_id
stringlengths 77
96
| datasets_id
int32 0
1.38M
| wiki_id
stringlengths 2
9
| start_paragraph
int32 2
1.17k
| start_character
int32 0
70.3k
| end_paragraph
int32 4
1.18k
| end_character
int32 1
70.3k
| article_title
stringlengths 1
250
| section_title
stringlengths 0
1.12k
| passage_text
stringlengths 1
14k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 32, "sc": 282, "ep": 36, "ec": 55} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 32 | 282 | 36 | 55 | Fair trade cocoa | Political Impact & Environmental Impact | After the 2010 presidential election, incumbent Laurent Gbagbo alleged corruption in the voting process and refused to cede power to Alassane Ouattara, the internationally recognized winner. Ouattara called for a ban on cocoa exports in order to cut off Gbagbo’s main funding source. The European Union (EU) endorsed the ban and forbade ships from the EU to dock in Côte d'Ivoire. Cocoa farmers continued to harvest their cocoa beans, but the majority of beans were stored in warehouses and not exported. Some cocoa was smuggled through neighboring countries. Environmental Impact A life cycle analysis study of the environmental impact |
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 36, "sc": 55, "ep": 36, "ec": 709} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 36 | 55 | 36 | 709 | Fair trade cocoa | Environmental Impact | of cocoa production in Ghana, the world’s second largest producer of cocoa, shows that the majority of cocoa production in Ghana is not environmentally sustainable, causing a variety of problems ranging from ozone layer depletion, water and soil contamination by pesticides. to atmospheric acidification and abiotic depletion.
In order to obtain fair trade certification, cocoa producer companies are required to follow to fair trade environmental standards. On a case by case basis, they must assess the environmental impacts of a cocoa farmer’s operations, develop plans designed to mitigate those impacts and monitor the implementation |
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 36, "sc": 709, "ep": 36, "ec": 1413} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 36 | 709 | 36 | 1,413 | Fair trade cocoa | Environmental Impact | of those plans. Although the environmental standards for fair trade certification vary by organization, they all include sustainable irrigation practices, crop rotation, reducing carbon emissions, improving biodiversity, prohibiting GMO crops, safe use of only legal pesticides and proper hazardous waste disposal.
In addition to the environmental impacts cocoa farming has on the earth, the pesticides used by conventional cocoa farming are some of the most harmful pesticides used in agriculture. Lindane is one of the primary pesticides used on cocoa farms. The Environmental Protection Agency has released a study on lindane stating the acute effects caused by inhalation cause irritation to |
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 36, "sc": 1413, "ep": 40, "ec": 4} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 36 | 1,413 | 40 | 4 | Fair trade cocoa | Environmental Impact & Company Responses to the Fair Trade Cocoa Movement | the respiratory track as well as seizures and vomiting. As the workers live in poverty, often pesticide and herbicide treatment on the cocoa plants are done without proper or any protective gear. Without proper gear, the farmers have prolonged, direct exposure to the chemicals leading to long term health issues for the farmers. By increasing income, farmers can buy and use proper protective gear in order to mitigate these symptoms. Many Fair Trade certifiers also encourage environmental sustainability and transition to organic farming while demanding safe working conditions for farmers. Company Responses to the Fair Trade Cocoa Movement The |
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 40, "sc": 3, "ep": 44, "ec": 10} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 40 | 3 | 44 | 10 | Fair trade cocoa | Company Responses to the Fair Trade Cocoa Movement & Hershey | global chocolate industry was worth about $98 billion by the end of 2016. In 2015, the United States alone had a market size of $22 billion and 81% of Americans were consuming chocolate. This adds up to America producing about 1/5 of the world’s demand for chocolate and the potential to have a major impact on the lives of cocoa farmers around the world. Founded in 2006, Theo Chocolate was the first bean-to-bar, Fair Trade and organic certified company in the United States. Since then, Dandelion Chocolate, Askinose Chocolate, Chuao Chocolatier, Droga Chocolates, and many more. Hershey Advocates |
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 44, "sc": 9, "ep": 52, "ec": 139} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 44 | 9 | 52 | 139 | Fair trade cocoa | Hershey & Ben & Jerry's & Endangered Species Chocolate | of Fair Trade Cocoa had been urging Hershey, a large chocolate manufacturer with more than 40% of the United States market, to shift into fair trade cocoa production by creating fair trade cooperatives with their cocoa producers in West Africa. As of 2012, these efforts have met with little success. Ben & Jerry's American ice cream manufacturer Ben & Jerry's committed to use fair trade certified cocoa in all its ice creams by 2013. Endangered Species Chocolate Endangered Species Chocolate, a chocolate manufacturer in Indiana, had been fair trade certified up until 2006. However, in February 2006, |
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 52, "sc": 139, "ep": 52, "ec": 778} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 52 | 139 | 52 | 778 | Fair trade cocoa | Endangered Species Chocolate | Endangered Species Chocolate removed its fair trade certification and instead guaranteed it would dedicate the money previously used for the fair trade certification to directly support the farmers in the Conacado Co-op, where the company continues to source its cocoa. Endangered Species Chocolate continues to guarantee that its cocoa farmers in the Conacado Co-op are receiving a fair wage.
One caveat to this approach is the accountability to Fair Trade practices. Companies pay money to certifying organizations to receive certification, and this money is not going to the cocoa farmers. On the other hand, a company that |
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 52, "sc": 778, "ep": 56, "ec": 276} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 52 | 778 | 56 | 276 | Fair trade cocoa | Endangered Species Chocolate & Child Labor | says that it is following fair trade practices but lacks a fair trade certification may not actually be following fair trade practices. This could lead to a moral hazard of saying the company is implementing Fair Trade practices, charging premium prices, but in actuality, not paying higher wages to farmers. Child Labor Due to low wages in conventional chocolate growing, many farmers are unable to hire additional labor to maintain the cacao trees and instead use child labor to fill the gap. In 2009, there were over 109,000 children in the Ivory Coast engaged in child labor. This contributes |
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 56, "sc": 276, "ep": 56, "ec": 873} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 56 | 276 | 56 | 873 | Fair trade cocoa | Child Labor | to children not attending school. UNICEF found that from 2008-2012 there was an average of 67% enrollment for male and 55% enrollment for females in primary school. With Fair Trade practices, child labor is prohibited and farmers are paid a fair wage for their work. This allows more children to attend school and gain an education. Gaining an education is a step towards breaking the cycle of poverty.
Carol Off, author of Bitter Chocolate: Investigating The Dark Side of the World’s Most Seductive Sweet, argues that the only solution to the issue of abusive child labor practices in |
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 56, "sc": 873, "ep": 56, "ec": 1452} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 56 | 873 | 56 | 1,452 | Fair trade cocoa | Child Labor | cocoa production is to pay farmers a price at which they can employ adult workers. Off asserts that in order to receive this price, farmers must organize themselves with the help of local government departments, and be given access to accurate information about the world cocoa market price, through the Internet, so that they can bargain efficiently by themselves.
Global Exchange, an international human rights organization, agrees that fair trade cocoa is a means of ending the use of child labor in cocoa production. In 2001, the US cocoa industry set a goal |
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 56, "sc": 1452, "ep": 60, "ec": 219} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 56 | 1,452 | 60 | 219 | Fair trade cocoa | Child Labor & 2015-2018 update | to end abusive and forced child labor on cocoa farms by 2005 and outlined the basic steps the industry would have to take to achieve this goal. By 2012, the goal had not been met. Global Exchange has concluded that the industry will adopt fair trade certification when consumers demonstrate preference for fair trade cocoa through their chocolate purchasing choices. 2015-2018 update A study of the child labor (in cocoa fields) issue, published in Fortune magazine in the U.S. in March 2016, concluded that approximately 2.1 million children in West Africa "still do the dangerous and physically taxing |
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 60, "sc": 219, "ep": 60, "ec": 815} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 60 | 219 | 60 | 815 | Fair trade cocoa | 2015-2018 update | work of harvesting cocoa". The report suggested that it would be an uphill battle to improve the situation:
According to the 2015 edition of the Cocoa Barometer, a biennial report examining the economics of cocoa that's published by a consortium of nonprofits, the average farmer in Ghana in the 2013–14 growing season made just 84¢ per day, and farmers in Ivory Coast a mere 50¢. That puts them well below the World Bank's new $1.90 per day standard for extreme poverty, even if you factor in the 13% rise in the price of cocoa last year.
Sona Ebai, the former secretary general |
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 60, "sc": 815, "ep": 60, "ec": 1506} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 60 | 815 | 60 | 1,506 | Fair trade cocoa | 2015-2018 update | of the Alliance of Cocoa Producing Countries said that eradicating child labor was an immense task and that the chocolate companies' newfound commitment to expanding the investments in cocoa communities are not quite sufficient.
... Best-case scenario, we're only doing 10% of what's needed. Getting that other 90% won't be easy. ... I think child labor cannot be just the responsibility of industry to solve. I think it's the proverbial all-hands-on-deck: government, civil society, the private sector. And there, you really need leadership.
In April 2018, the Cocoa Barometer 2018 report on the $100-billion industry, said this about the child labor situation:
Not |
{"datasets_id": 162074, "wiki_id": "Q20714589", "sp": 60, "sc": 1506, "ep": 60, "ec": 2003} | 162,074 | Q20714589 | 60 | 1,506 | 60 | 2,003 | Fair trade cocoa | 2015-2018 update | a single company or government is anywhere near reaching the sectorwide objective of the elimination of child labour, and not even near their commitments of a 70% reduction of child labour by 2020.
A report later that year by New Food Economy stated that the Child Labour Monitoring and Remediation Systems implemented by the International Cocoa Initiative and its partners has been useful, but "they are currently reaching less than 20 percent of the over two million children impacted". |
{"datasets_id": 162075, "wiki_id": "Q532909", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 637} | 162,075 | Q532909 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 637 | Fathi Baja | Fathi Baja Fathi Mohammed Baja (Arabic: فتحي محمد البعجة), also called Fatih Baja, is a Libyan academic and was a member of the National Transitional Council in charge of political affairs and representing Benghazi. Today he is Libya's Ambassador to Canada.
Baja attended Cairo University, Northeastern University, then Mohammed V University in Morocco, where he earned a PhD in political science at Mohammed V University. He taught at Garyounis University. He wrote the manifesto adopted by leaders to outline the basic goals of the 2011 Libyan civil war: democracy and national unity. Baja represents the city of Benghazi on the National |
|
{"datasets_id": 162075, "wiki_id": "Q532909", "sp": 4, "sc": 637, "ep": 4, "ec": 1245} | 162,075 | Q532909 | 4 | 637 | 4 | 1,245 | Fathi Baja | Transitional Council of Libya. He is also the member of the council in charge of political affairs, and as such heads the Political Affairs Advisory Committee. In this role, he has had direct contact with leaders and representatives from the Libya Contact Group. He has stated that council members have studied the De-Ba'athification of Iraq and the aftermath of dissolution of the Soviet Eastern Bloc and wish to avoid similar disorder and purging of policemen and officials in Tripoli and other cities. He has also worked to assure foreign leaders that rivalries will not erupt within the council and that |
|
{"datasets_id": 162075, "wiki_id": "Q532909", "sp": 4, "sc": 1245, "ep": 4, "ec": 1280} | 162,075 | Q532909 | 4 | 1,245 | 4 | 1,280 | Fathi Baja | the transition will be democratic. |
|
{"datasets_id": 162076, "wiki_id": "Q5459246", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 166} | 162,076 | Q5459246 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 166 | Flight Stakes | History | Flight Stakes History The race is named for champion Australian Hall of Fame mare Flight, the winner of the W S Cox Plate in 1945 and 1946. The race is part of the Epsom Handicap racecard. |
{"datasets_id": 162077, "wiki_id": "Q5465625", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 582} | 162,077 | Q5465625 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 582 | Fool on the Hill (novel) | Plot summary | Fool on the Hill (novel) Plot summary The novel is the story of two authors, the buffoonish Prof. Stephen Titus George and his artful adversary Mr. Sunshine. Both live in Ithaca, New York.
During a particularly cold New York winter, George starts to suspect that he is not himself but the creation of someone else, someone he calls "Mr. Sunshine." Sunshine and George enter into a battle of wits to determine who should be called "creator." Did George create himself? Did Mr. Sunshine create George? What is the meaning of collaboration?
Throughout the novel colorful characters on the campus of Cornell |
{"datasets_id": 162077, "wiki_id": "Q5465625", "sp": 6, "sc": 582, "ep": 6, "ec": 1178} | 162,077 | Q5465625 | 6 | 582 | 6 | 1,178 | Fool on the Hill (novel) | Plot summary | University appear. There is the mysterious Cornell student Aurora Borealis Smith with whom Stephen Titus George falls in love. There is the Norse God Ragnarok wielding his Pollaxe. There are the Bohemians, a dog named Luther, a cat named Blackjack, Puck, and Calliope, a fire-breathing paper dragon. And let's not forget evil forces like Rasferret the Grub, a mannequin called Rubbermaid, and an army of rats.
And so the drama then unfolds as it tells the time-tested story of the battle between Good and Evil and the efforts of the two authors to write the story towards either a happy |
{"datasets_id": 162077, "wiki_id": "Q5465625", "sp": 6, "sc": 1178, "ep": 6, "ec": 1210} | 162,077 | Q5465625 | 6 | 1,178 | 6 | 1,210 | Fool on the Hill (novel) | Plot summary | ending or a tragic Greek drama. |
{"datasets_id": 162078, "wiki_id": "Q16839667", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 74} | 162,078 | Q16839667 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 74 | Forces Armées Centrafricaine | Stadium | Forces Armées Centrafricaine Stadium Currently the team plays at the 35000 capacity Barthelemy Boganda Stadium. |
{"datasets_id": 162079, "wiki_id": "Q1386222", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 540} | 162,079 | Q1386222 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 540 | Frank Barson | Barnsley | Frank Barson Barnsley In 1909 Barson signed for Cammell Laird FC; two years later in July 1911 he began his professional career with Barnsley. It was whilst at Oakwell that his notorious temper first became evident. Before he could start his first game for the Tykes he had to serve a two-month suspension following an ugly brawl with some Birmingham City players in a pre-season friendly. On one occasion Barson had to be smuggled out of Goodison Park to avoid a large crowd who had gathered outside the ground to discuss with him his behaviour in an FA Cup tie |
{"datasets_id": 162079, "wiki_id": "Q1386222", "sp": 6, "sc": 540, "ep": 10, "ec": 425} | 162,079 | Q1386222 | 6 | 540 | 10 | 425 | Frank Barson | Barnsley & Aston Villa | with Everton. After a very public fall out with the Barnsley directors over travelling expenses, he joined Aston Villa in October 1919. Aston Villa Barson joined Villa for a fee of £2,850 – "more than the average Sheffield worker earned in a year", according to a Sheffield newspaper – after persuasion from George Ramsay, who was rebuilding Villa after the First World War. In October 1919, he made his debut in a 4–1 win at Middlesbrough.
Barson played a large part in the Villa team during his three seasons at the club, but it is his run-ins with authority for |
{"datasets_id": 162079, "wiki_id": "Q1386222", "sp": 10, "sc": 425, "ep": 10, "ec": 1009} | 162,079 | Q1386222 | 10 | 425 | 10 | 1,009 | Frank Barson | Aston Villa | which he is best known.
He maintained a business in Sheffield and refused to move to Birmingham despite Villa's insistence that he should do so. His living arrangements caused further controversy on the opening day of the 1920–21 season and he was suspended by the Villa board for fourteen days but Barson still refused to move. In fact, he was appointed captain in succession to Andy Ducat, although it is not known whether he merely decided he wanted the job and nobody dared argue with him. He celebrated his first game as captain by scoring a header from thirty yards out |
{"datasets_id": 162079, "wiki_id": "Q1386222", "sp": 10, "sc": 1009, "ep": 10, "ec": 1560} | 162,079 | Q1386222 | 10 | 1,009 | 10 | 1,560 | Frank Barson | Aston Villa | against Sheffield United.
One story about Frank Barson concerned the 1920 FA Cup Final, when he was warned about his behaviour by referee Jack Howcroft in the dressing room before the match started. "The first wrong move you make Barson, off you go" he was told. Villa went on to win the FA Cup, Barson's only club honour in his career. His FA Cup winners medal has been sold twice and fetched £6,000. He also went on to win one cap for England at his time with the club.
The beginning of the end to his time at Villa came following a |
{"datasets_id": 162079, "wiki_id": "Q1386222", "sp": 10, "sc": 1560, "ep": 14, "ec": 113} | 162,079 | Q1386222 | 10 | 1,560 | 14 | 113 | Frank Barson | Aston Villa & Manchester United | match against Liverpool. Barson invited a friend of his to wait in the dressing room while he got changed, and this drew a rebuke from a director, a seven-day suspension was the result and Barson handed in a transfer request. With Tommy Ball proving an adequate replacement, the board agreed to his request. During his time with Villa, Barson made 108 appearances, scoring 10 goals.
He was later Youth team coach and First team coach for Aston Villa. Manchester United In 1922, he was transferred to Manchester United for a fee of £5,000. He spent an injury-plagued six years at Old |
{"datasets_id": 162079, "wiki_id": "Q1386222", "sp": 14, "sc": 113, "ep": 18, "ec": 20} | 162,079 | Q1386222 | 14 | 113 | 18 | 20 | Frank Barson | Manchester United & Watford | Trafford, making 140 League appearances and scoring four goals for the club. While Barson's United appearances were punctuated by injury, when he did play he was known for his on-field leadership, being selected as captain and helping United to win promotion at the end of 1924–25. For gaining promotion he was given a pub in Manchester. At the time he was regarded as a hero, but Barson was so sick of such attention that on the opening night of his pub he gave the business to his head waiter. He then joined Watford in May 1928. Watford Division Three South |
{"datasets_id": 162079, "wiki_id": "Q1386222", "sp": 18, "sc": 20, "ep": 18, "ec": 612} | 162,079 | Q1386222 | 18 | 20 | 18 | 612 | Frank Barson | Watford | side Watford signed Barson on a free transfer three days after the end of 1927–28 season. His signing was considered a coup for the club, as Barson's availability had caused "20 managers to lounge round outside the defender's house."
In his debut at Crystal Palace Barson was cautioned early on in the game. Watford player Joe Davison was later sent off in that game with the referee reportedly saying "Off you go, Barson". In late September Barson was sent off in a home game against Fulham. After entangling legs with Fulham's Temple, Barson was adjudged to have kicked out at him, |
{"datasets_id": 162079, "wiki_id": "Q1386222", "sp": 18, "sc": 612, "ep": 18, "ec": 1237} | 162,079 | Q1386222 | 18 | 612 | 18 | 1,237 | Frank Barson | Watford | although both Watford and Fulham players argued that it had not happened. Although a petition of 5,000 signatures arguing Barson's unfair treatment was presented to the FA by Watford's mayor, Barson was suspended for six months. Watford's chairman, John Kilby, spoke out against the decision, citing that a player had recently been suspended for three months for striking a referee. Barson's case was argued for in local and national newspapers, but the revelation that the petition had been burnt at the FA headquarters caused the affair to die down. The suspension stopped Barson from participating in the remainder of the |
{"datasets_id": 162079, "wiki_id": "Q1386222", "sp": 18, "sc": 1237, "ep": 22, "ec": 162} | 162,079 | Q1386222 | 18 | 1,237 | 22 | 162 | Frank Barson | Watford & Final years | season, and he was released from his contract.
Although his Watford career was brief, Barson did recommend two Manchester United players to Fred Pagnam, the Watford manager. Both Tommy Barnett and Frank McPherson would go on to have successful careers at Vicarage Road. Barnett later called Barson "the best skipper I was to ever play under" and stated how he used to sweat off excess beer with exercises before the game. Final years Exactly a year after being at Watford he accepted the post of player coach at Hartlepool United, but within five months (October 1929) he signed amateur forms for |
{"datasets_id": 162079, "wiki_id": "Q1386222", "sp": 22, "sc": 162, "ep": 26, "ec": 30} | 162,079 | Q1386222 | 22 | 162 | 26 | 30 | Frank Barson | Final years & Discipline | Wigan Borough. He became a professional for Wigan in July 1930 in what was Borough's last full season as a Football League club. Barson was the club's highest paid player and in an ultimately unsuccessful effort to stabilise the club's terrible finances he was off-loaded to Rhyl Athletic in June 1931. He was 39 at the time and at the end of his career but he appeared 19 times in a Wigan shirt. His last appearance was against Accrington Stanley on Boxing Day 1930 when he got sent off in the 83rd minute. Discipline Barson was regarded as a "hard |
{"datasets_id": 162079, "wiki_id": "Q1386222", "sp": 26, "sc": 30, "ep": 30, "ec": 139} | 162,079 | Q1386222 | 26 | 30 | 30 | 139 | Frank Barson | Discipline & Coaching career | man" of English football. The Times notes that "On frequent occasions Barson was escorted out of grounds by policemen to protect him from groups of angry opposition fans."
Opposing crowds loathed him, forcing Barson to publicly defend himself on the grounds that he had been "brought up to play hard and saw nothing wrong with an honest to goodness shoulder charge." One violent challenge in a match against Fulham resulted in a seven-month ban. Coaching career In May 1932 he became the player manager of Rhyl, where he remained until his contract was terminated in March 1935. Within three months he |
{"datasets_id": 162079, "wiki_id": "Q1386222", "sp": 30, "sc": 139, "ep": 34, "ec": 39} | 162,079 | Q1386222 | 30 | 139 | 34 | 39 | Frank Barson | Coaching career & Personal life | re-surfaced as the manager of Stourbridge but an offer to return to Aston Villa as youth coach in July 1935 meant he gave up the job as soon as a replacement was found. Three months after his appointment as youth coach, he became the senior coach and head trainer at Villa Park until the outbreak of the Second World War. He became the trainer at Swansea Town from June 1947 until February 1954 and he finished his career in May 1956 after previously spending almost two seasons as the trainer at Lye Town. Personal life Before becoming a full-time footballer, |
{"datasets_id": 162079, "wiki_id": "Q1386222", "sp": 34, "sc": 39, "ep": 34, "ec": 196} | 162,079 | Q1386222 | 34 | 39 | 34 | 196 | Frank Barson | Personal life | Barson was an iron hoop maker. He was married to Frances Evelyn Betton in 1915, and died on 13 September 1968 at Winson Green, Birmingham, at the age of 77. |
{"datasets_id": 162080, "wiki_id": "Q5497249", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 604} | 162,080 | Q5497249 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 604 | Frederick Alfred Rhead | Frederick Alfred Rhead Frederick Alfred Rhead (1856–1933) was a potter working in North Staffordshire, England. He is not to be confused with his son Frederick Hurten Rhead (1880–1942) who was also a potter, and who worked mainly in the USA. His other children included the pottery designer Charlotte Rhead.
Rhead's father, G.W. Rhead, worked in the pottery industry, and young Frederick was apprenticed at Mintons Ltd. He was one of a number of apprentices who in the 1870s learnt the art of pâte-sur-pâte decoration from Marc-Louis Solon, a French émigré who was the leading exponent of this ceramic technique. Rhead |
|
{"datasets_id": 162080, "wiki_id": "Q5497249", "sp": 4, "sc": 604, "ep": 4, "ec": 1207} | 162,080 | Q5497249 | 4 | 604 | 4 | 1,207 | Frederick Alfred Rhead | continued to work in pâte-sur-pâte after leaving Minton. He joined Wedgwood and went on to work at a number of potteries including a failed venture of his own. His most famous piece of ceramics is the "Gladstone Vase" which was presented to William Ewart Gladstone by the Liberals of Burslem in 1888. The vase is on public view, having been loaned to the Gladstone Pottery Museum in Longton, Staffordshire.
Besides working in three dimensions as a ceramic designer, Rhead worked in two dimensions as a graphic designer, although in the latter field he was somewhat overshadowed by his brother |
|
{"datasets_id": 162080, "wiki_id": "Q5497249", "sp": 4, "sc": 1207, "ep": 4, "ec": 1426} | 162,080 | Q5497249 | 4 | 1,207 | 4 | 1,426 | Frederick Alfred Rhead | Louis Rhead who pursued a successful career in the USA. The three brothers Frederick, Louis and George Woolliscroft Rhead Jr collaborated on book illustration projects, for example an edition of The Pilgrim's Progress. |
|
{"datasets_id": 162081, "wiki_id": "Q5500696", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 725} | 162,081 | Q5500696 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 725 | Freedom from fear (organization) | Anxiety | Freedom from fear (organization) Anxiety Freedom From Fear specializes in the treatment of Anxiety Disorders. While anxiety is a common experience of everyday life, mental health professionals deal with anxiety that is excessive and interferes with daily life. Clinicians recognize about 12 relatively distinct subtypes of anxiety disorder: Panic Disorder, with and without Agoraphobia, Agoraphobia Without a History of Panic Disorder, Specific Phobia, Social Phobia, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Anxiety Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder, and Anxiety Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. The prevalence of these disorders is startling. |
{"datasets_id": 162081, "wiki_id": "Q5500696", "sp": 6, "sc": 725, "ep": 6, "ec": 1334} | 162,081 | Q5500696 | 6 | 725 | 6 | 1,334 | Freedom from fear (organization) | Anxiety | In any given year, approximately 40 million adults in the United States will suffer from an anxiety disorder which is 18% of the adult population. The causes of anxiety disorders are a cross between nature and nurture. Several areas of the brain such as the amygdala and the hippocampus are impaired which leads to an increased fear response. How individuals respond to their environment and how the environment responds to them are also play a role in the development of anxiety disorders. Studies are researching the impact of stress, life changes, social factors and other influences on the development of |
{"datasets_id": 162081, "wiki_id": "Q5500696", "sp": 6, "sc": 1334, "ep": 10, "ec": 669} | 162,081 | Q5500696 | 6 | 1,334 | 10 | 669 | Freedom from fear (organization) | Anxiety & Depression | anxiety disorders. Depression Freedom From Fear also specializes in the treatment of Depression. Depression affects approximately 20 million adult Americans causing them to have symptoms such as hopelessness, sleep problems and feelings of being "down" and "blue". Depression is a chronic condition that impairs individuals in getting the most out of their daily lives. In depression, neural circuits responsible for the regulation of moods, thinking, sleep, appetite, and behavior fail to function properly. Critical neurotransmitters-chemicals used by nerve cells to communicate-are also out of balance. A combination of genetic, cognitive, and environmental factors are involved in the onset of a |
{"datasets_id": 162081, "wiki_id": "Q5500696", "sp": 10, "sc": 669, "ep": 14, "ec": 743} | 162,081 | Q5500696 | 10 | 669 | 14 | 743 | Freedom from fear (organization) | Depression & Treatment | depressive disorder. Treatment Freedom From Fear, along with Clinical Management Consultants, provides counseling service to patients experiencing Anxiety or Depressive disorders. Treatment for adults, adolescents and children are provided. Licensed psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, social workers and other licensed mental health practitioners provide cognitive behavioral therapy or interpersonal therapy to patients. The focus of cognitive behavioral therapy is to change dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors the lead to a heightened sense of anxiety. Interpersonal therapy focuses on improving the relationships that the patient has with others that contribute to anxiety or depression. Psychiatrists are also available to prescribe any necessary medication. Inpatient |
{"datasets_id": 162081, "wiki_id": "Q5500696", "sp": 14, "sc": 743, "ep": 18, "ec": 350} | 162,081 | Q5500696 | 14 | 743 | 18 | 350 | Freedom from fear (organization) | Treatment & Advocacy | evaluations are also provided on a walk in basis to determine whether or not Freedom From Fear can provide patients with adequate assistance. The services provided by Freedom From Fear all have the goal of positively impacting the lives of patients by treating mental illness. Advocacy Freedom From Fear advocates for those that are mentally ill by spreading awareness of the importance of good mental health. This organization participates in and encourages others to support Mental Health Wellness Week which takes place during the month of November. Founded by Freedom From Fear, this national campaign emphasizes the importance of a |
{"datasets_id": 162081, "wiki_id": "Q5500696", "sp": 18, "sc": 350, "ep": 18, "ec": 1032} | 162,081 | Q5500696 | 18 | 350 | 18 | 1,032 | Freedom from fear (organization) | Advocacy | healthy mind and body. Throughout this week, mental health practices as well as individuals throughout the country educate their community about how to increase mental health by combating everyday stress and anxiety.
Freedom From Fear also advocates for the mentally ill by participating in National Anxiety and Depression Awareness week which occurs during the month of May. This campaign focuses on increasing awareness about the effects of anxiety and depression. Freedom From Fear provides mental health agencies as well as individuals with materials such as videos, books, handouts and screening forms to aid participants in educating the public. Workshops about these |
{"datasets_id": 162081, "wiki_id": "Q5500696", "sp": 18, "sc": 1032, "ep": 22, "ec": 508} | 162,081 | Q5500696 | 18 | 1,032 | 22 | 508 | Freedom from fear (organization) | Advocacy & Education | illnesses, screenings of educational movies, and giving the community information about local treatment centers are all common throughout this week. Education Director Mary Guardino serves to educate the public about mental illness through the creation of a video series called Mind in Motion. This YouTube video series focuses on mental health and behavior. The show discusses the development and treatment of mental illnesses such as Depression and Anxiety Disorders. The show that is hosted by Mary Guardino brings in experienced mental health professionals to discuss research that is currently being done on these illnesses. Mind in Motion also interviews people |
{"datasets_id": 162081, "wiki_id": "Q5500696", "sp": 22, "sc": 508, "ep": 22, "ec": 652} | 162,081 | Q5500696 | 22 | 508 | 22 | 652 | Freedom from fear (organization) | Education | about their experiences with mental illness in order to better educate the public about the effects of mental illness of a person's daily life. |
{"datasets_id": 162082, "wiki_id": "Q5501597", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 570} | 162,082 | Q5501597 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 570 | Fremont Meeting House | Description and history | Fremont Meeting House Description and history The Fremont Meeting House is located near the southern end of the dispersed rural center of Fremont, on the northeast side of NH 107 a short way south of the Ellis School. It is a large two-story wooden structure, measuring 46'6" by 36'8", with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It has a plain five-bay main facade, its only ornamentation in the centered entrance surround, which has paneled pilasters and a corniced entablature. The short gable ends of the building are extended by staircase enclosures, which provide access to the second-floor gallery space. The |
{"datasets_id": 162082, "wiki_id": "Q5501597", "sp": 6, "sc": 570, "ep": 6, "ec": 1183} | 162,082 | Q5501597 | 6 | 570 | 6 | 1,183 | Fremont Meeting House | Description and history | interior retains some of its original box pews, and its pulpit, portions of which retain original marbleized paint finish. Other surviving interior elements include some rare period music supports in the gallery. The property also includes a 19th-century hearse house.
The town of Fremont was incorporated as Poplin in 1764, out of Brentwood. It is unusual among area towns that it did not build a meeting house soon afterward, and early congregationalists continued to worship in surrounding towns. This meeting house was built in 1800, and is one of the last in the region to be built in the old style, |
{"datasets_id": 162082, "wiki_id": "Q5501597", "sp": 6, "sc": 1183, "ep": 6, "ec": 1469} | 162,082 | Q5501597 | 6 | 1,183 | 6 | 1,469 | Fremont Meeting House | Description and history | with the main entrance on the long side and without a steeple. Its construction also exhibits the use of the queenpost truss in the roof, a technique that did not become common until the 19th century. The building served as a town meeting space until a new town hall was built in 1911. |
{"datasets_id": 162083, "wiki_id": "Q55584793", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 452} | 162,083 | Q55584793 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 452 | G. Zachary Terwilliger | Education & Legal career | G. Zachary Terwilliger Education Terwilliger received his Bachelor of Arts from the University of Virginia and his Juris Doctor, with highest honors, from the William and Mary School of Law. Legal career After his graduation from law school, Terwilliger served as a law clerk for Chief Judge Kevin Michael Moore of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.
He previously served as an Assistant United States Attorney in the Eastern District of Virginia for approximately nine years, where he prosecuted organized crime, human trafficking, complex violent crime, and financial fraud offenses. He also served as leader on |
{"datasets_id": 162083, "wiki_id": "Q55584793", "sp": 10, "sc": 452, "ep": 14, "ec": 94} | 162,083 | Q55584793 | 10 | 452 | 14 | 94 | G. Zachary Terwilliger | Legal career & Interim U.S. Attorney | multiple, regional task forces as well as Counselor to the U.S. Attorney. During his time as an Assistant United States Attorney, he was detailed to the Senate Judiciary Committee where he served as a criminal counsel to Chairman Charles Grassley.
Prior to becoming a U.S. Attorney, Terwilliger served as an Associate Deputy Attorney General in the Office of the Deputy Attorney General with responsibility for overseeing aspects of the Department's Criminal Division and management of staff within the Office of Deputy Attorney General. Interim U.S. Attorney On May 24, 2018, United States Attorney General Jeff Sessions named Terwilliger as the interim |
{"datasets_id": 162083, "wiki_id": "Q55584793", "sp": 14, "sc": 94, "ep": 22, "ec": 82} | 162,083 | Q55584793 | 14 | 94 | 22 | 82 | G. Zachary Terwilliger | Interim U.S. Attorney & Nomination as U.S. Attorney & Personal life | U.S. Attorney. Nomination as U.S. Attorney Senators Tim Kaine and Mark Warner recommended Terwilliger to serve as United States Attorney. On July 13, 2018, President Donald Trump announced his intent to nominate Terwilliger to be the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. On July 17, 2018, his nomination was sent to the United States Senate. On August 23, 2018, his nomination was reported out of committee by a voice vote. On August 28, 2018, the United States Senate confirmed his nomination by voice vote. Personal life Terwilliger's father is George J. Terwilliger III, the former United States Deputy |
{"datasets_id": 162083, "wiki_id": "Q55584793", "sp": 22, "sc": 82, "ep": 22, "ec": 208} | 162,083 | Q55584793 | 22 | 82 | 22 | 208 | G. Zachary Terwilliger | Personal life | Attorney General under George H. W. Bush and United States Attorney for the District of Vermont under Bush and Ronald Reagan. |
{"datasets_id": 162084, "wiki_id": "Q3327031", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 633} | 162,084 | Q3327031 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 633 | Galician Massif | Geology | Galician Massif Geology Geomorphologically the Galician Massif is a northwestern prolongation of the Meseta Central, the inner Iberian plateau and has great affinity with the geology of the Tras os Montes Portuguese region, so that it is considered as a whole under the name 'Galicia-Trás-os-Montes Zone'. It is composed of Paleozoic materials (granite) with metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, slate and schist in the center and west, which were subject to Alpine folding. Its eastern end merges with the Cantabrian Mountains.
The relief of the system, with an average height of 500 metres (1,600 ft), is relatively smooth compared with other Iberian |
{"datasets_id": 162084, "wiki_id": "Q3327031", "sp": 6, "sc": 633, "ep": 10, "ec": 335} | 162,084 | Q3327031 | 6 | 633 | 10 | 335 | Galician Massif | Geology & Vegetation | ranges. It is however very complex, having no defined structural alignment owing to the heavy fluvial erosion that has fragmented the terrain.
Generally the system includes mountains that are rounded in shape, often topped by small rocky outcrops, as well as horsts, basins and faults, roughly aligned in a N-S direction. Vegetation Since rain is abundant in Galicia, the undisturbed areas of the massif have a soft soil texture and are covered in dense vegetation of temperate deciduous forest where Quercus petraea and Quercus robur oaks predominate. The woods alternate with shrubland and wide natural meadows.
The vegetation is quite homogeneous throughout |
{"datasets_id": 162084, "wiki_id": "Q3327031", "sp": 10, "sc": 335, "ep": 10, "ec": 577} | 162,084 | Q3327031 | 10 | 335 | 10 | 577 | Galician Massif | Vegetation | the massif and there is great plant biodiversity in the Galician mountains. Many of the species found in the mountains were used in Galician traditional medicine.
The Serra dos Ancares was declared a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 2006. |
{"datasets_id": 162085, "wiki_id": "Q29299634", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 253} | 162,085 | Q29299634 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 253 | Galyang Municipality | Political situation & Population | Galyang Municipality Political situation Galyang is divided into 11 Wards. It is surrounded by Parbat District at northern side, Chapakot Municipality & Waling from east, Kaligandaki and Gulmi District from west and Palpa District at south. Jagatradevi is its headquarter. Population Galyang is created by merging Malunga, Jagatradevi, (1-6,9) Wards of Pakwadi, (1,6-9) Wards of Tindobate, Tulsibhanjyang, Nibuwakharka, Pindikhola & (1-4,7-9) Wards of Pelakot. The sum population of Galyang, 36,967, is residing in an area of 122.69 km². |
{"datasets_id": 162086, "wiki_id": "Q5519596", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 243} | 162,086 | Q5519596 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 243 | Gambado | Publication history & Description | Gambado Publication history The gambado first appeared in the original first edition Fiend Folio (1981).
The gambado appeared in the second edition in the Monstrous Compendium Fiend Folio Appendix (1992). The gambado also appeared for the Forgotten Realms in the revised Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting (1993), and reprinted in Monstrous Compendium Annual Volume One (1994). Description A gambado is a human-sized creature with a cylindrical torso that ends in three long, single-toed feet. Its body is gray in color and can be compressed like a spring; this allows the gambado to spring up or forward, which is its primary means |
{"datasets_id": 162086, "wiki_id": "Q5519596", "sp": 10, "sc": 243, "ep": 14, "ec": 74} | 162,086 | Q5519596 | 10 | 243 | 14 | 74 | Gambado | Description & Other publishers | of locomotion. Two long arms ending in razor-sharp claws protrude from its body, and its torso is topped by a humanoid skull-like head. Other publishers The gambado appeared in the Tome of Horrors (2002) from Necromancer Games. |
{"datasets_id": 162087, "wiki_id": "Q5526127", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 608} | 162,087 | Q5526127 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 608 | Gary Weeks | Biography | Gary Weeks Biography Gary Weeks was born in Wiesbaden, Hessen, Germany, FRG in a U.S. airbase. He was raised in Georgia and attended The University of Georgia and Georgia State University.
Weeks has appeared in over 50 television productions and more than a 25 film productions. Best known as Campbell in of the television series Burn Notice and as Nick Newport Jr. in Parks and Recreation His recent feature films include Spider-Man Homecoming (2017), Instant Family, and Five Feet Apart (2019).
Weeks has also written/produced/directed films such as the festival darling29 Reasons to Run Deadland and Meth Head. |
{"datasets_id": 162088, "wiki_id": "Q28606379", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 197} | 162,088 | Q28606379 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 197 | Gavan Hennigan | Background & Sports career | Gavan Hennigan Background Hennigan grew up in Galway, Ireland. At the age of 16, he began abusing alcohol and drugs as a means to deal with his homosexuality and his father's alcoholism. Hennigan travelled abroad, living in a squat in Amsterdam and an unfurnished flat in London. He suffered blackouts from alcohol and drug overdoses, eventually entering rehab for his addictions when he was 21. Sports career By trade a saturation diver on oil rigs for over 10 years, in 2016 Hennigan became the "fastest solo competitor in the history of the Talisker Whisky Atlantic Challenge, dubbed the world's toughest |
{"datasets_id": 162088, "wiki_id": "Q28606379", "sp": 10, "sc": 197, "ep": 14, "ec": 122} | 162,088 | Q28606379 | 10 | 197 | 14 | 122 | Gavan Hennigan | Sports career & Charitable work | row." Hennigan completed the three thousand mile long journey in "49 days, 11 hours and 37 minutes." Charitable work Hennigan pursues snowboarding, mountaineering, ultra running, and rowing, raising over €12,000 for local Galway charities. |
{"datasets_id": 162089, "wiki_id": "Q2228638", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 561} | 162,089 | Q2228638 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 561 | Geoffrey Smith (radio presenter) | Biography | Geoffrey Smith (radio presenter) Biography Smith's father was a pianist who also played banjo in his local dance-band in Detroit. Smith's own active jazz career ended in 1969, discouraged by the rise of rock music. In 1973 he came to Britain to complete a PhD, where he began a new career as a freelance journalist and lecturer, contributing articles and reviews to Country Life, New Society and The Spectator among others. He remains a regular contributor to Country Life and The Economist, for whom he writes on music and other cultural subjects.
His first book, published in 1983, was a survey |
{"datasets_id": 162089, "wiki_id": "Q2228638", "sp": 6, "sc": 561, "ep": 6, "ec": 1000} | 162,089 | Q2228638 | 6 | 561 | 6 | 1,000 | Geoffrey Smith (radio presenter) | Biography | of the Savoy Opera. His biography of Stéphane Grappelli followed in 1987. In 1988 he adapted the Grappelli book into a series for BBC Radio 3, the first of his many broadcasts for the network. In 1991, on the death of Peter Clayton, he became the regular presenter of Jazz Record Requests. In 2012 Alyn Shipton took over as the presenter of JRR. A new series hosted by Smith, Geoffrey Smith's Jazz, began hours after Shipton's first JRR. |
{"datasets_id": 162090, "wiki_id": "Q5543111", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 534} | 162,090 | Q5543111 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 534 | George P. Hawkes | Civil War | George P. Hawkes Civil War Shortly after the beginning of the Civil War, Hawkes was commissioned captain of Company A of the 21st Massachusetts on August 21, 1861. He was promoted to major on September 2, 1862, and to lieutenant colonel on December 18, 1862. From July 1862 to March 1863, the 21st Massachusetts was attached to the Army of the Potomac and participated in several of the largest battles of the Civil War, including the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Battle of Antietam and the Battle of Fredericksburg. Lt. Col. Hawkes took command of the 21st |
{"datasets_id": 162090, "wiki_id": "Q5543111", "sp": 6, "sc": 534, "ep": 6, "ec": 1112} | 162,090 | Q5543111 | 6 | 534 | 6 | 1,112 | George P. Hawkes | Civil War | Massachusetts after the resignation of Col. William Smith Clark in April 1863. By this time, the 21st Massachusetts had been transferred to eastern Kentucky as part of the Army of the Ohio and was primarily engaged in fighting guerrillas. In the fall of 1863, Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside moved the Army of the Ohio into eastern Tennessee and took the city of Knoxville. Confederate forces under the command of Lt. Gen. James Longstreet attempted to drive the Union army out of eastern Tennessee during the Siege of Knoxville. Lt. Col. Hawkes was placed in the role of an acting |
{"datasets_id": 162090, "wiki_id": "Q5543111", "sp": 6, "sc": 1112, "ep": 6, "ec": 1691} | 162,090 | Q5543111 | 6 | 1,112 | 6 | 1,691 | George P. Hawkes | Civil War | brigade commander during this campaign and led two regiments. When the 21st was transferred back to the Army of the Potomac in May 1864, Hawkes led the regiment during the Battle of the Wilderness, the Battle of Spotsylvania and the Battle of Bethesda Church. Poor health forced him to resign from the army on July 3, 1864. Hawkes was nominated by President Andrew Johnson on March 26, 1867 for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general, U.S. Volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious services. The U.S. Senate confirmed the award |
{"datasets_id": 162090, "wiki_id": "Q5543111", "sp": 6, "sc": 1691, "ep": 6, "ec": 1710} | 162,090 | Q5543111 | 6 | 1,691 | 6 | 1,710 | George P. Hawkes | Civil War | on March 30, 1867. |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 537} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 537 | George V | Early life and education | George V Early life and education George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House, London. He was the second son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and Alexandra, Princess of Wales. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, and his mother was the eldest daughter of King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark. He was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley.
As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was little expectation that George would become king. He was third in line |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 6, "sc": 537, "ep": 6, "ec": 1182} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 6 | 537 | 6 | 1,182 | George V | Early life and education | to the throne, after his father and elder brother, Prince Albert Victor. George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871. Neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. As their father thought that the navy was "the very best possible training for any boy", in September 1877, when George was 12 years old, both brothers joined the cadet training ship HMS Britannia at Dartmouth, Devon.
For three years from 1879, the royal brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 6, "sc": 1182, "ep": 6, "ec": 1780} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 6 | 1,182 | 6 | 1,780 | George V | Early life and education | Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, and East Asia. In 1881 on a visit to Japan, George had a local artist tattoo a blue and red dragon on his arm, and was received in an audience by the Emperor Meiji; George and his brother presented Empress Haruko with two wallabies from Australia. Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, a mythical ghost ship. When they returned to Britain, |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 6, "sc": 1780, "ep": 8, "ec": 9} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 6 | 1,780 | 8 | 9 | George V | Early life and education & Marriage | the Queen complained that her grandsons could not speak French or German, and so they spent six months in Lausanne in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to learn another language. After Lausanne, the brothers were separated; Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire. During his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his naval rank was largely honorary. Marriage |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 10, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 598} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 598 | George V | Marriage | As a young man destined to serve in the navy, Prince George served for many years under the command of his uncle, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, who was stationed in Malta. There, he grew close to and fell in love with his cousin, Princess Marie of Edinburgh. His grandmother, father and uncle all approved the match, but his mother and aunt—the Princess of Wales and Maria Alexandrovna, Duchess of Edinburgh—opposed it. The Princess of Wales thought the family was too pro-German, and the Duchess of Edinburgh disliked England. The Duchess, the only daughter of Alexander II of Russia, resented |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 10, "sc": 598, "ep": 10, "ec": 1192} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 10 | 598 | 10 | 1,192 | George V | Marriage | the fact that, as the wife of a younger son of the British sovereign, she had to yield precedence to the Princess of Wales, whose father had been a minor German prince before being called unexpectedly to the throne of Denmark. Guided by her mother, Marie refused George when he proposed to her. She married Ferdinand, the future King of Romania, in 1893.
In November 1891, George's elder brother, Albert Victor, became engaged to his second cousin once removed Princess Victoria Mary of Teck, known as "May" within the family. Her parents were Prince Francis, Duke of Teck (a member of |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 10, "sc": 1192, "ep": 10, "ec": 1821} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 10 | 1,192 | 10 | 1,821 | George V | Marriage | a morganatic, cadet branch of the House of Württemberg), and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, a male-line granddaughter of King George III and a first cousin of Queen Victoria.
On 14 January 1892, six weeks after the formal engagement, Albert Victor died of pneumonia, leaving George second in line to the throne, and likely to succeed after his father. George had only just recovered from a serious illness himself, after being confined to bed for six weeks with typhoid fever, the disease that was thought to have killed his grandfather Prince Albert. Queen Victoria still regarded Princess May as a suitable match |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 10, "sc": 1821, "ep": 14, "ec": 121} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 10 | 1,821 | 14 | 121 | George V | Marriage & Duke of York | for her grandson, and George and May grew close during their shared period of mourning.
A year after Albert Victor's death, George proposed to May and was accepted. They married on 6 July 1893 at the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace, London. Throughout their lives, they remained devoted to each other. George was, on his own admission, unable to express his feelings easily in speech, but they often exchanged loving letters and notes of endearment. Duke of York The death of his elder brother effectively ended George's naval career, as he was now second in line to the throne, after |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 14, "sc": 121, "ep": 14, "ec": 682} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 14 | 121 | 14 | 682 | George V | Duke of York | his father. George was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney by Queen Victoria on 24 May 1892, and received lessons in constitutional history from J. R. Tanner.
The Duke and Duchess of York had five sons and a daughter. Randolph Churchill claimed that George was a strict father, to the extent that his children were terrified of him, and that George had remarked to the Earl of Derby: "My father was frightened of his mother, I was frightened of my father, and I am damned well going to see to it that my children are frightened |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 14, "sc": 682, "ep": 14, "ec": 1275} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 14 | 682 | 14 | 1,275 | George V | Duke of York | of me." In reality, there is no direct source for the quotation and it is likely that George's parenting style was little different from that adopted by most people at the time. Whether this was the case or not, his children did seem to resent his strict nature, Prince Henry going as far as to describe him as a "terrible father" in later years.
They lived mainly at York Cottage, a relatively small house in Sandringham, Norfolk, where their way of life mirrored that of a comfortable middle-class family rather than royalty. George preferred a simple, almost quiet, life, in marked |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 14, "sc": 1275, "ep": 14, "ec": 1867} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 14 | 1,275 | 14 | 1,867 | George V | Duke of York | contrast to the lively social life pursued by his father. His official biographer, Harold Nicolson, later despaired of George's time as Duke of York, writing: "He may be all right as a young midshipman and a wise old king, but when he was Duke of York ... he did nothing at all but kill [i.e. shoot] animals and stick in stamps." George was an avid stamp collector, which Nicolson disparaged, but George played a large role in building the Royal Philatelic Collection into the most comprehensive collection of United Kingdom and Commonwealth stamps in the world, in some cases setting record |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 14, "sc": 1867, "ep": 18, "ec": 62} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 14 | 1,867 | 18 | 62 | George V | Duke of York & Prince of Wales | purchase prices for items.
In October 1894, George's uncle Alexander III of Russia died. At the request of his father, "out of respect for poor dear Uncle Sasha's memory", George joined his parents in St Petersburg for the funeral. He remained in Russia for the wedding a week later of the new Russian emperor, his cousin Nicholas II, to another one of George's first cousins, Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, who had once been considered as a potential bride for George's elder brother. Prince of Wales As Duke and Duchess of York, George and May carried out a wide |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 18, "sc": 62, "ep": 18, "ec": 678} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 18 | 62 | 18 | 678 | George V | Prince of Wales | variety of public duties. On the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901, George's father ascended the throne as King Edward VII. George inherited the title of Duke of Cornwall, and for much of the rest of that year, he was known as the Duke of Cornwall and York.
In 1901, George and May toured the British Empire. Their tour included Gibraltar, Malta, Port Said, Aden, Ceylon, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Mauritius, South Africa, Canada, and the Colony of Newfoundland. The tour was designed by Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain with the support of Prime Minister Lord Salisbury to reward the |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 18, "sc": 678, "ep": 18, "ec": 1359} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 18 | 678 | 18 | 1,359 | George V | Prince of Wales | Dominions for their participation in the South African War of 1899–1902. George presented thousands of specially designed South African War medals to colonial troops. In South Africa, the royal party met civic leaders, African leaders, and Boer prisoners, and was greeted by elaborate decorations, expensive gifts, and fireworks displays. Despite this, not all residents responded favourably to the tour. Many white Cape Afrikaners resented the display and expense, the war having weakened their capacity to reconcile their Afrikaner-Dutch culture with their status as British subjects. Critics in the English-language press decried the enormous cost at a time when families faced |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 18, "sc": 1359, "ep": 18, "ec": 2016} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 18 | 1,359 | 18 | 2,016 | George V | Prince of Wales | severe hardship.
In Australia, the Duke opened the first session of the Australian Parliament upon the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia. In New Zealand, he praised the military values, bravery, loyalty, and obedience to duty of New Zealanders, and the tour gave New Zealand a chance to show off its progress, especially in its adoption of up-to-date British standards in communications and the processing industries. The implicit goal was to advertise New Zealand's attractiveness to tourists and potential immigrants, while avoiding news of growing social tensions, by focusing the attention of the British press on a land few knew about. |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 18, "sc": 2016, "ep": 18, "ec": 2620} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 18 | 2,016 | 18 | 2,620 | George V | Prince of Wales | On his return to Britain, in a speech at Guildhall, London, George warned of "the impression which seemed to prevail among [our] brethren across the seas, that the Old Country must wake up if she intends to maintain her old position of pre-eminence in her colonial trade against foreign competitors."
On 9 November 1901, George was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester. King Edward wished to prepare his son for his future role as king. In contrast to Edward himself, whom Queen Victoria had deliberately excluded from state affairs, George was given wide access to state documents by his |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 18, "sc": 2620, "ep": 18, "ec": 3254} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 18 | 2,620 | 18 | 3,254 | George V | Prince of Wales | father. George in turn allowed his wife access to his papers, as he valued her counsel and she often helped write her husband's speeches. As Prince of Wales, he supported reforms in naval training, including cadets being enrolled at the ages of twelve and thirteen, and receiving the same education, whatever their class and eventual assignments. The reforms were implemented by the then Second (later First) Sea Lord, Sir John Fisher.
From November 1905 to March 1906, George and May toured British India, where he was disgusted by racial discrimination and campaigned for greater involvement of Indians in the government of |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 18, "sc": 3254, "ep": 22, "ec": 155} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 18 | 3,254 | 22 | 155 | George V | Prince of Wales & King and emperor | the country. The tour was almost immediately followed by a trip to Spain for the wedding of King Alfonso XIII to Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, a first cousin of George, at which the bride and groom narrowly avoided assassination. A week after returning to Britain, George and May travelled to Norway for the coronation of King Haakon VII, George's cousin and brother-in-law, and Queen Maud, George's sister. King and emperor On 6 May 1910, Edward VII died, and George became king. He wrote in his diary,
I have lost my best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 22, "sc": 155, "ep": 22, "ec": 728} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 22 | 155 | 22 | 728 | George V | King and emperor | [cross] word with him in my life. I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief but God will help me in my responsibilities and darling May will be my comfort as she has always been. May God give me strength and guidance in the heavy task which has fallen on me
George had never liked his wife's habit of signing official documents and letters as "Victoria Mary" and insisted she drop one of those names. They both thought she should not be called Queen Victoria, and so she became Queen Mary. Later that year, a radical propagandist, Edward Mylius, published a lie |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 22, "sc": 728, "ep": 22, "ec": 1295} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 22 | 728 | 22 | 1,295 | George V | King and emperor | that George had secretly married in Malta as a young man, and that consequently his marriage to Queen Mary was bigamous. The lie had first surfaced in print in 1893, but George had shrugged it off as a joke. In an effort to kill off rumours, Mylius was arrested, tried and found guilty of criminal libel, and was sentenced to a year in prison.
George objected to the anti-Catholic wording of the Accession Declaration that he would be required to make at the opening of his first parliament. He made it known that he would refuse to open parliament unless it |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 22, "sc": 1295, "ep": 22, "ec": 1904} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 22 | 1,295 | 22 | 1,904 | George V | King and emperor | was changed. As a result, the Accession Declaration Act 1910 shortened the declaration and removed the most offensive phrases.
George and Mary's coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 22 June 1911, and was celebrated by the Festival of Empire in London. In July, the King and Queen visited Ireland for five days; they received a warm welcome, with thousands of people lining the route of their procession to cheer. Later in 1911, the King and Queen travelled to India for the Delhi Durbar, where they were presented to an assembled audience of Indian dignitaries and princes as the Emperor and |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 22, "sc": 1904, "ep": 22, "ec": 2461} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 22 | 1,904 | 22 | 2,461 | George V | King and emperor | Empress of India on 12 December 1911. George wore the newly created Imperial Crown of India at the ceremony, and declared the shifting of the Indian capital from Calcutta to Delhi. He was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. They travelled throughout the sub-continent, and George took the opportunity to indulge in big game hunting in Nepal, shooting 21 tigers, 8 rhinoceroses and a bear over 10 days. He was a keen and expert marksman. On 18 December 1913, he shot over a thousand pheasants in six hours at Hall Barn, the home |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 22, "sc": 2461, "ep": 26, "ec": 510} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 22 | 2,461 | 26 | 510 | George V | King and emperor & National politics | of Lord Burnham, although even George had to acknowledge that "we went a little too far" that day. National politics George inherited the throne at a politically turbulent time. Lloyd George's People's Budget had been rejected the previous year by the Conservative and Unionist-dominated House of Lords, contrary to the normal convention that the Lords did not veto money bills. Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith had asked the previous king to give an undertaking that he would create sufficient Liberal peers to force the budget through the House. Edward had reluctantly agreed, provided the Lords rejected the budget after |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 26, "sc": 510, "ep": 26, "ec": 1159} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 26 | 510 | 26 | 1,159 | George V | National politics | two successive general elections. After the January 1910 general election, the Conservative peers allowed the budget, for which the government now had an electoral mandate, to pass without a vote.
Asquith attempted to curtail the power of the Lords through constitutional reforms, which were again blocked by the Upper House. A constitutional conference on the reforms broke down in November 1910 after 21 meetings. Asquith and Lord Crewe, Liberal leader in the Lords, asked George to grant a dissolution, leading to a second general election, and to promise to create sufficient Liberal peers if the Lords blocked the legislation again. If |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 26, "sc": 1159, "ep": 26, "ec": 1836} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 26 | 1,159 | 26 | 1,836 | George V | National politics | George refused, the Liberal government would otherwise resign, which would have given the appearance that the monarch was taking sides—with "the peers against the people"—in party politics. The King's two private secretaries, the Liberal Lord Knollys and the Unionist Lord Stamfordham, gave George conflicting advice. Knollys advised George to accept the Cabinet's demands, while Stamfordham advised George to accept the resignation. Like his father, George reluctantly agreed to the dissolution and creation of peers, although he felt his ministers had taken advantage of his inexperience to browbeat him. After the December 1910 general election, the Lords let the bill pass |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 26, "sc": 1836, "ep": 26, "ec": 2475} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 26 | 1,836 | 26 | 2,475 | George V | National politics | on hearing of the threat to swamp the house with new peers. The subsequent Parliament Act 1911 permanently removed—with a few exceptions—the power of the Lords to veto bills. The King later came to feel that Knollys had withheld information from him about the willingness of the opposition to form a government if the Liberals had resigned.
The 1910 general elections had left the Liberals as a minority government dependent upon the support of the Irish Nationalist Party. As desired by the Nationalists, Asquith introduced legislation that would give Ireland Home Rule, but the Conservatives and Unionists opposed it. As tempers |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 26, "sc": 2475, "ep": 30, "ec": 3} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 26 | 2,475 | 30 | 3 | George V | National politics & First World War | rose over the Home Rule Bill, which would never have been possible without the Parliament Act, relations between the elderly Knollys and the Conservatives became poor, and he was pushed into retirement. Desperate to avoid the prospect of civil war in Ireland between Unionists and Nationalists, George called a meeting of all parties at Buckingham Palace in July 1914 in an attempt to negotiate a settlement. After four days the conference ended without an agreement. Political developments in Britain and Ireland were overtaken by events in Europe, and the issue of Irish Home Rule was shelved. First World War On |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 30, "sc": 2, "ep": 30, "ec": 548} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 30 | 2 | 30 | 548 | George V | First World War | 4 August 1914 the King wrote in his diary, "I held a council at 10.45 to declare war with Germany. It is a terrible catastrophe but it is not our fault. ... Please to God it may soon be over." From 1914 to 1918, Britain and its allies were at war with the Central Powers, led by the German Empire. The German Kaiser Wilhelm II, who for the British public came to symbolise all the horrors of the war, was the King's first cousin. The King's paternal grandfather was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; consequently, the King and his children |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 30, "sc": 548, "ep": 30, "ec": 1161} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 30 | 548 | 30 | 1,161 | George V | First World War | bore the titles Prince and Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke and Duchess of Saxony. Queen Mary, although British like her mother, was the daughter of the Duke of Teck, a descendant of the German Dukes of Württemberg. The King had brothers-in-law and cousins who were British subjects but who bore German titles such as Duke and Duchess of Teck, Prince and Princess of Battenberg, and Prince and Princess of Schleswig-Holstein. When H. G. Wells wrote about Britain's "alien and uninspiring court", George famously replied: "I may be uninspiring, but I'll be damned if I'm alien."
On 17 July 1917, |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 30, "sc": 1161, "ep": 30, "ec": 1830} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 30 | 1,161 | 30 | 1,830 | George V | First World War | George appeased British nationalist feelings by issuing a royal proclamation that changed the name of the British royal house from the German-sounding House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the House of Windsor. He and all his British relatives relinquished their German titles and styles, and adopted British-sounding surnames. George compensated his male relatives by creating them British peers. His cousin, Prince Louis of Battenberg, who earlier in the war had been forced to resign as First Sea Lord through anti-German feeling, became Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, while Queen Mary's brothers became Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge, |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 30, "sc": 1830, "ep": 30, "ec": 2449} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 30 | 1,830 | 30 | 2,449 | George V | First World War | and Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone.
In letters patent gazetted on 11 December 1917 the King restricted the style of "Royal Highness" and the titular dignity of "Prince (or Princess) of Great Britain and Ireland" to the children of the Sovereign, the children of the sons of the Sovereign and the eldest living son of the eldest living son of a Prince of Wales. The letters patent also stated that "the titles of Royal Highness, Highness or Serene Highness, and the titular dignity of Prince and Princess shall cease except those titles already granted and remaining unrevoked". George's relatives who |
{"datasets_id": 162091, "wiki_id": "Q269412", "sp": 30, "sc": 2449, "ep": 30, "ec": 3090} | 162,091 | Q269412 | 30 | 2,449 | 30 | 3,090 | George V | First World War | fought on the German side, such as Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, and Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, had their British peerages suspended by a 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. Under pressure from his mother, Queen Alexandra, the King also removed the Garter flags of his German relations from St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
When Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, George's first cousin, was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the British government offered political asylum to the Tsar and his family, but worsening conditions for the British people, |
Subsets and Splits