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{"datasets_id": 210, "wiki_id": "Q4030837", "sp": 6, "sc": 573, "ep": 10, "ec": 368} | 210 | Q4030837 | 6 | 573 | 10 | 368 | 31st Rifle Division | Interwar period & World War II | stationed near Gusar, Khachmas, and Quba. The division's main body, excluding the headquarters, moved to the Iranian and Turkish borders in April, engaging in strengthening the border defenses by building roads and fortifications. World War II The division began World War II in the district's 40th Rifle Corps alongside the 9th Rifle Division. It included the 75th, 177th, and the 248th Rifle Regiments, as well as the 32nd Light Artillery Regiment and the 104th Sapper Battalion. In July it became part of the newly formed 45th Army, covering the Turkish border. After the Red Army suffered heavy losses in the |
{"datasets_id": 210, "wiki_id": "Q4030837", "sp": 10, "sc": 368, "ep": 10, "ec": 905} | 210 | Q4030837 | 10 | 368 | 10 | 905 | 31st Rifle Division | World War II | Battle of Kiev and in the Donbass, the 31st was one of the divisions sent north to fill the gap. By 12 October, it was at Taganrog on the coast of the Black Sea, assigned to the Taganrog Group, which became part of the 56th Army in November. With the army, the division fought in the Battle of Rostov and on the Mius during the winter of 1941–1942.
When Case Blue, the German summer offensive of 1942, began, the army and the division retreated into the Caucasus. In July it was transferred to the 12th Army and in August to the |
{"datasets_id": 210, "wiki_id": "Q4030837", "sp": 10, "sc": 905, "ep": 10, "ec": 1496} | 210 | Q4030837 | 10 | 905 | 10 | 1,496 | 31st Rifle Division | World War II | North Caucasian Front's 18th Army. The 31st suffered heavy losses in the defense of Tuapse, and on 29 August it was reinforced by the 818th Rifle Regiment, formed from the remnants of the 9th NKVD Motorized Division, which replaced the disbanded 177th Regiment. At the end of the year, when the German retreat from the Caucasus began after their defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad, the division was transferred to the 46th Army, advancing north along the Black Sea coast.
Between March and May 1943, the 46th Army and the 31st Division were moved north in the Reserve of the Supreme |
{"datasets_id": 210, "wiki_id": "Q4030837", "sp": 10, "sc": 1496, "ep": 10, "ec": 2083} | 210 | Q4030837 | 10 | 1,496 | 10 | 2,083 | 31st Rifle Division | World War II | High Command (RVGK), joining the Southwestern Front. The division remained with the army in the front, which became the 3rd Ukrainian Front on 20 October, until the end of 1943. During the Battle of the Dnieper, the division was transferred to the 2nd Ukrainian Front's 4th Guards Army. It advanced into Romania in the Jassy–Kishinev Offensive with the front during July and August 1944, mostly part of the 4th Guards Army. In September, the division was withdrawn to the RVGK with the 52nd Army's 78th Rifle Corps. The division went back into combat in October with the corps and army, |
{"datasets_id": 210, "wiki_id": "Q4030837", "sp": 10, "sc": 2083, "ep": 10, "ec": 2760} | 210 | Q4030837 | 10 | 2,083 | 10 | 2,760 | 31st Rifle Division | World War II | part of the 1st Ukrainian Front.
From January 1945, it fought in the Vistula–Oder Offensive. In February, the 32nd Artillery Regiment was equipped with twenty 76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3) and twelve 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), practically full strength by the 1942–1943 tables of equipment and organization, but the regiment's vehicle park was very diverse, incorporating 29 Lend-Lease Studebaker US6 2½-ton 6x6 trucks, a 1½-ton Lend-Lease Chevrolet G506 truck, five Soviet-made trucks, four captured German trucks, and six Soviet tractors. Towards the end of the war, despite a chronic shortage of riflemen, the division's artillery remained at full strength. |
{"datasets_id": 210, "wiki_id": "Q4030837", "sp": 10, "sc": 2760, "ep": 14, "ec": 157} | 210 | Q4030837 | 10 | 2,760 | 14 | 157 | 31st Rifle Division | World War II & Postwar | The division fought in the Berlin Offensive in April. From 6 to 11 May, the 31st fought in the Prague Offensive, during which the army advanced south into Czechoslovakia from Bunzlau, reaching the Labe River northeast of Prague by the end of the operation. During the war, it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of Suvorov 2nd class, and the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 2nd class. Postwar The division and its corps were relocated to Poland with the 52nd Army in the area of Kielce, Częstochowa, and Kraków in June. It became part of the Northern |
{"datasets_id": 210, "wiki_id": "Q4030837", "sp": 14, "sc": 157, "ep": 14, "ec": 425} | 210 | Q4030837 | 14 | 157 | 14 | 425 | 31st Rifle Division | Postwar | Group of Forces there. In the fall of 1945, the army and the 31st Division with the corps were relocated to the Slavuta in the Lvov Military District in western Ukraine. The division was disbanded in July 1946 along with the corps in the Carpathian Military District. |
{"datasets_id": 211, "wiki_id": "Q16057571", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 592} | 211 | Q16057571 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 592 | 397th Bombardment Squadron | World War I | 397th Bombardment Squadron World War I With the entry of the United States into World War I, the War Department believed it was necessary to establish an air presence along the Atlantic terminus of the Panama Canal as a defensive measure against an enemy seaborne attack.
In advancing its plans for the defense of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, the joint Army-Navy board recommended the establishment of eight aeronautic stations which, with a strength of two dirigibles and six or eight seaplanes each, could immediately conduct patrol work. Significantly, the only site definitely advanced as vital in |
{"datasets_id": 211, "wiki_id": "Q16057571", "sp": 6, "sc": 592, "ep": 6, "ec": 1173} | 211 | Q16057571 | 6 | 592 | 6 | 1,173 | 397th Bombardment Squadron | World War I | the overall plan was that at the Coco Solo United States Navy submarine base near Colón in the Canal Zone.
The Army selected Captain Henry H. Arnold, then in training at the Army Aviation School at Rockwell Field, near San Diego, to proceed immediately to the Canal Zone and form and command an aviation squadron there. This unit was designated the 7th Aero Squadron and was organized on 29 March 1917. Captain Arnold did not remain long with the 7th Aero Squadron, however, as he returned to the United States in April 1917. The squadron personnel arrived for duty in the |
{"datasets_id": 211, "wiki_id": "Q16057571", "sp": 6, "sc": 1173, "ep": 6, "ec": 1711} | 211 | Q16057571 | 6 | 1,173 | 6 | 1,711 | 397th Bombardment Squadron | World War I | Canal Zone with 51 officers and enlisted men. Initially garrisoned at Ancón, Canal Zone at the end of March 1917, the unit moved to Corozal by 16 April. They then moved to the large temporary camp at Empire, Canal Zone in May, all on the Pacific side of the isthmus – not making the move to Fort Sherman's parade field until around 29 August 1917, on the Atlantic side. The unit did not receive its first aircraft until about 10 December 1917, when two Curtiss R-4's were tested at Fort Sherman. These were followed by Curtiss R-6's on |
{"datasets_id": 211, "wiki_id": "Q16057571", "sp": 6, "sc": 1711, "ep": 10, "ec": 293} | 211 | Q16057571 | 6 | 1,711 | 10 | 293 | 397th Bombardment Squadron | World War I & Between the wars | 12 February 1918 which were supplied by the Navy. Besides its Curtiss R-4's and R-6's, the unit also had two Curtiss R-3's which, oddly, had arrived after the R-4's, in late December 1917.
With the end of World War I most of the 7th Aero Squadron's personnel were transferred back to the United States for demobilization. Between the wars After the war, the squadron evolved into the 7th Squadron (14 March 1921), 7th Observation Squadron (25 January 1925), 7th Reconnaissance Squadron (1 September 1937), 7th Reconnaissance Squadron (Medium Range) (6 December 1939) and 7th Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) (20 November 1940) before |
{"datasets_id": 211, "wiki_id": "Q16057571", "sp": 10, "sc": 293, "ep": 10, "ec": 967} | 211 | Q16057571 | 10 | 293 | 10 | 967 | 397th Bombardment Squadron | Between the wars | being finally redesignated as the 397th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 22 April 1942. The squadron was assigned to the 6th Composite Group.
After World War I, the squadron is credited with having operated numerous aircraft types between 1919 and 1931. These included, the venerable U.S.-built Dayton-Wright DH-4 series of light bomber/general purpose aircraft; the Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny" family of trainers; the Loening OA-1 amphibians, these being uniquely suited to conditions in Panama, Douglas O-2 observation aircraft and, surprisingly, Curtiss HS-1 and HS-2L flying boats. Of the DH-4's, the first six postwar examples, all virtually stock DH-4B's, arrived |
{"datasets_id": 211, "wiki_id": "Q16057571", "sp": 10, "sc": 967, "ep": 10, "ec": 1588} | 211 | Q16057571 | 10 | 967 | 10 | 1,588 | 397th Bombardment Squadron | Between the wars | for duty with the 7th in February 1920, replacing the well-worn Curtiss R-6's and other earlier DH-4's. By 16 February 1922, the squadron had seven "war-built" DH-4's, four DH-4B's, the solitary Curtiss JN-4H, three Curtiss JN-6's. By August, all but one of the "war-built" DH-4's had been scrapped and one of the DH-4B's had been converted to DH-4BP-1 (photographic) configuration.
By June 1927, the squadron, now in a very lean peacetime stance, had but eight aircraft. These consisted of four DH-4M's, a solitary DH-4B, a Loening OA-l and two Loening OA-1As.
In 1937, the 6th Group, which had been a |
{"datasets_id": 211, "wiki_id": "Q16057571", "sp": 10, "sc": 1588, "ep": 10, "ec": 2208} | 211 | Q16057571 | 10 | 1,588 | 10 | 2,208 | 397th Bombardment Squadron | Between the wars | composite unit since its establishment in 1919, became the 6th Bombardment Group. The squadron was equipped with Douglas B-18 Bolos, although a single Northrop A-17 Nomad was also assigned for a period, together with a Sikorsky OA-8.
By 1 February 1940, the assignment to the 6th Bombardment Group was changed to an attachment, as the unit was reassigned to the 19th Composite Wing and placed under the control of the Caribbean Air Force staff as one of the dedicated reconnaissance elements reporting to that headquarters. On 4 June 1941, it was assigned one Boeing B-17B Flying Fortress, the first production |
{"datasets_id": 211, "wiki_id": "Q16057571", "sp": 10, "sc": 2208, "ep": 14, "ec": 58} | 211 | Q16057571 | 10 | 2,208 | 14 | 58 | 397th Bombardment Squadron | Between the wars & World War II | version of the Flying Fortress, which had been transferred to the command. Obsolete as a bomber, the mission of the B-17B was long-range reconnaissance in the Canal Zone, although the aircraft retained its defensive machine guns for defense against any enemy aircraft it may encounter On 8 October 1941, it was once again assigned to the 6th Bombardment Group and, on 27 November, the unit moved from France Field to the newly constructed Howard Field on the Pacific side, where it received four additional B-17Bs. World War II After the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor the Squadron was |
{"datasets_id": 211, "wiki_id": "Q16057571", "sp": 14, "sc": 58, "ep": 14, "ec": 700} | 211 | Q16057571 | 14 | 58 | 14 | 700 | 397th Bombardment Squadron | World War II | almost immediately deployed to David Field, Panama. The Squadron's B-17 Flying Fortress aircraft deployed elsewhere (mainly to Guatemala City Airport) to begin the Pacific patrols in early January 1942. The squadron was redesignated as the 397th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) effective 22 April 1942.
The return to David Field came just in time for deployment of the unit as a whole from David to Talara Airfield, Peru, where it arrived on 18 August. From there the squadron undertook the Pacific patrol arc out to Seymour Airport in the Galápagos Islands and, sometimes, on to Guatemala City Airport. These flights continued, almost |
{"datasets_id": 211, "wiki_id": "Q16057571", "sp": 14, "sc": 700, "ep": 14, "ec": 1302} | 211 | Q16057571 | 14 | 700 | 14 | 1,302 | 397th Bombardment Squadron | World War II | non-stop, through May 1943, when the unit was relieved and returned to Río Hato Field in Panama. The LB-30's retained their original British serial numbers throughout their service with the squadron. Upon its return to Rio Hato on 4 May 1943, the 397th was transformed, as an entirely new cadre of personnel replaced the veterans of the Galapagos and earlier tours there. Three days later, the Squadron moved to Howard Field in the Canal Zone, although this was apparently a mere paper move of its headquarters, as the unit's aircraft and personnel actually remained at Rio Hato.
On 1 January |
{"datasets_id": 211, "wiki_id": "Q16057571", "sp": 14, "sc": 1302, "ep": 14, "ec": 1921} | 211 | Q16057571 | 14 | 1,302 | 14 | 1,921 | 397th Bombardment Squadron | World War II | 1944, the squadron received orders to deploy four of its LB-30's to France Field to participate in the search for several marauding German U-Boats which were causing considerable alarm in the Caribbean. While at France Field, the aircraft also flew navigational and bombing exercises.
All of this was preparatory to the unit's deployment to the Galapagos Islands and, starting 7 April 1944, the ground echelon started movement to Balboa, Canal Zone, via truck for the transfer. The air element got four more B-24J's on 8 April and, with these, flew with the earlier two B-24J's and two B-24D's to Seymour Field |
{"datasets_id": 211, "wiki_id": "Q16057571", "sp": 14, "sc": 1921, "ep": 18, "ec": 177} | 211 | Q16057571 | 14 | 1,921 | 18 | 177 | 397th Bombardment Squadron | World War II & Reactivation in 2015 | in the Galapagos. Other missions, besides the normal long-distance patrols, saw 397th aircraft operating to Salinas Airport, Ecuador; Havana Airport, Cuba; Borinquen Field, Puerto Rico; Managua Airport, Nicaragua; Cartagena airport, Colombia and elsewhere throughout Central and South America.
In February 1945, the unit was relieved from duty in the Galapagos and returned to Rio Hato, where the unit ended the war, on 1 November 1946 when it was inactivated. Reactivation in 2015 On 1 May 2015, the unit was redesignated 7th Reconnaissance Squadron. It was reactivated at Naval Air Station Sigonella, Sicily, Italy on 15 May, where it replaced Detachment 1, |
{"datasets_id": 211, "wiki_id": "Q16057571", "sp": 18, "sc": 177, "ep": 18, "ec": 283} | 211 | Q16057571 | 18 | 177 | 18 | 283 | 397th Bombardment Squadron | Reactivation in 2015 | 69th Reconnaissance Group. It is assigned to the 69th Group at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota. |
{"datasets_id": 212, "wiki_id": "Q229253", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 584} | 212 | Q229253 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 584 | 39M Csaba | Development | 39M Csaba Development Hungarian expatriate Nicholas Straussler designed several armoured cars for Britain while living there between the two world wars. Straussler came to an agreement with the Weiss Manfred factory of Csepel, Budapest to produce vehicles from his designs for use in his home country - the most prominent was the Csaba (named after the son of Attila the Hun) which was designed based on his experience of the Alvis AC2 armoured car.
After successful trials in 1939, the Hungarian Army placed an order for 61, and a further order for an additional 40 vehicles was placed in 1940. Of |
{"datasets_id": 212, "wiki_id": "Q229253", "sp": 6, "sc": 584, "ep": 6, "ec": 1200} | 212 | Q229253 | 6 | 584 | 6 | 1,200 | 39M Csaba | Development | these, twenty were used as actual fighting vehicles, with the remainder serving as armoured command cars and reconnaissance vehicles.
The Csaba had a 20 mm Solothurn anti-tank rifle and an 8 mm machine gun fixed on a centrally mounted turret, with 9 mm armoured plating. The vehicle was also equipped with a detachable 8 mm light machine gun fired through the rear hatch in the anti-aircraft role. The crew could dismount and carry this MG when conducting reconnaissance on foot. It also had two driving positions - one at the front as normal, and an additional one at the rear.
The 40M Csaba was a |
{"datasets_id": 212, "wiki_id": "Q229253", "sp": 6, "sc": 1200, "ep": 6, "ec": 1357} | 212 | Q229253 | 6 | 1,200 | 6 | 1,357 | 39M Csaba | Development | command version armed only with the turret-mounted 8 mm machine gun. This vehicle was fitted with a second R-4T radio, which had a large lattice radio mast. |
{"datasets_id": 213, "wiki_id": "Q48990457", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 192} | 213 | Q48990457 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 192 | 3rd Armored Division Artillery (United States) | World War II & Cold War | 3rd Armored Division Artillery (United States) World War II The 3rd Armored Division Artillery was first constituted on 13 January 1941 in the Regular Army as the Artillery Section of the division headquarters, and activated on 15 April with the division at Camp Beauregard. On 1 March 1942, it was redesignated as the Divisional Artillery Command. After the end of World War II, it was inactivated in Germany on 10 November 1945. Cold War While inactive, the Divisional Artillery Command was consolidated with the division Service Company (excluding for the Military Police Platoon), and redesignated as the Division Artillery. The |
{"datasets_id": 213, "wiki_id": "Q48990457", "sp": 10, "sc": 192, "ep": 14, "ec": 161} | 213 | Q48990457 | 10 | 192 | 14 | 161 | 3rd Armored Division Artillery (United States) | Cold War & Gulf War | Division Artillery headquarters and headquarters battery (HHB) was reactivated with the division at Fort Knox on 30 July 1948. On 1 July 1955, it was redesignated the 3rd Armored Division Artillery. Gulf War DIVARTY was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for its actions in the war. After returning to Germany, DIVARTY was inactivated there on 16 September 1991. |
{"datasets_id": 214, "wiki_id": "Q4637636", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 212} | 214 | Q4637636 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 212 | 41st Brigade (United Kingdom) | 41st Brigade (United Kingdom) The 41st Brigade was a formation of the British Army. It was one of the new army or Kitchener's Army brigades, and assigned to the 14th (Light) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War. |
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{"datasets_id": 215, "wiki_id": "Q1317511", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 402} | 215 | Q1317511 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 402 | 42nd parallel north | Canada | 42nd parallel north Canada The parallel 42° north passes through the southern end of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. Part of the water boundary between Canada and the United States passes south of the 42nd parallel. The southern tip of the Canadian province of Ontario just barely goes south of it at Point Pelee and Pelee Island, while the southernmost portion of the Town of Essex at Colchester is located below the 42nd parallel. |
{"datasets_id": 216, "wiki_id": "Q48731823", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 29} | 216 | Q48731823 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 29 | 47th International Film Festival of India | Opening film | 47th International Film Festival of India Opening film "Afterimage" by Andrzej Wajda |
{"datasets_id": 217, "wiki_id": "Q4639061", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 411} | 217 | Q4639061 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 411 | 4 Little Dream Songs | 4 Little Dream Songs 4 Little Dream Songs is a series of 4 pieces for solo classical guitar, composed by Takashi Yoshimatsu in 1993. It was written as a supplement to the composer's Tender Toys works and consists of transcriptions for guitar and harmonica of various melodies which were used in broadcasts and stage plays.
The sheet music for these pieces was issued together in Yoshimatsu Collected Works Vol. 3 for Guitar. |
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{"datasets_id": 218, "wiki_id": "Q4639230", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 561} | 218 | Q4639230 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 561 | 4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom) | Second Boer War | 4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom) Second Boer War Following the outbreak of the Second Boer War in late 1899, a 4th Cavalry Brigade was established under the command of Major-General John Dickson. The brigade was composed of squadrons from the 7th Dragoon Guards, 8th Hussars and 17th Lancers, with drafts from the 19th Hussars and 1st Dragoons, and was mobilized for service on 1 January 1900, leaving for South Africa the following month. The Mounted Infantry for the brigade was 300 men strong, and was drawn from the 2nd Battalion Leicestershire Regiment, the 1st Battalion Royal Berkshire Regiment, the 1st |
{"datasets_id": 218, "wiki_id": "Q4639230", "sp": 6, "sc": 561, "ep": 10, "ec": 308} | 218 | Q4639230 | 6 | 561 | 10 | 308 | 4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom) | Second Boer War & Mobilization | Battalion Yorkshire Light Infantry, the 2nd Battalion Manchester Regiment, the 4th Battalion of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, and the 4th Battalion of the Rifle Brigade, with a machine-gun section from the 2nd Battalion Liverpool Regiment. The No. 20 Field Hospital Royal Army Medical Corps was attached to the brigade. Mobilization 4th Cavalry Brigade was a peacetime formation of the British Army, based in Eastern Command. At the outbreak of the war, it was headquartered at Canterbury and commanded the 6th Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers) (at Canterbury), 3rd (King's Own) Hussars (at Shorncliffe) and 4th Signal Troop, Royal Engineers (at |
{"datasets_id": 218, "wiki_id": "Q4639230", "sp": 10, "sc": 308, "ep": 10, "ec": 930} | 218 | Q4639230 | 10 | 308 | 10 | 930 | 4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom) | Mobilization | Canterbury). A number of units were attached to the brigade: the 19th (Queen Alexandra's Own Royal) Hussars at Hounslow, the Woolwich-based X Brigade, RHA (P and R Batteries), II Brigade, RHA (consisting of just C Battery and based at Canterbury) and King Edward's Horse of the Special Reserve (based at Chelsea).
On mobilization, the brigade was brought up to its full – three regiment – strength with the addition of the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment; 4th Cavalry Brigade Field Ambulance also joined and the attached units departed at this point. The brigade joined The Cavalry Division along with 1st, |
{"datasets_id": 218, "wiki_id": "Q4639230", "sp": 10, "sc": 930, "ep": 14, "ec": 494} | 218 | Q4639230 | 10 | 930 | 14 | 494 | 4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom) | Mobilization & Early Actions | 2nd and 3rd Cavalry Brigades and moved to France in August 1914. Early Actions With The Cavalry Division, the brigade took part in a number of actions during the early war of movement: the Battle of Mons (23–24 August), the Battle of Le Cateau (26 August), the Action at Néry (1 September), the Battle of the Marne (6–9 September) and the Battle of the Aisne (12–15 September).
The brigade was transferred to the 2nd Cavalry Division on 14 October 1914 to bring it up to the standard three brigade strength. It remained with the division on the Western Front until |
{"datasets_id": 218, "wiki_id": "Q4639230", "sp": 14, "sc": 494, "ep": 18, "ec": 564} | 218 | Q4639230 | 14 | 494 | 18 | 564 | 4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom) | Early Actions & 2nd Cavalry Division | the end of the war. 2nd Cavalry Division In 1914, the brigade, with the division, took part in First Battle of Ypres, notably the battle of Gheluvelt (29–31 October). On 11 November, the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment was broken up and its constituent squadrons rejoined their parent regiments. The 1/1st Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars, a Yeomanry regiment, joined in its place.
In 1915, the division was in action at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle (10–12 March 1915) and the Second Battle of Ypres notably the Battle of St Julien (26 April–3 May) and the Battle of Bellewaarde Ridge (24–25 |
{"datasets_id": 218, "wiki_id": "Q4639230", "sp": 18, "sc": 564, "ep": 22, "ec": 12} | 218 | Q4639230 | 18 | 564 | 22 | 12 | 4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom) | 2nd Cavalry Division & War of movement | May).
On 28 February 1916, a Machine Gun Squadron was formed from the machine gun sections of the brigade's constituent regiments.
1916 saw no notable actions, but in 1917 the division saw action in the Battle of Arras (First Battle of the Scarpe, 9–11 April). and the Battle of Cambrai (the Tank Attack of 20–21 November, the Capture of Bourlon Wood of 24–28 November and the German Counter-Attack of 30 November–3 December). At other times, the brigade formed a dismounted unit and served in the trenches as a regiment under the command of the brigadier. War of movement 1918 saw the |
{"datasets_id": 218, "wiki_id": "Q4639230", "sp": 22, "sc": 12, "ep": 22, "ec": 570} | 218 | Q4639230 | 22 | 12 | 22 | 570 | 4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom) | War of movement | return of the war of movement and the division took part in the First Battle of the Somme notably the Battle of St Quentin (21–23 March), the Battle of the Lys (Battle of Hazebrouck of 14–15 April), the Battle of Amiens (8–11 August) and the Second Battle of the Somme (Battle of Albert of 21–23 August and the Second Battle of Bapaume of 31 August–3 September).
The division was then split up with the 4th Cavalry Brigade serving with Third Army. The brigade took part in the battles of the Hindenburg Line, notably the Battle of the Canal du Nord |
{"datasets_id": 218, "wiki_id": "Q4639230", "sp": 22, "sc": 570, "ep": 26, "ec": 369} | 218 | Q4639230 | 22 | 570 | 26 | 369 | 4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom) | War of movement & Armistice | (27 September–1 October) and the Pursuit to the Selle (9–12 October). Its final action was to take part in the Advance in Picardy (17 October–11 November) including the Battle of the Sambre (4 November), still with Third Army. Armistice At the Armistice, the brigade had reached Erquelinnes with Third Army. On 15 November, the division was re-assembled near Maubeuge and ordered to advance into Germany as an advance screen for Fourth Army and form part of the Occupation Force. The move began on 17 November, Ciney and Rochefort were reached five days later.
In late December, the division moved |
{"datasets_id": 218, "wiki_id": "Q4639230", "sp": 26, "sc": 369, "ep": 30, "ec": 319} | 218 | Q4639230 | 26 | 369 | 30 | 319 | 4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom) | Armistice & Second World War | to winter quarters south and south-east of Liège. It remained here until 30 January 1919 when it exchanged regiments with 1st and 3rd Cavalry Divisions then gradually moved back to England. The Division ceased to exist at midnight 31 March / 1 April 1919. Second World War The 4th Cavalry Brigade was reformed in October 1939 and took command of a composite regiment of Household Cavalry and two Yeomanry regiments (North Somerset Yeomanry and Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry). It joined the 1st Cavalry Division when it was formed on 31 October 1939.
With the 1st Cavalry Division, the 4th |
{"datasets_id": 218, "wiki_id": "Q4639230", "sp": 30, "sc": 319, "ep": 30, "ec": 935} | 218 | Q4639230 | 30 | 319 | 30 | 935 | 4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom) | Second World War | Cavalry Brigade departed the United Kingdom in February 1940, transited across France, and arrived in Palestine on 20 February 1940. It served as a garrison force under British Forces, Palestine and Trans-Jordan.
From 6 May 1941 the brigade, together with a battalion of infantry from the Essex Regiment, a mechanised regiment from the Arab Legion and supporting artillery was organised as Habforce for operations in Iraq including the relief of the base at RAF Habbaniya and the occupation of Baghdad. Following this, in July 1941 it was placed under the command of I Australian Corps and was involved in |
{"datasets_id": 218, "wiki_id": "Q4639230", "sp": 30, "sc": 935, "ep": 30, "ec": 1344} | 218 | Q4639230 | 30 | 935 | 30 | 1,344 | 4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom) | Second World War | operations against the Vichy French in Syria, advancing from eastern Iraq near the Trans-Jordan border on Palmyra to secure the Haditha – Tripoli oil pipeline.
On 1 August 1941, the Division was converted into the 10th Armoured Division and the 4th Cavalry Brigade into the 9th Armoured Brigade. 9th Armoured Brigade would later take part in the Second Battle of El Alamein and the Italian Campaign. |
{"datasets_id": 219, "wiki_id": "Q4639714", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 179} | 219 | Q4639714 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 179 | 50/50 Luv | Lyrics and music & Chart performance | 50/50 Luv Lyrics and music The lyrics deal with the street life, how it has changed people and turned friends against each other. It is also considered a dedication to B.G. Knocc and Dresta's deceased friend, gangsta rap pioneer Eazy-E.
The song contains an interpolation of "When Somebody Loves You Back" by Teddy Pendergrass. Chart performance The song peaked at number 68 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart, number 27 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and number five on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 551} | 220 | Q638903 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 551 | 5 October 1910 revolution | 1890 British Ultimatum and 31 January rebellion | 5 October 1910 revolution 1890 British Ultimatum and 31 January rebellion On 11 January 1890 the British government of Lord Salisbury sent the Portuguese government an ultimatum in the form of a "memorandum", demanding the retreat of the Portuguese military forces led by Serpa Pinto from the territory between the colonies of Angola and Mozambique (in the current Zimbabwe and Zambia), an area claimed by Portugal under the Pink Map.
The swift yielding by the Portuguese to the British demands was seen as a national humiliation by a broad cross-section of the population and the elite, initiating a movement of deep |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 6, "sc": 551, "ep": 6, "ec": 1189} | 220 | Q638903 | 6 | 551 | 6 | 1,189 | 5 October 1910 revolution | 1890 British Ultimatum and 31 January rebellion | dissatisfaction in relation with the new king, Carlos I of Portugal, the royal family and the institution of the monarchy, which were seen as responsible for the alleged process of "national decline". The situation was aggravated by the severe financial crisis that occurred between 1890 and 1891, when the money sent from emigrants in Brazil decreased by 80% with the so-called crisis of encilhamento following the proclamation of the republic in Brazil two months previously, an event that was followed with apprehension by the monarchic government and with jubilation by the defenders of the republic in Portugal. The republicans knew |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 6, "sc": 1189, "ep": 6, "ec": 1818} | 220 | Q638903 | 6 | 1,189 | 6 | 1,818 | 5 October 1910 revolution | 1890 British Ultimatum and 31 January rebellion | how to take advantage of the dissatisfaction, initiating an increase of their social support base that would climax in the demise of the regime.
On 14 January, the progressive government fell and the leader of the Regenerador Party, António de Serpa Pimentel, was chosen to form the new government. The progressivists then began to attack the king, voting for republican candidates in the March election of that year, questioning the colonial agreement then signed with the British. Feeding an atmosphere of near insurrection, on 23 March 1890, António José de Almeida, at the time a student in the University of Coimbra |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 6, "sc": 1818, "ep": 6, "ec": 2478} | 220 | Q638903 | 6 | 1,818 | 6 | 2,478 | 5 October 1910 revolution | 1890 British Ultimatum and 31 January rebellion | and, later on, President of the Republic, published an article entitled "Bragança, o último", considered slanderous against the king and led to Almeida's imprisonment.
On 1 April 1890, the explorer Silva Porto self-immolated wrapped in a Portuguese flag in Kuito, Angola, after failed negotiations with the locals, under orders of Paiva Couceiro, which he attributed to the ultimatum. The death of the well-known explorer of the African continent generated a wave of national sentiment, and his funeral was followed by a crowd in Porto. On 11 April, Guerra Junqueiro's poetic work Finis Patriae, a satire criticising the King, went on sale.
In |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 6, "sc": 2478, "ep": 6, "ec": 3120} | 220 | Q638903 | 6 | 2,478 | 6 | 3,120 | 5 October 1910 revolution | 1890 British Ultimatum and 31 January rebellion | the city of Porto, on 31 January 1891, a military uprising against the monarchy took place, constituted mainly by sergeants and enlisted ranks. The rebels, who used the nationalist anthem A Portuguesa as their marching song, took the Paços do Concelho, from whose balcony, the republican journalist and politician Augusto Manuel Alves da Veiga proclaimed the establishment of the republic in Portugal and hoisted a red and green flag belonging to the Federal Democratic Centre. The movement was, shortly afterwards, suppressed by a military detachment of the municipal guard that remained loyal to the government, resulting in 40 injured and |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 6, "sc": 3120, "ep": 10, "ec": 287} | 220 | Q638903 | 6 | 3,120 | 10 | 287 | 5 October 1910 revolution | 1890 British Ultimatum and 31 January rebellion & The uprising | 12 casualties. The captured rebels were judged. 250 received sentences of between 18 months and 15 years of exile in Africa. A Portuguesa was forbidden.
Despite its failure, the rebellion of 31 January 1891 was the first large threat felt by the monarchic regime and a sign of what would come almost two decades later. The uprising On 3 October 1910 the republican uprising foreshadowed by the political unrest finally took place. Although many of those involved in the republican cause avoided participation in the uprising, making it seem like the revolt had failed, it eventually succeeded thanks to the government's |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 10, "sc": 287, "ep": 14, "ec": 432} | 220 | Q638903 | 10 | 287 | 14 | 432 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The uprising & Movements of the first revolutionaries | inability to gather enough troops to control the nearly two hundred armed revolutionaries that resisted in the Rotunda. Movements of the first revolutionaries In summer of 1910 Lisbon was teeming with rumours and many times the President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Teixeira de Sousa was warned of imminent coups d'état. The revolution was not an exception: the coup was expected by the government, who on 3 October gave orders for all the garrison troops of the city to be on guard. After a dinner offered in honour of D. Manuel II by Brazilian president Hermes da Fonseca, |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 14, "sc": 432, "ep": 14, "ec": 1015} | 220 | Q638903 | 14 | 432 | 14 | 1,015 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Movements of the first revolutionaries | then on a state visit to Portugal, the monarch retreated to the Palace of Necessidades while his uncle and sworn heir to the throne, prince D. Afonso, went on to the Citadel of Cascais.
After the murder of Miguel Bombarda, shot by one of his patients, the republican leaders assembled with urgency on the night of the 3rd. Some officials were against the meeting due to the strong military presence, but Admiral Cândido dos Reis insisted for it to take place, saying "A Revolução não será adiada: sigam-me, se quiserem. Havendo um só que cumpra o seu dever, esse único serei |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 14, "sc": 1015, "ep": 14, "ec": 1609} | 220 | Q638903 | 14 | 1,015 | 14 | 1,609 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Movements of the first revolutionaries | eu." ("The Revolution will not be delayed: follow me, if you want. If there is one that fulfills their duty, this one will be me.").
Machado Santos had already got into action and did not attend the assembly. Instead, he went to the military quarters of the 16th Infantry Regiment where a revolutionary corporal had triggered a rebellion involving the majority of the garrison. A commander and a captain were killed when they made an attempt to control it. Entering a barracks with dozens of members of the Carbonária, the naval officer went on with about 100 soldiers that entered the |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 14, "sc": 1609, "ep": 14, "ec": 2224} | 220 | Q638903 | 14 | 1,609 | 14 | 2,224 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Movements of the first revolutionaries | 1st Artillery Regiment, where Captain Afonso Palla and a few sergeants and civilians, had already taken the administration building and captured all officers that refused to join them. With the arrival of Machado Santos two columns were formed which were placed under the leadership of captains Sá Cardoso and Palla. The first went to meet the 2nd Infantry Regiment and the 2nd Caçadores Regiment, also sympathisers of the rebellion, to go on to Alcântara where it was to support the naval barracks. The original route intersected with a Municipal Guard outpost which forced the column to follow a different route. |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 14, "sc": 2224, "ep": 14, "ec": 2838} | 220 | Q638903 | 14 | 2,224 | 14 | 2,838 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Movements of the first revolutionaries | After a few confrontations with the police and civilians, it finally found the column led by Palla. Together, the columns advanced to Rotunda, where they entrenched at around 5am. The stationed force was composed of around 200 to 300 men of the 1st Artillery Regiment, 50 to 60 men of the 16th Infantry Regiment and around 200 civilians. The captains Sá Cardoso and Palla and the naval commissary Machado Santos were among the 9 officers in command.
Meanwhile, Lieutenant Ladislau Parreira and some officers and civilians entered the barracks of the Naval Corps of Alcântara at 1am, managing to take arms, |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 14, "sc": 2838, "ep": 14, "ec": 3425} | 220 | Q638903 | 14 | 2,838 | 14 | 3,425 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Movements of the first revolutionaries | provoke a revolt and capture the commanders, one of whom was wounded. The aim of this action was to prevent the exit of the cavalry unit of the Municipal Guard, an aim that was achieved. For this end, they required the support of 3 warships anchored in the Tagus. By this time, Lieutenant Mendes Cabeçadas had already taken command of the mutinied crew of the NRP Adamastor while the mutinied crew of the São Rafael waited for an officer to command it.
At about 7am Ladislau Parreira, having been informed by civilians of the situation, sent the Second-Lieutenant Tito de Morais |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 14, "sc": 3425, "ep": 14, "ec": 3968} | 220 | Q638903 | 14 | 3,425 | 14 | 3,968 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Movements of the first revolutionaries | to take command of the São Rafael, with orders for both ships to support the garrison of the barracks. When it became known that on the ship D. Carlos I the crew had begun a mutiny but the officers had entrenched, Lieutenant Carlos da Maia and a few sailors left the São Rafael. After some gunfire from which a lieutenant and a ship commander became wounded, the officers gave up control of the D. Carlos I, yielding it to the hands of the republicans.
That was the last unit to join the rebels, which included by then part of the 1st |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 14, "sc": 3968, "ep": 14, "ec": 4597} | 220 | Q638903 | 14 | 3,968 | 14 | 4,597 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Movements of the first revolutionaries | Artillery Regiment, 16th Infantry Regiment, the naval corps and the three warships. Navy members had joined in large numbers as expected, but many military sections considered sympathizers with the cause hadn't joined. Even so, the republican forces included about 400 men in Rotunda, 1000 to 1500 in Alcântara counting the naval crews, as well as having managed to take hold of the city's artillery, with most of the ammunition, to which was added the naval artillery. Rotunda and Alcântara were occupied, but concrete plans for the revolution had not yet been decided and the main leaders hadn't yet appeared.
In spite |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 14, "sc": 4597, "ep": 14, "ec": 5168} | 220 | Q638903 | 14 | 4,597 | 14 | 5,168 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Movements of the first revolutionaries | of this, the beginning of the events did not occur favorably for the rebels. The three cannon shots – the accorded signal for the civilians and military to advance – did not take place. Only a shot was heard and the Admiral Cândido dos Reis, expecting the signal to take command of the warships, was informed that everything had failed, which prompted him to retire to his sister's house. The next morning his dead body was found in Arroios. In desperation, he had committed suicide by a shot to the head.
Meanwhile, in Rotunda, the apparent calm in the city was |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 14, "sc": 5168, "ep": 18, "ec": 377} | 220 | Q638903 | 14 | 5,168 | 18 | 377 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Movements of the first revolutionaries & The government forces | so discouraging to the rebels that officers preferred to give up. Sá Cardoso, Palla and other officers retired to their houses, but Machado Santos stayed and assumed command. This decision proved fundamental to the success of the revolution. The government forces The military garrison of Lisbon was composed by four infantry regiments, two cavalry regiments and two light infantry battalions, with a theoretical total of 6982 men. However, in practice, there were other useful units in military outposts used for lookout and general police duties, especially in the industrial district of Barreiro due to the bout of strikes and syndicalist |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 18, "sc": 377, "ep": 18, "ec": 967} | 220 | Q638903 | 18 | 377 | 18 | 967 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The government forces | activity that had been ongoing since September .
Ever since the previous year the government forces had a plan of action, drawn up by order of the military commander of Lisbon, General Manuel Rafael Gorjão Henriques. When, on the evening of the 3rd, the President of the Council of Ministers Teixeira de Sousa informed him of the imminence of a revolt, a prevention order was soon sent to the garrisons in the city. The units of Artillery 3 and Light Infantry 6 were called from Santarém, while Infantry 15 was called from Tomar.
As soon as news of the revolt was received, |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 18, "sc": 967, "ep": 18, "ec": 1590} | 220 | Q638903 | 18 | 967 | 18 | 1,590 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The government forces | the plan was put into practice: the 1st Infantry, 2nd Infantry, 2nd Light Infantry and 2nd Cavalry regiments and the artillery battery of Queluz, went to the Palace of Necessidades to protect the king, while Infantry 5 and Light Infantry 5 moved to Rossio Square, with the mission to protect the military headquarters.
As for the police force and municipal guards, they were distributed through the city as set out in the plan, intended to protect strategic points such as Rossio Railway Station, the gas factory, the Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda (the Portuguese mint), the postal building, the Carmo barracks, |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 18, "sc": 1590, "ep": 22, "ec": 201} | 220 | Q638903 | 18 | 1,590 | 22 | 201 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The government forces & The fighting | the ammunition depot in Beirolas and the residence of the President of the Council of Ministers, where the government had assembled. Little is known of the Fiscal Guard (a total of 1397 men), only that a few soldiers were with the troops in Rossio. The civil police (total of 1200 men) stayed in the squads. This inaction decreased the effective government forces by approximately 2600 men. The fighting The fact that some units of the monarchical side sympathised with the republicans, combined with the abandonment by the rebels of the original plan of action, opting instead for entrenchment in Rotunda |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 22, "sc": 201, "ep": 22, "ec": 822} | 220 | Q638903 | 22 | 201 | 22 | 822 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The fighting | and Alcântara, led to a situation of impasse throughout 4 October, with all manner of rumours about victories and defeats spreading through the city.
As soon as news of the concentration of rebels in Rotunda were received, the military command of the city organised a detachment to break them up. The column, under the command of Colonel Alfredo Albuquerque, was formed by units that had been removed from the protection of the Palace of Necessidades: Infantry 2, Cavalry 2 and the mobile battery of Queluz. The latter included the colonial war hero Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro. The column advanced until |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 22, "sc": 822, "ep": 22, "ec": 1429} | 220 | Q638903 | 22 | 822 | 22 | 1,429 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The fighting | near the prison, where it assumed combat positions. However, before these were completed, the column was attacked by rebels. The attack was repelled but resulted in a few wounded men, several dead pack animals and the scattering of about half the infantry. Paiva Couceiro responded with cannons and the infantry that remained during 45 minutes, ordering an attack that was carried out by around 30 soldiers, but which was beaten with some casualties. Continuing the gunfire, he ordered a new attack, but only 20 soldiers followed the order. Thinking that he had found the right time to assault the barracks |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 22, "sc": 1429, "ep": 22, "ec": 2089} | 220 | Q638903 | 22 | 1,429 | 22 | 2,089 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The fighting | of Artillery 1, Paiva Couceiro requested reinforcement to the division's command. However, he received the perplexing order to retreat.
Meanwhile, a column had been formed with the intention to attack simultaneously the rebels in Rotunda, a plan that was never carried out because of the order to retreat. The column reached Rossio in the evening without having joined combat. This inaction was not caused by the incompetence of its commander, General António Carvalhal, as would become clear the next day, when he was named chief of the Military Division for the republican government: he had changed sides.
Reinforcements from other parts of |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 22, "sc": 2089, "ep": 22, "ec": 2742} | 220 | Q638903 | 22 | 2,089 | 22 | 2,742 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The fighting | the country, expected by the government throughout 4 October, never arrived. Only the units already mentioned and called for the preventive measures received orders to advance. Since the beginning of the revolution, members of the Carbonária had disconnected the telegraph lines, thus cutting communication with units outside Lisbon. In addition, the rebels had cut off the railway tracks, which meant that even if the troops followed the orders to advance on Lisbon, they would never arrive on time. Reinforcements from the Setúbal peninsula were also unlikely to arrive, since the Tagus river was controlled by rebel ships.
Towards the end of |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 22, "sc": 2742, "ep": 26, "ec": 177} | 220 | Q638903 | 22 | 2,742 | 26 | 177 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The fighting & The king's departure from Lisbon | the day the situation was difficult for the monarchical forces: the rebel ships were docked beside the Palace Square and the cruiser São Rafael opened fire on the ministry buildings in the bewildered sight of the Brazilian diplomatic corps aboard battleship São Paulo, whose passenger list included the elected president Hermes da Fonseca.
This attack undermined the morale of the pro-government forces in Rossio. The king's departure from Lisbon After the dinner with Hermes da Fonseca, D. Manuel II had returned to the Palace of Necessidades, keeping the company of a few officers. They were playing bridge when the rebels |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 26, "sc": 177, "ep": 26, "ec": 765} | 220 | Q638903 | 26 | 177 | 26 | 765 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The king's departure from Lisbon | began an attack on the building. The king attempted some phone calls but, finding that the lines had been cut, managed only to inform the Queen Mother, who was in Pena National Palace, about the situation. Soon afterwards, groups of units that were loyal to the king arrived at the scene and managed to defeat the attacks of the revolutionaries.
At 9 o'clock the king received a phone call from the president of the Council, advising him to find refuge in Mafra or Sintra, since the rebels were threatening to bomb the Palace of Necessidades. D.Manuel II refused to leave, saying |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 26, "sc": 765, "ep": 26, "ec": 1352} | 220 | Q638903 | 26 | 765 | 26 | 1,352 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The king's departure from Lisbon | to those present: "Go if you want, I'm staying. Since the constitution doesn't appoint me any role other than of letting myself be killed, I will abide by it."
With the arrival of the mobile battery from Queluz, the pieces were arranged in the palace gardens so that they could bombard the quarters of the revolutionary sailors, which were located at no more than 100 metres from the palace. However, before they had time to start, the commander of the battery received the order to cancel the bombing and join the forces that were leaving the palace, integrated into the column |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 26, "sc": 1352, "ep": 26, "ec": 1946} | 220 | Q638903 | 26 | 1,352 | 26 | 1,946 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The king's departure from Lisbon | that would attack the rebel forces of Artillery 1 in the Rotunda. At around midday the cruisers Adamastor and São Rafael, which had anchored in front of the sailors' quarters, started the bombardment of the Palace of Necessidades, an action which served to demoralise the present monarchical forces. The king took refuge in a small house in the palace's park, where he could ring Teixeira de Sousa, since the revolutionaries had only cut the special state telephone lines and not the general network. The king ordered the prime minister to send the battery from Queluz to the palace to prevent |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 26, "sc": 1946, "ep": 26, "ec": 2524} | 220 | Q638903 | 26 | 1,946 | 26 | 2,524 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The king's departure from Lisbon | a naval landing, but the prime minister replied that the main action was happening in Rotunda and all the troops that were there were needed. Taking into account that the available troops were not sufficient to defeat the rebels in Rotunda, the prime minister made it obvious to the king that it would be more convenient to retire to Sintra or Mafra so that the stationed forces of the palace could reinforce the troops in Rotunda.
At two o'clock the vehicles with D. Manuel II and his advisors set out to Mafra, where the Infantry School would provide enough forces to |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 26, "sc": 2524, "ep": 26, "ec": 3114} | 220 | Q638903 | 26 | 2,524 | 26 | 3,114 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The king's departure from Lisbon | protect the monarch. While approaching Benfica the king dismissed the municipal guard squad that escorted him so that they could join the fight against the rebels. The escort arrived in Mafra at around four o'clock in the afternoon, but then discovered a problem: due to the holidays, the Infantry School contained only 100 soldiers, as opposed to the 800 that were expected, and the person in charge, Colonel Pinto da Rocha, admitted to not having the means to protect the king. In the meantime, Counsellor João de Azevedo Coutinho arrived and advised the king to call to Mafra the queens |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 26, "sc": 3114, "ep": 30, "ec": 65} | 220 | Q638903 | 26 | 3,114 | 30 | 65 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The king's departure from Lisbon & The royal family's exile | D. Amélia and D. Maria Pia (respectively, the king's mother and grandmother), who were in the palaces of Pena and Vila in Sintra, and to prepare to continue on to Porto, where they would organise a resistance.
In Lisbon, the king's departure did not bring a large advantage to the government since the majority of the troops now available to engage the rebel forces did not follow the orders to march to Rossio Square to prevent the concentration of rebel artillery in Alcântara. The royal family's exile In Mafra, on the morning of 5 October, the king was looking for a |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 30, "sc": 65, "ep": 30, "ec": 701} | 220 | Q638903 | 30 | 65 | 30 | 701 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The royal family's exile | way to reach Porto, an action that would be very difficult to carry out due to the almost non-existence of an escort and the innumerable revolutionary hubs spread throughout the country. At around midday the President of the Municipal Chamber of Mafra received a message from the new civil governor ordering the switching to a republican flag. Soon afterwards the commander of the Infantry School also received a telegram from his new commander informing him of the current political situation. The position of the royal family was becoming unsustainable.
The solution appeared when news arrived that the royal yacht Amélia had |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 30, "sc": 701, "ep": 30, "ec": 1290} | 220 | Q638903 | 30 | 701 | 30 | 1,290 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The royal family's exile | anchored nearby, in Ericeira. By 2am the yacht had collected from Cascais Citadel the king's uncle and heir to the throne, D. Afonso, and knowing that the king was in Mafra, had moved to Ericeira, as it was the closest anchorage. D. Manuel II, knowing that with the proclamation of the Republic he would be imprisoned, decided to go to Porto. The royal family and some company departed for Ericeira where, by means of two fishing ships and in the presence of curious civilians, they embarked on the royal yacht.
Once on board, the king wrote to the prime minister:
My dear |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 30, "sc": 1290, "ep": 30, "ec": 1881} | 220 | Q638903 | 30 | 1,290 | 30 | 1,881 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The royal family's exile | Teixeira de Sousa, forced by the circumstances I find myself obliged to embark on the royal yacht "Amélia". I'm Portuguese and will always be. I have the conviction of having always fulfilled my duties as King in all the circumstances and of having put my heart and my life on the service to the Country. I hope that it, convinced of my rights and my dedication, will recognise this! Viva Portugal! Give this letter all the publicity you can.
— D. Manuel II
After ensuring that the letter would reach its destination, the king announced that he wanted to go to Porto. He met |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 30, "sc": 1881, "ep": 30, "ec": 2451} | 220 | Q638903 | 30 | 1,881 | 30 | 2,451 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The royal family's exile | with an advisory council, the officers on board and part of the escort. Amélia's Captain João Agnelo Velez Caldeira Castelo Branco and Chief Officer João Jorge Moreira de Sá opposed the opinion of the monarch, claiming that if Porto turned them away, they would not have enough fuel to reach a different anchorage. Despite the insistence of D. Manuel II, the Chief Officer argued that they carried on board the whole royal family, so his main duty was to protect their lives. In the end, the chosen port was Gibraltar. Once there, the king found out that Porto had also |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 30, "sc": 2451, "ep": 34, "ec": 405} | 220 | Q638903 | 30 | 2,451 | 34 | 405 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The royal family's exile & The flag | joined the republican cause. D. Manuel sent orders that the ship, being legally the Portuguese State's property, be returned to Lisbon. The deposed king would live out the rest of his life in exile. The flag In relation to the flag, there were two inclinations: one of keeping the blue and white colours, traditional of Portuguese flags, and another of using "more republican" colours: green and red. The committee's proposal suffered several alterations, with the final design being rectangular, with the first two fifths closest to the flagpole to be green, and the three remaining fifths, red. Green was chosen |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 34, "sc": 405, "ep": 38, "ec": 178} | 220 | Q638903 | 34 | 405 | 38 | 178 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The flag & The national anthem | because it was considered the "colour of hope", while red was chosen as a "combative, hot, virile" colour. The project of the flag was approved by the Provisional Government by vote on 19 November 1910. On 1 December was celebrated the Feast of the Flag in front of the Municipal Chamber of Lisbon. The National Constituting Assembly promulgated the adoption of the flag on 19 June 1911. The national anthem On 19 June 1911 the National Constitutional Assembly proclaimed A Portuguesa as the national anthem, replacing the old anthem Hymno da Carta in use since May 1834, and its status |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 38, "sc": 178, "ep": 38, "ec": 793} | 220 | Q638903 | 38 | 178 | 38 | 793 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The national anthem | as national symbol was included in the new constitution. A Portuguesa was composed in 1890, with music by Alfredo Keil and lyrics by Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, in response to the 1890 British Ultimatum. Because of its patriotic character, it had been used, with slight modifications, by the rebels of the 1891 uprising in a failed attempt at a coup d'état to establish a republic in Portugal, an event which caused the anthem to be forbidden by the monarchic authorities.
The anthem was later modified; the official version used today in national civil and military ceremonies and during visits of foreign |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 38, "sc": 793, "ep": 42, "ec": 526} | 220 | Q638903 | 38 | 793 | 42 | 526 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The national anthem & The bust | heads of state was approved on 4 September 1957. The bust The official bust of the Republic was chosen through a national competition promoted by Lisbon's city council in 1911, in which nine sculptors participated. The winning entry was that of Francisco dos Santos and is currently exposed in the Municipal Chamber. The original piece is found in Casa Pia, an institution from which the sculptor was alumnus. There is another bust that was adopted as the face of the Republic, designed by José Simões de Almeida in 1908. The original is found in the Municipal Chamber of Figueiró dos |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 42, "sc": 526, "ep": 42, "ec": 1150} | 220 | Q638903 | 42 | 526 | 42 | 1,150 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The bust | Vinhos. The model for this bust was Ilda Pulga, a young shop employee from Chiado. According to journalist António Valdemar, who, when he became president of the National Academy of Art asked the sculptor João Duarte to restore the original bust:
Simões found the face of the girl funny and invited her to be a model. The mother said that she'd allow it but with two conditions: that she would be present in the sessions and that the daughter would not be undressed.
— António Valdemar
The bust shows Republic wearing a Phrygian cap, influence of the French Revolution. Simões' bust was soon adopted |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 42, "sc": 1150, "ep": 46, "ec": 417} | 220 | Q638903 | 42 | 1,150 | 46 | 417 | 5 October 1910 revolution | The bust & Anticlericalism | by Freemasonry and used in the funerals of Miguel Bombarda and Cândido dos Reis, but when the final contest took place, despite its relative popularity, it was second place to the bust by Francisco dos Santos. Anticlericalism Republican leaders adopted a severe and highly controversial policy of anticlericalism. At home, the policy polarised society and lost the republic potential supporters, and abroad it offended American and European states which had their citizens engaged in religious work there, adding substantially to the republic's bad press. The persecution of the church was so overt and severe that it drove the irreligious and |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 46, "sc": 417, "ep": 46, "ec": 1072} | 220 | Q638903 | 46 | 417 | 46 | 1,072 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Anticlericalism | nominally religious to a new religiosity and gained the support of Protestant diplomats such as the British, who, seeing their citizens' religious institutions in a grave dispute over their rights and property, threatened to deny recognition of the young republic. The revolution and the republic which it spawned were essentially anticlerical and had a "hostile" approach to the issue of church and state separation, like that of the French Revolution, the Spanish Constitution of 1931 and the Mexican Constitution of 1917.
Secularism began to be discussed in Portugal back in the 19th century, during the Casino Conferences in 1871, promoted by |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 46, "sc": 1072, "ep": 46, "ec": 1744} | 220 | Q638903 | 46 | 1,072 | 46 | 1,744 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Anticlericalism | Antero de Quental. The republican movement associated the Catholic Church with the monarchy, and opposed its influence in Portuguese society. The secularisation of the Republic constituted one of the main actions to be taken in the political agenda of the Portuguese Republican Party and the Freemasonry. Monarchists in a last-ditch effort sought to outflank the republicans by enacting anticlerical measures of their own, even enacting a severe restriction on the Jesuits on the day before the revolution.
Soon after the establishment of the Republic, on 8 October 1910, Minister for Justice Afonso Costa reinstated Marquess of Pombal's laws against the Jesuits, |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 46, "sc": 1744, "ep": 46, "ec": 2386} | 220 | Q638903 | 46 | 1,744 | 46 | 2,386 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Anticlericalism | and Joaquim António de Aguiar's laws in relation to religious orders. The Church's property and assets were expropriated by the State. The religious oath and other religious elements found in the statutes of the University of Coimbra were abolished, and matriculations into first year of the Theology Faculty were cancelled, as were places in the Canon law course, suppressing the teaching of Christian doctrine. Religious holidays turned into working days, keeping however the Sunday as a resting day for labour reasons. As well as that, the Armed forces were forbidden from participating in religious solemn events. Divorce and family laws |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 46, "sc": 2386, "ep": 46, "ec": 3015} | 220 | Q638903 | 46 | 2,386 | 46 | 3,015 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Anticlericalism | were approved which considered marriage as a "purely civil contract"
Bishops were persecuted, expelled or suspended from their activities in the course of the secularisation. All but one were driven from their dioceses. the property of clerics was seized by the state, wearing of the cassock was banned, all minor seminaries were closed and all but five major seminaries. A law of 22 February 1918 permitted only two seminaries in the country, but they had not been given their property back. Religious orders were expelled from the country, including 31 orders comprising members in 164 houses (in 1917 some orders were |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 46, "sc": 3015, "ep": 46, "ec": 3677} | 220 | Q638903 | 46 | 3,015 | 46 | 3,677 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Anticlericalism | permitted to form again). Religious education was prohibited in both primary and secondary school.
In response to the several anticlerical decrees, Portuguese bishops launched a collective pastoral defending the Church's doctrine, but its reading was prohibited by the government. In spite of this, some prelates continued to publicise the text, among which was the bishop of Porto, António Barroso. This resulted in him being called to Lisbon by Afonso Costa, where he was stripped from his ecclesiastic functions.
The secularisation peaked with the Law of Separation of the State and the Church on 20 April 1911, with a large acceptance by the |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 46, "sc": 3677, "ep": 46, "ec": 4341} | 220 | Q638903 | 46 | 3,677 | 46 | 4,341 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Anticlericalism | revolutionaries. The law was only promulgated by the Assembly in 1914, but its implementation was immediate after the publishing of the decree. The Portuguese Church tried to respond, classifying the law as "injustice, oppression, spoliation and mockery", but without success. Afonso Costa even predicted the eradication of Catholicism in the space of three generations. The application of the law began on 1 July 1911, with the creation of a "Central Commission". As one commentator put it, "ultimately the Church was to survive the official vendetta against organized religion".
On 24 May 1911, Pope Pius X issued the encyclical Iamdudum which condemned |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 46, "sc": 4341, "ep": 50, "ec": 477} | 220 | Q638903 | 46 | 4,341 | 50 | 477 | 5 October 1910 revolution | Anticlericalism & International recognition | the anticlericals for their deprivation of religious civil liberties and the "incredible series of excesses and crimes which has been enacted in Portugal for the oppression of the Church." International recognition A major concern of the new republican government was recognition by other nations. In 1910, the vast majority of European states were monarchies. Only France, Switzerland and San Marino were republics. For this reason, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Provisional Government, Bernardino Machado, directed his agenda exercising extreme prudence, leading him, on 9 October 1910, to communicate to diplomatic representatives in Portugal that the Provisional Government would |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 50, "sc": 477, "ep": 50, "ec": 1094} | 220 | Q638903 | 50 | 477 | 50 | 1,094 | 5 October 1910 revolution | International recognition | honour all the international commitments assumed by the previous regime.
Since marshal Hermes da Fonseca personally witnessed the full process of transition of the regime, having arrived in Portugal on an official visit when the country was still a monarchy and left when it was a republic, it is not unusual that Brazil was the first country to recognise de jure the new Portuguese political regime. On 22 October the Brazilian government declared that "Brazil will do all that is possible for the happiness of the noble Portuguese Nation and its Government, and for the prosperity of the new Republic". The |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 50, "sc": 1094, "ep": 50, "ec": 1717} | 220 | Q638903 | 50 | 1,094 | 50 | 1,717 | 5 October 1910 revolution | International recognition | next day would be Argentina's turn; on the 29 it was Nicaragua; on the 31, Uruguay; on 16 and 19 November, Guatemala and Costa Rica; Peru and Chile on 5 and 19 November; Venezuela on 23 February 1911; Panama on 17 March. In June 1911 the United States declared support.
Less than a month after the revolution, on 10 November 1910, the British government recognised de facto the Portuguese Republic, manifesting "the liveliest wish of His Britannic Majesty to maintain friendly relations" with Portugal. An identical position was taken by the Spanish, French and Italian governments. However, de jure recognition of |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 50, "sc": 1717, "ep": 50, "ec": 2323} | 220 | Q638903 | 50 | 1,717 | 50 | 2,323 | 5 October 1910 revolution | International recognition | the new regime only emerged after the approval of the Constitution and the election of the President of the Republic. The French Republic was the first to do it on 24 August 1911, day of the election of the first president of the Portuguese Republic. Only on 11 September did the United Kingdom recognise the Republic, accompanied by Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Denmark, Spain, Italy and Sweden. On 12 September, they were followed by Belgium, the Netherlands and Norway; on 13 September, China and Japan; on 15 September, Greece; on 30 September, Russia; on 23 October, Romania; on 23 November, |
{"datasets_id": 220, "wiki_id": "Q638903", "sp": 50, "sc": 2323, "ep": 50, "ec": 2592} | 220 | Q638903 | 50 | 2,323 | 50 | 2,592 | 5 October 1910 revolution | International recognition | Turkey; on 21 December, Monaco; and on 28 February 1912, Siam. Owing to the tensions created between the young Republic and the Catholic Church, interaction with the Holy See was suspended, and the Holy See did not recognise the Portuguese Republic until 29 June 1919. |
{"datasets_id": 221, "wiki_id": "Q14119763", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 50} | 221 | Q14119763 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 50 | 60th Filmfare Awards South | Main awards | 60th Filmfare Awards South Main awards Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface. |
{"datasets_id": 222, "wiki_id": "Q4641810", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 553} | 222 | Q4641810 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 553 | 61st Grey Cup | Game summary | 61st Grey Cup Game summary Edmonton scored quickly in the first quarter when running back Roy Bell found a big hole in the left side for a 38-yard touchdown run. Rick Cassata, the Riders' backup quarterback who was replacing injured Jerry Keeling responded with a 38-yard touchdown pass-and-run to Rhome Nixon. Late in the quarter, however, Tom Wilkinson was knocked out of bounds by Ottawa's Wayne Smith and suffered a rib injury. He was replaced by backup Bruce Lemmerman. Lemmerman took the Eskimos close enough for Dave Cutler to kick a field goal, giving them a 10-7 lead at |
{"datasets_id": 222, "wiki_id": "Q4641810", "sp": 6, "sc": 553, "ep": 6, "ec": 1134} | 222 | Q4641810 | 6 | 553 | 6 | 1,134 | 61st Grey Cup | Game summary | the end of the first quarter.
A low snap to Edmonton punter Garry Lefebvre caused him to bobble the ball in the end zone, and he was tackled for a safety by Ottawa's Wayne Tosh at 21 seconds of the second quarter. Gerry Organ kicked a 46-yard field goal in the last minute of the half. The half-time score was 12-10 for Ottawa.
Ottawa increased its lead with an 18-yard touchdown run by Jim Evenson at 9:45 of the third quarter.
In the fourth quarter, Lemmerman suffered an arm injury, and Wilkinson, his rib injury frozen, came off the bench to bring some |
{"datasets_id": 222, "wiki_id": "Q4641810", "sp": 6, "sc": 1134, "ep": 14, "ec": 49} | 222 | Q4641810 | 6 | 1,134 | 14 | 49 | 61st Grey Cup | Game summary & Most Valuable Players & Trivia | life to the Eskimo offence. Edmonton receiver Tyrone Walls fumbled after receiving a Wilkinson pass on Edmonton's 47. Wayne Tosh recovered and Organ kicked another Ottawa field goal from the 39.
Edmonton then scored a single and Lefebvre, who played both ways as well as being the punter, caught a Wilkinson touchdown pass with seven seconds left, but it was not enough to erase Ottawa's 12 point lead. Most Valuable Players Ottawa Defensive End Charlie Brandon was named Most Valuable Player and Garry Lefebvre was named Most Valuable Canadian. Trivia This would be the first a string of nine Grey Cup |
{"datasets_id": 222, "wiki_id": "Q4641810", "sp": 14, "sc": 49, "ep": 14, "ec": 622} | 222 | Q4641810 | 14 | 49 | 14 | 622 | 61st Grey Cup | Trivia | appearances for the Edmonton Eskimos from 1973 to 1982. The only year they missed the Grey Cup during that span was 1976, when the Saskatchewan Roughriders defeated them in the West Final. Edmonton was victorious in six of their nine appearances (1975, and five straight from 1978-82).
This was the last Grey Cup game played at CNE Stadium prior to its renovations in the mid-1970s in anticipation of receiving a Major League Baseball team in Toronto; it would come in the form of the Blue Jays in 1977. By the next Grey Cup game played at the stadium in 1976, the |
{"datasets_id": 222, "wiki_id": "Q4641810", "sp": 14, "sc": 622, "ep": 14, "ec": 667} | 222 | Q4641810 | 14 | 622 | 14 | 667 | 61st Grey Cup | Trivia | renovation and expansion had been completed. |
{"datasets_id": 223, "wiki_id": "Q4642280", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 611} | 223 | Q4642280 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 611 | 67th Combat Support Hospital (United States) | 67th Combat Support Hospital (United States) The 67th Combat Support Hospital was the only forward deployed combat support hospital in Europe with both warfighter support and community service missions. Medical readiness was the primary concern for the unit. Located in the heart of the European theater, the 67th Combat Support Hospital stood ready to provide Echelon III health care around the globe.
The 67th Combat Support Hospital was originally constituted as Evacuation Hospital No 67 on 21 July 1924 in the organized reserves and was allocated the VII Corps area.
On 23 March 1925, Evacuation Hospital No. 67 was redesignated as the |
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{"datasets_id": 223, "wiki_id": "Q4642280", "sp": 4, "sc": 611, "ep": 4, "ec": 1227} | 223 | Q4642280 | 4 | 611 | 4 | 1,227 | 67th Combat Support Hospital (United States) | 67th Evacuation Hospital. Then, on 1 October 1933, the 67th Evacuation Hospital was withdrawn as an organized reserve unit and allocated to the VII Army as a regular Army Unit, inactive. The 67th Evacuation Hospital was activated on 16 March 1942 at Fort Rodman, Massachusetts, and assigned to the first Army.
The 67th Evacuation Hospital was redesignated as the 67th Evacuation, Semi-mobile in February 1943. The unit staged for movement to the European Theater of operations, arriving in Scotland on 29 November 1943, and was reassigned to the First US Army and moved to England. From 30 November 1943 to |
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