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osh ka , ▁literally ▁" l ittle ▁mat ron ", ▁is ▁a ▁dimin utive ▁form ▁of ▁Russian ▁female ▁first ▁name ▁" Mat ry ona " ▁( М ат рё на ) ▁or ▁" Mat ry os ha ". ▁ ▁A ▁set ▁of ▁mat ry osh k as ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁wooden ▁figure , ▁which ▁separ ates ▁at ▁the ▁middle , ▁top ▁from ▁bottom , ▁to ▁reve al ▁a ▁smaller ▁figure ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁sort ▁inside , ▁which ▁has , ▁in ▁turn , ▁another ▁figure ▁inside ▁of ▁it , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁Russian ▁nested ▁doll ▁set ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁by ▁wood ▁turning ▁craft s man ▁and ▁wood ▁car ver ▁Vas ily ▁Z vy oz do ch kin ▁from ▁a ▁design ▁by ▁Serge y ▁Mal y ut in , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁folk ▁craft s ▁painter ▁at ▁Abr amt se vo . ▁Trad itionally ▁the ▁outer ▁layer ▁is ▁a ▁woman , ▁dressed ▁in ▁a ▁sar af an , ▁a ▁long ▁and ▁sh ap eless ▁traditional ▁Russian ▁pe asant ▁j um per ▁dress . ▁The ▁figures ▁inside ▁may ▁be ▁of ▁any ▁gender ; ▁the ▁smallest , ▁inn erm ost ▁doll ▁is ▁typically ▁a ▁baby ▁turned ▁from ▁a ▁single ▁piece ▁of ▁wood . ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁art istry ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁painting ▁of ▁each ▁doll , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁very ▁elaborate . ▁The ▁doll s ▁often ▁follow ▁a ▁theme ; ▁the ▁them es ▁may ▁vary , ▁from ▁fair y ▁tale ▁characters ▁to ▁Soviet ▁leaders . ▁In ▁the ▁west |
, ▁Mat ry osh ka ▁doll s ▁are ▁often ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁b ab ush ka ▁doll s , ▁b ab ush ka ▁meaning ▁" grand m other " ▁or ▁" old ▁woman ". ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁Russian ▁nested ▁doll ▁set ▁was ▁car ved ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁at ▁the ▁Children ' s ▁Education ▁Work shop ▁by ▁Vas ily ▁Z vy oz do ch kin ▁and ▁designed ▁by ▁Serge y ▁Mal y ut in , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁folk ▁craft s ▁painter ▁in ▁the ▁Abr amt se vo ▁estate ▁of ▁Sav va ▁Mam onto v , ▁a ▁Russian ▁industrial ist ▁and ▁patron ▁of ▁arts . ▁Mam onto v ' s ▁brother , ▁An atol y ▁Ivan ov ich ▁Mam onto v ▁( 1 8 3 9 — 1 9 0 5 ) ▁created ▁the ▁Children ' s ▁Education ▁Work shop ▁to ▁make ▁and ▁sell ▁children ' s ▁to ys . ▁The ▁doll ▁set ▁was ▁painted ▁by ▁Mal y ut in . ▁Mal y ut in ' s ▁doll ▁set ▁consisted ▁of ▁eight ▁doll s ▁— ▁the ▁outer most ▁was ▁a ▁mother ▁in ▁a ▁traditional ▁dress ▁holding ▁a ▁red - com bed ▁ro oster . ▁The ▁inner ▁doll s ▁were ▁her ▁children , ▁girls ▁and ▁a ▁boy , ▁and ▁the ▁inn erm ost ▁a ▁baby . ▁The ▁Children ' s ▁Education ▁Work shop ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 9 0 s , ▁but ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁the ▁mat ry osh ka ▁simply ▁re located ▁to ▁Ser gi |
ye v ▁Pos ad , ▁the ▁Russia ▁city ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁to y - making ▁center ▁since ▁the ▁four teenth ▁century . ▁ ▁The ▁insp iration ▁for ▁mat ry osh ka ▁doll s ▁is ▁not ▁clear . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁Z vy oz do ch kin ▁and ▁Mal y ut in ▁were ▁inspired ▁by ▁eastern ▁Asian ▁culture , ▁for ▁example ▁the ▁H ons hu ▁doll , ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁main ▁island ▁of ▁Japan , ▁however ▁the ▁H ons hu ▁figures ▁cannot ▁be ▁placed ▁one ▁inside ▁another . ▁S ources ▁differ ▁in ▁descri ptions ▁of ▁the ▁doll , ▁describing ▁it ▁as ▁either ▁a ▁round , ▁h ollow ▁dar uma ▁doll , ▁port ray ing ▁a ▁bald ▁old ▁Buddh ist ▁mon k , ▁or ▁a ▁Seven ▁L ucky ▁God s ▁nest ing ▁doll . ▁ ▁Sav va ▁Mam onto v ' s ▁wife ▁presented ▁the ▁doll s ▁at ▁the ▁Ex position ▁Univers elle ▁in ▁Paris ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁where ▁the ▁to y ▁earned ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal . ▁So on ▁after , ▁mat ry osh ka ▁doll s ▁were ▁being ▁made ▁in ▁several ▁places ▁in ▁Russia ▁and ▁sh ipped ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Man ufact ure ▁Ord in arily , ▁these ▁are ▁craft ed ▁from ▁L inden ▁trees . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁mis con ception ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁car ved ▁from ▁one ▁piece ▁of ▁wood . ▁R ather , ▁they ▁are ▁produced ▁using : ▁a ▁lat he ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁balance ▁bar ; ▁four ▁heavy ▁ ▁long ▁distinct ▁types |
▁of ▁ch is els ▁( hook , ▁kn ife , ▁pipe , ▁and ▁sp oon ); ▁and ▁a ▁" set ▁of ▁hand made ▁wooden ▁cal ip ers ▁particular ▁to ▁a ▁size ▁of ▁doll ." ▁The ▁tools ▁are ▁hand ▁for ged ▁by ▁a ▁village ▁black sm ith ▁from ▁car ▁ax les ▁or ▁other ▁salv age . ▁A ▁wood ▁car ver ▁uniqu ely ▁craft s ▁each ▁set ▁of ▁wooden ▁cal ip ers . ▁ ▁Multiple ▁pieces ▁of ▁wood ▁are ▁met icul ously ▁car ved ▁into ▁the ▁nest ing ▁set . ▁ ▁Th emes ▁in ▁doll s ▁▁ ▁Mat ry osh ka ▁doll s ▁are ▁often ▁designed ▁to ▁follow ▁a ▁particular ▁theme ; ▁for ▁instance , ▁pe asant ▁girls ▁in ▁traditional ▁dress . ▁Origin ally , ▁them es ▁were ▁often ▁drawn ▁from ▁tradition ▁or ▁fair y ▁tale ▁characters , ▁in ▁keeping ▁with ▁the ▁craft ▁tradition ▁— ▁but ▁since ▁the ▁late ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁they ▁have ▁emb rac ed ▁a ▁larger ▁range , ▁including ▁Russian ▁leaders . ▁ ▁Common ▁them es ▁of ▁Mat ry osh k as ▁are ▁fl oral ▁and ▁relate ▁to ▁nature . ▁O ften ▁Christmas , ▁E aster ▁and ▁religion ▁are ▁used ▁as ▁them es ▁for ▁the ▁doll . ▁Modern ▁artists ▁create ▁many ▁new ▁styles ▁of ▁the ▁nest ing ▁doll s , ▁mostly ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁purchase ▁option ▁for ▁tour ism . ▁These ▁includes ▁animal ▁collections , ▁port ra its ▁and ▁car ic atures ▁of ▁famous ▁polit icians , ▁mus icians , ▁athlet es , ▁astr onaut s , ▁" rob |
ots ," ▁and ▁popular ▁movie ▁stars . ▁Today , ▁some ▁Russian ▁artists ▁special ize ▁in ▁painting ▁them ed ▁mat ry osh ka ▁doll s ▁that ▁feature ▁specific ▁categories ▁of ▁subjects , ▁people ▁or ▁nature . ▁Are as ▁with ▁notable ▁mat ry osh ka ▁styles ▁include ▁Ser gi ye v ▁Pos ad , ▁Sem ion ovo ▁( now ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁S emy on ov ), ▁Pol kh ov sky ▁Ma idan , ▁and ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁K iro v . ▁ ▁Political ▁Mat ry osh ka ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁during ▁Per estro ika , ▁freedom ▁of ▁expression ▁allowed ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁common ▁theme ▁of ▁mat ry osh ka , ▁with ▁the ▁largest ▁doll ▁featuring ▁then - current ▁leader ▁Mik h ail ▁G orb ache v . ▁These ▁became ▁very ▁popular ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁affection ately ▁ear ning ▁the ▁nick name ▁of ▁a ▁" G or by ", ▁names ake ▁of ▁G orb ache v . ▁With ▁the ▁periodic ▁succession ▁of ▁Russian ▁leadership ▁after ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁newer ▁versions ▁would ▁start ▁to ▁feature ▁Russian ▁pres idents ▁Bor is ▁Y el ts in , ▁Vladimir ▁Put in , ▁and ▁D mit ry ▁Med ved ev . ▁ ▁Most ▁sets ▁feature ▁the ▁current ▁leader ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁doll , ▁with ▁the ▁prede cess ors ▁decre asing ▁in ▁size . ▁The ▁remaining ▁smaller ▁doll s ▁may ▁feature ▁other ▁former ▁leaders ▁such |
▁as ▁Leon id ▁Bre zh ne v , ▁Nik ita ▁K hr ush chev , ▁Joseph ▁St alin , ▁Vladimir ▁Len in , ▁and ▁sometimes ▁several ▁histor ically ▁significant ▁Ts ars ▁such ▁as ▁Nicholas ▁II ▁and ▁Peter ▁the ▁Great . ▁Y uri ▁And rop ov ▁and ▁Konst antin ▁Ch ern en ko ▁almost ▁never ▁appear ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁short ▁length ▁of ▁their ▁respective ▁terms . ▁Some ▁less - common ▁sets ▁may ▁feature ▁the ▁current ▁leader ▁as ▁the ▁smallest ▁doll , ▁with ▁the ▁prede cess ors ▁increasing ▁in ▁size , ▁usually ▁with ▁St alin ▁or ▁Len in ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁doll . ▁ ▁Some ▁sets ▁that ▁include ▁Y el ts in ▁preceding ▁G orb ache v ▁were ▁made ▁during ▁the ▁brief ▁period ▁between ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁R S FS R ▁and ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁as ▁both ▁Y el ts in ▁and ▁G orb ache v ▁were ▁concurrent ly ▁in ▁prominent ▁government ▁positions . ▁During ▁Med ved ev ' s ▁presiden cy , ▁Med ved ev ▁and ▁Put in ▁may ▁both ▁share ▁the ▁largest ▁doll ▁due ▁to ▁Put in ▁still ▁having ▁a ▁prominent ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁government ▁as ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Russia . ▁As ▁of ▁Put in ' s ▁re - e lection ▁as ▁the ▁fourth ▁President ▁of ▁Russia , ▁Med ved ev ▁will ▁usually ▁succeed ▁Y el ts in ▁and ▁preced ed ▁Put in ▁in ▁stack ing ▁order , ▁due ▁to ▁Put in ' s ▁role ▁sole ly ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁doll . ▁ ▁Political ▁mat ry |
osh ka ▁usually ▁range ▁between ▁ 5 ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁doll s ▁per ▁set . ▁ ▁World ▁record ▁ ▁The ▁largest ▁set ▁of ▁mat ry osh ka ▁doll s ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁is ▁a ▁ 5 1 - pie ce ▁set ▁hand - p aint ed ▁by ▁You lia ▁Bere zn it ska ia ▁of ▁Russia , ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁The ▁tall est ▁doll ▁in ▁the ▁set ▁measures ▁; ▁the ▁smallest , ▁. ▁Arr anged ▁side - by - side , ▁the ▁doll s ▁span ▁. ▁ ▁As ▁met ap hor ▁▁ ▁Mat ry osh ka ▁is ▁often ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁femin ine ▁side ▁of ▁Russian ▁culture . ▁Mat ry osh ka ▁is ▁associated ▁in ▁Russia ▁with ▁family ▁and ▁fert ility . ▁ ▁Mat ry osh ka ▁doll s ▁are ▁a ▁traditional ▁representation ▁of ▁the ▁mother ▁carrying ▁a ▁child ▁within ▁her ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁representation ▁of ▁a ▁chain ▁of ▁moth ers ▁carrying ▁on ▁the ▁family ▁legacy ▁through ▁the ▁child ▁in ▁their ▁w omb . ▁Furthermore , ▁Mat ry osh ka ▁doll s ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁illustrate ▁the ▁unity ▁of ▁body , ▁soul , ▁mind , ▁heart ▁and ▁spirit . ▁ ▁Mat ry osh k as ▁are ▁also ▁used ▁met ap hor ically , ▁as ▁a ▁design ▁parad ig m , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁“ mat ry osh ka ▁principle ” ▁or ▁“ nested ▁doll ▁principle ”. ▁It ▁denotes ▁a ▁recogn izable ▁relationship ▁of ▁“ object - with in - similar - |
object ” ▁that ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁many ▁other ▁natural ▁and ▁craft ed ▁objects . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁this ▁use ▁include ▁the ▁mat ri osh ka ▁brain , ▁the ▁Mat ro ska ▁media - container ▁format , ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁D oll ▁model ▁of ▁multi - w alled ▁carbon ▁nan ot ub es . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁on ion ▁met ap hor ▁is ▁of ▁similar ▁character . ▁If ▁the ▁outer ▁layer ▁is ▁pe e led ▁off ▁an ▁on ion , ▁a ▁similar ▁on ion ▁exists ▁within . ▁This ▁structure ▁is ▁employed ▁by ▁design ers ▁in ▁applications ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁layer ing ▁of ▁clothes ▁or ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁tables , ▁where ▁a ▁smaller ▁table ▁n ests ▁within ▁a ▁larger ▁table , ▁and ▁a ▁smaller ▁one ▁within ▁that . ▁ ▁The ▁met ap hor ▁of ▁the ▁Mat ry osh ka ▁doll ▁( or ▁its ▁on ion ▁equivalent ) ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁description ▁of ▁shell ▁companies ▁and ▁similar ▁corpor ate ▁structures ▁that ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁tax - e vas ion ▁schemes ▁in ▁low - tax ▁juris dict ions ▁( for ▁example , ▁off sh ore ▁tax ▁ha vens ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Am ish ▁doll ▁ ▁Chinese ▁boxes ▁ ▁Dro ste ▁effect ▁ ▁F ract al ▁ ▁K okes hi ▁ ▁M ise ▁en ▁ab yme ▁ ▁Rec urs ion ▁ ▁Russian ▁culture ▁ ▁Self - similar ity ▁ ▁Sh aker - style ▁p antry ▁box ▁ ▁Stack ing ▁( video ▁game ) ▁ ▁Tur du cken ▁ ▁T urt |
les ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁down ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 0 s ▁to ys ▁Category : Hand ic raft s ▁Category : N ested ▁containers ▁Category : Russ ian ▁culture ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁culture ▁Category : Ar men ian ▁culture ▁Category : Culture ▁of ▁Georgia ▁( country ) ▁Category : Russ ian ▁invent ions ▁Category : S ov iet ▁culture ▁Category : Tr ad itional ▁doll s ▁Category : W ood en ▁to ys ▁Category : Products ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁Category : Cont ain ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Kom edi anti ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Czech ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Vlad im ír ▁V l č ek . ▁It ▁was ▁entered ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁C annes ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Jar oslav ▁V oj ta ▁- ▁Star ý ▁kom edi ant ▁ ▁Lad is lav ▁Pe š ek ▁- ▁Zak ▁ ▁Jar oslav ▁Mare š ▁- ▁Fr ice k ▁ ▁Al ena ▁Martin ov ská ▁- ▁Ol ga ▁ ▁Marie ▁V á so vá ▁- ▁Red itel ka ▁cir k us u ▁ ▁Gab ri ela ▁B árt lov á ▁ ▁S vat op l uk ▁B ene š ▁- ▁Boh at ý ▁p án ▁ ▁Fr anti š ek ▁Filip ov ský ▁- ▁Ry cht ár ▁ ▁Josef ▁H lin om az ▁- ▁Cop ▁ ▁Rudolf ▁H ru š ín ský ▁- ▁Hav rá nek ▁ ▁V era ▁Kal end ová ▁- |
▁Ry cht ár ka ▁ ▁Fr anti š ek ▁K lika ▁- ▁Cop ▁ ▁Marie ▁Nov ák ová ▁- ▁Kal up ink a ▁ ▁The odor ▁Pi ště k ▁- ▁H ospod ský ▁ ▁Josef ▁Pr í h oda ▁- ▁Spect ator ▁in ▁the ▁Pub ▁ ▁Lib u še ▁Z em k ová ▁- ▁Mar git ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁films ▁Category : C zech oslov ak ▁films ▁Category : C zech - language ▁films ▁Category : C zech ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Con vex ▁optimization ▁is ▁a ▁sub field ▁of ▁mathematical ▁optimization ▁that ▁studies ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁minim izing ▁convex ▁functions ▁over ▁convex ▁sets . ▁Many ▁classes ▁of ▁convex ▁optimization ▁problems ▁admit ▁polynomial - time ▁algorithms , ▁whereas ▁mathematical ▁optimization ▁is ▁in ▁general ▁N P - hard . ▁ ▁Con vex ▁optimization ▁has ▁applications ▁in ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁discipl ines , ▁such ▁as ▁automatic ▁control ▁systems , ▁estimation ▁and ▁signal ▁processing , ▁communic ations ▁and ▁networks , ▁electronic ▁circuit ▁design , ▁data ▁analysis ▁and ▁model ing , ▁fin ance , ▁statistics ▁( opt imal ▁experimental ▁design ), ▁and ▁struct ural ▁optimization , ▁where ▁the ▁approximation ▁concept ▁has ▁proven ▁to ▁be ▁efficient . ▁▁ ▁With ▁recent ▁adv anc ements ▁in ▁computing ▁and ▁optimization ▁algorithms , ▁convex ▁programming ▁is ▁nearly ▁as ▁straightforward ▁as ▁linear ▁programming . ▁ ▁Definition ▁ ▁A ▁convex ▁optimization ▁problem ▁is ▁an ▁optimization ▁problem ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁objective ▁function ▁is ▁a ▁convex ▁function ▁and ▁the ▁feas ible ▁set ▁is ▁a ▁convex ▁set . |
▁A ▁function ▁▁ ▁mapping ▁some ▁subset ▁of ▁into ▁ ▁is ▁convex ▁if ▁its ▁domain ▁is ▁convex ▁and ▁for ▁all ▁ ▁and ▁all ▁ ▁in ▁its ▁domain , ▁the ▁following ▁condition ▁holds : ▁. ▁A ▁set ▁S ▁is ▁convex ▁if ▁for ▁all ▁members ▁ ▁and ▁all ▁ ▁, ▁we ▁have ▁that ▁. ▁ ▁Con cret ely , ▁a ▁convex ▁optimization ▁problem ▁is ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁finding ▁some ▁ ▁att aining ▁, ▁where ▁the ▁objective ▁function ▁ ▁is ▁convex , ▁as ▁is ▁the ▁feas ible ▁set ▁. ▁▁ ▁If ▁such ▁a ▁point ▁exists , ▁it ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁an ▁optimal ▁point ▁or ▁solution ; ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁all ▁optimal ▁points ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁optimal ▁set . ▁If ▁ ▁is ▁un bounded ▁below ▁over ▁ ▁or ▁the ▁inf imum ▁is ▁not ▁att ained , ▁then ▁the ▁optimization ▁problem ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁un bounded . ▁Otherwise , ▁if ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁empty ▁set , ▁then ▁the ▁problem ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁in fe as ible . ▁ ▁Standard ▁form ▁A ▁convex ▁optimization ▁problem ▁is ▁in ▁standard ▁form ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁written ▁as ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁optimization ▁variable , ▁the ▁function ▁ ▁is ▁convex , ▁, ▁, ▁are ▁convex , ▁and ▁, ▁, ▁are ▁aff ine . ▁ ▁This ▁notation ▁describes ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁finding ▁ ▁that ▁minim izes ▁ ▁among ▁all ▁ ▁satisfying ▁, ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁. ▁The ▁function ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁objective ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁problem , ▁and ▁the ▁functions ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁the ▁constraint ▁functions . ▁ ▁The ▁feas |
ible ▁set ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁optimization ▁problem ▁consists ▁of ▁all ▁points ▁ ▁satisfying ▁the ▁constraints . ▁This ▁set ▁is ▁convex ▁because ▁ ▁is ▁convex , ▁the ▁sub level ▁sets ▁of ▁convex ▁functions ▁are ▁convex , ▁aff ine ▁sets ▁are ▁convex , ▁and ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁convex ▁sets ▁is ▁convex . ▁▁ ▁A ▁solution ▁to ▁a ▁convex ▁optimization ▁problem ▁is ▁any ▁point ▁ ▁att aining ▁. ▁In ▁general , ▁a ▁convex ▁optimization ▁problem ▁may ▁have ▁zero , ▁one , ▁or ▁many ▁solutions . ▁ ▁Many ▁optimization ▁problems ▁can ▁be ▁equival ently ▁form ulated ▁in ▁this ▁standard ▁form . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁maxim izing ▁a ▁con ca ve ▁function ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁re - form ulated ▁equival ently ▁as ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁minim izing ▁the ▁convex ▁function ▁. ▁The ▁problem ▁of ▁maxim izing ▁a ▁con ca ve ▁function ▁over ▁a ▁convex ▁set ▁is ▁commonly ▁called ▁a ▁convex ▁optimization ▁problem . ▁ ▁Properties ▁The ▁following ▁are ▁useful ▁properties ▁of ▁convex ▁optimization ▁problems : ▁▁ ▁every ▁local ▁minimum ▁is ▁a ▁global ▁minimum ; ▁ ▁the ▁optimal ▁set ▁is ▁convex ; ▁ ▁if ▁the ▁objective ▁function ▁is ▁strictly ▁convex , ▁then ▁the ▁problem ▁has ▁at ▁most ▁one ▁optimal ▁point . ▁ ▁These ▁results ▁are ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁convex ▁minim ization ▁along ▁with ▁geometric ▁not ions ▁from ▁functional ▁analysis ▁( in ▁Hil bert ▁spaces ) ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Hil bert ▁projection ▁theorem , ▁the ▁separ ating ▁hyper plane ▁theorem , ▁and ▁F ark as ' ▁lemma . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁The ▁following ▁problem ▁classes |
▁are ▁all ▁convex ▁optimization ▁problems , ▁or ▁can ▁be ▁reduced ▁to ▁convex ▁optimization ▁problems ▁via ▁simple ▁transformations : ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Le ast ▁squares ▁Linear ▁programming ▁ ▁Con vex ▁quadratic ▁minim ization ▁with ▁linear ▁constraints ▁Qu adr atic ▁minim ization ▁with ▁convex ▁quadratic ▁constraints ▁Con ic ▁optimization ▁Ge ometric ▁programming ▁Second ▁order ▁cone ▁programming ▁Sem ide finite ▁programming ▁Ent ropy ▁maxim ization ▁with ▁appropriate ▁constraints ▁ ▁Lag range ▁multip liers ▁Consider ▁a ▁convex ▁minim ization ▁problem ▁given ▁in ▁standard ▁form ▁by ▁a ▁cost ▁function ▁ ▁and ▁inequality ▁constraints ▁ ▁for ▁. ▁Then ▁the ▁domain ▁ ▁is : ▁ ▁The ▁L agr ang ian ▁function ▁for ▁the ▁problem ▁is ▁ ▁For ▁each ▁point ▁ ▁in ▁ ▁that ▁minim izes ▁ ▁over ▁, ▁there ▁exist ▁real ▁numbers ▁ ▁called ▁Lag range ▁multip liers , ▁that ▁satisfy ▁these ▁conditions ▁simultaneously : ▁▁▁ ▁minim izes ▁ ▁over ▁all ▁▁▁ ▁with ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁▁▁ ▁( com plement ary ▁s lack ness ). ▁ ▁If ▁there ▁exists ▁a ▁" str ict ly ▁feas ible ▁point ", ▁that ▁is , ▁a ▁point ▁ ▁satisfying ▁ ▁then ▁the ▁statement ▁above ▁can ▁be ▁strength ened ▁to ▁require ▁that ▁. ▁ ▁Con vers ely , ▁if ▁some ▁ ▁in ▁ ▁satisfies ▁( 1 ) – ( 3 ) ▁for ▁scal ars ▁ ▁with ▁ ▁then ▁ ▁is ▁certain ▁to ▁minim ize ▁ ▁over ▁. ▁ ▁Alg orithms ▁Con vex ▁optimization ▁problems ▁can ▁be ▁solved ▁by ▁the ▁following ▁contemporary ▁methods : ▁ ▁Bundle ▁methods ▁( W ol fe , ▁Lem ar éch al , ▁K |
iw iel ), ▁and ▁ ▁Sub gradient ▁projection ▁methods ▁( Pol y ak ), ▁ ▁Inter ior - point ▁methods , ▁which ▁make ▁use ▁of ▁self - con cord ant ▁bar rier ▁functions ▁ ▁and ▁self - regular ▁bar rier ▁functions . ▁C ut ting - plane ▁methods ▁Elli ps oid ▁method ▁Sub gradient ▁method ▁D ual ▁sub grad ients ▁and ▁the ▁dr ift - plus - pen alty ▁method ▁Sub gradient ▁methods ▁can ▁be ▁implemented ▁simply ▁and ▁so ▁are ▁widely ▁used . ▁▁ ▁D ual ▁sub gradient ▁methods ▁are ▁sub gradient ▁methods ▁applied ▁to ▁a ▁dual ▁problem . ▁ ▁The ▁dr ift - plus - pen alty ▁method ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁dual ▁sub gradient ▁method , ▁but ▁takes ▁a ▁time ▁average ▁of ▁the ▁prim al ▁variables . ▁ ▁Ext ensions ▁ ▁Ext ensions ▁of ▁convex ▁optimization ▁include ▁the ▁optimization ▁of ▁b icon vex , ▁pseudo - con vex , ▁and ▁qu as icon vex ▁functions . ▁Ext ensions ▁of ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁convex ▁analysis ▁and ▁iter ative ▁methods ▁for ▁approximately ▁solving ▁non - con vex ▁minim ization ▁problems ▁occur ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁generalized ▁convex ity , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁abstract ▁convex ▁analysis . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁D ual ity ▁ ▁Kar ush – K u hn – T ucker ▁conditions ▁ ▁Opt im ization ▁problem ▁ ▁Pro xim al ▁gradient ▁method ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Bor we in , ▁Jonathan , ▁and ▁Lewis , ▁Ad rian . ▁( 2 0 0 0 ). ▁Con vex ▁Analysis ▁and ▁Non |
linear ▁Opt im ization . ▁Springer . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Hi ri art - U rr ut y , ▁Jean - B apt iste , ▁and ▁Lem ar éch al , ▁Claude . ▁( 2 0 0 4 ). ▁Fund ament als ▁of ▁Con vex ▁analysis . ▁Berlin : ▁Springer . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁N ester ov , ▁Y ur ii . ▁( 2 0 0 4 ). ▁Int ro duct ory ▁L ect ures ▁on ▁Con vex ▁Opt im ization , ▁ ▁K lu wer ▁Academ ic ▁Publish ers ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Sch mit , ▁L . A .; ▁Fle ury , ▁C . ▁ 1 9 8 0 : ▁Struct ural ▁synth esis ▁by ▁combining ▁approximation ▁concepts ▁and ▁dual ▁methods . ▁J . ▁Amer . ▁Inst . ▁Aer onaut . ▁A str onaut ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 2 5 2 - 1 2 6 0 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁E E 3 6 4 a : ▁Con vex ▁Opt im ization ▁I ▁and ▁E E 3 6 4 b : ▁Con vex ▁Opt im ization ▁II , ▁Stan ford ▁course ▁home pages ▁ 6 . 2 5 3 : ▁Con vex ▁Analysis ▁and ▁Opt im ization , ▁an ▁M IT ▁O C W ▁course ▁home page ▁ ▁Brian ▁Bor ch ers , ▁An ▁over view ▁of ▁software ▁for ▁convex ▁optimization ▁ ▁Category : Math emat ical ▁optimization ▁Category : Con vex ▁analysis <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Be ast ▁with ▁a ▁Mill ion ▁E yes ▁( a . k . a . ▁The ▁Un seen ) ▁is |
▁a ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁independently ▁made ▁American ▁black - and - white ▁science ▁fiction ▁film , ▁produced ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁David ▁K ram ar sky , ▁that ▁stars ▁Paul ▁Bir ch , ▁Lor na ▁Th ayer , ▁and ▁D ona ▁Cole . ▁Some ▁film ▁sources ▁have ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁co - direct ed ▁by ▁Lou ▁Place . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁co - produ ced ▁by ▁Roger ▁C orm an ▁and ▁Samuel ▁Z . ▁Ark off . ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁American ▁Re le asing ▁Corporation , ▁which ▁later ▁became ▁American ▁International ▁Pictures . ▁ ▁The ▁film ' s ▁story line ▁concerns ▁a ▁space ▁al ien ▁that ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁see ▁through ▁the ▁eyes ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁array ▁of ▁Earth ▁life ▁that ▁it ▁can ▁also ▁ment ally ▁control , ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁plan ▁to ▁conquer ▁the ▁Earth . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁The ▁isolated ▁K elle y ▁family ▁struggle ▁to ▁surv ive ▁on ▁their ▁small ▁" date ▁ran ch ", ▁located ▁in ▁a ▁ble ak ▁desert ▁landscape ▁well ▁away ▁from ▁civil ization . ▁After ▁a ▁myster ious ▁object ▁crashes ▁nearby , ▁both ▁wild ▁and ▁domestic ated ▁animals , ▁and ▁finally ▁the ▁farm ' s ▁hand yman , ▁turn ▁on ▁the ▁family , ▁attack ing ▁them . ▁It ▁is ▁finally ▁revealed ▁that ▁a ▁space ▁al ien ▁(" the ▁be ast " ▁of ▁the ▁title ) ▁has ▁taken ▁total ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁area ' s ▁less er ▁animals ▁and ▁is ▁working ▁its ▁way ▁up ▁to ▁humans , ▁all ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁master ▁plan |
▁to ▁conquer ▁the ▁Earth . ▁In ▁the ▁end ▁the ▁family ▁bond ▁together , ▁fighting ▁against ▁the ▁al ien ▁men ace , ▁finally ▁th wart ing ▁its ▁plan ▁of ▁con quest . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Paul ▁Bir ch ▁as ▁All an ▁K elle y ▁ ▁Lor na ▁Th ayer ▁as ▁Carol ▁K elle y ▁ ▁D ona ▁Cole ▁as ▁Sand y ▁K elle y ▁ ▁Dick ▁S argent ▁( cred ited ▁as ▁Richard ▁Sar ge ant ) ▁as ▁Larry ▁ ▁Leonard ▁Tar ver ▁as ▁" H im " ▁ ▁Bruce ▁Whit more ▁( voice ▁only ) ▁as ▁The ▁Be ast ▁ ▁Ch ester ▁Con k lin ▁as ▁Old ▁Man ▁Web ber ▁ ▁Production ▁The ▁Be ast ▁with ▁a ▁Mill ion ▁E yes ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁of ▁a ▁three - picture ▁deal ▁Roger ▁C orm an ▁had ▁with ▁the ▁American ▁Re le asing ▁Company ▁following ▁The ▁Fast ▁and ▁the ▁Fur ious ▁( 1 9 5 5 ) ▁and ▁Five ▁G uns ▁West ▁( 1 9 5 5 ). ▁Only ▁$ 2 9 , 0 0 0 ▁remained ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁film ▁for ▁Pac em aker ▁Produ ctions . ▁The ▁tiny ▁budget ▁meant ▁music ▁in ▁The ▁Be ast ▁with ▁a ▁Mill ion ▁E yes , ▁cred ited ▁to ▁" John ▁B ick ford ", ▁is ▁actually ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁public - domain ▁record ▁library ▁c ues ▁by ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Richard ▁Wagner , ▁Dim it ri ▁Sh ost akov ich , ▁Giuseppe ▁Ver di , ▁Serge i ▁Pro k of iev , ▁and ▁others , ▁used |
▁to ▁def ray ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁an ▁original ▁score ▁or ▁copy right ed ▁c ues . ▁ ▁American ▁Re le asing ▁Company ▁president ▁James ▁H . ▁Nich ol son ▁had ▁come ▁up ▁with ▁a ▁title ▁and ▁ad ▁treatment ▁that ▁had ▁film ▁exhib itors ▁signed ▁on ▁before ▁seeing ▁the ▁finished ▁film . ▁When ▁the ▁company ▁vice - pres ident ▁Samuel ▁Z . ▁Ark off ▁received ▁The ▁Be ast ▁with ▁a ▁Mill ion ▁E yes ▁he ▁was ▁unh appy ▁that ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁even ▁feature ▁" the ▁be ast " ▁that ▁was ▁implicit ▁in ▁the ▁title . ▁Paul ▁Bla is d ell , ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁film ' s ▁special ▁effects , ▁was ▁h ired ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁three - foot - t all ▁spaces hip ▁( with ▁" be ast " ▁al ien ) ▁for ▁a ▁me ager ▁$ 2 0 0 . ▁Not ably , ▁the ▁Art ▁Director ▁was ▁Albert ▁S . ▁Rud dy , ▁who ▁would ▁later ▁win ▁two ▁" Best ▁Picture " ▁Academy ▁Awards ▁for ▁The ▁God father ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁and ▁Mill ion ▁D ollar ▁Baby ▁( 2 0 0 4 ). ▁ ▁Fil ming ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Ind io ▁and ▁the ▁Co ach ella ▁Valley , ▁California . ▁C orm an ▁shot ▁ 4 8 ▁pages ▁of ▁inter iors ▁in ▁just ▁two ▁days ▁at ▁a ▁studio ▁on ▁La ▁C ien ega ▁Bl vd . ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁The ▁Be ast ▁with ▁a ▁Mill ion ▁E yes ▁was ▁a ▁non - union ▁film ing ▁of ▁a |
▁script ▁originally ▁titled ▁The ▁Un seen , ▁with ▁Lou ▁Place ▁set ▁to ▁direct . ▁After ▁one ▁day ' s ▁film ing , ▁the ▁union ▁threatened ▁to ▁shut ▁down ▁the ▁production ▁unless ▁everyone ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁Gu ild . ▁Roger ▁C orm an , ▁who ▁was ▁producing , ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁film ' s ▁direct ing ▁ch ores ▁and ▁replaced ▁the ▁cinemat ograph er ▁with ▁F loyd ▁C ros by ; ▁however ▁C orm an ▁took ▁no ▁official ▁screen ▁credit . ▁Another ▁version ▁of ▁this ▁story ▁has ▁C orm an ▁alloc ating ▁direct ing ▁duties ▁to ▁Dave ▁K ram ar sky , ▁his ▁associate ▁director ▁on ▁Five ▁G uns ▁West . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Film ▁historian ▁Leonard ▁M alt in ▁called ▁The ▁Be ast ▁with ▁a ▁Mill ion ▁E yes , ▁" Im agin ative ▁though ▁poor ly ▁executed ▁sci - fi ▁mel od rama ▁with ▁desert ▁setting ; ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁people ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁confront ▁an ▁al ien ▁that ▁can ▁control ▁an ▁un limited ▁number ▁of ▁animals , ▁hence ▁the ▁title ." ▁He ▁further ▁described ▁the ▁film ▁as , ▁"( an ) ▁early ▁Roger ▁C orm an ▁production ▁( that ) ▁features ▁Paul ▁Bla is d ell ' s ▁first ▁movie ▁mon ster ." ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Metro - G old w yn ▁May er ▁sold ▁The ▁Be ast ▁with ▁a ▁Mill ion ▁E yes ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁Mid night ▁Mov ies ▁DVD ▁catalog ▁as ▁a ▁double - feature ▁with ▁The ▁Ph antom ▁from ▁ 1 0 |
, 0 0 0 ▁Le agues ▁( 1 9 5 5 ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁American ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁L ent z , ▁Harris ▁M . ▁III . ▁Science ▁F iction , ▁Hor ror ▁& ▁Fant asy ▁Film ▁and ▁Television ▁Cred its , ▁Vol . ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁Jefferson , ▁North ▁Carolina : ▁Mc F ar land ▁& ▁Company , ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁. ▁ ▁McG ee , ▁Mark . ▁F aster ▁and ▁F uri ou ser : ▁The ▁Re vised ▁and ▁F atten ed ▁F able ▁of ▁American ▁International ▁Pictures . ▁Jefferson , ▁North ▁Carolina : ▁Mc F ar land ▁& ▁Company , ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁. ▁ ▁Smith , ▁Gary ▁A . ▁American ▁International ▁Pictures ▁Video ▁Guide . ▁Jefferson , ▁North ▁Carolina : ▁Mc F ar land ▁& ▁Company , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁. ▁ ▁Smith , ▁Gary ▁A . ▁American ▁International ▁Pictures : ▁The ▁Golden ▁Years . ▁Alb any , ▁Georgia : ▁Bear ▁Man or ▁Media , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁. ▁ ▁Warren , ▁Bill . ▁Keep ▁Watch ing ▁the ▁Sk ies : ▁American ▁Science ▁F iction ▁Films ▁of ▁the ▁F ift ies , ▁ 2 1 st ▁Century ▁Edition ▁( re vised ▁and ▁expanded ). ▁Jefferson , ▁North ▁Carolina : ▁Mc F ar land ▁& ▁Company , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁. ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 |
5 5 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁independent ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁science ▁fiction ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁science ▁fiction ▁horror ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Roger ▁C orm an ▁Category : A li en ▁invas ions ▁in ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁" L ove ▁Is ▁Fore ver " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Dan ish ▁singer ▁Leon ora ▁that ▁was ▁Den mark ' s ▁entry ▁at ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁in ▁Tel ▁Av iv . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁mult iling ual ▁entry ▁from ▁Den mark ▁in ▁Euro vision ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁Dan ish ▁entry ▁with ▁Dan ish ▁lyr ics ▁since ▁the ▁removal ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁rule ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁It ▁was ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁second ▁semi - final ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁and ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁final , ▁where ▁it ▁placed ▁ 1 2 th ▁with ▁ 1 2 0 ▁points . ▁ ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁represented ▁Den mark ▁in ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁after ▁Leon ora ▁was ▁chosen ▁through ▁Dans k ▁Mel odi ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁music ▁competition ▁that ▁selects ▁Den |
mark ' s ▁entries ▁for ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est . ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁a ▁special ▁allocation ▁draw ▁was ▁held ▁which ▁placed ▁each ▁country ▁into ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁semi - final s , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁which ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁they ▁would ▁perform ▁in . ▁Den mark ▁was ▁placed ▁into ▁the ▁second ▁semi - final , ▁held ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁and ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁perform ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁show . ▁Once ▁all ▁the ▁compet ing ▁songs ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁contest ▁had ▁been ▁released , ▁the ▁running ▁order ▁for ▁the ▁semi - final s ▁was ▁decided ▁by ▁the ▁show ' s ▁produ cers ▁rather ▁than ▁through ▁another ▁draw , ▁so ▁that ▁similar ▁songs ▁were ▁not ▁placed ▁next ▁to ▁each ▁other . ▁Den mark ▁performed ▁in ▁position ▁ 7 ▁and ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁final ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Den mark ▁performed ▁sixth ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁voting , ▁the ▁song ▁had ▁received ▁ 1 2 0 ▁points , ▁ending ▁ 1 2 th . ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁songs ▁Category : E uro vision ▁songs ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Category : E uro vision ▁songs ▁of ▁Den mark ▁Category : Mult iling ual ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁L ise ▁Cab ble <0x0A> </s> ▁John |
▁Mu ir ▁( 1 8 ▁June ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁Castle ▁Douglas , ▁Scotland ▁– ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁R ivers dale , ▁Cape ▁Province ) ▁was ▁a ▁medical ▁doctor , ▁natural ist ▁and ▁cultural ▁historian . ▁ ▁Education ▁and ▁career ▁John ▁Mu ir ▁spent ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 8 9 0 - 1 8 9 2 ▁studying ▁Arts ▁and ▁Medicine ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁St ▁Andrew s . ▁He ▁en rolled ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 , ▁obtain ing ▁a ▁M . B . ▁and ▁C . M . ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁and ▁an ▁M . D . ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁he ▁came ▁to ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁pract ised ▁at ▁Wor c ester , ▁S try den burg , ▁Ster k st room ▁and ▁Albert in ia ▁before ▁sett ling ▁in ▁R ivers dale . ▁He ▁collected ▁plants ▁extens ively ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁se eds ▁found ▁along ▁the ▁coast line . ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁to ▁dev ote ▁himself ▁to ▁these ▁interests ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁shell s . ▁He ▁don ated ▁his ▁collection ▁of ▁dr ift se eds ▁to ▁St ellen bos ch ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁an ▁honor ary ▁D . Sc . ▁As ▁the ▁recip ient ▁of ▁a ▁Car neg ie ▁Tra v elling ▁Grant |
, ▁he ▁went ▁abroad ▁to ▁study ▁other ▁collections ▁of ▁ocean - bor ne ▁f ruits ▁and ▁se eds . ▁He ▁presented ▁his ▁her b arium ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Her b arium , ▁P ret oria . ▁At ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁developed ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁fol kl ore ▁and ▁historical ▁objects ▁and ▁published ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁papers ▁on ▁the ▁subject , ▁besides ▁contrib uting ▁vern ac ular ▁names ▁of ▁birds , ▁plants ▁and ▁shell s ▁to ▁the ▁Wo orde bo ek ▁van ▁die ▁A frika anse ▁Ta al . ▁He ▁don ated ▁his ▁collection ▁of ▁shell s ▁to ▁the ▁South ▁African ▁Museum , ▁some ▁particularly ▁minute ▁species ▁exc iting ▁a ▁large ▁amount ▁of ▁interest . ▁Besides ▁his ▁botan ical ▁writ ings , ▁he ▁contributed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁articles ▁to ▁popular ▁scientific ▁and ▁so cio - histor ical ▁publications , ▁a ▁fair ▁portion ▁of ▁these ▁written ▁in ▁A frika ans . ▁He ▁is ▁comm emor ated ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁M ui ria ▁N . E . Br . ▁and ▁in ▁many ▁species ▁such ▁as ▁Le uc os perm um ▁m ui rii ▁Phill ips , ▁Er ica ▁m ui rii ▁L . B ol ., ▁Le uc ad end ron ▁m ui rii ▁Phill ips ▁and ▁Con oph yt um ▁m ui rii ▁N . E . Br .. ▁His ▁wife , ▁born ▁Sus anna ▁Ste yn , ▁is ▁also ▁remembered ▁in ▁Prote a ▁sus ann ae ▁Phill ips ▁and ▁Th es ium ▁sus ann ae ▁A . W . H ill , ▁while ▁M |
ui ria ▁h ort ense ae ▁N . E . Br . ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁his ▁daughter , ▁but ▁is ▁now ▁l ump ed ▁as ▁a ▁syn onym ▁of ▁Gib ba e um ▁h ort ense ae ▁( N . E . Br .) ▁Th ied e ▁& ▁K lak . ▁Vol . ▁ 1 7 ▁of ▁Flow ering ▁Pl ants ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁him . ▁ ▁Publications ▁The ▁Flora ▁of ▁R ivers dale , ▁South ▁Africa ▁Mem . ▁Bot . ▁Sur v . ▁S . A fr . ▁No . 1 3 ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁Se ed - d rift ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁ ▁Mem . ▁Bot . ▁Sur v . ▁S . A fr . ▁No . 1 6 ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁Gew one ▁Plant name ▁in ▁R ivers dal ▁ ▁References ▁Botan ical ▁Ex pl oration ▁of ▁Southern ▁Africa ▁Mary ▁G unn ▁and ▁LE ▁C odd ▁( B alk ema ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁▁ ▁Category : S outh ▁African ▁phys icians ▁Category : S outh ▁African ▁botan ists ▁Category : S outh ▁African ▁natural ists ▁Category : S outh ▁African ▁cultural ▁histor ians ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Castle ▁Douglas ▁Category : 1 8 7 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁South ▁African ▁scient ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁natural ists ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁South ▁Africa <0x0A> |
</s> ▁Saint - Ét ienne ▁C athedral ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁church ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Saint ▁Charles ▁Bor rome o , ▁in ▁Saint - Ét ienne , ▁Lo ire , ▁France . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁c athedral ▁of ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Saint - Ét ienne ▁since ▁its ▁creation ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁constructed ▁as ▁an ▁elaborate ▁parish ▁church ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁in ▁a ▁primitive ▁ne o - G oth ic ▁style , ▁on ▁a ▁Latin ▁cross ▁ground plan ▁with ▁tr anse pt ▁and ▁triple ▁nave , ▁and ▁a ▁b ellt ower ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁front . ▁The ▁building ▁is ▁ ▁long , ▁ ▁wide ▁and ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁roof ▁v ault ▁to ▁the ▁ground . ▁The ▁organ ▁in ▁the ▁cho ir ▁dates ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁another ▁very ▁impos ing ▁one ▁by ▁A . ▁Dur and ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁a ▁highly ▁am bit ious ▁one ▁from ▁the ▁start , ▁and ▁remains ▁un fin ished . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁project ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁church ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁parish ▁was ▁decided ▁upon ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁rising ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁consequ ent ▁upon ▁its ▁industrial ▁growth . ▁The ▁dedic ation ▁to ▁Charles ▁Bor rome o ▁was ▁an ▁indirect ▁compl iment ▁to ▁the ▁then ▁monarch , ▁Charles ▁X . ▁▁ |
▁A ▁prov is ional ▁chap el ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁R ue ▁É mile ▁Com bes ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 9 , ▁although ▁only ▁dedicated ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁as ▁a ▁temporary ▁measure ▁while ▁the ▁new ▁large ▁church ▁was ▁constructed . ▁In ▁the ▁event ▁the ▁prov is ional ▁structure ▁had ▁to ▁serve ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁The ▁extreme ▁delay ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁sust ained ▁obst ruction ▁from ▁the ▁sec ular ist ▁authorities , ▁which ▁had ▁dis astr ous ▁consequences ▁for ▁the ▁progress ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁church ▁of ▁Saint - Ét ienne . ▁Pl ans ▁for ▁an ▁impress ive ▁church ▁were ▁accepted ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s , ▁drawn ▁up ▁by ▁Pierre ▁B oss an , ▁architect ▁to ▁the ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁Lyon , ▁where ▁his ▁most ▁significant ▁work ▁was ▁the ▁Bas il ica ▁of ▁Notre - D ame ▁de ▁Four vi ère . ▁After ▁many ▁years ▁in ▁storage ▁they ▁were ▁destroyed ▁in ▁a ▁fire , ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁re construct ed ▁by ▁, ▁from ▁pre lim inary ▁draw ings ▁by ▁B oss an ' s ▁partner , ▁G in iez , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁kept ▁by ▁his ▁children . ▁The ▁local ▁architect ▁who ▁finally ▁built ▁the ▁church ▁from ▁them ▁was ▁Francis que ▁D od at . ▁The ▁first ▁stone ▁was ▁bl essed ▁on ▁ 3 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁by ▁M ons ign or ▁Dé che lette , ▁A ux ili ary ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Ly ons . ▁ |
▁However , ▁two ▁years ▁later , ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁further ▁delayed ▁construction ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁By ▁that ▁time ▁infl ation ▁had ▁reduced ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁end ow ment ▁and ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁short age ▁of ▁labour , ▁and ▁the ▁church ▁that ▁was ▁eventually ▁built , ▁which ▁was ▁finished ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁but ▁not ▁consec r ated ▁until ▁ 2 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁by ▁Card inal ▁Maur in , ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁Ly ons , ▁was ▁significantly ▁less ▁than ▁what ▁had ▁been ▁planned : ▁it ▁is ▁missing ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁intended ▁four ▁b ellt ow ers ▁and ▁a ▁d ome , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁quantities ▁of ▁external ▁and ▁internal ▁decor ations . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁the ▁church ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁a ▁c athedral ▁when ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Saint - Ét ienne ▁was ▁created . ▁On ▁this ▁occasion , ▁the ▁cho ir ▁was ▁rem od elled ▁to ▁conform ▁to ▁the ▁lit urg ical ▁pres cri ptions ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁V at ican ▁Council . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁at ▁the ▁inst ig ation ▁of ▁the ▁Abb é ▁Martin , ▁re ctor , ▁the ▁layout ▁was ▁completed ▁by ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁an ▁epis cop al ▁c athedral ▁coh er ent ▁with ▁the ▁alt ar ▁and ▁the ▁am bo , ▁on ▁draw ings ▁by ▁the ▁architect ▁Michel ▁Go y et . ▁ ▁Bu ilt ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 |
9 0 5 ▁French ▁law ▁on ▁the ▁Se par ation ▁of ▁the ▁Church es ▁and ▁the ▁State , ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁c athed r als ▁in ▁France ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁dioc ese , ▁which ▁is ▁wh olly ▁responsible ▁for ▁its ▁up keep . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Catholic ▁Hier archy : ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Saint - Ét ienne ▁ ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Saint - Ét ienne ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Saint - Ét ienne ▁C athedral ▁at ▁The ▁Planet ' s ▁C athed r als ▁ ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁c athed r als ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Saint - Ét ienne ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁in ▁Lo ire ▁( de partment ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁Women ' s ▁Club s ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁( 1 1 th ▁edition ), ▁was ▁an ▁international ▁basketball ▁tournament ▁ ▁held ▁in ▁B am ako , ▁M ali , ▁from ▁October ▁ 2 ▁to ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁tournament , ▁organized ▁by ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁and ▁hosted ▁by ▁Dj ol iba ▁AC , ▁was ▁cont ested ▁by ▁ 8 ▁clubs ▁split ▁into ▁ 2 ▁groups , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁qual ifying ▁for ▁the ▁knock - out ▁stage ▁( qu arter , ▁sem is ▁and ▁final ). ▁▁ ▁The ▁tournament ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁home ▁team ▁Dj ol iba ▁AC ▁ ▁which ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁FI BA ▁Women ' s ▁World |
▁League . ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁Squad s ▁ ▁Qual ification ▁ ▁Pre lim inary ▁r ounds ▁ ▁Times ▁given ▁below ▁are ▁local ▁UTC . ▁ ▁Group ▁A ▁ ▁Group ▁B ▁ ▁Kno ck out ▁stage ▁ ▁Qu arter - final s ▁▁ 5 th - 8 th ▁place ▁ ▁Sem if inals ▁▁ 7 th ▁place ▁▁ 5 th ▁place ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁game ▁ ▁Gold ▁medal ▁game ▁ ▁Final ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Dj ol iba ▁AC ▁ro ster A min ata ▁Ser em é , ▁A min ata ▁Sin inta , ▁D jen aba ▁Sam ake , ▁Dj én éb ou ▁D amba , ▁F anta ▁T oure , ▁F at ou m ata ▁Dia , ▁F at ou m ata ▁Kon ate , ▁F at ou m ata ▁San fo , ▁K ad iat ou ▁Tour é , ▁K ad id iat ou ▁D rame , ▁Mar iam a ▁Cam ara , ▁Me i ya ▁Tir era ▁Co ach : ▁Moh amed ▁Ma ï ga ▁ ▁Statist ical ▁Le aders ▁ ▁All ▁Tournament ▁Team ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁Championship ▁for ▁Women ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Championship ▁Official ▁Website ▁▁▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁Women ' s ▁Club s ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁Women ' s ▁Club s ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁Women ' s ▁Club s ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁FI BA <0x0A> </s> ▁Wil bur ▁St ark |
▁( August ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁– ▁August ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁writer ▁and ▁film , ▁television , ▁and ▁radio ▁producer ▁and ▁director . ▁ ▁Life ▁St ark ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Brook lyn ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁brother ▁of ▁Douglas ▁St ark , ▁an ▁actor , ▁Sh eld on ▁St ark , ▁a ▁writer , ▁and ▁M idge ▁St ark , ▁another ▁producer . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁the ▁Man ual ▁Training ▁High ▁School ▁and ▁Columbia ▁University . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁he ▁was ▁h ired ▁by ▁the ▁Christian ▁radio ▁station ▁WM CA , ▁becoming ▁a ▁top ▁sales man ▁there . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army , ▁then ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁established ▁a ▁radio ▁production ▁company , ▁going ▁into ▁partners hip ▁with ▁Jerry ▁L ay ton ▁as ▁Wil bur ▁St ark - J er ry ▁L ay ton ▁Produ ctions . ▁ ▁St ark ▁first ▁made ▁a ▁name ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁as ▁producer ▁of ▁Movie ▁Mat ine e , ▁a ▁radio ▁qu iz ▁show ▁on ▁W OR , ▁going ▁on ▁to ▁produce ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁shows ▁on ▁radio ▁and ▁a ▁thousand ▁on ▁television . ▁By ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁St ark ▁and ▁L ay ton ▁had ▁produced ▁nearly ▁eight ▁hundred ▁network ▁program ▁episodes , ▁many ▁for ▁Du Mont . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 |
0 , ▁they ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁setting ▁up ▁separate ▁offices , ▁but ▁would ▁continue ▁as ▁partners ▁splitting ▁the ▁packages ▁and ▁talent ▁they ▁already ▁represented . ▁ ▁St ark ' s ▁cred its ▁as ▁a ▁television ▁producer ▁included ▁Col . ▁Hum ph rey ▁F lack ▁and ▁Rock y ▁King ▁Det ect ive ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁The ▁Brothers ▁Bran n agan ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 . ▁Mov ing ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁film ▁world , ▁St ark ▁was ▁producer ▁of ▁Act ▁of ▁Re pr is al ▁( 1 9 6 4 ), ▁My ▁L over , ▁My ▁Son ▁( 1 9 7 0 ), ▁All ▁I ▁W ant ▁Is ▁You ... ▁and ▁You ... ▁and ▁You ... ▁( 1 9 7 4 ), ▁Cat ▁People ▁( 1 9 8 2 ), ▁and ▁The ▁Story t eller . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁Phot op lay ▁noted ▁that ▁St ark ▁" m akes ▁a ▁prof itable ▁habit ▁of ▁bu ying ▁up ▁good ▁old ▁mov ies ▁for ▁fashion able ▁re - t read s ▁( such ▁as ▁Cat ▁People , ▁last ▁year ) ▁is ▁planning ▁his ▁own , ▁more ▁contemporary ▁revision ▁of ▁Sus p icion ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁he ▁married ▁Kath i ▁Nor ris , ▁who ▁was ▁then ▁a ▁radio ▁writer , ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁two ▁daughters , ▁Pam ela ▁and ▁K oo , ▁and ▁two ▁sons , ▁Wil bur ▁Junior , ▁known ▁as ▁Brad , ▁and ▁Patrick |
. ▁The ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁London ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁beginning ▁a ▁new ▁life . ▁There ▁the ▁elder ▁daughter ▁was ▁purs ued ▁by ▁Sir ▁William ▁P ig ott ▁Brown , ▁but ▁ ▁according ▁to ▁Private ▁E ye ▁" So ▁v ile ▁were ▁P igg ott - B rown ' s ▁att ent ions ▁and ▁hab its ▁that ▁St ark ▁bought ▁him ▁off , ▁present ing ▁the ▁re pt ile ▁with ▁a ▁che que ▁for ▁ 5 0 0 ▁dollars ." ▁However , ▁the ▁off ender ▁fr amed ▁the ▁che que ▁and ▁hung ▁it ▁on ▁his ▁wall . ▁Pam ela ▁graduated ▁from ▁God d ard ▁College ▁and ▁Harvard , ▁became ▁a ▁consult ant ▁to ▁non - pro fit ▁organizations , ▁and ▁married ▁Sh eld on ▁Gu yer , ▁a ▁vice ▁president ▁of ▁M err ill ▁Lyn ch , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁St ark ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁separated ▁and ▁divor ced ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁Fant asy ▁News letter ▁reported ▁that ▁St ark ▁had ▁bought ▁the ▁rights ▁to ▁several ▁old ▁R K O ▁fant asy ▁films , ▁int ending ▁to ▁re make ▁them . ▁It ▁suggested ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁of ▁these ▁purch ases ▁was ▁The ▁Th ing ▁From ▁Another ▁World . ▁When ▁The ▁Th ing ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁made , ▁St ark ▁was ▁executive ▁producer . ▁ ▁St ark ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁director ▁and ▁writer , |
▁his ▁writing ▁cred its ▁including ▁V amp ire ▁Circ us ▁( 1 9 7 1 ), ▁The ▁Love ▁Box , ▁and ▁The ▁Stud ▁( 1 9 7 4 ). ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁St ark ▁was ▁living ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁He ▁died ▁of ▁cancer ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁at ▁New ▁York ▁Hospital . ▁ ▁Films ▁Act ▁of ▁Re pr is al ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁: ▁Produ cer ▁My ▁L over , ▁My ▁Son ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁: ▁W riter ▁and ▁Produ cer ▁V amp ire ▁Circ us ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁: ▁W riter ▁and ▁Produ cer ▁All ▁I ▁W ant ▁Is ▁You ... ▁and ▁You ... ▁and ▁You ... ▁( 1 9 7 4 ) ▁: ▁Produ cer ▁The ▁Th ing ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁: ▁Executive ▁producer ▁Cat ▁People ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁: ▁Executive ▁producer ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Wil bur ▁St ark ▁at ▁b fi . org . uk ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁film ▁produ cers ▁Category : American ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁University ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁It ' s ▁a ▁Man ' s ▁World ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁Sarah ▁V aug han , ▁arranged ▁by ▁Hal ▁Mo oney , ▁Bob ▁James ▁and ▁Bob ▁Fre ed man |
. ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁The ▁All music ▁review ▁by ▁Ken ▁D ry den ▁awarded ▁the ▁album ▁three ▁stars ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁V aug han ' s ▁" lov ely ▁voice , ▁which ▁is ▁in ▁great ▁form , ▁is ▁full ▁of ▁the ▁advent ur ous ▁spirit , ▁as ▁is ▁the ▁sole ▁impro vis er ▁on ▁the ▁date , ▁stretch ing ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁ten ▁strong ▁compos itions ". ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁" Al f ie " ▁( B urt ▁Bach ar ach , ▁Hal ▁David ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 3 3 ▁ ▁" The ▁Man ▁That ▁Got ▁A way " ▁( Har old ▁Ar len , ▁Ira ▁G ers h win ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 2 8 ▁ ▁" Tr ouble ▁Is ▁a ▁Man " ▁( A le c ▁W ilder ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 3 ▁ ▁" H app iness ▁is ▁a ▁Th ing ▁Cal led ▁Joe " ▁( Ar len , ▁Y ip ▁Har burg ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 5 0 ▁ ▁" For ▁Every ▁Man ▁There ' s ▁a ▁Woman " ▁( Ar len , ▁Leo ▁Robin ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 2 3 ▁ ▁" I ▁Got ▁a ▁Man ▁Cra zy ▁for ▁Me " ▁( Ne il ▁Mor et , ▁Richard ▁Wh iting ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 3 1 ▁ ▁" My ▁Man ▁( Mon ▁Hom me )" ▁( Jac ques ▁Charles , ▁Ch anning ▁Pol lack , ▁Albert ▁Wille met z , ▁Maurice ▁Y v ain ) ▁- ▁ 3 : |
5 2 ▁ ▁" I ' m ▁Just ▁Wild ▁About ▁Harry " ▁( E ub ie ▁Bla ke , ▁No ble ▁S iss le ) ▁- ▁ 2 : 3 9 ▁ ▁" J im " ▁( Ca esar ▁Pet ril lo , ▁Edward ▁Ross , ▁Nelson ▁Sh awn ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 2 ▁ ▁" D anny ▁Boy " ▁( Fre der ic ▁We ather ly ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 3 5 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Sarah ▁V aug han ▁- ▁vocals ▁Hal ▁Mo oney ▁- ▁Arr anger ▁Bob ▁James ▁Bob ▁Fre ed man ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Mer cur y ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : S ar ah ▁V aug han ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁arranged ▁by ▁Hal ▁Mo oney ▁Category : album s ▁produced ▁by ▁Hal ▁Mo oney <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Chief ▁Technology ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Services ▁is ▁the ▁top ▁information ▁technology ▁development ▁official ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Services . ▁ ▁The ▁position ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁office hold ers ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Chief ▁Technology ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : American ▁chief ▁technology ▁officers ▁Category : S cience ▁and ▁technology ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Services ▁officials <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch ad ▁Allen ▁Bran non |
▁( born ▁August ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁in ▁Tom ball , ▁Texas ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁actor . ▁Bran non ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁Z ander ▁Smith ▁on ▁General ▁Hospital . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Ch ad ▁attended ▁Tom ball ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Texas . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁football ▁and ▁baseball ▁j ock ▁in ▁high ▁school ▁and ▁was ▁planning ▁on ▁studying ▁law ▁but ▁things ▁took ▁a ▁great ▁turn ▁after ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁friends ▁d ared ▁him ▁to ▁try ▁out ▁for ▁the ▁high school ' s ▁comedy ▁" The ▁N erd " ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁lead . ▁After ▁that ▁he ▁spent ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁studying ▁the ater ▁and ▁went ▁to ▁Sam ▁Houston ▁State ▁University ▁on ▁scholar ship . ▁After ▁a ▁year ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁at ▁Sam ▁Houston , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Ch ad ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁his ▁wife ▁Car ly . ▁They ▁have ▁three ▁sons : ▁Hudson ▁( born ▁December ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ), ▁Ford ▁( born ▁January ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ), ▁and ▁T ucker ▁( born ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ). ▁And ▁a ▁daughter , ▁Navy . ▁ ▁Career ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁started ▁playing ▁Z ander ▁Smith ▁on ▁the ▁day time ▁soap ▁opera ▁General ▁Hospital . ▁He ▁played ▁the ▁character ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 – 2 0 0 4 , ▁until ▁he ▁was ▁killed ▁off , ▁and ▁won ▁a |
▁Day time ▁Em my ▁Award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Young er ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁D rama ▁Series ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁guest ▁star red ▁on ▁Friday ▁Night ▁L ights , ▁Cold ▁Case , ▁and ▁Dead wood . ▁Another ▁of ▁his ▁roles ▁includes ▁Tol ten ▁from ▁the ▁X box ▁ 3 6 0 ▁R PG ▁Lost ▁Od ys sey . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁FO X ▁brought ▁on ▁Ch ad ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁network ▁announ cers ▁covering ▁many ▁of ▁their ▁hit ▁shows ▁such ▁as ▁The ▁Sim ps ons , ▁Family ▁Guy , ▁G lee , ▁S ons ▁of ▁T uc son , ▁American ▁D ad , ▁and ▁The ▁Cleveland ▁Show . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Bran non ▁returned ▁to ▁General ▁Hospital , ▁in ▁a ▁came o ▁as ▁a ▁character ▁known ▁only ▁as ▁A aron . ▁He ▁appeared ▁alongside ▁Natal ia ▁Living ston , ▁who ▁was ▁playing ▁the ▁tw in ▁of ▁her ▁previous ▁character . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁http :// www . im db . com / name / nm 0 1 0 5 1 7 2 / ▁http :// ch ad b ran non . com / ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁male ▁soap ▁opera ▁actors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Day time ▁Em my ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : Day time ▁Em my ▁Award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Young |
er ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁D rama ▁Series ▁w inners <0x0A> </s> ▁Act in op lan es ▁at ra ur ant ia cus ▁is ▁a ▁Gram - pos itive ▁b acter ium ▁from ▁the ▁genus ▁of ▁Act in op lan es ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁isolated ▁from ▁forest ▁soil ▁in ▁Y unn an ▁in ▁China . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Type ▁stra in ▁of ▁Act in op lan es ▁at ra ur ant ia cus ▁at ▁Bac D ive ▁- ▁ ▁the ▁B acter ial ▁D iversity ▁Met ad atabase ▁ ▁Category : Act in om yc et ales ▁Category : B acter ia ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Patri ot ▁Or dn ance ▁Factory ▁( P OF - USA ) ▁manufact ures ▁and ▁dist ributes ▁law ▁enfor cement , ▁military ▁and ▁civil ian ▁rif les ▁in ▁Phoenix , ▁Arizona , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁manufact urer ▁and ▁s eller ▁of ▁gas - p ist on - oper ated ▁weapon ▁systems ▁on ▁AR - style ▁rif les ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁History ▁P OF - USA ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁by ▁a eros pace ▁engineer ▁Frank ▁De S om ma ▁with ▁the ▁intent ▁of ▁solving ▁two ▁common ▁problems ▁with ▁gas ▁imp ing ement ▁systems ▁in ▁dust y ▁conditions ▁found ▁with ▁the ▁traditional ▁AR - 1 5 ▁which ▁are ▁carbon ▁fou ling ▁and ▁a ▁short - bar re led ▁timing ▁issue . ▁ ▁Product s ▁P OF ▁P 3 0 8 ▁P OF |
▁P 3 0 8 - FA ▁P OF ▁P 3 0 8 ▁Edge ▁P OF ▁P 3 0 8 ▁Edge ▁S PR ▁P OF ▁Old ▁School ▁. 3 0 8 ▁P OF ▁P 4 1 5 ▁P OF ▁P 4 1 5 ▁Edge ▁P OF ▁P 4 1 6 ▁P OF ▁P 6 . 5 ▁P OF ▁Ren eg ade ▁P OF ▁Ren eg ade ▁Plus ▁P OF ▁Ren eg ade ▁Plus ▁S PR ▁P OF ▁Revolution ▁P OF ▁Revolution ▁DI ▁P OF ▁The ▁Const able ▁P OF ▁War h og ▁ ▁P OF ▁Wonder ▁P OF ▁Min ut eman ▁P OF ▁Rog ue ▁P OF ▁Reb el ▁. 2 2 lr ▁P OF ▁P 1 9 ▁Gent lem ens ▁P istol ▁ ▁In nov ations ▁To ▁address ▁carbon ▁fou ling ▁and ▁a ▁short - bar re led ▁timing ▁issue ▁related ▁to ▁traditional ▁AR - 1 5 s , ▁P OF - USA ▁developed ▁the ▁Reg ulated ▁Short - St roke ▁Gas ▁P ist on ▁System . ▁R ather ▁than ▁operating ▁gas ▁being ▁inject ed ▁directly ▁into ▁the ▁upper ▁receiver ▁like ▁a ▁traditional ▁AR - 1 5 , ▁the ▁technology ▁push es ▁a ▁p ist on ▁that ▁acts ▁on ▁an ▁operating ▁rod , ▁which ▁acts ▁on ▁the ▁b olt ▁car rier , ▁setting ▁extra ction ▁and ▁re loading ▁into ▁motion . ▁This ▁action ▁type ▁offers ▁several ▁significant ▁improvements ▁over ▁the ▁direct ▁imp ing ement ▁method . ▁Because ▁hot ▁g ases ▁are ▁not ▁inject ed ▁into ▁the ▁upper ▁receiver , ▁carbon ▁fou ling ▁in |
▁the ▁action ▁is ▁virt ually ▁elimin ated . ▁ ▁P OF - USA ' s ▁solution ▁to ▁timing ▁problems ▁related ▁to ▁AR - 1 5 ' s ▁with ▁short ▁gas ▁tub es , ▁P OF - USA ▁developed ▁precise ▁op - rod / p ist on ▁geometry ▁and ▁reg ulated ▁gas ▁pressure ▁to ▁enable ▁rif les ▁and ▁car b ines ▁to ▁be ▁properly ▁tim ed ▁and ▁b olt ▁spe eds ▁( cyc lic ▁rates ) ▁to ▁be ▁precisely ▁controlled , ▁en han cing ▁extra ction ▁and ▁feed ing ▁reli ability , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁reducing ▁wear ▁and ▁fat igue ▁on ▁critical ▁components . ▁The ▁gun ▁also ▁runs ▁cool er , ▁further ▁en han cing ▁reli ability ▁and ▁safety . ▁ ▁P OF - USA ▁is ▁an ▁industry ▁leader ▁in ▁high - per formance ▁metal ▁finish es ▁and ▁coat ings . ▁P OF - USA ▁rif les ▁feature ▁N P 3 ™ ▁coat ings ▁and ▁hard , ▁cor ros ion ▁resist ant , ▁nit ride ▁heat - tre ated ▁bar rel s ▁and ▁gas ▁blocks , ▁elimin ating ▁any ▁requirement ▁for ▁lub ric ation . ▁ ▁Add itional ▁innov ations ▁developed ▁by ▁P OF - USA ▁include ▁the ▁integral ▁b olt - car rier ▁key ▁with ▁the ▁interface ▁behind ▁the ▁cam ▁pin , ▁o vers ized ▁heat - s ink ▁bar rel ▁nut , ▁roll er ▁cam ▁pin , ▁and ▁reg ulating ▁gas ▁plug . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁http :// www . def ens ere view . com / pat ri |
ot - ord n ance - factory - p of - usa - re vol t - light - 5 - 5 6 mm - n ato - 2 2 3 - rem - and - re vol t - he avy - 7 - 6 2 mm - n ato - 3 0 8 - win - dm r - type - stra ight - pull - fast - action - t act ical - ar - rif le car b ines - range - video / ▁ ▁http :// www . sa def ense j ournal . com / wp / pat ri ot - ord n ance - factory / ▁Category : Fire arm ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Nov y ▁Ber k ad ak ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁village ) ▁in ▁Ch ish min sky ▁District , ▁Bash k ort ost an , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁There ▁are ▁ 3 ▁streets . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Bash k ort ost an ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Ch ish min sky ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Tob u ▁To jo ▁Line ▁in ▁F uj imi , ▁S ait ama , ▁Japan , ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁private ▁railway ▁operator ▁Tob u ▁Railway . ▁ ▁L ines |
▁T sur use ▁Station ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁Tob u ▁To jo ▁Line ▁from ▁ ▁in ▁Tokyo , ▁with ▁some ▁services ▁inter - running ▁via ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Metro ▁Y ur ak uch o ▁Line ▁to ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Metro ▁F uk ut osh in ▁Line ▁to ▁ ▁and ▁on ward ▁via ▁the ▁Tok y u ▁Toy oko ▁Line ▁and ▁Min ato ▁Mira i ▁Line ▁to ▁. ▁Loc ated ▁between ▁M iz uh od ai ▁and ▁F uj im ino ▁stations , ▁it ▁is ▁ 2 2 . 0 ▁km ▁from ▁the ▁I ke bu ku ro ▁termin us . ▁Only ▁Sem i ▁express ▁and ▁Local ▁services ▁stop ▁at ▁this ▁station . ▁ ▁Station ▁layout ▁The ▁station ▁consists ▁of ▁an ▁island ▁platform ▁serving ▁two ▁tracks . ▁The ▁station ▁building ▁is ▁elev ated ▁and ▁located ▁above ▁the ▁platform . ▁ ▁Platform s ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁stations ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁station ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁coinc iding ▁with ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁To jo ▁Railway ▁line ▁from ▁I ke bu ku ro . ▁The ▁west ▁entrance ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁Through - running ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁ ▁via ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Metro ▁F uk ut osh in ▁Line ▁comm enced ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁station ▁number ing ▁was ▁introduced ▁on ▁the ▁Tob u ▁To jo ▁Line , ▁with ▁T sur use ▁Station ▁becoming ▁" |
T J - 1 7 ". ▁ ▁Through - running ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁via ▁the ▁Tok y u ▁Toy oko ▁Line ▁and ▁Min atom ira i ▁Line ▁comm enced ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Pass enger ▁statistics ▁In ▁fis cal ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 4 3 , 8 5 0 ▁passengers ▁daily . ▁ ▁S urr ounding ▁area ▁ ▁F uj imi ▁City ▁Office ▁ ▁National ▁Route ▁ 2 5 4 ▁ ▁La L ap ort ▁F uj imi ▁sho pping ▁m all ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁Japan ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Tob u ▁station ▁information ▁▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁S ait ama ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : St ations ▁of ▁Tob u ▁Railway ▁Category : T ob u ▁To jo ▁Main ▁Line ▁Category : 1 9 1 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Jan ▁De k ert ▁( 1 7 8 6 ▁– ▁ 1 8 6 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Polish ▁Catholic ▁priest , ▁auxili ary ▁A ux ili ary ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Wars aw ▁from ▁ 1 8 5 9 – 1 8 6 1 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁mayor ▁of ▁Wars aw ▁Jan ▁De k ert . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 |
6 1 ▁death s ▁Category : Pol ish ▁tit ular ▁b ish ops ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁in ▁Poland <0x0A> </s> ▁Sun sh ine ▁Ka idi ▁( Fin land ) ▁New ▁Energy ▁Co . ▁O y ▁( K a idi ▁Finland ) ▁is ▁an ▁energy ▁company ▁that ▁plans ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁bio f uel ▁ref in ery ▁in ▁K emi , ▁Finland . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁Chinese ▁Sun sh ine ▁Ka idi ▁New ▁Energy ▁Group . ▁The ▁ref in ery ▁would ▁util ize ▁second ▁generation ▁bio f uel ▁technology . ▁Its ▁invest ment ▁value ▁is ▁around ▁one ▁billion ▁eu ros . ▁ ▁K emi ▁bio f uel ▁ref in ery ▁▁ ▁The ▁bio f uel ▁ref in ery ▁in ▁K emi ▁would ▁generate ▁approximately ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁metric ▁tons ▁of ▁bio f uel , ▁of ▁which ▁ 7 5 % ▁would ▁be ▁b iod ies el ▁and ▁ 2 5 % ▁bio f uel . ▁The ▁feed stock ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁ref in ery ▁would ▁be ▁mainly ▁energy ▁wood ▁along ▁with ▁c rop ▁resid ues ▁and ▁sur plus ▁materials ▁from ▁the ▁forest ▁industry . ▁ ▁The ▁ref in ery ’ s ▁year ly ▁demand ▁for ▁wood ▁would ▁be ▁ 2 ▁million ▁cub ic ▁tons ▁of ▁energy ▁wood . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁hect ares ▁of ▁forest ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁first ▁f elling ▁within ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 ▁kilometer ▁range ▁of |
▁K emi . ▁An ▁amount ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁energy ▁wood ▁can ▁be ▁har v ested ▁from ▁it ▁year ly . ▁Currently , ▁approximately ▁ 6 ▁million ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁wood ▁is ▁left ▁over ▁in ▁the ▁woods ▁every ▁year . ▁Ka idi ▁Finland ▁has ▁reported ▁that ▁it ▁may ▁also ▁proc ure ▁energy ▁wood ▁from ▁Sweden . ▁ ▁The ▁effect ▁the ▁ref in ery ▁would ▁have ▁on ▁employ ment ▁in ▁K emi ▁is ▁notable . ▁The ▁building ▁process ▁would ▁bring ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁person - year s ’ ▁worth ▁of ▁labor ▁to ▁the ▁area . ▁When ▁the ▁ref in ery ▁is ▁completed , ▁it ▁would ▁employ ▁ 1 5 0 ▁persons ▁full - time ▁while ▁bringing ▁hundreds ▁of ▁jobs ▁to ▁local ▁sub cont ract ors ▁and ▁energy ▁wood ▁prov iders . ▁The ▁domestic ▁content ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁is ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁around ▁ 5 0 ▁percent . ▁Ka idi ▁will ▁make ▁the ▁final ▁decision ▁regarding ▁the ▁invest ment ▁during ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Technology ▁▁ ▁The ▁planned ▁ref in ery ▁in ▁A jos , ▁K emi ▁would ▁util ize ▁second ▁generation ▁bio f uel ▁technology , ▁such ▁as ▁pl asma ▁gas ification , ▁sy ng as ▁clean up ▁and ▁the ▁Fischer - T ro ps ch ▁process . ▁Pl asma ▁gas ification ▁involves ▁he ating ▁the ▁processed ▁material ▁to ▁a ▁not ably ▁higher ▁temperature ▁than ▁in ▁other ▁gas ification ▁methods , ▁making ▁it ▁more ▁suitable ▁for ▁the ▁processing ▁of ▁demand ing ▁materials |
, ▁such ▁as ▁wood . ▁The ▁process ▁increases ▁the ▁efficiency ▁of ▁the ▁feed stock . ▁ ▁The ▁Fischer - T ro ps ch ▁process ▁is ▁a ▁catal yt ic ▁chemical ▁reaction , ▁where ▁carbon ▁mon ox ide ▁and ▁hydro gen ▁are ▁transformed ▁into ▁liquid ▁hydro car b ons . ▁The ▁catal yst s ▁are ▁iron ▁and ▁c ob alt ▁based ▁and ▁speed ▁up ▁the ▁chemical ▁reaction ▁in ▁certain ▁temper atures . ▁The ▁primary ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁process ▁is ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁synth etic ▁oil ▁replacement ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁synth etic ▁lub ric ant ▁or ▁fuel . ▁The ▁process ▁was ▁invent ed ▁by ▁Franz ▁Fischer ▁and ▁Hans ▁Tro ps ch ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁producing ▁liquid ▁fuel . ▁ ▁Second ▁generation ▁bio fu els ▁refer ▁to ▁fu els ▁that ▁util ize ▁municipal ▁solid ▁waste ▁and ▁materials ▁high ▁in ▁l ign oc ell ul ose ▁content ▁in ▁their ▁production . ▁ ▁Project ▁▁ ▁Ka idi ▁first ▁began ▁planning ▁the ▁bio f uel ▁ref in ery ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁after ▁the ▁previous ▁project ▁by ▁V ap o ▁and ▁M ets ä ▁Group ▁was ▁dis cont in ued . ▁V ap o ▁and ▁M ets ä ▁Group ▁had ▁planned ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁similar ▁ref in ery ▁in ▁A jos . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁K emi ▁is ▁already ▁well ▁prepared ▁for ▁the ▁planned ▁ref in ery ▁and ▁has ▁advanced ▁the ▁required ▁permit ▁applications . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Ka |
idi ▁Finland ▁planned ▁to ▁final ize ▁the ▁permit ▁applications ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁model ing ▁of ▁the ▁ref in ery . ▁The ▁building ▁project ▁would ▁start ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁the ▁ref in ery ▁would ▁begin ▁producing ▁bio f uel ▁for ▁commercial ▁mark ets ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁In ▁Oct ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Ka idi ▁Finland ▁has ▁signed ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁K emi ▁to ▁ac quire ▁a ▁ 3 2 ▁hect are ▁land ▁area ▁for ▁the ▁planned ▁bio f uel ▁ref in ery . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Energy ▁in ▁Finland ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : O il ▁companies ▁of ▁Finland ▁Category : B iod ies el ▁produ cers ▁Category : R en ew able ▁energy ▁in ▁Finland <0x0A> </s> ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁is ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁environment ▁from ▁an ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁point ▁of ▁view , ▁where ▁literature ▁sch ol ars ▁analyze ▁texts ▁that ▁illustrate ▁environmental ▁concerns ▁and ▁examine ▁the ▁various ▁ways ▁literature ▁tre ats ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁nature . ▁It ▁takes ▁an ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁by ▁analyz ing ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁authors , ▁research ers ▁and ▁po ets ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁environmental ▁issues ▁and ▁nature . ▁Some ▁ec oc rit ics ▁bra inst orm ▁possible ▁solutions ▁for ▁the ▁correction ▁of ▁the ▁contemporary ▁environmental ▁situation , ▁though ▁not ▁all ▁ec oc rit ics ▁agree ▁on ▁the ▁purpose , ▁method ology , ▁or ▁scope ▁of |
▁ec oc rit ic ism . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁is ▁often ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Environment ▁( AS LE ), ▁which ▁hosts ▁a ▁bien n ial ▁conference ▁for ▁sch ol ars ▁who ▁deal ▁with ▁environmental ▁matters ▁in ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁environmental ▁human ities ▁in ▁general . ▁ ▁AS LE ▁publish es ▁a ▁journal — Inter dis cipl inary ▁Studies ▁in ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Environment ▁( IS LE ) — in ▁which ▁current ▁international ▁scholar ship ▁can ▁be ▁found . ▁ ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁is ▁an ▁intention ally ▁broad ▁approach ▁that ▁is ▁known ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁design ations , ▁including ▁" green ▁( c ult ural ) ▁studies ", ▁" ec opo et ics ", ▁and ▁" environment al ▁literary ▁criticism ", ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁informed ▁by ▁other ▁fields ▁such ▁as ▁e col ogy , ▁sust ain able ▁design , ▁bi opol it ics , ▁environmental ▁history , ▁environmental ism , ▁and ▁social ▁e col ogy , ▁among ▁others . ▁ ▁Definition ▁ ▁In ▁comparison ▁with ▁other ▁' polit ical ' ▁forms ▁of ▁criticism , ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁relatively ▁little ▁dispute ▁about ▁the ▁moral ▁and ▁philosoph ical ▁a ims ▁of ▁ec oc rit ic ism , ▁although ▁its ▁scope ▁has ▁bro aden ed ▁from ▁nature ▁writing , ▁rom antic ▁poetry , ▁and ▁canonical ▁literature ▁to ▁take ▁in ▁film , ▁television , ▁theatre , ▁animal ▁stories , ▁architect ures , ▁scientific ▁narr atives ▁and ▁an |
▁extraordinary ▁range ▁of ▁literary ▁texts . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁has ▁borrow ed ▁method ologies ▁and ▁theoret ically ▁informed ▁approaches ▁liber ally ▁from ▁other ▁fields ▁of ▁literary , ▁social ▁and ▁scientific ▁study . ▁ ▁Ch ery ll ▁G lot fel ty ' s ▁working ▁definition ▁in ▁The ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁Re ader ▁is ▁that ▁" ec oc rit ic ism ▁is ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁physical ▁environment ", ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁implicit ▁goals ▁of ▁the ▁approach ▁is ▁to ▁rec oup ▁professional ▁dign ity ▁for ▁what ▁G lot fel ty ▁calls ▁the ▁" under valu ed ▁genre ▁of ▁nature ▁writing ". ▁Lawrence ▁Bu ell ▁defines ▁"' ec oc rit ic ism ' ▁... ▁as ▁[ a ] ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁literature ▁and ▁the ▁environment ▁conducted ▁in ▁a ▁spirit ▁of ▁commit ment ▁to ▁environmental ist ▁pra xis ". ▁ ▁Simon ▁Est ok ▁noted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁that ▁" ec oc rit ic ism ▁has ▁distinguished ▁itself , ▁deb ates ▁not with standing , ▁first ly ▁by ▁the ▁eth ical ▁stand ▁it ▁takes , ▁its ▁commit ment ▁to ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁as ▁an ▁important ▁thing ▁rather ▁than ▁simply ▁as ▁an ▁object ▁of ▁them atic ▁study , ▁and , ▁second ly , ▁by ▁its ▁commit ment ▁to ▁making ▁connections ". ▁ ▁More ▁recently , ▁in ▁an ▁article ▁that ▁extends ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁to ▁Shakespeare an ▁studies , ▁Est ok ▁arg ues ▁that ▁ec oc rit |
ic ism ▁is ▁more ▁than ▁" simp ly ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁Nature ▁or ▁natural ▁things ▁in ▁literature ; ▁rather , ▁it ▁is ▁any ▁theory ▁that ▁is ▁committed ▁to ▁effect ing ▁change ▁by ▁analyz ing ▁the ▁function – th ematic , ▁art istic , ▁social , ▁historical , ▁ide ological , ▁theoretical , ▁or ▁otherwise – of ▁the ▁natural ▁environment , ▁or ▁aspects ▁of ▁it , ▁represented ▁in ▁documents ▁( liter ary ▁or ▁other ) ▁that ▁contribute ▁to ▁material ▁practices ▁in ▁material ▁world s ". ▁This ▁echo es ▁the ▁functional ▁approach ▁of ▁the ▁cultural ▁e col ogy ▁branch ▁of ▁ec oc rit ic ism , ▁which ▁analy zes ▁the ▁analog ies ▁between ▁e cos ystem s ▁and ▁imag in ative ▁texts ▁and ▁pos its ▁that ▁such ▁texts ▁potentially ▁have ▁an ▁e colog ical ▁( reg ener ative , ▁rev ital izing ) ▁function ▁in ▁the ▁cultural ▁system . ▁ ▁As ▁Michael ▁P . ▁C ohen ▁has ▁observed , ▁" if ▁you ▁want ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁ec oc rit ic , ▁be ▁prepared ▁to ▁explain ▁what ▁you ▁do ▁and ▁be ▁critic ized , ▁if ▁not ▁s ati riz ed ." ▁C ertain ly , ▁C ohen ▁adds ▁his ▁voice ▁to ▁such ▁critique , ▁not ing ▁that ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁problems ▁of ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁has ▁been ▁what ▁he ▁calls ▁its ▁" p raise - song ▁school " ▁of ▁criticism . ▁All ▁ec oc rit ics ▁share ▁an ▁environmental ist ▁motiv ation ▁of ▁some ▁sort , ▁but ▁whereas ▁the ▁majority ▁are ▁' n ature |
▁end ors ing ', ▁some ▁are ▁' n ature ▁s cept ical '. ▁In ▁part ▁this ▁ent ails ▁a ▁shared ▁sense ▁of ▁the ▁ways ▁in ▁which ▁' n ature ' ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁legit im ize ▁gender , ▁sexual ▁and ▁ra cial ▁norm s ▁( so ▁hom osex ual ity ▁has ▁been ▁seen ▁as ▁' unn atural ', ▁for ▁example ), ▁but ▁it ▁also ▁involves ▁s cept ic ism ▁about ▁the ▁uses ▁to ▁which ▁' ec ological ' ▁language ▁is ▁put ▁in ▁ec oc rit ic ism ; ▁it ▁can ▁also ▁involve ▁a ▁critique ▁of ▁the ▁ways ▁cultural ▁norm s ▁of ▁nature ▁and ▁the ▁environment ▁contribute ▁to ▁environmental ▁de grad ation . ▁Greg ▁G arr ard ▁has ▁dub bed ▁' p ast oral ▁e col ogy ' ▁the ▁notion ▁that ▁nature ▁und ist urbed ▁is ▁bal anced ▁and ▁harm on ious , ▁while ▁D ana ▁Phill ips ▁has ▁critic ised ▁the ▁literary ▁quality ▁and ▁scientific ▁accuracy ▁of ▁nature ▁writing ▁in ▁" The ▁Tr uth ▁of ▁E col ogy ". ▁Similarly , ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁call ▁to ▁recognize ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁Environment al ▁Justice ▁movement ▁in ▁re def ining ▁ec oc rit ical ▁disc ourse . ▁ ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁what ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁is ▁or ▁should ▁be , ▁Camil o ▁G om ides ▁has ▁offered ▁an ▁oper ational ▁definition ▁that ▁is ▁both ▁broad ▁and ▁disc rimin ating : ▁" The ▁field ▁of ▁enqu iry ▁that ▁analy zes ▁and ▁prom otes ▁works ▁of ▁art ▁which ▁raise |
▁moral ▁questions ▁about ▁human ▁interactions ▁with ▁nature , ▁while ▁also ▁motiv ating ▁aud ien ces ▁to ▁live ▁within ▁a ▁limit ▁that ▁will ▁be ▁binding ▁over ▁gener ations ". ▁He ▁tests ▁it ▁for ▁a ▁film ▁( mal ) ada pt ation ▁about ▁Amazon ian ▁def or est ation . ▁Im plement ing ▁the ▁G om ides ▁definition , ▁Joseph ▁Henry ▁Vog el ▁makes ▁the ▁case ▁that ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁constit utes ▁an ▁" e conom ic ▁school ▁of ▁thought " ▁as ▁it ▁eng ages ▁aud ien ces ▁to ▁debate ▁issues ▁of ▁resource ▁allocation ▁that ▁have ▁no ▁technical ▁solution . ▁As ht on ▁Nich ols ▁has ▁recently ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁historical ▁d angers ▁of ▁a ▁rom antic ▁version ▁of ▁nature ▁now ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁" urban atural ▁ro ost ing ", ▁a ▁view ▁that ▁sees ▁urban ▁life ▁and ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁as ▁closely ▁linked ▁and ▁arg ues ▁for ▁humans ▁to ▁live ▁more ▁light ly ▁on ▁the ▁planet , ▁the ▁way ▁virt ually ▁all ▁other ▁species ▁do . ▁ ▁In ▁literary ▁studies ▁E c oc rit ics ▁investigate ▁such ▁things ▁as ▁the ▁underlying ▁e colog ical ▁values , ▁what , ▁precisely , ▁is ▁meant ▁by ▁the ▁word ▁nature , ▁and ▁whether ▁the ▁exam ination ▁of ▁" place " ▁should ▁be ▁a ▁distinct ive ▁category , ▁much ▁like ▁class , ▁gender ▁or ▁race . ▁E c oc rit ics ▁examine ▁human ▁per ception ▁of ▁w ilder ness , ▁and ▁how ▁it ▁has ▁changed ▁throughout ▁history ▁and ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁current ▁environmental ▁issues ▁are |
▁accur ately ▁represented ▁or ▁even ▁mentioned ▁in ▁popular ▁culture ▁and ▁modern ▁literature . ▁Sch ol ars ▁in ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁eng age ▁in ▁questions ▁regarding ▁anth rop oc entr ism , ▁and ▁the ▁" main stream ▁assumption ▁that ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁be ▁seen ▁primarily ▁as ▁a ▁resource ▁for ▁human ▁be ings " ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁critical ▁approaches ▁to ▁changing ▁ideas ▁in ▁" the ▁material ▁and ▁cultural ▁bases ▁of ▁modern ▁society ." ▁Rec ently , ▁" emp ir ical ▁ec oc rit ics " ▁have ▁begun ▁empir ically ▁evalu ating ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁ec of iction ▁on ▁its ▁readers . ▁Other ▁discipl ines , ▁such ▁as ▁history , ▁econom ics , ▁philosophy , ▁eth ics , ▁and ▁psych ology , ▁are ▁also ▁considered ▁by ▁ec oc rit ics ▁to ▁be ▁possible ▁contrib utors ▁to ▁ec oc rit ic ism . ▁ ▁While ▁William ▁R ue ck ert ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁term ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁( Bar ry ▁ 2 4 0 ) ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁ess ay ▁entitled ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁E col ogy : ▁An ▁Ex periment ▁in ▁E c oc rit ic ism , ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁as ▁a ▁movement ▁ow es ▁much ▁to ▁Rach el ▁Car son ' s ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁environmental ▁expos é ▁Sil ent ▁Spring . ▁Draw ing ▁from ▁this ▁critical ▁moment , ▁R ue ck ert ' s ▁intent ▁was ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁" the ▁application ▁of ▁e col |
ogy ▁and ▁e colog ical ▁concepts ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁literature ". ▁ ▁E colog ically ▁mind ed ▁individuals ▁and ▁sch ol ars ▁have ▁been ▁publishing ▁progress ive ▁works ▁of ▁ec othe ory ▁and ▁criticism ▁since ▁the ▁explos ion ▁of ▁environmental ism ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁However , ▁because ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁organized ▁movement ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁e colog ical / environment al ▁side ▁of ▁literature , ▁these ▁important ▁works ▁were ▁scattered ▁and ▁categor ized ▁under ▁a ▁lit any ▁of ▁different ▁subject ▁head ings : ▁past oral ism , ▁human ▁e col ogy , ▁regional ism , ▁American ▁Studies ▁etc . ▁British ▁mar x ist ▁critic ▁Raymond ▁Williams , ▁for ▁example , ▁wrote ▁a ▁sem inal ▁critique ▁of ▁past oral ▁literature ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁The ▁Country ▁and ▁the ▁City . ▁ ▁Another ▁early ▁ec oc rit ical ▁text , ▁Joseph ▁Me ek er ' s ▁The ▁Com edy ▁of ▁Sur v ival ▁( 1 9 7 4 ), ▁proposed ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁an ▁argument ▁that ▁was ▁later ▁to ▁domin ate ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁and ▁environmental ▁philosophy ; ▁that ▁environmental ▁crisis ▁is ▁caused ▁primarily ▁by ▁a ▁cultural ▁tradition ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁of ▁separation ▁of ▁culture ▁from ▁nature , ▁and ▁elev ation ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁to ▁moral ▁pre domin ance . ▁Such ▁anth rop oc entr ism ▁is ▁identified ▁in ▁the ▁trag ic ▁conception ▁of ▁a ▁hero ▁whose ▁moral ▁strugg les ▁are ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁mere |
▁bi ological ▁surv ival , ▁whereas ▁the ▁science ▁of ▁animal ▁eth ology , ▁Me ek er ▁as ser ts , ▁shows ▁that ▁a ▁" com ic ▁mode " ▁of ▁mud d ling ▁through ▁and ▁" making ▁love ▁not ▁war " ▁has ▁superior ▁e colog ical ▁value . ▁In ▁the ▁later , ▁" second ▁wave " ▁ec oc rit ic ism , ▁Me ek er ' s ▁ad option ▁of ▁an ▁ec oph il osoph ical ▁position ▁with ▁apparent ▁scientific ▁san ction ▁as ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁literary ▁value ▁t ended ▁to ▁prev ail ▁over ▁Williams ' s ▁ide ological ▁and ▁historical ▁critique ▁of ▁the ▁sh ifts ▁in ▁a ▁literary ▁genre ' s ▁representation ▁of ▁nature . ▁ ▁As ▁G lot fel ty ▁noted ▁in ▁The ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁Re ader , ▁" One ▁indic ation ▁of ▁the ▁dis unity ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁efforts ▁is ▁that ▁these ▁critics ▁rarely ▁c ited ▁one ▁another ' s ▁work ; ▁they ▁didn ' t ▁know ▁that ▁it ▁existed ... Each ▁was ▁a ▁single ▁voice ▁how ling ▁in ▁the ▁w ilder ness ." ▁Nevertheless , ▁ec oc rit ic ism — un like ▁femin ist ▁and ▁Marx ist ▁critic isms — failed ▁to ▁cry st all ize ▁into ▁a ▁coh er ent ▁movement ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁and ▁indeed ▁only ▁did ▁so ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s , ▁sch ol ars ▁began ▁to |
▁work ▁collect ively ▁to ▁establish ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁as ▁a ▁genre , ▁primarily ▁through ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Liter ature ▁Association ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁re valu ation ▁of ▁nature ▁writing ▁as ▁a ▁non - f ict ional ▁literary ▁genre ▁could ▁function . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Nev ada , ▁Ren o , ▁G lot fel ty ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁to ▁hold ▁an ▁academic ▁position ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁the ▁Environment , ▁and ▁UN R , ▁with ▁the ▁aid ▁of ▁the ▁now - ret ired ▁G lot fel ty ▁and ▁the ▁remaining ▁professor ▁Michael ▁P . ▁Branch , ▁has ▁retained ▁the ▁position ▁it ▁established ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁intellectual ▁home ▁of ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁even ▁as ▁AS LE ▁has ▁bur ge oned ▁into ▁an ▁organization ▁with ▁thousands ▁of ▁members ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁alone . ▁From ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁new ▁branches ▁of ▁AS LE ▁and ▁affili ated ▁organizations ▁were ▁started ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁Japan , ▁Korea , ▁Australia ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁( AS LE C - AN Z ), ▁India ▁( OS LE - Ind ia ), ▁S out heast ▁Asia ▁( AS LE - ASE AN ), ▁Taiwan , ▁Canada ▁and ▁Europe . ▁The ▁emer gence ▁of ▁ec oc rit ic ism ▁in ▁British ▁literary ▁criticism ▁is ▁usually ▁dated ▁to ▁the ▁publication ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁of ▁Rom antic ▁E col ogy : ▁Word sw orth ▁and ▁the |
▁Environment al ▁Trad ition ▁by ▁Jonathan ▁B ate . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Animal ▁studies ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁theory ▁ ▁Cultural ▁e col ogy ▁ ▁E col ingu istics ▁ ▁E cos oph y ▁ ▁Eth n obi ology ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Abr am , ▁David . ▁The ▁Sp ell ▁of ▁the ▁S ens uous : ▁Per ception ▁and ▁Language ▁in ▁a ▁More - than - H uman ▁World . ▁New ▁York : ▁P ant he on , ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁Alex , ▁R ays on ▁K ., ▁S . ▁Susan ▁Deb or ah ▁& ▁Sach in dev ▁P . S . ▁Culture ▁and ▁Media : ▁E c oc rit ical ▁Ex pl or ations . ▁Cambridge : ▁Cambridge ▁Sch ol ars ▁Publishing , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Barry , ▁Peter . ▁" E c oc rit ic ism ". ▁Begin ning ▁Theory : ▁An ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Liter ary ▁and ▁Cultural ▁Theory . ▁ 3 rd ▁ed . ▁Manchester : ▁Manchester ▁UP , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁B ate , ▁Jonathan . ▁Rom antic ▁E col ogy : ▁Word sw orth ▁and ▁the ▁Environment al ▁Trad ition . ▁London ▁and ▁New ▁York : ▁Rout ledge , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁Bu ell , ▁Lawrence . ▁The ▁Environment al ▁Im ag ination : ▁Th ore au , ▁Nature ▁Writing , ▁and ▁the ▁Form ation ▁of ▁American ▁Culture . ▁ ▁Cambridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁and ▁London , ▁England : ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press , ▁ |
1 9 9 5 . ▁Bil bro , ▁Jeff rey . ▁L oving ▁God ' s ▁Wild ness : ▁The ▁Christian ▁Ro ots ▁of ▁E colog ical ▁Eth ics ▁in ▁American ▁Liter ature . ▁T us cal o osa : ▁University ▁of ▁Alabama ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Bu ell , ▁Lawrence . ▁" To xic ▁Disc ourse ." ▁Crit ical ▁In qu iry ▁ 2 4 . 3 ▁( 1 9 9 8 ): ▁ 6 3 9 - 6 6 5 . ▁Bu ell , ▁Lawrence . ▁Writing ▁for ▁an ▁End anger ed ▁World : ▁ ▁Liter ature , ▁Culture , ▁and ▁Environment ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁and ▁Bey ond . ▁ ▁Cambridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁and ▁London , ▁England : ▁The ▁Bel kn ap ▁Press ▁of ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁C ohen , ▁Michael ▁P . ▁" Bl ues ▁in ▁Green : ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁Under ▁Crit ique ." ▁ ▁Environment al ▁History ▁ 9 . ▁ 1 ▁( J anu ary ▁ 2 0 0 4 ): ▁ 9 - 3 6 . ▁Coupe , ▁Laur ence , ▁ed . ▁ ▁The ▁Green ▁Studies ▁Re ader : ▁From ▁Rom antic ism ▁to ▁E c oc rit ic ism . ▁ ▁London : ▁Rout ledge , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁C ran ston , ▁CA . ▁& ▁Robert ▁Z eller , ▁ed s . ▁" The ▁L itt oral ▁Zone : ▁Australian ▁Context s ▁and |
▁their ▁Writ ers ". ▁New ▁York : ▁Rod op i , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Est ok , ▁Simon ▁C . ▁( 2 0 0 1 ). ▁ ▁" A ▁Report ▁Card ▁on ▁E c oc rit ic ism ." ▁A U ML A ▁ 9 6 ▁( Nov ember ): ▁ 2 0 0 - 3 8 . ▁Est ok , ▁Simon ▁C . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁ ▁" Sh akespe are ▁and ▁E c oc rit ic ism : ▁An ▁Analysis ▁of ▁' Home ' ▁and ▁' Power ' ▁in ▁King ▁Lear ." ▁▁ ▁A U ML A ▁ 1 0 3 ▁( May ▁ 2 0 0 5 ): ▁ 1 5 - 4 1 . ▁For ns - Bro ggi , ▁Roberto . ▁" La ▁a vent ura ▁perd ida ▁del ▁e cop o ema " ▁in ▁F ór n ix ▁ 5 / 6 ▁( 2 0 0 7 ): ▁ 3 7 6 - 3 9 4 . ▁ ▁Frederick , ▁S ures h . ▁Contempor ary ▁Cont empl ations ▁on ▁E col iter ature . ▁New ▁Del hi : Author press , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁G arr ard , ▁Greg , ▁E c oc rit ic ism . ▁New ▁York : ▁Rout ledge , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁G arr ard , ▁Greg ▁( ed .), ▁The ▁Oxford ▁Hand book ▁of ▁E c oc rit ic ism . ▁Oxford : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 |
0 1 4 . ▁G lot fel ty , ▁Ch ery ll ▁and ▁Harold ▁From m ▁( Ed s ). ▁ ▁The ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁Re ader : ▁Land marks ▁in ▁Liter ary ▁E col ogy . ▁Ath ens ▁and ▁London : ▁University ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁G om ides , ▁Camil o . ▁' Put ting ▁a ▁New ▁Definition ▁of ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁to ▁the ▁Test : ▁The ▁Case ▁of ▁The ▁Burn ing ▁Season , ▁a ▁film ▁( mal ) A da pt ation ". ▁IS LE ▁ 1 3 . 1 ▁( 2 0 0 6 ): ▁ 1 3 - 2 3 . ▁He ise , ▁Urs ula ▁K . ▁" Green ing ▁English : ▁Rec ent ▁Int rodu ctions ▁to ▁E c oc rit ic ism ." ▁Contempor ary ▁Liter ature ▁ 4 7 . 2 ▁( 2 0 0 6 ): ▁ 2 8 9 – 2 9 8 . ▁Indian ▁Journal ▁of ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁K roe ber , ▁Karl . ▁ ▁E colog ical ▁Liter ary ▁Crit ic ism : ▁Rom antic ▁Im ag ining ▁and ▁the ▁Bi ology ▁of ▁Mind . ▁ ▁New ▁York : ▁Columbia ▁UP , ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁Lind hold t , ▁Paul . ▁Ex pl or ations ▁in ▁E c oc rit ic ism : ▁Adv oc acy , ▁B ior eg ional ism , ▁and ▁Visual ▁Design , ▁Lan ham , ▁MD : |
▁Lex ington ▁Books , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Marx , ▁Leo . ▁ ▁The ▁Machine ▁in ▁the ▁Garden : ▁Technology ▁and ▁the ▁Past oral ▁Ide al ▁in ▁America . ▁ ▁Oxford : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁McK us ick , ▁James ▁C . ▁Green ▁Writing : ▁Rom antic ism ▁and ▁E col ogy . ▁ ▁New ▁York : ▁St . ▁Martin ' s , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Me ek er , ▁Joseph ▁W . ▁" The ▁Com edy ▁of ▁Sur v ival : ▁Studies ▁in ▁Liter ary ▁E col ogy ." ▁New ▁York : ▁S cri b ner ' s , ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁Moore , ▁Bry an ▁L . ▁ ▁E col ogy ▁and ▁Liter ature : ▁E c oc ent ric ▁Person ification ▁from ▁Anti qu ity ▁to ▁the ▁Tw enty - first ▁Century . ▁ ▁New ▁York : ▁Pal gra ve ▁Mac mill an , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Mort on , ▁Tim othy . ▁The ▁E colog ical ▁Th ought . ▁Cambridge , ▁M AL ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Nich ols , ▁As ht on . ▁" B ey ond ▁Rom antic ▁E c oc rit ic ism : ▁Tow ard ▁Urban atural ▁Ro ost ing ." ▁New ▁York : ▁Pal gra ve ▁Mac mill an , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁P aper back , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Nicol son , ▁Mar |
jor ie ▁Hope . ▁ ▁Mountain ▁Glo om ▁and ▁Mountain ▁Gl ory : ▁The ▁Development ▁of ▁the ▁A est het ics ▁of ▁the ▁In finite . ▁ ▁Seattle : ▁Un iv . ▁of ▁Washington ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁Phill ips , ▁D ana . ▁The ▁Tr uth ▁of ▁E col ogy : ▁Nature , ▁Culture , ▁and ▁Liter ature ▁in ▁America . ▁Oxford : ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁R ue ck ert , ▁William . ▁" Liter ature ▁and ▁E col ogy : ▁An ▁Ex periment ▁in ▁E c oc rit ic ism ." ▁Iowa ▁Review ▁ 9 . 1 ▁( 1 9 7 8 ): ▁ 7 1 - 8 6 . ▁Ro jas ▁Pérez , ▁Walter . ▁La ▁ec ocr ít ica ▁ho y . ▁San ▁José , ▁Costa ▁Rica : ▁A ire ▁Modern o , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Sel v am ony , ▁N irm al , ▁N irm ald as an ▁& ▁R ays on ▁K . ▁Alex . ▁Ess ays ▁in ▁E c oc rit ic ism . ▁Del hi : ▁Sar up ▁and ▁S ons ▁and ▁OS LE - Ind ia , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Slov ic , ▁Scott . ▁Se ek ing ▁A war eness ▁in ▁American ▁Nature ▁Writing : ▁Henry ▁Th ore au , ▁An nie ▁D ill ard , ▁Edward ▁Ab bey , ▁Wend ell ▁Ber ry , ▁Barry ▁L ope z . ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City , ▁U |
T : ▁University ▁of ▁Ut ah ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁Vog el , ▁Joseph ▁Henry . ▁" E c oc rit ic ism ▁as ▁an ▁Econom ic ▁School ▁of ▁Th ought : ▁Wo ody ▁Allen ' s ▁Match ▁Point ▁as ▁Ex empl ary ." ▁O ME TE CA : ▁Science ▁and ▁Human ities ▁ 1 2 ▁( 2 0 0 8 ): ▁ 1 0 5 - 1 1 9 . ▁Williams , ▁Raymond . ▁The ▁Country ▁and ▁the ▁City . ▁London : ▁Ch atto ▁and ▁Wind us , ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁Z ap f , ▁Hub ert . ▁" Liter ary ▁E col ogy ▁and ▁the ▁Eth ics ▁of ▁Text s ." ▁New ▁Liter ary ▁History ▁ 3 9 . 4 ▁( 2 0 0 8 ): ▁ 8 4 7 - 8 6 8 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁European ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁Liter ature , ▁Culture ▁and ▁Environment ▁( E AS L CE ) ▁ ▁Is le : ▁Inter dis cipl inary ▁Studies ▁in ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁the ▁Environment ▁ ▁Journal ▁of ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁ ▁E co zon @ : ▁European ▁Journal ▁of ▁Liter ature , ▁Culture ▁and ▁Environment ▁ ▁Green ▁Let ters : ▁Studies ▁in ▁E c oc rit ic ism ▁ ▁Canadian ▁Po etry : ▁Document s / St ud ies / Re views , ▁No . ▁ 5 5 ▁( F all / W inter ▁ 2 0 0 4 ): ▁E c oc |
rit ic ism ▁and ▁Contempor ary ▁Canadian ▁Po etry ▁ ▁" D inn se anch as ", ▁E am onn ▁Wall , ▁Ber f ro is , ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁" G IE CO : ▁Gru po ▁de ▁Investig ación ▁en ▁E c ocr ít ica " ▁ ▁Nord ic ▁Network ▁for ▁Inter dis cipl inary ▁Environment al ▁Studies ▁( NI ES ) ▁ ▁Category : Liter ary ▁criticism ▁Category : Environment al ▁human ities ▁Category : Environment al ▁studies <0x0A> </s> ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁Inc ▁is ▁a ▁Well ington ▁organisation ▁which ▁a ims ▁to ▁preserve ▁the ▁Well ington ▁water front ▁from ▁excess ive ▁development . ▁Through out ▁its ▁history ▁it ▁has ▁frequently ▁engaged ▁in ▁legal ▁action ▁to ▁stop ▁what ▁it ▁sees ▁as ▁negative ▁develop ments . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁website , ▁the ▁organisation ▁describes ▁its ▁purpose ▁as : ▁ ▁We ▁are ▁committed ▁to ▁pres erving ▁this ▁resource ▁for ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁Well ington ▁and ▁whilst ▁we ▁will ▁support ▁appropriate ▁development ▁that ▁enh ances ▁public ▁spaces ▁and ▁usage , ▁we ▁will ▁question ▁any ▁excess ive ▁development ▁that ▁see ks ▁to ▁priv at ise ▁and ▁restrict ▁public ▁access , ▁remove ▁views ▁and ▁view sh aft s , ▁down gr ades ▁our ▁her itage ▁or ▁introdu ces ▁excess ▁sh ading ▁or ▁wind ▁issues . ▁ ▁Notable ▁campaign s ▁ ▁Vari ation ▁ 1 7 ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁proposal ▁– ▁term ed ▁Vari ation ▁ 1 7 |
▁– ▁to ▁re develop ▁Well ington ' s ▁water front ▁into ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁public ▁and ▁private ▁spaces . ▁The ▁proposal ▁drew ▁fier ce ▁criticism ▁from ▁some ▁qu arters , ▁and ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁was ▁formed ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁proposal . ▁The ▁Well ington ▁City ▁Council ▁received ▁a ▁record - bre aking ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁public ▁subm issions , ▁of ▁which ▁ 9 4 % ▁opposed ▁the ▁variation ▁proposal . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁variation ▁proposal ▁was ▁sh el ved , ▁and ▁the ▁area ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁Wait ang i ▁Park ▁remains ▁as ▁public ▁land . ▁ ▁North ▁K um ut oto ▁development ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Well ington ▁Water front ▁Ltd ▁detailed ▁plans ▁for ▁an ▁office ▁building ▁on ▁the ▁K um ut oto ▁wh arf ▁which ▁is ▁over ▁the ▁ 2 2 ▁met re ▁height ▁limit ▁for ▁the ▁area . ▁The ▁proposal ▁came ▁after ▁plans ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁a ▁ 6 - story ▁office ▁block ▁were ▁blocked ▁by ▁the ▁Environment ▁Court . ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁President ▁Paul ine ▁Sw ann ▁said ▁she ▁was ▁app alled ▁that ▁the ▁proposal ▁was ▁going ▁against ▁the ▁Court ' s ▁recommendation : ▁" We ' re ▁very ▁concerned . ▁I ' ve ▁had ▁a ▁word ▁to ▁a ▁few ▁coun c ill ors ▁about ▁it ." ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Well ington ▁Har bour ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Water front ▁Watch ▁on ▁Facebook ▁Well ington ▁Water front ▁Limited , ▁the ▁Well ington ▁City ▁Council ▁controlled |
▁organisation ▁charged ▁with ▁developing ▁the ▁water front ▁Prote ct ing ▁public ▁spaces , ▁story ▁at ▁Te ▁Ara : ▁The ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁ ▁Category : Organ is ations ▁based ▁in ▁Well ington ▁Category : Well ington ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁K hang ▁Lang ▁Ph ap ▁( ), ▁translated ▁into ▁English ▁as ▁Be hind ▁the ▁P ain ting , ▁is ▁a ▁Th ai ▁rom antic ▁novel ▁by ▁K ul ap ▁S ai pr ad it ▁( writing ▁under ▁the ▁pen ▁name ▁Sib ur ap ha ), ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁It ▁tells ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁No pp hon , ▁a ▁Th ai ▁student ▁studying ▁in ▁Japan , ▁who ▁meets ▁and ▁develop s ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁arist ocr atic ▁lady ▁M om ▁Raj aw ong se ▁Kir ati , ▁the ▁newly ▁married ▁wife ▁of ▁a ▁family ▁acquaint ance . ▁No pp hon ▁and ▁Kir ati ▁develop ▁rom antic ▁feelings ▁which ▁they ▁are ▁unable ▁to ▁acknow ledge , ▁leading ▁to ▁t ensions ▁as ▁the ▁characters ▁face ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁their ▁feelings ▁and ▁famil ial ▁duties . ▁ ▁The ▁work ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁regarded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁for em ost ▁classic ▁nov els ▁of ▁the ▁Th ai ▁literary ▁canon . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁repr int ed ▁almost ▁forty ▁times , ▁is ▁commonly ▁listed ▁as ▁required ▁reading ▁for ▁secondary ▁school ▁students , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁adapted ▁into ▁two ▁films ▁( by ▁P iak ▁Post er ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁Ch erd ▁Songs ri ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 |
1 ) ▁and ▁three ▁stage ▁musical s . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Th ai ▁literature ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Th ai ▁nov els ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁nov els <0x0A> </s> ▁Roth bury ▁Community ▁Hospital ▁is ▁a ▁health ▁facility ▁at ▁Roth bury , ▁North umber land , ▁England . ▁It ▁is ▁managed ▁by ▁North umb ria ▁Health care ▁N HS ▁Foundation ▁Trust . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁original ▁facility ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁a ▁private ▁home ▁known ▁as ▁Co quet ▁House ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁the ▁Co quet dale ▁C ott age ▁Hospital ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁A ▁mat ern ity ▁w ard ▁was ▁added , ▁as ▁a ▁last ing ▁mem orial ▁to ▁soldiers ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁It ▁joined ▁the ▁National ▁Health ▁Service ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁and ▁the ▁ad jo ining ▁Haw th orn ▁C ott age ▁was ▁acquired ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁After ▁Haw th orn ▁C ott age ▁had ▁been ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁phys i other apy ▁department , ▁it ▁was ▁officially ▁re - open ed ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁Sav ile ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁After ▁the ▁old ▁hospital ▁became ▁dil ap id ated , ▁modern ▁facilities ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁Whit ton ▁Bank ▁Road ▁and ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁new ▁hospital ▁closed ▁to ▁in pat ients ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁and ▁in ▁June |
▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁the ▁trust ▁ad vised ▁that ▁a ▁group ▁was ▁working ▁on ▁propos als ▁for ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁remaining ▁services ▁at ▁the ▁hospital . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : H osp it als ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁Category : 1 9 0 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : H osp it als ▁in ▁North umber land ▁Category : R oth bury ▁Category : N HS ▁hosp it als ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 5 th ▁Wild flow er ▁Film ▁Awards ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁awards ▁ceremony ▁recogn izing ▁the ▁achiev ements ▁of ▁Korean ▁independent ▁and ▁low - bud get ▁films . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Liter ature ▁House ▁in ▁Se oul ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁▁ ▁This ▁year ▁awards ▁includes ▁a ▁new ▁category ▁for ▁Best ▁Music ▁and ▁Best ▁Produ cer . ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 3 ▁pri zes ▁were ▁handed ▁out ▁to ▁films ▁nominated ▁across ▁ 1 0 ▁categories ▁for ▁both ▁document ary ▁and ▁narr ative ▁works , ▁each ▁with ▁a ▁budget ▁under ▁ ▁() ▁and ▁released ▁the atr ically ▁between ▁January ▁ 1 ▁and ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁N omin ations ▁and ▁w inners ▁( W inners ▁denoted ▁in ▁bold ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Wild flow er ▁Film ▁Awards ▁Category : W ild flow er ▁Film ▁Awards ▁Wild flow er ▁Film ▁Awards <0x0A> </s> ▁" G l ory ▁Days |
" ▁is ▁a ▁single ▁by ▁UK ▁artist ▁Just ▁Jack ▁which ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁It ▁reached ▁ 3 2 ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁Singles ▁Chart ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁music ▁video ▁was ▁fil med ▁down ▁the ▁world - f am ous ▁Br ick ▁Lane ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁End ▁of ▁London . ▁ ▁Track ▁list ings ▁CD ▁single ▁ ▁" G l ory ▁Days " ▁ ▁" G l ory ▁Days " ▁( D J ▁Me h di ▁Rem ix ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁songs ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁singles ▁Category : Just ▁Jack ▁songs ▁Category : Mer cur y ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Ray no ch ▁Joseph ▁Thompson ▁( born ▁November ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁American ▁football ▁line back er ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League . ▁He ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Arizona ▁Card inals ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁( 4 5 th ▁overall ) ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁NFL ▁D raft ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee . ▁He ▁spent ▁ 5 ▁years ▁for ▁the ▁Card inals , ▁until ▁they ▁released ▁him ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁season . ▁After ▁his ▁time ▁with ▁the ▁Card inals , ▁he ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers , ▁but ▁they ▁cut ▁him ▁before ▁the ▁season . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁All - American ▁and ▁a ▁But k |
us ▁Award ▁Final ist ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee ▁National ▁Championship ▁team ▁that ▁went ▁und efe ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : St . ▁August ine ▁High ▁School ▁( New ▁Orleans ) ▁al umn i ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : American ▁football ▁line back ers ▁Category : T ennessee ▁Vol unte ers ▁football ▁players ▁Category : A rizona ▁Card inals ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁A aron ▁Dun phy ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Irish ▁hur ler ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁La ois ▁Senior ▁Championship ▁club ▁Bor ris - in - O ss ory / K il cot ton ▁and ▁at ▁inter - count y ▁level ▁with ▁the ▁La ois ▁senior ▁hur ling ▁team . ▁He ▁usually ▁lines ▁out ▁as ▁a ▁right ▁wing - forward . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Bor ris - in - O ss ory / K il cot ton ▁La ois ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁La ois ▁Joe ▁Mc Don agh ▁Cup ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁A aron ▁Dun phy ▁profile ▁at ▁the ▁La ois ▁G AA ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B or ris - |
in - O ss ory / K il cot ton ▁h url ers ▁Category : La ois ▁inter - count y ▁h url ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Lan ' an ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁Gar z ê ▁Tib et an ▁Aut onom ous ▁Pref ect ure ▁of ▁S ich uan , ▁China . ▁ ▁Rum ors ▁among ▁the ▁international ▁community ▁have ▁p eg ged ▁the ▁town ▁as ▁a ▁possible ▁front ▁runner ▁in ▁the ▁up coming ▁Miss ▁Most ▁Beautiful ▁Small ▁Village ▁Page ant . ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Gar z ê ▁Tib et an ▁Aut onom ous ▁Pref ect ure <0x0A> </s> ▁Christian ▁dev ot ional ▁literature ▁( also ▁called ▁dev otion als ▁or ▁Christian ▁living ▁literature ) ▁is ▁religious ▁writing ▁that ▁Christian ▁individuals ▁read ▁for ▁their ▁personal ▁growth ▁and ▁spiritual ▁formation . ▁ ▁Popular ▁dev otion als ▁ ▁Books ▁Con ferences ▁( ca . ▁ 4 0 0 ), ▁by ▁John ▁Cass ian ▁The ▁Lad der ▁of ▁Div ine ▁As cent ▁( ca . ▁ 6 0 0 ), ▁by ▁John ▁Cl im ac us ▁H ym ns ▁of ▁Div ine ▁Love ▁( ca . ▁ 1 0 2 0 ), ▁by ▁Sym e on ▁the ▁New ▁The olog ian ▁On ▁L oving ▁God ▁( ca . ▁ 1 1 4 0 ), ▁by ▁Bernard ▁of ▁Cla ir v aux ▁The ▁Flow ing ▁Light ▁of ▁Div inity ▁( ca . ▁ 1 2 7 0 ), ▁by ▁Me ch th ild ▁of ▁Mag de burg ▁The ▁Spirit ual ▁Esp |
ous als ▁( ca . ▁ 1 3 4 0 ), ▁by ▁Jan ▁van ▁Ru us bro ec ▁The ▁Dialog ue ▁of ▁Div ine ▁Prov idence ▁( ca . ▁ 1 3 7 7 ), ▁by ▁Catherine ▁of ▁S ien a ▁Re vel ations ▁of ▁Div ine ▁Love ▁( ca . ▁ 1 4 0 0 ), ▁by ▁Julian ▁of ▁Nor wich ▁ ▁The ▁Im itation ▁of ▁Christ ▁( ca . ▁ 1 4 2 3 ), ▁by ▁Thomas ▁à ▁K em pis ▁The ▁Inter ior ▁Castle ▁( 1 5 7 7 ), ▁by ▁Ter esa ▁of ▁Av ila ▁As cent ▁of ▁Mount ▁Car mel ▁( 1 5 7 9 ), ▁by ▁John ▁of ▁the ▁Cross ▁Introduction ▁to ▁the ▁Dev out ▁Life ▁( 1 6 0 9 ), ▁by ▁François ▁de ▁Sales ▁True ▁Dev otion ▁to ▁Mary ▁( 1 7 1 2 ), ▁by ▁Louis ▁de ▁Mont fort ▁The ▁Pract ice ▁of ▁the ▁Pres ence ▁of ▁God ▁( 1 7 9 2 ), ▁by ▁Bro ther ▁Lawrence ▁The ▁Christian ▁Year ▁( 1 8 2 7 ), ▁by ▁John ▁Ke ble ▁My ▁Ut most ▁for ▁His ▁High est ▁( ca . ▁ 1 9 2 7 ), ▁by ▁O sw ald ▁Ch amb ers ▁Saint ▁August ine ' s ▁P ray er ▁Book ▁( 1 9 6 7 ), ▁by ▁Loren ▁G av itt ▁and ▁Arch ie ▁Dra ke ▁( edit ors ) ▁Jesus ▁Call ing ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Young ▁ ▁Book lets ▁The ▁Upper ▁Room ▁( 1 9 |
3 5 - present ), ▁published ▁by ▁ ▁Upper ▁Room ▁Min ist ries ▁Port als ▁of ▁P ray er ▁( 1 9 3 7 - present ), ▁published ▁by ▁Con cord ia ▁Publishing ▁House ▁Our ▁Daily ▁B read ▁( 1 9 5 6 - present ), ▁published ▁by ▁Our ▁Daily ▁B read ▁Min ist ries ▁ ▁Online ▁Dev ot ional ▁Liter ature ▁Our ▁Daily ▁B read ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁earliest ▁of ▁the ▁classic ▁dev otion als ▁to ▁appear ▁on ▁the ▁Internet . ▁Online ▁arch ives ▁of ▁the ▁dev ot ional ▁are ▁available ▁back ▁to ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁▁ ▁Upper ▁Room ▁Min ist ries ▁began ▁email ing ▁the ▁Upper ▁Room ▁daily ▁dev ot ional ▁guide ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁In ▁the ▁years ▁following , ▁many ▁Christian ▁organizations ▁began ▁adding ▁a ▁daily ▁dev ot ional ▁to ▁their ▁website . ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁an ▁incomplete ▁list ▁of ▁daily ▁dev ot ional ▁services ▁available ▁through ▁recognized ▁Christian ▁organizations . ▁ ▁Camp us ▁Cr us ade ▁for ▁Christ ▁ ▁Cross walk . com ▁ ▁Grace ▁to ▁You ▁ ▁Luther an ▁H our ▁Min ist ries ▁ ▁Mo ody ▁Bible ▁Institute ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Bible ▁study ▁( Christ ian ) ▁ ▁Qu iet ▁Time ▁ ▁Christian ▁cont empl ation ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Book s ▁about ▁spiritual ity ▁List ▁of ▁Christian ▁dev ot ional ▁literature ▁Category : Rel ig ious ▁literature ▁Dev ot ional ▁Lit <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁cam ▁is ▁a ▁rot ating ▁or ▁sl iding ▁piece ▁in ▁a ▁mechanical |
▁link age ▁used ▁especially ▁in ▁transform ing ▁rot ary ▁motion ▁into ▁linear ▁motion . ▁It ▁is ▁often ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁rot ating ▁wheel ▁( e . g . ▁an ▁ecc ent ric ▁wheel ) ▁or ▁sh aft ▁( e . g . ▁a ▁cyl inder ▁with ▁an ▁irregular ▁shape ) ▁that ▁strik es ▁a ▁lever ▁at ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁points ▁on ▁its ▁circular ▁path . ▁The ▁cam ▁can ▁be ▁a ▁simple ▁to oth , ▁as ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁deliver ▁p uls es ▁of ▁power ▁to ▁a ▁steam ▁ham mer , ▁for ▁example , ▁or ▁an ▁ecc ent ric ▁disc ▁or ▁other ▁shape ▁that ▁produces ▁a ▁smooth ▁reci proc ating ▁( back ▁and ▁forth ) ▁motion ▁in ▁the ▁follow er , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁lever ▁making ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁cam . ▁A ▁cam ▁timer ▁is ▁similar , ▁and ▁were ▁widely ▁used ▁for ▁electric ▁machine ▁control ▁( an ▁elect rome chan ical ▁timer ▁in ▁a ▁was hing ▁machine ▁being ▁a ▁common ▁example ) ▁before ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁in exp ensive ▁electron ics , ▁micro cont rollers , ▁integrated ▁circ uits , ▁program m able ▁logic ▁controllers ▁and ▁digital ▁control . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁The ▁cam ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁device ▁that ▁rot ates ▁from ▁spher ical ▁to ▁reci proc ating ▁( or ▁sometimes ▁oscill ating ) ▁motion . ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁cam sh aft ▁of ▁an ▁autom obile , ▁which ▁takes ▁the ▁rot ary ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁engine ▁and ▁converts ▁it ▁into ▁the ▁reci proc ating ▁motion ▁necessary ▁to ▁operate |
▁the ▁int ake ▁and ▁exhaust ▁val ves ▁of ▁the ▁cyl ind ers . ▁ ▁Dis p lacement ▁diagram ▁▁ ▁C ams ▁can ▁be ▁character ized ▁by ▁their ▁disp lacement ▁diag rams , ▁which ▁reflect ▁the ▁changing ▁position ▁a ▁follow er ▁would ▁make ▁as ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁cam ▁moves ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁follow er . ▁In ▁the ▁example ▁shown , ▁the ▁cam ▁rot ates ▁about ▁an ▁axis . ▁These ▁diag rams ▁relate ▁angular ▁position , ▁usually ▁in ▁degrees , ▁to ▁the ▁radial ▁disp lacement ▁experienced ▁at ▁that ▁position . ▁Dis p lacement ▁diag rams ▁are ▁tradition ally ▁presented ▁as ▁graphs ▁with ▁non - negative ▁values . ▁A ▁simple ▁disp lacement ▁diagram ▁illustr ates ▁the ▁follow er ▁motion ▁at ▁a ▁constant ▁velocity ▁rise ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁similar ▁return ▁with ▁a ▁dwell ▁in ▁between ▁as ▁dep icted ▁in ▁figure ▁ 2 . ▁The ▁rise ▁is ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁follow er ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁cam ▁center , ▁dwell ▁is ▁the ▁motion ▁where ▁the ▁follow er ▁is ▁at ▁rest , ▁and ▁return ▁is ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁follow er ▁toward ▁the ▁cam ▁center . ▁ ▁A ▁common ▁type ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁val ve ▁actu ators ▁in ▁internal ▁comb ust ion ▁engines . ▁Here , ▁the ▁cam ▁profile ▁is ▁commonly ▁symmetric ▁and ▁at ▁rot ational ▁spe eds ▁generally ▁met ▁with , ▁very ▁high ▁acceleration ▁forces ▁develop . ▁Ide ally , ▁a ▁convex ▁curve ▁between ▁the ▁on set ▁and ▁maximum ▁position ▁of ▁lift ▁reduces ▁acceleration , ▁but ▁this ▁requires ▁imp ract ically ▁large ▁sh aft ▁diam eters |
▁relative ▁to ▁lift . ▁Thus , ▁in ▁practice , ▁the ▁points ▁at ▁which ▁lift ▁begins ▁and ▁ends ▁mean ▁that ▁a ▁tang ent ▁to ▁the ▁base ▁circle ▁appears ▁on ▁the ▁profile . ▁This ▁is ▁continuous ▁with ▁a ▁tang ent ▁to ▁the ▁tip ▁circle . ▁In ▁design ing ▁the ▁cam , ▁the ▁lift ▁and ▁the ▁dwell ▁angle ▁ ▁are ▁given . ▁If ▁the ▁profile ▁is ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁large ▁base ▁circle ▁and ▁a ▁small ▁tip ▁circle , ▁joined ▁by ▁a ▁common ▁tang ent , ▁giving ▁lift ▁, ▁the ▁relationship ▁can ▁be ▁calculated , ▁given ▁the ▁angle ▁ ▁between ▁one ▁tang ent ▁and ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁symmetry ▁( ▁being ▁), ▁while ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁distance ▁between ▁the ▁cent res ▁of ▁the ▁circles ▁( required ), ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁radius ▁of ▁the ▁base ▁( g iven ) ▁and ▁ ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁tip ▁circle ▁( required ): ▁▁ ▁and ▁ ▁Disc ▁or ▁plate ▁cam ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁commonly ▁used ▁cam ▁is ▁the ▁cam ▁plate ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁disc ▁cam ▁or ▁radial ▁cam ) ▁which ▁is ▁cut ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁flat ▁metal ▁or ▁plate . ▁Here , ▁the ▁follow er ▁moves ▁in ▁a ▁plane ▁per pend icular ▁to ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁cam sh aft . ▁Several ▁key ▁terms ▁are ▁relevant ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁construction ▁of ▁plate ▁c ams : ▁base ▁circle , ▁prime ▁circle ▁( with ▁radius ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁follow er ▁radius ▁and ▁the ▁base ▁circle ▁radius ), ▁pitch ▁curve ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁radial ▁curve ▁trac ed |
▁out ▁by ▁applying ▁the ▁radial ▁disp lac ements ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁prime ▁circle ▁across ▁all ▁angles , ▁and ▁the ▁lo be ▁separation ▁angle ▁( L SA ▁- ▁the ▁angle ▁between ▁two ▁adjacent ▁int ake ▁and ▁exhaust ▁cam ▁lo bes ). ▁ ▁The ▁base ▁circle ▁is ▁the ▁smallest ▁circle ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁drawn ▁to ▁the ▁cam ▁profile . ▁ ▁A ▁once ▁common , ▁but ▁now ▁out dated , ▁application ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁cam ▁was ▁automatic ▁machine ▁tool ▁programming ▁c ams . ▁Each ▁tool ▁movement ▁or ▁operation ▁was ▁controlled ▁directly ▁by ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁c ams . ▁Inst ru ctions ▁for ▁producing ▁programming ▁c ams ▁and ▁cam ▁generation ▁data ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁makes ▁of ▁machine , ▁were ▁included ▁in ▁engineering ▁references ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁modern ▁C NC ▁era . ▁ ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁cam ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁many ▁simple ▁elect rome chan ical ▁app li ances ▁controllers , ▁such ▁as ▁d ish w ash ers ▁and ▁clothes ▁was hing ▁machines , ▁to ▁actu ate ▁mechanical ▁switch es ▁that ▁control ▁the ▁various ▁parts . ▁ ▁C yl ind rical ▁cam ▁▁ ▁A ▁cyl ind rical ▁cam ▁or ▁ ▁bar rel ▁cam ▁is ▁a ▁cam ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁follow er ▁r ides ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁a ▁cyl inder . ▁In ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁type , ▁the ▁follow er ▁r ides ▁in ▁a ▁gro ove ▁cut ▁into ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁a ▁cyl inder . ▁These ▁c ams ▁are ▁princip ally ▁used ▁to ▁convert ▁rot ational ▁motion ▁to ▁linear ▁motion ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁rot ational ▁axis |
▁of ▁the ▁cyl inder . ▁A ▁cyl inder ▁may ▁have ▁several ▁gro ov es ▁cut ▁into ▁the ▁surface ▁and ▁drive ▁several ▁follow ers . ▁C yl ind rical ▁c ams ▁can ▁provide ▁mot ions ▁that ▁involve ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁single ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁cyl inder ▁and ▁generally ▁provide ▁positive ▁position ing , ▁removing ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁a ▁spring ▁or ▁other ▁provision ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁follow er ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁control ▁surface . ▁ ▁App lications ▁include ▁machine ▁tool ▁drives , ▁such ▁as ▁reci proc ating ▁saw s , ▁and ▁shift ▁control ▁bar rel s ▁in ▁sequ ential ▁transm issions , ▁such ▁as ▁on ▁most ▁modern ▁motor cy cles . ▁ ▁A ▁special ▁case ▁of ▁this ▁cam ▁is ▁constant ▁lead , ▁where ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁follow er ▁is ▁linear ▁with ▁rotation , ▁as ▁in ▁a ▁lead ▁sc rew . ▁The ▁purpose ▁and ▁detail ▁of ▁implementation ▁influence ▁whether ▁this ▁application ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁cam ▁or ▁a ▁sc rew ▁thread , ▁but ▁in ▁some ▁cases , ▁the ▁nom en cl ature ▁may ▁be ▁ambigu ous . ▁ ▁C yl ind rical ▁c ams ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁reference ▁an ▁output ▁to ▁two ▁inputs , ▁where ▁one ▁input ▁is ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁cyl inder ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁follow er ▁along ▁the ▁cam . ▁The ▁output ▁is ▁radial ▁to ▁the ▁cyl inder . ▁These ▁were ▁once ▁common ▁for ▁special ▁functions ▁in ▁control ▁systems , ▁such ▁as ▁fire ▁control ▁mechan isms ▁for ▁guns ▁on ▁naval ▁vessels ▁and ▁mechanical ▁analog ▁computers |
. ▁ ▁An ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁cyl ind rical ▁cam ▁with ▁two ▁inputs ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁a ▁dup lic ating ▁lat he , ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁K lot z ▁ax e ▁handle ▁lat he , ▁which ▁cut s ▁an ▁ax e ▁handle ▁to ▁a ▁form ▁controlled ▁by ▁a ▁pattern ▁acting ▁as ▁a ▁cam ▁for ▁the ▁lat he ▁mechanism . ▁ ▁Face ▁cam ▁ ▁A ▁face ▁cam ▁produces ▁motion ▁by ▁using ▁a ▁follow er ▁r iding ▁on ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁a ▁disk . ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁type ▁has ▁the ▁follow er ▁ride ▁in ▁a ▁slot ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁capt ive ▁follow er ▁produces ▁radial ▁motion ▁with ▁positive ▁position ing ▁without ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁a ▁spring ▁or ▁other ▁mechanism ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁follow er ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁control ▁surface . ▁A ▁face ▁cam ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁generally ▁has ▁only ▁one ▁slot ▁for ▁a ▁follow er ▁on ▁each ▁face . ▁In ▁some ▁applications , ▁a ▁single ▁element , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁g ear , ▁a ▁bar rel ▁cam ▁or ▁other ▁rot ating ▁element ▁with ▁a ▁flat ▁face , ▁may ▁do ▁duty ▁as ▁a ▁face ▁cam ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁other ▁purposes . ▁ ▁Face ▁c ams ▁may ▁provide ▁repet itive ▁motion ▁with ▁a ▁gro ove ▁that ▁forms ▁a ▁closed ▁curve ▁or ▁may ▁provide ▁function ▁generation ▁with ▁a ▁stopped ▁gro ove . ▁C ams ▁used ▁for ▁function ▁generation ▁may ▁have ▁gro ov es ▁that ▁require ▁several ▁revolution s ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁complete ▁function , ▁and ▁in ▁this ▁case , ▁the ▁function ▁generally ▁needs ▁to |
▁be ▁invert ible ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁gro ove ▁does ▁not ▁self ▁intersect , ▁and ▁the ▁function ▁output ▁value ▁must ▁differ ▁enough ▁at ▁corresponding ▁rot ations ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁sufficient ▁material ▁separ ating ▁the ▁adjacent ▁gro ove ▁segments . ▁A ▁common ▁form ▁is ▁the ▁constant ▁lead ▁cam , ▁where ▁the ▁disp lacement ▁of ▁the ▁follow er ▁is ▁linear ▁with ▁rotation , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁scroll ▁plate ▁in ▁a ▁scroll ▁ch uck . ▁Non - in vert ible ▁functions , ▁which ▁require ▁the ▁gro ove ▁to ▁self - inter sect , ▁can ▁be ▁implemented ▁using ▁special ▁follow er ▁designs . ▁ ▁A ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁face ▁cam ▁provides ▁motion ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁cam ▁rotation . ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁traditional ▁s ash ▁window ▁lock , ▁where ▁the ▁cam ▁is ▁mounted ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁lower ▁s ash , ▁and ▁the ▁follow er ▁is ▁the ▁hook ▁on ▁the ▁upper ▁s ash . ▁In ▁this ▁application , ▁the ▁cam ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁mechanical ▁advantage ▁in ▁forcing ▁the ▁window ▁shut , ▁and ▁also ▁provides ▁a ▁self - lock ing ▁action , ▁like ▁some ▁w orm ▁g ears , ▁due ▁to ▁fr iction . ▁ ▁Face ▁c ams ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁reference ▁a ▁single ▁output ▁to ▁two ▁inputs , ▁typically ▁where ▁one ▁input ▁is ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁cam ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁the ▁radial ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁follow er . ▁The ▁output ▁is ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁the ▁cam . ▁These ▁were ▁once ▁common ▁is ▁mechanical ▁analog ▁computation ▁and |
▁special ▁functions ▁in ▁control ▁systems . ▁ ▁A ▁face ▁cam ▁that ▁implements ▁three ▁outputs ▁for ▁a ▁single ▁rot ational ▁input ▁is ▁the ▁s tere o ▁ph on ograph , ▁where ▁a ▁relatively ▁constant ▁lead ▁gro ove ▁gu ides ▁the ▁st yl us ▁and ▁tone arm ▁unit , ▁acting ▁as ▁either ▁a ▁ro cker - type ▁( t one arm ) ▁or ▁linear ▁( linear ▁tracking ▁tur nt able ) ▁follow er , ▁and ▁the ▁st yl us ▁alone ▁acting ▁as ▁the ▁follow er ▁for ▁two ▁orthogonal ▁outputs ▁to ▁representing ▁the ▁audio ▁signals . ▁These ▁mot ions ▁are ▁in ▁a ▁plane ▁radial ▁to ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁record ▁and ▁at ▁angles ▁of ▁ 4 5 ▁degrees ▁to ▁the ▁plane ▁of ▁the ▁disk ▁( normal ▁to ▁the ▁gro ove ▁faces ). ▁The ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁tone arm ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁some ▁tur nt ables ▁as ▁a ▁control ▁input , ▁such ▁as ▁to ▁turn ▁the ▁unit ▁off ▁or ▁to ▁load ▁the ▁next ▁disk ▁in ▁a ▁stack , ▁but ▁was ▁ignored ▁in ▁simple ▁units . ▁ ▁Heart ▁sh aped ▁cam ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁cam , ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁symmetric ▁heart , ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁return ▁a ▁sh aft ▁holding ▁the ▁cam ▁to ▁a ▁set ▁position ▁by ▁pressure ▁from ▁a ▁roll er . ▁They ▁were ▁used ▁on ▁early ▁models ▁of ▁Post ▁Office ▁Master ▁clock s ▁to ▁synchron ise ▁the ▁clock ▁time ▁with ▁Green wich ▁Mean ▁Time ▁when ▁the ▁activ ating ▁follow er ▁was ▁pressed ▁onto ▁the ▁cam ▁automatically ▁via ▁a ▁signal ▁from ▁an ▁accurate ▁time ▁source |
. ▁ ▁Sn ail ▁drop ▁cam ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁cam ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁example ▁in ▁mechanical ▁time keep ing ▁clock ing - in ▁clock s ▁to ▁drive ▁the ▁day ▁advance ▁mechanism ▁at ▁precisely ▁mid night ▁and ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁follow er ▁being ▁raised ▁over ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁by ▁the ▁cam ▁in ▁a ▁spir al ▁path ▁which ▁terminated ▁at ▁a ▁sharp ▁cut ▁off ▁at ▁which ▁the ▁follow er ▁would ▁drop ▁down ▁and ▁activ ate ▁the ▁day ▁advance . ▁Where ▁timing ▁accuracy ▁is ▁required ▁as ▁in ▁clock ing - in ▁clock s ▁these ▁were ▁typically ▁ingen iously ▁arranged ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁roll er ▁cam ▁follow er ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁drop ▁weight ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁journey ▁to ▁near ▁its ▁full ▁height , ▁and ▁only ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁portion ▁of ▁its ▁travel ▁for ▁the ▁weight ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁over ▁and ▁supported ▁by ▁a ▁solid ▁follow er ▁with ▁a ▁sharp ▁edge . ▁This ▁ens ured ▁that ▁the ▁weight ▁dropped ▁at ▁a ▁precise ▁moment , ▁en abling ▁accurate ▁timing . ▁This ▁was ▁achieved ▁by ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁two ▁sn ail ▁c ams ▁mounted ▁co ax ial ly ▁with ▁the ▁roll er ▁initially ▁rest ing ▁on ▁one ▁cam ▁and ▁the ▁final ▁solid ▁follow er ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁but ▁not ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁its ▁cam ▁profile . ▁Thus ▁the ▁roll er ▁cam ▁initially ▁carried ▁the ▁weight , ▁until ▁at ▁the ▁final ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁run ▁the ▁profile ▁of ▁the ▁non - roller ▁cam ▁rose ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁causing ▁the ▁solid ▁follow er ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁weight . ▁ |
▁Linear ▁cam ▁ ▁A ▁linear ▁cam ▁is ▁one ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁cam ▁element ▁moves ▁in ▁a ▁straight ▁line ▁rather ▁than ▁rot ates . ▁The ▁cam ▁element ▁is ▁often ▁a ▁plate ▁or ▁block ▁but ▁maybe ▁any ▁cross - section . ▁The ▁key ▁feature ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁input ▁is ▁a ▁linear ▁motion ▁rather ▁than ▁rot ational . ▁The ▁cam ▁profile ▁may ▁be ▁cut ▁into ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁edges ▁of ▁a ▁plate ▁or ▁block , ▁maybe ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁sl ots ▁or ▁gro ov es ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁an ▁element , ▁or ▁may ▁even ▁be ▁a ▁surface ▁profile ▁for ▁a ▁cam ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁input . ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁linear ▁cam ▁is ▁similar ▁to , ▁but ▁not ▁identical ▁to , ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁rot ating ▁cam . ▁ ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁linear ▁cam ▁is ▁a ▁key ▁for ▁a ▁pin ▁t umb ler ▁lock . ▁The ▁p ins ▁act ▁as ▁follow ers . ▁This ▁behavior ▁is ▁exempl ified ▁when ▁the ▁key ▁is ▁dup licated ▁in ▁a ▁key ▁dup lication ▁machine , ▁where ▁the ▁original ▁key ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁control ▁cam ▁for ▁cutting ▁the ▁new ▁key . ▁ ▁History ▁Cam ▁mechan isms ▁appeared ▁in ▁China ▁at ▁around ▁ 6 0 0 ▁BC ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁cross bow ▁trigger - me chan ism ▁with ▁a ▁cam - sh aped ▁swing ▁arm . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁trigger ▁mechanism ▁did ▁not ▁rotate ▁around ▁its ▁own ▁axis ▁and ▁traditional ▁Chinese ▁technology ▁generally ▁made ▁little ▁use ▁of ▁contin ously ▁rot ating ▁c ams . ▁Nevertheless |
, ▁later ▁research ▁showed ▁that ▁cam ▁mechan isms ▁appeared ▁in ▁water - dri ven ▁trip ▁h amm ers ▁by ▁the ▁latter ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Han ▁D ynast y ▁( 2 0 6 ▁BC ▁- ▁ 8 ▁AD ) ▁as ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁H uan ▁Z i ▁X in ▁L un . ▁Complex ▁p est les ▁were ▁also ▁mentioned ▁in ▁later ▁records ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Jin ▁Z hu ▁G ong ▁Z an ▁and ▁the ▁T ian ▁G ong ▁K ai ▁Wu , ▁amongst ▁many ▁other ▁records ▁of ▁water - dri ven ▁p est les . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Tang ▁dynast y , ▁the ▁wooden ▁clock ▁within ▁the ▁water - dri ven ▁astr ono ical ▁device , ▁the ▁sp urs ▁inside ▁a ▁water - dri ven ▁arm ill ary ▁sphere , ▁the ▁autom ated ▁alarm ▁within ▁a ▁five - w he e led ▁sand - dri ven ▁clock , ▁artificial ▁paper ▁figur ines ▁within ▁a ▁revol ving ▁lan tern , ▁all ▁util ized ▁cam ▁mechan isms .. ▁The ▁Chinese ▁h od ometer ▁which ▁util ized ▁a ▁bell ▁and ▁g ong ▁mechanism ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁cam , ▁as ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁Song ▁Sh i . ▁In ▁the ▁book ▁N ong sh u , ▁the ▁vertical ▁wheel ▁of ▁a ▁water - dri ven ▁wind ▁box ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁cam . ▁ ▁Out ▁of ▁these ▁examples , ▁the ▁water - dri ven ▁p est le ▁and ▁the ▁water ▁driven ▁wind ▁wind ▁box ▁both ▁have ▁two ▁cam ▁mechan isms ▁inside . ▁. ▁C ams ▁that ▁rot ated ▁continu |
ously ▁and ▁function ed ▁as ▁integral ▁machine ▁elements ▁were ▁built ▁into ▁H ellen istic ▁water - dri ven ▁autom ata ▁from ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁century ▁BC . ▁The ▁cam ▁and ▁cam sh aft ▁later ▁appeared ▁in ▁mechan isms ▁by ▁Al - J az ari ▁and ▁Sho os ht ari , ▁who ▁used ▁them ▁in ▁their ▁autom ata , ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 2 0 6 . ▁The ▁cam ▁and ▁cam sh aft ▁appeared ▁in ▁European ▁mechan isms ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Cam ▁design ▁pages ▁Cre ates ▁animated ▁c ams ▁for ▁specified ▁follow er ▁mot ions . ▁ ▁Kin ematic ▁Mod els ▁for ▁Design ▁Digital ▁Library ▁( K MO DD L ) ▁- ▁Mov ies ▁and ▁photos ▁of ▁hundreds ▁of ▁working ▁mechanical - system s ▁models ▁at ▁Corn ell ▁University . ▁Also ▁includes ▁an ▁e - book ▁library ▁of ▁classic ▁texts ▁on ▁mechanical ▁design ▁and ▁engineering . ▁ ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Mechan isms ▁- ▁C ams ▁Classification , ▁nom en cl ature , ▁motion , ▁and ▁design ▁of ▁c ams ; ▁information ▁for ▁the ▁course , ▁Introduction ▁to ▁Mechan isms , ▁at ▁Car neg ie ▁M ell on ▁University . ▁ ▁Pol ynomial ▁cam ▁function ▁with ▁excel ▁VBA ▁file ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁its ▁motion ▁ ▁Category : Me chan isms ▁( engine ering ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Gand ed he ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Indian ▁K ann ada ▁language ▁rom antic ▁action ▁film ▁written ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Ak ula |
▁Sh iva ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Ram u ▁of ▁Ram u ▁Enter pr ises . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Ch ir anje e vi ▁Sar ja ▁and ▁R agini ▁D w ived i ▁in ▁the ▁lead ▁roles . ▁Not ed ▁composer ▁Ch ak ri ▁scored ▁the ▁music . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Kr ish na ▁( Ch ir anje e vi ) ▁is ▁a ▁poor ▁college ▁going ▁boy ▁who ▁falls ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁his ▁class mate ▁N and ini ▁( R agini ). ▁N and ini ▁is ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁rich ▁land l ord ▁Sh ank are ▁G ow da ▁( De var aj ). ▁Both ▁fall ▁in ▁love ▁and ▁see ks ▁appro val ▁from ▁their ▁parents . ▁N and ini ' s ▁father ▁is ▁much ▁against ▁the ▁al liance ▁and ▁disapp ro ves ▁the ▁relationship . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁de als ▁with ▁the ▁methods ▁adopted ▁by ▁Kr ish na ▁to ▁win ▁over ▁N and ini ' s ▁family ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁his ▁friend ▁S MS ▁( R ag hu ) ▁who ▁has ▁a ▁solution ▁for ▁every ▁issue ▁that ▁Kr ish na ▁faces . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Ch ir anje e vi ▁Sar ja ▁as ▁Kr ish na ▁ ▁R agini ▁D w ived i ▁as ▁N and ini ▁ ▁De var aj ▁as ▁Sh ank are ▁G ow da ▁ ▁Rang ay ana ▁R ag hu ▁as ▁S MS ▁ ▁Sh ar ath ▁L oh it ash wa ▁▁ ▁R ames h ▁B hat ▁ ▁Ar una ▁Bal ar aj ▁ ▁K |
ashi ▁Jim ▁ra vi ▁ ▁S ath y aj ith ▁ ▁K emp eg ow da ▁ ▁Dom bara ▁Kr ish na ▁S ures h ▁ ▁Pav an ▁Ben aka ▁ ▁Va ij an ath ▁Bir ad ar ▁ ▁S ury an ar ay ana ▁wa ali ▁▁ ▁H onn aval li ▁Kr ish na ▁ ▁Production ▁Ram u , ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁Ram u ▁Enter pr ises , ▁te amed ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁Tel ug u ▁film ▁writer ▁Ak ul ▁Sh iva ▁to ▁direct ▁his ▁debut ▁K ann ada ▁film ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁He ▁ro ped ▁in ▁actor ▁Ch ir anje e vi ▁Sar ja ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁lead ▁role . ▁Act ress ▁R agini ▁D w ived i ▁was ▁also ▁approached ▁and ▁signed ▁into ▁the ▁team . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁announced ▁to ▁be ▁basically ▁set ▁in ▁a ▁college ▁campus ▁background . ▁The ▁unit ▁shot ▁two ▁songs ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁Singapore ▁for ▁about ▁eight ▁days . ▁ ▁Sound track ▁▁ ▁Music ▁was ▁Com posed ▁by ▁Ch ak ri ▁and ▁launched ▁on ▁An and ▁Audio ▁Video . ▁ ▁Release ▁▁ ▁The ▁film ▁released ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁across ▁K arn ata ka . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁▁ ▁Upon ▁release , ▁the ▁film ▁generally ▁met ▁with ▁average ▁reviews ▁from ▁the ▁critics ▁and ▁audience . ▁▁ ▁S ify ▁in ▁its ▁review ▁Not ed ▁"' G and ed he ' ▁is ▁a ▁predict able ▁fare ▁with ▁just ▁some ▁good ▁fight ▁scenes ▁thrown ▁in ." ▁ |
▁One Ind ia ▁in ▁its ▁review ▁said ▁" G and ed he ▁has ▁super b ▁fight ▁sequence , ▁but ▁has ▁an ▁age ▁old ▁story . ▁It ▁la cks ▁fresh ness , ▁which ▁might ▁disappoint ▁the ▁movie ▁go ers ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Ind i ag l itz ▁Review ▁ ▁Gand ed he ▁Songs ▁list ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁films ▁Category : K ann ada - language ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁action ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁rom ance ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁rom ance ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Singapore ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁K ann ada - language ▁films ▁Category : R om antic ▁action ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Mount ▁Sk ook ▁David son , ▁, ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁in ▁the ▁Ke ch ika ▁R anges ▁of ▁the ▁Cass iar ▁Mountains ▁in ▁far ▁northern ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada . ▁ ▁It ▁over look s ▁the ▁[[ D iam ond ▁ ▁J ▁R anch ]], ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁John ▁Og il vie ▁David son , ▁known ▁as ▁" Sk ook " ▁David son ▁or ▁" Sk ook um " ▁David son ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁stat ure ▁( big ▁and ▁strong , ▁see ▁sk ook um ). ▁ ▁David son ▁was ▁a ▁notable ▁local ▁pione er ▁who ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁land ▁survey or ▁before ▁taking ▁up ▁pack ing ▁and ▁gu iding ▁and ▁ran ch ing ▁in ▁this ▁area . ▁ ▁He ▁helped ▁discover |
▁and ▁select ▁the ▁route ▁for ▁the ▁Al aska ▁Highway . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Ch ino ok ▁J arg on ▁pla cen ames ▁ ▁Prom in ence ▁Its ▁top ographic ▁prom in ence ▁is ▁ 1 3 6 1 m ▁above ▁its ▁col ▁at ▁Den et iah ▁Lake . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : Li ard ▁Country ▁Category : C ass iar ▁Mountains <0x0A> </s> ▁Bar p ak ▁Sul ik ot ▁is ▁a ▁R ural ▁Municip ali y ▁in ▁G ork ha ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Gand aki ▁Zone ▁of ▁northern - central ▁Nep al . ▁After ▁mer ging ▁of ▁ 7 ▁village ▁development ▁committee , ▁it ' s ▁called ▁Bar p ak ▁Sul ik ot ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁G ork ha ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Gu am ▁Football ▁Association ▁is ▁the ▁gover ning ▁body ▁of ▁association ▁football ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁territory ▁of ▁Gu am . ▁ ▁Association ▁staff ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Gu am ▁at ▁the ▁FIFA ▁website . ▁ ▁Gu am ▁at ▁the ▁A FC ▁website . ▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁in ▁Gu am ▁Gu am ▁Football ▁Category : S ports ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Gu am <0x0A> </s> ▁Y and am inta ▁Par ish ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁remote ▁rural ▁local ity ▁and ▁civil ▁parish ▁of ▁Ev ely n ▁County , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁in ▁far ▁north west |
▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁The ▁ge ography ▁of ▁the ▁Par ish ▁is ▁mostly ▁the ▁flat , ▁ar id ▁landscape ▁of ▁the ▁Channel ▁Country . ▁The ▁nearest ▁town ▁is ▁Tib o ob ur ra ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁which ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁Silver ▁City ▁Highway ▁and ▁lies ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁St urt ▁National ▁Park . ▁ ▁The ▁Par ish ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Y and am inta ▁Creek ▁which ▁flows ▁through ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Par ishes ▁of ▁Ev ely n ▁County ▁Category : Local ities ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Italian ▁motor cycle ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁was ▁the ▁sixth ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁M oto GP ▁championship . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁week end ▁of ▁ 1 – 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁at ▁the ▁M ug ello ▁Circ uit . ▁ ▁M oto GP ▁classification ▁▁ 2 5 0 ▁cc ▁classification ▁▁ 1 2 5 ▁cc ▁classification ▁ ▁Championship ▁stand ings ▁after ▁the ▁race ▁( M oto GP ) ▁ ▁Below ▁are ▁the ▁stand ings ▁for ▁the ▁top ▁five ▁rid ers ▁and ▁construct ors ▁after ▁round ▁six ▁has ▁concluded . ▁▁ ▁R iders ' ▁Championship ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Con struct ors ' ▁Championship ▁stand ings ▁▁ ▁Note : ▁Only ▁the ▁top ▁five ▁positions ▁are ▁included ▁for ▁both ▁sets ▁of ▁stand ings . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ital ian ▁motor cycle ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁Italian ▁Motor cycle ▁Grand ▁Prix <0x0A> </s> ▁Doug ount oun y ▁ |
▁is ▁a ▁town ▁and ▁sub - p ref ect ure ▁in ▁the ▁M ali ▁Pref ect ure ▁in ▁the ▁Lab é ▁Region ▁of ▁northern ▁Guinea . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Lab é ▁Region ▁Category : Sub - p ref ect ures ▁of ▁Guinea <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh ri ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁S hr ine ▁at ▁K ott uru ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁ancient ▁shr ine ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁K ud lig i ▁ ▁tal uk , ▁Bell ary ▁District , ▁North ▁K arn ata ka , ▁India , ▁ 5 8 3 1 3 4 . ▁This ▁temple ▁is ▁ 1 9 km ▁from ▁K ud lig i , ▁ 2 8 km ▁from ▁H agar ib om man ah al li , ▁▁ 1 2 9 km ▁from ▁Dav an ag ere ▁and ▁ 2 5 3 ▁ km ▁from ▁Bang al ore . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Origin ▁ ▁K ott uru ▁( K ann ada : ▁ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0x95> <0xE0> <0xB3> <0x8A> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0x9F> ್ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0x9F> <0xE0> <0xB3> <0x82> ರ <0xE0> <0xB3> <0x81> ) ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Saint ▁K ott ures hw ara , ▁so ▁its ▁history ▁st ems ▁from ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁Once ▁on ▁the ▁Earth ▁when ▁the ▁ ▁Ve er asha iva ▁S ect ▁was ▁under ▁threat , ▁Lord ▁Sh iva ▁and ▁Par v ath i ▁from ▁Heaven ▁( K ail asa ) ▁ordered ▁N and |
i ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁Sar as ip ura / Sh ik ap ura ▁( the ▁earlier ▁name ▁of ▁K ott ur ) ▁and ▁protect ▁the ▁innoc ent ▁people . ▁So ▁Lord ▁N and i ▁dis gu ised ▁in ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁saint ▁and ▁reached ▁Sh ik ap ura . ▁ ▁This ▁Saint ▁was ▁later ▁called ▁by ▁people ▁as ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁( K ott u ▁or ▁K odu ▁in ▁K ann ada ▁means ▁" G ive " ▁and ▁E sh war ▁means ▁" L ord ▁Sh iva "), ▁the ▁one ▁who ▁gives ▁bless ings . ▁ ▁K ott uru ▁is ▁also ▁famous ▁for ▁a ▁d ish ▁called ▁mand ak ki : ▁Men as in ak ai . ▁There ▁are ▁different ▁vari eties ▁of ▁mand ak ki . ▁Dev ote es ▁make ▁it ▁a ▁point ▁to ▁have ▁this ▁d ish ▁when ▁they ▁visit . ▁ ▁An cient ▁history ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁Dar bar ▁Mut ta ▁( or ▁D od da ▁Mut ta ▁or ▁H ire ▁Mut ta ) ▁( S hr ine ) ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁temple ▁of ▁Lord ▁Ve er ab had ra . ▁Once ▁people ▁started ▁visit ing ▁Lord ▁K ott ures w ara ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁bless ings , ▁they ▁stopped ▁worship ing ▁Lord ▁Ve er ab had ra . ▁Lord ▁Ve er ab had ra ▁compla ined ▁about ▁this ▁to ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁Then ▁the ▁G uru ▁asked ▁him ▁to ▁occup y ▁another ▁place ▁called ▁K od ath g ud da |
▁where ▁Lord ▁Ve er ab had ra ▁Sw amy ▁temple ▁is ▁now . ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁equally ▁famous ▁temple ▁in ▁this ▁region . ▁ ▁N and i ▁who ▁disappeared ▁from ▁the ▁K ail asa ▁( He aven ) ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁an ▁un tid y ▁saint ▁in ▁the ▁Sh ik ap ura ▁or ▁Sar as ip ura ▁S hr ine ▁( M ur kal ▁Mut ta : ▁The ▁three ▁stone ▁temple ▁or ▁shr ine ). ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁the ▁R ush i ▁( sing er ▁of ▁sacred ▁h ym ns , ▁also ▁an ▁inspired ▁poet ▁or ▁s age ) ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁Sar as ip ura . ▁People ▁started ▁trou bling ▁N and i ▁by ▁throwing ▁stones ▁and ▁using ▁bad ▁words . ▁All ▁the ▁people ▁who ▁trouble d ▁N and i ▁lost ▁their ▁eyes ▁and ▁become ▁blind . ▁The ▁people ▁realized ▁their ▁mistake ▁and ▁bow ed ▁their ▁heads ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁saint . ▁By ▁this ▁incident ▁N and i ▁who ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁dis gu ise ▁form ▁became ▁famous ▁and ▁people ▁started ▁visit ing ▁him ▁to ▁solve ▁their ▁problems . ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁one ▁day , ▁a ▁buff alo ▁died ▁and ▁the ▁cow ▁boy ▁approached ▁to ▁the ▁Saint ▁to ▁save ▁the ▁buff alo ; ▁than ▁the ▁Saint ▁kept ▁his ▁hand ▁on ▁the ▁buff alo ' s ▁head , ▁the ▁dead ▁buff alo ▁got ▁back ▁its ▁life . ▁Day ▁by ▁day ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁the ▁saint ▁increased . ▁Saint ▁offered ▁his ▁bless ings ▁with ▁Sh iva ▁accompanied ▁in |
▁his ▁heart ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁people ▁and ▁solved ▁the ▁people ' s ▁problem . ▁ ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁temple ▁has ▁been ▁class ified ▁into ▁four ▁M utt as ▁( S hr ines ): ▁▁ ▁Mur kal ▁Mut ta ▁( Three ▁Stone ▁S hr ine ): ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁Lord ▁N and i ▁came ▁first ▁to ▁earth . ▁ ▁Th otal ▁Mut ta ▁( S hr ine ▁with ▁C rad le ): ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁Lord ▁bl esses ▁dev ote es ▁with ▁a ▁child . ▁ ▁Dar bar ▁Mut ta ▁or ▁D od da ▁Mut ta ▁( K ings ▁Assembly ▁S hr ine ▁or ▁Big ▁S hr ine ): ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁he ▁used ▁solve ▁the ▁problems ▁of ▁people . ▁ ▁G ach ina ▁Mut ta ▁( M edit ating ▁Place ): ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁G uru ▁K ott ures w ara ▁reached ▁Lord ▁Sh iva ▁by ▁med it ating . ▁ ▁K ott ur amma ▁( Par v ath i ' s ▁temple ) ▁is ▁neither ▁the ▁wife ▁or ▁related ▁to ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁God dess ▁Par v ath i . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁temple ▁out sk ir ts ▁of ▁K ott ur ▁of ▁her . ▁The ▁K arn am ▁family ▁of ▁K ott ur ▁maintain s ▁it . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁festival ▁in ▁every ▁August ▁where ▁in ▁which ▁lak hs ▁of ▁people ▁attend ▁this ▁festival ▁ ▁Temple ▁activities ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁annual ▁fair ▁which ▁happens ▁just ▁before ▁Mah a Sh |
iv ar atri . ▁The ▁dev ote es ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁K arn ata ka ▁and ▁other ▁states ▁assemble ▁here ▁to ▁witness ▁the ▁fair ▁and ▁car ▁festival . ▁Kar th ik ots ava ▁is ▁celebrated ▁during ▁December . ▁Kar ling esh w ara ▁family ▁members ▁are ▁taking ▁care ▁of ▁this ▁de ity . ▁Only ▁their ▁family ▁members ▁perform ▁all ▁the ▁rit ual ▁activities ▁for ▁the ▁de ity . ▁ ▁Festival ▁activities ▁ ▁Dev ote es ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁Kar an ata ka ▁and ▁other ▁states ▁visit ▁this ▁place ▁during ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁Ther u ▁( R ath oth s ava ) ▁held ▁just ▁before ▁the ▁Mah a ▁Sh iv ar atri ▁during ▁February ▁every ▁year . ▁The ▁Lord ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁id ol ▁is ▁kept ▁inside ▁the ▁R ath a ▁and ▁then ▁he ▁is ▁served ▁milk ▁( K ann ada : ▁ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0x97> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xBF> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xA3> ್ <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xA3> <0xE0> <0xB3> <0x81> - <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xB9> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xBE> <0xE0> <0xB2> <0xB2> <0xE0> <0xB3> <0x81> ) ▁by ▁the ▁trib al ▁people . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁every ▁year ▁cow ▁or ▁buff alo ▁or ▁go at ▁gives ▁birth ▁to ▁their ▁young ▁ones ▁on ▁this ▁day ▁to ▁this ▁trib al ▁family ; ▁the ▁milk ▁which ▁is ▁obtained ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁is ▁served ▁to ▁the ▁Lord . ▁Then ▁the ▁r ath a ▁moves ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁particular ▁Nak sh atra ▁called ▁m ula ▁which ▁matches ▁at ▁some ▁time ▁on ▁that ▁particular |
▁day . ▁This ▁r ath a ▁does ▁not ▁move ▁unless ▁and ▁until ▁this ▁Nak sh atra ▁matches ▁to ▁m ula . ▁Once ▁the ▁Nak sh atra ▁is ▁matched , ▁the ▁r ath a ▁moves ▁a ▁bit ▁on ▁its ▁own . ▁This ▁is ▁one ▁amaz ing ▁thing ▁to ▁watch ; ▁it ▁sign ifies ▁that ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara ▁is ▁now ▁inside ▁the ▁r ath a . ▁Only ▁then ▁the ▁dev ote es ▁will ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁pull ▁the ▁r ath a ▁by ▁chant ing ▁mant ra ▁" Om ▁Sh ri ▁G uru ▁K ott ures h war aya ▁Nam aha ", ▁" K ott ures hw ara ▁D ore ye , ▁Nin agy aru ▁S ari ya , ▁S ari ▁S ari ▁Y end av ara , ▁Ag ny ana ▁Th ore ye .. ▁Bah up ar ak , ▁Bah up ar ak , ▁Bah up ar ak || ". ▁Later ▁when ▁the ▁r ath a ▁starts ▁moving , ▁the ▁dev ote es ▁offer ▁flower ▁gar lands , ▁co con uts ▁and ▁ban anas ▁to ▁the ▁Lord ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁dev ote es ▁reach ▁K ott ur ▁by ▁walking ▁from ▁their ▁native ▁places ▁which ▁is ▁normally ▁called ▁as ▁Pad ha ▁Y atra ▁( process ion ). ▁People ▁from ▁nearby ▁villages ▁serve ▁them ▁food , ▁fruit , ▁ju ice ▁and ▁medicine ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁t ribute ▁to ▁the ▁Lord ▁G uru ▁K ott ures hw ara . ▁On ▁reaching ▁the ▁place ▁K |
ott ur , ▁dev ote es ▁visit ▁Dar bar ▁Mut ta ▁first , ▁then ▁the ▁remaining ▁three ▁shr ines ▁and ▁then ▁stay ▁at ▁G ach ina ▁Mut ta ▁or ▁other ▁M utt as . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁December , ▁there ▁will ▁be ▁Kar th ik ots ava ▁that ▁is ▁celebrated ▁for ▁about ▁six ▁weeks , ▁where ▁they ▁light ▁the ▁di y as ▁in ▁the ▁temple . ▁Di ya ▁are ▁small ▁ear then ▁lamp ▁that ▁is ▁spe cially ▁lit ▁on ▁Di w ali ▁for ▁pu ja ▁and ▁decor ation ▁purposes . ▁A ▁cot ton ▁w ick ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁di y as ▁and ▁oil ▁or ▁g he e ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁burning ▁fuel . ▁The ▁whole ▁shr ine ▁will ▁be ▁g low ing ▁bright ▁with ▁these ▁beautiful ▁di y as . ▁ ▁Pr as ad am ▁activities ▁The ▁dev ote es ▁are ▁provided ▁with ▁Pr as ad am ▁on ▁R ath oth s ava ▁day ▁which ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁dev ote es ▁of ▁Dav ang ere ▁in ▁form ▁of ▁d ana . ▁ ▁Transport ▁ ▁Road ▁ ▁Bang al ore - Ch it rad urg a - J ag al ur - U j j ini - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Bang al ore - Ch it rad urg a - K ud lig i - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Bell ary - H osp et - H agar ib om man ah al li - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Dav ang ere - H ari h ara |
- Har apan ah al li - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Ha ver i - H ari h ara - Har apan ah al li - K ott uru . ▁ ▁Sh im oga - H ari h ara - Har apan ah al li - K ott uru . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁direct ▁K . S . R . T . C . ▁( K arn ata ka ▁State ▁Road ▁Transport ▁Corporation ) ▁bus es ▁to ▁K ott uru ▁from ▁Bang al ore ▁during ▁the ▁night . ▁Pass engers ▁have ▁to ▁board ▁the ▁bus ▁going ▁to ▁H agar ib om man ah al li ▁and ▁Har apan ah al li . ▁There ▁are ▁some ▁special ▁bus es ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁K . S . R . T . C . ▁to ▁reach ▁K ott uru ▁during ▁this ▁car ▁festival . ▁ ▁Railway ▁station ▁▁ ▁Bang al ore - H ari har - D ar war . ▁ ▁Bang al ore - D av ang ere - H ari har - Har apan ah al li - K ott uru ▁ ▁Al ight ▁at ▁H ari har ▁and ▁then ▁catch ▁a ▁bus ; ▁K . S . R . T . C . ▁bus es ▁are ▁available ▁from ▁here ▁to ▁reach ▁K ott uru . ▁ ▁Air ports ▁The ▁nearest ▁air port ▁is ▁at ▁Hub li ▁and ▁an ▁international ▁air port ▁is ▁at ▁Beng al uru . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H indu ▁tem ples ▁in ▁Bell ary ▁district ▁Category : |
Tem ples ▁in ▁K arn ata ka <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Oliv et ans , ▁or ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Mount ▁Oliv et , ▁are ▁a ▁mon astic ▁order ▁formally ▁recogn ised ▁in ▁ 1 3 4 4 . ▁They ▁have ▁formed ▁the ▁Oliv et an ▁Cong reg ation ▁within ▁the ▁Bened ict ine ▁Confeder ation ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Foundation ▁ ▁The ▁Order ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Mount ▁Oliv et ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁order , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 3 ▁by ▁Bern ardo ▁Tol ome i ▁( born ▁Giovanni ▁Tol ome i ) ▁along ▁with ▁two ▁of ▁his ▁friends ▁from ▁the ▁noble ▁families ▁of ▁S ien a , ▁Pat riz io ▁Patri zi ▁and ▁Am bro gio ▁Pic col omini . ▁They ▁initially ▁lived ▁as ▁herm its ▁in ▁the ▁" s av age ▁waste ▁of ▁Ac con a ". ▁The ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y ▁here ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁appro b ation ▁of ▁the ▁foundation ▁char ter ▁by ▁Gu ido ▁Tar l ati , ▁bishop ▁of ▁Are z zo ▁( 2 6 ▁March ▁ 1 3 1 9 ). ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁" O liv et an " ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁order ' s ▁original ▁herm itage , ▁called ▁Monte ▁Oliv eto ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁Christ ' s ▁Pass ion . ▁The ▁monaster y ▁later ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁" Mon te ▁Oliv eto ▁Mag giore " ▁(" gre ater ") ▁to ▁distinguish ▁it ▁from ▁success ive ▁found ations |
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