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gq: Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11–16 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain.	Question: What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools? Question: What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education? Question: Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question?
gq: In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation.[citation needed] (though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in England). Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively. With the advent of key stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11–16 and 11–18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another.	Question: In what year were comprehensive schools first created? Question: How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?
gq: In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as "neighbourhood" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree.	Question: What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake? Question: What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?
gq: Finland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s, in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu, from the age 7 to 16. The division to lower comprehensive school (grades 1–6, ala-aste, alakoulu) and upper comprehensive school (grades 7–9, yläaste, yläkoulu) has been discontinued.	Question: In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools? Question: What age ranges does Finnish comprehensive school cover?
gq: Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school.	Question: What type of school is the Gesamtschule? Question: What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success? Question: What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn?
gq: The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.	Question: What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007? Question: What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?
gq: Starting in 2010/2011, Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg).	Question: In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen? Question: What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg? Question: What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin?
gq: The "Mittelschule" is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschule. Students may be awarded the Hauptschulabschluss or the Mittlere Reife but not the Abitur.	Question: What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule? Question: What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany? Question: What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students?
gq: Comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of "Five", which means "Failed". Gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of "Three Plus". When a central Abitur examination was established in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, it was revealed that Gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank. Barbara Sommer (Christian Democratic Union), Education Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia, commented that: Looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the Gymnasium [at the Abitur central examination] [...] it is difficult to understand why the Social Democratic Party of Germany wants to do away with the Gymnasium. [...] The comprehensives do not help students achieve [...] I am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students. What kind of attitude is this to blame their own students? She also called the Abitur awarded by the Gymnasium the true Abitur and the Abitur awarded by the Gesamtschule "Abitur light". As a reaction, Sigrid Beer (Alliance '90/The Greens) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government, which favoured the Gymnasiums. She also said that many of the students awarded the Abitur by the comprehensives came from "underprivileged groups" and sneering at their performance was a "piece of impudence".	Question: What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in? Question: Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed? Question: Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to? Question: Which German politician defended comprehensive schools? Question: Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to?
gq: Gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies. It could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers. Also working class students attending a Gymnasium or a Realschule outperform students from similar backgrounds attending a comprehensive. However it is not students attending a comprehensive, but students attending a Hauptschule, who perform the poorest.	Question: Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen? Question: From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools? Question: At which school do students achieve the least success?
gq: According to a study done by Helmut Fend (who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools) revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students. He compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools. While working class alumni of comprehensive schools were awarded better school diplomas at age 35, they held similar occupational positions as working class alumni of the tripartite system and were as unlikely to graduate from college.	Question: Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools? Question: To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?
gq: Gibraltar opened its first comprehensive school in 1972. Between the ages of 12 and 16 two comprehensive schools cater for girls and boys separately. Students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their A-levels.	Question: When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar? Question: Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar? Question: What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form?
gq: Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery, Minister for Education, to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system, which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state. Until then, education in Ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion, particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this. The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept. The Irish word for a comprehensive school is a 'scoil chuimsitheach.'	Question: When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools? Question: Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland? Question: What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools? Question: What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland?
gq: In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools, introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under Roman Catholic or Protestant ownership, and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees. The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time.	Question: In what decade were community schools conceived? Question: Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?
gq: The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management. Community schools are divided into two models, the community school vested in the Minister for Education and the community college vested in the local Education and Training Board. Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model, but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations.	Question: What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model? Question: What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?
gq: The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Other early examples of comprehensive schools included Woodlands Boys School in Coventry (opened in 1954) and Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton.	Question: In what year was the Walworth School established? Question: Who established the Walworth School? Question: What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey? Question: When was Holyhead County School established? Question: Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?
gq: The largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964–1970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places, depending on location.[citation needed]	Question: Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965? Question: what was Anthony Crosland's role in government? Question: Which type of school was not in widespread usage?
gq: In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government. She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary.	Question: Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1970? Question: What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education? Question: What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?
gq: By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s.	Question: By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use? Question: What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become? Question: What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s? Question: Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what?
gq: In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies by region.	Question: Which political party was James Callaghan a member of? Question: Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976? Question: What is the only kind of school operating in Wales?
gq: Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.	Question: In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law? Question: What law enables parents full control over their child's education? Question: What concept does the government currently support for education? Question: Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?
gq: Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.	Question: All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type? Question: What has Scotland refused to adopt? Question: When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?
gq: Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland.	Question: Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland? Question: Which country is Northern England's school system most different from?
gq: The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.	Question: What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo? Question: In what part of Africa is the Congo located? Question: Whic country lies on Congo's western border? Question: Which country lies on Congo's northwest border? Question: Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?
gq: The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.	Question: What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo? Question: When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule? Question: What title does Nguesso hold? Question: Who is the ruler of the Congo?
gq: The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.	Question: What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea? Question: What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?
gq: Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.	Question: The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes? Question: What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes? Question: When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?
gq: The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.	Question: What was Diogo Cao's nationality? Question: Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484? Question: What did European traders exchange with Bantu people? Question: When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin? Question: Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin?
gq: The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.	Question: When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River? Question: Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people? Question: What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903? Question: What group of French colonies was created in 1908? Question: How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad?
gq: During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.	Question: What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation? Question: What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies? Question: When did Brazzaville get its own local government? Question: What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?
gq: Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.	Question: When was the Fifth Republic founded? Question: What was disbanded in 1958? Question: In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to? Question: When did the Congo establish its first constitution?
gq: The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.	Question: On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule? Question: Who was the first leader of the independent Congo? Question: Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal? Question: Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat? Question: Who replaced Youlou?
gq: Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-Débat's term in office the regime adopted "scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-Débat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'état in September 1968.	Question: Who became president of the Congo in 1963? Question: What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat? Question: Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo? Question: When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?
gq: Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.	Question: Who became president of the Congo in 1968? Question: What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi? Question: What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become? Question: In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi? Question: On what date was Ngouabi assassinated?
gq: Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.	Question: Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with? Question: Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with? Question: What was an important tool of the Sassou government? Question: What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government?
gq: Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997.	Question: Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992? Question: Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy? Question: What does ESAF stand for? Question: What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo?
gq: Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan socialist régime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president.	Question: Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997? Question: What is the name of Sassou's personal army? Question: In what month did Sassou regain the presidency? Question: What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country?
gq: In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.	Question: Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters? Question: When was the new constitution ratified? Question: How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution? Question: When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels?
gq: Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".	Question: Who won the presidential election in 2009? Question: Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009? Question: What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections?
gq: Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties.	Question: What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s? Question: Which party does Sassou belong to? Question: What is the French term for Sassou's political party?
gq: Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".	Question: What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor? Question: What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime?
gq: On March 27, 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October 25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating. The opposition, who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government's statistics were false and that the vote was a sham.	Question: When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution? Question: Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue?
gq: In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.	Question: Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008 Question: How many government TV stations exist? Question: How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run?
gq: Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.	Question: Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies? Question: The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what? Question: When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people?
gq: Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes 11° and 19°E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean.	Question: Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located? Question: Between which two lines of longitude is the Congo located? Question: Which country lies southwest of the Congo? Question: What is another name for Cabinda? Question: What ocean connects to the Congo?
gq: The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.	Question: What is the capital of the Congo? Question: On what river can Brazzaville be found? Question: What lies directly across the Congo River from Brazzaville? Question: What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of?
gq: The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.	Question: What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo? Question: Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo? Question: The middle of the country features what kind of geography? Question: What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain?
gq: Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °C (75 °F) and nights generally between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F). The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in south in the Niari Valley to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March–May and another in September–November.	Question: On what major line of latitude is the Congo located? Question: What is the average temperature in the Congo when the sun is up? Question: What is the average temperature range in the Congo during the night time? Question: When does the Congo experience dry season?
gq: In 2006–07, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 Western Lowland Gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps.	Question: Which group studied gorillas in 2006-07? Question: What region is home to the gorillas studied by the Wildlife Conservation Society? Question: What was responsible for maintaining the separation between the gorillas and humans?
gq: The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth.	Question: What are two issues in the Congolese government? Question: What is the focus of the Congo's industrial production? Question: What did petroleum production replace as the focus of the economy? Question: What percentage of the Congo's gross domestic product did petroleum account for in 2008? Question: What percentage of exported goods did oil account for in 2008?
gq: In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. January 12, 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.	Question: What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s? Question: What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s? Question: By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994? Question: How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc?
gq: Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit.	Question: What caused reform efforts to cease in 1997? Question: What are two reasons why the economy was not able to progress following the civil war? Question: When did military conflict resume in the Congo?
gq: The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.	Question: What are two economic issues faced by the Congolese government? Question: What two exports has the Congo begun producing recently? Question: When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process?
gq: The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.	Question: What precious metals and minerals have yet to be utilized in the Republic of the Congo? Question: What business organization is the Congo a member of? Question: How much land did the Congolese government agree to lease to South Africans in 2009?
gq: Transport in the Republic of the Congo includes land, air and water transportation. The country's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation. There are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports (Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport) which have flights to Paris and many African cities. The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo.	Question: What forms of transport are available in the Congo? Question: When was the Congo's train system built? Question: What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines? Question: On what ocean is a major port located?
gq: The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.	Question: In what part of the country can most of the Congo's citizens be found? Question: How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire?
gq: Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse—Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country—but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group are the Teke who live to the north of Brazzaville with 17% of the population. Boulangui (M’Boshi) live in the northwest and in Brazzaville and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population.	Question: How many languages are used in the Congo? Question: What is the most populous ethnicity in the Congo? Question: What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui? Question: How much of the population is constituted by Pygmies?
gq: Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo.	Question: Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo? Question: What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war? Question: How many Americans live in the Congo?
gq: According to CIA World Factbook, the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.	Question: What is the most commonly practiced religion in the Congo? Question: What percentage of Congolese citizens identify as Awakening Lutherans? Question: What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant? Question: What is the percentage of Muslims living in the Congo? Question: Who form the majority of Islamic residents of the Congo?
gq: Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. As of 2012, the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade).	Question: How much of the gross domestic product was spent on public health in 2004? Question: For every 100,000 people, how many phyisicians were there in the Congo in the early '00s? Question: What was the overall incidence of HIV or AIDS throughout the 15 to 49 year old population? Question: How much was spent per capita on health in 2004 as measured in US dollars?
gq: As of 2010, the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country.	Question: As measured in 2010, how many deaths occurred for every 100,000 live births in the Congo? Question: How many infants die for every 1,000 live births? Question: What does FGM stand for?
gq: Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991. Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds, but in practice, expenses exist. Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. The country has universities. Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. At the university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four. Marien Ngouabi University—which offers courses in medicine, law and several other fields—is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. The educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises. There are no seats in most classrooms, forcing children to sit on the floor. Enterprising individuals have set up private schools, but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively. Families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments.	Question: Public schooling is required for people under what age? Question: What was the school enrollment rate in 2005? Question: What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive? Question: What language is used in Congolese schools?
gq: A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.	Question: What group is the prime minister usually in charge of? Question: What branch of government does the prime minister lead? Question: In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage?
gq: In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.	Question: What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based? Question: What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?
gq: The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament.	Question: Using royal prerogative does not require the consent of which body? Question: What is a central duty of the prime minister? Question: What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers?
gq: As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles—the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts—for example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence), and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior	Question: What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the UK? Question: In addition to being Prime Minister, what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II?
gq: The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre[citation needed] was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers.	Question: Who coined the term prime minister? Question: When was the title of prime minister first used? Question: What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for? Question: Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister?
gq: The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.	Question: When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being? Question: Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?
gq: The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as "the minister", the "chief minister", the "first minister" and finally the "prime minister".	Question: Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII? Question: Who served as the head minister under Charles II? Question: Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne?
gq: The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings.	Question: From whom did ministers derive their power? Question: Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet?
gq: When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power.	Question: Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch? Question: Who are the two ministers used by Queen Anne simultaneously?
gq: In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642–1651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.	Question: What 1688 event helped the parliament solidy its power against the monarch? Question: What 1689 law contributed to parliament's growing power? Question: What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights?
gq: A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government.	Question: In what year did Queen Anne die? Question: The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister? Question: Where was George I's home?
gq: From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, "It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing."	Question: What party did Walpole belong to? Question: For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister? Question: What concept took shape during Walpole's tenure as prime minister? Question: What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy? Question: Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity?
gq: Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.	Question: Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister? Question: Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy? Question: During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents? Question: When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?
gq: By the late 20th century, the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.	Question: In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power?
gq: Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister.	Question: What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister? Question: Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister? Question: When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister?
gq: The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland ,the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). See also "First Minister", "Premier", "Chief Minister", "Chancellor", "Taoiseach", "Statsminister" and "Secretary of State": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister".	Question: Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government? Question: In whic type of government is the leader elected?
gq: This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature.	Question: Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office? Question: What is the term for the head of China's government? Question: What is another name for the Republic of China?
gq: Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation.	Question: What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister? Question: What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties?
gq: Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.	Question: Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister? Question: What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister?
gq: The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese.	Question: What is directly above the premier in the People's Republic of China? Question: What is the pinyin form of premier?
gq: Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by "convention". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a "Prime Minister of Canada" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers.	Question: Which law first referred to the prime minister in Canada? Question: When was the Constitution Act passed? Question: The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers?
gq: Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.	Question: What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic?
gq: The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905).	Question: When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK? Question: Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer? Question: When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer?
gq: Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet.	Question: Which prime minister was appointed only one time? Question: When was Thatcher appointed prime minister? Question: When did Thatcher last hold power? Question: What did Margaret Thatcher reconfigure following each general election?
gq: Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.	Question: What is the name of the prime ministerial position in Ireland? Question: When is the Irish Taoiseach renominated? Question: From where is the Irish prime minister usually selected?
gq: In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:	Question: Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body? Question: Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any? Question: What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?
gq: The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution.	Question: Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas? Question: If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament, what needs to happen? Question: In contemporary parliamentary governments, which official is usually in charge of asking parliament to dissolve?
gq: Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet).	Question: What was the Executive Council an alternate name for? Question: When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started? Question: In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister? Question: The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament?
gq: In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd.	Question: What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia?
gq: In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno).	Question: What is the Russian term for prime minister? Question: What is the Irish term for prime minister? Question: What is the Israeli term for prime minister? Question: What is the term used in spain for prime minister?
gq: Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages (i.e. minister of state). In federations, the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president.	Question: What is the Italian term for the prime minister? Question: What is the native term for prime minister in Scandinavia?
gq: The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages.	Question: What is a term that is used to mean prime minister? Question: Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government? Question: What is the head of Monaco's government called? Question: What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City? Question: What is the head of Iran's government called?
gq: In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.	Question: In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency? Question: What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations? Question: What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position? Question: What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?
gq: In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as "Pradhan Mantri", meaning "prime minister". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as "Wazir-e-Azam", meaning "Grand Vizier".	Question: What kind of government is in operation in the United Kingdom? Question: What are the heads of government in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland called? Question: What is the Indian term for Prime Minister? Question: What is the term for prime minister in Pakistan? Question: What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English?
gq: The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia.	Question: What is the head of government's office called in Canada? Question: What is the head of government's office called in the UK?
gq: Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and technical college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education, specializing in science, engineering, and technology or different sorts of technical subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training.[citation needed] The term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT and is not to be confused with information technology.	Question: What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?
gq: The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts".	Question: In what century did the term polytechnic first show up? Question: What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name? Question: What language does the French word polytechnique come from?
gq: While the terms "institute of technology" and "polytechnic" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]	Question: What word means the same thing as "institute of technology"?

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