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http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Scala | Scala |
def time(f: => Unit)={
val s = System.currentTimeMillis
f
System.currentTimeMillis - s
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #Oz | Oz | declare
%% Create a list of employee records.
Data = {Map
[['Tyler Bennett' e10297 32000 d101]
['John Rappl' e21437 47000 d050]
['George Woltman' e00127 53500 d101]
['Adam Smith' e63535 18000 d202]
['Claire Buckman' e39876 27800 d202]
['David McClellan' e04242 41500 d101]
['Rich Holcomb' e01234 49500 d202]
['Nathan Adams' e41298 21900 d050]
['Richard Potter' e43128 15900 d101]
['David Motsinger' e27002 19250 d202]
['Tim Sampair' e03033 27000 d101]
['Kim Arlich' e10001 57000 d190]
['Timothy Grove' e16398 29900 d190]]
fun {$ [Name Id Salary Department]}
employee(name:Name id:Id salary:Salary department:Department)
end}
fun {TopEarners Employees N}
{Record.map {GroupBy Employees department}
fun {$ Employees}
{List.take
{Sort Employees CompareSalary}
N}
end}
end
fun {CompareSalary E1 E2}
E1.salary > E2.salary
end
%% Groups the records Xs by the value of feature F and returns
%% the result as a record that maps values of F to list of records.
fun {GroupBy Xs F}
Groups = {Dictionary.new}
in
for X in Xs do
Groups.(X.F) := X|{CondSelect Groups X.F nil}
end
{Dictionary.toRecord unit Groups}
end
in
{Inspect {TopEarners Data 3}} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #.D0.9C.D0.9A-61.2F52 | МК-61/52 | 9 С/П ПП 28 пи * cos x<0 16 ИП2
ПП 28 1 - БП 51 ИП7 ПП 28 ИП7
ПП 28 КИП2 ИП2 ВП 4 4 С/П 1 -
x=0 33 8 П2 С/П П7 ИП2 4 - x#0
43 x<0 45 8 + П8 ИП7 - x#0 55
ИП8 ВП 6 6 С/П ИП2 В/О |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #F.23 | F# | #light
let rec hanoi num start finish =
match num with
| 0 -> [ ]
| _ -> let temp = (6 - start - finish)
(hanoi (num-1) start temp) @ [ start, finish ] @ (hanoi (num-1) temp finish)
[<EntryPoint>]
let main args =
(hanoi 4 1 2) |> List.iter (fun pair -> match pair with
| a, b -> printf "Move disc from %A to %A\n" a b)
0 |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #Sidef | Sidef | func print_topo_sort (deps) {
var ba = Hash.new;
deps.each { |before, afters|
afters.each { |after|
if (before != after) {
ba{before}{after} = 1;
};
ba{after} \\= Hash.new;
}
};
loop {
var afters = ba.keys.grep {|k| ba{k}.values.len == 0 }.sort;
afters.len || break;
say afters.join(" ");
ba.delete(afters...);
ba.values.each { |v| v.delete(afters...) };
};
say (ba.len ? "Cicle found! #{ba.keys.sort}" : "---");
}
var deps = Hash.new(
des_system_lib => < std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02
dw01 ramlib ieee >,
dw01 => < ieee dw01 dware gtech >,
dw02 => < ieee dw02 dware >,
dw03 => < std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech >,
dw04 => < dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech >,
dw05 => < dw05 ieee dware >,
dw06 => < dw06 ieee dware >,
dw07 => < ieee dware >,
dware => < ieee dware >,
gtech => < ieee gtech >,
ramlib => < std ieee >,
std_cell_lib => < ieee std_cell_lib >,
synopsys => < >
);
print_topo_sort(deps);
deps{:dw01}.append('dw04'); # Add unresolvable dependency
print_topo_sort(deps); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #Oforth | Oforth | import: math
: testTrigo
| rad deg hyp z |
Pi 4 / ->rad
45.0 ->deg
0.5 ->hyp
System.Out rad sin << " - " << deg asRadian sin << cr
System.Out rad cos << " - " << deg asRadian cos << cr
System.Out rad tan << " - " << deg asRadian tan << cr
printcr
rad sin asin ->z
System.Out z << " - " << z asDegree << cr
rad cos acos ->z
System.Out z << " - " << z asDegree << cr
rad tan atan ->z
System.Out z << " - " << z asDegree << cr
printcr
System.Out hyp sinh << " - " << hyp sinh asinh << cr
System.Out hyp cosh << " - " << hyp cosh acosh << cr
System.Out hyp tanh << " - " << hyp tanh atanh << cr ; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #M2000_Interpreter | M2000 Interpreter |
Module CheckIt {
Null=(,)
Tree=((((Null,7,Null),4,Null),2,(Null,5,Null)),1,(((Null,8,Null),6,(Null,9,Null)),3,Null))
Module preorder (T) {
Print "preorder: ";
printtree(T)
Print
sub printtree(T)
Print T#val(1);" ";
If len(T#val(0))>0 then printtree(T#val(0))
If len(T#val(2))>0 then printtree(T#val(2))
end sub
}
preorder Tree
Module inorder (T) {
Print "inorder: ";
printtree(T)
Print
sub printtree(T)
If len(T#val(0))>0 then printtree(T#val(0))
Print T#val(1);" ";
If len(T#val(2))>0 then printtree(T#val(2))
end sub
}
inorder Tree
Module postorder (T) {
Print "postorder: ";
printtree(T)
Print
sub printtree(T)
If len(T#val(0))>0 then printtree(T#val(0))
If len(T#val(2))>0 then printtree(T#val(2))
Print T#val(1);" ";
end sub
}
postorder Tree
Module level_order (T) {
Print "level-order: ";
Stack New {
printtree(T)
if empty then exit
Read T
Loop
}
Print
sub printtree(T)
If Len(T)>0 then
Print T#val(1);" ";
Data T#val(0), T#val(2)
end if
end sub
}
level_order Tree
}
CheckIt
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #MATLAB_.2F_Octave | MATLAB / Octave |
s=strsplit('Hello,How,Are,You,Today',',')
fprintf(1,'%s.',s{:})
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Maxima | Maxima | l: split("Hello,How,Are,You,Today", ",")$
printf(true, "~{~a~^.~}~%", l)$ |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Scheme | Scheme | (time (some-function)) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Seed7 | Seed7 | $ include "seed7_05.s7i";
include "time.s7i";
include "duration.s7i";
const func integer: identity (in integer: x) is
return x;
const func integer: sum (in integer: num) is func
result
var integer: result is 0;
local
var integer: number is 0;
begin
result := num;
for number range 1 to 1000000 do
result +:= number;
end for;
end func;
const func duration: timeIt (ref func integer: aFunction) is func
result
var duration: result is duration.value;
local
var time: before is time.value;
begin
before := time(NOW);
ignore(aFunction);
result := time(NOW) - before;
end func;
const proc: main is func
begin
writeln("Identity(4) takes " <& timeIt(identity(4)));
writeln("Sum(4) takes " <& timeIt(sum(4)));
end func; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Sidef | Sidef | var benchmark = frequire('Benchmark')
func fac_rec(n) {
n == 0 ? 1 : (n * __FUNC__(n - 1))
}
func fac_iter(n) {
var prod = 1
n.times { |i|
prod *= i
}
prod
}
var result = benchmark.timethese(-3, Hash(
'fac_rec' => { fac_rec(20) },
'fac_iter' => { fac_iter(20) },
))
benchmark.cmpthese(result) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #PARI.2FGP | PARI/GP | {V=[["Tyler Bennett","E10297",32000,"D101"],
["John Rappl","E21437",47000,"D050"],
["George Woltman","E00127",53500,"D101"],
["Adam Smith","E63535",18000,"D202"],
["Claire Buckman","E39876",27800,"D202"],
["David McClellan","E04242",41500,"D101"],
["Rich Holcomb","E01234",49500,"D202"],
["Nathan Adams","E41298",21900,"D050"],
["Richard Potter","E43128",15900,"D101"],
["David Motsinger","E27002",19250,"D202"],
["Tim Sampair","E03033",27000,"D101"],
["Kim Arlich","E10001",57000,"D190"],
["Timothy Grove","E16398",29900,"D190"]]};
top(n,V)={
my(dept=vecsort(vector(#V,i,V[i][4]),,8),d,v);
for(i=1,#dept,
d=dept[i];
print(d);
v=select(u->u[4]==d,V);
v=vecsort(v,3,4); \\ Sort by salary (#3) descending (flag 0x4)
for(j=1,min(n,#v),
print("\t",v[j][1],"\t",v[j][2],"\t",v[j][3])
)
);
};
top(2,V) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #Nim | Nim | import options, random, sequtils, strutils
type
Board = array[1..9, char]
Score = (char, array[3, int])
const NoChoice = 0
var board: Board = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']
const Wins = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9],
[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9],
[1, 5, 9], [3, 5, 7]]
template toIndex(ch: char): int =
## Convert a character to an index in board.
ord(ch) - ord('0')
proc print(board: Board) =
for i in [1, 4, 7]:
echo board[i..(i + 2)].join(" ")
proc score(board: Board): Option[Score] =
for w in Wins:
let b = board[w[0]]
if b in "XO" and w.allIt(board[it] == b):
return some (b, w)
result = none(Score)
proc finished(board: Board): bool =
board.allIt(it in "XO")
proc space(board: Board): seq[char] =
for b in board:
if b notin "XO":
result.add b
proc myTurn(board: var Board; xo: char): char =
let options = board.space()
result = options.sample()
board[result.toIndex] = xo
proc myBetterTurn(board: var Board; xo: char): int =
let ox = if xo == 'X': 'O' else: 'X'
var oneBlock = NoChoice
let options = board.space.mapIt(it.toIndex)
block search:
for choice in options:
var brd = board
brd[choice] = xo
if brd.score.isSome:
result = choice
break search
if oneBlock == NoChoice:
brd[choice] = ox
if brd.score.isSome:
oneBlock = choice
result = if oneBlock != NoChoice: oneBlock else: options.sample()
board[result] = xo
proc yourTurn(board: var Board; xo: char): int =
let options = board.space()
var choice: char
while true:
stdout.write "\nPut your $# in any of these positions: $# ".format(xo, options.join())
let input = stdin.readLine().strip()
if input.len == 1 and input[0] in options:
choice = input[0]
break
echo "Whoops I don't understand the input"
result = choice.toIndex
board[result] = xo
proc me(board: var Board; xo: char): Option[Score] =
board.print()
echo "\nI go at ", board.myBetterTurn(xo)
result = board.score()
proc you(board: var Board; xo: char): Option[Score] =
board.print()
echo "\nYou went at ", board.yourTurn(xo)
result = board.score()
proc play() =
while not board.finished():
let score = board.me('X')
if score.isSome:
board.print()
let (winner, line) = score.get()
echo "\n$# wins along ($#).".format(winner, line.join(", "))
return
if not board.finished():
let score = board.you('O')
if score.isSome:
board.print()
let (winner, line) = score.get()
echo "\n$# wins along ($#).".format(winner, line.join(", "))
return
echo "\nA draw."
echo "Tic-tac-toe game player."
echo "Input the index of where you wish to place your mark at your turn."
randomize()
play() |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #Factor | Factor | USING: formatting kernel locals math ;
IN: rosettacode.hanoi
: move ( from to -- )
"%d->%d\n" printf ;
:: hanoi ( n from to other -- )
n 0 > [
n 1 - from other to hanoi
from to move
n 1 - other to from hanoi
] when ; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #Swift | Swift | let libs = [
("des_system_lib", ["std", "synopsys", "std_cell_lib", "des_system_lib", "dw02", "dw01", "ramlib", "ieee"]),
("dw01", ["ieee", "dw01", "dware", "gtech"]),
("dw02", ["ieee", "dw02", "dware"]),
("dw03", ["std", "synopsys", "dware", "dw03", "dw02", "dw01", "ieee", "gtech"]),
("dw04", ["dw04", "ieee", "dw01", "dware", "gtech"]),
("dw05", ["dw05", "ieee", "dware"]),
("dw06", ["dw06", "ieee", "dware"]),
("dw07", ["ieee", "dware"]),
("dware", ["ieee", "dware"]),
("gtech", ["ieee", "gtech"]),
("ramlib", ["std", "ieee"]),
("std_cell_lib", ["ieee", "std_cell_lib"]),
("synopsys", [])
]
struct Library {
var name: String
var children: [String]
var numParents: Int
}
func buildLibraries(_ input: [(String, [String])]) -> [String: Library] {
var libraries = [String: Library]()
for (name, parents) in input {
var numParents = 0
for parent in parents where parent != name {
numParents += 1
libraries[parent, default: Library(name: parent, children: [], numParents: 0)].children.append(name)
}
libraries[name, default: Library(name: name, children: [], numParents: numParents)].numParents = numParents
}
return libraries
}
func topologicalSort(libs: [String: Library]) -> [String]? {
var libs = libs
var needsProcessing = Set(libs.keys)
var options = libs.compactMap({ $0.value.numParents == 0 ? $0.key : nil })
var sorted = [String]()
while let cur = options.popLast() {
for children in libs[cur]?.children ?? [] {
libs[children]?.numParents -= 1
if libs[children]?.numParents == 0 {
options.append(libs[children]!.name)
}
}
libs[cur]?.children.removeAll()
sorted.append(cur)
needsProcessing.remove(cur)
}
guard needsProcessing.isEmpty else {
return nil
}
return sorted
}
print(topologicalSort(libs: buildLibraries(libs))!) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #ooRexx | ooRexx | rxm.cls 20 March 2014
The distribution of ooRexx contains a function package called rxMath
that provides the computation of trigonometric and some other functions.
Based on the underlying C-library the precision of the returned values
is limited to 16 digits. Close observation show that sometimes the last
one to three digits of the returned values are not correct.
Many years ago I experimented with implementing these functions in Rexx
with its virtually unlimited precision.
The rxm class is intended to provide the same functionality as rxMath
with no limit on the specified or implied precision.
Functions in class rxm and invocation syntax are the same as
in the rxMath library. They are implemented as routines which
perform the checking of argument values and invoke the corresponding
methods. Here is a list of the supported functions and a concise
syntax specification.
The arguments are represented by these letters:
x is the value for which the respective function must be evaluated.
b and c for RxCalcPower are base and exponent, respectively.
p if specified is the desired precision (number of digits) in the result.
It can be any integer from 1 to 999999.
See below for the default used.
u if specified, is the unit of x given to the trigonometric functions
or the unit of the value returned by the Arcus functions.
It can be 'R', 'D', or 'G' for radians, degrees, or grades, respectively.
See below for the default used.
Trigonometric functions:
• rxmCos(x[,[p][,u]])
• rxmCotan(x[,[p][,u]])
• rxmSin(x[,[p][,u]])
• rxmTan(x[,[p][,u]])
Arcus functions:
• rxmArcCos(x[,[p][,u]])
• rxmArcSin(x[,[p][,u]])
• rxmArcTan(x[,[p][,u]])
Hyperbolic functions:
• rxmCosH(x[,p])
• rxmSinH(x[,p])
• rxmTanH(x[,p])
• rxmExp(x[,p]) e**x
• rxmLog(x[,p]) Natural logarithm of x
• rxmLog10(x[,p]) Brigg's logarithm of x
• rxmSqrt(x[,p]) Square root of x
• rxmPower(b,c[,p]) b**c
• rxmPi([p]) pi to the specified or default precision
Values used for p and u if these are omitted in the invocation
==============================================================
The directive ::REQUIRES rxm.cls creates an instance of the class
.local~my.rxm=.rxm~new(16,"D")
which sets the defaults for p=16 and u='D'.
These are used when p or u are omitted in a function invocation.
They can be changed by changing the respective class attributes as follows:
.locaL~my.rxm~precision=50
.locaL~my.rxm~type='R'
The current setting of these attributes can be retrieved as follows:
.locaL~my.rxm~precision()
.locaL~my.rxm~type()
While I tried to get full compatibility there remain a few
(actually very few) differences:
rxCalcTan(90) raises the Syntax condition (will be fixed in the next ooRexx release)
rxCalcexp(x) limits x to 709. or so and returns '+infinity' for larger exponents
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #Mathematica.2FWolfram_Language | Mathematica/Wolfram Language | preorder[a_Integer] := a;
preorder[a_[b__]] := Flatten@{a, preorder /@ {b}};
inorder[a_Integer] := a;
inorder[a_[b_, c_]] := Flatten@{inorder@b, a, inorder@c};
inorder[a_[b_]] := Flatten@{inorder@b, a}; postorder[a_Integer] := a;
postorder[a_[b__]] := Flatten@{postorder /@ {b}, a};
levelorder[a_] :=
Flatten[Table[Level[a, {n}], {n, 0, Depth@a}]] /. {b_Integer[__] :>
b}; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #MAXScript | MAXScript | output = ""
for word in (filterString "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" ",") do
(
output += (word + ".")
)
format "%\n" output |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Mercury | Mercury |
:- module string_tokenize.
:- interface.
:- import_module io.
:- pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
:- implementation.
:- import_module list, string.
main(!IO) :-
Tokens = string.split_at_char((','), "Hello,How,Are,You,Today"),
io.write_list(Tokens, ".", io.write_string, !IO),
io.nl(!IO). |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Slate | Slate |
[inform: 2000 factorial] timeToRun.
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Smalltalk | Smalltalk | Time millisecondsToRun: [
Transcript show: 2000 factorial
]. |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #Pascal | Pascal | program TopRankPerGroup(output);
uses
Classes, Math;
type
TData = record
name: string;
ID: string;
salary: longint;
dept: string
end;
PTData = ^TData;
const
data: array [1..13] of TData =
( (name: 'Tyler Bennett'; ID: 'E10297'; salary: 32000; dept: 'D101'),
(name: 'John Rappl'; ID: 'E21437'; salary: 47000; dept: 'D050'),
(name: 'George Woltman'; ID: 'E00127'; salary: 53500; dept: 'D101'),
(name: 'Adam Smith'; ID: 'E63535'; salary: 18000; dept: 'D202'),
(name: 'Claire Buckman'; ID: 'E39876'; salary: 27800; dept: 'D202'),
(name: 'David McClellan'; ID: 'E04242'; salary: 41500; dept: 'D101'),
(name: 'Rich Holcomb'; ID: 'E01234'; salary: 49500; dept: 'D202'),
(name: 'Nathan Adams'; ID: 'E41298'; salary: 21900; dept: 'D050'),
(name: 'Richard Potter'; ID: 'E43128'; salary: 15900; dept: 'D101'),
(name: 'David Motsinger'; ID: 'E27002'; salary: 19250; dept: 'D202'),
(name: 'Tim Sampair'; ID: 'E03033'; salary: 27000; dept: 'D101'),
(name: 'Kim Arlich'; ID: 'E10001'; salary: 57000; dept: 'D190'),
(name: 'Timothy Grove'; ID: 'E16398'; salary: 29900; dept: 'D190')
);
function CompareSalary(Item1, Item2: PTData): longint;
begin
CompareSalary := Item2^.salary - Item1^.salary;
end;
var
depts : TStringList;
deptList: Tlist;
number, i, j: integer;
begin
write ('Enter the number of ranks: ');
readln (number);
depts := TStringList.Create;
depts.Sorted := true;
depts.Duplicates := dupIgnore;
for i := low(data) to high(data) do
depts.Add(data[i].dept);
for i := 0 to depts.Count - 1 do
begin
writeln;
writeln('Department: ', depts.Strings[i]);
deptList := TList.Create;
for j := low(data) to high(data) do
if data[j].dept = depts.Strings[i] then
deptList.Add(@data[j]);
deptList.Sort(TListSortCompare(@CompareSalary));
for j := 0 to min(deptList.count, number) - 1 do
begin
write (PTData(deptList.Items[j])^.name, ', ');
write ('ID: ', PTData(deptList.Items[j])^.ID, ', ');
write ('Salary: ', PTData(deptList.Items[j])^.Salary);
writeln;
end;
deptList.Destroy;
end;
end.
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #Objeck | Objeck | class TicTacToe {
@board : Char[,];
@cpu_opening : Bool;
enum Status {
INVALID_MOVE,
PLAYING,
QUIT,
TIE,
CPU_WIN,
PLAYER_WIN
}
consts Weights {
MIN := -1000,
MAX := 1000
}
function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {
cpu_score := 0;
player_score := 0;
for(i :=0; i < 5; i += 1;) {
game := TicTacToe->New();
result := game->Play();
if(result = Status->PLAYER_WIN) {
player_score += 1;
"\n=> Player Wins!"->PrintLine();
}
else if(result = Status->CPU_WIN) {
cpu_score += 1;
"\n=> CPU Wins!"->PrintLine();
}
else if(result = Status->TIE) {
"\n=> Tie."->PrintLine();
}
else {
break;
};
};
"\nHuman={$player_score}, CPU={$cpu_score}"->PrintLine();
}
New() {
@board := Char->New[3, 3];
for(index := 0; index < 9; index += 1;) {
j := index / 3;
i := index % 3;
@board[i, j] := '1' + index;
};
@cpu_opening := true;
}
method : Play() ~ Status {
players_turn := Int->Random(1) = 1 ? true : false;
if(players_turn) {
@cpu_opening := false;
"\n*** NEW (Player) ***\n"->PrintLine();
Draw();
}
else {
"\n*** NEW (CPU) ***\n"->PrintLine();
};
playing := true;
do {
status : Status;
if(players_turn) {
status := PlayerMove();
players_turn := false;
}
else {
status := CpuMove();
players_turn := true;
};
if(players_turn) {
Draw();
};
select(status) {
label Status->INVALID_MOVE: {
"\n=> Invalid Move"->PrintLine();
}
label Status->PLAYER_WIN: {
return Status->PLAYER_WIN;
}
label Status->CPU_WIN: {
return Status->CPU_WIN;
}
label Status->TIE: {
return Status->TIE;
}
label Status->QUIT: {
playing := false;
}
};
}
while(playing);
return Status->QUIT;
}
method : PlayerMove() ~ Status {
move := System.IO.Console->ReadString();
if(move->Size() = 0) {
return Status->INVALID_MOVE;
};
option := move->Get(0);
if(option = 'q') {
return Status->QUIT;
};
if(LegalMove(option, 'X')) {
if(IsWinner(@board, 'X')) {
return Status->PLAYER_WIN;
}
else if(IsTied()) {
return Status->TIE;
}
else {
return Status->PLAYING;
};
}
else {
return Status->INVALID_MOVE;
};
}
method : CpuMove() ~ Status {
if(@cpu_opening) {
select(Int->Random(2)) {
label 0: {
@board[0, 0] := 'O';
}
label 1: {
@board[1, 1] := 'O';
}
label 2: {
@board[2, 2] := 'O';
}
};
@cpu_opening := false;
}
else {
BestCpuMove(CopyBoard());
};
if(IsWinner(@board, 'O')) {
return Status->CPU_WIN;
}
else if(IsTied()) {
return Status->TIE;
}
else {
return Status->PLAYING;
};
}
method : Minimax(board : Char[,], depth : Int, is_max : Bool, alpha : Int, beta : Int) ~ Int {
score := EvaluateMove(board);
if(score = 10 | score = -10) {
return score;
};
if(IsTied()) {
return 0;
};
if(is_max) {
best := Weights->MIN;
for(i := 0; i < 3; i += 1;) {
for(j := 0; j < 3; j += 1;) {
if(board[i,j] <> 'X' & board[i,j] <>'O') {
test := board[i,j];
board[i,j] := 'O';
best := Int->Max(best, Minimax(board, depth + 1, false, alpha, beta));
alpha := Int->Max(alpha, best);
board[i,j] := test;
if(beta <= alpha) {
return best;
};
};
};
};
return best;
}
else {
best := Weights->MAX;
for(i := 0; i < 3; i += 1;) {
for(j := 0; j < 3; j += 1;) {
if(board[i,j] <> 'X' & board[i,j] <>'O') {
test := board[i,j];
board[i,j] := 'X';
best := Int->Min(best, Minimax(board, depth + 1, true, alpha, beta));
beta := Int->Min(beta, best);
board[i,j] := test;
if(beta <= alpha) {
return best;
};
};
};
};
return best;
};
}
method : BestCpuMove(board : Char[,]) ~ Nil {
best := Weights->MIN; # empty
best_i := -1;
best_j := -1;
for(i := 0; i < 3; i += 1;) {
for(j := 0; j < 3; j += 1;) {
if(board[i,j] <> 'X' & board[i,j] <> 'O') {
test := board[i,j];
board[i,j] := 'O';
move := Int->Max(best, Minimax(board, 0, false, Weights->MIN, Weights->MAX));
board[i,j] := test;
if(move > best) {
best_i := i;
best_j := j;
best := move;
};
};
};
};
@board[best_i, best_j] := 'O';
}
method : EvaluateMove(board : Char[,]) ~ Int {
if(IsWinner(board, 'O')) {
return 10;
}
else if(IsWinner(board, 'X')) {
return -10;
}
else {
return 0;
};
}
method : CopyBoard() ~ Char[,] {
board := Char->New[3, 3];
for(i := 0; i < 3; i += 1;) {
for(j := 0; j < 3; j += 1;) {
board[i,j] := @board[i,j];
};
};
return board;
}
method : LegalMove(move : Char, player: Char) ~ Bool {
if(move >= '1' & move <= '9') {
index := (move - '1')->As(Int);
j := index / 3; i := index % 3;
if(@board[i, j] = 'X' | @board[i, j] = 'O') {
return false;
};
@board[i, j] := player;
return true;
}
else {
return false;
};
}
method : IsWinner(board : Char[,], player : Char) ~ Bool {
# --- diagonal ---
check := 0;
for(i := 0; i < 3; i += 1;) {
if(board[i, i] = player) {
check += 1;
};
};
if(check = 3) {
return true;
};
check := 0;
j := 2;
for(i := 0; i < 3; i += 1;) {
if(board[i, j] = player) {
check += 1;
};
j -= 1;
};
if(check = 3) {
return true;
};
# --- vertical ---
for(i := 0; i < 3; i += 1;) {
check := 0;
for(j := 0; j < 3; j += 1;) {
if(board[i, j] = player) {
check += 1;
};
};
if(check = 3) {
return true;
};
};
# --- horizontal ---
for(j := 0; j < 3; j += 1;) {
check := 0;
for(i := 0; i < 3; i += 1;) {
if(board[i, j] = player) {
check += 1;
};
};
if(check = 3) {
return true;
};
};
return false;
}
method : IsTied() ~ Bool {
for(i := 0; i < 3; i += 1;) {
for(j := 0; j < 3; j += 1;) {
if(@board[i, j] <> 'X' & @board[i, j] <> 'O') {
return false;
};
};
};
return true;
}
method : Draw() ~ Nil {
a1 := @board[0, 0]; a2 := @board[1, 0]; a3 := @board[2, 0];
b1 := @board[0, 1]; b2 := @board[1, 1]; b3 := @board[2, 1];
c1 := @board[0, 2]; c2 := @board[1, 2]; c3 := @board[2, 2];
"==========="->PrintLine();
" {$a1} | {$a2} | {$a3} "->PrintLine();
"---|---|---"->PrintLine();
" {$b1} | {$b2} | {$b3} "->PrintLine();
"---|---|---"->PrintLine();
" {$c1} | {$c2} | {$c3} "->PrintLine();
"===========\n"->PrintLine();
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #FALSE | FALSE | ["Move disk from "$!\" to "$!\"
"]p: { to from }
[n;0>[n;1-n: @\ h;! @\ p;! \@ h;! \@ n;1+n:]?]h: { via to from }
4n:["right"]["middle"]["left"]h;!%%% |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #Fermat | Fermat | Func Hanoi( n, f, t, v ) =
if n = 0 then
!'';
else
Hanoi(n - 1, f, v, t);
!f;!' -> ';!t;!', ';
Hanoi(n - 1, v, t, f)
fi. |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #Tailspin | Tailspin |
data node <'.+'>, from <node>, to <node>
templates topologicalSort
@: [];
{V: {|$.v..., $.e({node: §.to})...|} , E: {|$.e... -> \(<{from: <~=$.to>}> $! \)|}} -> #
when <{V: <?($::count <=0>)>}> $@!
otherwise
def independent: ($.V notMatching $.E({node: §.from}));
[$independent... -> $.node] -> ..|@: $;
{V: ($.V notMatching $independent), E: ($.E notMatching $independent({to: §.node}))}
-> \(<?($independent::count <1..>)> $! \) -> #
end topologicalSort
composer lines
[<line>+]
rule line: <'[^\n]*'> (<'\n'>)
end lines
templates collectDeps
@: { v: [], e: []};
composer depRecord
(<WS>? def node: <~WS>; <WS>? <dep>* <WS>? $node -> ..|@collectDeps.v: {node: $};)
rule dep: (<~WS> -> ..|@collectDeps.e: {from: $node, to: $}; <WS>?)
end depRecord
$(3..last)... -> !depRecord
$@!
end collectDeps
'LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
' -> lines -> collectDeps -> topologicalSort -> !OUT::write
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #Oz | Oz | declare
PI = 3.14159265
fun {FromDegrees Deg}
Deg * PI / 180.
end
fun {ToDegrees Rad}
Rad * 180. / PI
end
Radians = PI / 4.
Degrees = 45.
in
for F in [Sin Cos Tan] do
{System.showInfo {F Radians}#" "#{F {FromDegrees Degrees}}}
end
for I#F in [Asin#Sin Acos#Cos Atan#Tan] do
{System.showInfo {I {F Radians}}#" "#{ToDegrees {I {F Radians}}}}
end |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #Mercury | Mercury | :- module tree_traversal.
:- interface.
:- import_module io.
:- pred main(io::di, io::uo) is det.
:- implementation.
:- import_module list.
:- type tree(V)
---> empty
; node(V, tree(V), tree(V)).
:- pred preorder(pred(V, A, A), tree(V), A, A).
:- mode preorder(pred(in, di, uo) is det, in, di, uo) is det.
preorder(_, empty, !Acc).
preorder(P, node(Value, Left, Right), !Acc) :-
P(Value, !Acc),
preorder(P, Left, !Acc),
preorder(P, Right, !Acc).
:- pred inorder(pred(V, A, A), tree(V), A, A).
:- mode inorder(pred(in, di, uo) is det, in, di, uo) is det.
inorder(_, empty, !Acc).
inorder(P, node(Value, Left, Right), !Acc) :-
inorder(P, Left, !Acc),
P(Value, !Acc),
inorder(P, Right, !Acc).
:- pred postorder(pred(V, A, A), tree(V), A, A).
:- mode postorder(pred(in, di, uo) is det, in, di, uo) is det.
postorder(_, empty, !Acc).
postorder(P, node(Value, Left, Right), !Acc) :-
postorder(P, Left, !Acc),
postorder(P, Right, !Acc),
P(Value, !Acc).
:- pred levelorder(pred(V, A, A), tree(V), A, A).
:- mode levelorder(pred(in, di, uo) is det, in, di, uo) is det.
levelorder(P, Tree, !Acc) :-
do_levelorder(P, [Tree], !Acc).
:- pred do_levelorder(pred(V, A, A), list(tree(V)), A, A).
:- mode do_levelorder(pred(in, di, uo) is det, in, di, uo) is det.
do_levelorder(_, [], !Acc).
do_levelorder(P, [empty | Xs], !Acc) :-
do_levelorder(P, Xs, !Acc).
do_levelorder(P, [node(Value, Left, Right) | Xs], !Acc) :-
P(Value, !Acc),
do_levelorder(P, Xs ++ [Left, Right], !Acc).
:- func tree = tree(int).
tree =
node(1,
node(2,
node(4,
node(7, empty, empty),
empty
),
node(5, empty, empty)
),
node(3,
node(6,
node(8, empty, empty),
node(9, empty, empty)
),
empty
)
).
main(!IO) :-
io.write_string("preorder: " ,!IO),
preorder(print_value, tree, !IO), io.nl(!IO),
io.write_string("inorder: " ,!IO),
inorder(print_value, tree, !IO), io.nl(!IO),
io.write_string("postorder: " ,!IO),
postorder(print_value, tree, !IO), io.nl(!IO),
io.write_string("levelorder: " ,!IO),
levelorder(print_value, tree, !IO), io.nl(!IO).
:- pred print_value(V::in, io::di, io::uo) is det.
print_value(V, !IO) :-
io.print(V, !IO),
io.write_string(" ", !IO). |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #min | min | "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" "," split "." join print |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #MiniScript | MiniScript | tokens = "Hello,How,Are,You,Today".split(",")
print tokens.join(".") |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Standard_ML | Standard ML | fun time_it (action, arg) = let
val timer = Timer.startCPUTimer ()
val _ = action arg
val times = Timer.checkCPUTimer timer
in
Time.+ (#usr times, #sys times)
end |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Stata | Stata | program timer_test
timer clear 1
timer on 1
sleep `0'
timer off 1
timer list 1
end
. timer_test 1000
1: 1.01 / 1 = 1.0140 |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Swift | Swift | import Foundation
public struct TimeResult {
public var seconds: Double
public var nanoSeconds: Double
public var duration: Double { seconds + (nanoSeconds / 1e9) }
@usableFromInline
init(seconds: Double, nanoSeconds: Double) {
self.seconds = seconds
self.nanoSeconds = nanoSeconds
}
}
extension TimeResult: CustomStringConvertible {
public var description: String {
return "TimeResult(seconds: \(seconds); nanoSeconds: \(nanoSeconds); duration: \(duration)s)"
}
}
public struct ClockTimer {
@inlinable @inline(__always)
public static func time<T>(_ f: () throws -> T) rethrows -> (T, TimeResult) {
var tsi = timespec()
var tsf = timespec()
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW, &tsi)
let res = try f()
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW, &tsf)
let secondsElapsed = difftime(tsf.tv_sec, tsi.tv_sec)
let nanoSecondsElapsed = Double(tsf.tv_nsec - tsi.tv_nsec)
return (res, TimeResult(seconds: secondsElapsed, nanoSeconds: nanoSecondsElapsed))
}
}
func ackermann(m: Int, n: Int) -> Int {
switch (m, n) {
case (0, _):
return n + 1
case (_, 0):
return ackermann(m: m - 1, n: 1)
case (_, _):
return ackermann(m: m - 1, n: ackermann(m: m, n: n - 1))
}
}
let (n, t) = ClockTimer.time { ackermann(m: 3, n: 11) }
print("Took \(t.duration)s to calculate ackermann(m: 3, n: 11) = \(n)")
let (n2, t2) = ClockTimer.time { ackermann(m: 4, n: 1) }
print("Took \(t2.duration)s to calculate ackermann(m: 4, n: 1) = \(n2)") |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #Perl | Perl | sub zip {
my @a = @{shift()};
my @b = @{shift()};
my @l;
push @l, shift @a, shift @b while @a and @b;
return @l;
}
sub uniq {
my %h;
grep {!$h{$_}++} @_;
}
my @data =
map {{ zip [qw(name id salary dept)], [split ','] }}
split "\n",
<<'EOF';
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
EOF
my $N = shift || 3;
foreach my $d (uniq sort map {$_->{dept}} @data) {
print "$d\n";
my @es =
sort {$b->{salary} <=> $a->{salary}}
grep {$_->{dept} eq $d}
@data;
foreach (1 .. $N) {
@es or last;
my $e = shift @es;
printf "%-15s | %-6s | %5d\n", @{$e}{qw(name id salary)};
}
print "\n";
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #Pascal | Pascal | program tic(Input, Output);
type
Contents = (Unassigned, Human, Computer);
var
best_i, best_j: Integer; { best solution a depth of zero in the search }
b: array[0..2, 0..2] of Contents; {zero based so modulus works later}
player: Contents;
procedure displayBoard;
var
i, j: Integer;
t: array [Contents] of char;
begin
t[Unassigned] := ' ';
t[Human] := 'O';
t[Computer] := 'X';
for i := 0 to 2 do begin
for j := 0 to 2 do begin
write(t[b[i][j]]);
if j <> 2 then write(' | ');
end;
writeln();
if i < 2 then writeln('---------');
end;
writeln();
writeln();
end;
function swapPlayer (Player: Contents): Contents;
begin
if Player = Computer then swapPlayer := Human else swapPlayer := Computer;
end;
function checkWinner: Contents;
var
i: Integer;
begin
checkWinner := Unassigned; (* no winner yet *)
for i := 0 to 2 do begin
(* first horizontal solution *)
if ((checkWinner = Unassigned) and (b[i][0] <> Unassigned)) and ((b[i][1] = b[i][0]) and (b[i][2] = b[i][0])) then
checkWinner := b[i][0]
else
(* now vertical solution *)
if ((checkWinner = Unassigned) and (b[0][i] <> Unassigned)) and ((b[1][i] = b[0][i]) and (b[2][i] = b[0][i])) then
checkWinner := b[0][i];
end; (* now check the paths of the two cross line slants that share the middle position *)
if (checkWinner = Unassigned) and (b[1][1] <> Unassigned) then begin
if ((b[1][1] = b[0][0]) and (b[2][2] = b[0][0])) then checkWinner := b[0][0]
else if ((b[1][1] = b[2][0]) and (b[0][2] = b[1][1])) then checkWinner := b[1][1];
end;
end;
{ Basic strategy test - is this te best solution we have seen }
function saveBest(CurScore, CurBest: Contents) : boolean;
begin
if CurScore = CurBest then saveBest := false
else if (Curscore = Unassigned) and (CurBest = Human) then saveBest := false
else if (Curscore = Computer) and ((CurBest = Unassigned) or (CurBest = Human)) then saveBest := false
else saveBest := true;
end;
{ Basic strategy - recursive depth first serach of possible moves
if computer can win save it, otherwise block if need be, else do deeper.
At each level modify the board for the next call, but clean up as go back up,
by remembering the modified position on the call stack. }
function test_move (val: Contents; depth: Integer): Contents;
var
i, j: Integer;
score, best, changed: Contents;
begin
best := Computer;
changed := Unassigned;
score := checkWinner();
if score <> Unassigned then begin
if score = val then test_move := Human else test_move := Computer;
end else begin
for i := 0 to 2 do for j := 0 to 2 do begin
if b[i][j] = Unassigned then begin
changed := val;
b[i][j] := val; (* the value for now and try wioth the other player *)
score := test_move(swapPlayer(val), depth + 1);
if (score <> Unassigned) then score := swapPlayer(score);
b[i][j] := Unassigned;
if saveBest(score, best) then begin
if depth = 0 then begin { top level, so remember actual position }
best_i := i;
best_j := j;
end;
best := score;
end;
end;
end;
if (changed <> Unassigned) then test_move := best else test_move := Unassigned;
end;
end;
function playGame(whom:Contents): string;
var
i, j, k, move: Integer;
win: Contents;
begin
win := Unassigned;
for i := 0 to 2 do for j := 0 to 2 do b[i][j] := Unassigned;
writeln('The board positions are numbered as follows:');
writeln('1 | 2 | 3');
writeln('---------');
writeln('4 | 5 | 6');
writeln('---------');
writeln('7 | 8 | 9');
writeln('You have O, I have X.');
writeln();
k := 1;
repeat {rather a for loop but can not have two actions or early termination in Pascal}
begin
if whom = Human then begin
repeat begin
write('Your move: ');
readln(move);
if (move < 1) or (move > 9) then writeln('Opps: enter a number between 1 - 9')
else move := pred(move); {humans do 1 -9, but the computer wants 0-8 for modulus to work}
end until ((move >= 0) and (move <= 8));
i := move div 3; { convert from range to corridinated of the array }
j := move mod 3;
if b[i][j] = Unassigned then b[i][j] := Human;
end;
if whom = Computer then begin
(* randomize if computer opens, so its not always the same game *)
if k = 1 then begin
best_i := random(3); {Pascal random returns positive integers from 0 to func arg}
best_j := random(3);
end else
win := test_move(Computer, 0);
b[best_i][best_j] := Computer;
writeln('My move: ', best_i * 3 + best_j + 1);
end;
displayBoard();
win := checkWinner();
if win <> Unassigned then begin
if win = Human then playGame := 'You win.' else playGame := 'I win.';
end else begin
k := succ(k); { "for" loop counter actions }
whom := swapPlayer(whom);
end;
end;
until (win <> Unassigned) or (k > 9);
if win = Unassigned then playGame := 'A draw.';
end;
begin
randomize();
player := Human;
while (true) do
begin
writeln(playGame(player));
writeln();
player := swapPlayer(player);
end
end. |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #FOCAL | FOCAL | 01.10 S N=4;S S=1;S V=2;S T=3
01.20 D 2
01.30 Q
02.02 S N(D)=N(D)-1;I (N(D)),2.2,2.04
02.04 S D=D+1
02.06 S N(D)=N(D-1);S S(D)=S(D-1)
02.08 S T(D)=V(D-1);S V(D)=T(D-1)
02.10 D 2
02.12 S D=D-1
02.14 D 3
02.16 S A=S(D);S S(D)=V(D);S V(D)=A
02.18 G 2.02
02.20 D 3
03.10 T %1,"MOVE DISK FROM POLE",S(D)
03.20 T " TO POLE",T(D),! |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #Forth | Forth | CREATE peg1 ," left "
CREATE peg2 ," middle "
CREATE peg3 ," right "
: .$ COUNT TYPE ;
: MOVE-DISK
LOCALS| via to from n |
n 1 =
IF CR ." Move disk from " from .$ ." to " to .$
ELSE n 1- from via to RECURSE
1 from to via RECURSE
n 1- via to from RECURSE
THEN ; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #Tcl | Tcl | package require Tcl 8.5
proc topsort {data} {
# Clean the data
dict for {node depends} $data {
if {[set i [lsearch -exact $depends $node]] >= 0} {
set depends [lreplace $depends $i $i]
dict set data $node $depends
}
foreach node $depends {dict lappend data $node}
}
# Do the sort
set sorted {}
while 1 {
# Find available nodes
set avail [dict keys [dict filter $data value {}]]
if {![llength $avail]} {
if {[dict size $data]} {
error "graph is cyclic, possibly involving nodes \"[dict keys $data]\""
}
return $sorted
}
# Note that the lsort is only necessary for making the results more like other langs
lappend sorted {*}[lsort $avail]
# Remove from working copy of graph
dict for {node depends} $data {
foreach n $avail {
if {[set i [lsearch -exact $depends $n]] >= 0} {
set depends [lreplace $depends $i $i]
dict set data $node $depends
}
}
}
foreach node $avail {
dict unset data $node
}
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #PARI.2FGP | PARI/GP | cos(Pi/2)
sin(Pi/2)
tan(Pi/2)
acos(1)
asin(1)
atan(1) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #Nim | Nim | import deques
type
Node[T] = ref object
data: T
left, right: Node[T]
proc newNode[T](data: T; left, right: Node[T] = nil): Node[T] =
Node[T](data: data, left: left, right: right)
proc preorder[T](n: Node[T]): seq[T] =
if n.isNil: @[]
else: @[n.data] & preorder(n.left) & preorder(n.right)
proc inorder[T](n: Node[T]): seq[T] =
if n.isNil: @[]
else: inorder(n.left) & @[n.data] & inorder(n.right)
proc postorder[T](n: Node[T]): seq[T] =
if n.isNil: @[]
else: postorder(n.left) & postorder(n.right) & @[n.data]
proc levelorder[T](n: Node[T]): seq[T] =
var queue: Deque[Node[T]]
queue.addLast(n)
while queue.len > 0:
let next = queue.popFirst()
result.add next.data
if not next.left.isNil: queue.addLast(next.left)
if not next.right.isNil: queue.addLast(next.right)
let tree = 1.newNode(
2.newNode(
4.newNode(
7.newNode),
5.newNode),
3.newNode(
6.newNode(
8.newNode,
9.newNode)))
echo preorder tree
echo inorder tree
echo postorder tree
echo levelorder tree |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #MMIX | MMIX | sep IS ','
EOS IS 0
NL IS 10
// main registers
p IS $255
tp GREG
c GREG
t GREG
LOC Data_Segment
GREG @
Text BYTE "Hello,How,Are,You,Today",EOS
token BYTE 0
eot IS @+255
LOC #100 % main () {
Main LDA p,Text %
LDA tp,token % initialize pointers
2H LDBU c,p % DO get char
BZ c,5F % break if char == EOS
CMP t,c,sep % if char != sep then
PBNZ t,3F % store char
SET t,NL % terminate token with NL,EOS
STBU t,tp
SET t,EOS
INCL tp,1
STBU t,tp
JMP 4F % continue
3H STBU c,tp % store char
4H INCL tp,1 % update pointers
INCL p,1
JMP 2B % LOOP
5H SET t,NL % terminate last token and buffer
STBU t,tp
SET t,EOS
INCL tp,1
STBU t,tp
% next part is not really necessary
% program runs only once
% INCL tp,1 % terminate buffer
% STBU t,tp
LDA tp,token % reset token pointer
% REPEAT
2H ADD p,tp,0 % start of token
TRAP 0,Fputs,StdOut % output token
ADD tp,tp,p
INCL tp,1 % step to next token
LDBU t,tp
PBNZ t,2B % UNTIL EOB(uffer)
TRAP 0,Halt,0 |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Tcl | Tcl | proc sum_n {n} {
for {set i 1; set sum 0.0} {$i <= $n} {incr i} {set sum [expr {$sum + $i}]}
return [expr {wide($sum)}]
}
puts [time {sum_n 1e6} 100]
puts [time {} 100] |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #TorqueScript | TorqueScript |
function benchmark(%times,%function,%a,%b,%c,%d,%e,%f,%g,%h,%i,%j,%k,%l,%m,%n,%o)
{
if(!isFunction(%function))
{
warn("BENCHMARKING RESULT FOR" SPC %function @ ":" NL "Function does not exist.");
return -1;
}
%start = getRealTime();
for(%i=0; %i < %times; %i++)
{
call(%function,%a,%b,%c,%d,%e,%f,%g,%h,%i,%j,%k,%l,%m,%n,%o);
}
%end = getRealTime();
%result = (%end-%start) / %times;
warn("BENCHMARKING RESULT FOR" SPC %function @ ":" NL %result);
return %result;
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #Phix | Phix | with javascript_semantics
constant N=3
-- Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
enum /*NAME,*/ /*ID,*/ SAL=3, DEPT=4
constant employees = {{"Tyler Bennett", "E10297",32000,"D101"},
{"John Rappl", "E21437",47000,"D050"},
{"George Woltman", "E00127",53500,"D101"},
{"Adam Smith", "E63535",18000,"D202"},
{"Claire Buckman", "E39876",27800,"D202"},
{"David McClellan","E04242",41500,"D101"},
{"Rich Holcomb", "E01234",49500,"D202"},
{"Nathan Adams", "E41298",21900,"D050"},
{"Richard Potter", "E43128",15900,"D101"},
{"David Motsinger","E27002",19250,"D202"},
{"Tim Sampair", "E03033",27000,"D101"},
{"Kim Arlich", "E10001",57000,"D190"},
{"Timothy Grove", "E16398",29900,"D190"}}
function by_dept_sal(integer i, j)
return compare(employees[i][DEPT]&-employees[i][SAL],
employees[j][DEPT]&-employees[j][SAL])
end function
sequence tags = custom_sort(by_dept_sal,tagset(length(employees)))
string lastdep = ""
integer dcount = 0
printf(1,"Top %d salaries by department\n",{N})
for i=1 to length(employees) do
object emp = employees[tags[i]]
if emp[DEPT]!=lastdep then
lastdep = emp[DEPT]
dcount = 1
printf(1,"\n")
else
dcount += 1
end if
if dcount<=N then
?emp
end if
end for
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #Perl | Perl | use warnings;
use strict;
my $initial = join ",", qw(abc def ghi);
my %reverse = qw(X O O X);
# In list context, returns best move,
# In scalar context, returns the score of best move.
my %cache;
sub best_move {
my ($b, $me) = @_;
if( exists $cache{$b,$me,wantarray} ) {
return $cache{$b,$me,wantarray};
} elsif( my $s = score( $b, $me ) ) {
return $cache{$b,$me,wantarray} = (wantarray ? undef : $s);
}
my $him = $reverse{$me};
my ($best, @best) = (-999);
for my $m (moves($b)) {
(my $with_m = $b) =~ s/$m/$me/ or die;
# The || operator supplies scalar context to best_move(...)
my $s = -(score($with_m, $him) || best_move($with_m, $him));
if( $s > $best ) {
($best, @best) = ($s, $m);
} elsif( $s == $best ) {
push @best, $m;
}
}
$cache{$b,$me,wantarray} = wantarray ? $best[rand @best] : $best;
}
my $winner = q[([XOxo])(?:\1\1|...\1...\1|..\1..\1|....\1....\1)];
sub score {
my ($b, $me) = @_;
$b =~ m/$winner/o or return 0;
return $1 eq $me ? +1 : -1;
}
sub moves {
my ($b) = @_;
$b =~ /([^xoXO,\n])/g;
}
sub print_board {
my ($b) = @_;
$b =~ s/\B/|/g;
$b =~ s/,/\n-+-+-\n/g;
print $b, "\n";
}
sub prompt {
my ($b, $color) = @_;
my @moves = moves($b);
unless( @moves ) {
return;
}
while( 1 ) {
print "Place your $color on one of [@moves]: ";
defined(my $m = <>) or return;
chomp($m);
return $m if grep $m eq $_, @moves;
}
}
my @players = (
{ whose => "your", name => "You",
verb => "You place", get_move => \&prompt },
{ whose => "the computer's", name => "Computer",
verb => "The computer places", get_move => \&best_move },
);
my $whose_turn = int rand 2;
my $color = "X";
my $b = $initial;
while( 1 ) {
my $p = $players[$whose_turn];
print_board($b);
print "It is $p->{whose} turn.\n";
# The parens around $m supply list context to the right side
# or the = operator, which causes sub best_move to return the
# best move, rather than the score of the best move.
my ( $m ) = $p->{get_move}->($b, $color);
if( $m ) {
print "$p->{verb} an $color at $m\n";
$b =~ s/$m/$color/;
my $s = score($b, $color) or next;
print_board($b);
print "$p->{name} ", $s > 0 ? "won!\n" : "lost!\n";
} else {
print "$p->{name} cannot move.\n";
}
print "Game over.\nNew Game...\n";
($b, $color, $whose_turn) = ($initial, "X", int rand 2);
redo;
} continue {
$color = $reverse{$color};
$whose_turn = !$whose_turn;
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #Fortran | Fortran | PROGRAM TOWER
CALL Move(4, 1, 2, 3)
CONTAINS
RECURSIVE SUBROUTINE Move(ndisks, from, to, via)
INTEGER, INTENT (IN) :: ndisks, from, to, via
IF (ndisks == 1) THEN
WRITE(*, "(A,I1,A,I1)") "Move disk from pole ", from, " to pole ", to
ELSE
CALL Move(ndisks-1, from, via, to)
CALL Move(1, from, to, via)
CALL Move(ndisks-1, via, to, from)
END IF
END SUBROUTINE Move
END PROGRAM TOWER |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #UNIX_Shell | UNIX Shell | $ awk '{ for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++) print $i, $1 }' <<! | tsort
> des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
> dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
> dw02 ieee dw02 dware
> dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
> dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
> dw05 dw05 ieee dware
> dw06 dw06 ieee dware
> dw07 ieee dware
> dware ieee dware
> gtech ieee gtech
> ramlib std ieee
> std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
> synopsys
> !
ieee
dware
dw02
dw05
dw06
dw07
gtech
dw01
dw04
std_cell_lib
synopsys
std
dw03
ramlib
des_system_lib |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #Pascal | Pascal | Program TrigonometricFuntions(output);
uses
math;
var
radians, degree: double;
begin
radians := pi / 4.0;
degree := 45;
// Pascal works in radians. Necessary degree-radian conversions are shown.
writeln (sin(radians),' ', sin(degree/180*pi));
writeln (cos(radians),' ', cos(degree/180*pi));
writeln (tan(radians),' ', tan(degree/180*pi));
writeln ();
writeln (arcsin(sin(radians)),' Rad., or ', arcsin(sin(degree/180*pi))/pi*180,' Deg.');
writeln (arccos(cos(radians)),' Rad., or ', arccos(cos(degree/180*pi))/pi*180,' Deg.');
writeln (arctan(tan(radians)),' Rad., or ', arctan(tan(degree/180*pi))/pi*180,' Deg.');
// ( radians ) / pi * 180 = deg.
end. |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #Objeck | Objeck |
use Collection;
class Test {
function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {
one := Node->New(1);
two := Node->New(2);
three := Node->New(3);
four := Node->New(4);
five := Node->New(5);
six := Node->New(6);
seven := Node->New(7);
eight := Node->New(8);
nine := Node->New(9);
one->SetLeft(two); one->SetRight(three);
two->SetLeft(four); two->SetRight(five);
three->SetLeft(six); four->SetLeft(seven);
six->SetLeft(eight); six->SetRight(nine);
"Preorder: "->Print(); Preorder(one);
"\nInorder: "->Print(); Inorder(one);
"\nPostorder: "->Print(); Postorder(one);
"\nLevelorder: "->Print(); Levelorder(one);
"\n"->Print();
}
function : Preorder(node : Node) ~ Nil {
if(node <> Nil) {
System.IO.Console->Print(node->GetData())->Print(", ");
Preorder(node->GetLeft());
Preorder(node->GetRight());
};
}
function : Inorder(node : Node) ~ Nil {
if(node <> Nil) {
Inorder(node->GetLeft());
System.IO.Console->Print(node->GetData())->Print(", ");
Inorder(node->GetRight());
};
}
function : Postorder(node : Node) ~ Nil {
if(node <> Nil) {
Postorder(node->GetLeft());
Postorder(node->GetRight());
System.IO.Console->Print(node->GetData())->Print(", ");
};
}
function : Levelorder(node : Node) ~ Nil {
nodequeue := Collection.Queue->New();
if(node <> Nil) {
nodequeue->Add(node);
};
while(nodequeue->IsEmpty() = false) {
next := nodequeue->Remove()->As(Node);
System.IO.Console->Print(next->GetData())->Print(", ");
if(next->GetLeft() <> Nil) {
nodequeue->Add(next->GetLeft());
};
if(next->GetRight() <> Nil) {
nodequeue->Add(next->GetRight());
};
};
}
}
class Node from BasicCompare {
@left : Node;
@right : Node;
@data : Int;
New(data : Int) {
Parent();
@data := data;
}
method : public : GetData() ~ Int {
return @data;
}
method : public : SetLeft(left : Node) ~ Nil {
@left := left;
}
method : public : GetLeft() ~ Node {
return @left;
}
method : public : SetRight(right : Node) ~ Nil {
@right := right;
}
method : public : GetRight() ~ Node {
return @right;
}
method : public : Compare(rhs : Compare) ~ Int {
right : Node := rhs->As(Node);
if(@data = right->GetData()) {
return 0;
}
else if(@data < right->GetData()) {
return -1;
};
return 1;
}
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Modula-3 | Modula-3 | MODULE Tokenize EXPORTS Main;
IMPORT IO, TextConv;
TYPE Texts = REF ARRAY OF TEXT;
VAR tokens: Texts;
string := "Hello,How,Are,You,Today";
sep := SET OF CHAR {','};
BEGIN
tokens := NEW(Texts, TextConv.ExplodedSize(string, sep));
TextConv.Explode(string, tokens^, sep);
FOR i := FIRST(tokens^) TO LAST(tokens^) DO
IO.Put(tokens[i] & ".");
END;
IO.Put("\n");
END Tokenize. |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #MUMPS | MUMPS | TOKENS
NEW I,J,INP
SET INP="Hello,how,are,you,today"
NEW I FOR I=1:1:$LENGTH(INP,",") SET INP(I)=$PIECE(INP,",",I)
NEW J FOR J=1:1:I WRITE INP(J) WRITE:J'=I "."
KILL I,J,INP // Kill is optional. "New" variables automatically are killed on "Quit"
QUIT |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #True_BASIC | True BASIC | SUB cont (n)
LET sum = 0
FOR i = 1 TO n
LET sum = sum+1
NEXT i
END SUB
LET timestart = TIME
CALL cont (10000000)
LET timedone = TIME
!midnight check:
IF timedone < timestart THEN LET timedone = timedone+86400
LET timeelapsed = (timedone-timestart)*1000
PRINT timeelapsed; "miliseconds."
END |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #TUSCRIPT | TUSCRIPT |
$$ MODE TUSCRIPT
SECTION test
LOOP n=1,999999
rest=MOD (n,1000)
IF (rest==0) Print n
ENDLOOP
ENDSECTION
time_beg=TIME ()
DO test
time_end=TIME ()
interval=TIME_INTERVAL (seconds,time_beg,time_end)
PRINT "'test' start at ",time_beg
PRINT "'test' ends at ",time_end
PRINT "'test' takes ",interval," seconds"
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #PHP | PHP | $data = Array(
Array("Tyler Bennett","E10297",32000,"D101"),
Array("John Rappl","E21437",47000,"D050"),
Array("George Woltman","E00127",53500,"D101"),
Array("Adam Smith","E63535",18000,"D202"),
Array("Claire Buckman","E39876",27800,"D202"),
Array("David McClellan","E04242",41500,"D101"),
Array("Rich Holcomb","E01234",49500,"D202"),
Array("Nathan Adams","E41298",21900,"D050"),
Array("Richard Potter","E43128",15900,"D101"),
Array("David Motsinger","E27002",19250,"D202"),
Array("Tim Sampair","E03033",27000,"D101"),
Array("Kim Arlich","E10001",57000,"D190"),
Array("Timothy Grove","E16398",29900,"D190")
);
function top_sal($num){
global $data;
$depts = Array();
foreach($data as $key => $arr){
if(!isset($depts[$arr[3]])) $depts[$arr[3]] = Array();
$depts[$arr[3]][] = $key;
}
function topsalsort($a,$b){
global $data;
if ($data[$a][2] == $data[$b][2]) {
return 0;
}
return ($data[$a][2] < $data[$b][2]) ? 1 : -1;
}
foreach ($depts as $key => $val){
usort($depts[$key],"topsalsort");
}
ksort($depts);
echo '<pre>';
foreach ($depts as $key => $val){
echo $key . '<br>';
echo 'Name ID Salary<br>';
$count = 0;
foreach($val as $value){
echo $data[$value][0] . ' ' . $data[$value][1] . ' ' . $data[$value][2] . '<br>';
$count++;
if($count>=$num) break;
}
echo '<br>';
}
echo '</pre>';
}
top_sal(3); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #Phix | Phix | --
-- demo\rosetta\Tic_tac_toe.exw
--
with javascript_semantics
include pGUI.e
constant title = "Tic Tac Toe"
sequence board = repeat(' ',9) -- {' '/'X'/'O'}
bool human = false -- (flipped in new_game)
bool game_over = false
constant play_dumb = false
Ihandle dlg
-- saved in redraw_cb() for check_position():
integer cw,ch, -- board centre
d, -- tile spacing
h -- tile size/radius
function redraw_cb(Ihandle ih, integer /*posx*/, /*posy*/)
{cw,ch} = IupGetIntInt(ih, "DRAWSIZE")
d = floor(min(cw,ch)/8)
h = floor(d*2/3)
cw = floor(cw/2)
ch = floor(ch/2)
IupGLMakeCurrent(ih)
cdCanvas cddbuffer = IupGetAttributePtr(ih,"DBUFFER")
cdCanvasActivate(cddbuffer)
cdCanvasClear(cddbuffer)
cdCanvasSetForeground(cddbuffer,CD_BLUE)
cdCanvasSetLineWidth(cddbuffer,10)
integer d3 = 3*d
cdCanvasLine(cddbuffer,cw-d,ch-d3,cw-d,ch+d3)
cdCanvasLine(cddbuffer,cw+d,ch-d3,cw+d,ch+d3)
cdCanvasLine(cddbuffer,cw-d3,ch-d,cw+d3,ch-d)
cdCanvasLine(cddbuffer,cw-d3,ch+d,cw+d3,ch+d)
integer pdx = 1
for y=+1 to -1 by -1 do
integer my = ch+y*2*d
for x=-1 to +1 do
integer mx = cw+x*2*d
integer mark = board[pdx]
if mark='X' then
cdCanvasLine(cddbuffer,mx-h,my-h,mx+h,my+h)
cdCanvasLine(cddbuffer,mx-h,my+h,mx+h,my-h)
elsif mark='O' then
cdCanvasCircle(cddbuffer,mx,my,2*h)
end if
pdx += 1
end for
end for
cdCanvasFlush(cddbuffer)
return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
function map_cb(Ihandle canvas)
IupGLMakeCurrent(canvas)
cdCanvas cddbuffer
if platform()=JS then
cddbuffer = cdCreateCanvas(CD_IUP, canvas)
else
atom res = IupGetDouble(NULL, "SCREENDPI")/25.4
cddbuffer = cdCreateCanvas(CD_GL, "10x10 %g", {res})
end if
IupSetAttributePtr(canvas,"DBUFFER",cddbuffer)
cdCanvasSetBackground(cddbuffer, CD_PARCHMENT)
return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
function canvas_resize_cb(Ihandle canvas)
cdCanvas cddbuffer = IupGetAttributePtr(canvas,"DBUFFER")
integer {canvas_width, canvas_height} = IupGetIntInt(canvas, "DRAWSIZE")
atom res = IupGetDouble(NULL, "SCREENDPI")/25.4
cdCanvasSetAttribute(cddbuffer, "SIZE", "%dx%d %g", {canvas_width, canvas_height, res})
return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
constant wins = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9},{1,4,7},{2,5,8},{3,6,9},{1,5,9},{3,5,7}}
function check_winner()
for w=1 to length(wins) do
integer {i,j,k} = wins[w],
mark = board[i]
if mark!=' ' and mark=board[j] and mark=board[k] then
return mark
end if
end for
return 0
end function
integer best_i
function test_move(integer mark, depth)
integer score = check_winner(),
best = -1, changed = 0
if score!=0 then return iff(score=mark?1:-1) end if
for i=1 to 9 do
if board[i]=' ' then
changed = mark
board[i] = mark
score = -test_move('O'+'X'-mark, depth + 1)
board[i] = ' '
if score>best then
if depth=0 then
best_i = i;
end if
best = score;
end if
end if
end for
return iff(changed!=0?best:0)
end function
procedure check_game_over()
integer win = check_winner()
if win or not find(' ',board) then
string winner = iff(win='O'?"You win!",
iff(win='X'?"Computer wins"
:"Draw"))
IupSetStrAttribute(dlg,"TITLE","%s - %s",{title,winner})
game_over = true
end if
end procedure
procedure play_move(integer move)
if move then
assert(board[move]=' ')
board[move] = 'O'
check_game_over()
if not game_over then
human = false
if play_dumb then
sequence s = find_all(' ',board)
best_i = s[rand(length(s))]
else
{} = test_move('X', 0)
assert(board[best_i]=' ')
end if
board[best_i] = 'X'
check_game_over()
human = not game_over
end if
end if
end procedure
procedure new_game()
board = repeat(' ',9)
human = not human
if not human then
board[rand(9)] = 'X'
human = true
end if
end procedure
function check_position(integer px, py)
--
-- check if x,y is on a legal move.
-- uses ch,cw,d,h as saved by redraw_cb().
--
integer pdx = 1
for y=-1 to +1 do
integer my = ch+y*2*d
for x=-1 to +1 do
integer mx = cw+x*2*d
if px>=mx-h and px<=mx+h
and py>=my-h and py<=my+h then
integer mark = board[pdx]
return iff(mark==' '?pdx:0)
end if
pdx += 1
end for
end for
return 0
end function
function button_cb(Ihandle /*canvas*/, integer button, pressed, x, y, atom /*pStatus*/)
if button=IUP_BUTTON1 and not pressed then -- (left button released)
if game_over then
game_over = false
new_game()
else
play_move(check_position(x,y))
end if
IupRedraw(dlg)
end if
return IUP_CONTINUE
end function
function exit_cb(Ihandle /*ih*/)
return IUP_CLOSE
end function
constant help_text = """
Tic Tac Toe, also known as Noughts and Crosses.
The aim is to get three Os (or Xs) in a row.
Human(O) plays first, as does loser. After a draw first player alternates.
Computer(X) plays a random move first, to make it more interesting.
Setting the constant play_dumb to true disables the internal AI.
Once a game is over click anywhere on the board to start a new game.
"""
function help_cb(Ihandln /*ih*/)
IupMessage(title,help_text)
return IUP_DEFAULT
end function
-- Other possible keys:
-- Q - quit (end program) [==X?]
-- C - concede (start new game)
function key_cb(Ihandle /*dlg*/, atom c)
if c=K_ESC then return IUP_CLOSE end if
if c=K_F1 then return help_cb(NULL) end if
return IUP_CONTINUE
end function
procedure main()
IupOpen()
Ihandle canvas = IupGLCanvas("RASTERSIZE=800x800")
dlg = IupDialog(canvas,`TITLE="%s",MINSIZE=245x180`,{title})
IupSetCallbacks(canvas,{"MAP_CB",Icallback("map_cb"),
"ACTION",Icallback("redraw_cb"),
"RESIZE_CB", Icallback("canvas_resize_cb"),
"BUTTON_CB", Icallback("button_cb")})
IupSetCallback(dlg, "KEY_CB", Icallback("key_cb"))
IupSetAttributeHandle(NULL,"PARENTDIALOG",dlg)
new_game()
IupShow(dlg)
IupSetAttribute(canvas,"RASTERSIZE",NULL)
if platform()!=JS then
IupMainLoop()
IupClose()
end if
end procedure
main()
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #FreeBASIC | FreeBASIC | ' FB 1.05.0 Win64
Sub move(n As Integer, from As Integer, to_ As Integer, via As Integer)
If n > 0 Then
move(n - 1, from, via, to_)
Print "Move disk"; n; " from pole"; from; " to pole"; to_
move(n - 1, via, to_, from)
End If
End Sub
Print "Three disks" : Print
move 3, 1, 2, 3
Print
Print "Four disks" : Print
move 4, 1, 2, 3
Print "Press any key to quit"
Sleep |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #Ursala | Ursala | tsort = ~&nmnNCjA*imSLs2nSjiNCSPT; @NiX ^=lxPrnSPX ^(~&rlPlT,~&rnPrmPljA*D@r)^|/~& ~&m!=rnSPlX |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #Perl | Perl | use Math::Trig;
my $angle_degrees = 45;
my $angle_radians = pi / 4;
print sin($angle_radians), ' ', sin(deg2rad($angle_degrees)), "\n";
print cos($angle_radians), ' ', cos(deg2rad($angle_degrees)), "\n";
print tan($angle_radians), ' ', tan(deg2rad($angle_degrees)), "\n";
print cot($angle_radians), ' ', cot(deg2rad($angle_degrees)), "\n";
my $asin = asin(sin($angle_radians));
print $asin, ' ', rad2deg($asin), "\n";
my $acos = acos(cos($angle_radians));
print $acos, ' ', rad2deg($acos), "\n";
my $atan = atan(tan($angle_radians));
print $atan, ' ', rad2deg($atan), "\n";
my $acot = acot(cot($angle_radians));
print $acot, ' ', rad2deg($acot), "\n"; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #OCaml | OCaml | type 'a tree = Empty
| Node of 'a * 'a tree * 'a tree
let rec preorder f = function
Empty -> ()
| Node (v,l,r) -> f v;
preorder f l;
preorder f r
let rec inorder f = function
Empty -> ()
| Node (v,l,r) -> inorder f l;
f v;
inorder f r
let rec postorder f = function
Empty -> ()
| Node (v,l,r) -> postorder f l;
postorder f r;
f v
let levelorder f x =
let queue = Queue.create () in
Queue.add x queue;
while not (Queue.is_empty queue) do
match Queue.take queue with
Empty -> ()
| Node (v,l,r) -> f v;
Queue.add l queue;
Queue.add r queue
done
let tree =
Node (1,
Node (2,
Node (4,
Node (7, Empty, Empty),
Empty),
Node (5, Empty, Empty)),
Node (3,
Node (6,
Node (8, Empty, Empty),
Node (9, Empty, Empty)),
Empty))
let () =
preorder (Printf.printf "%d ") tree; print_newline ();
inorder (Printf.printf "%d ") tree; print_newline ();
postorder (Printf.printf "%d ") tree; print_newline ();
levelorder (Printf.printf "%d ") tree; print_newline () |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Nanoquery | Nanoquery | for word in "Hello,How,Are,You,Today".split(",")
print word + "."
end |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Nemerle | Nemerle | using System;
using System.Console;
using Nemerle.Utility.NString;
module Tokenize
{
Main() : void
{
def cswords = "Hello,How,Are,You,Today";
WriteLine(Concat(".", $[s | s in cswords.Split(',')]));
// Split() produces an array while Concat() consumes a list
// a quick in place list comprehension takes care of that
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #UNIX_Shell | UNIX Shell | $ time sleep 1 |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #VBA | VBA | Public Declare Function GetTickCount Lib "kernel32.dll" () As Long
Private Function identity(x As Long) As Long
For j = 0 To 1000
identity = x
Next j
End Function
Private Function sum(ByVal num As Long) As Long
Dim t As Long
For j = 0 To 1000
t = num
For i = 0 To 10000
t = t + i
Next i
Next j
sum = t
End Function
Private Sub time_it()
Dim start_time As Long, finis_time As Long
start_time = GetTickCount
identity 1
finis_time = GetTickCount
Debug.Print "1000 times Identity(1) takes "; (finis_time - start_time); " milliseconds"
start_time = GetTickCount
sum 1
finis_time = GetTickCount
Debug.Print "1000 times Sum(1) takes "; (finis_time - start_time); " milliseconds"
End Sub |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #Picat | Picat | go =>
Emp = [
% Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
["Tyler Bennett","E10297","32000","D101"],
["John Rappl","E21437","47000","D050"],
["George Woltman","E00127","53500","D101"],
["Adam Smith","E63535","18000","D202"],
["Claire Buckman","E39876","27800","D202"],
["David McClellan","E04242","41500","D101"],
["Rich Holcomb","E01234","49500","D202"],
["Nathan Adams","E41298","21900","D050"],
["Richard Potter","E43128","15900","D101"],
["David Motsinger","E27002","19250","D202"],
["Tim Sampair","E03033","27000","D101"],
["Kim Arlich","E10001","57000","D190"],
["Timothy Grove","E16398","29900","D190"]
],
print_top_ranks(Emp,3),
nl.
print_top_ranks(Emp,N) =>
printf("Top %d ranks per department:\n", N),
foreach(Dept in [Dept : [_,_,_,Dept] in Emp].sort_remove_dups())
printf("Department %s\n", Dept),
Emp2 = sort_down([[Salary,Name] : [Name,_,Salary,D] in Emp, D = Dept]),
foreach({[Salary,Name],E} in zip(Emp2,1..Emp2.length), E <= N)
printf("%-20s %-10s\n", Name, Salary)
end,
nl
end. |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #PHP | PHP |
<?php
const BOARD_NUM = 9;
const ROW_NUM = 3;
$EMPTY_BOARD_STR = str_repeat('.', BOARD_NUM);
function isGameOver($board, $pin) {
$pat =
'/X{3}|' . //Horz
'X..X..X..|' . //Vert Left
'.X..X..X.|' . //Vert Middle
'..X..X..X|' . //Vert Right
'..X.X.X..|' . //Diag TL->BR
'X...X...X|' . //Diag TR->BL
'[^\.]{9}/i'; //Cat's game
if ($pin == 'O') $pat = str_replace('X', 'O', $pat);
return preg_match($pat, $board);
}
//Start
$boardStr = isset($_GET['b'])? $_GET['b'] : $EMPTY_BOARD_STR;
$turn = substr_count($boardStr, '.')%2==0? 'O' : 'X';
$oppTurn = $turn == 'X'? 'O' : 'X';
$gameOver = isGameOver($boardStr, $oppTurn);
//Display board
echo '<style>';
echo 'td {width: 200px; height: 200px; text-align: center; }';
echo '.pin {font-size:72pt; text-decoration:none; color: black}';
echo '.pin.X {color:red}';
echo '.pin.O {color:blue}';
echo '</style>';
echo '<table border="1">';
$p = 0;
for ($r = 0; $r < ROW_NUM; $r++) {
echo '<tr>';
for ($c = 0; $c < ROW_NUM; $c++) {
$pin = $boardStr[$p];
echo '<td>';
if ($gameOver || $pin != '.') echo '<span class="pin ', $pin, '">', $pin, '</span>'; //Occupied
else { //Available
$boardDelta = $boardStr;
$boardDelta[$p] = $turn;
echo '<a class="pin ', $pin, '" href="?b=', $boardDelta, '">';
echo $boardStr[$p];
echo '</a>';
}
echo '</td>';
$p++;
}
echo '</tr>';
echo '<input type="hidden" name="b" value="', $boardStr, '"/>';
}
echo '</table>';
echo '<a href="?b=', $EMPTY_BOARD_STR, '">Reset</a>';
if ($gameOver) echo '<h1>Game Over!</h1>';
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #Frink | Frink |
/** Set up the recursive call for n disks */
hanoi[n] := hanoi[n, 1, 3, 2]
/** The recursive call. */
hanoi[n, source, target, aux] :=
{
if n > 0
{
hanoi[n-1, source, aux, target]
println["Move from $source to $target"]
hanoi[n-1, aux, target, source]
}
}
hanoi[7]
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #FutureBasic | FutureBasic | window 1, @"Towers of Hanoi", ( 0, 0, 300, 300 )
void local fn Move( n as long, fromPeg as long, toPeg as long, viaPeg as long )
if n > 0
fn Move( n-1, fromPeg, viaPeg, toPeg )
print "Move disk from "; fromPeg; " to "; toPeg
fn Move( n-1, viaPeg, toPeg, fromPeg )
end if
end fn
fn Move( 4, 1, 2, 3 )
print
print "Towers of Hanoi puzzle solved."
HandleEvents |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #VBScript | VBScript |
class topological
dim dictDependencies
dim dictReported
dim depth
sub class_initialize
set dictDependencies = createobject("Scripting.Dictionary")
set dictReported = createobject("Scripting.Dictionary")
depth = 0
end sub
sub reset
dictReported.removeall
end sub
property let dependencies( s )
'assuming token tab token-list newline
dim i, j ,k
dim aList
dim dep
dim a1
aList = Split( s, vbNewLine )
'~ remove empty lines at end
do while aList( UBound( aList ) ) = vbnullstring
redim preserve aList( UBound( aList ) - 1 )
loop
for i = lbound( aList ) to ubound( aList )
aList( i ) = Split( aList( i ), vbTab, 2 )
a1 = Split( aList( i )( 1 ), " " )
k = 0
for j = lbound( a1) to ubound(a1)
if a1(j) <> aList(i)(0) then
a1(k) = a1(j)
k = k + 1
end if
next
redim preserve a1(k-1)
aList(i)(1) = a1
next
for i = lbound( aList ) to ubound( aList )
dep = aList(i)(0)
if not dictDependencies.Exists( dep ) then
dictDependencies.add dep, aList(i)(1)
end if
next
end property
sub resolve( s )
dim i
dim deps
'~ wscript.echo string(depth,"!"),s
depth = depth + 1
if dictDependencies.Exists(s) then
deps = dictDependencies(s)
for i = lbound(deps) to ubound(deps)
resolve deps(i)
next
end if
if not seen(s) then
wscript.echo s
see s
end if
depth = depth - 1
end sub
function seen( key )
seen = dictReported.Exists( key )
end function
sub see( key )
dictReported.add key, ""
end sub
property get keys
keys = dictDependencies.keys
end property
end class
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #Phix | Phix | ?sin(PI/2)
?sin(90*PI/180)
?cos(0)
?cos(0*PI/180)
?tan(PI/4)
?tan(45*PI/180)
?arcsin(1)*2
?arcsin(1)*180/PI
?arccos(0)*2
?arccos(0)*180/PI
?arctan(1)*4
?arctan(1)*180/PI
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #Oforth | Oforth | Object Class new: Tree(v, l, r)
Tree method: initialize(v, l, r) v := v l := l r := r ;
Tree method: v @v ;
Tree method: l @l ;
Tree method: r @r ;
Tree method: preOrder(f)
@v f perform
@l ifNotNull: [ @l preOrder(f) ]
@r ifNotNull: [ @r preOrder(f) ] ;
Tree method: inOrder(f)
@l ifNotNull: [ @l inOrder(f) ]
@v f perform
@r ifNotNull: [ @r inOrder(f) ] ;
Tree method: postOrder(f)
@l ifNotNull: [ @l postOrder(f) ]
@r ifNotNull: [ @r postOrder(f) ]
@v f perform ;
Tree method: levelOrder(f)
| c n |
Channel new self over send drop ->c
while(c notEmpty) [
c receive ->n
n v f perform
n l dup ifNotNull: [ c send ] drop
n r dup ifNotNull: [ c send ] drop
] ; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #NetRexx | NetRexx | /*NetRexx program *****************************************************
* 20.08.2012 Walter Pachl derived from REXX Version 3
**********************************************************************/
sss='Hello,How,Are,You,Today'
Say 'input string='sss
Say ''
Say 'Words in the string:'
ss =sss.translate(' ',',')
Loop i=1 To ss.words()
Say ss.word(i)'.'
End
Say 'End-of-list.' |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #NewLISP | NewLISP | (print (join (parse "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" ",") ".")) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Wart | Wart | time 1+1
30000/1000000 # in microseconds
=> 2 |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Wren | Wren | import "./check" for Benchmark
Benchmark.run("a function", 100, true) {
for (i in 0..1e7) {}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #PicoLisp | PicoLisp | # Employee Name, ID, Salary, Department
(de *Employees
("Tyler Bennett" E10297 32000 D101)
("John Rappl" E21437 47000 D050)
("George Woltman" E00127 53500 D101)
("Adam Smith" E63535 18000 D202)
("Claire Buckman" E39876 27800 D202)
("David McClellan" E04242 41500 D101)
("Rich Holcomb" E01234 49500 D202)
("Nathan Adams" E41298 21900 D050)
("Richard Potter" E43128 15900 D101)
("David Motsinger" E27002 19250 D202)
("Tim Sampair" E03033 27000 D101)
("Kim Arlich" E10001 57000 D190)
("Timothy Grove" E16398 29900 D190) )
(de topEmployees (N)
(let Fmt (4 -16 -7 7)
(for Dept (by cadddr group *Employees)
(prinl "Department " (cadddr (car Dept)) ":")
(tab Fmt NIL "Name" "ID" "Salary")
(for (I . D) (flip (by caddr sort Dept))
(tab Fmt (pack I ". ") (car D) (cadr D) (caddr D))
(T (= I N)) )
(prinl) ) ) )
(topEmployees 3) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #PicoLisp | PicoLisp | (load "@lib/simul.l") # for 'game' function
(de display ()
(for Y (3 2 1)
(prinl " +---+---+---+")
(prin " " Y)
(for X (1 2 3)
(prin " | " (or (get *Board X Y) " ")) )
(prinl " |") )
(prinl " +---+---+---+")
(prinl " a b c") )
(de find3 (P)
(find
'((X Y DX DY)
(do 3
(NIL (= P (get *Board X Y)))
(inc 'X DX)
(inc 'Y DY)
T ) )
(1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1)
(1 2 3 1 1 1 1 3)
(1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1)
(0 0 0 1 1 1 1 -1) ) )
(de myMove ()
(when
(game NIL 8
'((Flg) # Moves
(unless (find3 (or (not Flg) 0))
(make
(for (X . L) *Board
(for (Y . P) L
(unless P
(link
(cons
(cons X Y (or Flg 0))
(list X Y) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
'((Mov) # Move
(set (nth *Board (car Mov) (cadr Mov)) (cddr Mov)) )
'((Flg) # Cost
(if (find3 (or Flg 0)) -100 0) ) )
(let Mov (caadr @)
(set (nth *Board (car Mov) (cadr Mov)) 0) )
(display) ) )
(de yourMove (X Y)
(and
(sym? X)
(>= 3 (setq X (- (char X) 96)) 1)
(num? Y)
(>= 3 Y 1)
(not (get *Board X Y))
(set (nth *Board X Y) T)
(display) ) )
(de main ()
(setq *Board (make (do 3 (link (need 3)))))
(display) )
(de go Args
(cond
((not (yourMove (car Args) (cadr Args)))
"Illegal move!" )
((find3 T) "Congratulation, you won!")
((not (myMove)) "No moves")
((find3 0) "Sorry, you lost!") ) ) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #F.C5.8Drmul.C3.A6 | Fōrmulæ | Hanoi := function(n)
local move;
move := function(n, a, b, c) # from, through, to
if n = 1 then
Print(a, " -> ", c, "\n");
else
move(n - 1, a, c, b);
move(1, a, b, c);
move(n - 1, b, a, c);
fi;
end;
move(n, "A", "B", "C");
end;
Hanoi(1);
# A -> C
Hanoi(2);
# A -> B
# A -> C
# B -> C
Hanoi(3);
# A -> C
# A -> B
# C -> B
# A -> C
# B -> A
# B -> C
# A -> C |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #GAP | GAP | Hanoi := function(n)
local move;
move := function(n, a, b, c) # from, through, to
if n = 1 then
Print(a, " -> ", c, "\n");
else
move(n - 1, a, c, b);
move(1, a, b, c);
move(n - 1, b, a, c);
fi;
end;
move(n, "A", "B", "C");
end;
Hanoi(1);
# A -> C
Hanoi(2);
# A -> B
# A -> C
# B -> C
Hanoi(3);
# A -> C
# A -> B
# C -> B
# A -> C
# B -> A
# B -> C
# A -> C |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #Visual_Basic_.NET | Visual Basic .NET | ' Adapted from:
' http://tawani.blogspot.com/2009/02/topological-sorting-and-cyclic.html
' added/changed:
' - conversion to VB.Net (.Net 2 framework)
' - added Rosetta Code dependency format parsing
' - check & removal of self-dependencies before sorting
Module Program
Sub Main()
Dim Fields As New List(Of Field)()
' You can also add Dependson using code like:
' .DependsOn = New String() {"ieee", "dw01", "dware"} _
fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = "des_system_lib", _
.DependsOn = Split("std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee", " ") _
})
fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = "dw01", _
.DependsOn = Split("ieee dw01 dware gtech", " ") _
})
fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = "dw02", _
.DependsOn = Split("ieee dw02 dware", " ") _
})
fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = "dw03", _
.DependsOn = Split("std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech", " ") _
})
fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = "dw04", _
.DependsOn = Split("dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech", " ") _
})
fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = "dw05", _
.DependsOn = Split("dw05 ieee dware", " ") _
})
fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = "dw06", _
.DependsOn = Split("dw06 ieee dware", " ") _
})
fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = "dw07", _
.DependsOn = Split("ieee dware", " ") _
})
fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = "dware", _
.DependsOn = Split("ieee dware", " ") _
})
fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = "gtech", _
.DependsOn = Split("ieee gtech", " ") _
})
fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = "ramlib", _
.DependsOn = Split("std ieee", " ") _
})
fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = "std_cell_lib", _
.DependsOn = Split("ieee std_cell_lib", " ") _
})
fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = "synopsys" _
})
Console.WriteLine("Input:")
For Each ThisField As field In fields
Console.WriteLine(ThisField.Name)
If ThisField.DependsOn IsNot Nothing Then
For Each item As String In ThisField.DependsOn
Console.WriteLine(" -{0}", item)
Next
End If
Next
Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "...Sorting..." & vbLf)
Dim sortOrder As Integer() = getTopologicalSortOrder(fields)
For i As Integer = 0 To sortOrder.Length - 1
Dim field = fields(sortOrder(i))
Console.WriteLine(field.Name)
' Write up dependencies, too:
'If field.DependsOn IsNot Nothing Then
' For Each item As String In field.DependsOn
' Console.WriteLine(" -{0}", item)
' Next
'End If
Next
Console.Write("Press any key to continue . . . ")
Console.ReadKey(True)
End Sub
Private Sub CheckDependencies (ByRef Fields As List(Of Field))
' Make sure all objects we depend on are part of the field list
' themselves, as there may be dependencies that are not specified as fields themselves.
' Remove dependencies on fields themselves.Y
Dim AField As Field, ADependency As String
For i As Integer = Fields.Count - 1 To 0 Step -1
AField=fields(i)
If AField.DependsOn IsNot Nothing then
For j As Integer = 0 To Ubound(AField.DependsOn)
ADependency = Afield.DependsOn(j)
' We ignore fields that depends on themselves:
If AField.Name <> ADependency then
If ListContainsVertex(fields, ADependency) = False Then
' Add the dependent object to the field list, as it
' needs to be there, without any dependencies
Fields.Add(New Field() With { _
.Name = ADependency _
})
End If
End If
Next j
End If
Next i
End Sub
Private Sub RemoveSelfDependencies (ByRef Fields As List(Of Field))
' Make sure our fields don't depend on themselves.
' If they do, remove the dependency.
Dim InitialUbound as Integer
For Each AField As Field In Fields
If AField.DependsOn IsNot Nothing Then
InitialUbound = Ubound(AField.DependsOn)
For i As Integer = InitialUbound to 0 Step - 1
If Afield.DependsOn(i) = Afield.Name Then
' This field depends on itself, so remove
For j as Integer = i To UBound(AField.DependsOn)-1
Afield.DependsOn(j)=Afield.DependsOn(j+1)
Next
ReDim Preserve Afield.DependsOn(UBound(Afield.DependsOn)-1)
End If
Next
End If
Next
End Sub
Private Function ListContainsVertex(Fields As List(Of Field), VertexName As String) As Boolean
' Check to see if the list of Fields already contains a vertext called VertexName
Dim Found As Boolean = False
For i As Integer = 0 To fields.Count - 1
If Fields(i).Name = VertexName Then
Found = True
Exit For
End If
Next
Return Found
End Function
Private Function getTopologicalSortOrder(ByRef Fields As List(Of Field)) As Integer()
' Gets sort order. Will also add required dependencies to
' Fields.
' Make sure we don't have dependencies on ourselves.
' We'll just get rid of them.
RemoveSelfDependencies(Fields)
'First check depencies, add them to Fields if required:
CheckDependencies(Fields)
' Now we have the correct Fields list, so we can proceed:
Dim g As New TopologicalSorter(fields.Count)
Dim _indexes As New Dictionary(Of String, Integer)(fields.count)
'add vertex names to our lookup dictionaey
For i As Integer = 0 To fields.Count - 1
_indexes(fields(i).Name.ToLower()) = g.AddVertex(i)
Next
'add edges
For i As Integer = 0 To fields.Count - 1
If fields(i).DependsOn IsNot Nothing Then
For j As Integer = 0 To fields(i).DependsOn.Length - 1
g.AddEdge(i, _indexes(fields(i).DependsOn(j).ToLower()))
Next
End If
Next
Dim result As Integer() = g.Sort()
Return result
End Function
Private Class Field
Public Property Name() As String
Get
Return m_Name
End Get
Set
m_Name = Value
End Set
End Property
Private m_Name As String
Public Property DependsOn() As String()
Get
Return m_DependsOn
End Get
Set
m_DependsOn = Value
End Set
End Property
Private m_DependsOn As String()
End Class
End Module
Class TopologicalSorter
''source adapted from:
''http://tawani.blogspot.com/2009/02/topological-sorting-and-cyclic.html
''which was adapted from:
''http://www.java2s.com/Code/Java/Collections-Data-Structure/Topologicalsorting.htm
#Region "- Private Members -"
Private ReadOnly _vertices As Integer()
' list of vertices
Private ReadOnly _matrix As Integer(,)
' adjacency matrix
Private _numVerts As Integer
' current number of vertices
Private ReadOnly _sortedArray As Integer()
' Sorted vertex labels
#End Region
#Region "- CTors -"
Public Sub New(size As Integer)
_vertices = New Integer(size - 1) {}
_matrix = New Integer(size - 1, size - 1) {}
_numVerts = 0
For i As Integer = 0 To size - 1
For j As Integer = 0 To size - 1
_matrix(i, j) = 0
Next
Next
' sorted vert labels
_sortedArray = New Integer(size - 1) {}
End Sub
#End Region
#Region "- Public Methods -"
Public Function AddVertex(vertex As Integer) As Integer
_vertices(System.Threading.Interlocked.Increment(_numVerts)-1) = vertex
Return _numVerts - 1
End Function
Public Sub AddEdge(start As Integer, [end] As Integer)
_matrix(start, [end]) = 1
End Sub
Public Function Sort() As Integer()
' Topological sort
While _numVerts > 0
' while vertices remain,
' get a vertex with no successors, or -1
Dim currentVertex As Integer = noSuccessors()
If currentVertex = -1 Then
' must be a cycle
Throw New Exception("Graph has cycles")
End If
' insert vertex label in sorted array (start at end)
_sortedArray(_numVerts - 1) = _vertices(currentVertex)
' delete vertex
deleteVertex(currentVertex)
End While
' vertices all gone; return sortedArray
Return _sortedArray
End Function
#End Region
#Region "- Private Helper Methods -"
' returns vert with no successors (or -1 if no such verts)
Private Function noSuccessors() As Integer
For row As Integer = 0 To _numVerts - 1
Dim isEdge As Boolean = False
' edge from row to column in adjMat
For col As Integer = 0 To _numVerts - 1
If _matrix(row, col) > 0 Then
' if edge to another,
isEdge = True
' this vertex has a successor try another
Exit For
End If
Next
If Not isEdge Then
' if no edges, has no successors
Return row
End If
Next
Return -1
' no
End Function
Private Sub deleteVertex(delVert As Integer)
' if not last vertex, delete from vertexList
If delVert <> _numVerts - 1 Then
For j As Integer = delVert To _numVerts - 2
_vertices(j) = _vertices(j + 1)
Next
For row As Integer = delVert To _numVerts - 2
moveRowUp(row, _numVerts)
Next
For col As Integer = delVert To _numVerts - 2
moveColLeft(col, _numVerts - 1)
Next
End If
_numVerts -= 1
' one less vertex
End Sub
Private Sub moveRowUp(row As Integer, length As Integer)
For col As Integer = 0 To length - 1
_matrix(row, col) = _matrix(row + 1, col)
Next
End Sub
Private Sub moveColLeft(col As Integer, length As Integer)
For row As Integer = 0 To length - 1
_matrix(row, col) = _matrix(row, col + 1)
Next
End Sub
#End Region
End Class
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #PHP | PHP | $radians = M_PI / 4;
$degrees = 45 * M_PI / 180;
echo sin($radians) . " " . sin($degrees);
echo cos($radians) . " " . cos($degrees);
echo tan($radians) . " " . tan($degrees);
echo asin(sin($radians)) . " " . asin(sin($radians)) * 180 / M_PI;
echo acos(cos($radians)) . " " . acos(cos($radians)) * 180 / M_PI;
echo atan(tan($radians)) . " " . atan(tan($radians)) * 180 / M_PI; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #ooRexx | ooRexx |
one = .Node~new(1);
two = .Node~new(2);
three = .Node~new(3);
four = .Node~new(4);
five = .Node~new(5);
six = .Node~new(6);
seven = .Node~new(7);
eight = .Node~new(8);
nine = .Node~new(9);
one~left = two
one~right = three
two~left = four
two~right = five
three~left = six
four~left = seven
six~left = eight
six~right = nine
out = .array~new
.treetraverser~preorder(one, out);
say "Preorder: " out~toString("l", ", ")
out~empty
.treetraverser~inorder(one, out);
say "Inorder: " out~toString("l", ", ")
out~empty
.treetraverser~postorder(one, out);
say "Postorder: " out~toString("l", ", ")
out~empty
.treetraverser~levelorder(one, out);
say "Levelorder:" out~toString("l", ", ")
::class node
::method init
expose left right data
use strict arg data
left = .nil
right = .nil
::attribute left
::attribute right
::attribute data
::class treeTraverser
::method preorder class
use arg node, out
if node \== .nil then do
out~append(node~data)
self~preorder(node~left, out)
self~preorder(node~right, out)
end
::method inorder class
use arg node, out
if node \== .nil then do
self~inorder(node~left, out)
out~append(node~data)
self~inorder(node~right, out)
end
::method postorder class
use arg node, out
if node \== .nil then do
self~postorder(node~left, out)
self~postorder(node~right, out)
out~append(node~data)
end
::method levelorder class
use arg node, out
if node == .nil then return
nodequeue = .queue~new
nodequeue~queue(node)
loop while \nodequeue~isEmpty
next = nodequeue~pull
out~append(next~data)
if next~left \= .nil then
nodequeue~queue(next~left)
if next~right \= .nil then
nodequeue~queue(next~right)
end
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Nial | Nial | s := 'Hello,How,Are,You,Today'
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|H|e|l|l|o|,|H|o|w|,|A|r|e|,|Y|o|u|,|T|o|d|a|y|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Nim | Nim | import strutils
let text = "Hello,How,Are,You,Today"
let tokens = text.split(',')
echo tokens.join(".") |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #XPL0 | XPL0 | include c:\cxpl\codes;
int T0, T1, I;
[T0:= GetTime;
for I:= 1, 1_000_000 do [];
T1:= GetTime;
IntOut(0, T1-T0); Text(0, " microseconds^M^J");
] |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #Yabasic | Yabasic | sub count(n)
local i
for i = 1 to n
next i
end sub
count(1000000)
print peek("millisrunning"), " milliseconds"
t0 = peek("millisrunning")
count(10000000)
print peek("millisrunning")-t0, " milliseconds" |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Time_a_function | Time a function | Task
Write a program which uses a timer (with the least granularity available
on your system) to time how long a function takes to execute.
Whenever possible, use methods which measure only the processing time used
by the current process; instead of the difference in system time
between start and finish, which could include time used by
other processes on the computer.
This task is intended as a subtask for Measure relative performance of sorting algorithms implementations.
| #zkl | zkl | t:=Time.Clock.time; Atomic.sleep(3); (Time.Clock.time - t).println(); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #PL.2FI | PL/I | (subrg, stringrange, stringsize):
rank: procedure options (main); /* 10 November 2013 */
declare 1 employee (13),
2 name char (15) varying,
2 ID char (6),
2 salary fixed (5),
2 department char (4);
declare done(hbound(employee)) bit (1);
declare ptr(hbound(employee)) fixed binary;
declare true bit(1) value ('1'b), false bit(1) value ('0'b);
declare dept character (4);
declare text character (80) varying;
declare (i, j, l, k, m, n, p, t) fixed binary;
declare in file input;
open file (in) title ('/TOP-RANK.DAT, RECSIZE(80), TYPE(TEXT)' );
on endfile (in) go to completed_input;
j = 0;
do forever;
get file (in) edit (text) (L);
j = j + 1;
i = index(text, ',');
name(j) = substr(text, 1, i-1);
k = index(text, ',', i+1);
ID(j) = substr(text, i+1, k-(i+1));
i = k; k = index(text, ',', i+1);
salary(j) = substr(text, i+1, k-(i+1));
department(j) = substr(text, k+1);
end;
completed_input:
m = hbound(employee);
put skip list ('How many highest-paid employees do you want?');
get (n);
put skip edit ('Looking for the ', trim(n),
' highest-paid employees in each department') (a);
done = false;
do i = 1 to m;
do j = 1 to m;
if done(j) then iterate;
dept = department(j);
/* done(j) = true; */
leave;
end;
/* Locate all the employees of this department. */
k = 0;
do j = 1 to m;
if ^done(j) & (department(j) = dept) then
do;
k = k + 1;
ptr(k) = j;
done(j) = true;
end;
end;
if k = 0 then leave; /* (No more departments.) */
put skip list ('Employees in department ' || dept || ' are:-' );
do j = 1 to k;
put skip list (employee(ptr(j)));
end;
/* We now have k employees in "dept". Now find the maximum n salaries. */
/* ptr points to all of them. */
/* Use a bubble sort to move n values to one end. */
do p = 1 to min(n, k);
do j = 1 to k-1;
if salary(ptr(j)) > salary(ptr(j+1)) then
do;
t = ptr(j+1); ptr(j+1) = ptr(j); ptr(j) = t;
end;
end;
end;
/* Having moved the largest n values to the end of our list, */
/* we print them. */
put skip list ('Highest-paid employees in department ' || dept || ':-');
do j = k to k-min(k,n)+1 by -1;
put skip list (employee(ptr(j)) );
end;
end;
put skip list ('FINISHED');
end rank; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #Prolog | Prolog | :- use_module('min-max.pl').
:-dynamic box/2.
:- dynamic tic_tac_toe_window/1.
% Computer begins.
tic-tac-toe(computer) :-
V is random(9),
TTT = [_,_,_,_,_,_ ,_,_,_],
nth0(V, TTT, o),
display_tic_tac_toe(TTT).
% Player begins
tic-tac-toe(me) :-
TTT = [_,_,_,_,_,_ ,_,_,_],
display_tic_tac_toe(TTT).
display_tic_tac_toe(TTT) :-
retractall(box(_,_)),
retractall(tic_tac_toe_window(_)),
new(D, window('Tic-tac-Toe')),
send(D, size, size(170,170)),
X = 10, Y = 10,
display(D, X, Y, 0, TTT),
assert(tic_tac_toe_window(D)),
send(D, open).
display(_, _, _, _, []).
display(D, X, Y, N, [A,B,C|R]) :-
display_line(D, X, Y, N, [A,B,C]),
Y1 is Y+50,
N3 is N+3,
display(D, X, Y1, N3, R).
display_line(_, _, _, _, []).
display_line(D, X, Y, N, [C|R]) :-
( nonvar(C)-> C1 = C; C1 = ' '),
new(B, tic_tac_toe_box(C1)),
assertz(box(N, B)),
send(D, display, B, point(X, Y)),
X1 is X + 50,
N1 is N+1,
display_line(D, X1, Y, N1, R).
% class tic_tac_toe_box
% display an 'x' when the player clicks
% display an 'o' when the computer plays
:- pce_begin_class(tic_tac_toe_box, box, "Graphical window with text").
variable(mess, any, both, "text to display").
initialise(P, Lbl) :->
send(P, send_super, initialise),
send(P, slot, mess, Lbl),
WS = 50, HS = 50,
send(P, size, size(WS,HS)),
send(P, recogniser,
handler_group(new(click_gesture(left,
'',
single,
message(@receiver, my_click))))).
% the box is clicked
my_click(B) :->
send(B, set_val, x),
send(@prolog, play).
% only works when the box is "free"
set_val(B, Val) :->
get(B, slot, mess, ' '),
send(B, slot, mess, Val),
send(B, redraw),
send(B, flush).
% redefined method to display custom graphical objects.
'_redraw_area'(P, A:area) :->
send(P, send_super, '_redraw_area', A),
%we display the text
get(P, slot, mess, Lbl),
new(Str1, string(Lbl)),
get_object(P, area, area(X,Y,W,H)),
send(P, draw_box, X, Y, W, H),
send(P, draw_text, Str1,
font(times, normal, 30),
X, Y, W, H, center, center).
:- pce_end_class.
play :-
numlist(0, 8, L),
maplist(init, L, TTT),
finished(x, TTT, Val),
( Val = 2 -> send(@display, inform,'You win !'),
tic_tac_toe_window(D),
send(D, destroy)
; ( Val = 1 -> send(@display, inform,'Draw !'),
tic_tac_toe_window(D),
send(D, destroy)
; next_move(TTT, TT1),
maplist(display, L, TT1),
finished(o, TT1, V),
( V = 2 -> send(@display, inform,'I win !'),
tic_tac_toe_window(D),
send(D, destroy)
; ( V = 1 -> send(@display, inform,'Draw !'),
tic_tac_toe_window(D),
send(D, destroy)
; true)))).
% use minmax to compute the next move
next_move(TTT, TT1) :-
minimax(o, 0, 1024, TTT, _V1- TT1).
% we display the new board
display(I, V) :-
nonvar(V),
box(I, V1),
send(V1, set_val, V).
display(_I, _V).
% we create the board for minmax
init(I, V) :-
box(I, V1),
get(V1, slot, mess, V),
V \= ' '.
init(_I, _V).
% winning position for the player P ?
winned(P, [A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9]) :-
(is_winning_line(P, [A1, A2, A3]);
is_winning_line(P, [A4, A5, A6]);
is_winning_line(P, [A7, A8, A9]);
is_winning_line(P, [A1, A4, A7]);
is_winning_line(P, [A2 ,A5, A8]);
is_winning_line(P, [A3, A6, A9]);
is_winning_line(P, [A1, A5, A9]);
is_winning_line(P, [A3, A5, A7])).
is_winning_line(P, [A, B, C]) :-
nonvar(A), A = P,
nonvar(B), B = P,
nonvar(C), C = P.
% Winning position for the player
eval(Player, Deep, TTT, V) :-
winned(Player, TTT),
( Player = o -> V is 1000 - 50 * Deep; V is -1000+ 50 * Deep).
% Loosing position for the player
eval(Player, Deep, TTT, V) :-
select(Player, [o,x], [Player1]),
winned(Player1, TTT),
( Player = x -> V is 1000 - 50 * Deep; V is -1000+ 50 * Deep).
% Draw position
eval(_Player, _Deep, TTT, 0) :-
include(var, TTT, []).
% we fetch the free positions of the board
possible_move(TTT, LMove) :-
new(C, chain),
forall(between(0,8, I),
( nth0(I, TTT, X),
( var(X) -> send(C, append, I); true))),
chain_list(C, LMove).
% we create the new position when the player P clicks
% the box "N"
assign_move(P, TTT, N, TT1) :-
copy_term(TTT, TT1),
nth0(N, TT1, P).
% We fetch all the possible boards obtained from board TTT
% for the player P
get_next(Player, Deep, TTT, Player1, Deep1, L):-
possible_move(TTT, LMove),
select(Player, [o,x], [Player1]),
Deep1 is Deep + 1,
maplist(assign_move(Player, TTT), LMove, L).
% The game is over ?
% Player P wins
finished(P, TTT, 2) :-
winned(P, TTT).
% Draw
finished(_P, TTT, 1) :-
include(var, TTT, []).
% the game is not over
finished(_P, _TTT, 0) .
% minmax must knows when the computer plays
% (o for ordinateur in French)
computer(o).
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #Go | Go | package main
import "fmt"
// a towers of hanoi solver just has one method, play
type solver interface {
play(int)
}
func main() {
var t solver // declare variable of solver type
t = new(towers) // type towers must satisfy solver interface
t.play(4)
}
// towers is example of type satisfying solver interface
type towers struct {
// an empty struct. some other solver might fill this with some
// data representation, maybe for algorithm validation, or maybe for
// visualization.
}
// play is sole method required to implement solver type
func (t *towers) play(n int) {
// drive recursive solution, per task description
t.moveN(n, 1, 2, 3)
}
// recursive algorithm
func (t *towers) moveN(n, from, to, via int) {
if n > 0 {
t.moveN(n-1, from, via, to)
t.move1(from, to)
t.moveN(n-1, via, to, from)
}
}
// example function prints actions to screen.
// enhance with validation or visualization as needed.
func (t *towers) move1(from, to int) {
fmt.Println("move disk from rod", from, "to rod", to)
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #Wren | Wren | class Graph {
construct new(s, edges) {
_vertices = s.split(", ")
var n = _vertices.count
_adjacency = List.filled(n, null)
for (i in 0...n) _adjacency[i] = List.filled(n, false)
for (edge in edges) _adjacency[edge[0]][edge[1]] = true
}
hasDependency(r, todo) {
for (c in todo) if (_adjacency[r][c]) return true
return false
}
topoSort() {
var res = []
var todo = List.filled(_vertices.count, 0)
for (i in 0...todo.count) todo[i] = i
while (!todo.isEmpty) {
var outer = false
var i = 0
for (r in todo) {
if (!hasDependency(r, todo)) {
todo.removeAt(i)
res.add(_vertices[r])
outer = true
break
}
i = i + 1
}
if (!outer) {
System.print("Graph has cycles")
return ""
}
}
return res
}
}
var s = "std, ieee, des_system_lib, dw01, dw02, dw03, dw04, dw05, " +
"dw06, dw07, dware, gtech, ramlib, std_cell_lib, synopsys"
var deps = [
[2, 0], [2, 14], [2, 13], [2, 4], [2, 3], [2, 12], [2, 1],
[3, 1], [3, 10], [3, 11],
[4, 1], [4, 10],
[5, 0], [5, 14], [5, 10], [5, 4], [5, 3], [5, 1], [5, 11],
[6, 1], [6, 3], [6, 10], [6, 11],
[7, 1], [7, 10],
[8, 1], [8, 10],
[9, 1], [9, 10],
[10, 1],
[11, 1],
[12, 0], [12, 1],
[13, 1]
]
var g = Graph.new(s, deps)
System.print("Topologically sorted order:")
System.print(g.topoSort())
System.print()
// now insert [3, 6] at index 10 of deps
deps.insert(10, [3, 6])
var g2 = Graph.new(s, deps)
System.print("Following the addition of dw04 to the dependencies of dw01:")
System.print(g2.topoSort()) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #PicoLisp | PicoLisp | (load "@lib/math.l")
(de dtor (Deg)
(*/ Deg pi 180.0) )
(de rtod (Rad)
(*/ Rad 180.0 pi) )
(prinl
(format (sin (/ pi 4)) *Scl) " " (format (sin (dtor 45.0)) *Scl) )
(prinl
(format (cos (/ pi 4)) *Scl) " " (format (cos (dtor 45.0)) *Scl) )
(prinl
(format (tan (/ pi 4)) *Scl) " " (format (tan (dtor 45.0)) *Scl) )
(prinl
(format (asin (sin (/ pi 4))) *Scl) " " (format (rtod (asin (sin (dtor 45.0)))) *Scl) )
(prinl
(format (acos (cos (/ pi 4))) *Scl) " " (format (rtod (acos (cos (dtor 45.0)))) *Scl) )
(prinl
(format (atan (tan (/ pi 4))) *Scl) " " (format (rtod (atan (tan (dtor 45.0)))) *Scl) ) |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions | Trigonometric functions | Task
If your language has a library or built-in functions for trigonometry, show examples of:
sine
cosine
tangent
inverses (of the above)
using the same angle in radians and degrees.
For the non-inverse functions, each radian/degree pair should use arguments that evaluate to the same angle (that is, it's not necessary to use the same angle for all three regular functions as long as the two sine calls use the same angle).
For the inverse functions, use the same number and convert its answer to radians and degrees.
If your language does not have trigonometric functions available or only has some available, write functions to calculate the functions based on any known approximation or identity.
| #PL.2FI | PL/I |
declare (x, xd, y, v) float;
x = 0.5; xd = 45;
/* angle in radians: */
v = sin(x); y = asin(v); put skip list (y);
v = cos(x); y = acos(v); put skip list (y);
v = tan(x); y = atan(v); put skip list (y);
/* angle in degrees: */
v = sind(xd); put skip list (v);
v = cosd(xd); put skip list (v);
v = tand(xd); y = atand(v); put skip list (y);
/* hyperbolic functions: */
v = sinh(x); put skip list (v);
v = cosh(x); put skip list (v);
v = tanh(x); y = atanh(v); put skip list (y);
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tree_traversal | Tree traversal | Task
Implement a binary tree where each node carries an integer, and implement:
pre-order,
in-order,
post-order, and
level-order traversal.
Use those traversals to output the following tree:
1
/ \
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/ / \
7 8 9
The correct output should look like this:
preorder: 1 2 4 7 5 3 6 8 9
inorder: 7 4 2 5 1 8 6 9 3
postorder: 7 4 5 2 8 9 6 3 1
level-order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
See also
Wikipedia article: Tree traversal.
| #Oz | Oz | declare
Tree = n(1
n(2
n(4 n(7 e e) e)
n(5 e e))
n(3
n(6 n(8 e e) n(9 e e))
e))
fun {Concat Xs}
{FoldR Xs Append nil}
end
fun {Preorder T}
case T of e then nil
[] n(V L R) then
{Concat [[V]
{Preorder L}
{Preorder R}]}
end
end
fun {Inorder T}
case T of e then nil
[] n(V L R) then
{Concat [{Inorder L}
[V]
{Inorder R}]}
end
end
fun {Postorder T}
case T of e then nil
[] n(V L R) then
{Concat [{Postorder L}
{Postorder R}
[V]]}
end
end
local
fun {Collect Queue}
case Queue of nil then nil
[] e|Xr then {Collect Xr}
[] n(V L R)|Xr then
V|{Collect {Append Xr [L R]}}
end
end
in
fun {Levelorder T}
{Collect [T]}
end
end
in
{Show {Preorder Tree}}
{Show {Inorder Tree}}
{Show {Postorder Tree}}
{Show {Levelorder Tree}} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Objeck | Objeck |
class Parse {
function : Main(args : String[]) ~ Nil {
tokens := "Hello,How,Are,You,Today"->Split(",");
each(i : tokens) {
tokens[i]->PrintLine();
};
}
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tokenize_a_string | Tokenize a string | Separate the string "Hello,How,Are,You,Today" by commas into an array (or list) so that each element of it stores a different word.
Display the words to the 'user', in the simplest manner possible, separated by a period.
To simplify, you may display a trailing period.
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
| #Objective-C | Objective-C | NSString *text = @"Hello,How,Are,You,Today";
NSArray *tokens = [text componentsSeparatedByString:@","];
NSString *result = [tokens componentsJoinedByString:@"."];
NSLog(result); |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Top_rank_per_group | Top rank per group | Task
Find the top N salaries in each department, where N is provided as a parameter.
Use this data as a formatted internal data structure (adapt it to your language-native idioms, rather than parse at runtime), or identify your external data source:
Employee Name,Employee ID,Salary,Department
Tyler Bennett,E10297,32000,D101
John Rappl,E21437,47000,D050
George Woltman,E00127,53500,D101
Adam Smith,E63535,18000,D202
Claire Buckman,E39876,27800,D202
David McClellan,E04242,41500,D101
Rich Holcomb,E01234,49500,D202
Nathan Adams,E41298,21900,D050
Richard Potter,E43128,15900,D101
David Motsinger,E27002,19250,D202
Tim Sampair,E03033,27000,D101
Kim Arlich,E10001,57000,D190
Timothy Grove,E16398,29900,D190
| #PL.2FSQL | PL/SQL | CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE "Top rank per group"(TOP_N IN PLS_INTEGER DEFAULT 3) AS
CURSOR CSR_EMP(TOP_N PLS_INTEGER) IS
SELECT CASE LINE
WHEN 10 THEN
'Tot.' || LPAD(POPULATION, 2) || ' Employees in ' || TIE_COUNT ||
' deps.Avg salary:' || TO_CHAR(SALARY, '99990.99')
WHEN 30 THEN
'-'
WHEN 50 THEN
'Department: ' || DEPT_ID || ', pop: ' || POPULATION ||
'. Avg Salary: ' || TO_CHAR(SALARY, '99990.99')
WHEN 70 THEN
LPAD('Employee ID', 14) || LPAD('Employee name', 20) ||
LPAD('Salary', 9) || 'Rank'
WHEN 90 THEN
LPAD('+', 14, '-') || LPAD('+', 20, '-') || LPAD('+', 9, '-') ||
LPAD('+', 4, '-')
ELSE
LPAD(' ', 8) || LPAD(EMP_ID, 6) || LPAD(EMP_NAME, 20) ||
TO_CHAR(SALARY, '99990.99') ||
LPAD(CASE WHEN TIE_COUNT = 1 THEN ' ' ELSE 'T' END || RANK, 4)
END "Top rank per group"
FROM (SELECT 10 LINE
,NULL EMP_ID
,NULL EMP_NAME
,' ' DEPT_ID
,AVG(SALARY) SALARY
,0 RANK
,COUNT(DISTINCT DEPT_ID) TIE_COUNT
,COUNT(*) POPULATION
FROM EMP
UNION ALL
SELECT 30 LINE
,NULL EMP_ID
,NULL EMP_NAME
,DEPT_ID
,0 SALARY
,0 RANK
,0 TIE_COUNT
,0 POPULATION
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPT_ID
UNION ALL
SELECT 50 LINE
,NULL EMP_ID
,NULL EMP_NAME
,DEPT_ID
,AVG(SALARY) SALARY
,0 RANK
,0 TIE_COUNT
,COUNT(*) POPULATION
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPT_ID
UNION ALL
SELECT 70 LINE
,NULL EMP_ID
,NULL EMP_NAME
,DEPT_ID
,0 SALARY
,0 RANK
,0 TIE_COUNT
,0 POPULATION
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPT_ID
UNION ALL
SELECT 90 LINE
,NULL EMP_ID
,NULL EMP_NAME
,DEPT_ID
,0 SALARY
,0 RANK
,0 TIE_COUNT
,0 POPULATION
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPT_ID
UNION ALL
SELECT 110 LINE
,EMP_ID
,EMP_NAME
,DEPT_ID
,SALARY
,(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT EMP4.SALARY)
FROM EMP EMP4
WHERE EMP4.DEPT_ID = EMP3.DEPT_ID
AND EMP4.SALARY >= EMP3.SALARY) RANK
,(SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM EMP EMP2
WHERE EMP2.DEPT_ID = EMP3.DEPT_ID
AND EMP2.SALARY = EMP3.SALARY) TIE_COUNT
,0 POPULATION
FROM EMP EMP3
WHERE TOP_N >= -- Here is the meat, Correlated subquery
(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT EMP4.SALARY)
FROM EMP EMP4
WHERE EMP4.DEPT_ID = EMP3.DEPT_ID
AND EMP4.SALARY >= EMP3.SALARY))
ORDER BY DEPT_ID
,LINE
,SALARY DESC
,EMP_ID;
V_EMP CSR_EMP%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
FOR V_EMP IN CSR_EMP(TOP_N)
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_emp."Top rank per group");
END LOOP;
END; |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe | Tic-tac-toe |
Task
Play a game of tic-tac-toe.
Ensure that legal moves are played and that a winning position is notified.
Tic-tac-toe is also known as:
naughts and crosses
tic tac toe
tick tack toe
three in a row
tres en rayo and
Xs and Os
See also
MathWorld™, Tic-Tac-Toe game.
Wikipedia tic-tac-toe.
| #Python | Python |
'''
Tic-tac-toe game player.
Input the index of where you wish to place your mark at your turn.
'''
import random
board = list('123456789')
wins = ((0,1,2), (3,4,5), (6,7,8),
(0,3,6), (1,4,7), (2,5,8),
(0,4,8), (2,4,6))
def printboard():
print('\n'.join(' '.join(board[x:x+3]) for x in(0,3,6)))
def score():
for w in wins:
b = board[w[0]]
if b in 'XO' and all (board[i] == b for i in w):
return b, [i+1 for i in w]
return None, None
def finished():
return all (b in 'XO' for b in board)
def space():
return [ b for b in board if b not in 'XO']
def my_turn(xo):
options = space()
choice = random.choice(options)
board[int(choice)-1] = xo
return choice
def your_turn(xo):
options = space()
while True:
choice = input(" Put your %s in any of these positions: %s "
% (xo, ''.join(options))).strip()
if choice in options:
break
print( "Whoops I don't understand the input" )
board[int(choice)-1] = xo
return choice
def me(xo='X'):
printboard()
print('I go at', my_turn(xo))
return score()
assert not s[0], "\n%s wins across %s" % s
def you(xo='O'):
printboard()
# Call my_turn(xo) below for it to play itself
print('You went at', your_turn(xo))
return score()
assert not s[0], "\n%s wins across %s" % s
print(__doc__)
while not finished():
s = me('X')
if s[0]:
printboard()
print("\n%s wins across %s" % s)
break
if not finished():
s = you('O')
if s[0]:
printboard()
print("\n%s wins across %s" % s)
break
else:
print('\nA draw')
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Towers_of_Hanoi | Towers of Hanoi | Task
Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem with recursion.
| #Groovy | Groovy | def tail = { list, n -> def m = list.size(); list.subList([m - n, 0].max(),m) }
final STACK = [A:[],B:[],C:[]].asImmutable()
def report = { it -> }
def check = { it -> }
def moveRing = { from, to -> to << from.pop(); report(); check(to) }
def moveStack
moveStack = { from, to, using = STACK.values().find { !(it.is(from) || it.is(to)) } ->
if (!from) return
def n = from.size()
moveStack(tail(from, n-1), using, to)
moveRing(from, to)
moveStack(tail(using, n-1), to, from)
} |
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Topological_sort | Topological sort |
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Given a mapping between items, and items they depend on, a topological sort orders items so that no item precedes an item it depends upon.
The compiling of a library in the VHDL language has the constraint that a library must be compiled after any library it depends on.
A tool exists that extracts library dependencies.
Task
Write a function that will return a valid compile order of VHDL libraries from their dependencies.
Assume library names are single words.
Items mentioned as only dependents, (sic), have no dependents of their own, but their order of compiling must be given.
Any self dependencies should be ignored.
Any un-orderable dependencies should be flagged.
Use the following data as an example:
LIBRARY LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES
======= ====================
des_system_lib std synopsys std_cell_lib des_system_lib dw02 dw01 ramlib ieee
dw01 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw02 ieee dw02 dware
dw03 std synopsys dware dw03 dw02 dw01 ieee gtech
dw04 dw04 ieee dw01 dware gtech
dw05 dw05 ieee dware
dw06 dw06 ieee dware
dw07 ieee dware
dware ieee dware
gtech ieee gtech
ramlib std ieee
std_cell_lib ieee std_cell_lib
synopsys
Note: the above data would be un-orderable if, for example, dw04 is added to the list of dependencies of dw01.
C.f.
Topological sort/Extracted top item.
There are two popular algorithms for topological sorting:
Kahn's 1962 topological sort [1]
depth-first search [2] [3]
| #zkl | zkl | fcn topoSort(data){ // data is L( L(root,L(leaves)),...)
allDs:=data.pump(List,fcn(rds){ T(Void.Write,Void.Write,rds[1]) }).copy();
roots:=Dictionary(data); // dictionary of root:leaves
L:=List();
S:=data.pump(List,'wrap([(r,_)]){ if(allDs.holds(r)) Void.Skip else r }).copy();
while(S){ //while S is non-empty do
(n:=S.pop()) : L.append(_); //remove a node n from S, add n to tail of L
foreach m in (ds:=roots.find(n,List)){ //node m with an edge e from n to m
allDs.del(allDs.index(m));
if (Void==allDs.find(m)) S.append(m); //m has no other incoming edges
} roots.del(n); // remove edge e from the graph
}
if(roots) throw(Exception.ValueError("Cycle: "+roots.keys));
L
} |
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