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{"datasets_id": 161769, "wiki_id": "Q5587949", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 225} | 161,769 | Q5587949 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 225 | Gotskalk Mathiassen Seim | Gotskalk Mathiassen Seim Gotskalk Mathiassen Seim (1818 – 1873) was a Norwegian politician.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1862, 1865 and 1868, representing the constituency of Søndre Bergenhus Amt. He worked as a farmer there. |
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{"datasets_id": 161770, "wiki_id": "Q3119589", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 208} | 161,770 | Q3119589 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 208 | Guillaume André d'Hébert | Guillaume André d'Hébert Guillaume André d'Hébert (15 January 1653, Paris - 6 May 1725) was Governor General of Pondicherry for two periods. He was preceded by Pierre Dulivier and succeeded by Pierre André Prévost de La Prévostière . |
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{"datasets_id": 161771, "wiki_id": "Q5619899", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 7} | 161,771 | Q5619899 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 7 | Gurcharan Singh | Professional boxing & Career | Gurcharan Singh Professional boxing After his disappointing loss in the Olympics semifinal to Andriy Fedchuk, which Gurucharan still believes was a unfair result against him due to a sudden death point, 6 months after the Olympic loss while he was training in Czech at a boxing camp he left without informing anyone, only after a while it was realized that he migrated to USA. As he left without informing anyone at workplace or in the Indian Boxing Federation his then employer Indian Army considered him a AWOL (Absent Without Official Leave) and faced and inquiry on arrival. Career In 2001 |
{"datasets_id": 161771, "wiki_id": "Q5619899", "sp": 10, "sc": 7, "ep": 10, "ec": 572} | 161,771 | Q5619899 | 10 | 7 | 10 | 572 | Gurcharan Singh | Career | Gurucharan signed up for Pro Boxing in the United States. His first bout was with a lesser known Derrick Minter which he won in the first round on TKO. He was nick named Guru "The Storm" Nagra and had unbeatable run for record 20 straight fights with 11 KO/TKO's before he was stopped in the 10th round by Timur Ibragimov in 2010. Guru was also promoted as "The world's first professional Asian Heavyweight Boxer", In the later part of his professional boxing career Guru suffered various bodily injuries and subsequent surgeries that kept him away from the ring |
{"datasets_id": 161771, "wiki_id": "Q5619899", "sp": 10, "sc": 572, "ep": 14, "ec": 354} | 161,771 | Q5619899 | 10 | 572 | 14 | 354 | Gurcharan Singh | Career & Return to India | with only professional 4 bouts from 2004 to 2010
. Return to India With the AIBA (international boxing federation) easing its restrictions on professional boxers participating in Olympics or other international boxing events, in 2014 Guru patched up with the Indian Boxing Confederation and the Indian Army and returned to Indian 15 years after he had disappeared with a desire to represent India at the 2016 Rio Olympics |
{"datasets_id": 161772, "wiki_id": "Q5619965", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 352} | 161,772 | Q5619965 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 352 | Gurdwara Karte Parwan | Recent developments | Gurdwara Karte Parwan Karte Parwan Gurdwara in the Karte Parwan section of Kabul, Afghanistan, is one of the main Gurdwaras in the region. Gurdawara means the Gateway to the Guru, and is a place of worship for Sikhs. Recent developments There were thousands of Sikhs living in Kabul before the Soviet–Afghan War and Afghan Civil War (1992–1996). Many of them fled among the Afghan refugees in the 1980s and 1990s to India and neighboring Pakistan. After the American military involvement and the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001, some of them decided to return. As of 2008, there |
{"datasets_id": 161772, "wiki_id": "Q5619965", "sp": 8, "sc": 352, "ep": 8, "ec": 558} | 161,772 | Q5619965 | 8 | 352 | 8 | 558 | Gurdwara Karte Parwan | Recent developments | are estimated 2,500 Sikhs in the Afghanistan.
The road outside the Gurdwara has been widened prior to 2009 and the two rows of buildings and the courtyard of the Gurdwara have been reduced in size. |
{"datasets_id": 161773, "wiki_id": "Q5630660", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 580} | 161,773 | Q5630660 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 580 | HMAS Wewak | Design and construction | HMAS Wewak Design and construction The eight-vessel Balikpapan class was ordered as a locally manufactured replacement for the Australian Army's LSM-1-class landing ship medium and ALC 50 landing craft. They are 44.5 metres (146 ft) long, with a beam of 10.1 metres (33 ft), and a draught of 1.9 metres (6 ft 3 in). The landing craft have a standard displacement of 316 tons, with a full load displacement of 503 tons. They are propelled by two G.M. Detroit 6-71 diesel motors, providing 675 brake horsepower to the two propeller shafts, allowing the vessels to reach 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph). The standard ship's |
{"datasets_id": 161773, "wiki_id": "Q5630660", "sp": 6, "sc": 580, "ep": 6, "ec": 1218} | 161,773 | Q5630660 | 6 | 580 | 6 | 1,218 | HMAS Wewak | Design and construction | company is 13-strong. The Balikpapans are equipped with a Decca RM 916 navigational radar, and fitted with two 7.62 millimetres (0.300 in) machine guns for self-defence.
The LCHs have a maximum payload of 180 tons; equivalent to 3 Leopard 1 tanks, 13 M113 armoured personnel carriers 23 quarter-tonne trucks, or four LARC-V amphibious cargo vehicles. As a troop transport, a Balikpapan-class vessel can transport up to 400 soldiers between a larger amphibious ship and the shore, or embark 60 soldiers in six-berth caravans for longer voyages. The vessel's payload affects the range: at 175 tons of cargo, each vessel has a range |
{"datasets_id": 161773, "wiki_id": "Q5630660", "sp": 6, "sc": 1218, "ep": 10, "ec": 152} | 161,773 | Q5630660 | 6 | 1,218 | 10 | 152 | HMAS Wewak | Design and construction & Operational history | of 1,300 nautical miles (2,400 km; 1,500 mi), which increases to 2,280 nautical miles (4,220 km; 2,620 mi) with a 150-ton payload, and 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) when unladen. The flat, box-like keel causes the ships to roll considerably in other-than-calm conditions, limiting their ability to make long voyages.
Wewak was laid down by Walkers Limited at Maryborough, Queensland on 21 March 1972, launched on 19 May 1972, and commissioned into the RAN on 10 August 1973. Operational history Following the destruction of Darwin by Cyclone Tracy during the night of 24–25 December 1974, Wewak was deployed as part of the relief effort; Operation |
{"datasets_id": 161773, "wiki_id": "Q5630660", "sp": 10, "sc": 152, "ep": 14, "ec": 188} | 161,773 | Q5630660 | 10 | 152 | 14 | 188 | HMAS Wewak | Operational history & Decommissioning and Fate | Navy Help Darwin. Wewak was the last of the 13 ships to join the operation; sailing from Brisbane on 2 January 1975, and arriving on 13 January.
Wewak was placed in reserve on 16 August 1985; one of three landing craft decommissioned for economic reasons. She was reactivated in late 2000, but only after lengthy delays, as during the intervening years, she had been used as a parts hulk for the other Balikpapans. Decommissioning and Fate Wewak was decommissioned on 11 December 2012.
The Philippine Navy has shown interest in acquiring the ship, after the Australian government donated 2 other sisterships, HMAS Brunei |
{"datasets_id": 161773, "wiki_id": "Q5630660", "sp": 14, "sc": 188, "ep": 14, "ec": 349} | 161,773 | Q5630660 | 14 | 188 | 14 | 349 | HMAS Wewak | Decommissioning and Fate | and HMAS Tarakan in 2015. It was later confirmed that the Philippine Navy is acquiring three more LCH from Australia, including ex-HMAS Wewak, at a token price. |
{"datasets_id": 161774, "wiki_id": "Q5640863", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 543} | 161,774 | Q5640863 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 543 | Hal Merrill | Career | Hal Merrill Career Merrill has competed in three Paralympics and has won three bronze medals over the course of his career. At the 1992 Summer Paralympics in Barcelona, Spain, Merrill won two bronze medals in the F52 shot put and discus throws, and placed 10th in the discus. At the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, United States, Merrill won a bronze medal in the F51 shot put and placed 4th in the javelin. Merrill also competed in the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia but was unable to place on the podium, finishing 8th in the shot put, 5th in |
{"datasets_id": 161774, "wiki_id": "Q5640863", "sp": 6, "sc": 543, "ep": 6, "ec": 579} | 161,774 | Q5640863 | 6 | 543 | 6 | 579 | Hal Merrill | Career | the javelin, and 5th in the discus. |
{"datasets_id": 161775, "wiki_id": "Q3126664", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 292} | 161,775 | Q3126664 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 292 | Hanacpachap cussicuinin | History | Hanacpachap cussicuinin Hanacpachap cussicuinin (modern orthography: Hanaq pachap kusikuynin) is an anonymous hymn to the Virgin Mary in the Quechua language but in a largely European sacred music style. Composed before 1622, Franciscan friar Juan Pérez Bocanegra published it in 1631, making it the earliest work of vocal polyphony printed in the New World. History Hanacpachap cussicuinin appears for the first time in the Ritual published by the Franciscan friar Juan Pérez Bocanegra in 1631 entitled Ritual, formulario e institución de curas, written in both Quechua and Spanish, though this hymn appears without translation. The music is arranged in four |
{"datasets_id": 161775, "wiki_id": "Q3126664", "sp": 8, "sc": 292, "ep": 8, "ec": 909} | 161,775 | Q3126664 | 8 | 292 | 8 | 909 | Hanacpachap cussicuinin | History | parts. When published the work was on pages 708 (tiple, tenor) and 709 (alto, baxo) with the first verse written underneath, while the remaining verses follow on pages 710–712. While Bocanegra claimed that he wrote the text, the author of the music remains anonymous; many sources presume it was Bocanegra himself, though others believe it may have been the work of a native.
The piece has been recorded extensively since the early 1990s by groups all over the world (see list below). Many modern performances perform only a few of the verses to avoid excessive repetition. However, Ex Cathedra (dir. Jeffrey |
{"datasets_id": 161775, "wiki_id": "Q3126664", "sp": 8, "sc": 909, "ep": 12, "ec": 503} | 161,775 | Q3126664 | 8 | 909 | 12 | 503 | Hanacpachap cussicuinin | History & Description | Skidmore) issued the first full version in 2007, divided into four sections and using varying arrangements. Description Bocanegra identifies the poetic form as verso sáfico (Sapphic verse), although what he meant by this is unclear. Each verse is made up of five eight-syllable lines and a closing four-syllable phrase, which in the original printed appeared in italics. Often an epithet, this phrase sometimes links to the next verse. The twenty verses are set strophically. According to Bocanegra on p. 707 of the Ritual, the song was sung as a processional hymn on Lady Days.
Musically, it is set for four voices |
{"datasets_id": 161775, "wiki_id": "Q3126664", "sp": 12, "sc": 503, "ep": 12, "ec": 1133} | 161,775 | Q3126664 | 12 | 503 | 12 | 1,133 | Hanacpachap cussicuinin | Description | (tiple, alto, tenor and baxo) in a homorhythmic syllabic style, with a harmonic structure characteristic of Renaissance sacred music. The rhythm, dividing neatly into 3+3+4+3+3+4, with lilting syncopations in mm. 7, 11, and 14. Its character is close to that of the cachua, a native dance, suggesting a slow procession. In this blend, it is the musical counterpart of the paintings of the Cuzco School.
The lyrics are an ode to the Virgin Mary, containing many metaphors about love and nature grounded in Quechua culture. The epithets given to Mary can be interpreted syncretistically both an orthodox Catholic way and as |
{"datasets_id": 161775, "wiki_id": "Q3126664", "sp": 12, "sc": 1133, "ep": 12, "ec": 1527} | 161,775 | Q3126664 | 12 | 1,133 | 12 | 1,527 | Hanacpachap cussicuinin | Description | a continuation of traditional religious practices, with neither interpretation dominant. Surprisingly, two terms relating to the Pleiades are prominent, qullqa and qatachillay, while a third, unquy, is conspicuously absent. Since the Pleiades symbolized fecundity, a major theme of this song, unquy may have been deliberately avoided to distance the song from those of the Taki Unquy movement. |
{"datasets_id": 161776, "wiki_id": "Q5665562", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 217} | 161,776 | Q5665562 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 217 | Harrison College (Barbados) | Location & Accreditation | Harrison College (Barbados) Location The school is spread over several acres in Crumpton Street, at the heart of the country's capital, Bridgetown. The campus includes: an assembly hall; library; laboratories for music, art, physics, chemistry, and biology; two large playing fields in addition to basketball and tennis courts; headmaster's and treasurer's offices, faculty retreat and an outdoor firing range maintained by the school's cadet corps. Accreditation Harrison College is one of 21 public secondary schools accredited by the Ministry of Education of Barbados. Students gain entry to the school on the results of a competitive examination, the Barbados Secondary Schools |
{"datasets_id": 161776, "wiki_id": "Q5665562", "sp": 10, "sc": 217, "ep": 10, "ec": 862} | 161,776 | Q5665562 | 10 | 217 | 10 | 862 | Harrison College (Barbados) | Accreditation | Entrance Examination at the age of 11 years. Traditionally the top 120 students (top 60 males and 60 females) in the examination are awarded entry to the school. However, after zoning was implemented in 1996, students may opt to go to other schools.
At the end of their fifth year students write the General Certificate of Secondary Education examination set by the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC). This examination has replaced the Cambridge General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level examination and is of an equivalent standard.
Two years later, at the end of their Upper Sixth form year, students used to write the |
{"datasets_id": 161776, "wiki_id": "Q5665562", "sp": 10, "sc": 862, "ep": 14, "ec": 394} | 161,776 | Q5665562 | 10 | 862 | 14 | 394 | Harrison College (Barbados) | Accreditation & Structure | Cambridge General Certificate of Education at Advanced Level which has been replaced by the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination. Harrison College has maintained a minimum 75% pass rate at CXC and 70% at 'A' Level and CAPE. Since 1990, 150 students have attained Barbados scholarships and Government awards. Structure The school's population is 1000 to 1100 students. The Junior School (Forms 1–3) has around 360 students who take subjects which include English, French, Spanish, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Integrated Science, Geography, History, Woodwork, Metalwork, Music, Art, Religious Studies, Technical Drawing and Physical Education.
In the fourth year all students start a two-year |
{"datasets_id": 161776, "wiki_id": "Q5665562", "sp": 14, "sc": 394, "ep": 14, "ec": 1087} | 161,776 | Q5665562 | 14 | 394 | 14 | 1,087 | Harrison College (Barbados) | Structure | course leading to a Certificate of Secondary Education. Students are required to take English, Mathematics, one science subject (Physics, Chemistry or Biology), one language (either French or Spanish) and one social science (either History or Geography). They are also given the choice of two other subjects chosen from among foreign languages, science, History or Geography, Art, Technical Drawing, Principles of Business, Principles of Accounts, and Information Technology. Students take at least eight subjects.
Nearly all students continue their studies at Sixth Form Level and entry is dependent on a satisfactory performance at the CXC Examination. There is a great flexibility |
{"datasets_id": 161776, "wiki_id": "Q5665562", "sp": 14, "sc": 1087, "ep": 22, "ec": 222} | 161,776 | Q5665562 | 14 | 1,087 | 22 | 222 | Harrison College (Barbados) | Structure & Faculty & Calendar | of choice at sixth form level as a wide range of subjects is offered to suit a range of interests, university requirements and ability. Faculty The college has sixty-three faculty members, including part-time staff, fifty-three of whom have bachelor's degrees and ten of whom hold master's degrees. The principal is Miss Juanita Wade, with Mr David McCarthy as Deputy Principal. Calendar The academic year has 37 weeks and is divided into three terms in the traditional model: Michaelmas Term, Hilary Term and Trinity Term. Detailed reports of students are sent to parents at the end of each term. In addition, |
{"datasets_id": 161776, "wiki_id": "Q5665562", "sp": 22, "sc": 222, "ep": 34, "ec": 43} | 161,776 | Q5665562 | 22 | 222 | 34 | 43 | Harrison College (Barbados) | Calendar & Careers & Evaluation & Activities | mid-term reports are sent to parents of students in forms 1–5. Careers The great majority of students leaving Harrison College pursue some form of higher education, going to universities and colleges in the US, Canada, the United Kingdom, as well as the regional University of the West Indies. A Guidance Counsellor is on staff to advise students on the choice of careers. Evaluation Grade point averages are not used. Instead, marks in individual subjects are reported by means of percentages and in forms 1–5 the student's rank in each subject is reported. Activities The student population is divided into four |
{"datasets_id": 161776, "wiki_id": "Q5665562", "sp": 34, "sc": 43, "ep": 34, "ec": 763} | 161,776 | Q5665562 | 34 | 43 | 34 | 763 | Harrison College (Barbados) | Activities | houses for competitive academic and sporting events called "inter-house". The four Houses are "A" Armstrong- blue; "B" Deighton-red; "C" Collymore- green and "D" Dalton- yellow.The houses have strong traditions as relatives of past students are normally allocated to the same house their brothers, sisters, fathers or mothers were in.
Within the school grounds there are playing facilities for include cricket, football, lawn-tennis, table-tennis, volleyball, netball, basketball, hockey, rugby, track and field and swimming. Competitive fixtures are arranged with local club teams as well as other teams.
Strong emphasis is placed on sports and the school has produced athletes who have represented the |
{"datasets_id": 161776, "wiki_id": "Q5665562", "sp": 34, "sc": 763, "ep": 34, "ec": 1462} | 161,776 | Q5665562 | 34 | 763 | 34 | 1,462 | Harrison College (Barbados) | Activities | country at the national, regional and international levels. 2000 Olympics 100 m bronze medalist Obadele Thompson and 1998 Commonwealth Games and then 400 m hurdles champion Andrea Blackett are alumni of the school.
The school has won national school titles in sports that include cricket, football, volleyball, hockey, track and field, swimming, netball, rugby and tennis.
Music plays an important role in the life of the school. The Harrison College ensemble has given public performances at home and overseas.
The school has societies and clubs – the Computer and Information Technology Club, Chess Club, Photographic Club, Science Club, Key Club, Environmental Club, Girl |
{"datasets_id": 161776, "wiki_id": "Q5665562", "sp": 34, "sc": 1462, "ep": 34, "ec": 1886} | 161,776 | Q5665562 | 34 | 1,462 | 34 | 1,886 | Harrison College (Barbados) | Activities | Guides, Boy Scouts, Debating Society, Inter-School Christian Fellowship, an active Duke of Edinburgh Award Scheme and a table tennis club. There is a P.T.A and Alumni Association.
The #1 company of the Barbados Cadet Corps formerly consisting of students from Harrison College and its sister school Queen's College (now the #21 company) was the first company formed at the inception of the Corps over 100 years ago. |
{"datasets_id": 161777, "wiki_id": "Q5670575", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 624} | 161,777 | Q5670575 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 624 | Harry Levi Hollingworth | Biography | Harry Levi Hollingworth Biography Hollingworth was born on May 26, 1880 in De Witt, Nebraska. Hollingworth graduated from high school at age 16, but lacking both the necessary two years of college preparatory work and the funds for university Hollingworth applied for a teaching certificate instead of pursuing a university education. After teaching for two years Hollingworth enrolled in preparatory school. As a result of these educational delays Hollingworth was 23 when he finally enrolled as a freshman at the University of Nebraska.
Although Hollingworth wished to study philosophy or psychology at graduate school he received no offers for an |
{"datasets_id": 161777, "wiki_id": "Q5670575", "sp": 6, "sc": 624, "ep": 6, "ec": 1288} | 161,777 | Q5670575 | 6 | 624 | 6 | 1,288 | Harry Levi Hollingworth | Biography | assistantship and instead found himself as the principal of a high school. However, he received an offer of an assistantship from James McKeen Cattell at Columbia University within a few months of his taking on the position. In 1908 Hollingworth’s fiancé, Leta Stetter Hollingworth, who up until now had been living in Nebraska, joined him in New York where the two were married. The following year he received his doctorate from Columbia, having completed his dissertation on the accuracy of reaching.
Following his graduation Hollingworth took an instructor’s position at Barnard College, teaching psychology and logic. Short on funds, Hollingworth took |
{"datasets_id": 161777, "wiki_id": "Q5670575", "sp": 6, "sc": 1288, "ep": 6, "ec": 1956} | 161,777 | Q5670575 | 6 | 1,288 | 6 | 1,956 | Harry Levi Hollingworth | Biography | extra jobs wherever he could, including proctoring exams and delivering a series of lectures to the New York Men’s Advertising League on the psychology of advertising. In 1911 Hollingworth received a job offer that alleviated his financial concerns, and allowed his wife to enroll in graduate school.
The Coca-Cola Company, facing a lawsuit from the federal government under the Pure Food and Drug Act, approached Hollingworth (after James McKeen Cattell and several other psychologists turned them down) about investigating the psychological effects of caffeine on humans. Aware of the stigma associated with applied work, as well as possible concerns about |
{"datasets_id": 161777, "wiki_id": "Q5670575", "sp": 6, "sc": 1956, "ep": 6, "ec": 2640} | 161,777 | Q5670575 | 6 | 1,956 | 6 | 2,640 | Harry Levi Hollingworth | Biography | the scientific integrity of research funded by a corporation, Hollingworth included several conditions in his contract with Coca-Cola. Specifically, Hollingworth stated that Coca-Cola could not use the results of his research in its advertisements, nor could Hollingworth’s name or that of Columbia University be used in these ads. Additionally, Hollingworth was free to publish the results of his research regardless of the outcome of the study. Furthermore, to reduce any questions about the integrity of his research Hollingworth designed his three caffeine studies to include blind and double-blind conditions. The scope and methodology employed in these studies had never before |
{"datasets_id": 161777, "wiki_id": "Q5670575", "sp": 6, "sc": 2640, "ep": 6, "ec": 3332} | 161,777 | Q5670575 | 6 | 2,640 | 6 | 3,332 | Harry Levi Hollingworth | Biography | been seen applied to psychological research.
These studies generated a huge amount of data which, because of Hollingworth’s “catastrophobia,” had to be duplicated following each night’s analysis and housed in a separate location. After completing his studies Hollingworth traveled to Chattanooga to testify at the Coca-Cola trial. Here he presented the results of his studies where he had found no deleterious effects on motor or mental performance. Although Hollingworth’s testimony was well received, and the case against Coca-Cola was ultimately dismissed, the dismissal was not a result of his testimony. Following Hollingworth’s testimony at the trial, and the favourable media |
{"datasets_id": 161777, "wiki_id": "Q5670575", "sp": 6, "sc": 3332, "ep": 6, "ec": 4016} | 161,777 | Q5670575 | 6 | 3,332 | 6 | 4,016 | Harry Levi Hollingworth | Biography | coverage that accompanied it, he received an incredible number of requests for further applied work.
During World War I Hollingworth was asked by the Surgeon General’s Office to administer psychological services to shell-shocked soldiers who returned from the war. From his observations of these men Hollingworth developed a theory of functional neurosis, which he published in 1920 in one of the first books on clinical psychology, The Psychology of Functional Neurosis. In 1927 Hollingworth was elected president of the American Psychological Association. Hollingworth was also a prolific writer, publishing what essentially amounted to a book a year between 1926 and 1935. |
{"datasets_id": 161777, "wiki_id": "Q5670575", "sp": 6, "sc": 4016, "ep": 6, "ec": 4678} | 161,777 | Q5670575 | 6 | 4,016 | 6 | 4,678 | Harry Levi Hollingworth | Biography | Although Hollingworth wrote his autobiography in 1940 it was never published. In the late 1930s Hollingway returned to applied research as a favor to a friend, investigating the reasons why people chew gum.
Hollingworth spent most of his career doing applied research in what, at that time, was termed business psychology, and would be better characterized today as industrial psychology. Although he was a pioneer in the fields of industrial and applied psychology, Hollingworth had no particular passion for this kind of research. Rather, Hollingworth’s career took the course it did because the financial rewards offered by applied research appealed |
{"datasets_id": 161777, "wiki_id": "Q5670575", "sp": 6, "sc": 4678, "ep": 6, "ec": 4831} | 161,777 | Q5670575 | 6 | 4,678 | 6 | 4,831 | Harry Levi Hollingworth | Biography | to a man struggling to make a living (Benjamin, 1996; Benjamin, Rogers & Rosenbaum, 1991).
He died on September 17, 1956 in Montrose, New York. |
{"datasets_id": 161778, "wiki_id": "Q5688875", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 489} | 161,778 | Q5688875 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 489 | He Meets His Match, The Grisly Ghoul | Plot synopsis | He Meets His Match, The Grisly Ghoul Plot synopsis Picking up from the last episode, Gotham City suffers a massive power outage just as the slot machine spins the third lemon. The Joker and his henchmen beat a harried retreat, just as the cops arrive just in time to cut Batman and Robin out from the electric chairs before the power comes back on. After replaying the audiotape Batman secretly made while in the van, they were able to make out Susie as one of the members of the Joker's crime family, much to Robin's shock and dismay as he |
{"datasets_id": 161778, "wiki_id": "Q5688875", "sp": 6, "sc": 489, "ep": 6, "ec": 1081} | 161,778 | Q5688875 | 6 | 489 | 6 | 1,081 | He Meets His Match, The Grisly Ghoul | Plot synopsis | had romantic feelings for her. So Robin, in the guise of his true identity, Dick Grayson, an undercover agent, tries to trick Susie into leading him into the "Bad Pennies" and the Joker himself. Unfortunately, his henchman Nick catches immediately on and sends Dick on his way, but not before tipping him off on an impending robbery at a local bar.
Batman and Robin enter the bar, trigger the gimmicked jukebox which reveals a double-barrel shotgun, deflect its bullets with a Batshield, and use a bomb to destroy the armed machine. They then realize that Susie is in danger and rush |
{"datasets_id": 161778, "wiki_id": "Q5688875", "sp": 6, "sc": 1081, "ep": 6, "ec": 1679} | 161,778 | Q5688875 | 6 | 1,081 | 6 | 1,679 | He Meets His Match, The Grisly Ghoul | Plot synopsis | to her aid, just as The Joker, realizing that Batman is on to Susie, gives her some "imported" Canadian perfume (called "Une Nuit Sans Fin" (One Endless Night)"), which he instructs her to use only after she has planted answers to some important nationwide pre-college exam papers she stole inside one of the rigged machines, not telling her that the perfume has been poisoned.
In the gym, Batman and Robin confront Susie and warn her of impending danger, but she refuses to listen and slumps unconsciously when she applies the perfume. It is later revealed that Batman and Robin saved her |
{"datasets_id": 161778, "wiki_id": "Q5688875", "sp": 6, "sc": 1679, "ep": 6, "ec": 2282} | 161,778 | Q5688875 | 6 | 1,679 | 6 | 2,282 | He Meets His Match, The Grisly Ghoul | Plot synopsis | life by using the "Universal Antidote" pills in their utility belts, and she repaid them by revealing the whole criminal scheme. Meanwhile, Joker, Nick, and Two-Bits arrive at the school in time to snap an incriminating picture of the Woodrow Roosevelt High School basketball team clutching the exam papers complete with written-in answers, which the team received from a rigged milk machine. The Joker then reaches a new low in crime: he plans to use the picture to disqualify and suspend the otherwise innocent team members for cheating, and stop them from playing Disko Tech in the night's big game, |
{"datasets_id": 161778, "wiki_id": "Q5688875", "sp": 6, "sc": 2282, "ep": 6, "ec": 2868} | 161,778 | Q5688875 | 6 | 2,282 | 6 | 2,868 | He Meets His Match, The Grisly Ghoul | Plot synopsis | for he bet his cash on the opposite team and with the home players out of the game, the opposing team, Disko Tech would win from default. (The Joker's exact wager was $50,000 on Disko Tech, with the odds set at 20 to 1 on Woodrow Roosevelt High, so this would bring him $1 million.)
Batman and Robin suddenly announce themselves from the rafters to inform the students that the exam papers were counterfeit which they planted, rendering the Joker's picture useless. Batman and Robin then attack, putting the Joker and his henchmen out of circulation. Susie, meanwhile, is sent |
{"datasets_id": 161778, "wiki_id": "Q5688875", "sp": 6, "sc": 2868, "ep": 6, "ec": 2924} | 161,778 | Q5688875 | 6 | 2,868 | 6 | 2,924 | He Meets His Match, The Grisly Ghoul | Plot synopsis | to the Wayne Foundation Institute for Delinquent Girls. |
{"datasets_id": 161779, "wiki_id": "Q60954", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 614} | 161,779 | Q60954 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 614 | Heinrich von Brentano | Personal life | Heinrich von Brentano Personal life Brentano was born in Offenbach am Main, the son of the Centre politician Otto von Brentano, a member of the 1919 Weimar National Assembly. The Brentano family, of Italian (Lombard) origin, had settled in the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt in the 17th century and were recognized as Hessian nobles, with close contact to important figures of the German Romanticism, including Goethe, Savigny and Arnim. He was related to famous German poets such as Clemens Brentano (1778–1842) and Bettina von Arnim (1785–1859). The author Bernard von Brentano (1901–1964) was his elder brother.
Upon his Abitur degree in |
{"datasets_id": 161779, "wiki_id": "Q60954", "sp": 6, "sc": 614, "ep": 8, "ec": 16} | 161,779 | Q60954 | 6 | 614 | 8 | 16 | Heinrich von Brentano | Personal life & Political career | 1922, Heinrich von Brentano studied jurisprudence at the University of Munich and took his first and second Staatsexamen in 1925 and 1929. He received his doctorate from the University of Giessen and from 1932 worked as a lawyer in Darmstadt, from 1943 until 1945 as a prosecutor in Hanau.
Brentano remained a bachelor throughout his life, living with his mother up to her death in 1948. In 1961, rumors circulated about his homosexuality, to which Adenauer drily replied: "He has not hit on me yet."
Brentano died of cancer at the age of 60. He was buried at Waldfriedhof Darmstadt. Political career |
{"datasets_id": 161779, "wiki_id": "Q60954", "sp": 10, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 622} | 161,779 | Q60954 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 622 | Heinrich von Brentano | Political career | After World War II, Brentano was one of the founders of the Christian Democratic Union in Hesse and became a member of the Landtag of Hesse in 1946, from 1947 as chairman of the parliamentary group.
He also attended the proceedings of the Parlamentarischer Rat assembly drafting the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. In the federal elections of 1949, he obtained a seat in the West German Bundestag parliament by directly winning the mandate of the Bergstraße constituency. In 1952 he and other CDU MPs advocated the implementation of a plurality voting system instead of the personalized proportional |
{"datasets_id": 161779, "wiki_id": "Q60954", "sp": 10, "sc": 622, "ep": 10, "ec": 1269} | 161,779 | Q60954 | 10 | 622 | 10 | 1,269 | Heinrich von Brentano | Political career | representation concept, though to no avail. In the federal parliament, he served as head of the CDU/CSU faction from 1949 to 1955 and again from 1961 until his death.
A member of the European Movement Germany, the European Common Assembly and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Brentano was an important figure in the foundation of the European Economic Community (EEC).
After the Allied occupation statute had been lifted in 1955, he was appointed Foreign Minister of Germany at the suggestion of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who prior had filled the office himself. Brentano resigned when Adenauer had to form a |
{"datasets_id": 161779, "wiki_id": "Q60954", "sp": 10, "sc": 1269, "ep": 10, "ec": 1499} | 161,779 | Q60954 | 10 | 1,269 | 10 | 1,499 | Heinrich von Brentano | Political career | coalition government with the Free Democratic Party (FDP) after the federal election of 1961 and had to accept the appointment of a FDP state secretary in the Foreign Office. He was succeeded by his party fellow Gerhard Schröder. |
{"datasets_id": 161780, "wiki_id": "Q3893218", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 306} | 161,780 | Q3893218 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 306 | Hemi-icosahedron | Geometry & The complete graph K6 | Hemi-icosahedron Geometry It has 10 triangular faces, 15 edges, and 6 vertices.
It is also related to the nonconvex uniform polyhedron, the tetrahemihexahedron, which could be topologically identical to the hemi-icosahedron if each of the 3 square faces were divided into two triangles. The complete graph K6 It has the same vertices and edges as the 5-dimensional 5-simplex which has a complete graph of edges, but only contains half of the (20) faces.
From the point of view of graph theory this is an embedding of (the complete graph with 6 vertices) on a real projective plane. With this embedding, the |
{"datasets_id": 161780, "wiki_id": "Q3893218", "sp": 10, "sc": 306, "ep": 10, "ec": 366} | 161,780 | Q3893218 | 10 | 306 | 10 | 366 | Hemi-icosahedron | The complete graph K6 | dual graph is the Petersen graph --- see hemi-dodecahedron. |
{"datasets_id": 161781, "wiki_id": "Q15506342", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 76} | 161,781 | Q15506342 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 76 | Henry Stevens (bibliographer) | Henry Stevens (bibliographer) Henry Stevens (August 24, 1819 – February 28, 1886), American bibliographer. |
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{"datasets_id": 161782, "wiki_id": "Q15063595", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 289} | 161,782 | Q15063595 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 289 | Heru | Heru A heru is a traditional ornamental comb of the Māori of New Zealand. They were carved from a solid piece of either wood or whale bone or made from individual teeth lashed together. They were used by men to fasten their long hair up into topknots. The heru indicated the rank of the wearer. |
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{"datasets_id": 161783, "wiki_id": "Q5749889", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 575} | 161,783 | Q5749889 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 575 | Heywood Sumner | Personal life and family | Heywood Sumner Personal life and family Sumner was born in 1853 at Old Alresford, Hampshire, the son of Reverend George Henry Sumner, an Anglican clergyman, and Mary Elizabeth Sumner (née Heywood), also prominent in the Church of England and well known as the founder of the Mothers' Union.
After attending Eton, Sumner studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and in 1881 qualified as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn, London.
In 1883 Sumner married Agnes Benson, the sister of his college friend W A S Benson. Together they had five children – three boys and two girls. In 1897 Sumner retired from London and |
{"datasets_id": 161783, "wiki_id": "Q5749889", "sp": 6, "sc": 575, "ep": 10, "ec": 101} | 161,783 | Q5749889 | 6 | 575 | 10 | 101 | Heywood Sumner | Personal life and family & Art | moved his family to Bournemouth on the south coast of England, ostensibly because of his wife's ill-health. In 1902 he acquired a plot of land at Cuckoo Hill near South Gorley, on the east side of the Avon valley, and designed and built his ideal family house. Sumner lived at Cuckoo Hill from 1904 until his death in 1940 at the age of 87. The house has since been renamed "Heywood Sumner House", and is currently run as a care home. Art Sumner studied law at Oxford and London alongside his childhood friend W A S Benson, who later became |
{"datasets_id": 161783, "wiki_id": "Q5749889", "sp": 10, "sc": 101, "ep": 10, "ec": 722} | 161,783 | Q5749889 | 10 | 101 | 10 | 722 | Heywood Sumner | Art | a successful metalwork designer; it was through this friendship that he was introduced to William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement.
Sumner rejected the elitism of the William Morris clique and engaged in projects to bring Arts and Crafts within the experience of the general public. In particular in the 1890s he helped to set up the Fitzroy Picture Society, a group of artists dedicated to producing boldly coloured prints that could be sold cheaply to liven up the walls of public institutions such as schools and hospitals.
Sumner did not excel in any one particular technique, but his breadth |
{"datasets_id": 161783, "wiki_id": "Q5749889", "sp": 10, "sc": 722, "ep": 18, "ec": 37} | 161,783 | Q5749889 | 10 | 722 | 18 | 37 | Heywood Sumner | Art & Line drawing and etching & Sgraffito | of achievement was remarkable. Several of his areas of expertise are described below. Line drawing and etching Sumner's earliest publications – The Itchen Valley from Tichbourne to Southampton (1881) and The Avon from Naseby to Tewkesbury (1882) – were illustrated with his own etchings, and in 1883 he was commissioned to illustrate an edition of John R. Wise's The New Forest. In the process of illustrating various children's books he developed a more stylised technique, used to good effect in his later publications on the topography and archaeology of the New Forest and surroundings. Sgraffito Sumner experimented with sgraffito, a |
{"datasets_id": 161783, "wiki_id": "Q5749889", "sp": 18, "sc": 37, "ep": 22, "ec": 181} | 161,783 | Q5749889 | 18 | 37 | 22 | 181 | Heywood Sumner | Sgraffito & Stained glass | technique of incising designs in coloured plaster. He started by decorating the houses of his relatives, and later his narrative designs and ornamental patterns covered the walls of several Victorian churches and chapels in the British Isles: from the Church of St Mary the Virgin, Llanfair Kilgeddin(1887–88) to All Saints in Ennismore Gardens, London (1897–1903). There are very fine examples of his work and stained glass at Christ Church, Crookham, Hampshire. Stained glass Sumner designed stained-glass windows for several churches built or redecorated around 1900, sometimes as part of a bigger scheme including his sgraffito and mosaic. Examples of his |
{"datasets_id": 161783, "wiki_id": "Q5749889", "sp": 22, "sc": 181, "ep": 30, "ec": 118} | 161,783 | Q5749889 | 22 | 181 | 30 | 118 | Heywood Sumner | Stained glass & Tapestry & The Book of Gorley | stained glass work can be found at St Mary (Longworth, Berkshire), All Saints (Ennismore Gardens, London – now a Russian Orthodox cathedral), St Mary the Virgin (Llanfair Kilgeddin, Wales), St Mary Magdalene (North Ockendon, Essex), St Peter (Oakford, Devon) and the rose window at St Mary the Virgin (Great Warley, Essex). Tapestry One of Sumner's last commercial works was a tapestry called The Chace, woven by William Morris and company in 1908. The Book of Gorley In 1910 Sumner published The Book of Gorley, a work that had started out as a personal journal of his new rural way of |
{"datasets_id": 161783, "wiki_id": "Q5749889", "sp": 30, "sc": 118, "ep": 34, "ec": 151} | 161,783 | Q5749889 | 30 | 118 | 34 | 151 | Heywood Sumner | The Book of Gorley & Folk songs | life. In addition to lyrical descriptions of the topography and natural history of his surroundings, the book includes anecdotes and illustrations of local characters and the history of the New Forest and its adjacent commons.
The earliest version of The Book of Gorley was re-published in 1987 as a full-colour, original manuscript edition with the title Cuckoo Hill: The Book of Gorley. The book is illustrated throughout with Sumner's distinctive line drawings, stylised maps and watercolour paintings. Folk songs Sumner illustrated and published his own collection of eleven Hampshire folk songs, entitled The Besom-Maker and other Country-Folk Songs. He sometimes |
{"datasets_id": 161783, "wiki_id": "Q5749889", "sp": 34, "sc": 151, "ep": 38, "ec": 496} | 161,783 | Q5749889 | 34 | 151 | 38 | 496 | Heywood Sumner | Folk songs & Archaeology | entertained his fellow members at the Art Worker's Guild with renditions of these songs and in return they called him 'The Shepherd'. Archaeology Sumner's earliest contributions to archaeology involved surveying the prehistoric earthworks of Cranborne Chase, only a bike-ride away from his home at Cuckoo Hill in the Avon valley. The results of his fieldwork between 1911 and 1913 were published in a collection entitled The Ancient Earthworks of Cranborne Chase. In 1917 he published a companion volume The Ancient Earthworks of the New Forest. In 1921, in partnership with W G Wallace, Sumner published Ancient Earthworks of the Bournemouth |
{"datasets_id": 161783, "wiki_id": "Q5749889", "sp": 38, "sc": 496, "ep": 38, "ec": 791} | 161,783 | Q5749889 | 38 | 496 | 38 | 791 | Heywood Sumner | Archaeology | District in the proceedings of the Bournemouth Natural Science Society. These three studies of ancient earthworks in the Wessex region included hillforts, enclosures and notable barrows. Sumner's distinctive graphic style was evident in the maps, diagrams and illustrations of these earthworks. |
{"datasets_id": 161784, "wiki_id": "Q691135", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 565} | 161,784 | Q691135 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 565 | Hiroko Shimabukuro | Charting and sales | Hiroko Shimabukuro Charting and sales Her first album, Brilliant charted in Japan at number 4 for five weeks, selling 400,000 copies. Her second album, Naked and True, reached number 1, and she released a best singles album that charted in the top 10.
In August 2004, Hiro released an all-English jazz album under the name of Coco d'Or. Her single "Hikari no naka de" was featured on the soundtrack to the movie Devilman. A year later, she released another song, "Clover", tied to anime Black Jack, selling 20,000 copies. Her two CDs released in 2006 sold considerably less, "Hero" selling 7,000 |
{"datasets_id": 161784, "wiki_id": "Q691135", "sp": 6, "sc": 565, "ep": 10, "ec": 73} | 161,784 | Q691135 | 6 | 565 | 10 | 73 | Hiroko Shimabukuro | Charting and sales & Performances | copies and "Itsuka Futari de" 9,000. Performances She performed in the United States at Seattle's Sakura-Con in April 2004. |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 563} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 563 | History of Rouen | The Middle Ages | History of Rouen The Middle Ages After the first Viking incursion into the lower valley of the Seine in 841, they went on to overrun Rouen, and some of them settled and founded a colony led by Rollo (Hrolfr), who was nominated to be count of Rouen by King Charles in 911. In the 10th century Rouen became the capital of the Duchy of Normandy and the residence of the dukes, until William the Conqueror established his castle at Caen.
During the early 12th century, the city's population reached 30,000. In 1150, Rouen received its founding charter, which permitted self-government. During |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 6, "sc": 563, "ep": 6, "ec": 1164} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 6 | 563 | 6 | 1,164 | History of Rouen | The Middle Ages | the 12th century, Rouen was probably the site of a Jewish yeshiva. At that time, about 6,000 Jews lived in the town, comprising about 20% of the total population. The well-preserved remains of a medieval Jewish building, that could be a yeshiva, were discovered in the 1970s under the Rouen Law Courts.
In 1200, a fire destroyed part of Rouen's Romanesque cathedral, leaving just St Romain's tower, the side porches of its front, and part of the nave.
New work on the present Gothic cathedral of Rouen began, in the nave, transept, choir, and the lowest section of the lantern tower. |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 6, "sc": 1164, "ep": 6, "ec": 1775} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 6 | 1,164 | 6 | 1,775 | History of Rouen | The Middle Ages | On 24 June 1204, Philip Augustus entered Rouen and annexed Normandy to the Royal Demesne. The fall of Rouen meant the end of Normandy's vassal state status. He demolished the Norman castle and replaced it with his own, the Château Bouvreuil, built on the site of the Gallo-Roman amphitheatre.
A textile industry developed based on wool imported from England, competing with the northern County of Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant. The city found its market niche in the Champagne fairs. Rouen also depended on the river traffic of the Seine for its prosperity. Wine and wheat were exported to England, |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 6, "sc": 1775, "ep": 6, "ec": 2389} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 6 | 1,775 | 6 | 2,389 | History of Rouen | The Middle Ages | with tin and wool received in return.
In the late 13th century, urban strife threatened the city: in 1291, the mayor was assassinated and noble residences in the city were pillaged. Philip IV restored order and suppressed the city's charter and the city's lucrative monopoly on river traffic, but he was quite willing to allow the Rouennais to repurchase their former liberties in 1294. In 1306, he decided to expel the Jewish community of Rouen, which then numbered some five or six thousand in the city of 40,000 people.
In 1389, another urban revolt of the underclass broke out, the Harelle. It |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 6, "sc": 2389, "ep": 6, "ec": 3027} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 6 | 2,389 | 6 | 3,027 | History of Rouen | The Middle Ages | was part of a widespread rebellion in France that year and was suppressed with the withdrawal of Rouen's charter and river-traffic privileges once more.
During the Hundred Years' War, on 19 January 1419, Rouen and its population of 70,000 surrendered to Henry V of England, who annexed Normandy once again to the Plantagenet domains. But Rouen did not go quietly: Alain Blanchard hung English prisoners from the walls, for which he was summarily executed; the Canon and Vicar General of Rouen, Robert de Livet, became heroes for excommunicating the English king, which occurred shortly after de Livet's own five year imprisonment |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 6, "sc": 3027, "ep": 6, "ec": 3561} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 6 | 3,027 | 6 | 3,561 | History of Rouen | The Middle Ages | in England.
Rouen became the capital city of English power in occupied France and when the Duke of Bedford bought Joan of Arc her liberty from the Duke of Burgundy who had been keeping her in jail since May 1430, she was sent to be tried in the city during Christmas 1430. After a long trial by a church court, she was sentenced to be burned at the stake. The sentence was carried out on 30 May 1431 in the city, and most residents supported the Duke of Burgundy, Joan of Arc's royal enemy. In that same year, the young Henry |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 6, "sc": 3561, "ep": 10, "ec": 283} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 6 | 3,561 | 10 | 283 | History of Rouen | The Middle Ages & The Renaissance Period | VI was crowned King of England and France in Paris before coming to Rouen where he was acclaimed by the crowds.
The king of France Charles VII recaptured the town in 1449, 18 years after the death of Joan of Arc and after 30 years of English occupation. The Renaissance Period The naval dockyards, where activity had been slowed by the 100 years war, became busy again as did the church of Saint-Maclou, which had been founded under English occupation The nave of the church of Saint Ouen was completed at last. The salle des pas-perdus (a sort of waiting room |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 10, "sc": 283, "ep": 10, "ec": 889} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 10 | 283 | 10 | 889 | History of Rouen | The Renaissance Period | or ante-room) of the present law courts was built during this time. The whole building was built in a flamboyant style into which the first decorative elements typical of the Renaissance style right at the beginning of the 16th century had been incorporated.
At that time Rouen was the fourth most populous city in the realm, after Paris, Marseille and Lyon. Rouen was also one of the Norman cradles of artistic Renaissance, in particular the one under the patronage of the archbishops and financiers of the town.
The city's economic upturn at the end of the 15th century was mainly due to |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 10, "sc": 889, "ep": 10, "ec": 1478} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 10 | 889 | 10 | 1,478 | History of Rouen | The Renaissance Period | the emergence of the cloth industry, but also partly due to the development of the silk industry and metallurgy. The fishermen of Rouen went as far afield as the Baltic to fish for herrings. Salt was imported from Portugal and Guérande. Cloth was exported to Spain who also provided wool, and the Medici family made Rouen into the main port for the resale of Roman alum.
At the beginning of the 16th century, Rouen became the main French port through which trade was conducted with Brazil, principally for the import of cloth dyes. By 1500, ten printing presses had been installed |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 10, "sc": 1478, "ep": 14, "ec": 524} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 10 | 1,478 | 14 | 524 | History of Rouen | The Renaissance Period & The Wars of Religion | in the city following the installation of the first sixteen years earlier. The Wars of Religion In the years following 1530, part of the population of Rouen embraced Calvinism. The members of the Reformed Church represented a quarter to a third of the total population, a significant minority.
In 1550, King Henry II staged a triumphant entry into Rouen, modeled on the ancient Roman triumph and specifically designed to ape Pompey's third triumph of 61 BC at Rome: "No less pleasing and delectable than the third triumph of Pompey... magnificent in riches and abounding in the spoils of foreign nations". It was |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 14, "sc": 524, "ep": 14, "ec": 1179} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 14 | 524 | 14 | 1,179 | History of Rouen | The Wars of Religion | not enough, however, to long sustain royal authority in the city.
From 1560 onwards, tensions rose between the Protestant and Catholic communities, and the Massacre of Vassy triggered the first of the French Wars of Religion. On 15 April 1562 the Protestants entered the town hall and ejected the King's personal representative. In May there was an outbreak of Iconoclasm (statue smashing). On 10 May the Catholic members of the town council fled Rouen. The Catholics in turn captured the Fort of Saint Catherine which overlooked the town. Both sides resorted to terror tactics.
At this juncture, the Protestant town authorities requested |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 14, "sc": 1179, "ep": 14, "ec": 1772} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 14 | 1,179 | 14 | 1,772 | History of Rouen | The Wars of Religion | help from Queen Elizabeth I of England. In accordance with the Hampton Court Treaty which they had signed with Condé on 20 September 1562, the English sent troops to support the Protestants. On 26 October 1562 French Royalist troops retook Rouen and pillaged it for three days.
The news of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day reached Rouen at the end of August 1572. Hennequier tried to avoid a massacre of the Protestants by shutting them up in various prisons. But between 17 and 20 September the crowds forced the gates of the prisons and murdered the Protestants that they found |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 14, "sc": 1772, "ep": 18, "ec": 327} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 14 | 1,772 | 18 | 327 | History of Rouen | The Wars of Religion & The Classical Age | inside.
The town was attacked on several occasions by Henry IV of France, but it resisted, notably during the siege of December 1591 to May 1592, with the help of the Spanish army led by the Duke of Parma (see Siege of Rouen (1591)). The Classical Age The permanent Exchequer of Normandy, which had been installed in Rouen in 1499 by George of Amboise, was transformed into a regional administrative assembly by Francis I in 1515 and up to the time of the Revolution was the administrative centre of the region. It had judicial, legislative and executive powers in Norman affairs |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 18, "sc": 327, "ep": 18, "ec": 932} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 18 | 327 | 18 | 932 | History of Rouen | The Classical Age | and was only subordinate to the Privy Council. It also had power to govern French Canada. By the 1550s, Rouen reached a population of about 75,000 inhabitants and became the second largest city in France. During the early modern era, warfare was a common threat to the city of Rouen. There was military improvement in technology and organization; however, the siege of 1591–1592 concluded with high casualties. In the 16th century, The Protestant Reformation resulted in religious wars which caused a population decline in many areas of France. Until the 1750s a lot of cities, including Rouen, were in a |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 18, "sc": 932, "ep": 18, "ec": 1561} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 18 | 932 | 18 | 1,561 | History of Rouen | The Classical Age | stage of stagnation or decline of population.
The 16th and 18th centuries brought prosperity to the city through the textile trade and the increased use of port facilities, as well as the development of public transportation and other industries. In 1703, the Norman Chamber of Commerce was formed. Rouen was well-known for the production of wool and faience – glazed ceramic ware; wool was the main source of wealth for the city. The printing industry was introduced to Rouen in 1485 and influenced its cultural and economic development. Rouen became a regional centre of production by introducing a variety of books to |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 18, "sc": 1561, "ep": 22, "ec": 215} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 18 | 1,561 | 22 | 215 | History of Rouen | The Classical Age & 19th and 20th centuries | the industry. Although it did not have a university, Rouen became an important intellectual centre by reason of its reputed schools of higher learning. In 1734, a school of surgery was founded (second only to that of Paris, founded in 1724). In 1758 a new hospital was opened, to the west of the town, which replaced the old medieval one which had become too small. 19th and 20th centuries During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, Rouen was occupied by the Prussians.
During the First World War, the British used Rouen as a supply base and there were many military hospitals.
Rouen was |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 22, "sc": 215, "ep": 22, "ec": 830} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 22 | 215 | 22 | 830 | History of Rouen | 19th and 20th centuries | heavily damaged during World War II – approximately 45% of the city was destroyed. In June 1940, the area between the Rouen Cathedral and the Seine river burned for 48 hours as the Nazis did not allow firemen access to the fire. Other areas were destroyed between March and August 1944, just before and during the Battle of Normandy, which ended on the left bank of the Seine with the destruction of several regiments belonging to the German 7th Army. Rouen's cathedral and several significant monuments were damaged by Allied bombing. During the German occupation, Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine had its headquarters |
{"datasets_id": 161785, "wiki_id": "Q30589115", "sp": 22, "sc": 830, "ep": 22, "ec": 1025} | 161,785 | Q30589115 | 22 | 830 | 22 | 1,025 | History of Rouen | 19th and 20th centuries | located in a château on what is now the Rouen Business School (École Supérieure de Commerce de Rouen). The city was liberated by the Canadians on 30 August 1944 after the breakout from Normandy. |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 233} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 233 | History of roller derby | Endurance races | History of roller derby The history of roller derby traces the evolution of roller skating races into a unique sport which underwent several boom-and-bust cycles throughout the 20th century. Although it was a form of sports entertainment for much of its existence, a grassroots, early 21st century revival spearheaded by women has restored an emphasis on athleticism. Endurance races The growing popularity of roller skating in the United States led to the formation of organized endurance races as early as 1884, when skater Victor W. Clough skated 100 miles over the course of nearly ten hours in Geneseo, Illinois. |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 8, "sc": 233, "ep": 8, "ec": 883} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 8 | 233 | 8 | 883 | History of roller derby | Endurance races | In 1885, a six-day "go-as-you-please" competition was staged at Madison Square Garden in New York City, with 36 skaters competing for $500 in prize money. Two deaths resulted from the six-day race: both the winner, William Donovan, and skater Joseph Cohen died shortly after the race was completed. Though the inquest that resulted from Cohen's death led to a recommendation for a law prohibiting roller skating activities exceeding four hours in length, a second six-day race was announced in May 1885.
The popularity of roller skate racing, including endurance events, continued in the early 20th century. Races routinely featured amateur |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 8, "sc": 883, "ep": 8, "ec": 1543} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 8 | 883 | 8 | 1,543 | History of roller derby | Endurance races | skaters as well as professionals, some of whom toured as troupes. Due to rowdiness at some events, including tripping and pushing, speed roller skating acquired a reputation for being something less than a legitimate sport. The International Skating Union of America, a competitor of the International Skating Union, formed in 1907 partly in response. This network of regional associations lasted 20 years, organized championship races, and established rules that prohibited rough play.
Although tripping and pushing may not have been allowed at certain events, popular speed and endurance races continued to be held on both flat and banked tracks in |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 8, "sc": 1543, "ep": 8, "ec": 2150} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 8 | 1,543 | 8 | 2,150 | History of roller derby | Endurance races | the century's first three decades. Among these races was an 8.5-mile roller marathon organized in 1908 by a group of Chicago rink owners, a 24-hour endurance championship held in Milwaukee in 1913, and a 24-hour banked track race held at Madison Square Garden in 1914. The New York Times noted that the crowd at Madison Square Garden enjoyed the sudden sprints and spills during the event's preliminary races.
The term derby, meaning a race or multi-race event, appeared in the press as early as 1922, when the Chicago Tribune announced and reported on the results of two "roller derby" events held |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 8, "sc": 2150, "ep": 12, "ec": 510} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 8 | 2,150 | 12 | 510 | History of roller derby | Endurance races & Seltzer's walkathons | that year. These were multi-day events during which various roller skating races were held on a flat track at Chicago's Broadway Armory. Seltzer's walkathons In 1929, as the Great Depression began, struggling film publicist Leo Seltzer (1903–1978) observed that cash prize-awarding dance marathons among out-of-work contestants and spectators were undermining attendance at his Oregon cinema chain, so he sought ways to capitalize on the trend. Seltzer began holding his own dance marathons, dubbed "walkathons" since contestants usually ended up just shuffling around for the duration of the contests, which could run as long as 40 days. Hundreds of unemployed people |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 12, "sc": 510, "ep": 16, "ec": 171} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 12 | 510 | 16 | 171 | History of roller derby | Seltzer's walkathons & Transcontinental Roller Derby | participated, hoping to win cash prizes. The contests were emceed by celebrities like Frankie Laine and Red Skelton, and grossed $6 million in three years. Seltzer held his first commercial walkathon in 1931 in Denver, Colorado, then held 22 more, grossing $2 million before retiring, citing that the events had become "vulgar."
In 1933, Seltzer moved his family to Chicago, Illinois and began booking events at the Chicago Coliseum. Transcontinental Roller Derby In 1935, the novelty of walkathons had worn off, but a roller skating fad arose again. According to folklore, Seltzer read an article in Literary Digest magazine that said |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 16, "sc": 171, "ep": 16, "ec": 821} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 16 | 171 | 16 | 821 | History of roller derby | Transcontinental Roller Derby | ninety-three percent of Americans roller skated at least once in their lives. While discussing the article with regular patrons at Ricketts, a restaurant in Chicago's Near North Side, Seltzer was challenged to invent a sport incorporating roller skating. Jotting his ideas onto a tablecloth, he decided to combine then-popular six-day bicycle races and roller skating. Some sources give co-credit for the idea to Leo's brother Oscar.
In August of that year, Seltzer organized his own Transcontinental Roller Derby, an event more than a month long. Staged at the Chicago Coliseum, it was a simulation of a cross-country roller skating race in |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 16, "sc": 821, "ep": 16, "ec": 1437} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 16 | 821 | 16 | 1,437 | History of roller derby | Transcontinental Roller Derby | which 25 two-person (male-female) teams circled a wooden, oval, banked track thousands of times, skating 11½ hours a day, to cover 3,000 miles, the distance between Los Angeles and New York City. Team standings were indicated by multicolored lights tracking their imaginary progress on a large map of the United States. Teams were disqualified if both members were off the track during skating times. Sixteen teams dropped out due to injuries or exhaustion, but nine teams finished, and the winning team, Clarice Martin and Bernie McKay, held the lead for the last 11 days of the event. Although Seltzer's spectacle |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 16, "sc": 1437, "ep": 16, "ec": 2094} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 16 | 1,437 | 16 | 2,094 | History of roller derby | Transcontinental Roller Derby | had elements of originality, a U.S. District Court, ruling against Seltzer when he sued a competitor in 1938, found that the marathon roller race concept had long been in the public domain, so Seltzer couldn't claim copyright violation.
Following the first event's success, Seltzer took the Transcontinental Roller Derby on the road, holding similar races throughout the U.S. with a portable track that reportedly cost $20,000. Daily crowds averaged 10,000 in number, with spectators paying 10 to 25 cents admission. These races were billed as covering "4,000 miles" even though the simulated route was still about 3,000, covering the distance from |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 16, "sc": 2094, "ep": 16, "ec": 2715} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 16 | 2,094 | 16 | 2,715 | History of roller derby | Transcontinental Roller Derby | San Diego to New York City. Contestants were the winners of elimination races in Seltzer's Transcontinental Roller Derby Association, which in September 1935 already had 3,000 members, paying $2 each, at 1,600 rinks. By early 1936, Seltzer had selected a group of teams who competed in Chicago, Miami, Louisville, and Detroit. Skaters in these races only had to skate 8 hours nightly, but were encouraged to engage in "jams" and, at specific times, 5-minute sprints referred to in event programs as "open house". Later that year, Transcontinental Roller Derby debuted in New York at the New York Hippodrome, simulating a |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 16, "sc": 2715, "ep": 16, "ec": 3371} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 16 | 2,715 | 16 | 3,371 | History of roller derby | Transcontinental Roller Derby | 21-day "short course" from Salt Lake City to New York. Appearances at the Pan Pacific Auditorium in Los Angeles, California attracted celebrities such as W.C. Fields, Mickey Rooney, Eddie Cantor, George Burns, Gracie Allen, Jack Benny, Milton Berle, Cary Grant and Eleanor Powell.
Occasionally, massive collisions and crashes occurred as skaters tried to lap those who were ahead of them. In 1936, 1937, or 1938 (sources vary), after seeing a match in Miami and realizing this was an exciting element of the sport, sportswriter Damon Runyon encouraged Seltzer to tweak the game to maximize physical contact between the skaters, including elbowing, |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 16, "sc": 3371, "ep": 16, "ec": 4033} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 16 | 3,371 | 16 | 4,033 | History of roller derby | Transcontinental Roller Derby | "whipping", and slamming each other into the track's outer rail, as well as exaggerating hits and falls. Seltzer bristled, wanting to keep the sport legitimate, but agreed to the experiment, which fans ended up loving.
In the Depression's later years, some cities hosted the Derby's "short course" engagements, simulating semi-transcontinental distances. Points were accumulated on behalf of three "factions", each named for a color (Black, White, or Green) and consisting of five two-person teams skating in 15-minute shifts. With all three factions on the track at the same time, two teams frequently banded together to rout the third. A more sporting |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 16, "sc": 4033, "ep": 16, "ec": 4605} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 16 | 4,033 | 16 | 4,605 | History of roller derby | Transcontinental Roller Derby | variety followed, with just two teams being named after Indian tribes. This, too, was short-lived. The two-team concept survived, but teams were built around the idea of there always being a "home team" named for wherever the match was being played, even though the skaters were always the same people. By 1939, the organization had four pairs of teams touring the country at the same time, always billed as the home team versus either New York or Chicago. The format of two five-person teams on the track at the same time, with a team scoring points when its members lap |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 16, "sc": 4605, "ep": 20, "ec": 485} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 16 | 4,605 | 20 | 485 | History of roller derby | Transcontinental Roller Derby & Disaster | members of the other team, is the basic premise of roller derby to this day. Disaster On March 24, 1937, 21 members of a touring group of Roller Derby skaters and support personnel were killed when their chartered bus blew a tire while going 40 mph down a hill on U.S. Route 50, collided with a bridge abutment, rolled onto its side and burst into flames, trapping passengers inside. The accident occurred near Salem, Illinois, as the bus was en route from St. Louis to Cincinnati for another performance. Only a few of the 23 passengers escaped the burning wreckage, and |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 20, "sc": 485, "ep": 24, "ec": 255} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 20 | 485 | 24 | 255 | History of roller derby | Disaster & WWII era | two of them died later from their injuries, bringing the total fatalities to 19 or 20 (sources vary). The ghastly tragedy nearly put Seltzer out of business, but replacement skaters were signed and Roller Derby survived. As a tribute to those killed in the tragedy, the number "1" was permanently retired for all Roller Derby teams. WWII era In Los Angeles, Roller Derby was broadcast on the radio as early as 1939.
Transcontinental Roller Derby rapidly grew in popularity as a spectator sport. Matches were held in fifty cities in 1940, for more than five million spectators, some of whom |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 24, "sc": 255, "ep": 24, "ec": 889} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 24 | 255 | 24 | 889 | History of roller derby | WWII era | formed fan clubs and newsletters like Roller Derby News (later renamed RolleRage). Teams began to represent and compete in other U.S. cities, although some teams were actually the same traveling group that would just change names depending on where they were playing, and all were part of the Seltzer-owned Roller Derby league. The league's own estimates of audiences for 1941 were comparable, with four million Midwestern spectators in 20 cities being claimed.
The entry of the United States into World War II at the end of 1941 interrupted the sport's ascent; many skaters enlisted in the armed forces, crowds dwindled, and |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 24, "sc": 889, "ep": 28, "ec": 314} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 24 | 889 | 28 | 314 | History of roller derby | WWII era & Television | the fledgling league was reduced to one team skating mainly for the entertainment of soldiers. After the war's end in 1945, Seltzer successfully resumed growing the sport, although a 1946 attempt to bring it to New York's Polo Grounds failed due to twelve straight days of rain. Television At 8:30 P.M. on November 29, 1948, Roller Derby debuted on New York television, beginning a 13-week run on the CBS-TV network, broadcasting at a time well before television was in widespread use. The first televised matches were between teams representing New York and Brooklyn, and took place at the 69th Regiment |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 28, "sc": 314, "ep": 28, "ec": 916} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 28 | 314 | 28 | 916 | History of roller derby | Television | Armory four nights a week, which was actually a reduction from the troupe's usual touring schedule that included a performance every day, sometimes with two on Sundays. Although few people owned TVs at that time, broadcasts could be seen on sets in bars and storefront windows. The fledgling medium allowed underwhelming audience sizes to be made to look like they had packed venues to capacity, leading spectators to turn out in droves for subsequent matches. Armory crowds began in the low hundreds, but were soon in the five to seven thousand range. Then in June 1949, Seltzer secured an appearance |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 28, "sc": 916, "ep": 28, "ec": 1590} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 28 | 916 | 28 | 1,590 | History of roller derby | Television | at Madison Square Garden before a cumulative crowd of 55,000 over a five-day period.
Early stars of Roller Derby after its debut on TV included Carl 'Moose' Payne, Monta Jean Payne, Ken Monte, Bert Wall, and the temperamental Midge "Toughie" Brasuhn. Skater salaries were about $200 to $260 a week, established by a players' association.
Meanwhile, from 1946 through 1948, flat-track roller derby (of the skating marathon variety) was enjoyed as an intramural sport at the University of British Columbia in Canada.
For the 1949–1950 season, Seltzer opened franchise teams and formed the National Roller Derby League (NRDL). The NRDL consisted of six |
{"datasets_id": 161786, "wiki_id": "Q5868655", "sp": 28, "sc": 1590, "ep": 28, "ec": 2233} | 161,786 | Q5868655 | 28 | 1,590 | 28 | 2,233 | History of roller derby | Television | teams: the New York Chiefs, the Brooklyn Red Devils, the Jersey Jolters, the Philadelphia Panthers, the Washington-Baltimore Jets, and the Chicago Westerners. The Jolters played at Armories in Newark, Jersey City, Teaneck, and Paterson. The Westerners played in Chicago, but also in Columbus, Ohio and Miami, Florida. The Red Devils had no venue in Brooklyn, and were essentially a road team, often cast as villains. NRDL season playoffs sold out Madison Square Garden for a week.
Also in 1949, when the CBS contract expired, broadcasting was taken over by ABC, and games were televised live throughout the United States. The contract |
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