a character on the input pad, an input region is limited, and such a character must be inputted within the limited region. However, a visually handicapped person cannot recognize the input region and determine a starting position and extent of inputting. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (kokai) No. Hei 9-91082 discloses a character recognition technique that enables correct recognition of an intended character without providing a frame in which a handwritten character is to be inputted. However, this technique remains similar to the above-described conventional technique in that the character input region is limited. Further, because a visually handicapped person cannot recognize key position and menu position when operating editor software, he or her cannot perform a process such as “correction of an erroneously input character,” “file saving,” or “printing.” |
<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a concept view of the present invention, illustrating a procedure of inputting a handwritten character, recognizing the inputted character, and supplying the result of the recognition to document creating software. FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an exemplary data process, from the recognition of a handwritten character to the outputting of the recognized character to editor software. FIG. 3 is a view illustrating the continuity of an input region. FIG. 4 is a view illustrating the manner in which a handwritten character is displayed. FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing an exemplary data processing procedure. FIG. 6 is a view illustrating a character inputting operation procedure. FIG. 7 is a view illustrating an erroneous character correcting procedure. FIG. 8 is a view illustrating the manner in which a character is inputted according to the conventional technique. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"? |
Method of preparing polymer composite using unidirectionally solidified giant magnetostrictive material |
Disclosed is a preparation method of a polymer composite using a giant magnetostrictive material, which is advantageous in that electric resistivity and magnetostrictive strain are increased while the unidirectionally solidified texture in the material is maintained as it is. The method consists of removing the rare earth or the eutectic phase from a unidirectionally solidifed rare earth giant magnetostrictive material; and infiltrating a polymer resin to the rare earth or cutectic phase-removed void, followed by curing the infiltrated resin. Thereby, there can be provided the polymer composite, which is advantageous in that eddy current loss is decreased due to increased electric resistivity, and magnetostrictive strain is improved as well as fracture resistance is higher due to the soft and tough properties of polymer. |
1. A method of preparing a polymer composite the method comprising: a) removing a eutectic phase from a unidirectionally solidified giant magnetostrictive material to create a rare earth metal phase with voids; and (b) infiltrating a polymer resin into the voids; and (c) curing the polymer resin. 2. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the removing in (a) is performed by thermally annealing the magnetostrictive material at a higher temperature than a eutectic temperature. 3. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising: before the infiltrating step, removing all gases present in the magnetostrictive material under any of an inert gas and a vacuum. 4. The method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising applying pressure to the polymer resin to prevent formation of pores in the polymer resin upon curing. 5. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the giant magnetostrictive material comprises a rare earth-iron magnetostrictive alloy. 6. The method as set forth in claim 5, wherein the rare earth-iron magnetostrictive alloy is selected from the group consisting of: TbxDy1-xFe2-w(0.27≦x≦0.35, 0≦w≦0.20); TbxHo1-xFe2-w(0.10≦x≦1.00, 0≦w≦0.20); SmxDy1-xFe2-w(0.80≦x≦1.00, 0≦w≦0.20); SmxHo1-xFe2-w(0.60≦x≦1.00, 0≦w≦0.20); TbxHoyFe2-w(0.10≦x≦1.00, 0≦y≦0.9, 0≦z≦0.8, 0≦w≦0.20, x+y+z=1); and SmxHoyDyzFe2-w(0.60≦x<1.00, 0≦y≦0.4, 0≦z≦0.4, 0≦w≦0.20, x+y+z=1). 7. A polymer composite prepared by the method of claim 1. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the removing step is performed by thermally annealing the magnetostrictive material at about 1000° C. for approximately 6 hours. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the curing step is performed by heating the polymer resin at about 80° C. for approximately 2 hours. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer resin is selected from the group consisting of epoxy resin, phenol resin, polyimide and polystyrene. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer composite includes a rare earth metal phase, and wherein the polymer resin has a lower Young's modulus than the rare earth metal phase. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the unidirectionally solidified giant magnetostrictive material includes about 90% by volume of Laves phase and about 10% by volume of eutectic phase. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the infiltrated resin is a YD-114 epoxy resin. 14. A method of preparing a polymer composite, the method comprising: (a) replacing a eutectic phase with a polymer resin, in a giant magnetostrictive material that comprises a rare earth metal phase and the eutectic phase; and (b) curing the polymer resin. 15. The method of claim 14, further including thermally annealing the magnetostrictive material at a higher temperature than a eutectic temperature to remove the eutectic phase from the magnetostrictive material. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising, before the replacing, removing all gases present in the magnetostrictive material under any of an inert gas and a vacuum. 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising applying pressure to the polymer resin to prevent formation of pores in the polymer resin upon curing. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the giant magnetostrictive material comprises a rare earth-iron magnetostrictive alloy. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the rare earth-iron magnetostrictive alloy is selected from the group consisting of: TbxDy1-xFe2-w(0.27≦x≦0.35, 0≦w≦0.20), TbxHo1-xFe2-w(0.10≦x≦1.00, 0≦w≦0.20), SmxDy1-wFe2-w(0.80≦x≦1.00, 0≦w≦0.20), SmxHo1-xFe2-w(0.60≦x≦1.00, 0≦w≦0.20), TbxHoyDyzFe2-w(0.10≦x≦1.00, 0≦y≦0.9, 0≦z≦0.8, 0≦w≦0.20, x+y+z=1), and SmxHoyDyzFe2-w(0.60≦x<1.00, 0≦y≦0.4, 0≦z≦0.4, 0≦w≦0.20, x+y+z=1). 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymer resin is a YD-114 epoxy resin. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the removing step is performed by thermally annealing the magnetostrictive material at about 1000° C. for approximately 6 hours. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the curing step is performed by heating the polymer resin at about 80° C. for approximately 2 hours. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymer resin is selected from the group consisting of epoxy resin, phenol resin, polyimide and polystyrene. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the polymer resin has a lower Young's modulus than the rare earth metal phase. 25. The method of claim 14, wherein the giant magnetostrictive material includes about 90% by volume of Laves phase and about 10% by volume of eutectic phase. 26. A polymer composite prepared by the method of claim 14. 27. A polymer composite material comprising: a Laves phase of a rare earth metal in unidirectionally solidified dendrite form and having a giant magnetostrictive material; and a polymer resin filling void between the dendrites of the Laves phase. 28. The polymer composite of claim 27, wherein the Laves phase is selected from the group consisting of: TbxDy1-xFe2-w(0.27≦x≦0.35, 0≦w≦0.20), TbxHo1-xFe2-w(0.10≦x≦1.00, 0≦w≦0.20), SmxDy1-xFe2-w(0.80≦x≦1.00, 0≦w≦0.20), SmxHo1-xFe2-w(0.60≦x≦1.00, 0≦w≦0.20), TbxHoyDyzFe2-w(0.10≦x≦1.00, 0≦y≦0.9, 0≦z≦0.8, 0≦w≦0.20, x+y+z=1), and SmxHoyDyzFe2-w(0.60≦x≦1.00, 0≦y≦0.4, 0≦z<0.4, 0≦w≦0.20, x+y+z=1). 29. The polymer composite of claim 27, wherein the polymer resin is selected from the group consisting of epoxy resin, phenol resin, polyimide and polystyrene. 30. The polymer composite of claim 27, wherein the polymer resin has a lower Young's modulus than the rare earth metal phase. 31. The polymer composite of claim 27, wherein the giant magnetostrictive material includes about 90% by volume of the Laves phase and about 10% by volume of the polymer resin. 32. The polymer composite of claim 27, wherein the Laves phase comprises a rare earth-iron magnetostrictive alloy. |
<SOH> TECHNICAL FIELD <EOH>The present invention pertains, in general, to methods of preparing a polymer composite using a giant magnetostrictive material, and more particularly, to a polymer composite having various improved properties, characterized in that the advantageous structure of the giant magnetostrictive material produced by unidirectional solidification can be maintained as it is by removing the rare earth phase or the eutectic phase from the magnetostrictive material and replacing the phase-removed void with a polymer resin. |
<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 a is a view showing a schematic structure of a unidirectionally solidified giant magnetostrictive material, as a unidirectionally aligned composite comprising Laves (or REFe 2 phase) and RE phase or eutectic phase; FIG. 1 b is a view showing a void-formed structure after removal of a RE or eutectic phase from the structure shown in FIG. 1 a through annealing; FIG. 1 c is a view showing a structure of the composite after infiltration of a polymer resin; FIG. 2 a is an scanning electron microscopic photograph showing a RE phase-removed material having only a REFe 2 phase; FIG. 2 b is a photograph showing a structure of a cross-section of a polymer infiltrated composite, observed by an electron microscope; FIG. 3 a is a photograph showing a structure of a unidirectionally solidified terphenol-D containing 80 vol % of a REFe 2 phase, observed by an optical microscope; FIG. 3 b is a photograph showing a structure of a polymer composite made of the material shown in FIG. 3 a , observed by an optical microscope; FIG. 4 is a pseudobinary phase diagram of (Tb 0.3 Dy 0.7 )—Fe; FIG. 5 is a graph comparing saturation magnetostriction of a conventional magnetostrictive material and a polymer composite by the present invention under various compressive stresses; and FIG. 6 is compares the magnetostriction (λ) versus magnetic field (H) curves under a compressive stress of 7 MPa for the two materials of above FIG. 5 . detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"? |
Liquid crystal display |
A doubler part 10 doubles the frequencies of video signals. A drive control circuit 34 generates, in response to a synchronizing signal outputted from the doubler part 10, PWM dimming frequency information such that a PWM dimming frequency f and a black display ratio B satisfy the relationships and B>10, and provides such information to a PWM dimming signal generation circuit 17. In addition, the drive control circuit 34 drives a gate driver 12 and a source driver 13 in a manner such that one frame period is divided into an image display period and a black display period. The PWM dimming signal generation circuit 17 generates, in response to a synchronizing signal and the PWM dimming frequency information, a PWM dimming signal and provides the PWM dimming signal to a lighting circuit 16. The lighting circuit 16 activates a backlight device 15 with dimming, in response to the PWM dimming signal. This configuration reduces colored interference fringes in a liquid crystal display device resulting from the combination of a black insertion drive technique and a PWM dimming technique. |
1. A liquid crystal display device that displays images by irradiating a liquid crystal panel, which is driven in response to video signals, with light outputted from a backlight device, the liquid crystal display device comprising: drive means for driving the liquid crystal panel in response to the video signals in a manner such that one frame period is divided into a black display period and an image display period; a PWM dimming signal generation circuit for generating a PWM dimming signal for controlling the backlight device by a PWM dimming technique; a lighting circuit for driving the backlight device in response to the PWM dimming signal; and means for controlling a cycle and/or phase of the PWM dimming signal to prevent occurrence of interference fringes in the liquid crystal panel, caused by the PWM dimming technique. 2. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein a PWM dimming frequency f (Hz) in the PWM technique and a ratio B (%) of the black display period to one frame period satisfy the relationship 3. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 2, wherein the drive means controls the PWM dimming signal generation circuit in a manner such that the PWM dimming frequency f (Hz) and the ratio B (%) satisfy the relationship 4. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the black display period satisfies the relationship Black display period=(integer)·(PWM dimming cycle)±0.3·(PWM dimming cycle). 5. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 4, further comprising a control signal generation circuit for controlling the drive means and the PWM dimming signal generation circuit in response to a synchronizing signal in a manner such that the black display period satisfies the relationship Black display period=(integer)·(PWM dimming cycle)±0.3·(PWM dimming cycle). 6. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein a PWM dimming frequency in the PWM technique satisfies the relationship PWM dimming frequency=(an odd number/2)·(vertical frequency)±0.2·(vertical frequency). 7. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 6, further comprising a control signal generation circuit for controlling the PWM dimming signal generation circuit in response to a synchronizing signal in a manner such that the PWM dimming frequency satisfies the relationship PWM dimming frequency=(an odd number/2)·(vertical frequency)±0.2·(vertical frequency). 8. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein: the backlight device is a direct-type backlight device having a structure in which a plurality of light sources are arranged in parallel and directly behind the liquid crystal panel; and the PWM dimming signal generation circuit dims all light sources of an order i in response to a first PWM dimming signal and dims all light sources of an order j in response to a second PWM dimming signal, the order i satisfying the relationship (2n−2)M+1≦i≦(2n−1)M and the order j satisfying the relationship (2n−1)M+1≦j≦2 nM, wherein i and j (i, j=1, 2, 3, . . . ) are natural numbers that represent the order of the light sources from one end of the backlight device, n (n=1, 2, 3, . . . ) is an arbitrary natural number, and M (M=1, 2, 3, . . . ) is an arbitrary natural number, the first and second PWM dimming signals being similar signals in which their phases are shifted by about (PWM dimming cycle/2) relative to each other. 9. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 8, further comprising a delay circuit for controlling the first and second PWM dimming signals in a manner such that their phases are shifted by about (PWM dimming cycle/2) relative to each other. 10. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 8, further comprising a control signal generation circuit for controlling the PWM dimming signal generation circuit in a manner such that the first and second PWM dimming signals synchronize to a synchronizing signal of an image. 11. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 8, wherein the natural number M satisfies the relationship M=1. 12. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 8, wherein the light sources arranged directly behind the liquid crystal panel are fluorescent lamps. 13. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein: the backlight device is a direct-type backlight device having a structure in which a plurality of light sources are arranged in parallel and directly behind the liquid crystal panel; and the PWM dimming signal generation circuit dims all light sources of an order i′ in response to a first PWM dimming signal, dims all light sources of an order j′ in response to a second PWM dimming signal, and dims all light sources of an order k′ in response to a third PWM dimming signal, the order i′ satisfying the relationship (3n′−1)M′+1≦i′≦(3n′−2)M′, the order j′ satisfying the relationship (3n′−2)M′+1≦j′≦2(3n′−1)M′, and the order k′ satisfying the relationship (3n′−1)M′+1≦k′≦3n′M′, wherein i′, j′, and k′ (i′, j′, k′=1, 2, 3, . . . ) are natural numbers that represent the order of the light sources from one end of the backlight device, n′ (n′=1, 2, 3, . . . ) is an arbitrary natural number, and M′ (M′=1, 2, 3, . . . ) is an arbitrary natural number, the first, second, and third PWM dimming signals being similar signals in which phases of the first and second PWM dimming signals are shifted by about (PWM dimming cycle/3) relative to each other and phases of the second and third PWM dimming signals are shifted by about (PWM dimming cycle/3) relative to each other. 14. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 13, further comprising a delay circuit for controlling the first, second, and third PWM dimming signals in a manner such that the phases of the first and second PWM dimming signals are shifted by about (PWM dimming cycle/3) relative to each other and the phases of the second and third PWM dimming signals are shifted by about (PWM dimming cycle/3) relative to each other. 15. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 13, further comprising a control signal generation circuit for controlling the PWM dimming signal generation circuit in a manner such that the first, second, and third PWM dimming signals synchronize to a synchronizing signal of an image. 16. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 13, wherein the natural number M′ is 1. 17. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 13, wherein the light sources arranged directly behind the liquid crystal panel are fluorescent lamps. 18. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal panel uses an OCB-mode liquid crystal. 19. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal panel uses a TN-mode liquid crystal and has a gap width of less than 5 μm. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Liquid crystal display devices are so-called hold-type image display devices in which the signal level is held, as shown in FIG. 17 , for one frame period in each liquid crystal cell. For the types of liquid crystals used in liquid crystal display devices, conventionally, a TN (Twisted Nematic) mode liquid crystal is commonly used, but in recent years, in order to overcome the drawbacks of the TN-mode liquid crystal (e.g., a narrow viewing angle and a slow response time), liquid crystal display devices using an OCB (Optically Self-Compensated Birefringence) mode liquid crystal have been studied. Such devices are disclosed, for example, in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication Nos. 7-84254 and 9-96790. As is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 9-96790, the OCB mode requires some kind of initialization process in which the state of a liquid crystal cell is changed (hereinafter referred to as a “transition”) from a splay alignment to a bend alignment by application of a high voltage (which would result in a black display in the case of normally-white). However, after the initialization process, once the applied voltage to the liquid crystal becomes less than a predetermined value Va, the state of the liquid crystal cell returns to the splay alignment (hereinafter referred to as a reverse transition). For this reason, the OCB mode can be used only in an applied voltage range (Va to Vblack) which allows the bend alignment to be maintained, such as the one shown by the curve a in FIG. 18 . It has been found, however, that even if a period exists in which the applied voltage to the liquid crystal temporarily becomes less than the predetermined value Va, if a high voltage is periodically applied in periods other than the aforementioned period, a reverse transition occurs. For example, in a liquid crystal display device disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2000-31790, the frequencies of video signals are doubled, each gate line is selected twice in each frame period, and a video signal and a signal for applying the aforementioned high voltage are written alternately to each pixel of the liquid crystal panel (each signal is written once in one frame period). This makes it possible to use a wider applied voltage range, such as the one shown by the curve b in FIG. 18 . It is known that the minimum high-voltage application period that ensures elimination of reverse transition (hereinafter referred to as a black display period) is a period which is about 10% of one frame period. Meanwhile, as for improvement in the response time of liquid crystal, it has been reported that in the TN-mode liquid crystal, by reducing the cell gap from about 5 μm, which is conventionally employed, to about 2 μm, the response time of a liquid crystal can be made shorter than one frame period (16.6 ms). By employing the black insertion drive technique in a liquid crystal panel with a fast response time, such as a liquid crystal panel using the aforementioned OCB-mode liquid crystal or a liquid crystal panel using a TN-mode liquid crystal in which the cell gap is reduced to about 2 μm, the edge blurring when displaying a moving image is expected to be greatly reduced. As a method of controlling the luminance of a backlight of a liquid crystal display device, conventionally, a voltage dimming technique and a PMW (Pulse Width) dimming technique are widely employed. The voltage dimming technique controls luminance by changing the applied voltage to a fluorescent lamp, which serves as a backlight source. The PMW dimming technique controls luminance in a manner such that, as shown in FIG. 19 , dimming is performed in response to a PWM dimming signal having a periodic rectangular waveform. The lamp current is allowed to flow only during an ON period (pulse width) of the signal. The voltage dimming technique, though its circuit configuration is simple, has drawbacks: for example, when the drive voltage is low, proper lighting of the fluorescent lamp is difficult to obtain. On the other hand, in the PWM dimming technique, though the luminance of the fluorescent lamp can be easily controlled, there is a drawback in that switching noise occurs at the time of dimming. When controlling the lighting of the backlight by the PWM dimming technique, if the dimming frequency is increased, the luminance efficiency is greatly reduced due to switching losses, etc., and therefore the dimming frequency is typically set to 300 Hz or less. Meanwhile, it has been confirmed by an observation performed by the inventors that when backlight control by the PWM dimming technique and the aforementioned black insertion drive technique are simultaneously performed, color non-uniformity, as shown in FIG. 20 , such that a properly displayed portion c and a luminance-reduction portion d accompanied with coloring are displayed alternately, occurs in an entire-screen white display state. The cause of this color non-uniformity is briefly described below. The content to be displayed on the liquid crystal display device is defined by the product of the amount of light emitted from the backlight multiplied by the transmittance of the liquid crystal panel, and in practice, the time-average value of this product is perceived by the viewer's eye. In the aforementioned properly displayed portion c in FIG. 20 , an operation such as that shown in FIG. 21 is performed. That is, the light-off period of the backlight in PWM dimming coincides with the black display period of the liquid crystal panel, and therefore the actual display content is hardly adversely affected and a reduction in luminance hardly occurs. (In practice, light is emitted even during the light-off period due to the persistence characteristics of phosphors, and thus a slight reduction in luminance is caused.) On the other hand, in the colored luminance-reduction portion din FIG. 20 , an operation such as that shown in FIG. 22 is performed. That is, the light-on period in PWM dimming coincides with the black display period of the liquid crystal panel, and therefore a reduction in luminance is caused in the actual display content. For phosphors which are generally widely used in liquid crystal display devices, Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ is used as a red-emitting phosphor, LaPO 4 :Tb 3+ is used as a green-emitting phosphor, and BaMgAl 10 O 17 :Eu 2+ is used as a blue-emitting phosphor. The {fraction (1/10)} persistence time of the red, green, and blue emitting phosphors are about 3 ms, about 8 ms, and about 0.1 ms or less, respectively. As can be seen, in the persistence components of the backlight there are great differences in the persistence time between the phosphors, and thus coloring occurs in the colored luminance-reduction portion d. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to reduce colored interference fringes in a liquid crystal display device resulting from the combination of the black insertion drive technique and the PWM dimming technique. |
<SOH> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <EOH>FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the operation of a doubler part and a black display period and an image display period. FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the operation of Embodiment 1. FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the operation of Embodiment 2. FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention. FIG. 7 is an illustrative diagram illustrating the principle where the degree of color non-uniformity changes with PWM dimming frequencies. FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the relationship between the PWM dimming frequency and the color difference in color non-uniformity for different black display ratios. FIG. 9 is a diagram showing conditions that a black display ratio and a PWM dimming frequency should satisfy to prevent occurrence of color non-uniformity. FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention. FIG. 11 is illustrative diagrams showing the relationship between {fraction (1/10)} persistence time and color non-uniformity. FIG. 12 is a diagram showing luminance efficiency versus PWM dimming frequency. FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention. FIG. 14 is a diagram showing the operation of Embodiment 5. FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a liquid crystal display device according to Embodiment 6 of the present invention. FIG. 16 is a diagram showing the operation of Embodiment 6. FIG. 17 is an illustrative diagram showing a display signal in a conventional liquid crystal display device. FIG. 18 is an illustrative diagram showing a black insertion drive technique in an OCB-mode liquid crystal. FIG. 19 is an illustrative diagram showing a PWM dimming technique in a backlight. FIG. 20 is an illustrative diagram showing color non-uniformity resulting from the combination of the black insertion drive technique and the PWM dimming technique. FIG. 21 is a diagram showing the operation in a properly displayed portion in a conventional liquid crystal display device. FIG. 22 is a diagram showing the operation in a colored luminance-reduction portion in the conventional liquid crystal display device. detailed-description description="Detailed Description" end="lead"? |
Surface film with depositing function, the production and use thereof |
The invention relates to a composition, comprising at least water, a porous particulate polymer, or a mixture of two or more such polymers and at least one water-soluble or water-dispersible hydrophilic compound with a molecular weight of less than 1000, or a mixture of two or more thereof. |
1-11. (Canceled) 12. A surface coating composition, comprising: a porous particulate polymer having a median particle size from 1 nm to 50 μm and water-solubility below 2 g/l at a temperature below 40° C. at a pH of from 5 to 8; and a hydrophilic compound having a molecular weight below 1000. 13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the weight ratio of polymer to hydrophilic compound is from 1:10 to 10:1. 14. The composition of claim 12, wherein the hydrophilic compound is an anionic, nonionic, zwitterionic, ampholytic, or cationic surfactant. 15. The composition of claim 12, wherein the hydrophilic compound is an anionic surfactant comprising from 3% to 50% weight of the composition. 16. The composition of claim 12, wherein the median particle size of the polymer is from 10 nm to 30 μm. 17. The composition of claim 12, wherein the median particle size of the polymer is from 100 nm to 1 μlm. 18. The composition of claim 12, wherein the pH is from about 5.5 to about 7. 19. The composition of claim 12, wherein the water-solubility is below 0.5 g/l. 20. The composition of claim 12, wherein the water solubility is below about 0.1 g/l. 21. The composition of claim 12, wherein the polymer is: a) an alginate, guar, xanthan carrageenan, cellulose ether, starch derivative, protein, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, polyurethane, polyester, polyamide, polyvinylprrolidone, vinyl polymer, or a copolymer thereof; or b) comprised of monomers, which are monoethylenicaly unsaturated monomers having an acid group, ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid monomers, acrylamides, polyurethanes, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, alpha-chloroacrylic acid, alpha-cyanoacrylic acid, beta-methylacrylic acid, alpha-phenylacrylic acid, beta-acryloxypropionic acid, sorbic acid, alpha-chlorosorbic acid, 2′-methylisocrotonic acid, cinnamic acid, p-chlorocinnamic acid, beta-stearyl acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, glutaconic acid, aconitic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tricarboxyethylene, maleic anhydride, sulfoethyl acrylate, sulfoethyl methacrylate, sulfopropyl acrylate, sulfopropyl methacrylate, 2-hydoxy-3-methacryloxypropylsulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, vinylphophoic acid, allylphosphonic acid, vinylbenzylphosphonic acid, acrylamidoalkylphosphonic acid, acrylamidoalkyldiphosphonic acid, phosphonomethylated vinylamines, acrylic derivatives of phosphonic acid, N-vinylamide, N-vinylformamide, N-vinylacetamide, N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide, N-vinyl-N-methylformamide, N-methylolacrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylpropylacrylamide, dimethylacrylamide, diethylacrylamide, ethyl acrylate, methacrylic acrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, styrene, or isobutylene, or derivatives thereof. 22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the polymers are cross-linked with an amount of cross-linking agent that is below 7% by weight of total monomer. 23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the amount of cross-linking agent is from 0.1% to 0.5% by weight of total monomer. 24. The composition of claim 12, further comprising water. 25. The composition of claim 24, wherein water comprises at least about 10% weight of the composition. 26. The composition of claim 24, wherein water comprises at least about 20% weight of the composition. 27. The composition of claim 24, wherein water comprises at least about 50% weight of the composition. 28. A polymer film formed from the composition of claim 12. 29. The polymer film of claim 28, wherein the film has a contact angle below 40° with respect to water. 30. The polymer film of claim 28, wherein the film has a contact angle below 100. 31. A process for preparing a surface coating composition according to claim 24, comprising: mixing a water-insoluble polymer with a hydrophilic compound in a solvent immiscible with water; emulsifying the mixture in water; and removing the solvent. |
Shoe with energy storage and delivery device |
According to the invention, a shoe having at least one base spring element, which is arranged between appendages at a heel zone of the shoe and at a shaft zone taking support at the front edge of the shin bone and which stretches in the course of an ambulation phase, characterized in that a tensioning assembly moves the appendage of the base spring element at the heel zone away from the appendage at the shaft zone upon planting of the shoe, for stretching of the base spring element. |
1. A shoe having at least one base spring element (18), which is arranged between appendages (44, 46) at a heel zone (48) of the shoe (4) and at a shaft zone (46) supported at the front edge of the shin bone (50) and which stretches during a phase of ambulation, characterized in that a tensioning assembly (100, 100′, 100″), which moves the appendage (44) of the base spring element (18) at the heel zone (48) upon planting of the shoe (4) for stretching of the base spring element (18) away from the appendage (46) at the shaft zone. 2. The shoe according to claim 1, wherein the tensioning assembly (100) has a rocker (100), whose pivot point (104) is arranged in the heel zone (48) having a first rocker member (102) extending from that point spike-like rearward, at which the base spring element (18) is supported and having a second rocker member (106) extending from that point forward, which pedal-like projects downward from the sole (6) of the shoe (4). 3. The shoe according to claim 1 wherein the tensioning device (100′) has a folding grate member (102′), which extends spike-like rearwardly from the heel zone (48) and at which the base spring element (18) is supported, having a folding member (106′) extending forward, which projects pedal-like downward from the sole (6) or the shoe (4). 4. The shoe according to claim 1 wherein the tensioning assembly (100″) has a member, that extends spike-like from the heel zone (48) rearward and is supported on the base spring element (18) and which operated hydraulically or pneumatically can be elongated rearward by means of a pressure chamber (116) arranged under the shoe (4), which is placed under pressure upon setting down the shoe (4). 5. The shoe according to claim 1, wherein a holding assembly (108, 110) holds the appendage (44) in the moveable position during contact of the shoe (4) with the floor. 6. The shoe according to claim 4 wherein the holding assembly has a valve for maintaining the pressure. 7. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the holding assembly has a clamping strip (108), which engages at the tensioning assembly (106), and a pocket (110) under a forward sole zone (6) of the shoe (4), in which the clamping strip (108) is clamped in the distanced position during the contact of the sole zone (6) for holding the tensioning assembly (100). 8. The shoe according to claim 5 wherein the base spring element (18) has a supporting member (16) between the appendage (44) at the heel zone (48) of the shoe (4) and the appendage (46) at the shaft zone. 9. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the shaft zone has an adjusting piece adapted to the front edge (50) of the shin bone. 10. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the base spring element (18) is guided longitudinally and supply flexible and in a sleeve. 11. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the elastic rigidity of the base spring element (18) is enlarged upon greater stretching. 12. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the supporting element (16) is comprised of articulated support pieces. 13. The shoe according to claim 5, wherein the support element (16) is flexibly elastically deformable. |
Device for copy protection |
The invention concerns a device for copy protection of especially optical data media such as CD/DVD. By applying additional code within the redundancy area of the logical and/or physical data media format, the data media unit receives additional identifying characteristics such as watermarks. Based on the automated error correction, the additional code data are not output by the playback and display unit. A suitable verification unit can extract the code data from the random error data, which manifest itself as white noise by circumventing the error correction. Copying of the data media by illegal, professional copy devices would lead to a removal of the additional code, and would thus be clear criteria for an illegal copy. |
1. Device for copy protection of data media units (10) carrying digital documents, especially of optically readable data media, with means for applying a digital content (2) of the digital document onto the data media unit in a physical or logical structure associated with the data media unit and means for applying additional code (3) onto the data media unit by predetermined change of the physical structure, so that during a regulated playback and/or display process of the digital data media unit by a regulation playback and/or display unit (15) the additional code is not captured and has no influence on the originating or displayed digital content of the digital document, characterized by verification means being provided for recognition of a legally produced specimen of the data media unit, which, by bypassing possible error correction or filtering units in the playback or display unit provided for a data media unit, enable immediate reader access to the additional code and makes it possible to determine, if the additional code is present and if it corresponds to the additional code applied by the application means. 2. Device according to claim 1, characterized by the means for applying the additional code being formed in such a way, that it undertakes predetermined digital changes within the logical structure, within one of the structure-inherent redundancy areas, where the predetermined digital changes are placed in such a way, that an error correction or filtering does not influence the digital content of the electronic document. 3. Device according to claim 1, characterized by means for applying the additional code (3) being formed in such a way, that they create additional data as predetermined changes of one of more of the following types: additional data contained in user data fields of a CD or DVD, additional data contained in control fields (sub-code) of a CD or DVD, additional data deposited in redundant EFM-like byte representations on a CD or DVD, additional date deposited in FDC-FCC correction fields, additional data placed in a lead-in-lead-out area of a CD or DVD, for changes of header, user or control data in a predetermined way. 4. Device according to claim 1, characterized by the means for applying the additional code being formed in such a way, that they undertake predetermined changes in the physical structure outside of the logical structure in the form of data media identifiers corresponding to non-standardized measurements, selected from the group consisting of defect-like signal elements, and detect defect-like signal elements inherent in the physical structure, where the data media identifiers or signal elements, respectively, are formed in such a way, that an error correction or filtering does not influence the digital content of the electronic document. 5. Device according to claim 1, characterized by the means for applying additional code (3) being formed in such a way, that they create additional data for modification of at least one of a frame-, and/or sector- and track arrangement of a CD or DVD as additional code. 6. Use of the device according to claim 1 for copy protection of digital documents on CDs, DVDs and digital tape media. 7. Process for the production of a data media unit carrying digital documents, utilizing a device according to claim 1, characterized by the steps: reading of the digital content of a digital document from a data media unit; creating data of additional code and depositing the data into a code storage unit; applying the digital content onto the data media unit and applying the additional code onto the data media unit, where the data of the additional code are created in such a way, that they change the physical and/or logical structure associated with the data media unit in such a way, that, during a regulation playback and/or display process of the digital data media unit by a regulation playback and/or display unit for the data media unit, the additional code is not captured and has no influence on the originating or displayed digital content of the digital document. 8. Process according to claim 7, characterized by the application of the digital content onto the data media unit occurring before or after the application of the additional code, in the form of two separate production steps. 9. Process according to claim 7, characterized by the application of digital content taking place together with the application of additional code, where by means of an application unit physically affecting the data media unit a common data set, containing the data of the digital document and data of additional code, is applied, in a single work process. 10. Process according to claim 1 for production of a CD or DVD carrying digital documents, characterized by the step of applying the additional code showing the physical change of a signal code on a matrix used for production of the CD or DVD, the immediate change of a signal code on the produced CD or DVD itself within a logical data structure of the CD or DVD, or the immediate change of the signal structure of the CD or DVD outside of the logical structure of the CD or DVD. 11. Process for verification of a data media unit carrying the digital document, utilizing device according to claim 1, characterized by the additional code not being acquired due to the step of acquisition of additional code on a data media unit, which is formed by predetermined change of the physical and logical structure of the data media unit in such a way, that during regular playback and display process of the digital data media unit by a regular playback or display provided for the data media unit, and having no influence on the output or display of digital content of the digital document, and executing a number of digital calculation operations on the data of the acquired additional code for obtaining a number of digital watermarks, which are different from one another. 12. Process according to claim 13, characterized by the step of additional linkage of at least one of the calculated digital watermarks with an individualized identifier of the data media unit, where the individual identifier is correlated with the watermark in the form of a serial number by a private/public key process. 13. Device according to claim 1, characterized by means for communication or operation control (9) of the playback or display unit being formed in such a way, that dependent on the determination of output signals as a reaction, certain playback, display, copying or data transmission modes of the playback or display unit can be activated or suppressed. 14. Device according to claim 1, characterized by the means for application of additional code being formed in such a way, that the additional digital code contains information about user rights or user right limitations associated with the electronic document. |
Trading or playing card system |
One aspect provides a trading or playing card system including a plurality of cards or other media having specified identities or characteristics, the identities or characteristics providing an embedded value determinable by validation by a third party. Another aspect provides a trading or playing card system including a plurality of cards having specified identities or characteristics, and a remote site providing interactive applications controlled by the identities or characteristics of the cards. The interactive applications may include interactive games, for which a card may include predetermined characteristics affecting the degree of control of the game. The remote site may be accessed by the Internet or television or any other suitable medium. The system can provide for the display of advertising linked to the card or cards identified by the system. Another aspect provides a trading or playing card system including on at least some of a plurality of trading or playing cards a code providing a gaming advantage usable in an electronic game to adjust electronically the playing characteristics of the game to the advantage of the user. The advantage could in effect be a “cheat code”. |
1. A trading or playing card system including on at least some of a plurality of trading or playing cards a code providing a gaming advantage usable in an electronic game to adjust electronically the playing characteristics of the game to the advantage of the user. 2. A system according to claim 1, wherein the code allows for the cheating in one or more section of a game. 3. A system according to claim 1, wherein the remote site is accessed by the Internet or television. 4. A system according to claim 1, wherein the system provides for the display of advertising linked to the card or cards identified by the system. 5. A system according to claim 1, wherein the cards or other media have specified identities or characteristics, said identities or characteristics providing an embedded value determinable by validation by a third party. 6. A system according to claim 5, wherein the specified identities or characteristics includes a monetary characteristic. 7. A system according to claim 6, wherein said monetary characteristic includes a discount on goods or services, free goods or services, or money or money's worth. 8. A trading or playing cards system comprising a plurality of cards having specified identities or characteristics, and a remote site providing interactive applications controlled by the identities or characteristics of the cards. 9. A system according to claim 8, wherein the interactive applications include interactive games. 10. A system according to claim 8, wherein a card includes predetermined characteristics affecting the degree of control of the game. 11. A system according to claim 8, wherein the cards are provided with machine readable codes indicative of said identities or characteristics. 12. A system according to claim 8, wherein the remote site is accessed by the Internet or television. 13. A system according to claim 8, wherein the system provides for the display of advertising linked to the card or cards identified by the system. 14. A system according to claim 8, wherein said identities or characteristics provide an embedded value determinable by validation by a third party. 15. A system according to claim 14, wherein the specified identities or characteristics includes a monetary characteristic. 16. A system according to claim 15, wherein said monetary characteristic includes a discount on goods or services, free goods or services, or money or money's worth. 17. A system according to claim 2, wherein the remote site is accessed by the Internet or television. 18. A system according to claim 2, wherein the system provides for the display of advertising linked to the card or cards identified by the system. 19. A system according to claim 3, wherein the system provides for the display of advertising linked to the card or cards identified by the system. |
Power transmission unit of an impactor, a hydraulic jet impactor and the application thereof |
The invention discloses a fluid-driven impactor, a power transmission mechanism for the impactor and the use of the impactor. In the prior art, the working life of the impactor is short, since a rubber primary seal and an upper fluid-diverging lid for the fluid-driven impactor are both liable to erosion and the efficiency in transmitting power is low due to the complexity of the power transmission mechanism. In order to increase the drilling speed and/or extend the life of the impactor, the side cavity passage is formed in such a way that the inner wall of the outer pipe is isolated from the side cavity passage in a watertight manner without the use of the rubber primary seal. The loss in transmitting power is minimized by integrating the anvil of the power transmission mechanism and the lower joint. The problem of abrasion of the fluid-diverging hole is overcome and the nozzle can be used with different fluid flow by mounting a replaceable nozzle in the upper fluid-diverging lid, the nozzle selected from a series of nozzles with various inner diameters and made of a material more wearable than the material for diverging lid the upper fluid. |
1-28. (canceled) 29. A fluid-driven impactor, comprising: an outer sleeve; a jet element mounted inside the outer sleeve and having a plurality of outlet holes; a cylinder mounted inside the outer sleeve and having an inner cavity, the inner cavity of the cylinder being divided by a piston into an upper cavity and a lower cavity. wherein the cylinder is provided in its outer wall with a side cavity passage which brings one of outlet holes of the jet element into communication with the lower cavity; characterized in that, the side cavity passage is formed on the outer wall of the cylinder in such a way that the side cavity passage is isolated from an inner wall surface of the outer sleeve in a watertight way. 30. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 29, characterized in that the side cavity passage is formed on the outer wall of the cylinder in such a way that a C-shaped groove is formed on the outer wall of the cylinder and is sealed by an arcuate metal piece welded onto the groove from outside, the contour of the metal piece matching with that of the groove. 31. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 29, characterized in that, the side cavity passage is formed by molding in the outer wall of the cylinder, thereby the outer wall acts as an interface of the side cavity passage. 32. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 29, characterized in that, a metal gasket for axial compressed sealing is provided between the jet element and an upper fluid-diverging lid of the cylinder. 33. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 29, characterized in that, a copper sleeve tightly surrounding a piston rod is set in a central hole of a lower cylinder lid of the cylinder. 34. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 29, a power transmission mechanism of the impactor comprises: an inner-prismy sleeve with an inner hole having a polygonal profile, mounted inside an outer pipe by connecting the male thread on an upper end of the inner-prismy sleeve with the female thread on a lower end of the outer pipe. an outer-prismy anvil with an outer polygonal profile, mounted slidably in the inner hole of the inner prismy sleeve, wherein more than one fluid passages are provided at a top end of the anvil so that the fluid passages are in communication with a hollow passage inside the anvil, and a hole is formed at a lower end of the anvil with the female thread for matching with a male thread of a tool, so that the hole is in fluid communication with the hollow passage so that the drilling fluid can flow through said fluid passages and the hollow passage to the tool in the hole. 35. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 29, characterized in that, a nozzle is removably mounted in one of the fluid-diverging holes in an upper fluid-diverging lid and the nozzle is selected from a series of nozzles with various inner diameters and made of steel alloy which has a hardness of HRC>60. 36. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 34, characterized in that, a nozzle is removably mounted in one of the fluid-diverging holes in the upper fluid-diverging lid, and the nozzle is selected from a series of nozzles with various inner diameters and made of a steel alloy which has a hardness of HRC>60. 37. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 35, characterized in that, the nozzle is mounted in the fluid-diverging hole by means of a clip. 38. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 35, characterized in that, an outlet inner diameter H and an inlet inner diameter L of the nozzle is designed as follows: 0<H≦L. 39. A power transmission mechanism for an impactor, comprising: an inner-prismy sleeve with an inner hole having a polygonal profile, mounted inside an outer pipe by connecting the upper end of the inner-prismy sleeve with the outer pipe; and and outer-prismy anvil with an outer polygonal profile, mounted slidably in the inner hole of the inner-prismy sleeve, more than one fluid passages are provided on a top end of the anvil so that the fluid passages are in communication with a hollow passage inside the anvil; characterized in that, a hole is formed at a lower end of the outer-prismy anvil with a female thread for matching with a male thread of a tool, that is, the hole is in fluid communication with the hollow passage so that the drilling fluid can flow through said fluid passages and the hollow passage to the tool mounted in the hole. 40. The power transmission mechanism for an impactor as claimed in claim 39, characterized in that, the top end of the outer-prismy anvil has a circular truncated conical form, and an upper part of the anvil with its outer surface adjacent to the top end has a hollow cylindrical form, and a lower part of the anvil is of a hollow body with an outer polygonal profile for engaging with the inner hole of the inner-prismy sleeve, and the hole is provided in a cylindrical lowermost part of the anvil, wherein the upper end of the inner-prismy sleeve is in threaded connection with the outer pipe. 41. The power transmission mechanism for an impactor as claimed in claim 39, characterized in that, an upper part of the outer-prismy anvil is provided with an open sleeve consisting of two semicircular clipping pieces, and the open sleeve is engaged with the outer pipe with a clearance. 42. The power transmission mechanism for an impactor as claimed in claim 40, characterized in that, the cross section of the inner-prismy sleeve and the cross section of the lower part of the outer-prismy anvil are of n orthodox-polygon wherein n is from 3 to 10. 43. The power transmission mechanism for an impactor as claimed in claim 39, characterized in that, a ratio of the length of the inner hole of the inner-prismy sleeve to the diameter of the circumcircle of the polygon in cross section of the inner-prismy sleeve is from 0.7 to 1.1. 44. The power transmission mechanism for an impactor as claimed in claim 39, characterized in that, the profile of the inner hole of the inner-prismy sleeve is of octagonal shape and the outer profile of the middle lower part of the outer-prismy anvil is of octagonal shape. 45. The power transmission mechanism for an impactor as claimed in claim 40, characterized in that, the conical uppermost part of the outer-prismy anvil has a slope of 25°-75°. 46. The power transmission mechanism for an impactor as claimed in claim 39, characterized in that, there are four fluid passages provided in the anvil. 47. The power transmission mechanism for an impactor as claimed in claim 41, characterized in that, an idle-running prevention mechanism is provided in such a way that a horizontal annular space is provided between the inner-prismy sleeve and the open sleeve, and axial displacement of the outer-prismy anvil is controlled by the inner-prismy sleeve so that the tool and the outer-prismy anvil automatically slide down along with an impacting hammer to stop the power supply and thereby to prevent the impacting hammer from impacting the outer-prismy anvil during idle operation. 48. The power transmission mechanism for an impactor as claimed in claim 40, characterized in that, the conical uppermost part of the outer-prismy anvil has a slope of 45°-75°, and a ratio of the length of the inner hole of the inner-prismy sleeve to the diameter of the circumcircle of the polygon in the cross section of the inner-prismy sleeve is from 0.8 to 1.0. 49. A fluid-driven impactor, comprising a power transmission mechanism as claimed in claim 39. 50. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 49, characterized in that, a nozzle is removably mounted in one of the fluid-diverging holes in an upper fluid-diverging lid, and the nozzle is selected from a series of nozzles with various inner diameters and made of a steel alloy which has a hardness of HRC>60. 51. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 50, characterized in that, the nozzle is mounted in the fluid-diverging hole by means of a clip. 52. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 50, characterized in that, an outlet inner diameter H and an inlet inner diameter L of the nozzle is designed as follows: 0<H≦L. 53. A fluid-driven impactor, comprising: an outer sleeve; a jet element mounted inside the outer sleeve and having a plurality of outlet holes; an upper fluid-diverging lid with a plurality of fluid-diverging holes; characterized in that, a nozzle is removably mounted in one of the fluid-diverging holes in the upper fluid-diverging lid, and the nozzle is selected from a series of nozzles with various inner diameters and made of a steel alloy which has a hardness of HRC>60. 54. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 53, characterized in that, the nozzle is mounted in the fluid-diverging hole by means of a clip. 55. The fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 53, characterized in that, an outlet inner diameter H and an inlet inner diameter L of the nozzle is designed as follows: 0<H≦L. 56. Use of a fluid-driven impactor as claimed in claim 29 for drilling a rigid and fragile earth formation which has a rigidity of above 5, a compressive strength of 150 MPa and a rock drillability of above 5. |
<SOH> TECHNICAL BACKGROUND <EOH>A fluid-driven impactor is one of BHA (Bottom Hole Assembly) tools powered downhole in rotary drilling processes and rotary-impacting drilling is a new process with respect to the prior art. The operation principle of the rotary-impacting drilling is as follows: a fluid-driven impactor is provided at the top of a bit or a core barrel. During the drilling, the bit rotates along with a drill string under a given bit pressure. In the meantime, the drilling bit is subjected to high frequency impacts from the impactor, such that the rock is broken under the joint action of the rotary motion and the impact motion so as to substantially increase the drilling penetration rate. In CN 2385068Y is disclosed a fluid-driven impactor which, as shown in FIG. 1 , comprises: an upper joint 1 ; an outer sleeve 2 connected to a lower threaded portion of the upper joint I at its upper end; a middle joint 3 connected to a lower threaded portion of the outer sleeve 2 at its upper end and provided with a central passage; an outer pipe 4 connected with a lower end of the middle joint 3 via thread; an inner-prismy sleeve 5 having an inner hole with a polygonal profile and connected to a lower threaded portion of the outer pipe 4 and provided with a central passage; an anvil 6 mounted inside the sleeve 5 and provided with outer threads at the lower end thereof; a lower joint 7 , having, at the upper end thereof, a hole with an inner thread to which is connected the lower end of the anvil 6 , and having, at the lower end thereof, a threaded hole for mounting tools such as drilling bit. In the impactor, the central passage of the middle joint is in communication with an inner cavity of the outer pipe. An upper fluid-diverging lid 8 with a central hole and a plurality of fluid-diverging holes, a jet element 9 with a plurality of outlet holes 90 , a cylinder 10 with an inner cavity, a piston 11 mounted in the inner cavity of the cylinder 10 , a piston rod 12 connected to the piston 11 , a lower cylinder lid 13 mounted at the bottom end of the cylinder 10 and provided with a central hole for passing the piston rod 12 and an impacting hammer 14 connected to the piston rod 12 and having impacting action on the top of the anvil 6 are in sequence mounted in the outer sleeve 2 , the middle joint 3 and the outer pipe 4 . The fluid undesired for the impacting operation will be drained out through the fluid-diverging holes in the upper fluid-diverging lid 8 so as to join in the drilling circulation. The inner cavity of the cylinder 10 is divided into an upper cavity 15 and a lower cavity 16 . One of these outlet holes of the jet element 9 is in communication with the lower cavity 16 by means of a side cavity passage 17 . The inner wall of the outer sleeve 2 and the outer wall of the cylinder 10 define the borders for the side cavity passage 17 . In other words, the side cavity passage 17 is formed between the inner wall of the outer sleeve 2 and the outer wall of the cylinder 10 in such a way that a slot with a C-shaped cross section is made in the outer wall of the cylinder 10 , the slot opening to the inner wall of the outer sleeve. The description of the jet element 9 is omitted for clarity, since it is known in the art and has been described for example in CN 2385068Y. The operation of the fluid-driven impactor is described as follows: The working fluid from the central hole of the upper fluid-diverging lid 8 enters the upper cavity 15 and lower cavity 16 through the jet element 9 and its outlet holes. The piston 11 and further the piston rod 12 and the impacting hammer 14 reciprocate inside the cavities under the pressure difference between the upper cavity 15 and lower cavity 16 , in order to transmit the impacting force to the top of the anvil 6 , the lower joint and thereby the drilling bit. In the meantime, the torque from the drilling string is transmitted to the anvil 6 , then to the lower joint 7 and the drilling bit through the inner-prismy sleeve 5 , thereby enabling a drilling member such as a drilling bit connected to the lower joint to drill forward under the action of the rotary force and impacting force. Such a fluid-driven impactor can substantially improve drilling efficiency and meanwhile reduce the drilling cost. Generally, the power transmission mechanism of the impactor comprises the anvil, the inner-prismy sleeve and the lower joint. However, there are some disadvantages with the fluid-driven impactor and its power transmission mechanism disclosed in CN 2385068Y. First, the abrasive members in the fluid-driven impactor need to be replaced due to the abrasion, which shortens the working life of the fluid-driven impactor. There are two abrasive members: the fluid-diverging holes in the upper fluid-diverging lid and the O-shaped rubber seal ring located between the outer surface of the cylinder and the inner wall of the outer sleeve. The O-shaped rubber seal ring is used for sealing the side cavity passage to allow the fluid from the jet element to enter the lower cavity of the cylinder. The O-shaped seal ring is referred as the primary seal, whose working life, in practice, is less than 30 hours and therefore the working life of the fluid-driven impactor is less than 30 hours. The reason why the rubber seal ring (the primary seal) is liable to abrasion is that the flow rate of the drilling fluid passing by the seal ring is very high and the shapes of various components are irregular, which causes swirl or vortex to directly flush the seal ring abrasively. Moreover, the primary seal prematurely degrades or damages due to the high temperature and pressure of the corrosive downhole drilling fluid and due to flush and corrosion of the main internal parts. In addition, the reason why the fluid-diverging hole is liable to abrasion is that the upper fluid-diverging lid is made generally of a structural steel alloy with a relatively low hardness as HRC of 28 to 32, for example 40Cr and 35CrMo. Therefore, the high-speed fluid easily flushes the holes abrasively. In general, the working life of the fluid-diverging hole is about 30 hours. Second, the fluid-driven impactor does not increase the drilling speed significantly, since when the impacting power is transmitted to the bit, 60% of the impacting power is lost, that is, only 40% is applied to the drilling bit. Therefore, the working efficiency for drilling in both impacting and rotary way is greatly reduced. Finally, the upper fluid-diverging lid has to be often replaced, because the fluid-diverging holes as described above are liable to abrasion, and the size of the fluid-diverging holes are fixed, such that for handling different flow of fluid, the fluid diverging holes need to be re-processed to have different sizes, or a series of upper fluid-diverging lids having fluid diverging holes of varying sizes must be prepared. Therefore, the cost for maintaining the upper fluid-diverging lids is increased yet the efficiency is not improved. The above disadvantages can severely affect and restrain the working life and efficiency of the fluid-driven impactor, and thereby affect broad applications of the rotary-impacting drilling technique and the economic and technological benefits. |
<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>One object of the present invention is to provide a fluid-driven impactor that overcomes the disadvantage of prior art such as short working life of the impactor and thereby improves the efficiency thereof. Another object of the present invention is to provide a power transmission mechanism for the fluid-driven impactor with a higher impacting energy-transmitting efficiency. A further object of the present invention is to provide a fluid-driven impactor that can improve the impacting energy efficiency and thereby increase the drilling speed and working efficiency by improving a power transmission mechanism. A further object of the present invention is to provide a fluid-driven impactor in which the cost of the upper fluid-diverging lids is reduced and working efficiency is improved since the whole upper fluid-diverging lids need not to be replaced. The final object of the present invention is to apply the fluid-driven impactor according to this invention to drilling of rigid and fragile formation. According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fluid-driven impactor comprising: an outer sleeve; a jet element mounted inside the outer sleeve and having a plurality of outlet holes; a cylinder mounted inside the outer sleeve and having an inner cavity; an upper fluid-diverging lid with a plurality of fluid-diverging holes; a piston located inside the inner cavity of the cylinder, which divides the inner cavity into an upper cavity and a lower cavity; a piston rod connected to the piston; a lower cylinder lid with a hole at the center thereof; an impacting hammer connected with the piston rod; and a power transmission mechanism. In the fluid-driven impactor, the cylinder is provided in its outer wall with a side cavity passage by means of which one of outlet holes of the jet element is in communication with the lower cavity. The side cavity passage is formed on the outer wall of the cylinder in such a way that the side cavity passage is isolated from an inner wall surface of the outer sleeve in a watertight way. This embodiment changes the configuration of the side cavity passage of the fluid-driven impactor and thereby avoids using a rubber primmay seal such that the premature malfunction of the seal for the impactor is thoroughly overcome and drilling speed and efficiency are improved, so that the single working life of the impactor is prolonged by over twice. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the side cavity passage is formed on the outer wall of the cylinder in such a way that a substantially C-shaped groove is formed on the outer wall of the cylinder and is covered by an arcuate metal piece welded from outside, the metal piece matching the outline of the edge of the groove. Alternatively, the side cavity passage is formed by molding in the outer wall such that the outer wall of the cylinder acts as an interface of the side cavity passage. According to other embodiments of the present invention, a metal gasket for axially pressing the seal is provided between the jet element and the upper fluid-diverging lid of the cylinder and/or a copper sleeve closely surrounding the piston rod is set in the central hole of the lower cylinder lid. According to a further embodiment of the present invention, the fluid-driven impactor contains a power transmission mechanism comprising: an inner-prismy sleeve with an inner hole having a polygonal profile, mounted inside an outer pipe by connecting the male thread on the upper end of the inner-prismy sleeve with the female thread at the lower end of the outer pipe; an outer-prismy anvil mounted slidably in the inner hole of the inner-prismy sleeve; In the fluid-driven impactor more than one fluid passages are provided at the top surface of the outer-prismy anvil so that the fluid passages are in communication with a hollow passage inside the outer-prismy anvil and a hole is formed with a female thread for matching with a male thread of a tool, in other words, the hole is in communication with the hollow passage so that the drilling fluid can pass through said fluid passages and the hollow passage to the tool mounted in the hole. According to a further embodiment of the present invention, a nozzle is replaceably mounted in one of fluid-diverging holes in the upper f id-diverging lid and the nozzle is selected from a series of nozzles with various inner diameters and made of a steel alloy whose HRC is at least twice that of the upper fluid-diverging lid. Preferably, the nozzle is mounted in the fluid-diverging hole by means of a clip and an outlet inner diameter H of the nozzle and an inlet inner diameter L are designed as follows: 0<H≦L. According to the second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a power transmission mechanism for a fluid-driven impactor, comprising: An inner-prismy sleeve with an inner hole having a polygonal profile, mounted inside an outer pipe by connecting the upper end of the inner-prismy sleeve with the outer pipe; An outer-prismy anvil mounted slidably in the inner hole of the inner-prismy sleeve. In the fluid-driven impactor, more than one fluid passages are provided at the top surface of the outer-prismy anvil so that the fluid passages are in communication with a hollow passage inside the outer-prismy anvil at the lower end thereof, and a hole is formed with a female thread for matching with a male thread of a tool, in other words, the hole is in communication with the hollow passage so that the drilling fluid can pass through said fluid passages and the hollow passage to the tool mounted in the hole. According to this embodiment, the efficiency in transmitting power is enhanced 20% because one thread interface is omitted when the anvil and the lower joint are integrated together and another 20% because the transmitting distance is shortened due to the shortening of the inner-prismy sleeve. Therefore the efficiency for power transmission is enhanced 40% as compared with the conventional structure. In addition, preferably, the top end of the outer-prismy anvil has a circular truncated conical form, and an upper part of the anvil with its outer surface adjacent to the top end has a hollow cylindrical form, and a lower part of the anvil is of a hollow body with an outer polygonal profile for engaging with the inner hole of the inner-prismy sleeve, and the hole is provided in a cylindrical lowermost part of the anvil. Moreover, the upper end of the inner-prismy sleeve is in threaded connection with the outer pipe. According to a further embodiment, in the above fluid-driven impactor, an open sleeve consisting of two semi circular pieces is provided on the upper part of the outer-prismy anvil with is engaged with the outer pipe with a clearance. In addition, the cross section of lower part of the outer-prismy anvil and the cross section of the inner-prismy sleeve are preferably of n orthodox-polygon, wherein n is from 3 to 10, preferably 8. Moreover, a ratio of the length of the inner hole of the inner-prismy sleeve to the diameter of the circumcircle of the polygon in cross section of the inner-prismy sleeve is from 0.7 to 1.1, preferably from 0.8 to 1.0. Moreover, the conical uppermost part of the outer-prismy anvil ( 6 ) has a slop of 25°-75°, preferably from 45° to 75°. In addition, there are four fluid passages provided in the anvil. According to another embodiment of the present invention, an idle-running prevention mechanism is made in the fluid-driven mechanism in such a way that a horizontal annular space is provided between the inner-prismy sleeve and the open sleeve, that is, the axial displacement of the outer-prismy anvil is controlled by the inner-prismy sleeve so that the tool and the outer-prismy anvil automatically slide down and thereby the impacting hammer slides down to stop the power supply and to prevent the impacting hammer from impacting the outer-prismy anvil during idle operation. According to the third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fluid-driven impactor, comprising: an outer sleeve; a jet element mounted inside the outer sleeve and having a plurality of outlet holes; a cylinder mounted inside the outer sleeve and having an inner cavity; an upper fluid-diverging lid with a plurality of fluid-diverging holes; a piston located inside an inner cavity of the cylinder, which divides the inner cavity into an upper cavity and a lower cavity; a piston rod connected to the piston; a lower cylinder lid with a hole at the center thereof, an impacting hammer connected with the piston rod; and a power transmission mechanism; wherein the cylinder is provided with a side cavity passage in its outer wall, the side cavity passage allowing one of outlet holes of the jet element to be in communication with the lower cavity. In the impactor, a nozzle is removably mounted in one of fluid-diverging holes in the upper fluid-diverging lid, and the nozzle is selected from a series of nozzles with various inner diameters and made of a steel alloy whose HRC is at least twice that of the upper fluid-diverging lid. According to this embodiment, the working life of the fluid-diverging holes is prolonged and the nozzle can be replaced depending on different flow. In addition, the nozzle is mounted in the fluid-diverging hole by means of a clipor a pin and an outlet inner diameter H of the nozzle and an inlet inner diameter L are designed as follows: 0<H≦L. According to the forth aspect of the present invention, there is provide a fluid-driven impactor, comprising: an outer sleeve; a jet element mounted inside the outer sleeve and having a plurality of outlet holes; a cylinder mounted inside the outer sleeve and having an inner cavity; an upper fluid-diverging lid with a plurality of fluid-diverging holes; a piston located inside an inner cavity of the cylinder, which divides the inner cavity of the cylinder into an upper cavity and a lower cavity; a piston rod connected to the piston; a lower cylinder lid with a hole at the center thereof; an impacting hammer connected with the piston rod; and a power transmission mechanism; wherein the cylinder is provided with a side cavity passage in its outer wall, the side cavity passage allowing one of outlet holes of the jet element to be in communication with the lower cavity; wherein the power transmission mechanism is one of those defined by the second aspect of this invention. According to this embodiment, the efficiency for power transmission is enhanced significantly. In other embodiment, a nozzle is removably mounted in one of fluid-diverging holes in the upper fluid-diverging lid and the nozzle is selected from a series of nozzles with various inner diameter and made of a steel alloy whose HRC is at least twice that of the upper fluid-diverging lid. Preferably, the nozzle is mounted in the fluid-diverging hole by means of a clipor a pin and an outlet inner diameter H of the nozzle and an inlet inner diameter L are designed as follows: 0<H≦L. According to the fifth aspect of the present invention, this application is directed at the use of the fluid-driven impactor described in the first, second, third and forth aspects of the present invention for drilling the rigid and fragile formation which has a rigidity of above 5, a compressive strength of 150 MPa and a rock drillability of above 5. |
Foam glass product |
Improved foam glass products prepared from natural glasses, such as unexpanded fine perlite ore and expanded fine perlite, methods of producing the improved foam glass products, and methods of use thereof are provided. The improved foam glass product made from natural glasses has, for example, a thermal conductivity less than 0.70 Btu.in/hr.F.ft2 (0.101 W/m° K) at 73° F.(296° K), a compressive strength greater than 100 PSI (689 kPa) and a density less than 20 lb/ft3 (320 kg/m3). The improved foam glass product made from natural glasses may be used in a variety of applications including thermal and acoustic insulation applications. |
1: An improved foam glass product wherein the product has a thermal conductivity less than 0.70 Btu.in/hr.F.ft2 (0.101 W/m.° K) at 73° F. (296° K), a compressive strength greater than 100 PSI (689 kPa) and a density less than 20 lb/ft3 (320 kg/m3). 2: The improved foam glass product of claim 1, wherein the product has a thermal conductivity less than 0.60 Btu.in/hr.F.ft2 (0.087 W/m.° K) at 73° F. (296° K). 3: The improved foam glass product of claim 2, wherein the product has a thermal conductivity less than 0.50 Btu.in/hr.F.ft2 (0.072 W/m.° K) at 73° F. (296° K). 4: The improved foam glass product of claim 1, wherein the product has a compressive strength greater than 200 PSI (1379 kPa). 5: The improved foam glass product of claim 4, wherein the product has a compressive strength greater than 300 PSI (2068 kPa). 6: The improved foam glass product of claim 5, wherein the product has a compressive strength greater than 400 PSI (2758 kPa). 7: The improved foam glass product of claim 6, wherein the product has a compressive strength greater than 500 PSI (3447 kPa). 8: The improved foam glass product of claim 7, wherein the product has a compressive strength greater than 600 PSI (4137 kPa). 9: The improved foam glass product of claim 1, wherein the product has a density less than 15 lb/ft3 (240 kg/m3). 10: The improved foam glass product of claim 9, wherein the product has a density less than 10 lb/ft3 (160 kg/m3). 11: An improved foam glass product according to claim 1, wherein the improved foam glass product is derived from glass. 12: An improved foam glass product according to claim 1, wherein the improved foam glass product is derived from natural glass. 13: An improved foam glass product of according to claim 1, wherein the improved foam glass product is derived from at least one of unexpanded perlite and expanded perlite. 14: A process for the preparation of an improved foam glass product according to claim 1, the process comprising melting a glass with at least one foaming agent to form the improved foam glass product. 15: The process of claim 14, wherein the glass is natural glass. 16: The process of claim 15, wherein the glass is at least one of unexpanded perlite and expanded perlite. 17: The process of claim 14, further comprising providing boron as a glass network former in the melted glass. 18: A process for the preparation of an improved foam glass product according to claim 1, the process comprising melting a glass and bubbling a gas through a glass to form the improved foam glass product. 19: The process of claim 18, wherein the glass is natural glass. 20: The process of claim 19, wherein the glass is at least one of unexpanded perlite and expanded perlite. 21: A thermal insulating material comprising a foam glass product made by the process of claim 14. 22: A thermal insulating material comprising a foam glass product made by the process of claim 18. 23: A thermal insulating material comprising a foam glass product according to claim 1. 24: The thermal insulating material of claim 23, wherein the glass product is derived from natural glass. 25: The thermal insulating material of claim 24, wherein the natural glass is at least one of unexpanded perlite and expanded perlite. 26: The thermal insulating material of claim 23, further comprising a structural or reinforcing material. 27: An acoustic insulating material comprising a foam glass product according to claim 1. 28: The acoustic insulating material of claim 27, wherein the glass product is derived from natural glass. 29: The acoustic insulating material of claim 28, wherein the natural glass is at least one of unexpanded perlite and expanded perlite. 30: The acoustic insulating material of claim 27, further comprising a structural or reinforcing material. 31: A lightweight rigid structural material comprising a foam glass product according to claim 1. 32: The lightweight rigid structural material of claim 31, wherein the glass product is derived from natural glass. 33: The lightweight rigid structural material of claim 32, wherein the natural glass is at least one of unexpanded perlite and expanded perlite. 34: The lightweight rigid structural material of claim 31, further comprising a structural or reinforcing material. 35: A lightweight chemical resistant material comprising a foam glass product according to claim 1. 36: The chemical resistant material of claim 35, wherein the foam glass product is derived from natural glass. 37: The chemical resistant material of claim 36, wherein the natural glass is at least one of unexpanded perlite and expanded perlite. 38: The chemical resistant material of claim 35, further comprising a structural or reinforcing material. 39: A lightweight non-combustible material comprising a foam glass product according to claim 1. 40: The non-combustible material of claim 39, wherein the foam glass product is derived from natural glass. 41: The non-combustible material of claim 40, wherein the natural glass is at least one of unexpanded perlite and expanded perlite. 42: The non-combustible material of claim 39, further comprising a structural or reinforcing material. 43: A composition comprising an improved foam glass product according to claim 1 and a structural or reinforcing material. 44: The composition of claim 43, wherein the foam glass product is derived from natural glass. 45: The composition of claim 44, wherein the natural glass is at least one of unexpanded perlite and expanded perlite. 46: The composition of claim 43, wherein the structural or reinforcing material comprises at least one of carbon fiber, glass fiber, metal fiber, ceramic fiber, woven fiber, metal honeycomb, ceramic honeycomb, fibrous minerals, and wollastonite. 47: A composition comprising the a foam glass product according to claim 1, wherein the foam glass product comprises a glaze or coating. 48: The composition of claim 47, wherein the foam glass product is derived from natural glass. 49: The composition of claim 48, wherein the natural glass is at least one of unexpanded perlite and expanded perlite. 50: The composition of claim 47, further comprising a structural or reinforcing material. |
<SOH> BACKGROUND ART <EOH>Throughout this application, various publications, patents, and published patent applications are referred to by an identifying citation; full citations for these documents may be found at the end of the specification. The disclosure of the publications, patents, and published patent specifications referred in this application are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure. Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing (ASTM C-162). The most common glasses are silicate glasses. The basic structural unit of silicate glasses is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron in which a silicon atom is tetrahedrally coordinated to four surrounding oxygen atoms. Similar to the crystalline silicates, the SiO 4 tetrahedra in the silicate glasses are found in a variety of configurations depending on the oxygen-to-silicon ratio in the glass compositions. Some glasses are naturally occurring, such as perlite, pumice, obsidian, pitchstone, and volcanic ash. Others, such as soda-lime glasses, are produced synthetically. For example, soda-lime glass may be made by melting batches of raw materials containing the oxides of silicon (i.e., SiO 2 ), aluminum (i.e., Al 2 O 3 ), calcium (i.e., CaO), sodium (i.e., Na 2 O), and sometimes potassium (i.e., K 2 O), or lithium (i.e., Li 2 O) together in a furnace, and then allowing the melt to cool so as to produce the amorphous product. Glasses may be made in a wide variety of shapes, including sheets or plates, cast shapes, or fibers. Methods of manufacturing the principal families of glasses have been reported (Scholes, 1974). Mineral wools, rock wools, and silicate cottons are generic names for manufactured fibers in which the fiber-forming substances may be slag, certain rocks, or glass (Kujawa, 1983). Foam glasses are a special class of lightweight glass materials having numerous completely sealed small cells. The process of making foam glasses has been developed over many years and the most common technique of making foam glasses consists of following steps: 1) melting of glass raw material at high temperature to form a base glass, 2) grinding the base glass with additional foaming agents, 3) foaming of the ground glass powder at high temperature. The base glass composition is similar to the regular window glass which typically contains 70-73% SiO 2 , 1-3% Al 2 O 3 , 0.1-0.5% Fe 2 O 3 , 13-15% Na 2 O, 0-2% K 2 O, 5-7% CaO and 3-5% MgO (by weight). The foaming agents are normally carbon black and alkali carbonates. Other techniques have also been used to make foam glasses. For example, by leaching out the borate phase from a borosilicate glass, a silica-rich phase with very fine pores (10 to 25 Å) is obtained (Elmer, 1971). The moisture trapped in the fine pores by leach solution causes the fine pores to expand after heating the leached glass at 1300-1425° C. by flash-firing. The foaming and sintering of the porous glass particles occurs simultaneously. Due to the residual moisture left in the glass body which increases thermal conductivity, the final foam glass product thus prepared has less desirable insulating property. Alternately, foam glasses can also be made by blowing air or other gases into molten glass and allowing the molten glass to cool and entrap the bubbles or cells in the solidified glass. The starting materials for commercially manufactured foam glasses are typically virgin glasses. To reduce the cost, various low cost amorphous materials have been used. Recycled mixed color cullet glass has been used to make foam glasses (Solomon, 1996). The waste glass is washed and passed through a magnetic separation step before being passed to a hammer mill or similar type crusher where the separated glass is crushed to a desired particle size. The crushed glass particles and a foaming agent such as CaCO 3 or CaSO 4 are sized and mixed. The mixtures are placed in molds and passed through a furnace where the mixture is heated to and maintained at a foaming temperature and then cooled or annealed to produce foamed glass blocks. Minerals have also been used as the starting materials for the foam glass products. For example, diatomaceous earth (natural, calcined and flux calcined), fly ash or their mixture were used to make foam glass (Hojaji, 1984). Skin-surfaced foam glass heat-insulating tiles have been made from vitrifiable minerals such as liparite, rhyolite, pearlite, obsidian and volcanic ash (Fukumoto, 1991). Conventional perlite products are normally produced by binding expanded perlite particles or a mixture of expanded perlite particles, gypsum, cement and reinforcing fibers with organic or inorganic binders (Alhamad, 1990, Shepherd, 1993, Sun, 2000). The conventional perlite products possess less compressive strength and dimensional stability than is desirable. The conventional expanded perlite products also disadvantageously absorb moisture and do not have optimal water-resistance properties. |
<SOH> SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <EOH>Improved foam glass products are provided that advantageously have low thermal conductivity, high compressive strength, and low density. The foam glass products may be used in a variety of applications including thermal and acoustic insulation applications. The improved foam glass products are in one embodiment made from natural glasses, such as fine perlite ore and expanded fine perlite. Also provided are methods of producing the improved foam glass products, and applications of use of these products. The foam glass product can be formed as a lightweight glass material having numerous completely sealed small cells. Since each small cell is virtually an insulating space, the closed-cell structure provides superior thermal and acoustic insulating properties which can be used as insulating materials for building and chemical industries. In addition to their superior insulation properties, the foam glasses also have rigid and stable glass structures with superior compressive strength and are fire-resistant, chemical resistant, non-corrosive, water and vapor resistant, vermin and microbe resistant. For comparison, other well-known insulating materials such as glass fiber, polystyrene and polyurethane lack structural strength and are not suitable for high temperature applications. Some (polystyrene and polyurethane) even generate toxic fumes in the fire. Foam glasses can also be made into various shapes and configurations depending on the applications. In one embodiment, the improved foam glass product has a thermal conductivity less than 0.70 Btu.in/hr.F.ft 2 (0.101 W/m.° K) at 73° F. (296° K), a compressive strength greater than 100 PSI (689 kPa) and a density less than 20 lb/ft 3 (320 kg/m 3 ). In one embodiment the improved foam glass product ohas a thermal conductivity less than 0.60 Btu.in/hr.F.ft 2 (0.087 W/m.° K) at 73° F. (296° K); or a thermal conductivity less than 0.50 Btu.in/hr.F.ft 2 (0.072 W/m.° K) at 73° F. (296° K). In another embodiment, the improved foam glass product has a compressive strength greater than 200 PSI (1379 kPa); a compressive strength greater than 300 PSI (2068 kPa); a compressive strength greater than 400 PSI (2758 kPa); a compressive strength greater than 500 PSI (3447 kPa); or a compressive strength greater than 600 PSI (4137 kPa). In a further embodiment, the improved foam glass product has a density less than 15 lb/ft 3 (240 kg/m 3 ); or a density less than 10 lb/ft 3 (160 kg/m 3 ). The improved foam glass product may be derived from glass, such as natural glass, for example, unexpanded perlite and/or expanded perlite. In another embodiment, a process for the preparation of an improved foam glass product is provided, the method comprising melting a glass with at least one foaming agent to form the improved foam glass product. The glass may be natural glass, such as unexpanded perlite and/or expanded perlite. Optionally, boron is used as a glass network former in the melted glass. In a further embodiment, a process for the preparation of an improved foam glass product is provided, the method comprising melting a glass and bubbling a gas through the glass to form the improved foam glass product. The glass may be, for example, natural glass, such as unexpanded perlite and/or expanded perlite. A thermal insulating material comprising a foam glass product made by the processes disclosed herein is provided. A thermal insulating material comprising a foam glass product as disclosed herein is provided. Other materials that are provided that comprise a foam glass product as disclosed herein include an acoustic insulating material, a lightweight rigid structural material, a lightweight chemical resistant material, and a lightweight non-combustible material. Also provided are compositions comprising an improved foam glass product as disclosed herein and a structural or reinforcing material. The structural or reinforcing material may comprise, for example, carbon fiber, glass fiber, metal fiber, ceramic fiber, woven fiber, metal honeycomb, ceramic honeycomb, fibrous minerals, and/or wollastonite. Further provided are compositions comprising the foam glass products disclosed herein, wherein the foam glass product comprises a glaze or coating. |
Access network for mobile telecommunications and method for developing radio coverage |
A telecommunications network for mobile phone users comprising a user subsystem and a transport subsystem associated by means of an access subsystem, which connect to them respectively through a user access communication interface and a transport access communication interface suitable to allow the exchange of data flows between said subsystems, the access subsystem identifying a coverage area of the telecommunication network for mobile users characterized in that said access subsystem determines on the territory a separated cellular coverage for the transmission from the user subsystem to the network with respect to that from the network to the user subsystem, said access subsystem STA) being composed from, in addition to bidirectional base stations, as known, also from stations suitable to support monodirectional transmission in uplink or in downlink. |
1. A telecommunications network for mobile phone users comprising a user subsystem and a transport subsystem associated by means of an access subsystem, which connect to them respectively through a user-access communication interface and a transport-access communication interface suitable to allow the exchange of data flows between said subsystems, said access subsystem identifying a coverage area of the telecommunication network for mobile users and comprising bidirectional radio base stations and monodirectional radio base stations wherein at least a part of the uplink communications are implemented by means of monodirectional radio base stations dedicated only to uplink coverage, said monodirectional radio. base stations dedicated only to uplink coverage using a technique of transmissions separated in frequency, said monodirectional radio base stations dedicated only to uplink coverage being located in the coverage area of the mobile telecommunications network. 2. A telecommunications network for mobile phone users according to claim 1 wherein at least a part of the downlink communications, that is communications from the radio base station to the mobile phone user, are implemented by means of monodirectional radio base stations dedicated only to downlink coverage, said monodirectional radio base stations dedicated only to downlink coverage using a technique of transmission separated in frequency, said monodirectional radio base stations dedicated only to downlink coverage having means to communicate with radio network controllers. 3. A telecommunications network for mobile phone users according to claim 1 wherein said monodirectional radio base stations dedicated only to uplink coverage comprise means to communicate with radio network controllers in the FDD technique. 4. A telecommunications network for mobile phone users according to claim 1 wherein said access subsystem comprises radio network controllers that comprise means to communicate with said monodirectional and bidirectional radio base stations. 5. A telecommunications network for mobile phone users according to claim 1 wherein said monodirectional and bidirectional radio base stations comprise means to communicate with the user subsystems, and that the user subsystems comprise means to communicate with said monodirectional and bidirectional radio base stations. 6. A telecommunication network for mobile phone users according to claim 1 wherein said monodirectional radio base stations dedicated only to uplink coverage comprise means for providing one or more control channels, said control channels being of bi-directional or monodirectional type. 7. A telecommunications network for mobile phone users according to one claim 1 wherein said monodirectional radio base stations dedicated only to downlink coverage comprise means for providing one or more control channels, said control channels being of bi-directional or monodirectional type. 8. A telecommunications network for mobile phone users according to claim 1 wherein the network is based on the UMTS standard and access subsystem is based on the UTRAN standard. 9. A telecommunications network for mobile phone users according to claim 1 wherein the network is based on the 3G standards that make up the IMT2000 family. 10. Method for developing cellular coverage for a telecommunications network for mobile phone users using a FDD technique comprising the steps of implementing the radio coverage by means of bidirectional and monodirectional radio base stations, wherein at least a part of the uplink communications, that is communications from the mobile phone user to the radio base station, are implemented by means of monodirectional radio base stations dedicated only to uplink coverage, said monodirectional radio base stations dedicated only to uplink coverage using a technique of transmission separated in frequency, said radio base stations dedicated only to uplink coverage being located in the coverage area of the mobile telecommunications network. |
Near uv excited phospors |
Compounds which are excited in the near UV light are disclosed. These have the formula: X(YO4)3 wherein X represents a rare earth metal or more than one rare earth metal such that the total number of rare earth atoms represents a third of the number of YO4 ions and Y represents tungsten, molybdenum, niobium or tantalum and are obtained by reacting ions of X with YO4 ions in solution and recovering the resulting precipitate. |
1. Process for preparing a compound of the formula: X(YO4)3 wherein X represents a rare earth metal or more than one rare earth metal such that the total number of rare earth atoms represents a third of the number of YO4 ions, and Y represents tungsten, molybdenum, niobium or tantalum which process comprises reacting ions of X with YO4 ions in solution and recovering the resulting precipitate. 2. A process according to claim 1 wherein X represents one rare earth metal. 3. A process according to claim 1 wherein X represents Tm, Dy, Sm, Er, Yb, Ce, Ho or Pr. 4. A process according to claims 1 wherein X represents Eu or Tb. 5. A process according to claim 1 wherein Y is tungsten. 6. A process according to claim 1 for preparing europium tungstate or terbium tungstate. 7. A process according to claim 1 wherein the precipitate is subsequently fired at a temperature of at least 500° C. 8. A process according to claim 1 which is in the form of particles not exceeding 2 microns in size. 9. A process according to claim 1 wherein the ions of X are introduced by treating a dispersion of a corresponding oxide of X in water with a hydrohalic acid. 10. A process according to claim 1 wherein the YO4 ions are introduced as a sodium salt. 11. A process according to claim I substantially as described in Example 1 or Example 2. 12. Particles of a compound of the formula: X(YO4)3 wherein X and Y are as defined in claim 1 which have a size not exceeding 10 microns and which are composed of crystallites which are substantially free from internal defects, amorphous regions and internal strain fields. 13. Particles according to claim 12 which have a particle size not exceeding 2 microns. 14. Particles according to claim 12 which are of europium tungstate or terbium tungstate. 15. A liquid crystal display device which comprises particles obtained by a process as claimed in claim 1. 16. A device according to claim 15 wherein the particles are not exceeding 2 microns in size. 17. A composition suitable for use in the manufacture of a liquid crystal display device which comprises particles obtained by a process as claimed in claim 1 and a binder. 18. A security marking composition which comprises particles obtained by a process as claimed in claim 1 and a binder. 19. A composition according to claim 18 wherein the particles do not exceed 2 microns in size. |
1,3-glyceride compound having two iodophenyl groups |
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