import numpy as np  # noqa:F401  needed in namespace for patsy
import statsmodels.api as sm

"""
Explanation: Formulas: Fitting models using R-style formulas
Since version 0.5.0, statsmodels allows users to fit statistical models using R-style formulas. Internally, statsmodels uses the patsy package to convert formulas and data to the matrices that are used in model fitting. The formula framework is quite powerful; this tutorial only scratches the surface. A full description of the formula language can be found in the patsy docs: 

Patsy formula language description

Loading modules and functions
End of explanation
"""


from statsmodels.formula.api import ols

"""
Explanation: Import convention
You can import explicitly from statsmodels.formula.api
End of explanation
"""


sm.formula.ols

"""
Explanation: Alternatively, you can just use the formula namespace of the main statsmodels.api.
End of explanation
"""


import statsmodels.formula.api as smf

"""
Explanation: Or you can use the following convention
End of explanation
"""


sm.OLS.from_formula

"""
Explanation: These names are just a convenient way to get access to each model's from_formula classmethod. See, for instance
End of explanation
"""


dta = sm.datasets.get_rdataset("Guerry", "HistData", cache=True)

df = dta.data[['Lottery', 'Literacy', 'Wealth', 'Region']].dropna()
df.head()

"""
Explanation: All of the lower case models accept formula and data arguments, whereas upper case ones take endog and exog design matrices. formula accepts a string which describes the model in terms of a patsy formula. data takes a pandas data frame or any other data structure that defines a __getitem__ for variable names like a structured array or a dictionary of variables. 
dir(sm.formula) will print a list of available models. 
Formula-compatible models have the following generic call signature: (formula, data, subset=None, *args, **kwargs)
OLS regression using formulas
To begin, we fit the linear model described on the Getting Started page. Download the data, subset columns, and list-wise delete to remove missing observations:
End of explanation
"""


mod = ols(formula='Lottery ~ Literacy + Wealth + Region', data=df)
res = mod.fit()
print(res.summary())

"""
Explanation: Fit the model:
End of explanation
"""


res = ols(formula='Lottery ~ Literacy + Wealth + C(Region)', data=df).fit()
print(res.params)

"""
Explanation: Categorical variables
Looking at the summary printed above, notice that patsy determined that elements of Region were text strings, so it treated Region as a categorical variable. patsy's default is also to include an intercept, so we automatically dropped one of the Region categories.
If Region had been an integer variable that we wanted to treat explicitly as categorical, we could have done so by using the C() operator:
End of explanation
"""


res = ols(formula='Lottery ~ Literacy + Wealth + C(Region) -1 ', data=df).fit()
print(res.params)

"""
Explanation: Patsy's mode advanced features for categorical variables are discussed in: Patsy: Contrast Coding Systems for categorical variables
Operators
We have already seen that "~" separates the left-hand side of the model from the right-hand side, and that "+" adds new columns to the design matrix. 
Removing variables
The "-" sign can be used to remove columns/variables. For instance, we can remove the intercept from a model by:
End of explanation
"""


res1 = ols(formula='Lottery ~ Literacy : Wealth - 1', data=df).fit()
res2 = ols(formula='Lottery ~ Literacy * Wealth - 1', data=df).fit()
print(res1.params, '\n')
print(res2.params)

"""
Explanation: Multiplicative interactions
":" adds a new column to the design matrix with the interaction of the other two columns. "*" will also include the individual columns that were multiplied together:
End of explanation
"""


res = smf.ols(formula='Lottery ~ np.log(Literacy)', data=df).fit()
print(res.params)

"""
Explanation: Many other things are possible with operators. Please consult the patsy docs to learn more.
Functions
You can apply vectorized functions to the variables in your model:
End of explanation
"""


def log_plus_1(x):
    return np.log(x) + 1.
res = smf.ols(formula='Lottery ~ log_plus_1(Literacy)', data=df).fit()
print(res.params)

"""
Explanation: Define a custom function:
End of explanation
"""


import patsy
f = 'Lottery ~ Literacy * Wealth'
y,X = patsy.dmatrices(f, df, return_type='matrix')
print(y[:5])
print(X[:5])

"""
Explanation: Any function that is in the calling namespace is available to the formula.
Using formulas with models that do not (yet) support them
Even if a given statsmodels function does not support formulas, you can still use patsy's formula language to produce design matrices. Those matrices 
can then be fed to the fitting function as endog and exog arguments. 
To generate numpy arrays:
End of explanation
"""


f = 'Lottery ~ Literacy * Wealth'
y,X = patsy.dmatrices(f, df, return_type='dataframe')
print(y[:5])
print(X[:5])

print(sm.OLS(y, X).fit().summary())

"""
Explanation: To generate pandas data frames:
End of explanation
"""


