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▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁could ▁be ▁completed ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁This ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁planned ▁to ▁sold ▁by ▁AP H ▁as ▁a ▁complete ▁package ▁for ▁around ▁A $ 3 0 0 ▁million , ▁however ▁the ▁global ▁credit ▁crisis ▁was ▁bl amed ▁for ▁its ▁failure ▁to ▁sell . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁site ▁was ▁bought ▁by ▁Gro con ▁ ▁who ▁was ▁planning ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁ 3 7 - store y ▁commercial ▁office ▁tower . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁tall est ▁buildings ▁in ▁Australia ▁List ▁of ▁tall est ▁buildings ▁in ▁Br is b ane ▁List ▁of ▁tall est ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Australia ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁AP H ▁properties ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Tr il ogy ▁Tower ▁discussion ▁forum ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Br is b ane ▁Category : Sk ys c rap ers ▁in ▁Br is b ane ▁Category : Un built ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁a ▁Japanese ▁actor . ▁ ▁Selected ▁film ography ▁▁ ▁Ten ▁to ▁sen ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁- ▁Ki ichi ▁Mih ara ▁ ▁Ke ish ich ô ▁mon og at ari : ▁I ry û hin ▁n ashi ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁▁ Ô in aru ▁tab iji ▁( 1 9 6 0 ) ▁ ▁I k inu ita ▁j û ro ku - nen : ▁Sa igo ▁no ▁N ipp on - he i ▁( 1 9 6 0 ) ▁- ▁Min
ag awa , ▁Army ▁officer ▁ ▁Ke ish ich ô ▁mon og at ari : ▁j û ni - n in ▁no ▁ke iji ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁- ▁Det ect ive ▁Az uma ▁ ▁Kan p ai ! ▁G ok igen ▁y ar ou ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁ ▁H achi - n in ▁me ▁no ▁te ki ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁ ▁J ig ok û ▁no ▁s ok ô ▁o ▁b uch i ▁y ab û re ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁ ▁San ro ku ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁ ▁An k oku - g ai ▁sa igo ▁no ▁hi ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁ ▁Mi y am oto ▁Mus ashi : ▁Hann y az aka ▁no ▁k ett ô ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁- ▁F uj its ug u ▁G ion ▁ ▁Min y ô ▁no ▁tab i : ▁Ak ita ▁ob ako ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁ ▁J û da i ▁no ▁â sh id ô ri ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁ ▁Tok ub ets u ▁kid ô ▁s ô s ata i ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁- ▁Ar am aki ▁ ▁Tok ub ets u ▁kid ô ▁s ô s ata i : ▁Tokyo ▁e ki ▁ni ▁har ik ome ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁- ▁Ar am aki ▁ ▁An k ok ug ai ▁sa ida i ▁no ▁k ett ô ▁( 1 9 6
3 ) ▁- ▁Ins pect or ▁Ich ik awa ▁ ▁Mi y am oto ▁Mus ashi : ▁N it ô ry û ▁ka igen ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁- ▁To ji ▁- ▁G ion ▁F uj its ug u ▁ ▁Mu hom ats u ▁no ▁is sh o ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁ ▁Z oku ▁z û z û sh ii ▁y ats u ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁- ▁Got ô ▁ ▁Ke ish ich ô ▁mon og at ari : ▁Y uk ue ▁f ume i ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁- ▁Kit ag awa ▁ ▁At out ▁co eur ▁à ▁Tokyo ▁pour ▁O . S . S . ▁ 1 1 7 ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁ ▁Ch ich ib u ▁su ik oden : ▁k age ▁o ▁kir u ▁k en ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁- ▁Ke ij ir ô ▁Ich in ose ▁ ▁Brand ed ▁to ▁Kill ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁- ▁Gi he i ▁Kas uga ▁ ▁K ig ek i : ▁D ant ai ▁ress ha ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁ ▁M ight y ▁Jack ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁- ▁( archive ▁foot age ) ▁ ▁T are kom i ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁ ▁Gy ak uten ▁ry oko ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁ ▁G end ai ▁y aku za : ▁Shin ju ku ▁no ▁y ot am ono ▁( 1 9 7 0 )
▁ ▁H ak ur ai ▁j ing i : ▁Kap one ▁no ▁sh ate i ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁ ▁Y oru ▁no ▁sa iz ensen : ▁T ô ky ô ▁mar u hi ▁ch it ai ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁ ▁M ek ur ano ▁O ichi ▁j ig oku h ada ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁- ▁( final ▁film ▁role ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : J apan ese ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : 1 9 2 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Japanese ▁male ▁actors <0x0A> </s> ▁Gemeinde ▁Sy lt ▁( , ) ▁is ▁a ▁municipality ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Sy lt ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁of ▁Nord f ries land , ▁in ▁Schles wig - Hol stein , ▁Germany . ▁It ▁has ▁around ▁ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ▁inhabitants ▁and ▁covers ▁about ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁municipality ▁was ▁formed ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁by ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁municipal ities ▁R ant um ▁and ▁Sy lt - O st ▁with ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁West er land . ▁The ▁debate ▁on ▁this ▁move ▁had ▁started ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁when ▁a ▁similar ▁mer ger ▁happened ▁on ▁Fe hm arn . ▁However , ▁local ▁rival ries ▁and ▁desire ▁for ▁independence ▁prevent ed ▁progress ▁for ▁a ▁time . ▁It ▁took ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁a ▁citizens
' ▁movement ▁Bürger ▁für ▁Sy lt ▁als ▁Ein heit ▁to ▁advance ▁the ▁plan . ▁In ▁separate ▁refer end ums ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁West er land ▁( by ▁a ▁large ▁majority ) ▁and ▁Sy lt - O st ▁( n arrow ly ) ▁agreed ▁to ▁the ▁mer ger ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁R ant um ▁followed , ▁but ▁List , ▁K amp en , ▁W en ning sted t - Br ader up ▁and ▁H ör num ▁remained ▁al o of . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁mer ger ▁contract ▁was ▁signed . ▁ ▁Although ▁West er land ▁used ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁Stadt ▁( town ), ▁the ▁new ▁municipality ▁so ▁far ▁ref rained ▁from ▁applying ▁for ▁this ▁status . ▁One ▁reason ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁Ortste ile ▁do ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁advert ise ▁their ▁tour ism ▁services ▁as ▁simple ▁sub ur bs ▁( St adt te ile ). ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁Sub div ision ▁The ▁municipality ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁Ortste ile ▁( town s ): ▁▁ ▁Arch sum * ▁ ▁Ke it um * ▁ ▁M ors um * ▁ ▁M unk mar sch * ▁ ▁R ant um ▁ ▁T in num * ▁ ▁West er land ▁ ▁(* ▁Form er ▁constitu ent ▁part ▁of ▁Sy lt - O st .) ▁ ▁Government ▁Gemeinde ▁Sy lt ▁shares ▁its ▁administration ▁in ▁a ▁Verwalt ungs gemein schaft ▁with ▁the ▁Amt ▁Land schaft ▁Sy lt , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁town hall ▁of ▁West
er land ▁– ▁the ▁former ▁Kur haus , ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁ ▁Municipal ▁council ▁The ▁Gemeinde vert ret ung ▁Sy lt ▁has ▁▁ 3 6 ▁members . ▁Since ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁ 2 6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁the ▁distribution ▁has ▁been ▁as ▁follows : ▁CD U : ▁ 1 4 ▁seats ▁ ▁Syl ter ▁W äh ler gemein schaft : ▁ 7 ▁seats ▁SP D : ▁ 6 ▁seats ▁The ▁Gre ens : ▁ 3 ▁seats ▁ ▁SS W : ▁ 3 ▁seats ▁ ▁Insel - L iste ▁zu kunft . s y lt : ▁ 2 ▁seats ▁ ▁Independent : ▁ 1 ▁seat ▁ ▁Mayor ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Nik olas ▁H äck el ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁new ▁mayor ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁of ▁voting ▁which ▁he ▁won ▁with ▁ 5 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁( ag ain st ▁ 4 5 % ▁for ▁Gab rie le ▁Paul i ). ▁He ▁replaced ▁inc umb ent ▁Pet ra ▁Re iber ▁( in ▁office ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Sy lt ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : S y lt ▁Category : N ord f ries land <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁of ▁August ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁was ▁an ▁eng agement ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁Union ▁fleet ▁commanded ▁by ▁R ear ▁Admir
al ▁David ▁G . ▁Far rag ut , ▁assist ed ▁by ▁a ▁cont ing ent ▁of ▁soldiers , ▁attacked ▁a ▁smaller ▁Confeder ate ▁fleet ▁led ▁by ▁Admir al ▁Franklin ▁Buch an an ▁and ▁three ▁for ts ▁that ▁guard ed ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁Mobile ▁Bay . ▁A ▁par ap hr ase ▁of ▁his ▁order , ▁" D am n ▁the ▁tor ped o es , ▁full ▁speed ▁ahead !" ▁became ▁famous . ▁Far rag ut ' s ▁actual ▁order ▁was ▁" D am n ▁the ▁tor ped o es ! ▁Four ▁b ells . ▁Captain ▁D ray ton , ▁go ▁ahead ! ▁J ou ett , ▁full ▁speed ! ". ▁ ▁The ▁battle ▁was ▁marked ▁by ▁Far rag ut ' s ▁seem ingly ▁r ash ▁but ▁successful ▁run ▁through ▁a ▁mine field ▁that ▁had ▁just ▁claimed ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁iron cl ad ▁mon itors , ▁en abling ▁his ▁fleet ▁to ▁get ▁beyond ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁the ▁shore - based ▁guns . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁reduction ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁fleet ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁vessel , ▁iron cl ad ▁CSS ▁Tennessee . ▁ ▁Tennessee ▁did ▁not ▁then ▁ret ire , ▁but ▁engaged ▁the ▁entire ▁Northern ▁fleet . ▁T enn esse es ▁arm or ▁enabled ▁her ▁to ▁inf lict ▁more ▁injury ▁than ▁she ▁received , ▁but ▁she ▁could ▁not ▁overcome ▁the ▁im bal ance ▁in ▁numbers . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁eventually ▁reduced ▁to ▁a ▁motion less ▁h ulk ▁and ▁surrender ed , ▁ending ▁the ▁battle . ▁With ▁no ▁Navy ▁to ▁support ▁them , ▁the
▁three ▁for ts ▁also ▁surrender ed ▁within ▁days . ▁Complete ▁control ▁of ▁lower ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁thus ▁passed ▁to ▁the ▁Union ▁forces . ▁ ▁Mobile ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁last ▁important ▁port ▁on ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁remaining ▁in ▁Confeder ate ▁possession , ▁so ▁its ▁closure ▁was ▁the ▁final ▁step ▁in ▁comple ting ▁the ▁block ade ▁in ▁that ▁region . ▁ ▁This ▁Union ▁victory , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁capture ▁of ▁Atlanta , ▁was ▁extens ively ▁covered ▁by ▁Union ▁newsp apers ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁boost ▁for ▁Abraham ▁Lincoln ' s ▁bid ▁for ▁re - e lection ▁three ▁months ▁after ▁the ▁battle . ▁ ▁Mobile ▁and ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁ ▁The ▁city ▁of ▁Mobile ▁is ▁situated ▁near ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁Mobile ▁Bay , ▁where ▁a ▁natural ▁har bor ▁is ▁formed ▁by ▁the ▁meeting ▁of ▁the ▁Mobile ▁and ▁T ens aw ▁rivers . ▁The ▁bay ▁is ▁about ▁ ▁long ; ▁the ▁lower ▁bay ▁is ▁about ▁ ▁at ▁its ▁greatest ▁width . ▁It ▁is ▁deep ▁enough ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁ocean - going ▁vessels ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁half ▁without ▁d red ging ; ▁above ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁Dog ▁River ▁the ▁water ▁becomes ▁sho al , ▁prevent ing ▁deep - d raft ▁vessels ▁from ▁approaching ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁The ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁bay ▁is ▁marked ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁a ▁long ▁narrow ▁pen ins ula ▁of ▁sand , ▁Mobile ▁Point , ▁that ▁separ ates ▁Bon ▁Sec our ▁Bay , ▁where ▁the ▁Bon ▁Sec our ▁River ▁enters ▁the ▁larger ▁bay , ▁from ▁the ▁g ulf
. ▁The ▁point ▁ends ▁at ▁the ▁main ▁channel ▁into ▁Mobile ▁Bay , ▁and ▁here ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁government ▁ere cted ▁a ▁pre - war ▁fort ▁to ▁shield ▁Mobile ▁from ▁enemy ▁fle ets . ▁ ▁Ac ross ▁the ▁entrance , ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁pen ins ula ▁is ▁continued ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁bar rier ▁islands , ▁beginning ▁with ▁D au ph in ▁Island . ▁North west ▁of ▁D au ph in ▁Island ▁is ▁Little ▁D au ph in ▁Island , ▁then ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁minor ▁islands ▁that ▁are ▁interrupted ▁by ▁a ▁secondary ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁bay , ▁Grant ' s ▁Pass . ▁A ▁few ▁other ▁small ▁islands ▁and ▁sho als ▁lie ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁D au ph in ▁Island , ▁defining ▁the ▁main ▁channel ▁for ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁entrance . ▁ ▁R ather ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁war , ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁government ▁decided ▁not ▁to ▁defend ▁its ▁entire ▁coast line , ▁but ▁rather ▁to ▁concent rate ▁its ▁efforts ▁on ▁a ▁few ▁of ▁its ▁most ▁important ▁ports ▁and ▁har b ors . ▁Following ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁Mobile ▁became ▁the ▁only ▁major ▁port ▁in ▁the ▁eastern ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico ▁that ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁def ended . ▁ ▁The ▁city ▁subsequently ▁became ▁the ▁center ▁for ▁block ade ▁running ▁on ▁the ▁g ulf . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁trade ▁between ▁the ▁Confeder acy , ▁Hav ana , ▁and ▁other ▁Car ib bean ▁ports ▁passed ▁through ▁Mobile . ▁A ▁few ▁attempts ▁were ▁mounted
▁to ▁break ▁the ▁block ade , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁large ▁enough ▁to ▁have ▁last ing ▁impact . ▁Among ▁the ▁most ▁embar rass ing ▁episodes ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁for ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁was ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁ra ider ▁CSS ▁Florida ▁through ▁the ▁block ade ▁into ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁on ▁September ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ; ▁this ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁her ▁later ▁escape ▁through ▁the ▁same ▁block ade ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁orders ▁given ▁to ▁Flag ▁Officer ▁David ▁G . ▁Far rag ut ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁G ulf ▁Block ading ▁Squadron ▁had ▁included ▁instructions ▁to ▁capture ▁Mobile ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁the ▁early ▁di version ▁of ▁the ▁squad ron ▁into ▁the ▁campaign ▁for ▁the ▁lower ▁Mississippi ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁its ▁har bor ▁would ▁not ▁receive ▁full ▁attention ▁until ▁after ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁V icks burg ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁ ▁Given ▁resp ite ▁by ▁the ▁Union ▁strategy , ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁Army ▁improved ▁the ▁def enses ▁of ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁by ▁strength ening ▁Fort ▁Morgan ▁and ▁Fort ▁G aines ▁at ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁bay . ▁In ▁addition , ▁they ▁set ▁up ▁Fort ▁Pow ell , ▁a ▁smaller ▁work ▁that ▁guard ed ▁the ▁Grant ' s ▁Pass ▁channel . ▁Grant ' s ▁Pass ▁was ▁also ▁ob struct ed ▁by ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁p iles ▁and ▁other ▁imped iments , ▁which ▁had ▁the ▁effect
▁of ▁diver ting ▁the ▁tid al ▁flow ▁to ▁Her on ▁Pass . ▁ ▁Confeder ate ▁def enses ▁ ▁Land ▁Mobile ▁and ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁were ▁within ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Alabama , ▁Mississippi ▁and ▁East ▁Louisiana , ▁led ▁by ▁Major ▁General ▁D ab ney ▁H . ▁Ma ury . ▁Although ▁Mobile ▁was ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁department ▁headquarters , ▁Ma ury ▁did ▁not ▁exercise ▁immediate ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁for ts ▁at ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁bay , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁present ▁during ▁the ▁battle ▁and ▁en su ing ▁sie ge . ▁Local ▁command ▁was ▁entr usted ▁to ▁Brig ad ier ▁General ▁Richard ▁L . ▁Page . ▁ ▁The ▁primary ▁contribution ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁Army ▁to ▁the ▁defense ▁of ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁was ▁the ▁three ▁for ts . ▁Fort ▁Morgan ▁was ▁a ▁m ason ry ▁structure ▁d ating ▁from ▁ 1 8 3 4 . ▁The ▁fort ▁mounted ▁ 4 6 ▁guns , ▁of ▁which ▁ 1 1 ▁were ▁rif led . ▁Its ▁g arrison ▁number ed ▁about ▁ 6 0 0 . ▁ ▁Ac ross ▁the ▁main ▁channel ▁from ▁Fort ▁Morgan ▁on ▁D au ph in ▁Island ▁was ▁Fort ▁G aines , ▁containing ▁ 2 6 ▁guns , ▁and ▁with ▁a ▁g arrison ▁of ▁about ▁ 6 0 0 . ▁When ▁Page ▁was ▁not ▁present , ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁fort ▁fell ▁to ▁Colonel ▁Charles ▁D . ▁Anderson . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁western ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁bay ▁was ▁Fort ▁Pow ell , ▁smallest ▁of ▁the ▁three , ▁with ▁ 1 8 ▁guns ▁and ▁about ▁
1 4 0 ▁men . ▁It ▁was ▁commanded ▁in ▁Page ' s ▁absence ▁by ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁James ▁M . ▁Williams . ▁All ▁three ▁for ts ▁were ▁fla wed ▁in ▁that ▁their ▁guns ▁were ▁un protected ▁against ▁fire ▁from ▁the ▁rear ; ▁in ▁addition , ▁for ts ▁Pow ell ▁and ▁G aines ▁lack ed ▁ade qu ate ▁travers es . ▁ ▁The ▁raw ▁numbers ▁of ▁troops ▁available ▁do ▁not ▁indicate ▁how ▁effectively ▁they ▁would ▁fight . ▁The ▁war ▁was ▁already ▁w inding ▁down , ▁and ▁assert ions ▁were ▁made ▁that ▁the ▁mor ale ▁of ▁the ▁soldiers ▁was ▁bad . ▁The ▁judgment ▁is ▁hard ▁to ▁quant ify , ▁but ▁it ▁would ▁explain ▁at ▁least ▁in ▁part ▁the ▁poor ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁def enders . ▁ ▁The ▁Confeder ate ▁Tor ped o ▁Bureau , ▁directed ▁by ▁Major ▁General ▁Gabriel ▁J . ▁R ains , ▁contributed ▁a ▁pass ive ▁weapon ▁to ▁the ▁defense . ▁Men ▁of ▁the ▁b ureau ▁had ▁plant ed ▁ 6 7 ▁" tor ped o es " ▁( nav al ▁mines ) ▁across ▁the ▁entrance , ▁leaving ▁a ▁gap ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁channel ▁so ▁block ade ▁run ners ▁and ▁other ▁friendly ▁vessels ▁could ▁enter ▁or ▁leave ▁the ▁har bor . ▁The ▁mine field ▁was ▁well ▁marked ▁by ▁bu o ys , ▁which ▁Far rag ut ▁knew ▁well . ▁Its ▁purpose ▁was ▁not ▁necessarily ▁to ▁sink ▁enemy ▁vessels ▁trying ▁to ▁enter , ▁but ▁rather ▁to ▁force ▁them ▁to ▁ste er ▁close ▁to ▁Fort ▁Morgan ▁and ▁its ▁guns . ▁ ▁Sea ▁
▁The ▁Confeder ate ▁Navy ▁like wise ▁used ▁the ▁time ▁they ▁were ▁given ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁defense . ▁Three ▁small ▁side w heel ▁gun bo ats ▁of ▁traditional ▁type ▁were ▁station ed ▁in ▁the ▁bay : ▁CSS ▁Sel ma , ▁carrying ▁four ▁guns ; ▁Morgan , ▁with ▁six ▁guns ; ▁and ▁G aines , ▁also ▁with ▁six ▁guns . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁these ▁was ▁the ▁iron cl ad ▁ram ▁CSS ▁Tennessee , ▁which , ▁though ▁carrying ▁only ▁six ▁guns , ▁was ▁a ▁far ▁more ▁impress ive ▁fighting ▁machine ▁by ▁virtue ▁of ▁her ▁arm or . ▁ ▁Tennessee ▁had ▁been ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁Alabama ▁River ▁near ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Sel ma . ▁Her ▁guns ▁were ▁prepared ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Commander ▁C ates by ▁ap ▁Roger ▁Jones , ▁who ▁had ▁commanded ▁CSS ▁Virginia ▁( ex - U SS ▁M err im ack ) ▁in ▁her ▁famous ▁du el ▁with ▁ ▁on ▁March ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁ ▁the ▁second ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ham pton ▁Ro ads . ▁Jones ▁succeeded ▁to ▁command ▁of ▁Virginia ▁after ▁her ▁original ▁commander , ▁Franklin ▁Buch an an , ▁was ▁wounded ▁the ▁previous ▁day . ▁Buch an an ▁had ▁been ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁adm iral ▁for ▁his ▁explo its ▁that ▁day , ▁the ▁first ▁adm iral ▁in ▁the ▁Confeder acy . ▁Admir al ▁Buch an an ▁was ▁now ▁in ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁small ▁Confeder ate ▁fl ot illa ▁at ▁Mobile . ▁ ▁La unch ed ▁before ▁her ▁mach in ery ▁and ▁guns
▁were ▁in ▁place , ▁Tennessee ▁was ▁to wed ▁down ▁to ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁for ▁completion . ▁Once ▁that ▁was ▁done ▁she ▁had ▁to ▁cross ▁the ▁Dog ▁River ▁Bar ▁to ▁get ▁into ▁the ▁lower ▁bay . ▁Tennessee ▁drew ▁, ▁but ▁the ▁bar ▁had ▁only ▁ ▁of ▁water ▁at ▁high ▁t ide . ▁To ▁get ▁her ▁across , ▁workers ▁had ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁ca iss ons , ▁called ▁" cam els " ▁by ▁ship build ers . ▁These ▁were ▁fitted ▁to ▁her ▁sides ▁and ▁p ump ed ▁out , ▁and ▁bare ly ▁lifted ▁the ▁ship ▁enough ▁to ▁clear ▁the ▁bar . ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁she ▁finally ▁entered ▁the ▁lower ▁bay . ▁ ▁Tennessee ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁arm ored ▁vessel ▁that ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁Navy ▁put ▁into ▁lower ▁Mobile ▁Bay , ▁but ▁there ▁were ▁plans ▁for ▁others . ▁Buch an an ▁hoped ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁have ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁eight , ▁including ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁floating ▁batter ies , ▁with ▁which ▁he ▁could ▁challenge ▁the ▁Union ▁block ade , ▁attack ▁P ens ac ola ▁and ▁perhaps ▁even ▁re capt ure ▁New ▁Orleans . ▁The ▁manufact uring ▁and ▁transport ation ▁facilities ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁were ▁not ▁capable ▁of ▁this ▁am bit ious ▁program , ▁however . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁project ed ▁fleet ▁were ▁completed ▁in ▁time ▁to ▁defend ▁Mobile ▁after ▁the ▁lower ▁bay ▁had ▁been ▁lost , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁there ▁when ▁most ▁needed . ▁Nevertheless , ▁they ▁im part ed ▁some ▁ur gency ▁to ▁Far
rag ut ' s ▁plans ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁block ade . ▁ ▁The ▁attack ers ▁ ▁Union ▁Navy ▁ ▁The ▁man ▁who ▁led ▁the ▁Union ▁fleet ▁at ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁was ▁R ear ▁Admir al ▁David ▁G . ▁Far rag ut , ▁no ▁longer ▁Flag ▁Officer ▁Far rag ut . ▁The ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁had ▁under g one ▁an ▁organiz ational ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁year ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁one ▁feature ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁R ear ▁Admir al . ▁The ▁new ▁rank ▁imp lied ▁that ▁the ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁n avy ▁would ▁be ▁employed ▁as ▁members ▁of ▁a ▁fleet , ▁not ▁simply ▁as ▁collections ▁of ▁vessels ▁with ▁a ▁common ▁purpose . ▁ ▁The ▁ships ▁that ▁made ▁up ▁his ▁attack ing ▁fleet ▁were ▁of ▁several ▁distinct ▁types , ▁including ▁some ▁that ▁had ▁not ▁even ▁existed ▁when ▁the ▁war ▁began . ▁Of ▁the ▁ 1 8 ▁vessels ▁selected , ▁eight ▁were ▁conventional ▁wooden - h ul led ▁ships ▁carrying ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁guns ▁that ▁fired ▁broad side . ▁Four ▁of ▁these ▁had ▁been ▁with ▁the ▁West ▁G ulf ▁Block ading ▁Squadron ▁from ▁the ▁start ▁( flags hip ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁) ▁and ▁had ▁fought ▁in ▁its ▁batt les ▁on ▁the ▁Mississippi . ▁Two ▁smaller ▁gun bo ats ▁had ▁like wise ▁been ▁with ▁Far rag ut ▁since ▁the ▁capture ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans : ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁▁ ▁was ▁now ▁very ▁much ▁like ▁the ▁others , ▁but ▁she ▁had ▁begun ▁life ▁as ▁an ▁experimental ▁iron cl ad .
▁Her ▁arm or ▁had ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁h ind rance ▁than ▁help , ▁so ▁it ▁was ▁removed . ▁Three ▁were ▁double - enders ▁( , ▁, ▁and ▁), ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁war ship ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁developed ▁during ▁the ▁war ▁to ▁navigate ▁the ▁tort uous ▁channels ▁of ▁the ▁interior ▁rivers . ▁Finally , ▁four ▁were ▁represent atives ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Navy : ▁iron cl ad ▁mon itors . ▁Of ▁these , ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁were ▁improved ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁, ▁featuring ▁two ▁large ▁guns ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁tur ret . ▁The ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁were ▁tw in - t ur ret ed ▁river ▁mon itors ▁of ▁light ▁draft ; ▁each ▁mounted ▁four ▁guns ▁that ▁were ▁smaller ▁than ▁those ▁carried ▁by ▁the ▁other ▁two . ▁ ▁Union ▁Army ▁Army ▁co operation ▁was ▁needed ▁to ▁take ▁and ▁hold ▁the ▁enemy ▁for ts . ▁The ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Military ▁Division ▁of ▁West ▁Mississippi ▁was ▁Major ▁General ▁Edward ▁Richard ▁Spr igg ▁Can by , ▁a ▁career ▁soldier ▁with ▁whom ▁Far rag ut ▁worked ▁in ▁planning ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁Mobile . ▁He ▁calculated ▁that ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁soldiers ▁could ▁be ▁taken ▁from ▁other ▁respons ib ilities ▁in ▁the ▁division , ▁enough ▁to ▁effect ▁a ▁landing ▁behind ▁Fort ▁Morgan ▁and ▁cut ▁it ▁off ▁from ▁communication ▁with ▁Mobile . ▁Their ▁plans ▁were ▁under cut , ▁however , ▁when ▁General - in - Ch ief ▁U ly ss es ▁S . ▁Grant ▁made ▁an ▁ur gent ▁call ▁for ▁troops ▁to ▁be ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Virginia
▁the ater , ▁then ▁entering ▁its ▁critical ▁phase . ▁ ▁Can by ▁then ▁believed ▁that ▁he ▁could ▁spare ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 , ▁not ▁enough ▁to ▁invest ▁the ▁largest ▁fort ▁but ▁enough ▁to ▁take ▁D au ph in ▁Island ▁and ▁thereby ▁secure ▁contact ▁between ▁the ▁fleet ▁inside ▁the ▁bay ▁and ▁their ▁support ▁in ▁the ▁g ulf . ▁Can by ▁and ▁Far rag ut ▁recognized ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁threaten ▁Mobile , ▁but ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁lower ▁bay ▁would ▁be ▁of ▁great ▁enough ▁use ▁to ▁the ▁block ading ▁fleet ▁that ▁the ▁project ed ▁attack ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁can ce led . ▁ ▁Communic ation ▁would ▁be ▁necessary ▁between ▁the ▁fleet ▁and ▁the ▁landing ▁force , ▁so ▁Can by ▁suggested ▁that ▁a ▁cont ing ent ▁of ▁his ▁signal ▁corps men ▁be ▁distributed ▁among ▁the ▁major ▁ships ▁of ▁Far rag ut ' s ▁attack ing ▁force . ▁Far rag ut ▁accepted ▁the ▁offer . ▁This ▁almost ▁cas ual ▁m ing ling ▁of ▁the ▁services ▁was ▁found ▁quite ▁useful ▁during ▁the ▁battle . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁men ▁were ▁land ed ▁approximately ▁ 1 5 ▁miles ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁fort ▁in ▁prepar ation ▁for ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Fort ▁G aines , ▁while ▁under ▁protection ▁from ▁one ▁of ▁Far rag ut ' s ▁fl ot illas . ▁The ▁troops ▁consisted ▁of ▁inf antry ▁det ach ments ▁from ▁the ▁ 7 7 th ▁Illinois ▁Vol unte
er ▁Infantry ▁Regiment , ▁ 3 4 th ▁Iowa ▁Vol unte er ▁Infantry ▁Regiment , ▁ 9 6 th ▁Ohio ▁Infantry , ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁Maryland ▁Vol unte er ▁Caval ry ▁Regiment , ▁with ▁General ▁Gordon ▁Gr anger ▁as ▁commander . ▁The ▁troops ▁then ▁march ed ▁toward ▁Fort ▁G aines . ▁On ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁August ▁ 4 , ▁they ▁ent rench ed ▁and ▁formed ▁their ▁sk irm ish ▁line ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁half ▁mile ▁away . ▁ ▁O pp osing ▁forces ▁ ▁Union ▁ ▁Confeder ate ▁ ▁Battle ▁and ▁sie ge ▁ ▁The ▁army ▁landing ▁force ▁under ▁Gr anger ▁was ▁ready ▁to ▁launch ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 , ▁but ▁Far rag ut ▁wanted ▁to ▁wait ▁for ▁his ▁fourth ▁monitor ▁USS ▁T ec um seh , ▁expected ▁at ▁any ▁moment ▁but ▁delayed ▁at ▁P ens ac ola . ▁The ▁adm iral ▁almost ▁decided ▁to ▁proceed ▁with ▁only ▁three ▁mon itors , ▁and ▁the ▁army ▁went ▁ash ore ▁on ▁D au ph in ▁Island , ▁acting ▁under ▁a ▁mis app reh ension ▁of ▁naval ▁intent ions . ▁The ▁fleet ▁was ▁not ▁ready ▁to ▁move ▁yet , ▁so ▁the ▁def enders ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁r ush ▁additional ▁forces ▁to ▁Fort ▁G aines . ▁After ▁the ▁battle , ▁Far rag ut ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁delay ▁had ▁actually ▁worked ▁to ▁the ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁forces , ▁as ▁the ▁rein for c ements ▁were ▁not ▁great ▁enough ▁to ▁have ▁any ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁battle , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁surrender . ▁
▁While ▁the ▁army ▁was ▁going ▁ash ore , ▁T ec um seh ▁made ▁her ▁bel ated ▁appearance ▁and ▁Far rag ut ▁made ▁his ▁final ▁dispos itions ▁for ▁the ▁fleet . ▁The ▁ 1 4 ▁wooden - h ul led ▁vessels ▁would ▁be ▁l ashed ▁together ▁in ▁pairs , ▁in ▁a ▁repr ise ▁of ▁a ▁t actic ▁that ▁the ▁adm iral ▁had ▁used ▁earlier ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Port ▁Hudson ▁at ▁Port ▁Hudson , ▁Louisiana . ▁The ▁intent ▁was ▁that , ▁if ▁a ▁ship ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁disabled ▁by ▁battle ▁damage ▁to ▁her ▁engines , ▁her ▁partner ▁would ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁keep ▁her ▁moving . ▁ ▁The ▁mon itors ▁would ▁form ▁a ▁column ▁and ▁lead ▁the ▁way ▁into ▁the ▁bay , ▁moving ▁in ▁close ▁to ▁Fort ▁Morgan ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁channel ▁as ▁they ▁went ▁in . ▁The ▁other ▁ships ▁would ▁form ▁a ▁separate ▁double ▁column ▁and ▁pass ▁on ▁the ▁port ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁mon itors , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁arm ored ▁ships ▁would ▁shield ▁their ▁wooden ▁sister s ▁from ▁the ▁guns ▁of ▁the ▁fort . ▁When ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁fleet ▁made ▁its ▁expected ▁appearance , ▁the ▁mon itors ▁would ▁move ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁arm ored ▁Tennessee , ▁while ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁fleet ▁would ▁fight ▁the ▁faster ▁gun bo ats . ▁ ▁Pass ing ▁the ▁for ts ▁ ▁At ▁dawn ▁on ▁August ▁ 5 , ▁conditions ▁were ▁nearly ▁ideal ▁for ▁the ▁attack . ▁The ▁t ide ▁was ▁running ▁in , ▁so ▁Far rag ut ▁had ▁his ▁ships ▁reduce ▁steam ▁pressure ▁in
▁order ▁to ▁minim ize ▁damage ▁if ▁their ▁bo ilers ▁were ▁hit ; ▁he ▁re lied ▁on ▁the ▁current ▁to ▁give ▁them ▁speed . ▁The ▁south west ▁b ree ze ▁that ▁spr ang ▁up ▁would ▁carry ▁smoke ▁from ▁the ▁guns ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁fleet ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁faces ▁of ▁the ▁art illery men ▁in ▁Fort ▁Morgan . ▁ ▁The ▁fleet ▁approached ▁the ▁fort ▁with ▁T ec um seh , ▁ ▁Manh attan , ▁Win ne b ago , ▁and ▁Ch ick as aw ▁in ▁order ▁leading ▁the ▁way . ▁The ▁second ▁column ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Brook lyn ▁l ashed ▁to ▁O ctor ara . ▁Brook lyn ▁had ▁the ▁lead ▁because ▁she ▁carried ▁four ▁ch ase ▁guns ▁that ▁could ▁fire ▁forward , ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁large ▁ships ▁had ▁only ▁two . ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁fitted ▁with ▁a ▁device ▁for ▁removing ▁mines , ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁" cow catch er " ▁by ▁Far rag ut ▁in ▁his ▁reports . ▁Following ▁were ▁Hart ford ▁and ▁Meta com et , ▁Richmond ▁and ▁Port ▁Royal , ▁L ack aw anna ▁and ▁Sem in ole , ▁Mon ong ah ela ▁and ▁K enne bec , ▁O ss ipe e ▁and ▁It as ca , ▁and ▁One ida ▁and ▁Gal ena . ▁ ▁The ▁Confeder ate ▁ships ▁were ▁ready ▁for ▁the ▁attack , ▁and ▁they ▁moved ▁into ▁position ▁to ▁intercept ▁the ▁Union ▁fleet ▁just ▁beyond ▁the ▁mine field . ▁At ▁ 6 : 4 7 a . m ., ▁T ec um seh ▁fired ▁the ▁first ▁shot , ▁the
▁for ts ▁replied , ▁and ▁the ▁action ▁became ▁general . ▁The ▁ships ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁column ▁( except ▁for ▁Brook lyn ) ▁could ▁not ▁reply ▁to ▁the ▁guns ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁vessels , ▁so ▁they ▁had ▁to ▁concent rate ▁on ▁the ▁fort . ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁damage ▁done ▁to ▁the ▁Federal ▁fleet ▁was ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁enemy ▁ships , ▁perhaps ▁because ▁the ▁fire ▁from ▁the ▁fort ▁was ▁suppress ed . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁action , ▁monitor ▁T ec um seh ▁moved ▁past ▁the ▁fort ▁and ▁toward ▁Tennessee , ▁apparently ▁in ▁ob ed ience ▁to ▁that ▁part ▁of ▁her ▁orders . ▁Commander ▁Tun is ▁A . ▁M . ▁Cra ven ▁either ▁dis reg arded ▁or ▁forgot ▁the ▁instruction ▁to ▁stay ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁mine field , ▁so ▁he ▁took ▁his ▁ship ▁directly ▁across . ▁Al most ▁immediately , ▁a ▁tor ped o ▁went ▁off ▁under ▁her ▁h ull , ▁and ▁she ▁filled ▁with ▁water ▁and ▁s ank ▁in ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁minutes . ▁Only ▁ 2 1 ▁of ▁her ▁crew ▁of ▁ 1 1 4 ▁were ▁saved . ▁Cra ven ▁was ▁among ▁those ▁lost , ▁so ▁he ▁could ▁not ▁explain ▁his ▁dec isions . ▁ ▁Captain ▁James ▁Ald en ▁of ▁Brook lyn ▁was ▁apparently ▁confused ▁by ▁conflic ting ▁orders , ▁to ▁stay ▁on ▁the ▁port ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁mon itors ▁and ▁to ▁stay ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁the ▁mine field , ▁so ▁he ▁stopped ▁his ▁ship ▁and ▁sign aled ▁Far rag ut ▁for ▁instructions . ▁Far
rag ut ▁would ▁not ▁stop ▁the ▁flags hip ; ▁he ▁ordered ▁Captain ▁Per c ival ▁D ray ton ▁to ▁send ▁Hart ford ▁around ▁Brook lyn ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁lead ▁of ▁the ▁column . ▁This ▁took ▁the ▁ship ▁into ▁the ▁tor ped o es ▁that ▁had ▁just ▁s unk ▁T ec um seh , ▁but ▁Far rag ut ▁was ▁confident ▁that ▁most ▁of ▁them ▁had ▁been ▁sub mer ged ▁too ▁long ▁to ▁be ▁effective . ▁His ▁gam ble ▁paid ▁off , ▁and ▁the ▁entire ▁column ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁war ships ▁passed ▁through ▁un har med . ▁ ▁Tennessee ▁lack ed ▁the ▁speed ▁needed ▁to ▁ram ▁the ▁Union ▁vessels ▁as ▁they ▁passed , ▁allowing ▁Far rag ut ▁to ▁order ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁small , ▁faster ▁gun bo ats ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁three ▁Confeder ate ▁gun bo ats . ▁Meta com et , ▁un le ashed ▁from ▁Hart ford , ▁captured ▁Sel ma . ▁Fire ▁from ▁the ▁gun bo ats ▁ho led ▁G aines , ▁and ▁she ▁would ▁have ▁s unk ▁had ▁she ▁not ▁been ▁be ached ; ▁she ▁was ▁then ▁burn ed ▁by ▁her ▁crew . ▁Morgan ▁put ▁up ▁no ▁resistance , ▁but ▁fled ▁to ▁the ▁protection ▁of ▁the ▁guns ▁of ▁Fort ▁Morgan ; ▁next ▁night ▁she ▁cre pt ▁through ▁the ▁anch ored ▁Union ▁fleet ▁and ▁escaped ▁to ▁Mobile . ▁ ▁Cl ash ▁with ▁CSS ▁Tennessee ▁ ▁Far rag ut ▁expected ▁Tennessee ▁to ▁take ▁shelter ▁under ▁the ▁guns ▁of ▁Fort ▁Morgan ▁while ▁he ▁rest ed ▁his ▁ships ▁and ▁ass essed ▁battle ▁damage ▁in ▁the
▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁bay , ▁but ▁Buch an an ▁instead ▁decided ▁to ▁take ▁on ▁the ▁entire ▁Federal ▁fleet ▁single - hand ed . ▁Poss ibly ▁he ▁hoped ▁to ▁repeat ▁the ▁ram ming ▁tact ics ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁so ▁successful ▁at ▁Ham pton ▁Ro ads ▁two ▁years ▁earlier ; ▁Buch an an ▁did ▁not ▁explain ▁his ▁reasoning . ▁ ▁This ▁time , ▁the ▁ships ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁facing ▁were ▁in ▁motion , ▁and ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁cont end ▁with ▁three ▁mon itors , ▁not ▁one . ▁Tennessee ▁was ▁so ▁slow ▁that ▁she ▁became ▁the ▁target ▁of ▁ram ming ▁rather ▁than ▁her ▁oppon ents . ▁Several ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁slo ops ▁managed ▁to ▁ram , ▁including ▁Mon ong ah ela , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁fitted ▁with ▁an ▁iron ▁shield ▁on ▁her ▁bow ▁just ▁for ▁this ▁purpose . ▁None ▁of ▁the ▁coll isions ▁har med ▁the ▁iron cl ad ; ▁in ▁every ▁case , ▁the ▁ram ming ▁vessel ▁suffered ▁more . ▁Sh ots ▁from ▁Far rag ut ' s ▁fleet ▁b ounced ▁off ▁T enn esse es ▁arm or , ▁but ▁T enn esse es ▁fire ▁was ▁in effect ive ▁due ▁to ▁inferior ▁pow der ▁and ▁multiple ▁mis f ires . ▁ ▁The ▁balance ▁was ▁t ilt ed ▁finally ▁when ▁two ▁mon itors ▁arrived . ▁Tennessee ▁was ▁already ▁almost ▁motion less , ▁her ▁sm ok est ack ▁shot ▁away ▁and ▁so ▁unable ▁to ▁build ▁up ▁bo iler ▁pressure . ▁Her ▁rud der ▁ch ains ▁were ▁part ed ▁so ▁that ▁she ▁could ▁not ▁ste er . ▁Furthermore
, ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁shut ters ▁on ▁her ▁gun ▁ports ▁were ▁jam med , ▁rendering ▁the ▁guns ▁behind ▁them ▁useless . ▁Ch ick as aw ▁took ▁up ▁position ▁at ▁her ▁stern , ▁and ▁Manh attan ▁began ▁to ▁p um mel ▁the ▁ram ▁with ▁her ▁ ▁guns . ▁The ▁heavy ▁shot ▁bent ▁in ▁the ▁iron ▁shield ▁and ▁sh atter ed ▁its ▁o ak ▁backing . ▁ ▁F rag ments ▁killed ▁or ▁wounded ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁crew ; ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁cas ual ties ▁was ▁Admir al ▁Buch an an ▁himself , ▁who ▁suffered ▁a ▁badly ▁broken ▁leg . ▁No ▁longer ▁able ▁to ▁fight , ▁Commander ▁James ▁D . ▁John ston , ▁captain ▁of ▁Tennessee , ▁requested ▁and ▁received ▁permission ▁from ▁the ▁wounded ▁adm iral ▁to ▁surrender . ▁A ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁hours ▁had ▁el apsed ▁since ▁T ec um seh ▁had ▁fired ▁the ▁first ▁shot . ▁ ▁Fort s ▁Pow ell ▁and ▁G aines ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁fleet ▁no ▁longer ▁facing ▁opposition ▁from ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁Navy , ▁Far rag ut ▁could ▁pay ▁some ▁attention ▁to ▁the ▁for ts . ▁He ▁dispatch ed ▁monitor ▁Ch ick as aw ▁to ▁throw ▁a ▁few ▁shell s ▁at ▁Fort ▁Pow ell ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁assist ▁the ▁troops ▁ash ore ▁at ▁Fort ▁G aines . ▁Although ▁neither ▁fort ▁suffered ▁significant ▁cas ual ties ▁or ▁damage , ▁the ▁bomb ard ment ▁was ▁sufficient ▁to ▁reve al ▁the ▁vulner ability ▁of ▁each ▁to ▁fire ▁from ▁the ▁rear . ▁ ▁At ▁Fort ▁Pow ell , ▁L t . ▁Col .
▁Williams ▁asked ▁for ▁instructions ▁from ▁Brig . ▁Gen . ▁Page . ▁Page ▁respond ed ▁with ▁ambigu ous ▁orders ▁that ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁appropriate ▁for ▁spir ited ▁troops , ▁but ▁were ▁dis astr ous ▁when ▁issued ▁to ▁men ▁as ▁seem ingly ▁dem oral ized ▁as ▁those ▁at ▁Fort ▁Pow ell : ▁" When ▁no ▁longer ▁ten able , ▁save ▁your ▁g arrison . ▁Hold ▁out ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁you ▁can ." ▁Williams ▁was ▁convinced ▁that ▁resistance ▁was ▁fut ile , ▁so ▁he ▁sp ik ed ▁his ▁guns ▁and ▁ble w ▁up ▁his ▁mag az ines ; ▁then ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁g arrison ▁w aded ▁to ▁the ▁main land ▁and ▁made ▁their ▁way ▁to ▁Mobile . ▁ ▁Col . ▁Anderson ▁at ▁Fort ▁G aines ▁held ▁out ▁longer , ▁although ▁he ▁faced ▁a ▁more ▁form id able ▁fo e . ▁Gr anger ' s ▁soldiers ▁vast ly ▁out number ed ▁his ▁own , ▁no ▁matter ▁whose ▁figures ▁for ▁the ▁g arrison ▁are ▁accepted . ▁The ▁Union ▁troops ▁could ▁bring ▁their ▁art illery ▁up ▁to ▁close ▁range ▁with ▁imp unity , ▁being ▁shield ed ▁behind ▁the ▁sand ▁d unes ▁of ▁D au ph in ▁Island . ▁In ▁position , ▁they ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁take ▁in ▁reverse ▁two ▁guns ▁that ▁fired ▁on ▁Far rag ut ' s ▁fleet ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁entering ▁the ▁bay . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁judgment ▁of ▁an ▁engineering ▁officer ▁who ▁ins pected ▁the ▁fort ▁after ▁the ▁Union ▁army ▁had ▁taken ▁possession , ▁" It ▁was ▁utter ly ▁weak ▁and ▁in efficient ▁against ▁our ▁attack
▁( land ▁and ▁naval ), ▁which ▁would ▁have ▁taken ▁all ▁its ▁front s ▁in ▁front , ▁en fil ade , ▁and ▁reverse ." ▁Rec ogn izing ▁that ▁his ▁situation ▁was ▁hop eless , ▁Anderson ▁opened ▁communication ▁with ▁Gr anger ▁and ▁Far rag ut ▁under ▁a ▁flag ▁of ▁tr uce ; ▁ign oring ▁orders ▁from ▁Page ▁forb idd ing ▁him ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁( and ▁eventually ▁removing ▁him ▁from ▁command ), ▁he ▁surrender ed ▁the ▁fort ▁on ▁August ▁ 8 . ▁ ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Fort ▁Morgan ▁ ▁As ▁soon ▁as ▁the ▁surrender ▁of ▁Fort ▁G aines ▁was ▁completed , ▁Gr anger ▁moved ▁his ▁force ▁from ▁D au ph in ▁Island ▁to ▁the ▁narrow ▁strip ▁of ▁main land ▁behind ▁Fort ▁Morgan , ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁land ed ▁without ▁opposition ▁about ▁ ▁away , ▁well ▁out ▁of ▁range ▁of ▁its ▁guns . ▁The ▁fort ▁was ▁thus ▁immediately ▁inv ested , ▁cut ▁off ▁from ▁all ▁communication ▁with ▁Mobile . ▁ ▁Gr anger ▁set ▁about ▁taking ▁the ▁fort ▁by ▁regular ▁approaches ▁— ▁that ▁is , ▁establish ing ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁tren ches ▁or ▁other ▁protect ive ▁lines ▁drawn ▁ever ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁objective , ▁until ▁finally ▁its ▁walls ▁could ▁be ▁bre ached ▁and ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁taken ▁by ▁assault . ▁His ▁first ▁line ▁was ▁a ▁gift , ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁tren ches ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁fort ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁prepared ▁by ▁the ▁g arrison ▁of ▁the ▁fort ▁and ▁then ▁for ▁some ▁reason ▁abandoned . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁little ▁farther ▁than ▁he ▁would ▁have ▁liked , ▁but ▁it
▁served ▁quite ▁well . ▁Add itional ▁par alle ls ▁were ▁built ▁with ▁little ▁inter ference , ▁as ▁the ▁labor ers ▁could ▁work ▁behind ▁the ▁sand ▁d unes . ▁ ▁While ▁this ▁was ▁going ▁on , ▁mon itors ▁Win ne b ago , ▁Ch ick as aw , ▁and ▁Manh attan ▁were ▁eng aging ▁in ▁occas ional ▁bomb ard ment . ▁They ▁were ▁later ▁joined ▁by ▁the ▁former ▁CSS ▁Tennessee , ▁captured ▁on ▁August ▁ 5 , ▁since ▁rep a ired , ▁and ▁now ▁renamed ▁USS ▁Tennessee . ▁The ▁most ▁serious ▁h ind rance ▁to ▁the ▁advance ▁in ▁this ▁period ▁was ▁the ▁weather ; ▁a ▁storm ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 0 ▁halt ed ▁work ▁for ▁a ▁while , ▁and ▁left ▁standing ▁water ▁in ▁low ▁places . ▁The ▁fort ▁was ▁subject ed ▁to ▁a ▁day - long ▁bomb ard ment ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 2 ▁from ▁ 1 6 ▁sie ge ▁mort ars , ▁ 1 8 ▁guns ▁of ▁various ▁sizes , ▁and ▁the ▁fleet , ▁the ▁mon itors ▁and ▁Tennessee ▁at ▁short ▁range ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁ships ▁at ▁long ▁range . ▁ ▁Inside ▁the ▁fort , ▁Brig . ▁Gen . ▁Page ▁fe ared ▁that ▁the ▁bomb ard ment ▁would ▁end anger ▁his ▁mag az ines , ▁which ▁contained ▁ ▁of ▁pow der . ▁To ▁avoid ▁the ▁risk , ▁he ▁had ▁the ▁pow der ▁brought ▁out ▁and ▁flo oded . ▁That ▁night , ▁the ▁mag az ines ▁were ▁indeed ▁threatened ▁when ▁the ▁wood work ▁of ▁the ▁cit adel ▁caught ▁fire . ▁The ▁fire
▁brought ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁bomb ard ment , ▁and ▁was ▁ex ting u ished ▁only ▁with ▁great ▁effort . ▁ ▁Fe eling ▁now ▁that ▁further ▁resistance ▁was ▁useless , ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 3 ▁Page ▁ordered ▁his ▁remaining ▁guns ▁sp ik ed ▁or ▁otherwise ▁destroyed ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁possible . ▁At ▁ 6 ▁AM , ▁he ▁ordered ▁the ▁white ▁flag ▁raised , ▁and ▁the ▁sie ge ▁was ▁over . ▁ ▁Inc idents ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁ ▁Far rag ut ▁l ashed ▁to ▁the ▁rig ging ▁An ▁an ec d ote ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁that ▁has ▁some ▁dram atic ▁interest ▁has ▁it ▁that ▁Far rag ut ▁was ▁l ashed ▁to ▁the ▁m ast ▁during ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁Fort ▁Morgan . ▁The ▁image ▁that ▁it ▁brings ▁to ▁mind ▁is ▁of ▁absolute ▁resolve : ▁if ▁his ▁ship ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁s unk ▁in ▁the ▁battle , ▁he ▁would ▁go ▁down ▁with ▁her . ▁The ▁truth , ▁however , ▁is ▁more ▁pro sa ic . ▁He ▁was ▁indeed ▁l ashed ▁to ▁the ▁rig ging ▁of ▁the ▁main m ast , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁pre ca ution ary ▁move ▁rather ▁than ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁def iance . ▁It ▁came ▁about ▁after ▁the ▁battle ▁had ▁opened ▁and ▁smoke ▁from ▁the ▁guns ▁had ▁cloud ed ▁the ▁air . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁better ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁action , ▁Far rag ut ▁clim bed ▁into ▁Hart ford s ▁rig ging ▁and ▁soon ▁was ▁high ▁enough ▁that ▁a ▁fall ▁would ▁certainly ▁in cap ac itate ▁him ▁and
▁could ▁have ▁killed ▁him . ▁See ing ▁this , ▁Captain ▁D ray ton ▁sent ▁a ▁se aman ▁al o ft ▁with ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁line ▁to ▁secure ▁the ▁adm iral . ▁He ▁dem ur red , ▁saying , ▁" N ever ▁mind , ▁I ▁am ▁all ▁right ," ▁but ▁the ▁sail or ▁obey ed ▁his ▁captain ' s ▁orders , ▁t ying ▁one ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁to ▁a ▁forward ▁shr oud , ▁then ▁around ▁the ▁adm iral ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁after ▁shr oud . ▁ ▁Later , ▁when ▁CSS ▁Tennessee ▁made ▁her ▁un supported ▁attack ▁on ▁the ▁Federal ▁fleet , ▁Far rag ut ▁clim bed ▁into ▁the ▁m iz zen ▁rig ging . ▁Still ▁concerned ▁for ▁his ▁safety , ▁Captain ▁D ray ton ▁had ▁Flag ▁Lieutenant ▁J . ▁C ritt enden ▁Watson ▁tie ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁rig ging ▁again . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁adm iral ▁had ▁been ▁tied ▁to ▁the ▁rig ging ▁twice ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁battle . ▁ ▁Dam n ▁the ▁tor ped o es ▁ ▁Most ▁popular ▁accounts ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁relate ▁that ▁Brook lyn ▁slow ed ▁when ▁T ec um seh ▁crossed ▁her ▁path , ▁and ▁Far rag ut ▁asked ▁why ▁she ▁was ▁not ▁moving ▁ahead . ▁The ▁reply ▁came ▁back ▁that ▁naval ▁mines ▁( then ▁called ▁" tor ped o es ") ▁were ▁in ▁her ▁path — to ▁which ▁he ▁alleg edly ▁replied , ▁" D am n ▁the ▁tor ped o es ." ▁The ▁story ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁in ▁print ▁until ▁several ▁years ▁later ,
▁and ▁some ▁histor ians ▁question ▁whether ▁it ▁happened ▁at ▁all . ▁ ▁Some ▁forms ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁are ▁highly ▁unlikely ; ▁the ▁most ▁w ides p read ▁is ▁that ▁he ▁shout ed ▁to ▁Brook lyn , ▁" D am n ▁the ▁tor ped o es ! ▁Go ▁ahead !" ▁Men ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁doubt ed ▁that ▁any ▁such ▁ver bal ▁communication ▁could ▁be ▁heard ▁above ▁the ▁din ▁of ▁the ▁guns . ▁More ▁likely , ▁if ▁it ▁happened , ▁is ▁that ▁he ▁said ▁to ▁the ▁captain ▁of ▁Hart ford , ▁" D am n ▁the ▁tor ped o es . ▁Four ▁b ells , ▁Captain ▁D ray ton ." ▁Then ▁he ▁shout ed ▁to ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁Meta com et , ▁l ashed ▁to ▁Hart ford s ▁side , ▁" Go ▁ahead , ▁J ou ett , ▁full ▁speed ." ▁The ▁words ▁have ▁been ▁alter ed ▁in ▁time ▁to ▁the ▁more ▁familiar , ▁" D am n ▁the ▁tor ped o es , ▁full ▁speed ▁ahead !" ▁ ▁Army ▁signals ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁battle , ▁army ▁and ▁n avy ▁used ▁completely ▁different ▁signals . ▁The ▁n avy ▁used ▁a ▁cum bers ome ▁system ▁of ▁colored ▁flags ▁that ▁would ▁im part ▁messages ▁that ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁dec oded , ▁whereas ▁the ▁army ▁was ▁experiment ing ▁with ▁a ▁far ▁simpler ▁w ig w ag ▁system , ▁recently ▁developed ▁by ▁Col . ▁Albert ▁J . ▁My er . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁communicate ▁with ▁army ▁forces ▁ash ore ▁after ▁the ▁fleet ▁was ▁safely ▁inside ▁Mobile ▁Bay ,
▁several ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁fled g ling ▁Sign al ▁Corps ▁were ▁put ▁on ▁the ▁major ▁ships ▁of ▁Far rag ut ' s ▁fleet . ▁They ▁were ▁expected ▁to ▁stay ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁way ▁until ▁they ▁were ▁needed ; ▁those ▁on ▁Hart ford , ▁for ▁example , ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁assist ▁the ▁sur geon , ▁so ▁they ▁were ▁station ed ▁below ▁de cks . ▁ ▁When ▁Brook lyn ▁encountered ▁her ▁difficulties ▁with ▁T ec um seh ▁and ▁the ▁mine field , ▁Captain ▁A very ▁of ▁Brook lyn ▁wanted ▁clar ification ▁of ▁his ▁orders ▁more ▁rapidly ▁than ▁could ▁be ▁done ▁with ▁n avy ▁signals , ▁so ▁he ▁asked ▁his ▁army ▁represent atives ▁to ▁relay ▁his ▁question ▁to ▁the ▁flags hip . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁read ▁the ▁message , ▁the ▁signal ▁corps men ▁on ▁Hart ford ▁were ▁brought ▁up ▁from ▁below , ▁and ▁they ▁stayed ▁up ▁through ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁fight . ▁Their ▁contribution ▁was ▁acknowled ged ▁by ▁Far rag ut . ▁ ▁Court ▁mart ial ▁of ▁Brig . ▁Gen . ▁Page ▁After ▁General ▁Page ▁surrender ed ▁Fort ▁Morgan , ▁the ▁vict ors ▁found ▁that ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁fort ' s ▁guns ▁had ▁been ▁sp ik ed , ▁and ▁gun ▁carri ages ▁and ▁other ▁supplies ▁destroyed . ▁Some ▁believed ▁that ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁damage ▁had ▁been ▁done ▁while ▁the ▁white ▁flag ▁was ▁flying , ▁in ▁viol ation ▁of ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁war ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁then ▁understood . ▁The ▁belief ▁was ▁so ▁strong ▁that ▁Can by ▁made ▁a ▁formal ▁accus ation , ▁and ▁Page ▁was
▁tried ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans ▁by ▁a ▁three - man ▁council ▁of ▁war ▁to ▁consider ▁the ▁charges . ▁After ▁review ing ▁the ▁evidence , ▁the ▁court ▁found ▁him ▁not ▁guilty ▁of ▁the ▁charges . ▁ ▁After math ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁was ▁not ▁blo ody ▁by ▁standards ▁set ▁by ▁the ▁arm ies ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁by ▁naval ▁standards . ▁It ▁was ▁only ▁margin ally , ▁if ▁at ▁all , ▁less ▁blo ody ▁than ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Fort s ▁Jackson ▁and ▁St . ▁Philip ▁and ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ham pton ▁Ro ads . ▁The ▁Federal ▁fleet ▁had ▁lost ▁ 1 5 0 ▁men ▁killed ▁and ▁ 1 7 0 ▁wounded ; ▁on ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁ships , ▁only ▁ 1 2 ▁were ▁dead ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁wounded . ▁Union ▁Army ▁losses ▁were ▁very ▁light ; ▁in ▁the ▁sie ge ▁of ▁Fort ▁Morgan , ▁only ▁one ▁man ▁was ▁killed ▁and ▁seven ▁wounded . ▁Confeder ate ▁losses , ▁though ▁not ▁stated ▁explicitly , ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁only ▁slightly ▁greater . ▁ ▁The ▁continued ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁Union ▁Army ▁force ▁near ▁Mobile ▁const rained ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁Army ▁in ▁its ▁last ▁des perate ▁campaign s . ▁Ma ury ▁realized ▁that ▁the ▁numbers ▁opposite ▁him ▁were ▁in ade qu ate ▁for ▁an ▁attack , ▁but ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁Mobile ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁such ▁a ▁severe ▁blow ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁m ood ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁send ▁his ▁guns ▁or ▁spare ▁troops ▁to ▁support ▁other ▁miss ions . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁particularly
▁important ▁to ▁Maj . ▁Gen . ▁William ▁T . ▁Sh erman , ▁who ▁was ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁engaged ▁in ▁the ▁Atlanta ▁campaign . ▁Because ▁Mobile ▁remained ▁un con quer ed ▁the ▁significance ▁of ▁Far rag ut ' s ▁victory ▁initially ▁had ▁little ▁effect ▁on ▁Northern ▁public ▁opinion . ▁As ▁time ▁passed ▁and ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁other ▁Union ▁vict ories ▁seemed ▁to ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁war ▁was ▁w inding ▁down , ▁the ▁battle ▁began ▁to ▁lo om ▁larger . ▁ ▁When ▁Atlanta ▁fell , ▁in ▁the ▁words ▁of ▁historian ▁James ▁M . ▁Mc Ph erson , ▁" In ▁ret ros pect ▁the ▁victory ▁at ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁suddenly ▁took ▁on ▁new ▁importance ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁blow ▁of ▁a ▁le th al ▁one - two ▁p unch ." ▁The ▁dispers al ▁of ▁Northern ▁glo om ▁assured ▁President ▁Abraham ▁Lincoln ' s ▁re - e lection ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁refer endum ▁on ▁continu ation ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁capture ▁of ▁Fort ▁Morgan , ▁the ▁campaign ▁for ▁the ▁lower ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁was ▁complete . ▁Can by ▁and ▁Far rag ut ▁had ▁already ▁decided ▁before ▁the ▁first ▁land ings ▁on ▁D au ph in ▁Island ▁that ▁the ▁army ▁could ▁not ▁provide ▁enough ▁men ▁to ▁attack ▁Mobile ▁itself ; ▁further more , ▁the ▁Dog ▁River ▁Bar ▁that ▁had ▁imp eded ▁bringing ▁Tennessee ▁down ▁now ▁prevent ed ▁Far rag ut ' s ▁fleet ▁from ▁going ▁up . ▁Mobile ▁did ▁come ▁under ▁combined ▁army - n avy ▁attack , ▁but ▁only ▁in ▁March ▁and ▁April ▁
1 8 6 5 , ▁after ▁Far rag ut ▁had ▁been ▁replaced ▁by ▁R ear ▁Ad m . ▁Henry ▁K . ▁Th atch er . ▁The ▁city ▁finally ▁fell ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁Civil ▁War - era ▁ship w re cks ▁from ▁the ▁battle ▁and ▁its ▁after math ▁remain ▁in ▁the ▁bay ▁into ▁the ▁present , ▁including ▁American ▁D iver , ▁CSS ▁G aines , ▁CSS ▁Hun ts ville , ▁USS ▁Philipp i , ▁CSS ▁Phoenix , ▁USS ▁Rod olph , ▁USS ▁T ec um seh , ▁and ▁CSS ▁T us cal o osa . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁Mobile , ▁Alabama ▁ ▁Mobile ▁Camp aign ▁( 1 8 6 5 ) ▁ ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Fort ▁Morgan ▁ ▁Union ▁block ade ▁ ▁Block ade ▁run ners ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁of ▁early ▁American ▁naval ▁history ▁ ▁References ▁Anderson , ▁Bern , ▁By ▁Sea ▁and ▁By ▁River : ▁The ▁Naval ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁Alfred ▁A . ▁Kn opf , ▁ 1 9 6 2 ; ▁repr int , ▁Da ▁Cap o . ▁ ▁Cal ore , ▁Paul , ▁Naval ▁Camp aign s ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁Jefferson , ▁N . ▁C .: ▁Mc F ar land , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁D uff y , ▁James ▁P ., ▁Lincoln ' s ▁Admir al : ▁The ▁Civil ▁War ▁Camp aign s ▁of ▁David ▁Far rag ut . ▁W iley , ▁ 1 9
9 7 . ▁ ▁Fa ust , ▁Pat ric ia ▁L ., ▁Historical ▁Times ▁Illustr ated ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁Har per ▁and ▁R owe , ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁Friend , ▁Jack , ▁West ▁Wind , ▁Flo od ▁T ide : ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mobile ▁Bay . ▁Ann apolis : ▁Naval ▁Institute ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Johnson , ▁Robert ▁Under wood ▁and ▁Clar ence ▁Cl ough ▁B uel , ▁ed s . ▁Batt les ▁and ▁Le aders ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁Century , ▁c . ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁Re print ▁ed ., ▁Castle , ▁n . d . ▁John ston , ▁James ▁D ., ▁" The ▁Ram ▁' T ennessee ' ▁at ▁Mobile ▁Bay ." ▁Vol . ▁ 4 , ▁pp . ▁ 4 0 1 – 4 0 6 . ▁Kin ney , ▁John ▁C odd ington , ▁" F ar rag ut ▁at ▁Mobile ▁Bay ." ▁Vol . ▁ 4 , ▁pp . ▁ 3 7 9 – 4 0 0 . ▁Mar ston , ▁Joseph , ▁" The ▁l ash ing ▁of ▁Admir al ▁Far rag ut ▁in ▁the ▁rig ging ." ▁Vol . ▁ 4 , ▁pp . ▁ 4 0 7 – 4 0 8 . ▁Page , ▁Richard ▁L ., ▁" The ▁Def ense ▁of ▁Fort ▁Morgan ." ▁Vol . ▁ 4 , ▁pp . ▁ 4 0 8 – 4 1 0 . ▁Watson , ▁J . ▁C ritt enden ,
▁" The ▁l ash ing ▁of ▁Admir al ▁Far rag ut ▁in ▁the ▁rig ging ." ▁Vol . ▁ 4 , ▁pp . ▁ 4 0 6 – 4 0 7 . ▁ ▁Le vin , ▁Kevin ▁M ., ▁" Mobile ▁Bay ", ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War : ▁A ▁Political , ▁Social , ▁and ▁Military ▁History , ▁He id ler , ▁David ▁S ., ▁and ▁He id ler , ▁Jean ne ▁T ., ▁ed s . ▁W . ▁W . ▁N orton ▁& ▁Company , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁. ▁L ur ag hi , ▁Ra im ondo , ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁Navy . ▁Ann apolis , ▁M d .: ▁Naval ▁Institute ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Mc Ph erson , ▁James ▁M ., ▁Battle ▁Cry ▁of ▁Fre edom . ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁Music ant , ▁Ivan , ▁Div ided ▁W aters : ▁the ▁Naval ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁Har per Coll ins , ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Sch arf , ▁J . ▁Thomas , ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁States ▁Navy ▁From ▁Its ▁Organ ization ▁to ▁the ▁S urr ender ▁of ▁Its ▁Last ▁V essel ; ▁etc . ▁New ▁York , ▁Rog ers ▁& ▁Sher wood , ▁ 1 8 8 7 ; ▁repr int , ▁Gr amer cy , ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁Sim son , ▁Jay ▁W ., ▁Naval ▁Str ateg ies ▁of ▁the
▁Civil ▁War : ▁Confeder ate ▁In nov ations ▁and ▁Federal ▁O pport un ism . ▁Nash ville , ▁T enn .: ▁C umber land ▁House , ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Still , ▁William ▁N . ▁Jr . ▁Iron ▁A float : ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁Arm or cl ads . ▁V ander b ilt ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁Re print , ▁University ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁▁ ▁T ucker , ▁Sp encer , ▁Blue ▁& ▁Gray ▁Nav ies : ▁The ▁Civil ▁War ▁A float . ▁Naval ▁Institute ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁United ▁States . ▁Naval ▁History ▁Division , ▁Civil ▁War ▁Naval ▁Chron ology , ▁ 1 8 6 1 – 1 8 6 5 . ▁U . S . ▁Government ▁Print ing ▁Office , ▁ 1 9 6 1 – 6 5 . ▁W ise , ▁Stephen ▁R ., ▁L if eline ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder acy : ▁Block ade ▁Running ▁During ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁University ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁Ab bre vi ations ▁used ▁in ▁these ▁notes : ▁O RA ▁( O fficial ▁records , ▁arm ies ): ▁The ▁War ▁of ▁the ▁Reb ell ion : ▁a ▁Comp ilation ▁of ▁the ▁Official ▁Records ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁and ▁Confeder ate ▁Arm ies ▁OR N ▁( O fficial ▁records , ▁nav ies ): ▁Official ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁and ▁Confeder ate ▁Nav ies
▁in ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁the ▁Reb ell ion . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁Page : ▁Battle ▁maps , ▁photos , ▁history ▁articles , ▁and ▁battle field ▁news ▁( C W PT ) ▁P aint ings ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁" F ort ▁Morgan ▁and ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mobile ▁Bay ", ▁a ▁National ▁Park ▁Service ▁Te aching ▁with ▁Historic ▁Places ▁( Tw HP ) ▁less on ▁plan ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁in ▁the ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁Alabama ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁order ▁of ▁battle ▁ ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Mobile , ▁Alabama ▁Mobile ▁Bay ▁Category : 1 8 6 4 ▁in ▁Alabama ▁Category : August ▁ 1 8 6 4 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁Anton ▁Andreas ▁Gu ha ▁( A pril ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁in ▁Cin oba ň a ▁to ▁February ▁ 7 ▁or ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁Frankfurt ▁am ▁Main ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁journalist ▁and ▁author . ▁ ▁Life ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁his ▁birth ▁his ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁Frauen au ▁to ▁the ▁Bav arian ▁Forest . ▁With ▁his ▁brother , ▁he ▁graduated ▁from ▁high ▁school ▁in ▁Reg ens burg . ▁He ▁studied ▁German , ▁history ▁and ▁English ▁at ▁Er lang en , ▁and ▁later ▁soci ology ▁and ▁psych ology ▁in ▁Frankfurt ▁am ▁Main . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁after ▁an ▁encounter ▁with ▁Karl ▁Ger old , ▁he ▁began ▁working ▁as ▁an ▁editor ▁at ▁the ▁Frank fur
ter ▁Rund schau , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁South ▁America ▁and ▁Security ▁Policy . ▁ ▁His ▁tele phone ▁convers ations ▁with ▁Thomas ▁Schw ät zer ▁( Max ▁W att s ) ▁were ▁intercept ed ▁during ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁by ▁the ▁US ▁Secret ▁Services ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Project ▁P engu in ▁Mon k . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁offered ▁a ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁planning ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁Bonn ▁Chan cell ery ▁where ▁he ▁learned ▁that ▁for ▁years ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁subject ed ▁to ▁surve ill ance ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁authorities . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁W äch ter preis ▁der ▁T ages pres se , ▁a ▁German ▁journal ism ▁award ▁for ▁excell ence ▁in ▁investig ative ▁reporting , ▁for ▁his ▁discovery ▁that ▁travel ers ▁who ▁were ▁found ▁carrying ▁literature ▁considered ▁left - wing ▁extrem ist ▁were ▁being ▁det ained ▁by ▁the ▁border ▁police . ▁He ▁also ▁question ed ▁whether ▁public ▁libraries ▁were ▁also ▁being ▁subject ▁to ▁c ensor ship ▁by ▁the ▁authorities . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁critic ▁of ▁the ▁security ▁and ▁defense ▁policy ▁of ▁NAT O ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Federal ▁Government . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁works ▁of ▁nuclear ▁hol oca ust ▁fiction ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁and ▁Gu ha ▁published ▁his ▁Ende : ▁A ▁Di ary ▁of ▁the ▁Third ▁World ▁War . ▁ ▁Qu otes ▁▁ ▁" Only ▁bound less ▁na iv ety ▁could ▁assume ▁that ▁these ▁Euro - str ateg ic ▁weapons
▁systems ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁developed ▁without ▁concrete ▁and ▁definite ▁military - polit ical ▁ideas ▁about ▁their ▁use ." ▁ ▁Part ial ▁bibli ography ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁neut ron ▁bomb , ▁or , ▁The ▁per version ▁of ▁human ▁thought ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁ ▁Nic ar agua , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁the ▁Som o za ▁family ▁ ▁The ▁retro f itting ▁of ▁the ▁Hol oca ust ▁in ▁Europe ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁ ▁Ende : ▁A ▁di ary ▁of ▁the ▁Third ▁World ▁War ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁ ▁America : ▁The ▁Ris ky ▁Part ner ▁( 1 9 8 4 ) ▁ ▁Sh ield ▁or ▁weapon ? ▁: ▁The ▁strateg ic ▁defense ▁initi ative ▁( S DI ) ▁and ▁the ▁consequences ▁for ▁Europe ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁ ▁Un str ung ▁research : ▁The ▁consequences ▁of ▁a ▁science ▁without ▁eth ics ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁G ulf ▁War , ▁the ▁peace ▁movement ▁and ▁" anti - American ism " ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Soviet ▁Union : ▁A ▁world ▁power ▁of ▁cha os ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁planet ▁strik es ▁back : ▁A ▁di ary ▁from ▁the ▁future ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁ ▁Death ▁In ▁The ▁Tw il ight ▁Zone ▁: ▁Is ▁Europe ▁Still ▁Def ended ? ▁ ▁The ▁En emy ▁We ▁Need , ▁or , ▁Must ▁There ▁Be ▁War ? ▁A ▁full ▁list ▁of ▁articles ▁appears ▁on ▁the ▁German ▁Wikipedia ▁page .
▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : G erman ▁writers ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : G erman ▁journal ists ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁death s ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁non - f iction ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Ga er ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁community ▁and ▁elect oral ▁district ▁(" ward ") ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁New port , ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁The ▁w ard ▁includes ▁both ▁the ▁Ga er ▁and ▁Ma es g las ▁est ates . ▁To ▁the ▁south ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁w ard ▁is ▁a ▁listed ▁monument ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ga er ▁Hill fort ▁( altern ative : ▁the ▁G oll ars ) ▁a ▁large ▁ancient ▁hill ▁fort ▁and ▁def ensive ▁position ▁over looking ▁the ▁E bb w ▁River ▁with ▁views ▁south ▁across ▁the ▁River ▁Se vern ▁to ▁England ▁and ▁north ▁towards ▁Tw m bar l w m ▁and ▁M yn y dd ▁Mach en . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁date ▁to ▁the ▁Iron ▁Age . ▁The ▁original ▁Ga er ▁House ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁by ▁Alexander ▁Se ys , ▁E sq ., ▁second ▁son ▁of ▁Roger ▁Se ys , ▁E sq ., ▁of ▁B over ton . ▁ ▁The ▁w ard ▁is ▁bounded ▁by ▁Bass ale g ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁the ▁Great ▁Western ▁main ▁line ▁to ▁the ▁east , ▁the ▁E bb w ▁River ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast , ▁Card iff ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁south west , ▁and ▁the
▁M 4 ▁motor way ▁to ▁the ▁west . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : Comm un ities ▁in ▁New port , ▁Wales ▁Category : W ards ▁of ▁New port , ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁J irs ar - e ▁Ch uk am ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁J ī rs ar - e ▁Ch ū k ā m ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ch uk am ▁R ural ▁District , ▁K hom am ▁District , ▁Ras ht ▁County , ▁Gil an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 , 3 9 2 , ▁in ▁ 3 8 0 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Ras ht ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁Robinson ▁" Ch ick " ▁Dav ies ▁( M arch ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁– ▁April ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁basketball ▁coach . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁coach ▁at ▁Du ques ne ▁University ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁compiling ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 3 1 4 – 1 0 6 . ▁ ▁Dav ies ' ▁teams ▁played ▁in ▁one ▁NCAA ▁tournament ▁and ▁three ▁National ▁Inv itation ▁Tourn aments . ▁ ▁He ▁led ▁Du ques ne ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁NCAA ▁Final ▁Four ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁N IT ▁championship ▁game , ▁where ▁the ▁D
uk es ▁lost ▁to ▁Colorado . ▁ ▁Dav ies ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁in ▁New ▁Castle , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁in ▁Pitts burgh , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁ ▁Head ▁co aching ▁record ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁NCAA ▁Division ▁I ▁Men ' s ▁Final ▁Four ▁appearances ▁by ▁coach ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁death s ▁Category : B asketball ▁coach es ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : B asketball ▁players ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : D u ques ne ▁D uk es ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁coach es ▁Category : D u ques ne ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁New ▁Castle , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : American ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁coach es ▁Category : American ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Cr ash ▁Mot ive ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁rock ▁band ▁on ▁the ▁record ▁label ▁Wind - Up ▁Records . ▁The ▁band ▁consisted ▁of ▁five ▁members ▁who ▁met ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Del aware . ▁The ▁band ▁was ▁formerly ▁known ▁as ▁Om nis oul . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Om nis oul ▁started ▁with ▁singer / song writer ▁D erek ▁Fu hr mann , ▁who ▁found ▁keyboard ist ▁Jam ie ▁Or lando , ▁bass ist ▁Josh ▁Ber ger , ▁and ▁drum mer ▁Ty ler ▁In gers oll ▁to ▁join ▁him . ▁They ▁named ▁themselves ▁Om nis oul , ▁and ▁were ▁soon ▁joined
▁by ▁guitar ist ▁Sh awn ▁Man ig ly . ▁ ▁Fu hr mann ▁and ▁Or lando ▁took ▁music ▁management ▁courses ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁direct ▁their ▁band ▁in ▁the ▁correct ▁direction . ▁During ▁their ▁first ▁real ▁gig , ▁they ▁won ▁a ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁B ands ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Del aware . ▁In ▁addition , ▁Om nis oul ▁caught ▁the ▁eye ▁of ▁W ST W , ▁Del aware ' s ▁Top ▁ 4 0 ▁radio ▁station , ▁with ▁their ▁song ▁" Wait ing ▁( Save ▁Your ▁Life ) ". ▁The ▁song ▁spent ▁ 2 9 ▁consecutive ▁night s ▁as ▁the ▁# 1 ▁most - request ed ▁song . ▁ ▁To ▁this ▁day , ▁the ▁band ▁still ▁holds ▁the ▁station ▁record . ▁This ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁song ' s ▁inclusion ▁on ▁the ▁TV ▁show ▁Joan ▁of ▁Arc ad ia ▁( C BS ) ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁Fant astic ▁Four ▁Sound track , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁pla cement ▁in ▁the ▁movie . ▁ ▁The ▁band ' s ▁song ▁" Not ▁G iving ▁Up " ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁E A ▁Sports ' ▁Mad den ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁video ▁game . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁originally ▁gained ▁recognition ▁while ▁being ▁played ▁in ▁sports ▁stad iums ▁around ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁The ▁band ▁worked ▁with ▁producer ▁Gre gg ▁W atten berg ▁( F ive ▁for ▁Fight ing ) ▁and ▁engineer ▁Greg ▁Gordon ▁( J et , ▁O asis ) ▁for ▁their ▁album , ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁On ▁July
▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁they ▁released ▁a ▁bullet in ▁on ▁My Space ▁stating ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁changing ▁their ▁band ▁name ▁to ▁The ▁Cr ash ▁Mot ive . ▁ ▁This ▁read : ▁Hi ▁everyone , ▁we ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁fill ▁you ▁in ▁on ▁some ▁very ▁exc iting ▁news . ▁Starting ▁now , ▁our ▁band ▁will ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁“ The ▁Cr ash ▁Mot ive ”. ▁We ’ re ▁incred ibly ▁excited ▁about ▁our ▁new ▁name ▁and ▁our ▁new ▁album . ▁We ▁can ’ t ▁wait ▁for ▁you ▁to ▁hear ▁the ▁record ings . ▁We ▁will ▁have ▁our ▁new ▁single ▁“ No ▁Tom orrow , ▁Just ▁Ton ight ” ▁on ▁our ▁new ▁my space ▁page ▁on ▁Wed nes day ▁( www . mys pace . com / the cr ash mot ive ). ▁Most ▁of ▁all ▁we ▁want ▁to ▁thank ▁you ▁for ▁all ▁of ▁your ▁continued ▁support , ▁it ▁means ▁the ▁world ▁to ▁us . ▁ ▁Thank ▁you , ▁ ▁D erek , ▁Sh awn , ▁Jam ie , ▁Ty ler , ▁& ▁Josh ▁ ▁P . S . ▁- ▁if ▁you ' re ▁already ▁our ▁friend , ▁you ▁will ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁worry ▁about ▁friend ▁request ing ▁us ▁again . ▁All ▁of ▁our ▁current ▁friends ▁will ▁change ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁page ! ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁they ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁band ▁would ▁come ▁to ▁an ▁end ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁front man ▁Fu hr man . ▁Their ▁last ▁gig ▁took ▁place
▁on ▁December ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁in ▁De er ▁Park ▁Ta vern ▁in ▁their ▁h omet own ▁New ark , ▁Del aware . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁" H appy ▁Out side " ▁- ▁released ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁" When ▁You ▁Go " ▁- ▁released ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 6 ; ▁Wind - Up ▁Records ▁" Con sequence " ▁- ▁released ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 7 ; ▁Wind - Up ▁Records ▁" Just ▁C ause ▁It ▁Never ▁H app ened ▁Don ' t ▁Mean ▁It ▁W on ' t " ▁- ▁released ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Also ▁on ▁" Wait ing ▁( Save ▁Your ▁Life )" ▁- ▁From ▁the ▁Fant astic ▁ 4 ▁Sound track ▁" When ▁You ▁Go ▁( Single )" ▁" Not ▁G iving ▁Up " ▁- ▁Fe ature d ▁on ▁the ▁Mad den ▁NFL ▁ 0 7 ▁Sound track ▁ ▁Line up ▁D erek ▁Fu hr mann ▁- ▁V oc als ▁Sh awn ▁Man ig ly ▁- ▁Gu itar ▁▁ ▁Josh ▁Ber ger ▁- ▁Bass ▁ ▁Jam ie ▁Or lando ▁- ▁Key board ▁Ty ler ▁In gers oll ▁- ▁Dr ums ▁Josh ▁D ann in ▁- ▁Dr ums ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Band ' s ▁Electron ic ▁Power ▁Press ▁Kit ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : R ock ▁music ▁groups ▁from ▁Del aware ▁Category : W ind - up ▁Records ▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁Inst ru ments ▁used ▁spe cially ▁in ▁End ocr in ology ▁ ▁are ▁as ▁follows
: ▁ ▁Inst rument ▁list ▁▁ ▁V ide : ▁List ▁of ▁surg ical ▁instruments ▁Inst ru ments ▁used ▁in ▁internal ▁medicine ▁ ▁Image ▁gallery ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Navigation ▁Box ▁ ▁Category : Med ical ▁equipment ▁Category : End ocr in ology <0x0A> </s> ▁Gab ri ela ▁Preis so vá , ▁n ée ▁Gab ri ela ▁Se ker ová , ▁sometimes ▁used ▁pen ▁name ▁Mat y ld a ▁Dum onto vá ▁( 2 3 ▁March ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁in ▁K ut ná ▁H ora ▁– ▁ 2 7 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁in ▁Prag ue ), ▁was ▁a ▁Czech ▁writer ▁and ▁play w right . ▁ ▁Her ▁play ▁Je j í ▁past ork y ň a ▁was ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁opera ▁Jen ů fa ▁by ▁Leo š ▁Jan á č ek , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁film ▁by ▁Mi ros lav ▁C ik án . ▁Her ▁earlier ▁opera ▁The ▁Begin ning ▁of ▁a ▁Rom ance ▁was ▁also ▁based ▁on ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁stories . ▁ ▁Preis so vá ▁mostly ▁wrote ▁stories ▁full ▁of ▁optim ism ▁and ▁the ▁joy ▁of ▁life ▁ide alis ing ▁village ▁life . ▁Her ▁stories ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 9 0 s . ▁The ▁more ▁significant ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁three - volume ▁collection . ▁Her ▁books , ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s , ▁were ▁about ▁the ▁trag ic ▁rural ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁Car inth ian ▁S lav s , ▁usually ▁with ▁a ▁strong ▁woman ▁as ▁a ▁hero ine
. ▁These ▁dram as ▁didn ' t ▁achieve ▁the ▁art istic ▁sp ont ane ity ▁of ▁her ▁early ▁work . ▁Th emes ▁of ▁her ▁stories ▁were ▁mostly ▁the ▁affairs ▁of ▁young ▁lo vers ▁and ▁the ▁obst acles ▁to ▁their ▁consum m ation . ▁Some ▁tales ▁were ▁set ▁to ▁music , ▁such ▁as ▁Eva ▁by ▁Josef ▁Boh us lav ▁Fo er ster ▁and ▁Jen ů fa , ▁an ▁opera ▁by ▁Jan á č ek . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁I v eta ▁J us ova . ▁" G ab ri ela ▁Preis so vá ' s ▁Women - Center ed ▁Text s : ▁Sub ver ting ▁the ▁M yth ▁of ▁the ▁Hom ogeneous ▁Nation ." ▁ ▁S lav ic ▁and ▁East ▁European ▁Journal ▁ 4 9 : 1 ▁( Spring ▁ 2 0 0 5 ): ▁ 6 3 - 7 8 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 6 ▁death s ▁Category : C zech ▁women ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Czech ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Czech ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁K ut ná ▁H ora <0x0A> </s> ▁{{ Spe cies box ▁\| ▁status ▁= ▁CR ▁\| ▁status _ system ▁= ▁IU CN 3 .
1 ▁\| ▁status _ ref ▁= ▁▁ ▁\| ▁tax on ▁= ▁Enter om ius ▁c archar h ino ides ▁\| ▁display _ par ents ▁= ▁ 3 ▁\| ▁authority ▁= ▁( St i ass ny , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁\| ▁syn onym s ▁= ▁* ' Bar bus ▁c archar h ino ides ▁St i ass ny , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁}} Enter om ius ▁c archar h ino ides ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁ray - f inned ▁fish ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁Enter om ius ' '. It ▁is ▁only ▁found ▁at ▁one ▁location ▁on ▁the ▁River ▁Via ▁which ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁St . ▁Paul ' s ▁River ▁system ▁in ▁Liber ia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Enter om ius ▁Category : F ish ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁H eter opsis ▁n arc iss us ▁is ▁a ▁but ter fly ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁N ym phal idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁on ▁Mad agas car , ▁Maur it ius , ▁Ré union ▁and ▁the ▁Com or os . ▁The ▁habitat ▁consists ▁of ▁forest ▁marg ins , ▁orch ids , ▁un natural ▁grass lands ▁and ▁anth rop ogen ic ▁environments . ▁ ▁The ▁lar va e ▁feed ▁on ▁Po aceae ▁species , ▁including ▁B amb usa ▁species . ▁ ▁Sub species ▁H eter opsis ▁n arc iss us ▁n arc iss us ▁( M aur it ius , ▁Re union ) ▁H eter opsis ▁n arc iss us ▁frat erna ▁( But
ler , ▁ 1 8 6 8 ) ▁( Mad agas car , ▁An jou an ) ▁H eter opsis ▁n arc iss us ▁bor bon ica ▁( O ber th ür , ▁ 1 9 1 6 ) ▁( Re union ) ▁H eter opsis ▁n arc iss us ▁com or ensis ▁( O ber th ür , ▁ 1 9 1 6 ) ▁( An jou an ▁and ▁Moh eli ) ▁H eter opsis ▁n arc iss us ▁sal imi ▁( T ur lin , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁( Gr and ▁Com ore ) ▁H eter opsis ▁n arc iss us ▁may ott ensis ▁( O ber th ür , ▁ 1 9 1 6 ) ▁( Com oro ▁Islands ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : E ly m ni ini ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Johan ▁Christian ▁Fab r ici us ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Mol end inar ▁is ▁a ▁mixed - use ▁sub urb ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Gold ▁Coast , ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁In ▁the ▁, ▁Mol end inar ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 6 , 3 7 5 ▁people .. ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁The ▁sub urb ▁is ▁bounded ▁by ▁Smith ▁Street ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁O ls en ▁Avenue ▁to ▁the ▁east , ▁the ▁South port ▁N er ang ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁Pacific ▁Motor way ▁to ▁the ▁west . ▁ ▁The ▁land ▁use ▁is ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁resident
ial ▁areas ▁and ▁industrial ▁areas . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁J err ing an ▁is ▁the ▁Ab original ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁area ▁meaning ▁string y b ark ▁tree . ▁ ▁The ▁sub urb ▁takes ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁former ▁Mol end inar ▁railway ▁station ▁() ▁on ▁the ▁South ▁Coast ▁railway ▁line ▁( open ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁and ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ). ▁The ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁turn ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁a ▁farm ▁selected ▁by ▁George ▁Hope ▁named ▁after ▁Mol end inar ▁Burn , ▁a ▁stream ▁which ▁once ▁flow ed ▁through ▁central ▁Glasgow ▁in ▁Scotland . ▁ ▁The ▁area ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Silver ▁Br id le ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁The ▁Mol end inar ▁Indust rial ▁Est ate ▁was ▁a ▁Queensland ▁Government ▁project ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast ▁City ▁Council ▁which ▁comm enced ▁development ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Tr inity ▁Luther an ▁Primary ▁School ▁opened ▁at ▁Cot le w ▁Street , ▁Ash more , ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁ ▁Tr inity ▁Luther an ▁College ▁( a ▁secondary ▁school ) ▁opened ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁as ▁Ash more ▁Road ▁in ▁Mol end inar . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁the ▁two ▁Luther an ▁schools ▁merged ▁to ▁form ▁Tr inity ▁Luther an ▁College ▁( a ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁school ) ▁operating ▁on ▁two ▁camp uses ▁at ▁Cot le w ▁Street ▁in ▁Ash more ▁and
▁Ash more ▁Road ▁in ▁Mol end inar . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁, ▁Mol end inar ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 6 , 3 7 5 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁an ▁official ▁dedic ation ▁of ▁the ▁Lyn ne ▁Richard son ▁Community ▁Centre ▁was ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast ▁City ▁Council . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁, ▁Mol end inar ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 6 , 3 7 5 ▁people . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁, ▁the ▁median ▁age ▁of ▁people ▁in ▁Mol end inar ▁was ▁ 3 6 ▁years . ▁ ▁A men ities ▁ ▁Lyn ne ▁Richard son ▁Community ▁Centre ▁is ▁at ▁ 2 A ▁G idge e ▁Court ▁( ). ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Tr inity ▁Luther an ▁College ▁is ▁a ▁private ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁school ▁for ▁boys ▁and ▁girls ▁which ▁oper ates ▁its ▁ ▁primary ▁( P rep - 5 ) ▁campus ▁at ▁ 6 4 1 ▁Ash more ▁Road ▁( ). ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁school ▁( both ▁camp uses ▁combined ) ▁had ▁an ▁en rol ment ▁of ▁ 1 , 0 5 0 ▁students ▁with ▁ 8 5 ▁teachers ▁( 7 6 ▁full - time ▁equivalent ) ▁and ▁ 6 2 ▁non - te aching ▁staff ▁( 3 5 ▁full - time ▁equivalent ). ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁government ▁schools ▁in ▁Mol end inar . ▁The ▁nearest ▁government ▁primary ▁school ▁is ▁Ash more ▁State ▁School ▁in ▁neighbour ing ▁Ash more ▁or ▁N er ang ▁State ▁School
▁in ▁N er ang . ▁The ▁nearest ▁government ▁secondary ▁school ▁is ▁Ke eb ra ▁Park ▁State ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁South port ▁or ▁N er ang ▁State ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁N er ang . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sub ur bs ▁of ▁the ▁Gold ▁Coast , ▁Queensland <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 4 1 st ▁De au ville ▁American ▁Film ▁Festival ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁De au ville , ▁France ▁from ▁September ▁ 4 ▁to ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Balt as ar ▁K orm ák ur ' s ▁bi ographical ▁dis aster ▁film ▁Ever est ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁opening ▁night ▁film . ▁Sic ario ▁by ▁Den is ▁Vill ene uve ▁was ▁the ▁closing ▁night ▁film ▁of ▁the ▁festival . ▁The ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁was ▁awarded ▁to ▁ 9 9 ▁Hom es ▁by ▁Ram in ▁Bah ran i . ▁ ▁Complete ▁line up ▁for ▁the ▁festival ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Total ▁of ▁ 3 6 ▁feature ▁films ▁were ▁screen ed ▁at ▁the ▁festival , ▁ 1 4 ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁in ▁competition . ▁In ▁Television ▁section , ▁three ▁episodes ▁of ▁Michael ▁Con nel ly ▁and ▁Eric ▁Over my er ' s ▁crime ▁TV - series ▁Bos ch ▁were ▁screen ed . ▁The ▁festival ▁paid ▁t ribute ▁to ▁ ▁Or son ▁W elles , ▁Terr ence ▁Mal ick , ▁Ian ▁McK ellen , ▁Pat ric ia ▁Clark son , ▁Ke anu ▁Re e ves , ▁Michael ▁Bay , ▁Lawrence
▁B ender ▁and ▁Or lando ▁Blo om ▁and ▁hosted ▁ret ros pective ▁of ▁their ▁films . ▁Robert ▁P att inson ▁and ▁Elizabeth ▁O ls en ▁received ▁ ▁Le ▁N ouvel ▁Hollywood ▁( Hol lywood ▁R ising ▁Star ) ▁awards . ▁ ▁J uries ▁ ▁Main ▁Compet ition ▁Ben o ît ▁Jac quot : ▁French ▁film ▁director ▁and ▁screen writer ▁( Pres ident ▁of ▁J ury ) ▁ ▁Pascal ▁Bon itzer : ▁French ▁film ▁critic , ▁screen writer ▁and ▁director ▁▁ ▁Louise ▁Bour go in : ▁French ▁actress ▁▁ ▁Louis - Do ▁De ▁L enc ques a ing : ▁French ▁actor ▁and ▁director ▁▁ ▁Marc ▁D ug ain : ▁French ▁novel ist ▁▁ ▁Soph ie ▁F illi ères : ▁French ▁screen writer ▁and ▁director ▁▁ ▁Marie ▁G illa in : ▁Belg ian ▁actress ▁▁ ▁Jul ien ▁Hir sch : ▁French ▁cinemat ograph er ▁▁ ▁Mart he ▁K eller : ▁Swiss ▁actress ▁and ▁opera ▁director ▁ ▁Cart ier ▁revel ation ▁j ury ▁Z ab ou ▁Bre it man : ▁French ▁actress ▁and ▁director ▁( Pres ident ▁of ▁J ury ) ▁▁ ▁Alice ▁Isa az : ▁French ▁actress ▁▁ ▁Rach elle ▁Le fe vre : ▁Canadian ▁actress ▁▁ ▁G ér ald ine ▁Nak ache : ▁French ▁actress , ▁screen writer ▁and ▁director ▁ ▁Stanley ▁We ber : ▁French ▁actor ▁and ▁theatre ▁director ▁ ▁Program me ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁ 9 9 ▁Hom es ▁by ▁Ram in ▁Bah ran i ▁Songs ▁My ▁Brothers ▁T aught ▁Me ▁by ▁Ch lo é ▁Z ha o ▁Cop ▁Car ▁by ▁Jon
▁W att s ▁Do pe ▁by ▁Rick ▁Fam uy i wa ▁T anger ine ▁by ▁Se an ▁Baker ▁Day ▁Out ▁of ▁Days ▁by ▁Z oe ▁Cass av etes ▁Bab ys itter ▁by ▁Morgan ▁Kr ant z ▁D ix iel and ▁by ▁H ank ▁Bed ford ▁Em el ie ▁by ▁Michael ▁Th elin ▁James ▁White ▁by ▁Josh ▁Mond ▁Madame ▁B ov ary ▁by ▁Soph ie ▁Bar thes ▁Kr ish a ▁by ▁Tre y ▁Edward ▁Sch ult z ▁Green ▁Room ▁by ▁Jer emy ▁Sa ul nier ▁The ▁Di ary ▁of ▁a ▁Te en age ▁Girl ▁by ▁Mar ielle ▁H eller ▁ ▁Les ▁Prem ières ▁( P rem ier es ) ▁Ever est ▁by ▁Balt as ar ▁K orm ak ur ▁The ▁Man ▁From ▁U . N . C . L . E . ▁by ▁Guy ▁R itch ie ▁Train w reck ▁by ▁Jud d ▁A pat ow ▁D anny ▁Collins ▁by ▁Dan ▁F og el man ▁Ex periment er ▁by ▁Michael ▁Al m ere y da ▁S leep ing ▁with ▁Other ▁People ▁by ▁Les ly e ▁Head land ▁Knight ▁of ▁Cu ps ▁by ▁Terr ence ▁Mal ick ▁Kno ck , ▁Kno ck ▁by ▁Eli ▁Roth ▁Pa wn ▁Sac rifice ▁by ▁Ed ▁Z wick ▁The ▁Pro ph et ▁by ▁Roger ▁All ers ▁Life ▁by ▁Anton ▁Cor b ijn ▁Mr . ▁Hol mes ▁by ▁Bill ▁Cond on ▁October ▁G ale ▁by ▁R uba ▁N add a ▁Ruth ▁and ▁Alex ▁by ▁Richard ▁L onc raine ▁The ▁Green ▁In fer no ▁by ▁Eli ▁Roth ▁Sic ario ▁by ▁Den is
▁Vill ene uve ▁ ▁Les ▁D ocs ▁De ▁L ' On cle ▁Sam ▁( Un cle ▁Sam ' s ▁Doc ) ▁Alt man ▁by ▁Ron ▁Mann ▁H itch cock / T ru ff aut ▁by ▁Kent ▁Jones ▁Jan is ▁by ▁Pen ny ▁Lane ▁Steve ▁Mc Que en : ▁The ▁Man ▁& ▁Le ▁Mans ▁by ▁Gabriel ▁Clar ke ▁and ▁John ▁McK en na ▁This ▁is ▁Or son ▁W elles ▁by ▁Clara ▁K uper berg ▁and ▁Julia ▁K uper berg ▁The ▁Wolf pack ▁by ▁Cry stal ▁Mos elle ▁ ▁Television ▁Bos ch ▁by ▁Michael ▁Con nel ly ▁and ▁Eric ▁Over my er ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁The ▁festival ▁awarded ▁the ▁following ▁awards : ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁( Gr and ▁Special ▁Prize ): ▁ 9 9 ▁Hom es ▁by ▁Ram in ▁Bah ran i ▁Prix ▁du ▁J ury ▁( J ury ▁Special ▁Prize ): ▁T anger ine ▁by ▁Se an ▁Baker ▁Prix ▁du ▁Public ▁( A udi ence ▁Award ): ▁Do pe ▁by ▁Rick ▁Fam uy i wa ▁Prix ▁de ▁la ▁Crit ique ▁Intern ationale ▁( Intern ational ▁Crit ics ' ▁prize ): ▁Kr ish a ▁by ▁Tre y ▁Edward ▁Sch ult z ▁Prix ▁Michel ▁d ' Or n ano ▁( Mich el ▁d ' Or n ano ▁Award ▁for ▁debut ▁French ▁film ): ▁The ▁Cow bo ys ▁by ▁Thomas ▁B ide g ain ▁Prix ▁de ▁la ▁Ré v él ation ▁Cart ier ▁( Cart ier ▁Re vel ation ▁Prize ): ▁James ▁White ▁by ▁Josh ▁Mond ▁Luci en ▁Bar rière ▁Prize ▁for ▁Liter ature : ▁All ▁Our ▁Names
▁by ▁D ina w ▁M eng est u ▁T ributes : ▁Or son ▁W elles ▁Terr ence ▁Mal ick ▁Ian ▁McK ellen ▁Pat ric ia ▁Clark son ▁Ke anu ▁Re e ves ▁Michael ▁Bay ▁Lawrence ▁B ender ▁Or lando ▁Blo om ▁Le ▁N ouvel ▁Hollywood ▁( Hol lywood ▁R ising ▁Star ): ▁Robert ▁P att inson ▁ ▁Elizabeth ▁O ls en ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Official ▁Press ▁Kit ▁ ▁De au ville ▁American ▁Film ▁Festival : 2 0 1 5 ▁at ▁Internet ▁Movie ▁Database ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁in ▁French ▁cinema ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁film ▁festiv als ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁festiv als ▁in ▁Europe ▁Category : 2 1 st ▁century ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Fil m ▁festiv als ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁First ▁State ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁The ▁official ▁nick name ▁of ▁Del aware ▁ ▁First ▁State ▁( group ), ▁Dutch ▁tr ance ▁act ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Park s ▁ ▁First ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Park , ▁in ▁D over , ▁Del aware ▁ ▁First ▁State ▁National ▁Historical ▁Park , ▁in ▁Del aware ▁and ▁Pennsylvania ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁First ▁State ▁Bank ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁First ▁State ▁Super , ▁Australian ▁super ann u ation ▁fund ▁ ▁First ▁Stat ement , ▁Canadian ▁literary ▁magazine <0x0A> </s> ▁B alle cer ▁is ▁a ▁Filip ino ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁ ▁Flor ent ino ▁B alle cer ,
▁Filip ino ▁actor ▁ ▁Robert ▁B alle cer , ▁American ▁technology ▁comment ator ▁ ▁Sud ▁B alle cer , ▁Filip ino ▁music ian ▁in ▁Sud ▁( band ) <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁mathematics , ▁Green ' s ▁theorem ▁gives ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁a ▁line ▁integral ▁around ▁a ▁simple ▁closed ▁curve ▁C ▁and ▁a ▁double ▁integral ▁over ▁the ▁plane ▁region ▁D ▁bounded ▁by ▁C . ▁It ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁George ▁Green , ▁but ▁its ▁first ▁proof ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁Bern hard ▁Riemann , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁two - dimensional ▁special ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁general ▁Kel vin – Sto kes ▁theorem . ▁ ▁Theorem ▁Let ▁C ▁be ▁a ▁posit ively ▁orient ed , ▁piece wise ▁smooth , ▁simple ▁closed ▁curve ▁in ▁a ▁plane , ▁and ▁let ▁D ▁be ▁the ▁region ▁bounded ▁by ▁C . ▁If ▁L ▁and ▁M ▁are ▁functions ▁of ▁( x , ▁y ) ▁defined ▁on ▁an ▁open ▁region ▁containing ▁D ▁and ▁having ▁continuous ▁partial ▁derivatives ▁there , ▁then ▁ ▁where ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁integration ▁along ▁C ▁is ▁ant ic lock wise . ▁ ▁In ▁physics , ▁Green ' s ▁theorem ▁finds ▁many ▁applications . ▁ ▁One ▁is ▁solving ▁two - dimensional ▁flow ▁integr als , ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁fluid ▁out flow ing ▁from ▁a ▁volume ▁is ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁total ▁out flow ▁sum med ▁about ▁an ▁en clos ing ▁area . ▁In ▁plane ▁geometry , ▁and ▁in ▁particular , ▁area ▁surve ying , ▁Green ' s ▁theorem ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁determine ▁the ▁area ▁and ▁cent roid ▁of ▁plane
▁figures ▁sole ly ▁by ▁integr ating ▁over ▁the ▁per imeter . ▁ ▁Proof ▁when ▁D ▁is ▁a ▁simple ▁region ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁a ▁proof ▁of ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁theorem ▁for ▁the ▁simplified ▁area ▁D , ▁a ▁type ▁I ▁region ▁where ▁C 1 ▁and ▁C 3 ▁are ▁curves ▁connected ▁by ▁vertical ▁lines ▁( poss ibly ▁of ▁zero ▁length ). ▁A ▁similar ▁proof ▁exists ▁for ▁the ▁other ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁theorem ▁when ▁D ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁II ▁region ▁where ▁C 2 ▁and ▁C 4 ▁are ▁curves ▁connected ▁by ▁horizontal ▁lines ▁( ag ain , ▁possibly ▁of ▁zero ▁length ). ▁Put ting ▁these ▁two ▁parts ▁together , ▁the ▁theorem ▁is ▁thus ▁proven ▁for ▁regions ▁of ▁type ▁III ▁( defined ▁as ▁regions ▁which ▁are ▁both ▁type ▁I ▁and ▁type ▁II ). ▁The ▁general ▁case ▁can ▁then ▁be ▁dedu ced ▁from ▁this ▁special ▁case ▁by ▁decom pos ing ▁D ▁into ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁type ▁III ▁regions . ▁ ▁If ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁shown ▁that ▁if ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁true , ▁then ▁Green ' s ▁theorem ▁follows ▁immediately ▁for ▁the ▁region ▁D . ▁We ▁can ▁prove ▁( 1 ) ▁easily ▁for ▁regions ▁of ▁type ▁I , ▁and ▁( 2 ) ▁for ▁regions ▁of ▁type ▁II . ▁Green ' s ▁theorem ▁then ▁follows ▁for ▁regions ▁of ▁type ▁III . ▁ ▁Assume ▁region ▁D ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁I ▁region ▁and ▁can ▁thus ▁be ▁character ized , ▁as ▁p ict ured ▁on ▁the ▁right , ▁by ▁ ▁where ▁g 1 ▁and ▁g 2 ▁are ▁continuous ▁functions ▁on ▁[ a ,
▁b ]. ▁Comput e ▁the ▁double ▁integral ▁in ▁( 1 ): ▁▁▁▁ ▁Now ▁compute ▁the ▁line ▁integral ▁in ▁( 1 ). ▁C ▁can ▁be ▁re written ▁as ▁the ▁union ▁of ▁four ▁curves : ▁C 1 , ▁C 2 , ▁C 3 , ▁C 4 . ▁ ▁With ▁C 1 , ▁use ▁the ▁paramet ric ▁equations : ▁x ▁= ▁x , ▁y ▁= ▁g 1 ( x ), ▁a ▁ ≤ ▁x ▁ ≤ ▁b . ▁Then ▁ ▁With ▁C 3 , ▁use ▁the ▁paramet ric ▁equations : ▁x ▁= ▁x , ▁y ▁= ▁g 2 ( x ), ▁a ▁ ≤ ▁x ▁ ≤ ▁b . ▁Then ▁ ▁The ▁integral ▁over ▁C 3 ▁is ▁neg ated ▁because ▁it ▁goes ▁in ▁the ▁negative ▁direction ▁from ▁b ▁to ▁a , ▁as ▁C ▁is ▁orient ed ▁posit ively ▁( antic lock wise ). ▁On ▁C 2 ▁and ▁C 4 , ▁x ▁remains ▁constant , ▁meaning ▁ ▁Therefore , ▁ ▁Com bin ing ▁( 3 ) ▁with ▁( 4 ), ▁we ▁get ▁( 1 ) ▁for ▁regions ▁of ▁type ▁I . ▁A ▁similar ▁treatment ▁yields ▁( 2 ) ▁for ▁regions ▁of ▁type ▁II . ▁Put ting ▁the ▁two ▁together , ▁we ▁get ▁the ▁result ▁for ▁regions ▁of ▁type ▁III . ▁ ▁Proof ▁for ▁rect ifiable ▁Jordan ▁curves ▁ ▁We ▁are ▁going ▁to ▁prove ▁the ▁following ▁ ▁Theorem . ▁Let ▁ ▁be ▁a ▁rect ifiable , ▁posit ively ▁orient ed ▁Jordan ▁curve ▁in ▁ ▁and ▁let ▁ ▁denote ▁its ▁inner ▁region . ▁Suppose ▁that ▁ ▁are ▁continuous ▁functions
▁with ▁the ▁property ▁that ▁ ▁has ▁second ▁partial ▁derivative ▁at ▁every ▁point ▁of ▁, ▁ ▁has ▁first ▁partial ▁derivative ▁at ▁every ▁point ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁functions ▁, ▁ ▁are ▁Riemann - inte gra ble ▁over ▁. ▁Then ▁ ▁We ▁need ▁the ▁following ▁le mm as : ▁ ▁Lemma ▁ 1 ▁( De com position ▁Lemma ). ▁Assume ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁rect ifiable , ▁posit ively ▁orient ed ▁Jordan ▁curve ▁in ▁the ▁plane ▁and ▁let ▁ ▁be ▁its ▁inner ▁region . ▁For ▁every ▁positive ▁real ▁, ▁let ▁ ▁denote ▁the ▁collection ▁of ▁squares ▁in ▁the ▁plane ▁bounded ▁by ▁the ▁lines ▁, ▁where ▁ ▁runs ▁through ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁integers . ▁Then , ▁for ▁this ▁, ▁there ▁exists ▁a ▁decomposition ▁of ▁ ▁into ▁a ▁finite ▁number ▁of ▁non - over la pping ▁sub reg ions ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁manner ▁that ▁ ▁( i ) ▁Each ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁sub reg ions ▁contained ▁in ▁, ▁say ▁, ▁is ▁a ▁square ▁from ▁. ▁ ▁( ii ) ▁Each ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁remaining ▁sub reg ions , ▁say ▁, ▁has ▁as ▁boundary ▁a ▁rect ifiable ▁Jordan ▁curve ▁formed ▁by ▁a ▁finite ▁number ▁of ▁ar cs ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁sides ▁of ▁some ▁square ▁from ▁. ▁ ▁( iii ) ▁Each ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁border ▁regions ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁en closed ▁in ▁a ▁square ▁of ▁edge - length ▁. ▁ ▁( iv ) ▁If ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁posit ively ▁orient ed ▁boundary ▁curve ▁of ▁, ▁then ▁▁ ▁( v ) ▁The ▁number ▁ ▁of ▁border
▁regions ▁is ▁no ▁greater ▁than ▁, ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Lemma ▁ 2 . ▁Let ▁ ▁be ▁a ▁rect ifiable ▁curve ▁in ▁the ▁plane ▁and ▁let ▁ ▁be ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁points ▁in ▁the ▁plane ▁whose ▁distance ▁from ▁( the ▁range ▁of ) ▁ ▁is ▁at ▁most ▁. ▁The ▁outer ▁Jordan ▁content ▁of ▁this ▁set ▁satisfies ▁. ▁ ▁Lemma ▁ 3 . ▁Let ▁ ▁be ▁a ▁rect ifiable ▁curve ▁in ▁ ▁and ▁let ▁ ▁be ▁a ▁continuous ▁function . ▁Then ▁▁▁ ▁and ▁▁ ▁are ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁oscill ation ▁of ▁ ▁on ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Now ▁we ▁are ▁in ▁position ▁to ▁prove ▁the ▁Theorem : ▁ ▁Proof ▁of ▁Theorem . ▁Let ▁ ▁be ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁positive ▁real ▁number . ▁By ▁continu ity ▁of ▁, ▁ ▁and ▁compact ness ▁of ▁, ▁given ▁, ▁there ▁exists ▁ ▁such ▁that ▁whenever ▁two ▁points ▁of ▁ ▁are ▁less ▁than ▁ ▁apart , ▁their ▁images ▁under ▁ ▁are ▁less ▁than ▁ ▁apart . ▁For ▁this ▁, ▁consider ▁the ▁decomposition ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁previous ▁Lemma . ▁We ▁have ▁▁▁▁ ▁Put ▁. ▁ ▁For ▁each ▁, ▁the ▁curve ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁posit ively ▁orient ed ▁square , ▁for ▁which ▁Green ' s ▁formula ▁holds . ▁Hence ▁▁▁▁ ▁Every ▁point ▁of ▁a ▁border ▁region ▁is ▁at ▁a ▁distance ▁no ▁greater ▁than ▁ ▁from ▁. ▁Thus , ▁if ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁union ▁of ▁all ▁border ▁regions , ▁then ▁; ▁hence ▁, ▁by ▁Lemma ▁ 2 . ▁Notice ▁that ▁▁▁ ▁This ▁yields ▁▁▁▁ ▁We ▁may ▁as
▁well ▁choose ▁ ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁R HS ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁inequality ▁is ▁▁ ▁The ▁remark ▁in ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁this ▁proof ▁implies ▁that ▁the ▁oscill ations ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁on ▁every ▁border ▁region ▁is ▁at ▁most ▁. ▁We ▁have ▁▁▁▁ ▁By ▁Lemma ▁ 1 ( iii ), ▁▁▁▁ ▁Com bin ing ▁these , ▁we ▁finally ▁get ▁▁▁▁ ▁for ▁some ▁. ▁Since ▁this ▁is ▁true ▁for ▁every ▁, ▁we ▁are ▁done . ▁ ▁Valid ity ▁under ▁different ▁hypoth eses ▁ ▁The ▁hypothesis ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁theorem ▁are ▁not ▁the ▁only ▁ones ▁under ▁which ▁Green ' s ▁formula ▁is ▁true . ▁Another ▁common ▁set ▁of ▁conditions ▁is ▁the ▁following : ▁ ▁The ▁functions ▁ ▁are ▁still ▁assumed ▁to ▁be ▁continuous . ▁However , ▁we ▁now ▁require ▁them ▁to ▁be ▁Fr éch et - d iffer enti able ▁at ▁every ▁point ▁of ▁. ▁This ▁implies ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁all ▁direction al ▁derivatives , ▁in ▁particular ▁, ▁where , ▁as ▁usual , ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁canonical ▁ordered ▁basis ▁of ▁. ▁In ▁addition , ▁we ▁require ▁the ▁function ▁ ▁to ▁be ▁Riemann - inte gra ble ▁over ▁. ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁cor ollary ▁of ▁this , ▁we ▁get ▁the ▁C auch y ▁Integr al ▁Theorem ▁for ▁rect ifiable ▁Jordan ▁curves : ▁ ▁Theorem ▁( C auch y ). ▁If ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁rect ifiable ▁Jordan ▁curve ▁in ▁ ▁and ▁if ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁continuous ▁mapping ▁hol omorphic ▁throughout ▁the ▁inner ▁region ▁of ▁, ▁then ▁▁▁▁ ▁the ▁integral ▁being ▁a ▁complex ▁cont our ▁integral . ▁ ▁Proof
. ▁We ▁regard ▁the ▁complex ▁plane ▁as ▁. ▁Now , ▁define ▁ ▁to ▁be ▁such ▁that ▁ ▁These ▁functions ▁are ▁clearly ▁continuous . ▁It ▁is ▁well ▁known ▁that ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁Fr éch et - d iffer enti able ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁satisfy ▁the ▁C auch y - R iemann ▁equations : ▁. ▁ ▁Now , ▁anal ys ing ▁the ▁sums ▁used ▁to ▁define ▁the ▁complex ▁cont our ▁integral ▁in ▁question , ▁it ▁is ▁easy ▁to ▁realize ▁that ▁▁▁▁ ▁the ▁integr als ▁on ▁the ▁R HS ▁being ▁usual ▁line ▁integr als . ▁These ▁remarks ▁allow ▁us ▁to ▁apply ▁Green ' s ▁Theorem ▁to ▁each ▁one ▁of ▁these ▁line ▁integr als , ▁finishing ▁the ▁proof . ▁ ▁Mult ip ly - connected ▁regions ▁ ▁Theorem . ▁Let ▁ ▁be ▁posit ively ▁orient ed ▁rect ifiable ▁Jordan ▁curves ▁in ▁ ▁satisfying ▁▁▁▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁inner ▁region ▁of ▁. ▁Let ▁▁▁▁ ▁Suppose ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁continuous ▁functions ▁whose ▁restriction ▁to ▁ ▁is ▁Fr éch et - d iffer enti able . ▁If ▁the ▁function ▁▁▁▁ ▁is ▁Riemann - inte gra ble ▁over ▁, ▁then ▁ ▁Rel ations hip ▁to ▁Sto kes ' ▁theorem ▁Green ' s ▁theorem ▁is ▁a ▁special ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁Kel vin – Sto kes ▁theorem , ▁when ▁applied ▁to ▁a ▁region ▁in ▁the ▁- plane . ▁ ▁We ▁can ▁augment ▁the ▁two - dimensional ▁field ▁into ▁a ▁three - dimensional ▁field ▁with ▁a ▁z ▁component ▁that ▁is ▁always ▁ 0 . ▁Write ▁F ▁for ▁the ▁vector - valu
ed ▁function ▁. ▁Start ▁with ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁Green ' s ▁theorem : ▁ ▁The ▁Kel vin – Sto kes ▁theorem : ▁ ▁The ▁surface ▁ ▁is ▁just ▁the ▁region ▁in ▁the ▁plane ▁, ▁with ▁the ▁unit ▁normal ▁ ▁defined ▁( by ▁convention ) ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁positive ▁z ▁component ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁match ▁the ▁" pos itive ▁orientation " ▁definitions ▁for ▁both ▁the or ems . ▁ ▁The ▁expression ▁inside ▁the ▁integral ▁becomes ▁▁▁▁ ▁Thus ▁we ▁get ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁Green ' s ▁theorem ▁ ▁Green ' s ▁theorem ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁straightforward ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁general ▁Sto kes ' ▁theorem ▁using ▁differential ▁forms ▁and ▁exterior ▁derivatives : ▁ ▁Rel ations hip ▁to ▁the ▁diver gence ▁theorem ▁Consider ing ▁only ▁two - dimensional ▁vector ▁fields , ▁Green ' s ▁theorem ▁is ▁equivalent ▁to ▁the ▁two - dimensional ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁diver gence ▁theorem : ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁diver gence ▁on ▁the ▁two - dimensional ▁vector ▁field ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁out ward - point ing ▁unit ▁normal ▁vector ▁on ▁the ▁boundary . ▁ ▁To ▁see ▁this , ▁consider ▁the ▁unit ▁normal ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁equation . ▁Since ▁in ▁Green ' s ▁theorem ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁vector ▁pointing ▁tang ential ▁along ▁the ▁curve , ▁and ▁the ▁curve ▁C ▁is ▁the ▁posit ively ▁orient ed ▁( i . e . ▁ant ic lock wise ) ▁curve ▁along ▁the ▁boundary , ▁an ▁out ward ▁normal ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁vector ▁which ▁points ▁ 9 0 ° ▁to
▁the ▁right ▁of ▁this ; ▁one ▁choice ▁would ▁be ▁. ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁this ▁vector ▁is ▁ ▁So ▁▁ ▁Start ▁with ▁the ▁left ▁side ▁of ▁Green ' s ▁theorem : ▁ ▁App lying ▁the ▁two - dimensional ▁diver gence ▁theorem ▁with ▁, ▁we ▁get ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁Green ' s ▁theorem : ▁ ▁Area ▁calculation ▁Green ' s ▁theorem ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁compute ▁area ▁by ▁line ▁integral . ▁The ▁area ▁of ▁a ▁plan ar ▁region ▁ ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁ ▁Cho ose ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁such ▁that ▁, ▁the ▁area ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁ ▁Possible ▁formulas ▁for ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁ ▁include ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Plan imeter ▁Method ▁of ▁image ▁charges ▁– ▁A ▁method ▁used ▁in ▁electro stat ics ▁that ▁takes ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁uniqu eness ▁theorem ▁( der ived ▁from ▁Green ' s ▁theorem ) ▁Sho el ace ▁formula ▁– ▁A ▁special ▁case ▁of ▁Green ' s ▁theorem ▁for ▁simple ▁pol yg ons ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Green ' s ▁Theorem ▁on ▁Math World ▁ ▁Category : The or ems ▁in ▁calculus ▁Category : Art icles ▁containing ▁proofs <0x0A> </s> ▁Pir ▁S ara ▁() ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Pir ▁S ara , ▁Mas al ▁ ▁Pir ▁S ara , ▁Sh and erman , ▁Mas al ▁County ▁ ▁Pir ▁S ara , ▁Rud bar ▁ ▁Pir ▁S ara , ▁S ow me ' eh ▁S ara <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁James ▁R . ▁Brow ning ▁U . S . ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁Building ▁is ▁a
▁historic ▁post ▁office ▁and ▁cour th ouse ▁building ▁located ▁at ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁California . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁cour th ouse ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁for ▁the ▁N inth ▁Circ uit . ▁Comple ted ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁as ▁the ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Cour th ouse ▁and ▁Post ▁Office , ▁it ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁aff lu ence ▁and ▁increasing ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁as ▁it ▁became ▁a ▁world ▁power . ▁The ▁building ▁surv ived ▁both ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁San ▁Francisco ▁earth qu ake ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁L oma ▁Pri eta ▁earth qu ake . ▁ ▁History ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁it ▁became ▁apparent ▁that ▁San ▁Francisco ▁was ▁in ▁dire ▁need ▁of ▁a ▁federal ▁building ▁to ▁house ▁the ▁federal ▁courts ▁and ▁the ▁post ▁office ▁that ▁were ▁located ▁in ▁various ▁dow nt own ▁buildings . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁a ▁commission ▁deleg ated ▁to ▁select ▁a ▁site ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁$ 3 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁allocated ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Congress ▁was ▁ins u fficient ▁and ▁the ▁sum ▁was ▁raised ▁to ▁$ 1 , 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁property ▁chosen ▁at ▁Se vent h ▁and ▁Mission ▁Stre ets ▁was ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁mile ▁from ▁the ▁central ▁business ▁district ▁and ▁surrounded ▁by ▁a ▁working - class ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁Irish ▁and ▁German ▁imm igr ants . ▁Although ▁many ▁disapp ro ved ,
▁the ▁lot ▁was ▁purchased ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁$ 2 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁was ▁appropri ated ▁for ▁construction . ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Tre as ury ▁architect s ▁worked ▁on ▁designs ▁for ▁the ▁building , ▁with ▁Super vis ing ▁Arch itect ▁James ▁Kno x ▁Taylor ▁( 1 8 5 7 - 1 9 2 9 ) ▁playing ▁a ▁lead ▁role . ▁Taylor ▁selected ▁a ▁design ▁influenced ▁by ▁Italian ▁Renaissance ▁architecture ▁with ▁magnific ent ▁Be aux ▁Arts ▁grande ur . ▁To ▁achieve ▁the ▁high ▁level ▁of ▁craft sm ans hip ▁specified ▁for ▁the ▁interior , ▁sk illed ▁art is ans ▁were ▁brought ▁from ▁Italy , ▁who ▁reported ly ▁later ▁worked ▁on ▁San ▁S ime on . ▁Gr ound bre aking ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁and ▁the ▁building ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁to ▁acc laim ▁as ▁" a ▁post ▁office ▁that ' s ▁a ▁palace ". ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁an ▁earth qu ake ▁dev ast ated ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁The ▁cour th ouse ▁and ▁post ▁office ▁building ▁surv ived ▁the ▁qu ake ▁with ▁little ▁damage ▁and ▁thanks ▁to ▁the ▁efforts ▁of ▁postal ▁workers , ▁only ▁one ▁room , ▁now ▁Court room ▁ 3 , ▁the ▁Red wood ▁Room , ▁was ▁dam aged ▁by ▁the ▁en su ing ▁fire . ▁It ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁U . S . ▁M int
▁designed ▁by ▁Alfred ▁B . ▁Mul lett ▁were ▁the ▁only ▁buildings ▁south ▁of ▁Market ▁Street ▁to ▁surv ive ▁the ▁earth qu ake ▁and ▁resulting ▁fires . ▁While ▁rep airs ▁were ▁made , ▁the ▁Post ▁Office ▁set ▁up ▁collection ▁points ▁around ▁the ▁city , ▁with ▁the ▁building ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁hope ▁in ▁the ▁weeks ▁following ▁the ▁earth qu ake . ▁Rest oration ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁the ▁L oma ▁Pri eta ▁earth qu ake ▁sever ely ▁dam aged ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Cour th ouse ▁and ▁Post ▁Office . ▁Engineering ▁evaluation ▁started ▁immediately ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁rest oration ▁work ▁began , ▁including ▁se ism ic ▁retro f itting ▁to ▁protect ▁against ▁future ▁earth qu akes . ▁The ▁building ▁re open ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁as ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁renamed ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁Judge ▁James ▁R . ▁Brow ning . ▁It ▁was ▁declared ▁a ▁National ▁Historic ▁Land mark ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁its ▁architecture . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁reflect s ▁the ▁Be aux ▁Arts ▁classic ism ▁adopted ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Tre as ury ▁Department ▁for ▁early ▁tw enti eth - century ▁federal ▁buildings .
▁The ▁st yl ized ▁building ▁is ▁a ▁steel - fr amed ▁structure ▁cl ad ▁in ▁white ▁Sierra ▁gran ite . ▁The ▁magnific ent ▁building , ▁with ▁its ▁op ul ent ▁orn ament ation ▁and ▁surface ▁treat ments , ▁was ▁exception ally ▁lav ish ▁even ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁its ▁construction . ▁ ▁The ▁impos ing ▁building , ▁echo ing ▁the ▁Italian ▁pal azz os ▁designed ▁by ▁Br am ante ▁and ▁Rap ha el ▁during ▁the ▁Renaissance , ▁is ▁orn ament ed ▁with ▁en closed ▁ped iments , ▁bal ustr ades , ▁and ▁rows ▁of ▁arch ed ▁windows . ▁The ▁beautiful ▁bronze ▁entry ▁lan tern s ▁are ▁rep lic as ▁of ▁the ▁tor ch - hold ers ▁designed ▁in ▁ 1 4 8 9 ▁by ▁Nic colo ▁Gros so ▁for ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁Fil ipp o ▁St roz zi , ▁the ▁rich est ▁bank er ▁in ▁Florence . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁features ▁six ▁lun ette ▁m osa ics ▁on ▁alleg or ical ▁them es , ▁designed ▁by ▁artist ▁Earl ▁St et son ▁C raw ford : ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁three ▁representing ▁" Col umb ia ' s ▁progress ▁in ▁the ▁arts ▁and ▁sciences ▁during ▁the ▁present ▁century " ▁and ▁another ▁group ▁of ▁three ▁representing ▁" L aw ▁and ▁her ▁attributes ". ▁ ▁C raw ford ▁won ▁the ▁commission ▁through ▁an ▁open ▁competition . ▁ ▁Origin ally , ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁a ▁three - story ▁structure ▁with ▁a ▁fourth ▁story , ▁or ▁att ic ▁level , ▁set ▁back ▁from ▁the ▁fac ade ▁and ▁partially ▁hidden
▁behind ▁the ▁cor nice ▁and ▁bal ust rade . ▁This ▁main ▁block ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁U - sh aped ▁with ▁an ▁interior ▁cour ty ard . ▁The ▁cour ty ard ▁was ▁orn ament ed ▁with ▁geometric ▁patterns ▁of ▁red , ▁white , ▁and ▁blue ▁gla zed ▁brick ▁walls ▁and ▁one ▁hundred ▁p ink - t ong ued ▁l ion ▁heads ▁along ▁the ▁cor nice . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁provide ▁des per ately ▁needed ▁office ▁space ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁expand ing ▁federal ▁b ureau c racy , ▁noted ▁San ▁Francisco ▁architect ▁George ▁Kel ham ▁( 1 8 7 1 - 1 9 3 6 ) ▁was ▁commission ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁to ▁design ▁a ▁four - story ▁addition ▁for ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁en clos ing ▁the ▁interior ▁cour ty ard . ▁The ▁addition ▁repe ats ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁fac ades , ▁although ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁fourth ▁stories ▁are ▁v ene ered ▁in ▁terra ▁c otta . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁building ' s ▁exterior ▁is ▁impress ive ▁in ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁detail , ▁orn ament ation , ▁and ▁material , ▁the ▁elegant ▁inter iors ▁are ▁even ▁more ▁ex quis ite . ▁The ▁post ▁office ▁originally ▁occupied ▁the ▁ground ▁floor ▁with ▁a ▁lo bb y ▁running ▁the ▁width ▁of ▁the ▁Se vent h ▁Street ▁( main ) ▁fac ade . ▁The ▁second ▁floor ▁had ▁offices ▁for ▁court ▁staff ▁and ▁federal ▁ag encies , ▁while ▁the ▁third ▁floor ▁contained ▁the ▁orn ate ▁court rooms
, ▁jud icial ▁ch amb ers , ▁and ▁conference ▁rooms . ▁ ▁R are ▁and ▁ex quis ite ▁materials ▁on ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁flo ors ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁include ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁imported ▁mar ble , ▁such ▁as ▁Car r ara ▁and ▁Y ellow ▁S ien a ▁from ▁Italy , ▁Pacific ▁Coast ▁Sal mon ▁P ink , ▁and ▁Red ▁Num id ian ▁from ▁North ▁Africa . ▁The ▁grand ▁first - floor ▁hall , ▁accessible ▁through ▁massive ▁bronze ▁doors , ▁is ▁p ane led ▁in ▁black - ve ined ▁white ▁Italian ▁mar ble ▁trim med ▁in ▁green ▁mar ble ▁from ▁Maryland ▁and ▁Verm ont . ▁Mar ble ▁m osa ics ▁ad orn ▁the ▁gro in - v ault ed ▁ce iling . ▁The ▁floor ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁cer am ic - t ile ▁m osa ic . ▁St ained - glass ▁dom es ▁ring ed ▁with ▁mar ble - m osa ic ▁tile ▁e ag les ▁enh ance ▁the ▁rot und as ▁at ▁each ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁hall . ▁ ▁The ▁Great ▁Hall , ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁third ▁floor , ▁is ▁ad orn ed ▁with ▁white ▁mar ble ▁walls , ▁Dor ic ▁order ▁columns , ▁and ▁a ▁v ault ed ▁ce iling ▁beautiful ly ▁rib bed ▁with ▁gold ▁trim med ▁pl aster ▁orn ament ation . ▁This ▁hall ▁leads ▁to ▁Court room ▁One , ▁the ▁most ▁elaborate ▁interior ▁space ▁in ▁the ▁building . ▁Origin ally ▁designed ▁for ▁the ▁U . S . ▁District ▁Court , ▁Court room ▁One ▁features ▁Mar ble ▁m osa ics
, ▁columns ▁with ▁car ved ▁Compos ite ▁capit als , ▁car ved ▁fruit ▁mot ifs , ▁cast - pl aster ▁cup ids ▁and ▁flowers , ▁and ▁st ained - glass ▁windows . ▁In ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁op ul ence ▁of ▁the ▁Be aux ▁Arts ▁designed ▁spaces , ▁the ▁two ▁court rooms ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 3 - 1 9 3 4 ▁addition ▁are ▁designed ▁in ▁the ▁sle ek ▁Mod erne ▁style . ▁Det ail ing ▁in ▁these ▁spaces ▁include ▁the ▁lab yr inth - pattern ed ▁ce iling , ▁c ork ▁walls , ▁and ▁g ild ed ▁pl aster ▁e ag les . ▁ ▁Add itions ▁and ▁renov ations ▁took ▁place ▁throughout ▁its ▁history , ▁including ▁an ▁extensive ▁rest oration ▁project ▁over seen ▁by ▁Judge ▁Richard ▁H . ▁Ch amb ers ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁The ▁L oma ▁Pri eta ▁earth qu ake ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁caused ▁major ▁damage , ▁initi ating ▁a ▁$ 9 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁se ism ic ▁retro f itting ▁and ▁rest oration ▁effort . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁installation ▁of ▁base ▁isol ators , ▁the ▁project , ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁architect ural ▁firm ▁of ▁Sk id more , ▁O w ings ▁& ▁M err ill , ▁included ▁rep airs , ▁modern ization , ▁and ▁rest oration ▁and ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁ ▁of ▁space ▁for ▁a ▁law ▁library ▁and ▁offices ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁Post ▁Office ▁area . ▁The ▁building
▁formally ▁re open ed ▁as ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁Building ▁for ▁the ▁N inth ▁Circ uit ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁the ▁sevent h ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁L oma ▁Pri eta ▁earth qu ake . ▁ ▁Sign ific ant ▁events ▁ 1 8 8 7 : ▁U . S . ▁Congress ▁author izes ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁cour th ouse ▁and ▁post ▁office ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ 1 8 9 7 – 1 9 0 5 : ▁The ▁U . S . ▁Cour th ouse ▁and ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁constructed ▁under ▁direction ▁of ▁Super vis ing ▁Arch itect ▁of ▁the ▁Tre as ury ▁James ▁Kno x ▁Taylor ▁ 1 9 0 6 : ▁Despite ▁the ▁dev ast ating ▁destruction ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco ▁by ▁an ▁earth qu ake ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 8 , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Cour th ouse ▁and ▁Post ▁Office ▁surv ives ▁ 1 9 1 0 : ▁Rep airs ▁of ▁earth qu ake ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Cour th ouse ▁and ▁Post ▁Office ▁are ▁completed ▁ 1 9 3 3 – 1 9 3 4 : ▁A ▁four - story ▁wing , ▁designed ▁by ▁San ▁Francisco ▁architect ▁George ▁Kel ham , ▁is ▁constructed ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁building ▁ 1 9 5 9 : ▁Judge ▁Richard ▁H . ▁Ch amb ers ▁is ▁appointed ▁court ▁cust od ian ▁and ▁over se es ▁the ▁rest oration ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁ 1 9
6 4 : ▁The ▁building ▁is ▁renamed ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁and ▁Post ▁Office ▁ 1 9 7 1 : ▁The ▁building ▁is ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁ 1 9 8 9 – 1 9 9 6 : ▁Ext ensive ▁rest oration , ▁renov ation , ▁and ▁se ism ic ▁retro f itting ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁are ▁undert aken ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁L oma ▁Pri eta ▁earth qu ake ▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁Building ▁re opens ▁as ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁for ▁the ▁N inth ▁Circ uit ▁ 2 0 0 5 : ▁Building ▁renamed ▁during ▁cent enn ial ▁celebr ations ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁Judge ▁James ▁R . ▁Brow ning , ▁circuit ▁judge ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Building ▁is ▁declared ▁a ▁National ▁Historic ▁Land mark ▁ ▁Building ▁facts ▁Arch itect s : ▁James ▁Kno x ▁Taylor , ▁Super vis ing ▁Arch itect ▁of ▁the ▁Tre as ury ▁East ▁addition : ▁George ▁Kel ham ▁Cour ty ard ▁addition : ▁Sk id more , ▁O w ings , ▁& ▁M err ill ▁Const ruction ▁dates : ▁ 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 0 5 ; ▁ 1 9 3 3 - 1 9 3 4 ; ▁ 1 9 9 3 – 9 6 ▁Land mark ▁status : ▁List ed ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁Location : ▁
9 5 ▁Se vent h ▁Street ▁Arch itect ural ▁style : ▁Be aux ▁Arts ▁Primary ▁materials : ▁White ▁Sierra ▁gran ite ▁cour ty ards ▁and ▁addition ▁cl ad ▁in ▁white ▁cer am ic - fac ed ▁brick ▁Prom inent ▁features : ▁Great ▁hall ; ▁Court rooms ▁with ▁mar ble ▁and ▁m osa ic ▁orn ament ation ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁Post ▁Off ices ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Att ribution ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : C our th ouses ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Category : F eder al ▁cour th ouses ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁for ▁the ▁N inth ▁Circ uit ▁Category : G overn ment ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁Category : C our th ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁California ▁Category : G overn ment ▁buildings ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Category : Post ▁office ▁buildings ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁California ▁Category : National ▁Historic ▁Land marks ▁in ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Bay ▁Area ▁Category : 1 9 0 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁California ▁Category : 1 9 0 0 s ▁architecture ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Ne oc lass ical ▁architecture ▁in ▁California ▁Category : R ena issance ▁Rev ival ▁architecture ▁in ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁the ▁Japanese ▁craft ▁of ▁sil k ▁cloth ▁pract ised ▁in ▁K ume j ima , ▁Ok ina wa
▁Pref ect ure . ▁ ▁K ume j ima ▁t sum ug i ▁has ▁the ▁longest ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁approximately ▁two ▁hundred ▁forms ▁of ▁t sum ug i , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁k as uri ▁fabric . ▁It ▁is ▁recogn ised ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Import ant ▁Int ang ible ▁Cultural ▁Properties ▁of ▁Japan . ▁ ▁History ▁Sil k ▁production ▁was ▁known ▁in ▁K ume j ima ▁by ▁the ▁fif teenth ▁century , ▁after ▁a ▁local , ▁having ▁studied ▁ser icult ure ▁in ▁M ing ▁D ynast y ▁China , ▁transm itted ▁the ▁techniques . ▁The ▁mul berry ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁grow ▁particularly ▁well ▁on ▁the ▁island . ▁By ▁the ▁sevent e enth ▁century , ▁K ume j ima ▁T sum ug i ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁t ribute ▁paid ▁to ▁the ▁Ry ū ky ū ▁Kings , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁transport ed ▁to ▁E do ▁via ▁the ▁S ats uma ▁Domain . ▁ ▁Technology ▁Sil k ▁fl oss ▁is ▁extracted ▁from ▁sil kw orm ▁c oco ons ▁and ▁sp un ▁by ▁hand ▁into ▁y arn . ▁It ▁is ▁then ▁dy ed ▁with ▁the ▁k as uri ▁technique ▁using ▁ind igen ous ▁plant ▁d yes ▁and ▁a ▁mud ▁m ord ant ▁to ▁give ▁it ▁its ▁usual ▁black - b rown ▁colour ing ; ▁the ▁plants ▁used ▁are ▁the ▁g uru , ▁te ch ika , ▁kur ub o ▁or ▁Japanese ▁pers im mon , ▁y am am omo , ▁and ▁y una ▁or ▁cot ton ▁tree ▁h ib is cus . ▁Finally
▁it ▁is ▁w oven ▁with ▁a ▁ ▁lo om , ▁and ▁ful led ▁by ▁block . ▁ ▁Saf egu arding ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁the ▁ ▁was ▁founded ▁and ▁K ume j ima - ts um ug i ▁was ▁designated ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Import ant ▁Int ang ible ▁Cultural ▁Properties ▁of ▁Japan . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ser icult ure ▁Kas uri ▁Y ū ki ▁T sum ug i ▁Import ant ▁Int ang ible ▁Cultural ▁Properties ▁of ▁Japan ▁National ▁Tre asures ▁of ▁Japan ▁- ▁D ye ing ▁and ▁We aving ▁Represent ative ▁List ▁of ▁the ▁Int ang ible ▁Cultural ▁Heritage ▁of ▁Human ity ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Sil k ▁Category : J apan ese ▁words ▁and ▁phr ases ▁Category : Text ile ▁arts ▁of ▁Japan ▁Category : Import ant ▁Int ang ible ▁Cultural ▁Properties ▁of ▁Japan ▁Category : Ok ina wan ▁culture <0x0A> </s> ▁Gun bla de ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁A ▁fict ional ▁weapon ▁from ▁the ▁Final ▁Fant asy ▁video ▁game ▁series . ▁P istol ▁sword , ▁a ▁rare ▁type ▁of ▁combination ▁weapon ▁in ▁use ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁centuries . ▁Gun bla de ▁NY , ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁S ega ▁ar cade ▁machine . <0x0A> </s> ▁Lake ▁I car ia ▁is ▁a ▁res er voir ▁located ▁ 4 ▁miles ▁north ▁of ▁Cor ning , ▁Iowa ▁in ▁Adams ▁County ▁along ▁Iowa ▁Highway ▁ 1 4 8 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁W aters hed ▁Prote
ction ▁and ▁Flo od ▁Pre vention ▁Act ▁and ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁fed ▁by ▁Wal ters ▁Creek ▁in ▁its ▁north west ▁corner ▁with ▁its ▁dam ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁on ▁the ▁lake . ▁ ▁Its ▁dam ▁is ▁ 1 , 3 0 0 ▁feet ▁long ▁and ▁ 5 6 . 5 ▁feet ▁high . ▁ ▁The ▁lake ▁has ▁a ▁beach , ▁mar ina , ▁play ground s , ▁pic nic ▁sh el ters , ▁cab ins , ▁primitive ▁camp ground , ▁non - prim itive ▁camp ground , ▁and ▁numerous ▁nature ▁tra ils . ▁ ▁Lake ▁I car ia ▁offers ▁great ▁fish ing ▁with ▁larg em outh ▁bass , ▁bl u eg ill , ▁cra pp ie , ▁channel ▁cat fish , ▁per ch , ▁wal ley e , ▁and ▁w i per . ▁ ▁Bo ating ▁and ▁camp ing ▁are ▁very ▁popular , ▁bringing ▁in ▁visitors ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁Iowa , ▁Missouri , ▁and ▁Neb r aska . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Iowa ▁Department ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ' ▁ ▁Lake ▁I car ia ▁site ▁ ▁My ▁County ▁Park s ' ▁Lake ▁I car ia ▁site ▁ ▁I car ia ▁I car ia ▁Category : D ams ▁in ▁Iowa <0x0A> </s> ▁M KB ▁" F ak el " ▁( , ▁" T orch ") ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁P . D . Gr ush in ▁Machine - building ▁Design ▁Bureau ▁is ▁a ▁Russian ▁government - owned ▁a eros pace ▁defense ▁corpor ation ▁located ▁in ▁Kh
im ki . ▁ ▁History ▁M KB ▁F ak el ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁to ▁facil itate ▁development ▁of ▁gu ided ▁surface - to - air ▁miss iles ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁growing ▁threat ▁of ▁US ▁air ▁attack ▁on ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁its ▁al lies . ▁M KB ▁" F ak el " ▁developed ▁miss iles ▁which ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁Soviet ▁surface - to - air ▁defense ▁systems ▁S - 7 5 , ▁ 9 K 3 3 ▁O sa , ▁S - 1 2 5 , ▁S - 2 0 0 , ▁S - 3 0 0 , ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁systems . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁the ▁corpor ation ▁was ▁awarded ▁an ▁Order ▁of ▁Len in ▁for ▁successful ▁development ▁of ▁gu ided ▁miss iles ▁for ▁the ▁S - 7 5 ▁defense ▁system . ▁ ▁Miss iles ▁developed ▁by ▁M KB ▁" F ak el " ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁surface - to - air ▁gu ided ▁miss iles ▁successfully ▁employed ▁in ▁military ▁action . ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁American ▁high ▁alt itude ▁sp y ▁plane ▁U - 2 ▁was ▁shot ▁down ▁near ▁Sver d lov sk ▁by ▁F ak el ' s ▁ 1 1 D ▁miss ile ▁( S - 7 5 ) ▁while ▁il leg ally ▁flying ▁over ▁Soviet ▁territory . ▁Over all , ▁miss iles ▁developed ▁by ▁M KB ▁" F ak el " ▁were ▁employed ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁
3 0 ▁countries , ▁including ▁Cuba , ▁China , ▁Vietnam ▁and ▁destroyed ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁of ▁enemy ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁it ▁was ▁awarded ▁an ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁October ▁Revolution ▁for ▁successful ▁development ▁of ▁gu ided ▁miss iles ▁for ▁the ▁S - 3 0 0 ▁defense ▁system . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁the ▁company ▁joined ▁the ▁Al maz - An te y ▁holding . ▁ ▁Production ▁The ▁b ureau ▁has ▁designed ▁the ▁following ▁tact ical ▁and ▁strateg ic ▁surface - to - air ▁miss iles , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ex o at mos pher ic ▁anti - ball istic ▁miss ile ▁intercept ors : ▁V - 7 5 0 ▁series ▁miss iles ▁( for ▁SA - 2 ▁/ ▁S - 7 5 ) ▁systems ), ▁▁ 5 V 2 4 ▁( V - 6 0 0 ), ▁ 5 V 2 7 ▁( V - 6 0 1 ) ▁miss iles ▁( for ▁SA - 3 ▁/ ▁S - 1 2 5 ▁systems ), ▁ 5 V 2 1 , ▁ 5 V 2 8 , ▁ 5 V 2 8 V ▁miss iles ▁( for ▁SA - 5 ▁/ ▁S - 2 0 0 ▁systems ), ▁▁ 5 V 5 5 K , ▁ 5 V 5 5 R , ▁ 5 V 5 5 R ▁/ ▁ 5 V 5 5 K D , ▁ 5 V 5 5 U , ▁ 4 8 N 6 ,
▁ 4 8 N 6 E 2 ▁miss iles ▁( for ▁SA - 1 0 ▁and ▁SA - 2 0 ▁/ ▁S - 3 0 0 P - series ▁systems ), ▁▁ 4 0 N 6 ▁( for ▁the ▁SA - 2 1 ▁/ ▁S - 4 0 0 ▁system ), ▁▁ 9 M 9 6 ▁series ▁( for ▁the ▁SA - 2 1 ▁/ ▁S - 4 0 0 ▁and ▁the ▁S - 3 5 0 ▁systems ), ▁ 9 M 3 3 , ▁ 9 M 3 3 M 1 , ▁ 9 M 3 3 M 2 , ▁ 9 M 3 3 M 3 , ▁ 9 A 3 3 B M 3 ▁miss iles ▁( for ▁SA - 8 ▁/ ▁ 9 K 3 3 ▁O sa ▁system ), ▁ 9 M 3 3 0 , ▁ 9 M 3 3 1 , ▁ 9 M 3 3 2 , ▁ 9 M 3 3 8 ▁miss iles ▁( for ▁the ▁SA - 1 5 ▁/ ▁ 9 K 3 3 0 ▁Tor - series ▁systems ), ▁▁ 5 1 T 6 ▁( SH - 1 1 ) ▁G org on ▁miss ile ▁( for ▁the ▁A - 1 3 5 ▁AB M - system ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Al maz - An te y ▁Category : Def ence ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : Res earch ▁instit utes ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : Gu ided ▁miss ile ▁manufact ur ers
▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Moscow ▁O blast <0x0A> </s> ▁H S ▁Kon ing in ▁Reg entes ▁was ▁a ▁Dutch ▁hospital ▁ship ▁that ▁was ▁tor ped o ed ▁by ▁the ▁Imperial ▁German ▁Navy ▁sub marine ▁SM ▁U B - 1 0 7 ▁on ▁ 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁while ▁returning ▁to ▁Rot ter dam , ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁from ▁Boston , ▁Lincoln shire , ▁England . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁ ▁H S ▁Kon ing in ▁Reg entes ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁the ▁p addle ▁ste amer ▁P SS ▁Kon ing in ▁Reg entes ▁at ▁the ▁Fair field ▁Sh ip building ▁& ▁Engineering ▁Co . ▁Ltd . ▁ship yard ▁in ▁G ovan , ▁Scotland , ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 . ▁She ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁and ▁completed ▁later ▁that ▁year . ▁The ▁ship ▁was ▁ ▁long , ▁had ▁a ▁beam ▁of ▁, ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁depth ▁of ▁. ▁She ▁was ▁ass essed ▁at ▁ ▁and ▁had ▁triple - exp ansion ▁engines ▁driving ▁her ▁p addle ▁wheel . ▁The ▁engine ▁was ▁r ated ▁at ▁ 1 . 3 0 5 ▁n hp ▁and ▁the ▁ship ▁could ▁reach ▁a ▁maximum ▁speed ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁kn ots . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁ ▁The ▁Kon ing in ▁Reg entes ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁fer ry ▁boat ▁between ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁until ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁She ▁sometimes ▁also ▁carried ▁mail ▁as ▁cargo . ▁ ▁World ▁War
▁I ▁ ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁began , ▁Kon ing in ▁Reg entes ▁was ▁ref itted ▁with ▁special ▁accommod ations ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁layer ▁of ▁paint ▁for ▁service ▁as ▁a ▁hospital ▁ship . ▁Her ▁name ▁was ▁therefore ▁also ▁changed ▁to ▁H S ▁Kon ing in ▁Reg entes . ▁The ▁Kon ing in ▁Reg entes ▁now ▁served ▁on ▁a ▁new ▁route ▁between ▁Rot ter dam , ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁ ▁and ▁Boston , ▁Lincoln shire , ▁England , ▁and ▁operated ▁on ▁this ▁route ▁for ▁nearly ▁the ▁entire ▁war . ▁ ▁S inking ▁ ▁On ▁ 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁Kon ing in ▁Reg entes ▁depart ed ▁Boston ▁bound ▁for ▁Rot ter dam . ▁When ▁she ▁was ▁ 2 1 ▁miles ▁east ▁of ▁Lem an ▁light ship , ▁she ▁was ▁tor ped o ed ▁by ▁the ▁Imperial ▁German ▁Navy ▁sub marine ▁SM ▁U B - 1 0 7 ▁and ▁s ank ▁shortly ▁afterwards . ▁Seven ▁people ▁lost ▁their ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁s inking ▁and ▁the ▁surv iv ors ▁were ▁saved ▁soon ▁after . ▁ ▁W reck ▁ ▁The ▁w reck ▁of ▁Kon ing in ▁Reg entes ▁ ▁lies ▁at ▁a ▁depth ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁is ▁broken ▁in ▁several ▁pieces . ▁It ▁lies ▁close ▁to ▁an ▁English ▁dr illing ▁site , ▁and ▁the ▁sea ▁floor ▁is ▁level ▁with ▁only ▁sand ▁and ▁shell s ; ▁visibility ▁is ▁also ▁very ▁good . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁ship ′ s ▁steam ▁engines ▁lies ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁ship ▁and ▁her ▁de cks ▁have ▁col lapsed ▁and ▁are
▁under ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁sand . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 5 ▁ships ▁Category : Pass enger ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Category : World ▁War ▁I ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Category : H ospital ▁ships ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : P addle ▁steam ers ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁River ▁C ly de ▁Category : Mar itime ▁inc idents ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁Category : World ▁War ▁I ▁ship w re cks ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Sea ▁Category : Sh ips ▁s unk ▁by ▁German ▁sub mar ines ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁of ▁Men ' s ▁Hand ball ▁( in ▁mont en egr in ▁Pr va ▁Mu š ka ▁Liga ) ▁is ▁the ▁top ▁men ' s ▁team ▁hand ball ▁league ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro . ▁It ▁is ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁Hand ball ▁Federation ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro . ▁In ▁the ▁league ▁particip ate ▁eight ▁clubs . ▁ ▁The ▁League ▁was ▁established ▁after ▁the ▁Mont en egr in ▁independence , ▁with ▁first ▁season ▁started ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁Format ▁ ▁From ▁its ▁establish ing , ▁First ▁Mont en egr in ▁Hand ball ▁League ▁regularly ▁consists ▁of ▁eight ▁teams . ▁During ▁the ▁few ▁seasons , ▁in ▁the ▁competition ▁played ▁seven ▁clubs , ▁because ▁the ▁financial ▁or ▁the ▁other ▁problems ▁of ▁some ▁First ▁League ▁members . ▁ ▁League ▁regularly ▁have ▁two ▁parts . ▁During ▁the ▁first ▁part , ▁there ▁is
▁ 1 6 ▁( or ▁ 1 4 ) ▁weeks . ▁After ▁that , ▁during ▁the ▁second ▁part , ▁four ▁best - pla ced ▁clubs ▁are ▁playing ▁play off ▁( T OP 4 ) ▁league ▁for ▁champion , ▁and ▁the ▁others ▁are ▁playing ▁play - out ▁( re leg ating ) ▁league . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁the ▁bottom - pla ced ▁club ▁is ▁re leg ating . ▁Every ▁season , ▁champion ▁of ▁the ▁Mont en egr in ▁Second ▁League ▁is ▁promoted ▁as ▁a ▁new ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁League . ▁ ▁Below ▁is ▁a ▁complete ▁record ▁of ▁how ▁many ▁teams ▁played ▁in ▁each ▁season ▁throughout ▁the ▁league ' s ▁history . ▁▁▁ 8 ▁clubs : ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁ 2 0 0 6 / 0 7 ▁▁ 7 ▁clubs : ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁ 2 0 0 7 / 0 8 ▁▁ 8 ▁clubs : ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁ 2 0 0 8 / 0 9 ▁▁ 8 ▁clubs : ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁ 2 0 0 9 / 1 0 ▁▁ 7 ▁clubs : ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 0 / 1 1 ▁▁ 8 ▁clubs : ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 1 / 1 2 ▁▁ 7 ▁clubs : ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 2 / 1 3 ▁▁ 7 ▁clubs : ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁
2 0 1 3 / 1 4 ▁▁ 7 ▁clubs : ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 4 / 1 5 ▁ ▁Part icip ants ▁ ▁Since ▁its ▁establish ing , ▁in ▁the ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁participated ▁ 1 3 ▁different ▁clubs ▁- ▁R K ▁Lov ć en ▁Cet in je , ▁R K ▁S ut jes ka ▁Nik š ić , ▁R K ▁Ber ane , ▁R K ▁M oj kov ac , ▁R K ▁M orn ar ▁Bar , ▁R K ▁Bud v anska ▁riv ij era ▁Bud va , ▁R K ▁Rud ar ▁Pl jev l ja , ▁R K ▁Bud u ć nost ▁Pod gor ica , ▁R K ▁B oka ▁T iv at , ▁R K ▁Dan il ov grad , ▁R K ▁Ul cin j , ▁R K ▁C ep elin ▁Cet in je ▁and ▁R K ▁Sed mer ac ▁Bar . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁competition , ▁only ▁two ▁towns ▁had ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁First ▁League ▁club ▁- ▁Cet in je ▁and ▁Bar . ▁ ▁Pre vious ▁First ▁League ▁Se asons ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁clubs , ▁during ▁the ▁past , ▁were ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁S FR ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁or ▁FR ▁Y ug oslav ia / Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁First ▁League ▁- ▁that ▁was ▁R K ▁Lov ć en ▁( 2 ▁titles ▁of ▁F RY ▁champion ▁and ▁S CG ▁Cup ▁winner ), ▁R K ▁Rud ar ▁( former ▁Pl jev l ja
), ▁R K ▁Ber ane ▁( former ▁Raj ▁bank a ), ▁R K ▁M orn ar ▁( former ▁F RY ▁Cup ▁final ist ), ▁R K ▁Bud u ć nost ▁and ▁R K ▁M oj kov ac ▁( former ▁Br sk ovo ). ▁ ▁Below ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁Mont en egr in ▁clubs ▁which ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁SF RY , ▁F RY / SC G ▁First ▁League . ▁▁▁ 1 5 ▁seasons : ▁R K ▁Lov ć en ▁Cet in je ▁( ch amp ions : ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ; ▁cup ▁w inners : ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁▁ 8 ▁seasons : ▁R K ▁Rud ar ▁Pl jev l ja , ▁R K ▁M orn ar ▁Bar , ▁R K ▁Ber ane ▁▁ 3 ▁seasons : ▁R K ▁Bud u ć nost ▁Pod gor ica ▁▁ 1 ▁season : ▁R K ▁M oj kov ac ▁ ▁Perform ances ▁by ▁clubs ▁ ▁Below ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁First ▁League ▁clubs ▁who ▁have ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁competition , ▁including ▁the ▁season ▁ 2 0 1 4 / 1 5 . ▁The ▁teams ▁in ▁bold ▁comp ete ▁in ▁First ▁League ▁currently . ▁R K ▁Lov ć en ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁team ▁that ▁played ▁First ▁League ▁in ▁every ▁season . ▁▁▁ 9 ▁seasons : ▁R K ▁Lov ć en ▁Cet in je ▁▁ 8 ▁seasons : ▁R K ▁S ut jes ka ▁Nik š ić , ▁R K ▁Ber ane
, ▁R K ▁M oj kov ac ▁▁ 7 ▁seasons : ▁R K ▁Bud v anska ▁riv ij era ▁Bud va ▁▁ 6 ▁seasons : ▁R K ▁M orn ar ▁Bar , ▁R K ▁Rud ar ▁Pl jev l ja ▁▁ 4 ▁seasons : ▁R K ▁Part iz an ▁T iv at ▁▁ 3 ▁seasons : ▁R K ▁Bud u ć nost ▁Pod gor ica , ▁R K ▁Ul cin j ▁▁ 2 ▁seasons : ▁R K ▁Dan il ov grad , ▁R K ▁C ep elin ▁Cet in je ▁▁ 1 ▁season : ▁R K ▁Sed mer ac ▁Bar ▁ ▁Perform ances ▁by ▁season ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Champions ▁( 2 0 0 7 ▁- ▁) ▁ ▁By ▁season ▁ ▁First ▁champion ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro , ▁in ▁the ▁season ▁ 2 0 0 6 / 0 7 , ▁became ▁R K ▁Lov ć en ▁Cet in je . ▁In ▁the ▁next ▁seasons , ▁another ▁three ▁clubs ▁won ▁the ▁tro phy ▁( R K ▁Ber ane , ▁R K ▁Bud u ć nost ▁Pod gor ica , ▁R K ▁M oj kov ac ) ▁and ▁Bud u ć nost ▁became ▁first ▁club ▁which ▁won ▁two ▁titles ▁in ▁the ▁row . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁season ▁ 2 0 0 9 / 1 0 , ▁Bud u ć nost ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁club ▁to ▁finish ▁a ▁season ▁without ▁losing ▁a ▁point , ▁a ▁fe at ▁repeated ▁by ▁Lov ć en ▁during ▁the ▁season ▁ 2 0 1 2 / 1 3 . ▁ ▁By
▁team ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁four ▁different ▁clubs ▁won ▁the ▁tro phy ▁of ▁Mont en egr in ▁hand ball ▁champion . ▁ ▁Most ▁successful ▁were ▁R K ▁Lov ć en ▁Cet in je ▁with ▁ 4 ▁titles ▁and ▁now ▁dissol ved ▁R K ▁Bud u ć nost ▁Pod gor ica ▁( 2 ▁tro ph ies ). ▁With ▁ 2 ▁titles ▁from ▁FR ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁Championship ▁( 2 0 0 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ), ▁two ▁tro ph ies ▁of ▁F RY ▁Cup ▁W inner ▁( 2 0 0 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁and ▁ 5 ▁wins ▁in ▁Mont en egr in ▁Cup , ▁R K ▁Lov ć en ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁particip ant ▁of ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League . ▁Club s ▁which ▁have ▁one ▁champions ▁tro phy ▁are ▁R K ▁M oj kov ac ▁and ▁R K ▁Ber ane . ▁ ▁European ▁Compet itions ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁E H F ▁ranking ▁list ▁and ▁places ▁distribution , ▁at ▁the ▁season ▁ 2 0 1 4 / 1 5 . ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁Cu ps ▁will ▁particip ate ▁two ▁Mont en egr in ▁clubs ▁( 1 ▁in ▁E H F ▁Cup , ▁ 1 ▁in ▁E H F ▁Challenge ▁Cup ). ▁ ▁The ▁greatest ▁performance ▁of ▁one ▁Mont en egr in ▁club ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁compet itions ▁was ▁noted ▁during ▁the ▁E H F ▁Champions ▁League ▁ 2 0 0 0 / 0 1 , ▁when ▁R K ▁Lov
ć en ▁finished ▁at ▁the ▁fifth ▁place . ▁ ▁All - time ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁table ▁▁ ▁The ▁All - time ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁table ▁is ▁a ▁ranking ▁of ▁all ▁Mont en egr in ▁hand ball ▁clubs ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁performance ▁in ▁the ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League , ▁the ▁top ▁division ▁of ▁Mont en egr in ▁hand ball . ▁In ▁this ▁ranking ▁ 2 ▁points ▁are ▁awarded ▁for ▁a ▁win , ▁ 1 ▁for ▁a ▁draw , ▁and ▁ 0 ▁for ▁a ▁loss . ▁ ▁High light ed ▁clubs ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁League ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 / 1 4 ▁season . ▁ ▁Table ▁is ▁not ▁including ▁the ▁results ▁from ▁the ▁actual ▁season ▁( 2 0 1 4 / 1 5 ). ▁ ▁Se asons ▁not ▁including ▁current ▁season ▁( 2 0 1 4 / 1 5 ) ▁ ▁P lacement ▁by ▁season ▁▁ ▁Below ▁is ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁participants ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁League ▁with ▁their ▁pla c ements ▁during ▁the ▁every ▁single ▁season . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁of ▁Men ' s ▁Hand ball ▁ ▁Mont en egr in ▁hand ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁European ▁compet itions ▁ ▁Mont en egr in ▁Second ▁League ▁of ▁Men ' s ▁Hand ball ▁ ▁Mont en egr in ▁Men ' s ▁Hand ball ▁Cup ▁ ▁Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁of ▁Women ' s ▁Hand ball ▁ ▁Category : Hand ball ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro ▁Category
: Mont en egr in ▁hand ball ▁clubs ▁Category : Hand ball ▁le agues ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro <0x0A> </s> ▁Juan ▁Lap orte , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Juan ▁La ▁Por te ▁( born ▁November ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁box er ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Gu ay ama , ▁Puerto ▁Rico . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁La ▁Por te ▁won ▁the ▁vac ant ▁W BC ▁fe ather weight ▁title , ▁forcing ▁und efe ated ▁Colomb ian ▁Mario ▁" Mart illo " ▁Mir anda ▁to ▁quit ▁on ▁his ▁st ool . ▁Through out ▁his ▁ 2 2 - year - long ▁career , ▁La ▁Por te ▁fought ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁f igh ters ▁of ▁each ▁de cade , ▁including ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁members ▁Salvador ▁San chez , ▁E use bio ▁Pedro za , ▁Az um ah ▁Nelson , ▁Wil fred o ▁G ome z , ▁Barry ▁Mc Gu igan , ▁Kost ya ▁Ts zy u ▁& ▁Jul io ▁Ces ar ▁Ch ave z ▁Sr . ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁with ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 4 0 – 1 1 , ▁with ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁losses ▁being ▁highly ▁compet itive , ▁and ▁sometimes ▁controvers ial , ▁affairs . ▁ ▁Am ateur ▁career ▁Juan ▁Lap orte ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁ 1 1 2 lb ▁New ▁York ▁Golden ▁Glo ves ▁Sub - Nov ice ▁Championship . ▁He ▁defeated ▁Long ▁Island ' s ▁R icky ▁Brown
▁in ▁the ▁final s . ▁Lap orte ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁Joseph ▁N iet o ▁of ▁the ▁Police ▁Athlet ic ▁Le agues ▁Lyn ch ▁Center ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁ 1 1 8 lb ▁Open ▁Championship . ▁Lap orte ▁trained ▁at ▁the ▁L un ar ▁Boys ▁Club ▁in ▁Brook lyn , ▁New ▁York . ▁He ▁had ▁an ▁amateur ▁record ▁of ▁ 2 9 – 6 , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁'' R ing ▁Magazine . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁Juan ▁Lap orte ▁moved ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁at ▁a ▁young ▁age , ▁where ▁he ▁grew ▁up ▁into ▁a ▁pretty ▁well ▁known ▁cont ender , ▁but ▁one ▁that ▁many ▁box ing ▁critics ▁didn ' t ▁consider ▁to ▁be ▁material ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁world ▁champion ▁earlier ▁in ▁his ▁career . ▁ ▁Lap orte ▁built ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁wins , ▁combined ▁with ▁ 1 ▁loss , ▁including ▁a ▁ 7 - round ▁knock out ▁of ▁Jean ▁Lap o inte . ▁But ▁he ▁still ▁was ▁an ▁unknown ▁when ▁given ▁his ▁first ▁chance ▁at ▁a ▁world ▁championship ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁in ▁San ▁Antonio , ▁Texas . ▁ ▁He ▁met ▁legend ary ▁Mexican ▁world ▁Fe ather weight ▁champion ▁Salvador ▁S ánchez ▁there . ▁Lap orte ▁made ▁San chez ▁work ▁hard ▁and ▁won ▁a ▁hand ful ▁of ▁r ounds . ▁He ▁lost ▁to ▁San chez ▁by ▁a ▁ 1 5 - round ▁un anim ous ▁decision . ▁ ▁Lap orte ▁then ▁fought ▁future ▁world ▁champion ▁Rock y ▁Lock ridge ▁in
▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁at ▁Las ▁Veg as , ▁scoring ▁a ▁second - round ▁knock out ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Fe ather weight ▁champion . ▁ ▁Given ▁a ▁second ▁title ▁shot , ▁this ▁time ▁by ▁the ▁W BA , ▁Lap orte ▁met ▁the ▁also ▁legend ary ▁World ▁fe ather weight ▁champion ▁E use bio ▁Pedro za ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁losing ▁a ▁close ▁and ▁controvers ial ▁split ▁decision . ▁The ▁fight ▁was ▁so ▁close ▁that ▁W BC ▁president ▁José ▁S ula im án ▁decided ▁to ▁give ▁Lap orte ▁a ▁rem atch ▁vs ▁San chez ▁for ▁the ▁World ▁Box ing ▁Council ' s ▁world ▁title . ▁ ▁This ▁rem atch ▁wasn ' t ▁going ▁to ▁happen , ▁because ▁San chez ▁died ▁in ▁a ▁car ▁accident ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁August ▁ 1 2 , ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City . ▁Then , ▁the ▁W BC ▁decided ▁to ▁put ▁Lap orte ▁vs . ▁Colomb ian ▁Mario ▁Mir anda ▁for ▁the ▁vac ant ▁world ▁title ▁in ▁a ▁fight ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Mad ison ▁Square ▁Garden . ▁Lap orte ▁dropped ▁Mir anda ▁in ▁the ▁e ighth ▁round ▁and ▁Mir anda ▁quit ▁on ▁his ▁st ool ▁before ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 1 th . ▁Juan ▁Lap orte , ▁the ▁t ough ▁kid ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁who ▁couldn ' t ▁figure ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁world ▁champ ▁versus ▁the ▁legend ary ▁champions ▁of ▁the ▁day , ▁had ▁become ▁a ▁world ▁champion . ▁ ▁Lap orte ▁def ended ▁his ▁title ▁twice , ▁vs . ▁Rub en ▁Cast
illo ▁and ▁Johnny ▁De ▁La ▁Rosa , ▁both ▁ 1 2 ▁r ounds ▁decision ▁wins , ▁then ▁lost ▁it ▁to ▁another ▁Puerto ▁R ican ▁world ▁champion , ▁the ▁legend ary ▁Wil fred o ▁Gó mez . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁Ireland , ▁where ▁he ▁lost ▁a ▁ten - round ▁decision ▁to ▁future ▁world ▁champion ▁Barry ▁Mc Gu igan . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁Lap orte ▁fought ▁Jul io ▁César ▁Ch á vez ▁at ▁the ▁Mad ison ▁Square ▁Garden , ▁and ▁many ▁thought ▁Lap orte ▁des erved ▁the ▁ 1 2 - round ▁decision ▁that ▁night , ▁but ▁he ▁lost ▁a ▁un anim ous ▁decision ▁in ▁a ▁contest ▁for ▁Ch ave z ' s ▁W BC ▁world ▁Jr . ▁Light weight ▁title . ▁ ▁His ▁career ▁went ▁on ▁and ▁off ▁after ▁that ▁day , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁his ▁son ▁died ▁in ▁a ▁d row ning ▁accident . ▁Lap orte ▁buried ▁his ▁title ▁bel t ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁son . ▁ ▁Upon ▁hearing ▁this , ▁S ula iman ▁sent ▁him ▁a ▁new ▁world ▁title ▁bel t ▁to ▁show ▁him ▁support ▁and ▁respect ▁from ▁the ▁box ing ▁community . ▁Lap orte ▁lost ▁another ▁disput ed ▁decision , ▁this ▁time ▁to ▁former ▁world ▁Jr ▁Wel ter weight ▁champion ▁Billy ▁Cost ello ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁then ▁finally ▁retired ▁from ▁box ing . ▁ ▁Life ▁after ▁box ing ▁He ▁has ▁retired ▁to ▁his ▁native ▁country ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁and ▁dedic
ates ▁his ▁time ▁to ▁train ▁children ▁of ▁all ▁ages ▁in ▁his ▁spare ▁time . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁fe ather weight ▁box ing ▁champions ▁List ▁of ▁Puerto ▁R ican ▁box ing ▁world ▁champions ▁List ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Ric ans ▁French ▁imm igration ▁to ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Gu ay ama , ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁Category : P uerto ▁R ican ▁people ▁of ▁French ▁descent ▁Category : Fe ather weight ▁box ers ▁Category : Super - fe ather weight ▁box ers ▁Category : Light - wel ter weight ▁box ers ▁Category : World ▁fe ather weight ▁box ing ▁champions ▁Category : World ▁Box ing ▁Council ▁champions ▁Category : P uerto ▁R ican ▁male ▁box ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Dream ing ▁of ▁the ▁Masters ▁Su ite : ▁Music ▁In sp ired ▁by ▁and ▁D edic ated ▁to ▁John ▁Col tr ane ▁is ▁an ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁Art ▁Ens emble ▁of ▁Chicago ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁Japanese ▁DI W ▁label . ▁It ▁features ▁performances ▁by ▁L ester ▁B owie , ▁Joseph ▁Jar man , ▁Ros co e ▁Mitchell , ▁Mal achi ▁F av ors ▁Mag host ut ▁and ▁Don ▁Mo ye . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁All music ▁review ▁by ▁Brian ▁Ole wn ick ▁states ▁" The ▁Col tr ane ▁songs ▁are ▁played ▁compet ently ▁but ▁without ▁either ▁the ▁ec static ▁abandon ▁of ▁their ▁cre ator , ▁or ▁with ▁the ▁investig atory ▁intelligence ▁and ▁wit ▁of
▁the ▁ ▁Art ▁Ens emble ▁at ▁its ▁peak ... ▁The ▁remaining ▁compos itions ▁walk ▁a ▁similarly ▁safe ▁line ; ▁they ' re ▁pleasant ▁enough ▁and ▁well - play ed ▁but ▁don ' t ▁have ▁the ▁b ite ▁or ▁passion ▁that ▁adm ir ers ▁of ▁this ▁super b ▁ensemble ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁expect ". ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁" D ream ing ▁of ▁the ▁Masters " ▁( J ar man ) ▁ 1 : 0 4 ▁ ▁" Call ▁of ▁the ▁Captain " ▁( Art ▁Ens emble ▁of ▁Chicago ) ▁- ▁ 2 : 2 0 ▁ ▁" Im press ions " ▁( Col tr ane ) ▁- ▁ 6 : 4 7 ▁ ▁" Col ors ▁To o " ▁( Art ▁Ens emble ▁of ▁Chicago ) ▁- ▁ 6 : 1 3 ▁ ▁" Na ima " ▁( Col tr ane ) ▁ 5 : 3 7 ▁ ▁" Sp irit ual " ▁( Col tr ane ) ▁- ▁ 2 : 4 6 ▁ ▁" O hn ed ar uth " ▁( Art ▁Ens emble ▁of ▁Chicago ) ▁- ▁ 7 : 0 2 ▁ ▁" Go ▁A head " ▁( Art ▁Ens emble ▁of ▁Chicago ) ▁- ▁ 7 : 3 7 ▁ ▁" S ong ▁for ▁At ala " ▁( M itch ell ) ▁- ▁ 6 : 5 6 ▁ ▁" D ream ing ▁of ▁the ▁Masters " ▁( J ar man ) ▁- ▁ 0 : 4 8 ▁Record ed ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 2 ▁& ▁ 1
4 ▁and ▁March ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 1 ▁& ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁at ▁Systems ▁Two ▁Studios , ▁Brook lyn , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Person nel ▁L ester ▁B owie ▁– ▁tr ump et , ▁fl ugel horn ▁Mal achi ▁F av ors ▁Mag host ut ▁– ▁bass , ▁per cussion ▁Joseph ▁Jar man ▁– ▁sa x oph ones , ▁clar in ets , ▁per cussion ▁Ros co e ▁Mitchell ▁– ▁sa x oph ones , ▁clar in ets , ▁fl ute , ▁per cussion ▁Don ▁Mo ye ▁– ▁Sun ▁per cussion ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁albums ▁Category : DI W ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : Art ▁Ens emble ▁of ▁Chicago ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Bil al ▁Sid ib é ▁( born ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Maur itan ian ▁football ▁▁ ▁for ▁amateur ▁team ▁V end ée ▁Po ir é ▁sur ▁Vie . ▁ ▁Career ▁The ▁def ender ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Maur it ania ▁national ▁team . ▁He ▁scored ▁an ▁own ▁goal ▁for ▁Egypt ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁African ▁Cup ▁of ▁Nations ▁( qual ification ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M aur it ania ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : M aur itan ian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : M aur itan ian ▁football ers
▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Sen eg al ▁Category : V end ée ▁Po ir é - sur - V ie ▁Football ▁players ▁Category : G SI ▁Pont iv y ▁players ▁Category : AS ▁Vit ré ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁N ou ak ch ott ▁Category : AS ▁Gab ès ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Santo ▁Dom ingo ▁is ▁a ▁neighbourhood ▁( bar rio ) ▁of ▁As un ción , ▁Par agu ay . ▁ ▁Notable ▁residents ▁H ora cio ▁Cart es , ▁current ▁president ▁of ▁Par agu ay . ▁ ▁Category : Ne igh bour hood s ▁of ▁As un ción <0x0A> </s> ▁Le uc optera ▁st roph id ota ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁Lyon eti idae ▁family ▁that ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁Australia . ▁ ▁They ▁probably ▁mine ▁the ▁leaves ▁of ▁their ▁host ▁plant . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Australian ▁Fa unal ▁Directory ▁ ▁Category : Le uc optera ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁Category : End em ic ▁fa una ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sh ining ▁sun be am ▁( Ag la e act is ▁cup rip ennis ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁hum ming bird ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Tro ch il idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Colombia , ▁E cuador , ▁and ▁Peru . ▁Its ▁natural ▁habit ats ▁are ▁subt rop ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁mo ist ▁mont ane ▁forest ▁and ▁subt rop
ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁high - alt itude ▁shr ub land . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Short ▁straight ▁bill , ▁male ▁met all ic ▁dus ky ▁brown ▁above , ▁dark ▁on ▁crown ▁and ▁ear - cover ts . ▁ ▁Area ▁of ▁gl itter ing ▁pur ple ▁on ▁lower ▁back ▁becoming ▁co pp ery ▁on ▁r ump ▁and ▁green ▁on ▁upp ert ail ▁cover ts . ▁ ▁Face ▁and ▁under parts ▁c inn am on - ruf ous . ▁T ail ▁bron zy ▁o live , ▁later al ▁fe athers ▁with ▁r uf ous ▁on ▁inner ▁web s . ▁ ▁Fem ale ▁similar ▁to ▁male ▁except ▁lack ▁most ▁of ▁gl itter ▁on ▁back ▁and ▁r ump . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁and ▁distribution ▁The ▁sh in ning ▁sun be am ▁is ▁ind igen ous ▁to ▁tropical ▁regions , ▁more ▁specifically ▁E cuador , ▁Peru , ▁and ▁Columbia ; ▁however , ▁this ▁species ▁has ▁different ▁m ating ▁seasons ▁in ▁each ▁of ▁these ▁countries . ▁In ▁E cuador ▁the ▁m ating ▁season ▁ranges ▁from ▁February ▁to ▁April , ▁while ▁in ▁Columbia ▁the ▁season ▁last ▁from ▁March ▁to ▁September , ▁and ▁in ▁Peru ▁the ▁season ▁only ▁occurs ▁b ian n ually ▁in ▁November ▁and ▁April . ▁ ▁The ▁fact ▁that ▁all ▁three ▁neighbor ing ▁habit ats ▁all ▁have ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁April ▁in ▁common ▁suggest ▁that ▁the ▁sh in ning ▁sun be am ▁origin ated ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁location ▁and ▁later ▁dispers ed . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁and ▁e col ogy ▁ ▁Diet ▁Sh ining ▁sun be ams ▁are ▁mainly

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