import sys                             # system module 
import pandas as pd                    # data package
import matplotlib as mpl               # graphics package
import datetime as dt                  # date and time module

# check versions (overkill, but why not?)
print('Python version:', sys.version)
print('Pandas version: ', pd.__version__)
print('Matplotlib version: ', mpl.__version__)
print('Today: ', dt.date.today())

"""
Explanation: Visualizing Data with Pandas and Matplotlib
David Backus
We illustrate three approaches to graphing data with Python's Matplotlib package:    

Approach #1:  Apply a plot() method to a dataframe
Approach #2:  Use the plot(x,y) function 
Approach #3:  Create a figure object and apply methods to it

The last one is the least intuitive but also the most useful.  We work up to it gradually.  This book chapter covers the same material with more words and fewer pictures.  
This IPython notebook was created by Dave Backus for the NYU Stern course Data Bootcamp.  
Preliminaries
Jupyter
Look around, what do you see?  Check out the menubar at the top:  File, Edit, etc.  Also the toolbar below it.  Click on Help -> User Interface Tour for a tour of the landscape.  
The cells below come in two forms.  Those labeled Code (see the menu in the toolbar) are Python code.  Those labeled Markdown are text.  
Markdown
Markdown is a user-friendly language for text formatting.  You can see how it works by clicking on any of the Markdown cells and looking at the raw text that underlies it. In addition to just plain text, we'll use three things a lot:

Bold and italics.  The raw text **bold** displays as bold.  The raw text *italics* displays as italics.  
Bullet lists.  If we want a list of items marked by bullets, we start with a blank line and mark each item with an asterisk on a new line.  Double click on this cell for an example.   
Headings.  We create section headings by putting a hash in front of the text.  # Heading gives us a large heading.  Two hashes a smaller heading, three hashes smaller still, up to four hashes.  In this cell there's a two-hash heading at the top.  

Exercise. Click on the blank cell below.  Note that it's labeled Markdown in the menubar.  Add a heading and some text.  Execute the cell by either (i) clicking on the "run cell" button in the toolbar or (ii) clicking on "Cell" in the menubar and choosing Run. 
Import packages
End of explanation
"""


# This is an IPython command.  It puts plots here in the notebook, rather than  a separate window.
%matplotlib inline

"""
Explanation: Comment.  When you run the code cell above, its output appears below it.
End of explanation
"""


# US GDP and consumption 
gdp  = [13271.1, 13773.5, 14234.2, 14613.8, 14873.7, 14830.4, 14418.7,
        14783.8, 15020.6, 15369.2, 15710.3]
pce  = [8867.6, 9208.2, 9531.8, 9821.7, 10041.6, 10007.2, 9847.0, 10036.3,
        10263.5, 10449.7, 10699.7]
year = list(range(2003,2014))        # use range for years 2003-2013 

# create dataframe from dictionary 
us = pd.DataFrame({'gdp': gdp, 'pce': pce}, index=year) 
print(us.head(3))

# GDP per capita (World Bank data, 2013, thousands of USD) 
code    = ['USA', 'FRA', 'JPN', 'CHN', 'IND', 'BRA', 'MEX']
country = ['United States', 'France', 'Japan', 'China', 'India',
             'Brazil', 'Mexico']
gdppc   = [53.1, 36.9, 36.3, 11.9, 5.4, 15.0, 16.5]

wbdf = pd.DataFrame({'gdppc': gdppc, 'country': country}, index=code)
wbdf

"""
Explanation: Create dataframes to play with

US GDP and consumption 
World Bank GDP per capita for several countries 
Fama-French equity returns
End of explanation
"""


# Fama-French 
import pandas_datareader.data as web

# read annual data from website and rename variables 
ff = web.DataReader('F-F_Research_Data_factors', 'famafrench')[1]
ff.columns = ['xsm', 'smb', 'hml', 'rf']
ff['rm'] = ff['xsm'] + ff['rf']
ff = ff[['rm', 'rf']]     # extract rm and rf (return on market, riskfree rate, percent)
ff.head(5)

"""
Explanation: Comment.  In the previous cell, we used the print() function to produce output.  Here we just put the name of the dataframe.  The latter displays the dataframe -- and formats it nicely -- if it's the last line in the cell.
End of explanation
"""


# This is an IPython command:  it puts plots here in the notebook, rather than a separate window.
%matplotlib inline

"""
Explanation: Comment.  The warning in pink tells us that the Pandas DataReader will be spun off into a separate package in the near future.  
Exercise. What kind of object is wb?  How would you access its column and row labels?  What are they?
End of explanation
"""


# try this with US GDP
us.plot()

# do GDP alone
us['gdp'].plot()

# bar chart 
us.plot(kind='bar')

"""
Explanation: Digression:   Graphing in Excel
Remind yourself that we need to choose:  

Data.  Typically a block of cells in a spreadsheet.  
Chart type.  Lines, bars, scatter, or something else.  
x and y variables.  What is the x axis?  What is y?  

We'll see the same in Matplotlib. 
Approach #1:  Apply plot() method to dataframe
Good simple approach, we use it a lot.  It comes with some useful defaults:

Data.  The whole dataframe.  
Chart type.  We have options for lines, bars, or other things.  
x and y variables.  By default, the x variable is the dataframe's index and the y variables are all the columns of the dataframe.  

All of these things can be changed, but this is the starting point.  
Let's do some examples, see how they work. 
US GDP and consumption
End of explanation
"""


us.plot

# scatter plot 
# we need to be explicit about the x and y variables: x = 'gdp', y = 'pce'
us.plot.scatter('gdp', 'pce')

"""
Explanation: Exercise. Show that we get the output from us.plot.bar().
End of explanation
"""


# now try a few things with the Fama-French data
ff.plot()

"""
Explanation: Comment.  We can get help in IPython by adding a question mark after a function or method.  
Exercise. How can you get help for us.plot()?  Try it and see.  
Exercise. Add each of these arguments/parameters to us.plot()in the code cell below and describe what they do:  

kind='area'
subplots=True
sharey=True
figsize=(3,6)
xlim=(0,16000)

Fama-French asset returns
End of explanation
"""


ff.plot()

"""
Explanation: Exercise. We can dress up the plots using the arguments of the plot() function.  Try adding, one at a time, the arguments title='Fama-French returns', grid=True, and legend=False.  What does the documentation say about them?  What do they do?
End of explanation
"""


ff.plot(kind='hist', bins=20, subplots=True)

"""
Explanation: Exercise. What do each of the arguments do in the code below?
End of explanation
"""


ff.plot(kind='kde', subplots=True, sharex=True)    # smoothed histogram ("kernel density estimate")

"""
Explanation: Exercise. What do you see here?  How do the returns differ?
End of explanation
"""


# import pyplot module of Matplotlib 
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt      

plt.plot(us.index, us['gdp'])

"""
Explanation: World Bank data
Exercise. Use the World Bank dataframe wbdf to create a bar chart of GDP per capita.  Bonus points: Create a horizontal bar chart.   
Approach #2:  the plot(x,y) function
Here we plot variable y against variable x.  This comes closest to what we would do in Excel:  identify a dataset, a plot type, and the x and y variables, then press play.
End of explanation
"""


# we can do two lines together
plt.plot(us.index, us['gdp'])
plt.plot(us.index, us['pce'])

# or a bar chart 
plt.bar(us.index, us['gdp'], align='center')

"""
Explanation: Exercise. What is the x variable here?  The y variable?
End of explanation
"""


# we can also add things to plots 
plt.plot(us.index, us['gdp']) 
plt.plot(us.index, us['pce']) 

plt.title('US GDP', fontsize=14, loc='left') # add title
plt.ylabel('Billions of 2009 USD')           # y axis label 
plt.xlim(2002.5, 2013.5)                     # shrink x axis limits
plt.tick_params(labelcolor='red')            # change tick labels to red
plt.legend(['GDP', 'Consumption'])           # more descriptive variable names

"""
Explanation: Exercise. Experiment with 
python
plt.bar(us.index, us['gdp'], 
        align='center', 
        alpha=0.65, 
        color='red', 
        edgecolor='green')
Play with the arguments one by one to see what they do.  Or use plt.bar? to look them up.  Add comments to remind yourself. Bonus points:  Can you make this graph even uglier?
End of explanation
"""


# create fig and ax objects
fig, ax = plt.subplots()

"""
Explanation: Comment. All of these statements must be in the same cell for this to work.  
Comment. This is overkill -- it looks horrible -- but it makes the point that we control everything in the plot.  We recommend you do very little of this until you're more comfortable with the basics.  
Exercise. Add a plt.ylim() statement to make the y axis start at zero, as it did in the bar charts.  Bonus points:  Change the color to magenta and the linewidth to 2.  Hint:  Use plt.ylim? and plt.plot? to get the documentation.  
Exercise. Create a line plot for the Fama-French dataframe ff that includes both returns.  Bonus points: Add a title and label the y axis.  
Approach #3:  Create figure objects and apply methods
This approach is the most foreign to beginners, but now that we’re used to it we like it a lot. We either use it on its own, or adapt its functionality to the dataframe plot methods we saw in Approach #1. The idea is to generate an object – two objects, in fact – and apply methods to them to produce the various elements of a graph: the data, their axes, their labels, and so on.
End of explanation
"""


# let's try that again, this time with content  
# create objects 
fig, ax = plt.subplots()

# add things by applying methods to ax 
ax.plot(us.index, us['gdp'], linewidth=2, color='magenta')
ax.set_title('US GDP', fontsize=14, loc='left')
ax.set_ylabel('Billions of USD')
ax.set_xticks([2004, 2008, 2012])
ax.grid(True)

"""
Explanation: Exercise. What do we have here?  What type are fig and ax?  
We say fig is a figure object and ax is an axis object.  This means:

fig is a blank canvas for creating a figure.
ax is everything in it:  axes, labels, lines or bars, and so on.  

Exercise. Use tab completion to see what methods are available for fig and ax.  What do you see?  Do you feel like screaming?
End of explanation
"""


# a figure method: save figure as a pdf 
fig.savefig('us_gdp.pdf')

"""
Explanation: Comment. All of these statements must be in the same cell.
End of explanation
"""


# this creates a 2-dimensional ax 
fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=1, sharex=True)  
print('Object ax has dimension', len(ax))

# now add some content 
fig, ax = plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=1, sharex=True)

ax[0].plot(us.index, us['gdp'], color='green')   # first plot 
ax[1].plot(us.index, us['pce'], color='red')     # second plot 

"""
Explanation: Exercise. Use figure and axis objects to create a bar chart of variable rm in the ff dataframe.  
Multiple subplots
Same idea, but we create a multidimensional ax and apply methods to each component. Here we redo the plots of US GDP and consumption.
End of explanation
"""


# grab the axis
ax = us.plot()

# grab it and apply methods 
ax = us.plot()  
ax.set_title('US GDP and Consumption', fontsize=14, loc='left')
ax.set_ylabel('Billions of 2013 USD')
ax.legend(loc='center right')

"""
Explanation: Approach #1 revisited
In Approach #1, we applied plot() and related methods to a dataframe.  We also used arguments to fix up the graph, but that got complicated pretty quickly.  
Here we combine Approaches 1 and 3.  If we check the documentation of df.plot() we see that it "returns" an axis object.  We can assign it to a variable and then apply methods to make the figure more compelling.
End of explanation
"""


# data input 
import pandas as pd
url = 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932937035'
pisa = pd.read_excel(url, 
                     skiprows=18,     # skip the first 18 rows 
                     skipfooter=7,    # skip the last 7 
                     parse_cols=[0,1,9,13], # select columns 
                     index_col=0,     # set index = first column
                     header=[0,1]     # set variable names 
                     )
pisa = pisa.dropna()                          # drop blank lines 
pisa.columns = ['Math', 'Reading', 'Science'] # simplify variable names 

# simple plot 
pisa['Math'].plot(kind='barh') 

"""
Explanation: Comment. If we want the figure object for this plot, we apply a method to the axis object ax:
python
fig = ax.get_figure()
That's not something we'll do often, but it completes the connection between Approaches #1 and #3.  
Quick review of the bidding
Take a deep breath.  We've covered a lot of ground, let's take stock.  
We looked at three ways to use Matplotlib:

Approach #1:  apply plot method to dataframe
Approach #2:  use plot(x,y) function 
Approach #3:  create fig, ax objects, apply plot methods to them

Same result, different syntax.  This is what each of them looks like applied to US GDP: 
```python
us['gdp'].plot()                   # Approach #1
plt.plot(us.index, us['gdp'])      # Approach #2
fig, ax = plt.subplots()           # Approach #3 
ax.plot(us.index, us['gdp'])     
```
Examples
We conclude with examples that take the data from the previous chapter and make better graphs with it.  
Student test scores (PISA)
The international test scores often used to compare quality of education across countries.
End of explanation
"""


# make the plot taller 
ax = pisa['Math'].plot(kind='barh', figsize=(4,13))  # note figsize 
ax.set_title('PISA Math Score', loc='left')

"""
Explanation: Comment. Yikes!  That's horrible!  What can we do about it?  
Let's make the figure taller.  The figsize argument has the form (width, height).  The default is (6, 4).  We want a tall figure, so we need to increase the height setting.
End of explanation
"""


ax = pisa['Math'].plot(kind='barh', figsize=(4,13))
ax.set_title('PISA Math Score', loc='left')
ax.get_children()[38].set_color('r')

"""
Explanation: Comment. What if we wanted to make the US bar red?  This is ridiculously complicated, but we used our Google fu and found a solution.  Remember: The solution to many problems is Google fu + patience.
End of explanation
"""


# load packages (redundancy is ok)
import pandas as pd                   # data management tools
from pandas_datareader import data, wb # World Bank api
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt       # plotting tools

# variable list (GDP, GDP per capita, life expectancy)
var = ['NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD', 'NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD', 'SP.DYN.LE00.IN']  
# country list (ISO codes)
iso = ['USA', 'FRA', 'JPN', 'CHN', 'IND', 'BRA', 'MEX']
year = 2013

# get data from World Bank 
df = wb.download(indicator=var, country=iso, start=year, end=year)

# massage data
df = df.reset_index(level='year', drop=True)
df.columns = ['gdppc', 'gdp', 'life'] # rename variables
df['pop']  = df['gdp']/df['gdppc']    # population 
df['gdp'] = df['gdp']/10**12          # convert to trillions
df['gdppc'] = df['gdppc']/10**3       # convert to thousands
df['order'] = [5, 3, 1, 4, 2, 6, 0]   # reorder countries
df = df.sort_values(by='order', ascending=False)
df

# GDP bar chart
ax = df['gdp'].plot(kind='barh', alpha=0.5)
ax.set_title('GDP', loc='left', fontsize=14)
ax.set_xlabel('Trillions of US Dollars')
ax.set_ylabel('')

# ditto for GDP per capita (per person)
ax = df['gdppc'].plot(kind='barh', color='m', alpha=0.5)
ax.set_title('GDP Per Capita', loc='left', fontsize=14)
ax.set_xlabel('Thousands of US Dollars')
ax.set_ylabel('')

"""
Explanation: Exercise. Create the same graph for the Reading score.  
World Bank data
We'll use World Bank data for GDP, GDP per capita, and life expectancy to produce a few graphs and illsutrate some methods we haven't seen yet.   

Bar charts of GDP and GDP per capita 
Scatter plot (bubble plot) of life expectancy v GDP per capita
End of explanation
"""


# ditto for GDP per capita (per person)
ax = df['gdppc'].plot(kind='barh', color='b', alpha=0.5)
ax.set_title('GDP Per Capita', loc='left', fontsize=14)
ax.set_xlabel('Thousands of US Dollars')
ax.set_ylabel('')

# Tufte-like axes 
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('outward', 10))
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('outward', 10))
ax.spines['right'].set_visible(False)
ax.spines['top'].set_visible(False)
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')

# scatterplot of life expectancy vs gdp per capita
plt.scatter(df['gdppc'], df['life'],    # x,y variables 
            s=df['pop']/10**6,          # size of bubbles 
            alpha=0.5)   
plt.title('Life expectancy vs. GDP per capita', loc='left', fontsize=14)
plt.xlabel('GDP Per Capita')
plt.ylabel('Life Expectancy')
plt.text(58, 66, 'Bubble size represents population', horizontalalignment='right',)

"""
Explanation: And just because it's fun, here's an example of Tufte-like axes from Matplotlib examples.  If you want to do this yourself, copy the last six line and prepare yourself to sink some time into it.
End of explanation
"""


ax = df['gdp'].plot(kind='barh', alpha=0.5)
ax.set_title('GDP', loc='left', fontsize=14)
ax.set_xlabel('Trillions of US Dollars')
ax.set_ylabel('')

"""
Explanation: Styles (optional)
Graph settings you might like.
End of explanation
"""


plt.style.available

"""
Explanation: Exercise.  Create the same graph with this statement at the top:
python
plt.style.use('fivethirtyeight')
(Once we execute this statement, it stays executed.) 
Comment. We can get a list of files from plt.style.available.
End of explanation
"""


plt.style.use('fivethirtyeight')
ax = df['gdp'].plot(kind='barh', alpha=0.5)
ax.set_title('GDP', loc='left', fontsize=14)
ax.set_xlabel('Trillions of US Dollars')
ax.set_ylabel('')

"""
Explanation: Exercise. Try another one by editing the code beloe.
End of explanation
"""


plt.xkcd()
ax = df['gdp'].plot(kind='barh', alpha=0.5)
ax.set_title('GDP', loc='left', fontsize=14)
ax.set_xlabel('Trillions of US Dollars')
ax.set_ylabel('')

"""
Explanation: Comment. For aficionados, the always tasteful xkcd style.
End of explanation
"""


mpl.rcParams.update(mpl.rcParamsDefault)
%matplotlib inline

"""
Explanation: Comment. We reset the style with these two lines:
End of explanation
"""


