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http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_configuration_file
|
Read a configuration file
|
The task is to read a configuration file in standard configuration file format,
and set variables accordingly.
For this task, we have a configuration file as follows:
# This is a configuration file in standard configuration file format
#
# Lines beginning with a hash or a semicolon are ignored by the application
# program. Blank lines are also ignored by the application program.
# This is the fullname parameter
FULLNAME Foo Barber
# This is a favourite fruit
FAVOURITEFRUIT banana
# This is a boolean that should be set
NEEDSPEELING
# This boolean is commented out
; SEEDSREMOVED
# Configuration option names are not case sensitive, but configuration parameter
# data is case sensitive and may be preserved by the application program.
# An optional equals sign can be used to separate configuration parameter data
# from the option name. This is dropped by the parser.
# A configuration option may take multiple parameters separated by commas.
# Leading and trailing whitespace around parameter names and parameter data fields
# are ignored by the application program.
OTHERFAMILY Rhu Barber, Harry Barber
For the task we need to set four variables according to the configuration entries as follows:
fullname = Foo Barber
favouritefruit = banana
needspeeling = true
seedsremoved = false
We also have an option that contains multiple parameters. These may be stored in an array.
otherfamily(1) = Rhu Barber
otherfamily(2) = Harry Barber
Related tasks
Update a configuration file
|
#Haskell
|
Haskell
|
import Data.Char
import Data.List
import Data.List.Split
main :: IO ()
main = readFile "config" >>= (print . parseConfig)
parseConfig :: String -> Config
parseConfig = foldr addConfigValue defaultConfig . clean . lines
where clean = filter (not . flip any ["#", ";", "", " "] . (==) . take 1)
addConfigValue :: String -> Config -> Config
addConfigValue raw config = case key of
"fullname" -> config {fullName = values}
"favouritefruit" -> config {favoriteFruit = values}
"needspeeling" -> config {needsPeeling = True}
"seedsremoved" -> config {seedsRemoved = True}
"otherfamily" -> config {otherFamily = splitOn "," values}
_ -> config
where (k, vs) = span (/= ' ') raw
key = map toLower k
values = tail vs
data Config = Config
{ fullName :: String
, favoriteFruit :: String
, needsPeeling :: Bool
, seedsRemoved :: Bool
, otherFamily :: [String]
} deriving (Show)
defaultConfig :: Config
defaultConfig = Config "" "" False False []
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Rare_numbers
|
Rare numbers
|
Definitions and restrictions
Rare numbers are positive integers n where:
n is expressed in base ten
r is the reverse of n (decimal digits)
n must be non-palindromic (n ≠ r)
(n+r) is the sum
(n-r) is the difference and must be positive
the sum and the difference must be perfect squares
Task
find and show the first 5 rare numbers
find and show the first 8 rare numbers (optional)
find and show more rare numbers (stretch goal)
Show all output here, on this page.
References
an OEIS entry: A035519 rare numbers.
an OEIS entry: A059755 odd rare numbers.
planetmath entry: rare numbers. (some hints)
author's website: rare numbers by Shyam Sunder Gupta. (lots of hints and some observations).
|
#Rust
|
Rust
|
use itertools::Itertools;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::convert::TryInto;
use std::fmt;
use std::time::Instant;
#[derive(Debug)]
struct RareResults {
digits: u8,
time_to_find: u128,
counter: u32,
number: u64,
}
impl fmt::Display for RareResults {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
write!(
f,
"{:>6} {:>6} ms {:>2}. {}",
self.digits, self.time_to_find, self.counter, self.number
)
}
}
fn print_results(results: Vec<RareResults>) {
if results.len() != 0 {
// println!("Results:");
println!("digits time #. Rare number");
for r in results {
println!("{}", r);
}
}
}
fn isqrt(n: u64) -> u64 {
let mut s = (n as f64).sqrt() as u64;
s = (s + n / s) >> 1;
if s * s > n {
s - 1
} else {
s
}
}
fn is_square(n: u64) -> bool {
match n & 0xf {
0 | 1 | 4 | 9 => {
let t = isqrt(n);
t * t == n
}
_ => false,
}
}
fn get_reverse(number: &u64) -> u64 {
number
.to_string()
.chars()
.map(|c| c.to_digit(10).unwrap())
.enumerate()
.fold(0_u64, |a, (i, d)| a + 10_u64.pow(i as u32) * d as u64)
}
fn is_rare(number: u64) -> bool {
let reverse = get_reverse(&number);
reverse != number
&& number > reverse
&& is_square(number + reverse)
&& is_square(number - reverse)
}
/// This method is a very simple naive search, using brute-force to check a high amount of numbers
/// for satisfying the rare number criterias. As such it is rather slow, and above 10 digits it's
/// not really performant, release version takes ~30 secs to find the first 5 (max 10 digits)
fn naive(digit: u8) -> Vec<RareResults> {
let bp_equal = (0_u8..=9).zip(0_u8..=9).collect::<Vec<(u8, u8)>>();
let bp_zero_or_even = (0_u8..=9)
.cartesian_product(0_u8..=9)
.filter(|pair| (pair.0 == pair.1) || (pair.0 as i32 - pair.1 as i32).abs() % 2 == 0)
.collect::<Vec<(u8, u8)>>();
let bp_odd = (0_u8..=9)
.cartesian_product(0_u8..=9)
.filter(|pair| (pair.0 as i32 - pair.1 as i32).abs() % 2 == 1)
.collect::<Vec<(u8, u8)>>();
let bp_9 = (0_u8..=9)
.cartesian_product(0_u8..=9)
.filter(|pair| pair.0 + pair.1 == 9)
.collect::<Vec<(u8, u8)>>();
let bp_73 = (0_u8..=9)
.cartesian_product(0_u8..=9)
.filter(|pair| [7, 3].contains(&(pair.0 as i8 - pair.1 as i8)))
.collect::<Vec<(u8, u8)>>();
let bp_11 = (0_u8..=9)
.cartesian_product(0_u8..=9)
.filter(|pair| pair.0 + pair.1 == 11 || pair.1 + pair.0 == 1)
.collect::<Vec<(u8, u8)>>();
let aq_bp_setup: Vec<((u8, u8), &Vec<(u8, u8)>)> = vec![
((2, 2), &bp_equal),
((4, 0), &bp_zero_or_even),
((6, 0), &bp_odd),
((6, 5), &bp_odd),
((8, 2), &bp_9),
((8, 3), &bp_73),
((8, 7), &bp_11),
((8, 8), &bp_equal),
];
//generate AB-PQ combinations
let aq_bp = aq_bp_setup
.iter()
.map(|e| {
e.1.iter().fold(vec![], |mut out, b| {
out.push(vec![e.0 .0, b.0, b.1, e.0 .1]);
out
})
})
.flatten()
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
let mut results: Vec<RareResults> = Vec::new();
let mut counter = 0_u32;
let start_time = Instant::now();
let d = digit;
print!("Digits: {} ", d);
if d < 4 {
for n in 10_u64.pow((d - 1).into())..10_u64.pow(d.into()) {
if is_rare(n) {
counter += 1;
results.push(RareResults {
digits: d,
time_to_find: start_time.elapsed().as_millis(),
counter,
number: n,
});
}
}
} else {
aq_bp.iter().for_each(|abqp| {
let start = abqp[0] as u64 * 10_u64.pow((d - 1).into())
+ abqp[1] as u64 * 10_u64.pow((d - 2).into())
+ 10_u64 * abqp[2] as u64
+ abqp[3] as u64;
// brute-force checking all numbers which matches the pattern AB...PQ
// very slow
for n in (start..start + 10_u64.pow((d - 2).into())).step_by(100) {
if is_rare(n) {
counter += 1;
results.push(RareResults {
digits: d,
time_to_find: start_time.elapsed().as_millis(),
counter,
number: n,
});
}
}
});
}
println!(
"Digits: {} done - Elapsed time(ms): {}",
d,
start_time.elapsed().as_millis()
);
results
}
/// This algorithm uses an advanced search strategy based on Nigel Galloway's approach,
/// and can find the first 40 rare numers (16 digits) within reasonable
/// time in release version
fn advanced(digit: u8) -> Vec<RareResults> {
// setup
let mut results: Vec<RareResults> = Vec::new();
let mut counter = 0_u32;
let start_time = Instant::now();
let numeric_digits = (0..=9).map(|x| [x, 0]).collect::<Vec<_>>();
let diffs1: Vec<i8> = vec![0, 1, 4, 5, 6];
// all possible digits pairs to calculate potential diffs
let pairs = (0_i8..=9)
.cartesian_product(0_i8..=9)
.map(|x| [x.0, x.1])
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
let all_diffs = (-9i8..=9).collect::<Vec<_>>();
// lookup table for the first diff
let lookup_1 = vec![
vec![[2, 2], [8, 8]], //Diff = 0
vec![[8, 7], [6, 5]], //Diff = 1
vec![],
vec![],
vec![[4, 0]], // Diff = 4
vec![[8, 3]], // Diff = 5
vec![[6, 0], [8, 2]], // Diff = 6
];
// lookup table for all the remaining diffs
let lookup_n: HashMap<i8, Vec<_>> = pairs.into_iter().into_group_map_by(|elt| elt[0] - elt[1]);
let d = digit;
// powers like 1, 10, 100, 1000....
let powers = (0..d).map(|x| 10_u64.pow(x.into())).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
// for n-r (aka L) the required terms, like 9/ 99 / 999 & 90 / 99999 & 9999 & 900 etc
let terms = powers
.iter()
.zip(powers.iter().rev())
.map(|(a, b)| b.checked_sub(*a).unwrap_or(0))
.filter(|x| *x != 0)
.collect::<Vec<u64>>();
// create a cartesian product for all potential diff numbers
// for the first use the very short one, for all other the complete 19 element
let diff_list_iter = (0_u8..(d / 2))
.map(|i| match i {
0 => diffs1.iter(),
_ => all_diffs.iter(),
})
.multi_cartesian_product()
// remove invalid first diff/second diff combinations - custom iterator would be probably better
.filter(|x| {
if x.len() == 1 {
return true;
}
match (*x[0], *x[1]) {
(a, b) if (a == 0 && b != 0) => false,
(a, b) if (a == 1 && ![-7, -5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7].contains(&b)) => false,
(a, b) if (a == 4 && ![-8, -6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8].contains(&b)) => false,
(a, b) if (a == 5 && ![7, -3].contains(&b)) => false,
(a, b) if (a == 6 && ![-9, -7, -5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9].contains(&b)) => {
false
}
_ => true,
}
});
#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
{
println!(" powers: {:?}", powers);
println!(" terms: {:?}", terms);
}
diff_list_iter.for_each(|diffs| {
// calculate difference of original n and its reverse (aka L = n-r)
// which must be a perfect square
let l: i64 = diffs
.iter()
.zip(terms.iter())
.map(|(diff, term)| **diff as i64 * *term as i64)
.sum();
if l > 0 && is_square(l.try_into().unwrap()) {
// potential candiate, at least L is a perfect square
#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
println!(" square L: {}, diffs: {:?}", l, diffs);
// placeholder for the digits
let mut dig: Vec<i8> = vec![0_i8; d.into()];
// generate a cartesian product for each identified diff using the lookup tables
let c_iter = (0..(diffs.len() + d as usize % 2))
.map(|i| match i {
0 => lookup_1[*diffs[0] as usize].iter(),
_ if i != diffs.len() => lookup_n.get(diffs[i]).unwrap().iter(),
_ => numeric_digits.iter(), // for the middle digits
})
.multi_cartesian_product();
// check each H (n+r) by using digit combination
c_iter.for_each(|elt| {
// print!(" digits combinations: {:?}", elt);
for (i, digit_pair) in elt.iter().enumerate() {
// print!(" digit pairs: {:?}, len: {}", digit_pair, l.len());
dig[i] = digit_pair[0];
dig[d as usize - 1 - i] = digit_pair[1]
}
// for numbers with odd # digits restore the middle digit
// which has been overwritten at the end of the previous cycle
if d % 2 == 1 {
dig[(d as usize - 1) / 2] = elt[elt.len() - 1][0];
}
let num = dig
.iter()
.rev()
.enumerate()
.fold(0_u64, |acc, (i, d)| acc + 10_u64.pow(i as u32) * *d as u64);
let reverse = dig
.iter()
.enumerate()
.fold(0_u64, |acc, (i, d)| acc + 10_u64.pow(i as u32) * *d as u64);
if num > reverse && is_square(num + reverse) {
println!(" FOUND: {}, reverse: {}", num, reverse);
counter += 1;
results.push(RareResults {
digits: d,
time_to_find: start_time.elapsed().as_millis(),
counter,
number: num,
});
}
});
}
});
println!(
"Digits: {} done - Elapsed time(ms): {}",
d,
start_time.elapsed().as_millis()
);
results
}
fn main() {
println!("Run this program in release mode for measuring performance");
println!("Naive version:");
(1..=10).for_each(|x| print_results(naive(x)));
println!("Advanced version:");
(1..=15).for_each(|x| print_results(advanced(x)));
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Range_expansion
|
Range expansion
|
A format for expressing an ordered list of integers is to use a comma separated list of either
individual integers
Or a range of integers denoted by the starting integer separated from the end integer in the range by a dash, '-'. (The range includes all integers in the interval including both endpoints)
The range syntax is to be used only for, and for every range that expands to more than two values.
Example
The list of integers:
-6, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Is accurately expressed by the range expression:
-6,-3-1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20
(And vice-versa).
Task
Expand the range description:
-6,-3--1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20
Note that the second element above,
is the range from minus 3 to minus 1.
Related task
Range extraction
|
#Elixir
|
Elixir
|
defmodule RC do
def expansion(range) do
Enum.flat_map(String.split(range, ","), fn part ->
case Regex.scan(~r/^(-?\d+)-(-?\d+)$/, part) do
[[_,a,b]] -> Enum.to_list(String.to_integer(a) .. String.to_integer(b))
[] -> [String.to_integer(part)]
end
end)
end
end
IO.inspect RC.expansion("-6,-3--1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20")
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Range_expansion
|
Range expansion
|
A format for expressing an ordered list of integers is to use a comma separated list of either
individual integers
Or a range of integers denoted by the starting integer separated from the end integer in the range by a dash, '-'. (The range includes all integers in the interval including both endpoints)
The range syntax is to be used only for, and for every range that expands to more than two values.
Example
The list of integers:
-6, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Is accurately expressed by the range expression:
-6,-3-1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20
(And vice-versa).
Task
Expand the range description:
-6,-3--1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20
Note that the second element above,
is the range from minus 3 to minus 1.
Related task
Range extraction
|
#Erlang
|
Erlang
|
-module( range ).
-export( [expansion/1, task/0] ).
expansion( String ) ->
lists:flatten( [expansion_individual(io_lib:fread("~d", X)) || X <- string:tokens(String, ",")] ).
task() ->
io:fwrite( "~p~n", [expansion("-6,-3--1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20")] ).
expansion_individual( {ok, [N], []} ) -> N;
expansion_individual( {ok, [Start], "-" ++ Stop_string} ) -> lists:seq( Start, erlang:list_to_integer(Stop_string) ).
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_file_line_by_line
|
Read a file line by line
|
Read a file one line at a time,
as opposed to reading the entire file at once.
Related tasks
Read a file character by character
Input loop.
|
#ERRE
|
ERRE
|
PROGRAM LETTURA
EXCEPTION
FERROR%=TRUE ! si e' verificata l'eccezione !
PRINT("Il file richiesto non esiste .....")
END EXCEPTION
BEGIN
FERROR%=FALSE
PRINT("Nome del file";)
INPUT(FILE$) ! chiede il nome del file
OPEN("I",1,FILE$) ! apre un file sequenziale in lettura
IF NOT FERROR% THEN
REPEAT
INPUT(LINE,#1,CH$) ! legge una riga ....
PRINT(CH$) ! ... la stampa ...
UNTIL EOF(1) ! ... fine a fine file
END IF
PRINT
CLOSE(1) ! chiude il file
END PROGRAM
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_file_line_by_line
|
Read a file line by line
|
Read a file one line at a time,
as opposed to reading the entire file at once.
Related tasks
Read a file character by character
Input loop.
|
#Euphoria
|
Euphoria
|
constant cmd = command_line()
constant filename = cmd[2]
constant fn = open(filename,"r")
integer i
i = 1
object x
while 1 do
x = gets(fn)
if atom(x) then
exit
end if
printf(1,"%2d: %s",{i,x})
i += 1
end while
close(fn)
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ranking_methods
|
Ranking methods
|
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
The numerical rank of competitors in a competition shows if one is better than, equal to, or worse than another based on their results in a competition.
The numerical rank of a competitor can be assigned in several different ways.
Task
The following scores are accrued for all competitors of a competition (in best-first order):
44 Solomon
42 Jason
42 Errol
41 Garry
41 Bernard
41 Barry
39 Stephen
For each of the following ranking methods, create a function/method/procedure/subroutine... that applies the ranking method to an ordered list of scores with scorers:
Standard. (Ties share what would have been their first ordinal number).
Modified. (Ties share what would have been their last ordinal number).
Dense. (Ties share the next available integer).
Ordinal. ((Competitors take the next available integer. Ties are not treated otherwise).
Fractional. (Ties share the mean of what would have been their ordinal numbers).
See the wikipedia article for a fuller description.
Show here, on this page, the ranking of the test scores under each of the numbered ranking methods.
|
#Python
|
Python
|
def mc_rank(iterable, start=1):
"""Modified competition ranking"""
lastresult, fifo = None, []
for n, item in enumerate(iterable, start-1):
if item[0] == lastresult:
fifo += [item]
else:
while fifo:
yield n, fifo.pop(0)
lastresult, fifo = item[0], fifo + [item]
while fifo:
yield n+1, fifo.pop(0)
def sc_rank(iterable, start=1):
"""Standard competition ranking"""
lastresult, lastrank = None, None
for n, item in enumerate(iterable, start):
if item[0] == lastresult:
yield lastrank, item
else:
yield n, item
lastresult, lastrank = item[0], n
def d_rank(iterable, start=1):
"""Dense ranking"""
lastresult, lastrank = None, start - 1,
for item in iterable:
if item[0] == lastresult:
yield lastrank, item
else:
lastresult, lastrank = item[0], lastrank + 1
yield lastrank, item
def o_rank(iterable, start=1):
"""Ordinal ranking"""
yield from enumerate(iterable, start)
def f_rank(iterable, start=1):
"""Fractional ranking"""
last, fifo = None, []
for n, item in enumerate(iterable, start):
if item[0] != last:
if fifo:
mean = sum(f[0] for f in fifo) / len(fifo)
while fifo:
yield mean, fifo.pop(0)[1]
last = item[0]
fifo.append((n, item))
if fifo:
mean = sum(f[0] for f in fifo) / len(fifo)
while fifo:
yield mean, fifo.pop(0)[1]
if __name__ == '__main__':
scores = [(44, 'Solomon'),
(42, 'Jason'),
(42, 'Errol'),
(41, 'Garry'),
(41, 'Bernard'),
(41, 'Barry'),
(39, 'Stephen')]
print('\nScores to be ranked (best first):')
for s in scores:
print(' %2i %s' % (s ))
for ranker in [sc_rank, mc_rank, d_rank, o_rank, f_rank]:
print('\n%s:' % ranker.__doc__)
for rank, score in ranker(scores):
print(' %3g, %r' % (rank, score))
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Reverse_a_string
|
Reverse a string
|
Task
Take a string and reverse it.
For example, "asdf" becomes "fdsa".
Extra credit
Preserve Unicode combining characters.
For example, "as⃝df̅" becomes "f̅ds⃝a", not "̅fd⃝sa".
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
|
#Perl
|
Perl
|
use utf8;
binmode STDOUT, ":utf8";
# to reverse characters (code points):
print reverse('visor'), "\n";
# to reverse graphemes:
print join("", reverse "José" =~ /\X/g), "\n";
$string = 'ℵΑΩ 駱駝道 🤔 🇸🇧 🇺🇸 🇬🇧 👨👩👧👦🆗🗺';
print join("", reverse $string =~ /\X/g), "\n";
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(device)
|
Random number generator (device)
|
Task
If your system has a means to generate random numbers involving not only a software algorithm (like the /dev/urandom devices in Unix), then:
show how to obtain a random 32-bit number from that mechanism.
Related task
Random_number_generator_(included)
|
#Ring
|
Ring
|
nr = 10
for i = 1 to nr
see random(i) + nl
next
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(device)
|
Random number generator (device)
|
Task
If your system has a means to generate random numbers involving not only a software algorithm (like the /dev/urandom devices in Unix), then:
show how to obtain a random 32-bit number from that mechanism.
Related task
Random_number_generator_(included)
|
#Ruby
|
Ruby
|
require 'securerandom'
SecureRandom.random_number(1 << 32)
#or specifying SecureRandom as the desired RNG:
p (1..10).to_a.sample(3, random: SecureRandom) # =>[1, 4, 5]
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(device)
|
Random number generator (device)
|
Task
If your system has a means to generate random numbers involving not only a software algorithm (like the /dev/urandom devices in Unix), then:
show how to obtain a random 32-bit number from that mechanism.
Related task
Random_number_generator_(included)
|
#Rust
|
Rust
|
extern crate rand;
use rand::{OsRng, Rng};
fn main() {
// because `OsRng` opens files, it may fail
let mut rng = match OsRng::new() {
Ok(v) => v,
Err(e) => panic!("Failed to obtain OS RNG: {}", e)
};
let rand_num: u32 = rng.gen();
println!("{}", rand_num);
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_Latin_squares
|
Random Latin squares
|
A Latin square of size n is an arrangement of n symbols in an n-by-n square in such a way that each row and column has each symbol appearing exactly once.
A randomised Latin square generates random configurations of the symbols for any given n.
Example n=4 randomised Latin square
0 2 3 1
2 1 0 3
3 0 1 2
1 3 2 0
Task
Create a function/routine/procedure/method/... that given n generates a randomised Latin square of size n.
Use the function to generate and show here, two randomly generated squares of size 5.
Note
Strict Uniformity in the random generation is a hard problem and not a requirement of the task.
Reference
Wikipedia: Latin square
OEIS: A002860
|
#Phix
|
Phix
|
with javascript_semantics
string aleph = "123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
function ls(integer n)
if n>length(aleph) then ?9/0 end if -- too big...
atom t1 = time()+1
sequence tn = tagset(n), -- {1..n}
vcs = repeat(tn,n), -- valid for cols
res = {}
integer clashes = 0
while length(res)<n do
sequence rn = {}, -- next row
vr = tagset(n), -- valid for row (ie all)
vc = deep_copy(vcs) -- copy (in case of clash)
bool clash = false
for c=1 to n do
sequence v = {}
for k=1 to n do
-- collect all still valid options
if vr[k] and vc[c][k] then v &= k end if
end for
if v={} then
clash = true
exit
end if
integer z = v[rand(length(v))]
rn &= z
vr[z] = 0 -- no longer valid
vc[c][z] = 0 -- ""
end for
if not clash then
res = append(res,rn)
vcs = vc
else
clashes += 1
if time()>t1 then
printf(1,"rows completed:%d/%d, clashes:%d\n",
{length(res),n,clashes})
t1 = time()+1
end if
end if
end while
for i=1 to n do
string line = ""
for j=1 to n do
line &= aleph[res[i][j]]
end for
res[i] = line
end for
return res
end function
procedure latin_square(integer n)
atom t0 = time()
string res = join(ls(n),"\n"),
e = elapsed(time()-t0)
printf(1,"Latin square of order %d (%s):\n%s\n",{n,e,res})
end procedure
latin_square(3)
latin_square(5)
latin_square(5)
latin_square(10)
if platform()!=JS then
latin_square(42)
end if
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ray-casting_algorithm
|
Ray-casting algorithm
|
This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Point_in_polygon. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Rosetta Code, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU FDL. (See links for details on variance)
Given a point and a polygon, check if the point is inside or outside the polygon using the ray-casting algorithm.
A pseudocode can be simply:
count ← 0
foreach side in polygon:
if ray_intersects_segment(P,side) then
count ← count + 1
if is_odd(count) then
return inside
else
return outside
Where the function ray_intersects_segment return true if the horizontal ray starting from the point P intersects the side (segment), false otherwise.
An intuitive explanation of why it works is that every time we cross
a border, we change "country" (inside-outside, or outside-inside), but
the last "country" we land on is surely outside (since the inside of the polygon is finite, while the ray continues towards infinity). So, if we crossed an odd number of borders we were surely inside, otherwise we were outside; we can follow the ray backward to see it better: starting from outside, only an odd number of crossing can give an inside: outside-inside, outside-inside-outside-inside, and so on (the - represents the crossing of a border).
So the main part of the algorithm is how we determine if a ray intersects a segment. The following text explain one of the possible ways.
Looking at the image on the right, we can easily be convinced of the fact that rays starting from points in the hatched area (like P1 and P2) surely do not intersect the segment AB. We also can easily see that rays starting from points in the greenish area surely intersect the segment AB (like point P3).
So the problematic points are those inside the white area (the box delimited by the points A and B), like P4.
Let us take into account a segment AB (the point A having y coordinate always smaller than B's y coordinate, i.e. point A is always below point B) and a point P. Let us use the cumbersome notation PAX to denote the angle between segment AP and AX, where X is always a point on the horizontal line passing by A with x coordinate bigger than the maximum between the x coordinate of A and the x coordinate of B. As explained graphically by the figures on the right, if PAX is greater than the angle BAX, then the ray starting from P intersects the segment AB. (In the images, the ray starting from PA does not intersect the segment, while the ray starting from PB in the second picture, intersects the segment).
Points on the boundary or "on" a vertex are someway special and through this approach we do not obtain coherent results. They could be treated apart, but it is not necessary to do so.
An algorithm for the previous speech could be (if P is a point, Px is its x coordinate):
ray_intersects_segment:
P : the point from which the ray starts
A : the end-point of the segment with the smallest y coordinate
(A must be "below" B)
B : the end-point of the segment with the greatest y coordinate
(B must be "above" A)
if Py = Ay or Py = By then
Py ← Py + ε
end if
if Py < Ay or Py > By then
return false
else if Px >= max(Ax, Bx) then
return false
else
if Px < min(Ax, Bx) then
return true
else
if Ax ≠ Bx then
m_red ← (By - Ay)/(Bx - Ax)
else
m_red ← ∞
end if
if Ax ≠ Px then
m_blue ← (Py - Ay)/(Px - Ax)
else
m_blue ← ∞
end if
if m_blue ≥ m_red then
return true
else
return false
end if
end if
end if
(To avoid the "ray on vertex" problem, the point is moved upward of a small quantity ε.)
|
#Rust
|
Rust
|
use std::f64;
const _EPS: f64 = 0.00001;
const _MIN: f64 = f64::MIN_POSITIVE;
const _MAX: f64 = f64::MAX;
#[derive(Clone)]
struct Point {
x: f64,
y: f64,
}
#[derive(Clone)]
struct Edge {
pt1: Point,
pt2: Point,
}
impl Edge {
fn new(pt1: (f64, f64), pt2: (f64, f64)) -> Edge {
Edge {
pt1: Point { x: pt1.0, y: pt1.1 },
pt2: Point { x: pt2.0, y: pt2.1 },
}
}
}
struct Polygon {
edges: Vec<Edge>, // Polygon has to be created with counter-clockwise coordinates
}
fn pt_in_polygon(pt: &Point, poly: &Polygon) -> bool {
let count = poly.edges
.iter()
.filter(|edge| ray_intersect_seg(pt, edge))
.count();
count % 2 == 1
}
fn ray_intersect_seg(p: &Point, edge: &Edge) -> bool {
let mut pt = p.clone();
let (mut a, mut b): (&Point, &Point) = (&edge.pt1, &edge.pt2);
if a.y > b.y {
std::mem::swap(&mut a, &mut b);
}
if pt.y == a.y || pt.y == b.y {
pt.y += _EPS;
}
if (pt.y > b.y || pt.y < a.y) || pt.x > a.x.max(b.x) {
false
} else if pt.x < a.x.min(b.x) {
true
} else {
let m_red = if (a.x - b.x).abs() > _MIN {
(b.y - a.y) / (b.x - a.x)
} else {
_MAX
};
let m_blue = if (a.x - pt.x).abs() > _MIN {
(pt.y - a.y) / (pt.x - a.x)
} else {
_MAX
};
m_blue >= m_red
}
}
fn main() {
let p = |x, y| Point { x, y };
let testpoints = [p(5.0, 5.0), p(5.0, 8.0), p(-10.0, 5.0), p(0.0, 5.0), p(10.0, 5.0), p(8.0, 5.0), p(10.0, 10.0)];
let poly_square = Polygon {
edges: vec![
Edge::new((0.0, 0.0), (10.0, 0.0)),
Edge::new((10.0, 0.0), (10.0, 10.0)),
Edge::new((10.0, 10.0), (0.0, 10.0)),
Edge::new((0.0, 10.0), (0.0, 0.0)),
],
};
let poly_square_hole = Polygon {
edges: vec![
Edge::new((0.0, 0.0), (10.0, 0.0)),
Edge::new((10.0, 0.0), (10.0, 10.0)),
Edge::new((10.0, 10.0), (0.0, 10.0)),
Edge::new((0.0, 10.0), (0.0, 0.0)),
Edge::new((2.5, 2.5), (7.5, 2.5)),
Edge::new((7.5, 2.5), (7.5, 7.5)),
Edge::new((7.5, 7.5), (2.5, 7.5)),
Edge::new((2.5, 7.5), (2.5, 2.5)),
],
};
let poly_strange = Polygon {
edges: vec![
Edge::new((0.0, 0.0), (2.5, 2.5)),
Edge::new((2.5, 2.5), (0.0, 10.0)),
Edge::new((0.0, 10.0), (2.5, 7.5)),
Edge::new((2.5, 7.5), (7.5, 7.5)),
Edge::new((7.5, 7.5), (10.0, 10.0)),
Edge::new((10.0, 10.0), (10.0, 0.0)),
Edge::new((10.0, 0.0), (2.5, 2.5)),
],
};
let poly_hexagon = Polygon {
edges: vec![
Edge::new((3.0, 0.0), (7.0, 0.0)),
Edge::new((7.0, 0.0), (10.0, 5.0)),
Edge::new((10.0, 5.0), (7.0, 10.0)),
Edge::new((7.0, 10.0), (3.0, 10.0)),
Edge::new((3.0, 10.0), (0.0, 5.0)),
Edge::new((0.0, 5.0), (3.0, 0.0)),
],
};
print!("\nSquare :");
for pt in &testpoints {
print!(" {:?}", pt_in_polygon(pt, &poly_square));
}
print!("\nSquare with hole:");
for pt in &testpoints {
print!(" {:?}", pt_in_polygon(pt, &poly_square_hole));
}
print!("\nStrange polygon :");
for pt in &testpoints {
print!(" {:?}", pt_in_polygon(pt, &poly_strange));
}
print!("\nHexagon :");
for pt in &testpoints {
print!(" {:?}", pt_in_polygon(pt, &poly_hexagon));
}
println!();
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Queue/Definition
|
Queue/Definition
|
Data Structure
This illustrates a data structure, a means of storing data within a program.
You may see other such structures in the Data Structures category.
Illustration of FIFO behavior
Task
Implement a FIFO queue.
Elements are added at one side and popped from the other in the order of insertion.
Operations:
push (aka enqueue) - add element
pop (aka dequeue) - pop first element
empty - return truth value when empty
Errors:
handle the error of trying to pop from an empty queue (behavior depends on the language and platform)
See
Queue/Usage for the built-in FIFO or queue of your language or standard library.
See also
Array
Associative array: Creation, Iteration
Collections
Compound data type
Doubly-linked list: Definition, Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Linked list
Queue: Definition, Usage
Set
Singly-linked list: Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Stack
|
#Applesoft_BASIC
|
Applesoft BASIC
|
0 DEF FN E(MPTY) = SP = FIRST
10 GOSUB 150EMPTY
20 LET A$ = "A": GOSUB 100PUSH
30 LET A$ = "B": GOSUB 100PUSH
40 GOSUB 150EMPTY
50 GOSUB 120PULL FIRST
60 GOSUB 120PULL FIRST
70 GOSUB 150EMPTY
80 GOSUB 120PULL FIRST
90 END
100 PRINT "PUSH "A$
110 LET S$(SP) = A$:SP = SP + 1: RETURN
120 GOSUB 130: PRINT "POP "A$: RETURN
130 IF FN E(0) THEN PRINT "POPPING FROM EMPTY QUEUE";: STOP
140 A$ = S$(FI): FI = FI + 1 : RETURN
150 PRINT "EMPTY? " MID$ ("YESNO",4 ^ FN E(0),3): RETURN
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Quaternion_type
|
Quaternion type
|
Quaternions are an extension of the idea of complex numbers.
A complex number has a real and complex part, sometimes written as a + bi,
where a and b stand for real numbers, and i stands for the square root of minus 1.
An example of a complex number might be -3 + 2i,
where the real part, a is -3.0 and the complex part, b is +2.0.
A quaternion has one real part and three imaginary parts, i, j, and k.
A quaternion might be written as a + bi + cj + dk.
In the quaternion numbering system:
i∙i = j∙j = k∙k = i∙j∙k = -1, or more simply,
ii = jj = kk = ijk = -1.
The order of multiplication is important, as, in general, for two quaternions:
q1 and q2: q1q2 ≠ q2q1.
An example of a quaternion might be 1 +2i +3j +4k
There is a list form of notation where just the numbers are shown and the imaginary multipliers i, j, and k are assumed by position.
So the example above would be written as (1, 2, 3, 4)
Task
Given the three quaternions and their components:
q = (1, 2, 3, 4) = (a, b, c, d)
q1 = (2, 3, 4, 5) = (a1, b1, c1, d1)
q2 = (3, 4, 5, 6) = (a2, b2, c2, d2)
And a wholly real number r = 7.
Create functions (or classes) to perform simple maths with quaternions including computing:
The norm of a quaternion:
=
a
2
+
b
2
+
c
2
+
d
2
{\displaystyle ={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}+d^{2}}}}
The negative of a quaternion:
= (-a, -b, -c, -d)
The conjugate of a quaternion:
= ( a, -b, -c, -d)
Addition of a real number r and a quaternion q:
r + q = q + r = (a+r, b, c, d)
Addition of two quaternions:
q1 + q2 = (a1+a2, b1+b2, c1+c2, d1+d2)
Multiplication of a real number and a quaternion:
qr = rq = (ar, br, cr, dr)
Multiplication of two quaternions q1 and q2 is given by:
( a1a2 − b1b2 − c1c2 − d1d2,
a1b2 + b1a2 + c1d2 − d1c2,
a1c2 − b1d2 + c1a2 + d1b2,
a1d2 + b1c2 − c1b2 + d1a2 )
Show that, for the two quaternions q1 and q2:
q1q2 ≠ q2q1
If a language has built-in support for quaternions, then use it.
C.f.
Vector products
On Quaternions; or on a new System of Imaginaries in Algebra. By Sir William Rowan Hamilton LL.D, P.R.I.A., F.R.A.S., Hon. M. R. Soc. Ed. and Dub., Hon. or Corr. M. of the Royal or Imperial Academies of St. Petersburgh, Berlin, Turin and Paris, Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of other Scientific Societies at Home and Abroad, Andrews' Prof. of Astronomy in the University of Dublin, and Royal Astronomer of Ireland.
|
#AutoHotkey
|
AutoHotkey
|
q := [1, 2, 3, 4]
q1 := [2, 3, 4, 5]
q2 := [3, 4, 5, 6]
r := 7
MsgBox, % "q = " PrintQ(q)
. "`nq1 = " PrintQ(q1)
. "`nq2 = " PrintQ(q2)
. "`nr = " r
. "`nNorm(q) = " Norm(q)
. "`nNegative(q) = " PrintQ(Negative(q))
. "`nConjugate(q) = " PrintQ(Conjugate(q))
. "`nq + r = " PrintQ(AddR(q, r))
. "`nq1 + q2 = " PrintQ(AddQ(q1, q2))
. "`nq2 + q1 = " PrintQ(AddQ(q2, q1))
. "`nqr = " PrintQ(MulR(q, r))
. "`nq1q2 = " PrintQ(MulQ(q1, q2))
. "`nq2q1 = " PrintQ(MulQ(q2, q1))
Norm(q) {
return sqrt(q[1]**2 + q[2]**2 + q[3]**2 + q[4]**2)
}
Negative(q) {
a := []
for k, v in q
a[A_Index] := v * -1
return a
}
Conjugate(q) {
a := []
for k, v in q
a[A_Index] := v * (A_Index = 1 ? 1 : -1)
return a
}
AddR(q, r) {
a := []
for k, v in q
a[A_Index] := v + (A_Index = 1 ? r : 0)
return a
}
AddQ(q1, q2) {
a := []
for k, v in q1
a[A_Index] := v + q2[A_Index]
return a
}
MulR(q, r) {
a := []
for k, v in q
a[A_Index] := v * r
return a
}
MulQ(q, u) {
a := []
, a[1] := q[1]*u[1] - q[2]*u[2] - q[3]*u[3] - q[4]*u[4]
, a[2] := q[1]*u[2] + q[2]*u[1] + q[3]*u[4] - q[4]*u[3]
, a[3] := q[1]*u[3] - q[2]*u[4] + q[3]*u[1] + q[4]*u[2]
, a[4] := q[1]*u[4] + q[2]*u[3] - q[3]*u[2] + q[4]*u[1]
return a
}
PrintQ(q, b="(") {
for k, v in q
b .= v (A_Index = q.MaxIndex() ? ")" : ", ")
return b
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Quine
|
Quine
|
A quine is a self-referential program that can,
without any external access, output its own source.
A quine (named after Willard Van Orman Quine) is also known as:
self-reproducing automata (1972)
self-replicating program or self-replicating computer program
self-reproducing program or self-reproducing computer program
self-copying program or self-copying computer program
It is named after the philosopher and logician
who studied self-reference and quoting in natural language,
as for example in the paradox "'Yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation' yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation."
"Source" has one of two meanings. It can refer to the text-based program source.
For languages in which program source is represented as a data structure, "source" may refer to the data structure: quines in these languages fall into two categories: programs which print a textual representation of themselves, or expressions which evaluate to a data structure which is equivalent to that expression.
The usual way to code a quine works similarly to this paradox: The program consists of two identical parts, once as plain code and once quoted in some way (for example, as a character string, or a literal data structure). The plain code then accesses the quoted code and prints it out twice, once unquoted and once with the proper quotation marks added. Often, the plain code and the quoted code have to be nested.
Task
Write a program that outputs its own source code in this way. If the language allows it, you may add a variant that accesses the code directly. You are not allowed to read any external files with the source code. The program should also contain some sort of self-reference, so constant expressions which return their own value which some top-level interpreter will print out. Empty programs producing no output are not allowed.
There are several difficulties that one runs into when writing a quine, mostly dealing with quoting:
Part of the code usually needs to be stored as a string or structural literal in the language, which needs to be quoted somehow. However, including quotation marks in the string literal itself would be troublesome because it requires them to be escaped, which then necessitates the escaping character (e.g. a backslash) in the string, which itself usually needs to be escaped, and so on.
Some languages have a function for getting the "source code representation" of a string (i.e. adds quotation marks, etc.); in these languages, this can be used to circumvent the quoting problem.
Another solution is to construct the quote character from its character code, without having to write the quote character itself. Then the character is inserted into the string at the appropriate places. The ASCII code for double-quote is 34, and for single-quote is 39.
Newlines in the program may have to be reproduced as newlines in the string, which usually requires some kind of escape sequence (e.g. "\n"). This causes the same problem as above, where the escaping character needs to itself be escaped, etc.
If the language has a way of getting the "source code representation", it usually handles the escaping of characters, so this is not a problem.
Some languages allow you to have a string literal that spans multiple lines, which embeds the newlines into the string without escaping.
Write the entire program on one line, for free-form languages (as you can see for some of the solutions here, they run off the edge of the screen), thus removing the need for newlines. However, this may be unacceptable as some languages require a newline at the end of the file; and otherwise it is still generally good style to have a newline at the end of a file. (The task is not clear on whether a newline is required at the end of the file.) Some languages have a print statement that appends a newline; which solves the newline-at-the-end issue; but others do not.
Next to the Quines presented here, many other versions can be found on the Quine page.
Related task
print itself.
|
#AutoHotkey
|
AutoHotkey
|
FileRead, quine, %A_ScriptFullPath%
MsgBox % quine
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Queue/Usage
|
Queue/Usage
|
Data Structure
This illustrates a data structure, a means of storing data within a program.
You may see other such structures in the Data Structures category.
Illustration of FIFO behavior
Task
Create a queue data structure and demonstrate its operations.
(For implementations of queues, see the FIFO task.)
Operations:
push (aka enqueue) - add element
pop (aka dequeue) - pop first element
empty - return truth value when empty
See also
Array
Associative array: Creation, Iteration
Collections
Compound data type
Doubly-linked list: Definition, Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Linked list
Queue: Definition, Usage
Set
Singly-linked list: Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Stack
|
#Clojure
|
Clojure
|
(def q (make-queue))
(enqueue q 1)
(enqueue q 2)
(enqueue q 3)
(dequeue q) ; 1
(dequeue q) ; 2
(dequeue q) ; 3
(queue-empty? q) ; true
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Queue/Usage
|
Queue/Usage
|
Data Structure
This illustrates a data structure, a means of storing data within a program.
You may see other such structures in the Data Structures category.
Illustration of FIFO behavior
Task
Create a queue data structure and demonstrate its operations.
(For implementations of queues, see the FIFO task.)
Operations:
push (aka enqueue) - add element
pop (aka dequeue) - pop first element
empty - return truth value when empty
See also
Array
Associative array: Creation, Iteration
Collections
Compound data type
Doubly-linked list: Definition, Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Linked list
Queue: Definition, Usage
Set
Singly-linked list: Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Stack
|
#CoffeeScript
|
CoffeeScript
|
# We build a Queue on top of an ordinary JS array, which supports push
# and shift. For simple queues, it might make sense to just use arrays
# directly, but this code shows how to encapsulate the array behind a restricted
# API. For very large queues, you might want a more specialized data
# structure to implement the queue, in case arr.shift works in O(N) time, which
# is common for array implementations. On my laptop I start noticing delay
# after about 100,000 elements, using node.js.
Queue = ->
arr = []
enqueue: (elem) ->
arr.push elem
dequeue: (elem) ->
throw Error("queue is empty") if arr.length == 0
arr.shift elem
is_empty: (elem) ->
arr.length == 0
# test
do ->
q = Queue()
for i in [1..100000]
q.enqueue i
console.log q.dequeue() # 1
while !q.is_empty()
v = q.dequeue()
console.log v # 1000
try
q.dequeue() # throws Error
catch e
console.log "#{e}"
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_specific_line_from_a_file
|
Read a specific line from a file
|
Some languages have special semantics for obtaining a known line number from a file.
Task
Demonstrate how to obtain the contents of a specific line within a file.
For the purpose of this task demonstrate how the contents of the seventh line of a file can be obtained, and store it in a variable or in memory (for potential future use within the program if the code were to become embedded).
If the file does not contain seven lines, or the seventh line is empty, or too big to be retrieved, output an appropriate message.
If no special semantics are available for obtaining the required line, it is permissible to read line by line.
Note that empty lines are considered and should still be counted.
Also note that for functional languages or languages without variables or storage, it is permissible to output the extracted data to standard output.
|
#sed
|
sed
|
sed -n 7p
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_specific_line_from_a_file
|
Read a specific line from a file
|
Some languages have special semantics for obtaining a known line number from a file.
Task
Demonstrate how to obtain the contents of a specific line within a file.
For the purpose of this task demonstrate how the contents of the seventh line of a file can be obtained, and store it in a variable or in memory (for potential future use within the program if the code were to become embedded).
If the file does not contain seven lines, or the seventh line is empty, or too big to be retrieved, output an appropriate message.
If no special semantics are available for obtaining the required line, it is permissible to read line by line.
Note that empty lines are considered and should still be counted.
Also note that for functional languages or languages without variables or storage, it is permissible to output the extracted data to standard output.
|
#Seed7
|
Seed7
|
$ include "seed7_05.s7i";
const func string: getLine (inout file: aFile, in var integer: lineNum) is func
result
var string: line is "";
begin
while lineNum > 1 and hasNext(aFile) do
readln(aFile);
decr(lineNum);
end while;
line := getln(aFile);
end func;
const proc: main is func
local
var string: fileName is "input.txt";
var file: aFile is STD_NULL;
var string: line is "";
begin
aFile := open(fileName, "r");
if aFile = STD_NULL then
writeln("Cannot open " <& fileName);
else
line := getLine(aFile, 7);
if eof(aFile) then
writeln("The file does not have 7 lines");
else
writeln("The 7th line of the file is:");
writeln(line);
end if;
end if;
end func;
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Quickselect_algorithm
|
Quickselect algorithm
|
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Use the quickselect algorithm on the vector
[9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
To show the first, second, third, ... up to the tenth largest member of the vector, in order, here on this page.
Note: Quicksort has a separate task.
|
#Common_Lisp
|
Common Lisp
|
(defun quickselect (n _list)
(let* ((ys (remove-if (lambda (x) (< (car _list) x)) (cdr _list)))
(zs (remove-if-not (lambda (x) (< (car _list) x)) (cdr _list)))
(l (length ys))
)
(cond ((< n l) (quickselect n ys))
((> n l) (quickselect (- n l 1) zs))
(t (car _list)))
)
)
(defparameter a '(9 8 7 6 5 0 1 2 3 4))
(format t "~a~&" (mapcar (lambda (x) (quickselect x a)) (loop for i from 0 below (length a) collect i)))
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ramer-Douglas-Peucker_line_simplification
|
Ramer-Douglas-Peucker line simplification
|
Ramer-Douglas-Peucker line simplification
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
The Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm is a line simplification algorithm for reducing the number of points used to define its shape.
Task
Using the Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm, simplify the 2D line defined by the points:
(0,0) (1,0.1) (2,-0.1) (3,5) (4,6) (5,7) (6,8.1) (7,9) (8,9) (9,9)
The error threshold to be used is: 1.0.
Display the remaining points here.
Reference
the Wikipedia article: Ramer-Douglas-Peucker algorithm.
|
#Python
|
Python
|
from __future__ import print_function
from shapely.geometry import LineString
if __name__=="__main__":
line = LineString([(0,0),(1,0.1),(2,-0.1),(3,5),(4,6),(5,7),(6,8.1),(7,9),(8,9),(9,9)])
print (line.simplify(1.0, preserve_topology=False))
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Range_extraction
|
Range extraction
|
A format for expressing an ordered list of integers is to use a comma separated list of either
individual integers
Or a range of integers denoted by the starting integer separated from the end integer in the range by a dash, '-'. (The range includes all integers in the interval including both endpoints)
The range syntax is to be used only for, and for every range that expands to more than two values.
Example
The list of integers:
-6, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Is accurately expressed by the range expression:
-6,-3-1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20
(And vice-versa).
Task
Create a function that takes a list of integers in increasing order and returns a correctly formatted string in the range format.
Use the function to compute and print the range formatted version of the following ordered list of integers. (The correct answer is: 0-2,4,6-8,11,12,14-25,27-33,35-39).
0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39
Show the output of your program.
Related task
Range expansion
|
#DWScript
|
DWScript
|
procedure ExtractRanges(const values : array of Integer);
begin
var i:=0;
while i<values.Length do begin
if i>0 then
Print(',');
Print(values[i]);
var j:=i+1;
while (j<values.Length) and (values[j]=values[j-1]+1) do
Inc(j);
Dec(j);
if j>i then begin
if j=i+1 then
Print(',')
else Print('-');
Print(values[j]);
end;
i:=j+1;
end;
end;
ExtractRanges([ 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39]);
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_numbers
|
Random numbers
|
Task
Generate a collection filled with 1000 normally distributed random (or pseudo-random) numbers
with a mean of 1.0 and a standard deviation of 0.5
Many libraries only generate uniformly distributed random numbers. If so, you may use one of these algorithms.
Related task
Standard deviation
|
#Fortran
|
Fortran
|
PROGRAM Random
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: n = 1000
INTEGER :: i
REAL :: array(n), pi, temp, mean = 1.0, sd = 0.5
pi = 4.0*ATAN(1.0)
CALL RANDOM_NUMBER(array) ! Uniform distribution
! Now convert to normal distribution
DO i = 1, n-1, 2
temp = sd * SQRT(-2.0*LOG(array(i))) * COS(2*pi*array(i+1)) + mean
array(i+1) = sd * SQRT(-2.0*LOG(array(i))) * SIN(2*pi*array(i+1)) + mean
array(i) = temp
END DO
! Check mean and standard deviation
mean = SUM(array)/n
sd = SQRT(SUM((array - mean)**2)/n)
WRITE(*, "(A,F8.6)") "Mean = ", mean
WRITE(*, "(A,F8.6)") "Standard Deviation = ", sd
END PROGRAM Random
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(included)
|
Random number generator (included)
|
The task is to:
State the type of random number generator algorithm used in a language's built-in random number generator. If the language or its immediate libraries don't provide a random number generator, skip this task.
If possible, give a link to a wider explanation of the algorithm used.
Note: the task is not to create an RNG, but to report on the languages in-built RNG that would be the most likely RNG used.
The main types of pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that are in use are the Linear Congruential Generator (LCG), and the Generalized Feedback Shift Register (GFSR), (of which the Mersenne twister generator is a subclass). The last main type is where the output of one of the previous ones (typically a Mersenne twister) is fed through a cryptographic hash function to maximize unpredictability of individual bits.
Note that neither LCGs nor GFSRs should be used for the most demanding applications (cryptography) without additional steps.
|
#PARI.2FGP
|
PARI/GP
|
setrand(3)
random(6)+1
\\ chosen by fair dice roll.
\\ guaranteed to the random.
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(included)
|
Random number generator (included)
|
The task is to:
State the type of random number generator algorithm used in a language's built-in random number generator. If the language or its immediate libraries don't provide a random number generator, skip this task.
If possible, give a link to a wider explanation of the algorithm used.
Note: the task is not to create an RNG, but to report on the languages in-built RNG that would be the most likely RNG used.
The main types of pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that are in use are the Linear Congruential Generator (LCG), and the Generalized Feedback Shift Register (GFSR), (of which the Mersenne twister generator is a subclass). The last main type is where the output of one of the previous ones (typically a Mersenne twister) is fed through a cryptographic hash function to maximize unpredictability of individual bits.
Note that neither LCGs nor GFSRs should be used for the most demanding applications (cryptography) without additional steps.
|
#Pascal
|
Pascal
|
function Random(l: LongInt) : LongInt;
function Random : Real;
procedure Randomize;
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(included)
|
Random number generator (included)
|
The task is to:
State the type of random number generator algorithm used in a language's built-in random number generator. If the language or its immediate libraries don't provide a random number generator, skip this task.
If possible, give a link to a wider explanation of the algorithm used.
Note: the task is not to create an RNG, but to report on the languages in-built RNG that would be the most likely RNG used.
The main types of pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that are in use are the Linear Congruential Generator (LCG), and the Generalized Feedback Shift Register (GFSR), (of which the Mersenne twister generator is a subclass). The last main type is where the output of one of the previous ones (typically a Mersenne twister) is fed through a cryptographic hash function to maximize unpredictability of individual bits.
Note that neither LCGs nor GFSRs should be used for the most demanding applications (cryptography) without additional steps.
|
#Perl
|
Perl
|
seed(x) = mod(950706376 * seed(x-1), 2147483647)
random(x) = seed(x) / 2147483647
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(included)
|
Random number generator (included)
|
The task is to:
State the type of random number generator algorithm used in a language's built-in random number generator. If the language or its immediate libraries don't provide a random number generator, skip this task.
If possible, give a link to a wider explanation of the algorithm used.
Note: the task is not to create an RNG, but to report on the languages in-built RNG that would be the most likely RNG used.
The main types of pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that are in use are the Linear Congruential Generator (LCG), and the Generalized Feedback Shift Register (GFSR), (of which the Mersenne twister generator is a subclass). The last main type is where the output of one of the previous ones (typically a Mersenne twister) is fed through a cryptographic hash function to maximize unpredictability of individual bits.
Note that neither LCGs nor GFSRs should be used for the most demanding applications (cryptography) without additional steps.
|
#Phix
|
Phix
|
seed(x) = mod(950706376 * seed(x-1), 2147483647)
random(x) = seed(x) / 2147483647
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_configuration_file
|
Read a configuration file
|
The task is to read a configuration file in standard configuration file format,
and set variables accordingly.
For this task, we have a configuration file as follows:
# This is a configuration file in standard configuration file format
#
# Lines beginning with a hash or a semicolon are ignored by the application
# program. Blank lines are also ignored by the application program.
# This is the fullname parameter
FULLNAME Foo Barber
# This is a favourite fruit
FAVOURITEFRUIT banana
# This is a boolean that should be set
NEEDSPEELING
# This boolean is commented out
; SEEDSREMOVED
# Configuration option names are not case sensitive, but configuration parameter
# data is case sensitive and may be preserved by the application program.
# An optional equals sign can be used to separate configuration parameter data
# from the option name. This is dropped by the parser.
# A configuration option may take multiple parameters separated by commas.
# Leading and trailing whitespace around parameter names and parameter data fields
# are ignored by the application program.
OTHERFAMILY Rhu Barber, Harry Barber
For the task we need to set four variables according to the configuration entries as follows:
fullname = Foo Barber
favouritefruit = banana
needspeeling = true
seedsremoved = false
We also have an option that contains multiple parameters. These may be stored in an array.
otherfamily(1) = Rhu Barber
otherfamily(2) = Harry Barber
Related tasks
Update a configuration file
|
#Icon_and_Unicon
|
Icon and Unicon
|
procedure main(A)
ws := ' \t'
vars := table()
every line := !&input do {
line ? {
tab(many(ws))
if any('#;') | pos(0) then next
vars[map(tab(upto(ws)\1|0))] := getValue()
}
}
show(vars)
end
procedure getValue()
ws := ' \t'
a := []
while not pos(0) do {
tab(many(ws))
put(a, trim(tab(upto(',')|0)))
move(1)
}
return a
end
procedure show(t)
every pair := !sort(t) do {
every (s := pair[1]||" = ") ||:= !pair[2] || ", "
write(s[1:-2])
}
end
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Rare_numbers
|
Rare numbers
|
Definitions and restrictions
Rare numbers are positive integers n where:
n is expressed in base ten
r is the reverse of n (decimal digits)
n must be non-palindromic (n ≠ r)
(n+r) is the sum
(n-r) is the difference and must be positive
the sum and the difference must be perfect squares
Task
find and show the first 5 rare numbers
find and show the first 8 rare numbers (optional)
find and show more rare numbers (stretch goal)
Show all output here, on this page.
References
an OEIS entry: A035519 rare numbers.
an OEIS entry: A059755 odd rare numbers.
planetmath entry: rare numbers. (some hints)
author's website: rare numbers by Shyam Sunder Gupta. (lots of hints and some observations).
|
#Visual_Basic_.NET
|
Visual Basic .NET
|
Imports System.Console
Imports DT = System.DateTime
Imports Lsb = System.Collections.Generic.List(Of SByte)
Imports Lst = System.Collections.Generic.List(Of System.Collections.Generic.List(Of SByte))
Imports UI = System.UInt64
Module Module1
Const MxD As SByte = 15
Public Structure term
Public coeff As UI : Public a, b As SByte
Public Sub New(ByVal c As UI, ByVal a_ As Integer, ByVal b_ As Integer)
coeff = c : a = CSByte(a_) : b = CSByte(b_)
End Sub
End Structure
Dim nd, nd2, count As Integer, digs, cnd, di As Integer()
Dim res As List(Of UI), st As DT, tLst As List(Of List(Of term))
Dim lists As List(Of Lst), fml, dmd As Dictionary(Of Integer, Lst)
Dim dl, zl, el, ol, il As Lsb, odd As Boolean, ixs, dis As Lst, Dif As UI
' converts digs array to the "difference"
Function ToDif() As UI
Dim r As UI = 0 : For i As Integer = 0 To digs.Length - 1 : r = r * 10 + digs(i)
Next : Return r
End Function
' converts digs array to the "sum"
Function ToSum() As UI
Dim r As UI = 0 : For i As Integer = digs.Length - 1 To 0 Step -1 : r = r * 10 + digs(i)
Next : Return Dif + (r << 1)
End Function
' determines if the nmbr is square or not
Function IsSquare(nmbr As UI) As Boolean
If (&H202021202030213 And (1UL << (nmbr And 63))) <> 0 Then _
Dim r As UI = Math.Sqrt(nmbr) : Return r * r = nmbr Else Return False
End Function
'// returns sequence of SBbytes
Function Seq(from As SByte, upto As Integer, Optional stp As SByte = 1) As Lsb
Dim res As Lsb = New Lsb()
For item As SByte = from To upto Step stp : res.Add(item) : Next : Return res
End Function
' Recursive closure to generate (n+r) candidates from (n-r) candidates
Sub Fnpr(ByVal lev As Integer)
If lev = dis.Count Then
digs(ixs(0)(0)) = fml(cnd(0))(di(0))(0) : digs(ixs(0)(1)) = fml(cnd(0))(di(0))(1)
Dim le As Integer = di.Length, i As Integer = 1
If odd Then le -= 1 : digs(nd >> 1) = di(le)
For Each d As SByte In di.Skip(1).Take(le - 1)
digs(ixs(i)(0)) = dmd(cnd(i))(d)(0)
digs(ixs(i)(1)) = dmd(cnd(i))(d)(1) : i += 1 : Next
If Not IsSquare(ToSum()) Then Return
res.Add(ToDif()) : count += 1
WriteLine("{0,16:n0}{1,4} ({2:n0})", (DT.Now - st).TotalMilliseconds, count, res.Last())
Else
For Each n In dis(lev) : di(lev) = n : Fnpr(lev + 1) : Next
End If
End Sub
' Recursive closure to generate (n-r) candidates with a given number of digits.
Sub Fnmr(ByVal list As Lst, ByVal lev As Integer)
If lev = list.Count Then
Dif = 0 : Dim i As SByte = 0 : For Each t In tLst(nd2)
If cnd(i) < 0 Then Dif -= t.coeff * CULng(-cnd(i)) _
Else Dif += t.coeff * CULng(cnd(i))
i += 1 : Next
If Dif <= 0 OrElse Not IsSquare(Dif) Then Return
dis = New Lst From {Seq(0, fml(cnd(0)).Count - 1)}
For Each i In cnd.Skip(1) : dis.Add(Seq(0, dmd(i).Count - 1)) : Next
If odd Then dis.Add(il)
di = New Integer(dis.Count - 1) {} : Fnpr(0)
Else
For Each n As SByte In list(lev) : cnd(lev) = n : Fnmr(list, lev + 1) : Next
End If
End Sub
Sub init()
Dim pow As UI = 1
' terms of (n-r) expression for number of digits from 2 to maxDigits
tLst = New List(Of List(Of term))() : For Each r As Integer In Seq(2, MxD)
Dim terms As List(Of term) = New List(Of term)()
pow *= 10 : Dim p1 As UI = pow, p2 As UI = 1
Dim i1 As Integer = 0, i2 As Integer = r - 1
While i1 < i2 : terms.Add(New term(p1 - p2, i1, i2))
p1 = p1 / 10 : p2 = p2 * 10 : i1 += 1 : i2 -= 1 : End While
tLst.Add(terms) : Next
' map of first minus last digits for 'n' to pairs giving this value
fml = New Dictionary(Of Integer, Lst)() From {
{0, New Lst() From {New Lsb() From {2, 2}, New Lsb() From {8, 8}}},
{1, New Lst() From {New Lsb() From {6, 5}, New Lsb() From {8, 7}}},
{4, New Lst() From {New Lsb() From {4, 0}}},
{6, New Lst() From {New Lsb() From {6, 0}, New Lsb() From {8, 2}}}}
' map of other digit differences for 'n' to pairs giving this value
dmd = New Dictionary(Of Integer, Lst)()
For i As SByte = 0 To 10 - 1 : Dim j As SByte = 0, d As SByte = i
While j < 10 : If dmd.ContainsKey(d) Then dmd(d).Add(New Lsb From {i, j}) _
Else dmd(d) = New Lst From {New Lsb From {i, j}}
j += 1 : d -= 1 : End While : Next
dl = Seq(-9, 9) ' all differences
zl = Seq(0, 0) ' zero difference
el = Seq(-8, 8, 2) ' even differences
ol = Seq(-9, 9, 2) ' odd differences
il = Seq(0, 9)
lists = New List(Of Lst)()
For Each f As SByte In fml.Keys : lists.Add(New Lst From {New Lsb From {f}}) : Next
End Sub
Sub Main(ByVal args As String())
init() : res = New List(Of UI)() : st = DT.Now : count = 0
WriteLine("{0,5}{1,12}{2,4}{3,14}", "digs", "elapsed(ms)", "R/N", "Rare Numbers")
nd = 2 : nd2 = 0 : odd = False : While nd <= MxD
digs = New Integer(nd - 1) {} : If nd = 4 Then
lists(0).Add(zl) : lists(1).Add(ol) : lists(2).Add(el) : lists(3).Add(ol)
ElseIf tLst(nd2).Count > lists(0).Count Then
For Each list As Lst In lists : list.Add(dl) : Next : End If
ixs = New Lst() : For Each t As term In tLst(nd2) : ixs.Add(New Lsb From {t.a, t.b}) : Next
For Each list As Lst In lists : cnd = New Integer(list.Count - 1) {} : Fnmr(list, 0) : Next
WriteLine(" {0,2} {1,10:n0}", nd, (DT.Now - st).TotalMilliseconds)
nd += 1 : nd2 += 1 : odd = Not odd : End While
res.Sort() : WriteLine(vbLf & "The {0} rare numbers with up to {1} digits are:", res.Count, MxD)
count = 0 : For Each rare In res : count += 1 : WriteLine("{0,2}:{1,27:n0}", count, rare) : Next
If System.Diagnostics.Debugger.IsAttached Then ReadKey()
End Sub
End Module
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Range_expansion
|
Range expansion
|
A format for expressing an ordered list of integers is to use a comma separated list of either
individual integers
Or a range of integers denoted by the starting integer separated from the end integer in the range by a dash, '-'. (The range includes all integers in the interval including both endpoints)
The range syntax is to be used only for, and for every range that expands to more than two values.
Example
The list of integers:
-6, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Is accurately expressed by the range expression:
-6,-3-1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20
(And vice-versa).
Task
Expand the range description:
-6,-3--1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20
Note that the second element above,
is the range from minus 3 to minus 1.
Related task
Range extraction
|
#F.23
|
F#
|
open System.Text.RegularExpressions
// simplify regex matching with an active pattern
let (|Regexp|_|) pattern txt =
match Regex.Match(txt, pattern) with
| m when m.Success -> [for g in m.Groups -> g.Value] |> List.tail |> Some
| _ -> None
// Parse and expand a single range description.
// string -> int list
let parseRange r =
match r with
| Regexp @"^(-?\d+)-(-?\d+)$" [first; last] -> [int first..int last]
| Regexp @"^(-?\d+)$" [single] -> [int single]
| _ -> failwithf "illegal range format: %s" r
let expand (desc:string) =
desc.Split(',')
|> List.ofArray
|> List.collect parseRange
printfn "%A" (expand "-6,-3--1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20")
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_file_line_by_line
|
Read a file line by line
|
Read a file one line at a time,
as opposed to reading the entire file at once.
Related tasks
Read a file character by character
Input loop.
|
#F.23
|
F#
|
open System.IO
[<EntryPoint>]
let main argv =
File.ReadLines(argv.[0]) |> Seq.iter (printfn "%s")
0
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_file_line_by_line
|
Read a file line by line
|
Read a file one line at a time,
as opposed to reading the entire file at once.
Related tasks
Read a file character by character
Input loop.
|
#Factor
|
Factor
|
"path/to/file" utf8 [ [ readln dup [ print ] when* ] loop ] with-file-reader
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ranking_methods
|
Ranking methods
|
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
The numerical rank of competitors in a competition shows if one is better than, equal to, or worse than another based on their results in a competition.
The numerical rank of a competitor can be assigned in several different ways.
Task
The following scores are accrued for all competitors of a competition (in best-first order):
44 Solomon
42 Jason
42 Errol
41 Garry
41 Bernard
41 Barry
39 Stephen
For each of the following ranking methods, create a function/method/procedure/subroutine... that applies the ranking method to an ordered list of scores with scorers:
Standard. (Ties share what would have been their first ordinal number).
Modified. (Ties share what would have been their last ordinal number).
Dense. (Ties share the next available integer).
Ordinal. ((Competitors take the next available integer. Ties are not treated otherwise).
Fractional. (Ties share the mean of what would have been their ordinal numbers).
See the wikipedia article for a fuller description.
Show here, on this page, the ranking of the test scores under each of the numbered ranking methods.
|
#Racket
|
Racket
|
#lang racket
;; Tim-brown 2014-09-11
;; produces a ranking according to ranking function: rfn
;; INPUT:
;; lst : (list (score . details))
;; rfn : (length-scores)
;; -> (values
;; ranks-added ; how many ranks to add for the next iteration
;; (idx . rest -> rank-offset)) ; function that produces the rank for the idx^th element
;; ; in the scoring (arity must be >= 1)
(define (rank-list all-scores rfn)
(let loop ((rank-0 0) (lst (sort all-scores > #:key car)) (acc empty))
(cond
[(null? lst) acc]
[else
(define 1st-score (caar lst))
(define (ties-with-1st? cand) (= (car cand) 1st-score))
(define-values (tied unranked) (splitf-at lst ties-with-1st?))
;; all ranking functions should properly handle a singleton tied list
(define tied-len (length tied))
(define tied? (> tied-len 1))
(define-values (ranks-added rank-offset-fn) (rfn tied-len))
(define ranked-tied (for/list ((t (in-list tied)) (i (in-naturals 1)))
(list* tied? (+ rank-0 (rank-offset-fn i)) t)))
(loop (+ ranks-added rank-0) unranked (append acc ranked-tied))])))
;; Ties share what would have been their first ordinal number
(define (rank-function:Standard l)
(values l (thunk* 1)))
;; Ties share what would have been their last ordinal number
(define (rank-function:Modified l)
(values l (thunk* l)))
;; Ties share the next available integer
(define (rank-function:Dense l)
(values 1 (thunk* 1)))
;; Competitors take the next available integer. Ties are not treated otherwise
(define (rank-function:Ordinal l)
(values l (λ (n . _) n)))
;; Ties share the mean of what would have been their ordinal numbers
(define (rank-function:Fractional l)
(values l (thunk* (/ (+ l 1) 2))))
(define score-board
'((44 . Solomon)
(42 . Jason)
(42 . Errol)
(41 . Garry)
(41 . Bernard)
(41 . Barry)
(39 . Stephen)))
(define format-number
(match-lambda
[(? integer? i) i]
[(and f (app numerator n) (app denominator d))
(define-values (q r) (quotient/remainder n d))
(format "~a ~a/~a" q r d)]))
(for ((fn (list
rank-function:Standard
rank-function:Modified
rank-function:Dense
rank-function:Ordinal
rank-function:Fractional)))
(printf "Function: ~s~%" fn)
(for ((r (in-list (rank-list score-board fn))))
(printf "~a ~a\t~a\t~a~%"
(if (car r) "=" " ")
(format-number (cadr r))
(caddr r)
(cdddr r)))
(newline))
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ranking_methods
|
Ranking methods
|
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
The numerical rank of competitors in a competition shows if one is better than, equal to, or worse than another based on their results in a competition.
The numerical rank of a competitor can be assigned in several different ways.
Task
The following scores are accrued for all competitors of a competition (in best-first order):
44 Solomon
42 Jason
42 Errol
41 Garry
41 Bernard
41 Barry
39 Stephen
For each of the following ranking methods, create a function/method/procedure/subroutine... that applies the ranking method to an ordered list of scores with scorers:
Standard. (Ties share what would have been their first ordinal number).
Modified. (Ties share what would have been their last ordinal number).
Dense. (Ties share the next available integer).
Ordinal. ((Competitors take the next available integer. Ties are not treated otherwise).
Fractional. (Ties share the mean of what would have been their ordinal numbers).
See the wikipedia article for a fuller description.
Show here, on this page, the ranking of the test scores under each of the numbered ranking methods.
|
#Raku
|
Raku
|
my @scores =
Solomon => 44,
Jason => 42,
Errol => 42,
Garry => 41,
Bernard => 41,
Barry => 41,
Stephen => 39;
sub tiers (@s) { @s.classify(*.value).pairs.sort.reverse.map: { .value».key } }
sub standard (@s) {
my $rank = 1;
gather for tiers @s -> @players {
take $rank => @players;
$rank += @players;
}
}
sub modified (@s) {
my $rank = 0;
gather for tiers @s -> @players {
$rank += @players;
take $rank => @players;
}
}
sub dense (@s) { tiers(@s).map: { ++$_ => @^players } }
sub ordinal (@s) { @s.map: ++$_ => *.key }
sub fractional (@s) {
my $rank = 1;
gather for tiers @s -> @players {
my $beg = $rank;
my $end = $rank += @players;
take [+]($beg ..^ $end) / @players => @players;
}
}
say "Standard:"; .perl.say for standard @scores;
say "\nModified:"; .perl.say for modified @scores;
say "\nDense:"; .perl.say for dense @scores;
say "\nOrdinal:"; .perl.say for ordinal @scores;
say "\nFractional:"; .perl.say for fractional @scores;
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Reverse_a_string
|
Reverse a string
|
Task
Take a string and reverse it.
For example, "asdf" becomes "fdsa".
Extra credit
Preserve Unicode combining characters.
For example, "as⃝df̅" becomes "f̅ds⃝a", not "̅fd⃝sa".
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
|
#Pharo
|
Pharo
|
'123' reversed
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(device)
|
Random number generator (device)
|
Task
If your system has a means to generate random numbers involving not only a software algorithm (like the /dev/urandom devices in Unix), then:
show how to obtain a random 32-bit number from that mechanism.
Related task
Random_number_generator_(included)
|
#Scala
|
Scala
|
import java.security.SecureRandom
object RandomExample extends App {
new SecureRandom {
val newSeed: Long = this.nextInt().toLong * this.nextInt()
this.setSeed(newSeed) // reseed using the previous 2 random numbers
println(this.nextInt()) // get random 32-bit number and print it
}
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(device)
|
Random number generator (device)
|
Task
If your system has a means to generate random numbers involving not only a software algorithm (like the /dev/urandom devices in Unix), then:
show how to obtain a random 32-bit number from that mechanism.
Related task
Random_number_generator_(included)
|
#Sidef
|
Sidef
|
func urandom() {
const device = %f'/dev/urandom';
device.open('<:raw', \var fh, \var err) ->
|| die "Can't open `#{device}': #{err}";
fh.sysread(\var noise, 4);
'L'.unpack(noise);
}
say urandom(); # sample: 3517432564
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(device)
|
Random number generator (device)
|
Task
If your system has a means to generate random numbers involving not only a software algorithm (like the /dev/urandom devices in Unix), then:
show how to obtain a random 32-bit number from that mechanism.
Related task
Random_number_generator_(included)
|
#Standard_ML
|
Standard ML
|
fun sysRand32 () =
let
val strm = BinIO.openIn "/dev/urandom"
in
PackWord32Big.subVec (BinIO.inputN (strm, 4), 0) before BinIO.closeIn strm
end
val () = print (LargeWord.fmt StringCvt.DEC (sysRand32 ()) ^ "\n")
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_Latin_squares
|
Random Latin squares
|
A Latin square of size n is an arrangement of n symbols in an n-by-n square in such a way that each row and column has each symbol appearing exactly once.
A randomised Latin square generates random configurations of the symbols for any given n.
Example n=4 randomised Latin square
0 2 3 1
2 1 0 3
3 0 1 2
1 3 2 0
Task
Create a function/routine/procedure/method/... that given n generates a randomised Latin square of size n.
Use the function to generate and show here, two randomly generated squares of size 5.
Note
Strict Uniformity in the random generation is a hard problem and not a requirement of the task.
Reference
Wikipedia: Latin square
OEIS: A002860
|
#Picat
|
Picat
|
main =>
_ = random2(), % random seed
N = 5,
foreach(_ in 1..2)
latin_square(N, X),
pretty_print(X)
end,
% A larger random instance
latin_square(62,X),
pretty_print(X).
% Latin square
latin_square(N, X) =>
X = new_array(N,N),
X :: 1..N,
foreach(I in 1..N)
all_different([X[I,J] : J in 1..N]),
all_different([X[J,I] : J in 1..N])
end,
% rand_val for randomness
solve($[ff,rand_val],X).
pretty_print(X) =>
N = X.len,
Alpha = "1234567890abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ",
foreach(I in 1..N)
foreach(J in 1..N)
if N > 20 then
printf("%w",Alpha[X[I,J]])
else
printf("%2w ",X[I,J])
end
end,
nl
end,
nl.
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_Latin_squares
|
Random Latin squares
|
A Latin square of size n is an arrangement of n symbols in an n-by-n square in such a way that each row and column has each symbol appearing exactly once.
A randomised Latin square generates random configurations of the symbols for any given n.
Example n=4 randomised Latin square
0 2 3 1
2 1 0 3
3 0 1 2
1 3 2 0
Task
Create a function/routine/procedure/method/... that given n generates a randomised Latin square of size n.
Use the function to generate and show here, two randomly generated squares of size 5.
Note
Strict Uniformity in the random generation is a hard problem and not a requirement of the task.
Reference
Wikipedia: Latin square
OEIS: A002860
|
#Python
|
Python
|
from random import choice, shuffle
from copy import deepcopy
def rls(n):
if n <= 0:
return []
else:
symbols = list(range(n))
square = _rls(symbols)
return _shuffle_transpose_shuffle(square)
def _shuffle_transpose_shuffle(matrix):
square = deepcopy(matrix)
shuffle(square)
trans = list(zip(*square))
shuffle(trans)
return trans
def _rls(symbols):
n = len(symbols)
if n == 1:
return [symbols]
else:
sym = choice(symbols)
symbols.remove(sym)
square = _rls(symbols)
square.append(square[0].copy())
for i in range(n):
square[i].insert(i, sym)
return square
def _to_text(square):
if square:
width = max(len(str(sym)) for row in square for sym in row)
txt = '\n'.join(' '.join(f"{sym:>{width}}" for sym in row)
for row in square)
else:
txt = ''
return txt
def _check(square):
transpose = list(zip(*square))
assert _check_rows(square) and _check_rows(transpose), \
"Not a Latin square"
def _check_rows(square):
if not square:
return True
set_row0 = set(square[0])
return all(len(row) == len(set(row)) and set(row) == set_row0
for row in square)
if __name__ == '__main__':
for i in [3, 3, 5, 5, 12]:
square = rls(i)
print(_to_text(square))
_check(square)
print()
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ray-casting_algorithm
|
Ray-casting algorithm
|
This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Point_in_polygon. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Rosetta Code, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU FDL. (See links for details on variance)
Given a point and a polygon, check if the point is inside or outside the polygon using the ray-casting algorithm.
A pseudocode can be simply:
count ← 0
foreach side in polygon:
if ray_intersects_segment(P,side) then
count ← count + 1
if is_odd(count) then
return inside
else
return outside
Where the function ray_intersects_segment return true if the horizontal ray starting from the point P intersects the side (segment), false otherwise.
An intuitive explanation of why it works is that every time we cross
a border, we change "country" (inside-outside, or outside-inside), but
the last "country" we land on is surely outside (since the inside of the polygon is finite, while the ray continues towards infinity). So, if we crossed an odd number of borders we were surely inside, otherwise we were outside; we can follow the ray backward to see it better: starting from outside, only an odd number of crossing can give an inside: outside-inside, outside-inside-outside-inside, and so on (the - represents the crossing of a border).
So the main part of the algorithm is how we determine if a ray intersects a segment. The following text explain one of the possible ways.
Looking at the image on the right, we can easily be convinced of the fact that rays starting from points in the hatched area (like P1 and P2) surely do not intersect the segment AB. We also can easily see that rays starting from points in the greenish area surely intersect the segment AB (like point P3).
So the problematic points are those inside the white area (the box delimited by the points A and B), like P4.
Let us take into account a segment AB (the point A having y coordinate always smaller than B's y coordinate, i.e. point A is always below point B) and a point P. Let us use the cumbersome notation PAX to denote the angle between segment AP and AX, where X is always a point on the horizontal line passing by A with x coordinate bigger than the maximum between the x coordinate of A and the x coordinate of B. As explained graphically by the figures on the right, if PAX is greater than the angle BAX, then the ray starting from P intersects the segment AB. (In the images, the ray starting from PA does not intersect the segment, while the ray starting from PB in the second picture, intersects the segment).
Points on the boundary or "on" a vertex are someway special and through this approach we do not obtain coherent results. They could be treated apart, but it is not necessary to do so.
An algorithm for the previous speech could be (if P is a point, Px is its x coordinate):
ray_intersects_segment:
P : the point from which the ray starts
A : the end-point of the segment with the smallest y coordinate
(A must be "below" B)
B : the end-point of the segment with the greatest y coordinate
(B must be "above" A)
if Py = Ay or Py = By then
Py ← Py + ε
end if
if Py < Ay or Py > By then
return false
else if Px >= max(Ax, Bx) then
return false
else
if Px < min(Ax, Bx) then
return true
else
if Ax ≠ Bx then
m_red ← (By - Ay)/(Bx - Ax)
else
m_red ← ∞
end if
if Ax ≠ Px then
m_blue ← (Py - Ay)/(Px - Ax)
else
m_blue ← ∞
end if
if m_blue ≥ m_red then
return true
else
return false
end if
end if
end if
(To avoid the "ray on vertex" problem, the point is moved upward of a small quantity ε.)
|
#Scala
|
Scala
|
package scala.ray_casting
case class Edge(_1: (Double, Double), _2: (Double, Double)) {
import Math._
import Double._
def raySegI(p: (Double, Double)): Boolean = {
if (_1._2 > _2._2) return Edge(_2, _1).raySegI(p)
if (p._2 == _1._2 || p._2 == _2._2) return raySegI((p._1, p._2 + epsilon))
if (p._2 > _2._2 || p._2 < _1._2 || p._1 > max(_1._1, _2._1))
return false
if (p._1 < min(_1._1, _2._1)) return true
val blue = if (abs(_1._1 - p._1) > MinValue) (p._2 - _1._2) / (p._1 - _1._1) else MaxValue
val red = if (abs(_1._1 - _2._1) > MinValue) (_2._2 - _1._2) / (_2._1 - _1._1) else MaxValue
blue >= red
}
final val epsilon = 0.00001
}
case class Figure(name: String, edges: Seq[Edge]) {
def contains(p: (Double, Double)) = edges.count(_.raySegI(p)) % 2 != 0
}
object Ray_casting extends App {
val figures = Seq(Figure("Square", Seq(((0.0, 0.0), (10.0, 0.0)), ((10.0, 0.0), (10.0, 10.0)),
((10.0, 10.0), (0.0, 10.0)),((0.0, 10.0), (0.0, 0.0)))),
Figure("Square hole", Seq(((0.0, 0.0), (10.0, 0.0)), ((10.0, 0.0), (10.0, 10.0)),
((10.0, 10.0), (0.0, 10.0)), ((0.0, 10.0), (0.0, 0.0)), ((2.5, 2.5), (7.5, 2.5)),
((7.5, 2.5), (7.5, 7.5)),((7.5, 7.5), (2.5, 7.5)), ((2.5, 7.5), (2.5, 2.5)))),
Figure("Strange", Seq(((0.0, 0.0), (2.5, 2.5)), ((2.5, 2.5), (0.0, 10.0)),
((0.0, 10.0), (2.5, 7.5)), ((2.5, 7.5), (7.5, 7.5)), ((7.5, 7.5), (10.0, 10.0)),
((10.0, 10.0), (10.0, 0.0)), ((10.0, 0.0), (2.5, 2.5)))),
Figure("Exagon", Seq(((3.0, 0.0), (7.0, 0.0)), ((7.0, 0.0), (10.0, 5.0)), ((10.0, 5.0), (7.0, 10.0)),
((7.0, 10.0), (3.0, 10.0)), ((3.0, 10.0), (0.0, 5.0)), ((0.0, 5.0), (3.0, 0.0)))))
val points = Seq((5.0, 5.0), (5.0, 8.0), (-10.0, 5.0), (0.0, 5.0), (10.0, 5.0), (8.0, 5.0), (10.0, 10.0))
println("points: " + points)
for (f <- figures) {
println("figure: " + f.name)
println(" " + f.edges)
println("result: " + (points map f.contains))
}
private implicit def to_edge(p: ((Double, Double), (Double, Double))): Edge = Edge(p._1, p._2)
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Queue/Definition
|
Queue/Definition
|
Data Structure
This illustrates a data structure, a means of storing data within a program.
You may see other such structures in the Data Structures category.
Illustration of FIFO behavior
Task
Implement a FIFO queue.
Elements are added at one side and popped from the other in the order of insertion.
Operations:
push (aka enqueue) - add element
pop (aka dequeue) - pop first element
empty - return truth value when empty
Errors:
handle the error of trying to pop from an empty queue (behavior depends on the language and platform)
See
Queue/Usage for the built-in FIFO or queue of your language or standard library.
See also
Array
Associative array: Creation, Iteration
Collections
Compound data type
Doubly-linked list: Definition, Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Linked list
Queue: Definition, Usage
Set
Singly-linked list: Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Stack
|
#ARM_Assembly
|
ARM Assembly
|
/* ARM assembly Raspberry PI */
/* program defqueue.s */
/* Constantes */
.equ STDOUT, 1 @ Linux output console
.equ EXIT, 1 @ Linux syscall
.equ WRITE, 4 @ Linux syscall
.equ NBMAXIELEMENTS, 100
/*******************************************/
/* Structures */
/********************************************/
/* example structure for value of item */
.struct 0
value_ident: @ ident
.struct value_ident + 4
value_value1: @ value 1
.struct value_value1 + 4
value_value2: @ value 2
.struct value_value2 + 4
value_fin:
/* example structure for queue */
.struct 0
queue_ptdeb: @ begin pointer of item
.struct queue_ptdeb + 4
queue_ptfin: @ end pointer of item
.struct queue_ptfin + 4
queue_stvalue: @ structure of value item
.struct queue_stvalue + (value_fin * NBMAXIELEMENTS)
queue_fin:
/*********************************/
/* Initialized data */
/*********************************/
.data
szMessEmpty: .asciz "Empty queue. \n"
szMessNotEmpty: .asciz "Not empty queue. \n"
szMessError: .asciz "Error detected !!!!. \n"
szMessResult: .ascii "Ident :" @ message result
sMessIdent: .fill 11, 1, ' '
.ascii " value 1 :"
sMessValue1: .fill 11, 1, ' '
.ascii " value 2 :"
sMessValue2: .fill 11, 1, ' '
.asciz "\n"
szCarriageReturn: .asciz "\n"
/*********************************/
/* UnInitialized data */
/*********************************/
.bss
.align 4
Queue1: .skip queue_fin @ queue memory place
stItem: .skip value_fin @ value item memory place
/*********************************/
/* code section */
/*********************************/
.text
.global main
main: @ entry of program
ldr r0,iAdrQueue1 @ queue structure address
bl isEmpty
cmp r0,#0
beq 1f
ldr r0,iAdrszMessEmpty
bl affichageMess @ display message empty
b 2f
1:
ldr r0,iAdrszMessNotEmpty
bl affichageMess @ display message not empty
2:
@ init item 1
ldr r0,iAdrstItem
mov r1,#1
str r1,[r0,#value_ident]
mov r1,#11
str r1,[r0,#value_value1]
mov r1,#12
str r1,[r0,#value_value2]
ldr r0,iAdrQueue1 @ queue structure address
ldr r1,iAdrstItem
bl pushQueue @ add item in queue
cmp r0,#-1 @ error ?
beq 99f
@ init item 2
ldr r0,iAdrstItem
mov r1,#2
str r1,[r0,#value_ident]
mov r1,#21
str r1,[r0,#value_value1]
mov r1,#22
str r1,[r0,#value_value2]
ldr r0,iAdrQueue1 @ queue structure address
ldr r1,iAdrstItem
bl pushQueue @ add item in queue
cmp r0,#-1
beq 99f
ldr r0,iAdrQueue1 @ queue structure address
bl isEmpty
cmp r0,#0 @ not empty
beq 3f
ldr r0,iAdrszMessEmpty
bl affichageMess @ display message empty
b 4f
3:
ldr r0,iAdrszMessNotEmpty
bl affichageMess @ display message not empty
4:
ldr r0,iAdrQueue1 @ queue structure address
bl popQueue @ return address item
cmp r0,#-1 @ error ?
beq 99f
mov r2,r0 @ save item pointer
ldr r0,[r2,#value_ident]
ldr r1,iAdrsMessIdent @ display ident
bl conversion10 @ decimal conversion
ldr r0,[r2,#value_value1]
ldr r1,iAdrsMessValue1 @ display value 1
bl conversion10 @ decimal conversion
ldr r0,[r2,#value_value2]
ldr r1,iAdrsMessValue2 @ display value 2
bl conversion10 @ decimal conversion
ldr r0,iAdrszMessResult
bl affichageMess @ display message
b 4b @ loop
99:
@ error
ldr r0,iAdrszMessError
bl affichageMess
100: @ standard end of the program
mov r0, #0 @ return code
mov r7, #EXIT @ request to exit program
svc #0 @ perform the system call
iAdrQueue1: .int Queue1
iAdrstItem: .int stItem
iAdrszMessError: .int szMessError
iAdrszMessEmpty: .int szMessEmpty
iAdrszMessNotEmpty: .int szMessNotEmpty
iAdrszMessResult: .int szMessResult
iAdrszCarriageReturn: .int szCarriageReturn
iAdrsMessIdent: .int sMessIdent
iAdrsMessValue1: .int sMessValue1
iAdrsMessValue2: .int sMessValue2
/******************************************************************/
/* test if queue empty */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of queue structure */
isEmpty:
push {r1,r2,lr} @ save registres
ldr r1,[r0,#queue_ptdeb] @ begin pointer
ldr r2,[r0,#queue_ptfin] @ begin pointer
cmp r1,r2
moveq r0,#1 @ empty queue
movne r0,#0 @ not empty
pop {r1,r2,lr} @ restaur registers
bx lr @ return
/******************************************************************/
/* add item in queue */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of queue structure */
/* r1 contains the address of item */
pushQueue:
push {r1-r4,lr} @ save registres
add r2,r0,#queue_stvalue @ address of values structure
ldr r3,[r0,#queue_ptfin] @ end pointer
add r2,r3 @ free address of queue
ldr r4,[r1,#value_ident] @ load ident item
str r4,[r2,#value_ident] @ and store in queue
ldr r4,[r1,#value_value1] @ idem
str r4,[r2,#value_value1]
ldr r4,[r1,#value_value2]
str r4,[r2,#value_value2]
add r3,#value_fin
cmp r3,#value_fin * NBMAXIELEMENTS
moveq r0,#-1 @ error
beq 100f
str r3,[r0,#queue_ptfin] @ store new end pointer
100:
pop {r1-r4,lr} @ restaur registers
bx lr @ return
/******************************************************************/
/* pop queue */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of queue structure */
popQueue:
push {r1,r2,lr} @ save registres
mov r1,r0 @ control if empty queue
bl isEmpty
cmp r0,#1 @ yes -> error
moveq r0,#-1
beq 100f
mov r0,r1
ldr r1,[r0,#queue_ptdeb] @ begin pointer
add r2,r0,#queue_stvalue @ address of begin values item
add r2,r1 @ address of item
add r1,#value_fin
str r1,[r0,#queue_ptdeb] @ store nex begin pointer
mov r0,r2 @ return pointer item
100:
pop {r1,r2,lr} @ restaur registers
bx lr @ return
/******************************************************************/
/* display text with size calculation */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains the address of the message */
affichageMess:
push {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr} @ save registres
mov r2,#0 @ counter length
1: @ loop length calculation
ldrb r1,[r0,r2] @ read octet start position + index
cmp r1,#0 @ if 0 its over
addne r2,r2,#1 @ else add 1 in the length
bne 1b @ and loop
@ so here r2 contains the length of the message
mov r1,r0 @ address message in r1
mov r0,#STDOUT @ code to write to the standard output Linux
mov r7, #WRITE @ code call system "write"
svc #0 @ call systeme
pop {r0,r1,r2,r7,lr} @ restaur registers */
bx lr @ return
/******************************************************************/
/* Converting a register to a decimal */
/******************************************************************/
/* r0 contains value and r1 address area */
.equ LGZONECAL, 10
conversion10:
push {r1-r4,lr} @ save registers
mov r3,r1
mov r2,#LGZONECAL
1: @ start loop
bl divisionpar10 @ r0 <- dividende. quotient ->r0 reste -> r1
add r1,#48 @ digit
strb r1,[r3,r2] @ store digit on area
cmp r0,#0 @ stop if quotient = 0
subne r2,#1 @ previous position
bne 1b @ else loop
@ end replaces digit in front of area
mov r4,#0
2:
ldrb r1,[r3,r2]
strb r1,[r3,r4] @ store in area begin
add r4,#1
add r2,#1 @ previous position
cmp r2,#LGZONECAL @ end
ble 2b @ loop
mov r1,#' '
3:
strb r1,[r3,r4]
add r4,#1
cmp r4,#LGZONECAL @ end
ble 3b
100:
pop {r1-r4,lr} @ restaur registres
bx lr @return
/***************************************************/
/* division par 10 signé */
/* Thanks to http://thinkingeek.com/arm-assembler-raspberry-pi/*
/* and http://www.hackersdelight.org/ */
/***************************************************/
/* r0 dividende */
/* r0 quotient */
/* r1 remainder */
divisionpar10:
/* r0 contains the argument to be divided by 10 */
push {r2-r4} @ save registers */
mov r4,r0
mov r3,#0x6667 @ r3 <- magic_number lower
movt r3,#0x6666 @ r3 <- magic_number upper
smull r1, r2, r3, r0 @ r1 <- Lower32Bits(r1*r0). r2 <- Upper32Bits(r1*r0)
mov r2, r2, ASR #2 @ r2 <- r2 >> 2
mov r1, r0, LSR #31 @ r1 <- r0 >> 31
add r0, r2, r1 @ r0 <- r2 + r1
add r2,r0,r0, lsl #2 @ r2 <- r0 * 5
sub r1,r4,r2, lsl #1 @ r1 <- r4 - (r2 * 2) = r4 - (r0 * 10)
pop {r2-r4}
bx lr @ return
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Quaternion_type
|
Quaternion type
|
Quaternions are an extension of the idea of complex numbers.
A complex number has a real and complex part, sometimes written as a + bi,
where a and b stand for real numbers, and i stands for the square root of minus 1.
An example of a complex number might be -3 + 2i,
where the real part, a is -3.0 and the complex part, b is +2.0.
A quaternion has one real part and three imaginary parts, i, j, and k.
A quaternion might be written as a + bi + cj + dk.
In the quaternion numbering system:
i∙i = j∙j = k∙k = i∙j∙k = -1, or more simply,
ii = jj = kk = ijk = -1.
The order of multiplication is important, as, in general, for two quaternions:
q1 and q2: q1q2 ≠ q2q1.
An example of a quaternion might be 1 +2i +3j +4k
There is a list form of notation where just the numbers are shown and the imaginary multipliers i, j, and k are assumed by position.
So the example above would be written as (1, 2, 3, 4)
Task
Given the three quaternions and their components:
q = (1, 2, 3, 4) = (a, b, c, d)
q1 = (2, 3, 4, 5) = (a1, b1, c1, d1)
q2 = (3, 4, 5, 6) = (a2, b2, c2, d2)
And a wholly real number r = 7.
Create functions (or classes) to perform simple maths with quaternions including computing:
The norm of a quaternion:
=
a
2
+
b
2
+
c
2
+
d
2
{\displaystyle ={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}+d^{2}}}}
The negative of a quaternion:
= (-a, -b, -c, -d)
The conjugate of a quaternion:
= ( a, -b, -c, -d)
Addition of a real number r and a quaternion q:
r + q = q + r = (a+r, b, c, d)
Addition of two quaternions:
q1 + q2 = (a1+a2, b1+b2, c1+c2, d1+d2)
Multiplication of a real number and a quaternion:
qr = rq = (ar, br, cr, dr)
Multiplication of two quaternions q1 and q2 is given by:
( a1a2 − b1b2 − c1c2 − d1d2,
a1b2 + b1a2 + c1d2 − d1c2,
a1c2 − b1d2 + c1a2 + d1b2,
a1d2 + b1c2 − c1b2 + d1a2 )
Show that, for the two quaternions q1 and q2:
q1q2 ≠ q2q1
If a language has built-in support for quaternions, then use it.
C.f.
Vector products
On Quaternions; or on a new System of Imaginaries in Algebra. By Sir William Rowan Hamilton LL.D, P.R.I.A., F.R.A.S., Hon. M. R. Soc. Ed. and Dub., Hon. or Corr. M. of the Royal or Imperial Academies of St. Petersburgh, Berlin, Turin and Paris, Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of other Scientific Societies at Home and Abroad, Andrews' Prof. of Astronomy in the University of Dublin, and Royal Astronomer of Ireland.
|
#Axiom
|
Axiom
|
qi := quatern$Quaternion(Integer);
Type: ((Integer,Integer,Integer,Integer) -> Quaternion(Integer))
q := qi(1,2,3,4);
Type: Quaternion(Integer)
q1 := qi(2,3,4,5);
Type: Quaternion(Integer)
q2 := qi(3,4,5,6);
Type: Quaternion(Integer)
r : Integer := 7;
Type: Integer
sqrt norm q
+--+
(6) \|30
Type: AlgebraicNumber
-q
(7) - 1 - 2i - 3j - 4k
Type: Quaternion(Integer)
conjugate q
(8) 1 - 2i - 3j - 4k
Type: Quaternion(Integer)
r + q
(9) 8 + 2i + 3j + 4k
Type: Quaternion(Integer)
q1 + q2
(10) 5 + 7i + 9j + 11k
Type: Quaternion(Integer)
q*r
(11) 7 + 14i + 21j + 28k
Type: Quaternion(Integer)
r*q
(12) 7 + 14i + 21j + 28k
Type: Quaternion(Integer)
q1*q2 ~= q2*q1
(13) true
Type: Boolean
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Quine
|
Quine
|
A quine is a self-referential program that can,
without any external access, output its own source.
A quine (named after Willard Van Orman Quine) is also known as:
self-reproducing automata (1972)
self-replicating program or self-replicating computer program
self-reproducing program or self-reproducing computer program
self-copying program or self-copying computer program
It is named after the philosopher and logician
who studied self-reference and quoting in natural language,
as for example in the paradox "'Yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation' yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation."
"Source" has one of two meanings. It can refer to the text-based program source.
For languages in which program source is represented as a data structure, "source" may refer to the data structure: quines in these languages fall into two categories: programs which print a textual representation of themselves, or expressions which evaluate to a data structure which is equivalent to that expression.
The usual way to code a quine works similarly to this paradox: The program consists of two identical parts, once as plain code and once quoted in some way (for example, as a character string, or a literal data structure). The plain code then accesses the quoted code and prints it out twice, once unquoted and once with the proper quotation marks added. Often, the plain code and the quoted code have to be nested.
Task
Write a program that outputs its own source code in this way. If the language allows it, you may add a variant that accesses the code directly. You are not allowed to read any external files with the source code. The program should also contain some sort of self-reference, so constant expressions which return their own value which some top-level interpreter will print out. Empty programs producing no output are not allowed.
There are several difficulties that one runs into when writing a quine, mostly dealing with quoting:
Part of the code usually needs to be stored as a string or structural literal in the language, which needs to be quoted somehow. However, including quotation marks in the string literal itself would be troublesome because it requires them to be escaped, which then necessitates the escaping character (e.g. a backslash) in the string, which itself usually needs to be escaped, and so on.
Some languages have a function for getting the "source code representation" of a string (i.e. adds quotation marks, etc.); in these languages, this can be used to circumvent the quoting problem.
Another solution is to construct the quote character from its character code, without having to write the quote character itself. Then the character is inserted into the string at the appropriate places. The ASCII code for double-quote is 34, and for single-quote is 39.
Newlines in the program may have to be reproduced as newlines in the string, which usually requires some kind of escape sequence (e.g. "\n"). This causes the same problem as above, where the escaping character needs to itself be escaped, etc.
If the language has a way of getting the "source code representation", it usually handles the escaping of characters, so this is not a problem.
Some languages allow you to have a string literal that spans multiple lines, which embeds the newlines into the string without escaping.
Write the entire program on one line, for free-form languages (as you can see for some of the solutions here, they run off the edge of the screen), thus removing the need for newlines. However, this may be unacceptable as some languages require a newline at the end of the file; and otherwise it is still generally good style to have a newline at the end of a file. (The task is not clear on whether a newline is required at the end of the file.) Some languages have a print statement that appends a newline; which solves the newline-at-the-end issue; but others do not.
Next to the Quines presented here, many other versions can be found on the Quine page.
Related task
print itself.
|
#AWK
|
AWK
|
BEGIN{c="BEGIN{c=%c%s%c;printf(c,34,c,34);}";printf(c,34,c,34);}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Queue/Usage
|
Queue/Usage
|
Data Structure
This illustrates a data structure, a means of storing data within a program.
You may see other such structures in the Data Structures category.
Illustration of FIFO behavior
Task
Create a queue data structure and demonstrate its operations.
(For implementations of queues, see the FIFO task.)
Operations:
push (aka enqueue) - add element
pop (aka dequeue) - pop first element
empty - return truth value when empty
See also
Array
Associative array: Creation, Iteration
Collections
Compound data type
Doubly-linked list: Definition, Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Linked list
Queue: Definition, Usage
Set
Singly-linked list: Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Stack
|
#Common_Lisp
|
Common Lisp
|
(let ((queue (make-queue)))
(enqueue 38 queue)
(assert (not (queue-empty-p queue)))
(enqueue 23 queue)
(assert (eql 38 (dequeue queue)))
(assert (eql 23 (dequeue queue)))
(assert (queue-empty-p queue)))
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Queue/Usage
|
Queue/Usage
|
Data Structure
This illustrates a data structure, a means of storing data within a program.
You may see other such structures in the Data Structures category.
Illustration of FIFO behavior
Task
Create a queue data structure and demonstrate its operations.
(For implementations of queues, see the FIFO task.)
Operations:
push (aka enqueue) - add element
pop (aka dequeue) - pop first element
empty - return truth value when empty
See also
Array
Associative array: Creation, Iteration
Collections
Compound data type
Doubly-linked list: Definition, Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Linked list
Queue: Definition, Usage
Set
Singly-linked list: Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Stack
|
#Component_Pascal
|
Component Pascal
|
MODULE UseQueue;
IMPORT
Queue,
Boxes,
StdLog;
PROCEDURE Do*;
VAR
q: Queue.Instance;
b: Boxes.Box;
BEGIN
q := Queue.New(10);
q.Push(Boxes.NewInteger(1));
q.Push(Boxes.NewInteger(2));
q.Push(Boxes.NewInteger(3));
b := q.Pop();
b := q.Pop();
q.Push(Boxes.NewInteger(4));
b := q.Pop();
b := q.Pop();
StdLog.String("Is empty:> ");StdLog.Bool(q.IsEmpty());StdLog.Ln
END Do;
END UseQueue.
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_specific_line_from_a_file
|
Read a specific line from a file
|
Some languages have special semantics for obtaining a known line number from a file.
Task
Demonstrate how to obtain the contents of a specific line within a file.
For the purpose of this task demonstrate how the contents of the seventh line of a file can be obtained, and store it in a variable or in memory (for potential future use within the program if the code were to become embedded).
If the file does not contain seven lines, or the seventh line is empty, or too big to be retrieved, output an appropriate message.
If no special semantics are available for obtaining the required line, it is permissible to read line by line.
Note that empty lines are considered and should still be counted.
Also note that for functional languages or languages without variables or storage, it is permissible to output the extracted data to standard output.
|
#SenseTalk
|
SenseTalk
|
put line 7 of file "example.txt" into theLine
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_specific_line_from_a_file
|
Read a specific line from a file
|
Some languages have special semantics for obtaining a known line number from a file.
Task
Demonstrate how to obtain the contents of a specific line within a file.
For the purpose of this task demonstrate how the contents of the seventh line of a file can be obtained, and store it in a variable or in memory (for potential future use within the program if the code were to become embedded).
If the file does not contain seven lines, or the seventh line is empty, or too big to be retrieved, output an appropriate message.
If no special semantics are available for obtaining the required line, it is permissible to read line by line.
Note that empty lines are considered and should still be counted.
Also note that for functional languages or languages without variables or storage, it is permissible to output the extracted data to standard output.
|
#Sidef
|
Sidef
|
func getNthLine(filename, n) {
var file = File.new(filename);
file.open_r.each { |line|
Num($.) == n && return line;
}
warn "file #{file} does not have #{n} lines, only #{$.}\n";
return nil;
}
var line = getNthLine("/etc/passwd", 7);
print line if defined line;
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Quickselect_algorithm
|
Quickselect algorithm
|
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Use the quickselect algorithm on the vector
[9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
To show the first, second, third, ... up to the tenth largest member of the vector, in order, here on this page.
Note: Quicksort has a separate task.
|
#Crystal
|
Crystal
|
def quickselect(a, k)
arr = a.dup # we will be modifying it
loop do
pivot = arr.delete_at(rand(arr.size))
left, right = arr.partition { |x| x < pivot }
if k == left.size
return pivot
elsif k < left.size
arr = left
else
k = k - left.size - 1
arr = right
end
end
end
v = [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
p v.each_index.map { |i| quickselect(v, i) }.to_a
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ramer-Douglas-Peucker_line_simplification
|
Ramer-Douglas-Peucker line simplification
|
Ramer-Douglas-Peucker line simplification
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
The Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm is a line simplification algorithm for reducing the number of points used to define its shape.
Task
Using the Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm, simplify the 2D line defined by the points:
(0,0) (1,0.1) (2,-0.1) (3,5) (4,6) (5,7) (6,8.1) (7,9) (8,9) (9,9)
The error threshold to be used is: 1.0.
Display the remaining points here.
Reference
the Wikipedia article: Ramer-Douglas-Peucker algorithm.
|
#Racket
|
Racket
|
#lang racket
(require math/flonum)
;; points are lists of x y (maybe extensible to z)
;; x+y gets both parts as values
(define (x+y p) (values (first p) (second p)))
;; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_from_a_point_to_a_line
(define (⊥-distance P1 P2)
(let*-values
([(x1 y1) (x+y P1)]
[(x2 y2) (x+y P2)]
[(dx dy) (values (- x2 x1) (- y2 y1))]
[(h) (sqrt (+ (sqr dy) (sqr dx)))])
(λ (P0)
(let-values (((x0 y0) (x+y P0)))
(/ (abs (+ (* dy x0) (* -1 dx y0) (* x2 y1) (* -1 y2 x1))) h)))))
(define (douglas-peucker points-in ϵ)
(let recur ((ps points-in))
;; curried distance function which will be applicable to all points
(let*-values
([(p0) (first ps)]
[(pz) (last ps)]
[(p-d) (⊥-distance p0 pz)]
;; Find the point with the maximum distance
[(dmax index)
(for/fold ((dmax 0) (index 0))
((i (in-range 1 (sub1 (length ps))))) ; skips the first, stops before the last
(define d (p-d (list-ref ps i)))
(if (> d dmax) (values d i) (values dmax index)))])
;; If max distance is greater than epsilon, recursively simplify
(if (> dmax ϵ)
;; recursive call
(let-values ([(l r) (split-at ps index)])
(append (drop-right (recur l) 1) (recur r)))
(list p0 pz))))) ;; else we can return this simplification
(module+ main
(douglas-peucker
'((0 0) (1 0.1) (2 -0.1) (3 5) (4 6) (5 7) (6 8.1) (7 9) (8 9) (9 9))
1.0))
(module+ test
(require rackunit)
(check-= ((⊥-distance '(0 0) '(0 1)) '(1 0)) 1 epsilon.0))
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ramer-Douglas-Peucker_line_simplification
|
Ramer-Douglas-Peucker line simplification
|
Ramer-Douglas-Peucker line simplification
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
The Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm is a line simplification algorithm for reducing the number of points used to define its shape.
Task
Using the Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm, simplify the 2D line defined by the points:
(0,0) (1,0.1) (2,-0.1) (3,5) (4,6) (5,7) (6,8.1) (7,9) (8,9) (9,9)
The error threshold to be used is: 1.0.
Display the remaining points here.
Reference
the Wikipedia article: Ramer-Douglas-Peucker algorithm.
|
#Raku
|
Raku
|
sub norm (*@list) { @list»².sum.sqrt }
sub perpendicular-distance (@start, @end where @end !eqv @start, @point) {
return 0 if @point eqv any(@start, @end);
my ( $Δx, $Δy ) = @end «-» @start;
my ($Δpx, $Δpy) = @point «-» @start;
($Δx, $Δy) «/=» norm $Δx, $Δy;
norm ($Δpx, $Δpy) «-» ($Δx, $Δy) «*» ($Δx*$Δpx + $Δy*$Δpy);
}
sub Ramer-Douglas-Peucker(@points where * > 1, \ε = 1) {
return @points if @points == 2;
my @d = (^@points).map: { perpendicular-distance |@points[0, *-1, $_] };
my ($index, $dmax) = @d.first: @d.max, :kv;
return flat
Ramer-Douglas-Peucker( @points[0..$index], ε )[^(*-1)],
Ramer-Douglas-Peucker( @points[$index..*], ε )
if $dmax > ε;
@points[0, *-1];
}
# TESTING
say Ramer-Douglas-Peucker(
[(0,0),(1,0.1),(2,-0.1),(3,5),(4,6),(5,7),(6,8.1),(7,9),(8,9),(9,9)]
);
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Range_extraction
|
Range extraction
|
A format for expressing an ordered list of integers is to use a comma separated list of either
individual integers
Or a range of integers denoted by the starting integer separated from the end integer in the range by a dash, '-'. (The range includes all integers in the interval including both endpoints)
The range syntax is to be used only for, and for every range that expands to more than two values.
Example
The list of integers:
-6, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Is accurately expressed by the range expression:
-6,-3-1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20
(And vice-versa).
Task
Create a function that takes a list of integers in increasing order and returns a correctly formatted string in the range format.
Use the function to compute and print the range formatted version of the following ordered list of integers. (The correct answer is: 0-2,4,6-8,11,12,14-25,27-33,35-39).
0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39
Show the output of your program.
Related task
Range expansion
|
#Dyalect
|
Dyalect
|
func rangeFormat(a) {
if a.Length() == 0 {
return ""
}
var parts = []
var n1 = 0
while true {
var n2 = n1 + 1
while n2 < a.Length() && a[n2] == a[n2-1]+1 {
n2 += 1
}
var s = a[n1].ToString()
if n2 == n1+2 {
s += "," + a[n2-1]
} else if n2 > n1+2 {
s += "-" + a[n2-1]
}
parts.Add(s)
if n2 == a.Length() {
break
}
if a[n2] == a[n2-1] {
throw "Sequence repeats value \(a[n2])"
}
if a[n2] < a[n2-1] {
throw "Sequence not ordered: \(a[n2]) < \(a[n2-1])"
}
n1 = n2
}
return String.Join(values: parts)
}
var rf = rangeFormat([
0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39
])
print("range format: \(rf)")
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_numbers
|
Random numbers
|
Task
Generate a collection filled with 1000 normally distributed random (or pseudo-random) numbers
with a mean of 1.0 and a standard deviation of 0.5
Many libraries only generate uniformly distributed random numbers. If so, you may use one of these algorithms.
Related task
Standard deviation
|
#Free_Pascal
|
Free Pascal
|
function randg(mean,stddev: float): float;
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_numbers
|
Random numbers
|
Task
Generate a collection filled with 1000 normally distributed random (or pseudo-random) numbers
with a mean of 1.0 and a standard deviation of 0.5
Many libraries only generate uniformly distributed random numbers. If so, you may use one of these algorithms.
Related task
Standard deviation
|
#FreeBASIC
|
FreeBASIC
|
' FB 1.05.0 Win64
Const pi As Double = 3.141592653589793
Randomize
' Generates normally distributed random numbers with mean 0 and standard deviation 1
Function randomNormal() As Double
Return Cos(2.0 * pi * Rnd) * Sqr(-2.0 * Log(Rnd))
End Function
Dim r(0 To 999) As Double
Dim sum As Double = 0.0
' Generate 1000 normally distributed random numbers
' with mean 1 and standard deviation 0.5
' and calculate their sum
For i As Integer = 0 To 999
r(i) = 1.0 + randomNormal/2.0
sum += r(i)
Next
Dim mean As Double = sum / 1000.0
Dim sd As Double
sum = 0.0
' Now calculate their standard deviation
For i As Integer = 0 To 999
sum += (r(i) - mean) ^ 2.0
Next
sd = Sqr(sum/1000.0)
Print "Mean is "; mean
Print "Standard Deviation is"; sd
Print
Print "Press any key to quit"
Sleep
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(included)
|
Random number generator (included)
|
The task is to:
State the type of random number generator algorithm used in a language's built-in random number generator. If the language or its immediate libraries don't provide a random number generator, skip this task.
If possible, give a link to a wider explanation of the algorithm used.
Note: the task is not to create an RNG, but to report on the languages in-built RNG that would be the most likely RNG used.
The main types of pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that are in use are the Linear Congruential Generator (LCG), and the Generalized Feedback Shift Register (GFSR), (of which the Mersenne twister generator is a subclass). The last main type is where the output of one of the previous ones (typically a Mersenne twister) is fed through a cryptographic hash function to maximize unpredictability of individual bits.
Note that neither LCGs nor GFSRs should be used for the most demanding applications (cryptography) without additional steps.
|
#PHP
|
PHP
|
seed(x) = mod(950706376 * seed(x-1), 2147483647)
random(x) = seed(x) / 2147483647
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(included)
|
Random number generator (included)
|
The task is to:
State the type of random number generator algorithm used in a language's built-in random number generator. If the language or its immediate libraries don't provide a random number generator, skip this task.
If possible, give a link to a wider explanation of the algorithm used.
Note: the task is not to create an RNG, but to report on the languages in-built RNG that would be the most likely RNG used.
The main types of pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that are in use are the Linear Congruential Generator (LCG), and the Generalized Feedback Shift Register (GFSR), (of which the Mersenne twister generator is a subclass). The last main type is where the output of one of the previous ones (typically a Mersenne twister) is fed through a cryptographic hash function to maximize unpredictability of individual bits.
Note that neither LCGs nor GFSRs should be used for the most demanding applications (cryptography) without additional steps.
|
#PicoLisp
|
PicoLisp
|
seed(x) = mod(950706376 * seed(x-1), 2147483647)
random(x) = seed(x) / 2147483647
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(included)
|
Random number generator (included)
|
The task is to:
State the type of random number generator algorithm used in a language's built-in random number generator. If the language or its immediate libraries don't provide a random number generator, skip this task.
If possible, give a link to a wider explanation of the algorithm used.
Note: the task is not to create an RNG, but to report on the languages in-built RNG that would be the most likely RNG used.
The main types of pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that are in use are the Linear Congruential Generator (LCG), and the Generalized Feedback Shift Register (GFSR), (of which the Mersenne twister generator is a subclass). The last main type is where the output of one of the previous ones (typically a Mersenne twister) is fed through a cryptographic hash function to maximize unpredictability of individual bits.
Note that neither LCGs nor GFSRs should be used for the most demanding applications (cryptography) without additional steps.
|
#PL.2FI
|
PL/I
|
seed(x) = mod(950706376 * seed(x-1), 2147483647)
random(x) = seed(x) / 2147483647
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(included)
|
Random number generator (included)
|
The task is to:
State the type of random number generator algorithm used in a language's built-in random number generator. If the language or its immediate libraries don't provide a random number generator, skip this task.
If possible, give a link to a wider explanation of the algorithm used.
Note: the task is not to create an RNG, but to report on the languages in-built RNG that would be the most likely RNG used.
The main types of pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that are in use are the Linear Congruential Generator (LCG), and the Generalized Feedback Shift Register (GFSR), (of which the Mersenne twister generator is a subclass). The last main type is where the output of one of the previous ones (typically a Mersenne twister) is fed through a cryptographic hash function to maximize unpredictability of individual bits.
Note that neither LCGs nor GFSRs should be used for the most demanding applications (cryptography) without additional steps.
|
#PL.2FSQL
|
PL/SQL
|
DBMS_RANDOM.RANDOM --produces integers in [-2^^31, 2^^31).
DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE --produces numbers in [0,1) with 38 digits of precision.
DBMS_RANDOM.NORMAL --produces normal distributed numbers with a mean of 0 and a variance of 1
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(included)
|
Random number generator (included)
|
The task is to:
State the type of random number generator algorithm used in a language's built-in random number generator. If the language or its immediate libraries don't provide a random number generator, skip this task.
If possible, give a link to a wider explanation of the algorithm used.
Note: the task is not to create an RNG, but to report on the languages in-built RNG that would be the most likely RNG used.
The main types of pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that are in use are the Linear Congruential Generator (LCG), and the Generalized Feedback Shift Register (GFSR), (of which the Mersenne twister generator is a subclass). The last main type is where the output of one of the previous ones (typically a Mersenne twister) is fed through a cryptographic hash function to maximize unpredictability of individual bits.
Note that neither LCGs nor GFSRs should be used for the most demanding applications (cryptography) without additional steps.
|
#PowerShell
|
PowerShell
|
typedef unsigned long long u8;
typedef struct ranctx { u8 a; u8 b; u8 c; u8 d; } ranctx;
#define rot(x,k) (((x)<<(k))|((x)>>(64-(k))))
u8 ranval( ranctx *x ) {
u8 e = x->a - rot(x->b, 7);
x->a = x->b ^ rot(x->c, 13);
x->b = x->c + rot(x->d, 37);
x->c = x->d + e;
x->d = e + x->a;
return x->d;
}
void raninit( ranctx *x, u8 seed ) {
u8 i;
x->a = 0xf1ea5eed, x->b = x->c = x->d = seed;
for (i=0; i<20; ++i) {
(void)ranval(x);
}
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_configuration_file
|
Read a configuration file
|
The task is to read a configuration file in standard configuration file format,
and set variables accordingly.
For this task, we have a configuration file as follows:
# This is a configuration file in standard configuration file format
#
# Lines beginning with a hash or a semicolon are ignored by the application
# program. Blank lines are also ignored by the application program.
# This is the fullname parameter
FULLNAME Foo Barber
# This is a favourite fruit
FAVOURITEFRUIT banana
# This is a boolean that should be set
NEEDSPEELING
# This boolean is commented out
; SEEDSREMOVED
# Configuration option names are not case sensitive, but configuration parameter
# data is case sensitive and may be preserved by the application program.
# An optional equals sign can be used to separate configuration parameter data
# from the option name. This is dropped by the parser.
# A configuration option may take multiple parameters separated by commas.
# Leading and trailing whitespace around parameter names and parameter data fields
# are ignored by the application program.
OTHERFAMILY Rhu Barber, Harry Barber
For the task we need to set four variables according to the configuration entries as follows:
fullname = Foo Barber
favouritefruit = banana
needspeeling = true
seedsremoved = false
We also have an option that contains multiple parameters. These may be stored in an array.
otherfamily(1) = Rhu Barber
otherfamily(2) = Harry Barber
Related tasks
Update a configuration file
|
#J
|
J
|
require'regex'
set=:4 :'(x)=:y'
cfgString=:4 :0
y set ''
(1;&,~'(?i:',y,')\s*(.*)') y&set rxapply x
)
cfgBoolean=:4 :0
y set 0
(1;&,~'(?i:',y,')\s*(.*)') y&set rxapply x
if.-.0-:y do.y set 1 end.
)
taskCfg=:3 :0
cfg=: ('[#;].*';'') rxrplc 1!:1<y
cfg cfgString 'fullname'
cfg cfgString 'favouritefruit'
cfg cfgBoolean 'needspeeling'
cfg cfgBoolean 'seedsremoved'
i.0 0
)
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Rare_numbers
|
Rare numbers
|
Definitions and restrictions
Rare numbers are positive integers n where:
n is expressed in base ten
r is the reverse of n (decimal digits)
n must be non-palindromic (n ≠ r)
(n+r) is the sum
(n-r) is the difference and must be positive
the sum and the difference must be perfect squares
Task
find and show the first 5 rare numbers
find and show the first 8 rare numbers (optional)
find and show more rare numbers (stretch goal)
Show all output here, on this page.
References
an OEIS entry: A035519 rare numbers.
an OEIS entry: A059755 odd rare numbers.
planetmath entry: rare numbers. (some hints)
author's website: rare numbers by Shyam Sunder Gupta. (lots of hints and some observations).
|
#Wren
|
Wren
|
import "/sort" for Sort
import "/fmt" for Fmt
class Term {
construct new(coeff, ix1, ix2) {
_coeff = coeff
_ix1 = ix1
_ix2 = ix2
}
coeff { _coeff }
ix1 { _ix1 }
ix2 { _ix2 }
}
var maxDigits = 15
var toInt = Fn.new { |digits, reverse|
var sum = 0
if (!reverse) {
for (i in 0...digits.count) sum = sum*10 + digits[i]
} else {
for (i in digits.count-1..0) sum = sum*10 + digits[i]
}
return sum
}
var isSquare = Fn.new { |n|
var root = n.sqrt.floor
return root*root == n
}
var seq = Fn.new { |from, to, step|
var res = []
var i = from
while (i <= to) {
res.add(i)
i = i + step
}
return res
}
var start = System.clock
var pow = 1
System.print("Aggregate timings to process all numbers up to:")
// terms of (n-r) expression for number of digits from 2 to maxDigits
var allTerms = List.filled(maxDigits-1, null)
for (r in 2..maxDigits) {
var terms = []
pow = pow * 10
var pow1 = pow
var pow2 = 1
var i1 = 0
var i2 = r - 1
while (i1 < i2) {
terms.add(Term.new(pow1-pow2, i1, i2))
pow1 = (pow1/10).floor
pow2 = pow2 * 10
i1 = i1 + 1
i2 = i2 - 1
}
allTerms[r-2] = terms
}
// map of first minus last digits for 'n' to pairs giving this value
var fml = {
0: [[2, 2], [8, 8]],
1: [[6, 5], [8, 7]],
4: [[4, 0]],
6: [[6, 0], [8, 2]]
}
// map of other digit differences for 'n' to pairs giving this value
var dmd = {}
for (i in 0...100) {
var a = [(i/10).floor, i%10]
var d = a[0] - a[1]
if (dmd[d]) {
dmd[d].add(a)
} else {
dmd[d] = [a]
}
}
var fl = [0, 1, 4, 6]
var dl = seq.call(-9, 9, 1) // all differences
var zl = [0] // zero differences only
var el = seq.call(-8, 8, 2) // even differences only
var ol = seq.call(-9, 9, 2) // odd differences only
var il = seq.call(0, 9, 1)
var rares = []
var lists = List.filled(4, null)
for (i in 0..3) lists[i] = [[fl[i]]]
var digits = []
var count = 0
// Recursive closure to generate (n+r) candidates from (n-r) candidates
// and hence find Rare numbers with a given number of digits.
var fnpr
fnpr = Fn.new { |cand, di, dis, indices, nmr, nd, level|
if (level == dis.count) {
digits[indices[0][0]] = fml[cand[0]][di[0]][0]
digits[indices[0][1]] = fml[cand[0]][di[0]][1]
var le = di.count
if (nd%2 == 1) {
le = le - 1
digits[(nd/2).floor] = di[le]
}
var i = 0
for (d in di[1...le]) {
digits[indices[i+1][0]] = dmd[cand[i+1]][d][0]
digits[indices[i+1][1]] = dmd[cand[i+1]][d][1]
i = i + 1
}
var r = toInt.call(digits, true)
var npr = nmr + 2*r
if (!isSquare.call(npr)) return
count = count + 1
Fmt.write(" R/N $2d:", count)
var ms = ((System.clock - start)*1000).round
Fmt.write(" $,7d ms", ms)
var n = toInt.call(digits, false)
Fmt.print(" ($,d)", n)
rares.add(n)
} else {
for (num in dis[level]) {
di[level] = num
fnpr.call(cand, di, dis, indices, nmr, nd, level+1)
}
}
}
// Recursive closure to generate (n-r) candidates with a given number of digits.
var fnmr
fnmr = Fn.new { |cand, list, indices, nd, level|
if (level == list.count) {
var nmr = 0
var nmr2 = 0
var i = 0
for (t in allTerms[nd-2]) {
if (cand[i] >= 0) {
nmr = nmr + t.coeff*cand[i]
} else {
nmr2 = nmr2 - t.coeff*cand[i]
if (nmr >= nmr2) {
nmr = nmr - nmr2
nmr2 = 0
} else {
nmr2 = nmr2 - nmr
nmr = 0
}
}
i = i + 1
}
if (nmr2 >= nmr) return
nmr = nmr - nmr2
if (!isSquare.call(nmr)) return
var dis = []
dis.add(seq.call(0, fml[cand[0]].count-1, 1))
for (i in 1...cand.count) {
dis.add(seq.call(0, dmd[cand[i]].count-1, 1))
}
if (nd%2 == 1) dis.add(il)
var di = List.filled(dis.count, 0)
fnpr.call(cand, di, dis, indices, nmr, nd, 0)
} else {
for (num in list[level]) {
cand[level] = num
fnmr.call(cand, list, indices, nd, level+1)
}
}
}
for (nd in 2..maxDigits) {
digits = List.filled(nd, 0)
if (nd == 4) {
lists[0].add(zl)
lists[1].add(ol)
lists[2].add(el)
lists[3].add(ol)
} else if(allTerms[nd-2].count > lists[0].count) {
for (i in 0..3) lists[i].add(dl)
}
var indices = []
for (t in allTerms[nd-2]) indices.add([t.ix1, t.ix2])
for (list in lists) {
var cand = List.filled(list.count, 0)
fnmr.call(cand, list, indices, nd, 0)
}
var ms = ((System.clock - start)*1000).round
Fmt.print(" $2s digits: $,7d ms", nd, ms)
}
Sort.quick(rares)
Fmt.print("\nThe rare numbers with up to $d digits are:\n", maxDigits)
var i = 0
for (rare in rares) {
Fmt.print(" $2d: $,21d", i+1, rare)
i = i + 1
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Range_expansion
|
Range expansion
|
A format for expressing an ordered list of integers is to use a comma separated list of either
individual integers
Or a range of integers denoted by the starting integer separated from the end integer in the range by a dash, '-'. (The range includes all integers in the interval including both endpoints)
The range syntax is to be used only for, and for every range that expands to more than two values.
Example
The list of integers:
-6, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Is accurately expressed by the range expression:
-6,-3-1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20
(And vice-versa).
Task
Expand the range description:
-6,-3--1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20
Note that the second element above,
is the range from minus 3 to minus 1.
Related task
Range extraction
|
#Factor
|
Factor
|
USING: kernel math.parser math.ranges prettyprint regexp
sequences sequences.extras splitting ;
: expand ( str -- seq )
"," split [
R/ (?<=\d)-/ re-split [ string>number ] map
dup length 2 = [ first2 [a,b] ] when
] map-concat ;
"-6,-3--1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20" expand .
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_file_line_by_line
|
Read a file line by line
|
Read a file one line at a time,
as opposed to reading the entire file at once.
Related tasks
Read a file character by character
Input loop.
|
#Fantom
|
Fantom
|
class Main
{
Void main ()
{
File (`data.txt`).eachLine |Str line|
{
echo ("Line: $line")
}
}
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_file_line_by_line
|
Read a file line by line
|
Read a file one line at a time,
as opposed to reading the entire file at once.
Related tasks
Read a file character by character
Input loop.
|
#Forth
|
Forth
|
4096 constant max-line
: third ( A b c -- A b c A )
>r over r> swap ;
: read-lines ( fileid -- )
begin pad max-line third read-line throw
while pad swap ( fileid c-addr u ) \ string excludes the newline
2drop
repeat 2drop ;
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ranking_methods
|
Ranking methods
|
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
The numerical rank of competitors in a competition shows if one is better than, equal to, or worse than another based on their results in a competition.
The numerical rank of a competitor can be assigned in several different ways.
Task
The following scores are accrued for all competitors of a competition (in best-first order):
44 Solomon
42 Jason
42 Errol
41 Garry
41 Bernard
41 Barry
39 Stephen
For each of the following ranking methods, create a function/method/procedure/subroutine... that applies the ranking method to an ordered list of scores with scorers:
Standard. (Ties share what would have been their first ordinal number).
Modified. (Ties share what would have been their last ordinal number).
Dense. (Ties share the next available integer).
Ordinal. ((Competitors take the next available integer. Ties are not treated otherwise).
Fractional. (Ties share the mean of what would have been their ordinal numbers).
See the wikipedia article for a fuller description.
Show here, on this page, the ranking of the test scores under each of the numbered ranking methods.
|
#REXX
|
REXX
|
/**************************
44 Solomon 1 1 1 1 1
42 Jason 2 3 2 2 2.5
42 Errol 2 3 2 3 2.5
41 Garry 4 6 3 4 5
41 Bernard 4 6 3 5 5
41 Barry 4 6 3 6 5
39 Stephen 7 7 4 7 7
**************************/
Do i=1 To 7
Parse Value sourceline(i+1) With rank.i name.i .
/* say rank.i name.i */
End
pool=0
crank=0
Do i=1 To 7
If rank.i<>crank Then Do
pool=pool+1
lo.pool=i
hi.pool=i
n.pool=1
ii.pool=i
End
Else Do
n.pool=n.pool+1
hi.pool=i
ii.pool=ii.pool+i
End
crank=rank.i
pool.i=pool
End
/*
Do j=1 To pool
Say 'pool' j n.j lo.j hi.j
End
*/
cp=0
r=0
cnt.=0
Do i=1 To 7
p=pool.i
If p<>cp Then
r=r+1
res=rank.i left(name.i,8) lo.p hi.p r i ii.p/n.p
If res=sourceline(i+1) Then cnt.ok=cnt.ok+1
Say res
cp=p
End
Say cnt.ok 'correct lines'
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Reverse_a_string
|
Reverse a string
|
Task
Take a string and reverse it.
For example, "asdf" becomes "fdsa".
Extra credit
Preserve Unicode combining characters.
For example, "as⃝df̅" becomes "f̅ds⃝a", not "̅fd⃝sa".
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
|
#Phix
|
Phix
|
?reverse("asdf")
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(device)
|
Random number generator (device)
|
Task
If your system has a means to generate random numbers involving not only a software algorithm (like the /dev/urandom devices in Unix), then:
show how to obtain a random 32-bit number from that mechanism.
Related task
Random_number_generator_(included)
|
#Tcl
|
Tcl
|
package require Tcl 8.5
# Allow override of device name
proc systemRandomInteger {{device "/dev/random"}} {
set f [open $device "rb"]
binary scan [read $f 4] "I" x
close $f
return $x
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(device)
|
Random number generator (device)
|
Task
If your system has a means to generate random numbers involving not only a software algorithm (like the /dev/urandom devices in Unix), then:
show how to obtain a random 32-bit number from that mechanism.
Related task
Random_number_generator_(included)
|
#UNIX_Shell
|
UNIX Shell
|
od -An -N 4 -t u4 /dev/urandom
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(device)
|
Random number generator (device)
|
Task
If your system has a means to generate random numbers involving not only a software algorithm (like the /dev/urandom devices in Unix), then:
show how to obtain a random 32-bit number from that mechanism.
Related task
Random_number_generator_(included)
|
#Wee_Basic
|
Wee Basic
|
let keycode=0
let number=1
print 1 "Press any key to generate a random number from 1 to 10.
while keycode=0
let number=number+1
let keycode=key()
rem The maximum number is the number in the "if number=" line with 1 taken away. For example, if this number was 11, the maximum number would be 10. *
if number=11
let number=1
endif
wend
print 1 number
end
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_Latin_squares
|
Random Latin squares
|
A Latin square of size n is an arrangement of n symbols in an n-by-n square in such a way that each row and column has each symbol appearing exactly once.
A randomised Latin square generates random configurations of the symbols for any given n.
Example n=4 randomised Latin square
0 2 3 1
2 1 0 3
3 0 1 2
1 3 2 0
Task
Create a function/routine/procedure/method/... that given n generates a randomised Latin square of size n.
Use the function to generate and show here, two randomly generated squares of size 5.
Note
Strict Uniformity in the random generation is a hard problem and not a requirement of the task.
Reference
Wikipedia: Latin square
OEIS: A002860
|
#Raku
|
Raku
|
sub latin-square { [[0],] };
sub random ( @ls, :$size = 5 ) {
# Build
for 1 ..^ $size -> $i {
@ls[$i] = @ls[0].clone;
@ls[$_].splice($_, 0, $i) for 0 .. $i;
}
# Shuffle
@ls = @ls[^$size .pick(*)];
my @cols = ^$size .pick(*);
@ls[$_] = @ls[$_][@cols] for ^@ls;
# Some random Latin glyphs
my @symbols = ('A' .. 'Z').pick($size);
@ls.deepmap: { $_ = @symbols[$_] };
}
sub display ( @array ) { $_.fmt("%2s ").put for |@array, '' }
# The Task
# Default size 5
display random latin-square;
# Specified size
display random :size($_), latin-square for 5, 3, 9;
# Or, if you'd prefer:
display random latin-square, :size($_) for 12, 2, 1;
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ray-casting_algorithm
|
Ray-casting algorithm
|
This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Point_in_polygon. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Rosetta Code, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU FDL. (See links for details on variance)
Given a point and a polygon, check if the point is inside or outside the polygon using the ray-casting algorithm.
A pseudocode can be simply:
count ← 0
foreach side in polygon:
if ray_intersects_segment(P,side) then
count ← count + 1
if is_odd(count) then
return inside
else
return outside
Where the function ray_intersects_segment return true if the horizontal ray starting from the point P intersects the side (segment), false otherwise.
An intuitive explanation of why it works is that every time we cross
a border, we change "country" (inside-outside, or outside-inside), but
the last "country" we land on is surely outside (since the inside of the polygon is finite, while the ray continues towards infinity). So, if we crossed an odd number of borders we were surely inside, otherwise we were outside; we can follow the ray backward to see it better: starting from outside, only an odd number of crossing can give an inside: outside-inside, outside-inside-outside-inside, and so on (the - represents the crossing of a border).
So the main part of the algorithm is how we determine if a ray intersects a segment. The following text explain one of the possible ways.
Looking at the image on the right, we can easily be convinced of the fact that rays starting from points in the hatched area (like P1 and P2) surely do not intersect the segment AB. We also can easily see that rays starting from points in the greenish area surely intersect the segment AB (like point P3).
So the problematic points are those inside the white area (the box delimited by the points A and B), like P4.
Let us take into account a segment AB (the point A having y coordinate always smaller than B's y coordinate, i.e. point A is always below point B) and a point P. Let us use the cumbersome notation PAX to denote the angle between segment AP and AX, where X is always a point on the horizontal line passing by A with x coordinate bigger than the maximum between the x coordinate of A and the x coordinate of B. As explained graphically by the figures on the right, if PAX is greater than the angle BAX, then the ray starting from P intersects the segment AB. (In the images, the ray starting from PA does not intersect the segment, while the ray starting from PB in the second picture, intersects the segment).
Points on the boundary or "on" a vertex are someway special and through this approach we do not obtain coherent results. They could be treated apart, but it is not necessary to do so.
An algorithm for the previous speech could be (if P is a point, Px is its x coordinate):
ray_intersects_segment:
P : the point from which the ray starts
A : the end-point of the segment with the smallest y coordinate
(A must be "below" B)
B : the end-point of the segment with the greatest y coordinate
(B must be "above" A)
if Py = Ay or Py = By then
Py ← Py + ε
end if
if Py < Ay or Py > By then
return false
else if Px >= max(Ax, Bx) then
return false
else
if Px < min(Ax, Bx) then
return true
else
if Ax ≠ Bx then
m_red ← (By - Ay)/(Bx - Ax)
else
m_red ← ∞
end if
if Ax ≠ Px then
m_blue ← (Py - Ay)/(Px - Ax)
else
m_blue ← ∞
end if
if m_blue ≥ m_red then
return true
else
return false
end if
end if
end if
(To avoid the "ray on vertex" problem, the point is moved upward of a small quantity ε.)
|
#Smalltalk
|
Smalltalk
|
Object subclass: Segment [
|pts|
Segment class >> new: points [ |a|
a := super new.
^ a init: points
]
init: points [ pts := points copy. ^self ]
endPoints [ ^pts ]
"utility methods"
first [ ^ pts at: 1]
second [ ^ pts at: 2]
leftmostEndPoint [
^ (self first x > self second x) ifTrue: [ self second ] ifFalse: [ self first ]
]
rightmostEndPoint [
^ (self first x > self second x) ifTrue: [ self first ] ifFalse: [ self second ]
]
topmostEndPoint [
^ (self first y > self second y) ifTrue: [ self first ] ifFalse: [ self second ]
]
bottommostEndPoint [
^ (self first y > self second y) ifTrue: [ self second ] ifFalse: [ self first ]
]
slope [
(pts at: 1) x ~= (pts at: 2) x
ifTrue: [ ^ ((pts at: 1) y - (pts at: 2) y) / ((pts at: 1) x - (pts at: 2) x) ]
ifFalse: [ ^ FloatD infinity ]
]
doesIntersectRayFrom: point [ |p A B|
(point y = (pts at: 1) y) | (point y = (pts at: 2) y)
ifTrue: [ p := Point x: (point x) y: (point y) + 0.00001 ]
ifFalse: [ p := point copy ].
A := self bottommostEndPoint.
B := self topmostEndPoint.
(p y < A y) | (p y > B y) | (p x > (self rightmostEndPoint x))
ifTrue: [ ^false ]
ifFalse: [ (p x < (self leftmostEndPoint x))
ifTrue: [ ^true ]
ifFalse: [ |s|
s := Segment new: { A . point }.
(s slope) >= (self slope)
ifTrue: [ ^ true ]
]
].
^false
]
].
Object subclass: Polygon [
|polysegs|
Polygon class >> new [ |a| a := super new. ^ a init. ]
Polygon class >> fromSegments: segments [ |a|
a := super new.
^ a initWithSegments: segments
]
Polygon class >> fromPoints: pts and: indexes [ |a|
a := self new.
indexes do: [ :i |
a addSegment: ( Segment new: { pts at: (i at: 1) . pts at: (i at: 2) } )
].
^ a
]
initWithSegments: segments [
polysegs := segments copy. ^self
]
init [ polysegs := OrderedCollection new. ^ self ]
addSegment: segment [ polysegs add: segment ]
pointInside: point [ |cnt|
cnt := 0.
polysegs do: [ :s | (s doesIntersectRayFrom: point)
ifTrue: [ cnt := cnt + 1 ] ].
^ ( cnt \\ 2 = 0 ) not
]
].
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Queue/Definition
|
Queue/Definition
|
Data Structure
This illustrates a data structure, a means of storing data within a program.
You may see other such structures in the Data Structures category.
Illustration of FIFO behavior
Task
Implement a FIFO queue.
Elements are added at one side and popped from the other in the order of insertion.
Operations:
push (aka enqueue) - add element
pop (aka dequeue) - pop first element
empty - return truth value when empty
Errors:
handle the error of trying to pop from an empty queue (behavior depends on the language and platform)
See
Queue/Usage for the built-in FIFO or queue of your language or standard library.
See also
Array
Associative array: Creation, Iteration
Collections
Compound data type
Doubly-linked list: Definition, Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Linked list
Queue: Definition, Usage
Set
Singly-linked list: Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Stack
|
#ATS
|
ATS
|
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
#define ATS_DYNLOADFLAG 0
#include "share/atspre_staload.hats"
staload UN = "prelude/SATS/unsafe.sats"
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
vtypedef queue_vt (vt : vt@ype+, n : int) =
(* A list that forms the queue, and a pointer to its last node. *)
@(list_vt (vt, n), ptr)
#define NIL list_vt_nil ()
#define :: list_vt_cons
fn {}
queue_vt_nil {vt : vt@ype}
() :
queue_vt (vt, 0) =
@(NIL, the_null_ptr)
fn {}
queue_vt_is_empty
{n : int}
{vt : vt@ype}
(q : !queue_vt (vt, n)) :
[is_empty : bool | is_empty == (n == 0)]
bool is_empty =
case+ q.0 of
| NIL => true
| _ :: _ => false
fn {vt : vt@ype}
queue_vt_enqueue
{n : int}
(q : queue_vt (vt, n),
x : vt) :
(* Returns the new queue. *)
[m : int | 1 <= m; m == n + 1]
queue_vt (vt, m) =
let
val @(lst, tail_ptr) = q
prval _ = lemma_list_vt_param lst
in
case+ lst of
| ~ NIL =>
let
val lst = x :: NIL
val tail_ptr = $UN.castvwtp1{ptr} lst
in
@(lst, tail_ptr)
end
| _ :: _ =>
let
val old_tail = $UN.castvwtp0{list_vt (vt, 1)} tail_ptr
val+ @ (hd :: tl) = old_tail
(* Extend the list by one node, at its tail end. *)
val new_tail : list_vt (vt, 1) = x :: NIL
val tail_ptr = $UN.castvwtp1{ptr} new_tail
prval _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} tl
val _ = tl := new_tail
prval _ = fold@ old_tail
prval _ = $UN.castvwtp0{void} old_tail
(* Let us cheat and simply *assert* (rather than prove) that
the list has grown by one node. *)
val lst = $UN.castvwtp0{list_vt (vt, n + 1)} lst
in
@(lst, tail_ptr)
end
end
(* The dequeue routine simply CANNOT BE CALLED with an empty queue.
It requires a queue of type queue_vt (vt, n) where n is positive. *)
fn {vt : vt@ype}
queue_vt_dequeue
{n : int | 1 <= n}
(q : queue_vt (vt, n)) :
(* Returns a tuple: the dequeued element and the new queue. *)
[m : int | 0 <= m; m == n - 1]
@(vt, queue_vt (vt, m)) =
case+ q.0 of
| ~ (x :: lst) => @(x, @(lst, q.1))
(* queue_vt is a linear type that must be freed. *)
extern fun {vt : vt@ype}
queue_vt$element_free : vt -> void
fn {vt : vt@ype}
queue_vt_free {n : int}
(q : queue_vt (vt, n)) :
void =
let
fun
loop {n : nat} .<n>. (lst : list_vt (vt, n)) : void =
case+ lst of
| ~ NIL => begin end
| ~ (hd :: tl) =>
begin
queue_vt$element_free<vt> hd;
loop tl
end
prval _ = lemma_list_vt_param (q.0)
in
loop (q.0)
end
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
(* An example: a queue of nonlinear strings. *)
vtypedef strq_vt (n : int) = queue_vt (string, n)
fn {} (* A parameterless template, for efficiency. *)
strq_vt_nil () : strq_vt 0 =
queue_vt_nil ()
fn {} (* A parameterless template, for efficiency. *)
strq_vt_is_empty {n : int} (q : !strq_vt n) :
[is_empty : bool | is_empty == (n == 0)] bool is_empty =
queue_vt_is_empty<> q
fn
strq_vt_enqueue {n : int} (q : strq_vt n, x : string) :
[m : int | 1 <= m; m == n + 1] strq_vt m =
queue_vt_enqueue<string> (q, x)
fn (* Impossible to... VVVVVV ...call with an empty queue. *)
strq_vt_dequeue {n : int | 1 <= n} (q : strq_vt n) :
[m : int | 0 <= m; m == n - 1] @(string, strq_vt m) =
queue_vt_dequeue<string> q
fn
strq_vt_free {n : int} (q : strq_vt n) : void =
let
implement
queue_vt$element_free<string> x =
(* A nonlinear string will be allowed to leak. (It might be
collected as garbage, however.) *)
begin end
in
queue_vt_free<string> q
end
macdef qnil = strq_vt_nil ()
overload iseqz with strq_vt_is_empty
overload << with strq_vt_enqueue
overload pop with strq_vt_dequeue
overload free with strq_vt_free
implement
main0 () =
{
val q = qnil
val _ = println! ("val q = qnil")
val _ = println! ("iseqz q = ", iseqz q)
val _ = println! ("val q = q << \"one\" << \"two\" << \"three\"")
val q = q << "one" << "two" << "three"
val _ = println! ("iseqz q = ", iseqz q)
val _ = println! ("val (x, q) = pop q")
val (x, q) = pop q
val _ = println! ("x = ", x)
val _ = println! ("val (x, q) = pop q")
val (x, q) = pop q
val _ = println! ("x = ", x)
val _ = println! ("val q = q << \"four\"")
val q = q << "four"
val _ = println! ("val (x, q) = pop q")
val (x, q) = pop q
val _ = println! ("x = ", x)
val _ = println! ("val (x, q) = pop q")
val (x, q) = pop q
val _ = println! ("x = ", x)
val _ = println! ("iseqz q = ", iseqz q)
//val (x, q) = pop q // If you uncomment this you cannot compile!
val _ = free q
}
(*------------------------------------------------------------------*)
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Quaternion_type
|
Quaternion type
|
Quaternions are an extension of the idea of complex numbers.
A complex number has a real and complex part, sometimes written as a + bi,
where a and b stand for real numbers, and i stands for the square root of minus 1.
An example of a complex number might be -3 + 2i,
where the real part, a is -3.0 and the complex part, b is +2.0.
A quaternion has one real part and three imaginary parts, i, j, and k.
A quaternion might be written as a + bi + cj + dk.
In the quaternion numbering system:
i∙i = j∙j = k∙k = i∙j∙k = -1, or more simply,
ii = jj = kk = ijk = -1.
The order of multiplication is important, as, in general, for two quaternions:
q1 and q2: q1q2 ≠ q2q1.
An example of a quaternion might be 1 +2i +3j +4k
There is a list form of notation where just the numbers are shown and the imaginary multipliers i, j, and k are assumed by position.
So the example above would be written as (1, 2, 3, 4)
Task
Given the three quaternions and their components:
q = (1, 2, 3, 4) = (a, b, c, d)
q1 = (2, 3, 4, 5) = (a1, b1, c1, d1)
q2 = (3, 4, 5, 6) = (a2, b2, c2, d2)
And a wholly real number r = 7.
Create functions (or classes) to perform simple maths with quaternions including computing:
The norm of a quaternion:
=
a
2
+
b
2
+
c
2
+
d
2
{\displaystyle ={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}+d^{2}}}}
The negative of a quaternion:
= (-a, -b, -c, -d)
The conjugate of a quaternion:
= ( a, -b, -c, -d)
Addition of a real number r and a quaternion q:
r + q = q + r = (a+r, b, c, d)
Addition of two quaternions:
q1 + q2 = (a1+a2, b1+b2, c1+c2, d1+d2)
Multiplication of a real number and a quaternion:
qr = rq = (ar, br, cr, dr)
Multiplication of two quaternions q1 and q2 is given by:
( a1a2 − b1b2 − c1c2 − d1d2,
a1b2 + b1a2 + c1d2 − d1c2,
a1c2 − b1d2 + c1a2 + d1b2,
a1d2 + b1c2 − c1b2 + d1a2 )
Show that, for the two quaternions q1 and q2:
q1q2 ≠ q2q1
If a language has built-in support for quaternions, then use it.
C.f.
Vector products
On Quaternions; or on a new System of Imaginaries in Algebra. By Sir William Rowan Hamilton LL.D, P.R.I.A., F.R.A.S., Hon. M. R. Soc. Ed. and Dub., Hon. or Corr. M. of the Royal or Imperial Academies of St. Petersburgh, Berlin, Turin and Paris, Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of other Scientific Societies at Home and Abroad, Andrews' Prof. of Astronomy in the University of Dublin, and Royal Astronomer of Ireland.
|
#BASIC256
|
BASIC256
|
dim q(4)
dim q1(4)
dim q2(4)
q[0] = 1: q[1] = 2: q[2] = 3: q[3] = 4
q1[0] = 2: q1[1] = 3: q1[2] = 4: q1[3] = 5
q2[0] = 3: q2[1] = 4: q2[2] = 5: q2[3] = 6
r = 7
function printq(q)
return "("+q[0]+", "+q[1]+", "+q[2]+", "+q[3]+")"
end function
function q_equal(q1, q2)
return q1[0]=q2[0] and q1[1]=q2[1] and q1[2]=q2[2] and q1[3]=q2[3]
end function
function q_norm(q)
return sqr(q[0]*q[0]+q[1]*q[1]+q[2]*q[2]+q[3]*q[3])
end function
function q_neg(q)
dim result[4]
result[0] = -q[0]
result[1] = -q[1]
result[2] = -q[2]
result[3] = -q[3]
return result
end function
function q_conj(q)
dim result[4]
result[0] = q[0]
result[1] = -q[1]
result[2] = -q[2]
result[3] = -q[3]
return result
end function
function q_addreal(q, r)
dim result[4]
result[0] = q[0]+r
result[1] = q[1]
result[2] = q[2]
result[3] = q[3]
return result
end function
function q_add(q1, q2)
dim result[4]
result[0] = q1[0]+q2[0]
result[1] = q1[1]+q2[1]
result[2] = q1[2]+q2[2]
result[3] = q1[3]+q2[3]
return result
end function
function q_mulreal(q, r)
dim result[4]
result[0] = q[0]*r
result[1] = q[1]*r
result[2] = q[2]*r
result[3] = q[3]*r
return result
end function
function q_mul(q1, q2)
dim result[4]
result[0] = q1[0]*q2[0]-q1[1]*q2[1]-q1[2]*q2[2]-q1[3]*q2[3]
result[1] = q1[0]*q2[1]+q1[1]*q2[0]+q1[2]*q2[3]-q1[3]*q2[2]
result[2] = q1[0]*q2[2]-q1[1]*q2[3]+q1[2]*q2[0]+q1[3]*q2[1]
result[3] = q1[0]*q2[3]+q1[1]*q2[2]-q1[2]*q2[1]+q1[3]*q2[0]
return result
end function
print "q = ";printq(q)
print "q1 = ";printq(q1)
print "q2 = ";printq(q2)
print "r = "; r
print "norm(q) = "; q_norm(q)
print "neg(q) = ";printq(q_neg(q))
print "conjugate(q) = ";printq(q_conj(q))
print "q+r = ";printq(q_addreal(q,r))
print "q1+q2 = ";printq(q_add(q1,q2))
print "qr = ";printq(q_mulreal(q,r))
print "q1q2 = ";printq(q_mul(q1,q2))
print "q2q1 = ";printq(q_mul(q2,q1))
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Quine
|
Quine
|
A quine is a self-referential program that can,
without any external access, output its own source.
A quine (named after Willard Van Orman Quine) is also known as:
self-reproducing automata (1972)
self-replicating program or self-replicating computer program
self-reproducing program or self-reproducing computer program
self-copying program or self-copying computer program
It is named after the philosopher and logician
who studied self-reference and quoting in natural language,
as for example in the paradox "'Yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation' yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation."
"Source" has one of two meanings. It can refer to the text-based program source.
For languages in which program source is represented as a data structure, "source" may refer to the data structure: quines in these languages fall into two categories: programs which print a textual representation of themselves, or expressions which evaluate to a data structure which is equivalent to that expression.
The usual way to code a quine works similarly to this paradox: The program consists of two identical parts, once as plain code and once quoted in some way (for example, as a character string, or a literal data structure). The plain code then accesses the quoted code and prints it out twice, once unquoted and once with the proper quotation marks added. Often, the plain code and the quoted code have to be nested.
Task
Write a program that outputs its own source code in this way. If the language allows it, you may add a variant that accesses the code directly. You are not allowed to read any external files with the source code. The program should also contain some sort of self-reference, so constant expressions which return their own value which some top-level interpreter will print out. Empty programs producing no output are not allowed.
There are several difficulties that one runs into when writing a quine, mostly dealing with quoting:
Part of the code usually needs to be stored as a string or structural literal in the language, which needs to be quoted somehow. However, including quotation marks in the string literal itself would be troublesome because it requires them to be escaped, which then necessitates the escaping character (e.g. a backslash) in the string, which itself usually needs to be escaped, and so on.
Some languages have a function for getting the "source code representation" of a string (i.e. adds quotation marks, etc.); in these languages, this can be used to circumvent the quoting problem.
Another solution is to construct the quote character from its character code, without having to write the quote character itself. Then the character is inserted into the string at the appropriate places. The ASCII code for double-quote is 34, and for single-quote is 39.
Newlines in the program may have to be reproduced as newlines in the string, which usually requires some kind of escape sequence (e.g. "\n"). This causes the same problem as above, where the escaping character needs to itself be escaped, etc.
If the language has a way of getting the "source code representation", it usually handles the escaping of characters, so this is not a problem.
Some languages allow you to have a string literal that spans multiple lines, which embeds the newlines into the string without escaping.
Write the entire program on one line, for free-form languages (as you can see for some of the solutions here, they run off the edge of the screen), thus removing the need for newlines. However, this may be unacceptable as some languages require a newline at the end of the file; and otherwise it is still generally good style to have a newline at the end of a file. (The task is not clear on whether a newline is required at the end of the file.) Some languages have a print statement that appends a newline; which solves the newline-at-the-end issue; but others do not.
Next to the Quines presented here, many other versions can be found on the Quine page.
Related task
print itself.
|
#Babel
|
Babel
|
% bin/babel quine.sp
{ "{ '{ ' << dup [val 0x22 0xffffff00 ] dup <- << << -> << ' ' << << ' }' << } !" { '{ ' << dup [val 0x22 0xffffff00 ] dup <- << << -> << ' ' << << '}' << } ! }%
%
% cat quine.sp
{ "{ '{ ' << dup [val 0x22 0xffffff00 ] dup <- << << -> << ' ' << << ' }' << } !" { '{ ' << dup [val 0x22 0xffffff00 ] dup <- << << -> << ' ' << << '}' << } ! }%
%
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Queue/Usage
|
Queue/Usage
|
Data Structure
This illustrates a data structure, a means of storing data within a program.
You may see other such structures in the Data Structures category.
Illustration of FIFO behavior
Task
Create a queue data structure and demonstrate its operations.
(For implementations of queues, see the FIFO task.)
Operations:
push (aka enqueue) - add element
pop (aka dequeue) - pop first element
empty - return truth value when empty
See also
Array
Associative array: Creation, Iteration
Collections
Compound data type
Doubly-linked list: Definition, Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Linked list
Queue: Definition, Usage
Set
Singly-linked list: Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Stack
|
#Cowgol
|
Cowgol
|
include "cowgol.coh";
typedef QueueData is uint8; # the queue will contain bytes
include "queue.coh"; # from the Queue/Definition task
var queue := MakeQueue();
# enqueue bytes 0 to 20
print("Enqueueing: ");
var n: uint8 := 0;
while n < 20 loop
print_i8(n);
print_char(' ');
Enqueue(queue, n);
n := n + 1;
end loop;
print_nl();
# dequeue and print everything in the queue
print("Dequeueing: ");
while QueueEmpty(queue) == 0 loop
print_i8(Dequeue(queue));
print_char(' ');
end loop;
print_nl();
# free the queue
FreeQueue(queue);
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Queue/Usage
|
Queue/Usage
|
Data Structure
This illustrates a data structure, a means of storing data within a program.
You may see other such structures in the Data Structures category.
Illustration of FIFO behavior
Task
Create a queue data structure and demonstrate its operations.
(For implementations of queues, see the FIFO task.)
Operations:
push (aka enqueue) - add element
pop (aka dequeue) - pop first element
empty - return truth value when empty
See also
Array
Associative array: Creation, Iteration
Collections
Compound data type
Doubly-linked list: Definition, Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Linked list
Queue: Definition, Usage
Set
Singly-linked list: Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Stack
|
#D
|
D
|
class LinkedQueue(T) {
private static struct Node {
T data;
Node* next;
}
private Node* head, tail;
bool empty() { return head is null; }
void push(T item) {
if (empty())
head = tail = new Node(item);
else {
tail.next = new Node(item);
tail = tail.next;
}
}
T pop() {
if (empty())
throw new Exception("Empty LinkedQueue.");
auto item = head.data;
head = head.next;
if (head is tail) // Is last one?
// Release tail reference so that GC can collect.
tail = null;
return item;
}
alias push enqueue;
alias pop dequeue;
}
void main() {
auto q = new LinkedQueue!int();
q.push(10);
q.push(20);
q.push(30);
assert(q.pop() == 10);
assert(q.pop() == 20);
assert(q.pop() == 30);
assert(q.empty());
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_specific_line_from_a_file
|
Read a specific line from a file
|
Some languages have special semantics for obtaining a known line number from a file.
Task
Demonstrate how to obtain the contents of a specific line within a file.
For the purpose of this task demonstrate how the contents of the seventh line of a file can be obtained, and store it in a variable or in memory (for potential future use within the program if the code were to become embedded).
If the file does not contain seven lines, or the seventh line is empty, or too big to be retrieved, output an appropriate message.
If no special semantics are available for obtaining the required line, it is permissible to read line by line.
Note that empty lines are considered and should still be counted.
Also note that for functional languages or languages without variables or storage, it is permissible to output the extracted data to standard output.
|
#Smalltalk
|
Smalltalk
|
line := (StandardFileStream oldFileNamed: 'test.txt') contents lineNumber: 7.
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_specific_line_from_a_file
|
Read a specific line from a file
|
Some languages have special semantics for obtaining a known line number from a file.
Task
Demonstrate how to obtain the contents of a specific line within a file.
For the purpose of this task demonstrate how the contents of the seventh line of a file can be obtained, and store it in a variable or in memory (for potential future use within the program if the code were to become embedded).
If the file does not contain seven lines, or the seventh line is empty, or too big to be retrieved, output an appropriate message.
If no special semantics are available for obtaining the required line, it is permissible to read line by line.
Note that empty lines are considered and should still be counted.
Also note that for functional languages or languages without variables or storage, it is permissible to output the extracted data to standard output.
|
#SPL
|
SPL
|
lines = #.readlines("test.txt")
#.output("Seventh line of text:")
? #.size(lines,1)<7
#.output("is absent")
!
#.output(lines[7])
.
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Quickselect_algorithm
|
Quickselect algorithm
|
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
Use the quickselect algorithm on the vector
[9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
To show the first, second, third, ... up to the tenth largest member of the vector, in order, here on this page.
Note: Quicksort has a separate task.
|
#D
|
D
|
void main() {
import std.stdio, std.algorithm;
auto a = [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];
foreach (immutable i; 0 .. a.length) {
a.topN(i);
write(a[i], " ");
}
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ramer-Douglas-Peucker_line_simplification
|
Ramer-Douglas-Peucker line simplification
|
Ramer-Douglas-Peucker line simplification
You are encouraged to solve this task according to the task description, using any language you may know.
The Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm is a line simplification algorithm for reducing the number of points used to define its shape.
Task
Using the Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm, simplify the 2D line defined by the points:
(0,0) (1,0.1) (2,-0.1) (3,5) (4,6) (5,7) (6,8.1) (7,9) (8,9) (9,9)
The error threshold to be used is: 1.0.
Display the remaining points here.
Reference
the Wikipedia article: Ramer-Douglas-Peucker algorithm.
|
#REXX
|
REXX
|
/*REXX program uses the Ramer─Douglas─Peucker (RDP) line simplification algorithm for*/
/*───────────────────────────── reducing the number of points used to define its shape. */
parse arg epsilon pts /*obtain optional arguments from the CL*/
if epsilon='' | epsilon="," then epsilon= 1 /*Not specified? Then use the default.*/
if pts='' then pts= '(0,0) (1,0.1) (2,-0.1) (3,5) (4,6) (5,7) (6,8.1) (7,9) (8,9) (9,9)'
pts= space(pts) /*elide all superfluous blanks. */
say ' error threshold: ' epsilon /*echo the error threshold to the term.*/
say ' points specified: ' pts /* " " shape points " " " */
$= RDP(pts) /*invoke Ramer─Douglas─Peucker function*/
say 'points simplified: ' rez($) /*display points with () ───► terminal.*/
exit 0 /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
bld: parse arg _; #= words(_); dMax=-#; idx=1; do j=1 for #; @.j= word(_, j); end; return
px: parse arg _; return word( translate(_, , ','), 1) /*obtain the X coörd.*/
py: parse arg _; return word( translate(_, , ','), 2) /* " " Y " */
reb: parse arg a,b,,_; do k=a to b; _= _ @.k; end; return strip(_)
rez: parse arg z,_; do k=1 for words(z); _= _ '('word(z, k)") "; end; return strip(_)
/*──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
RDP: procedure expose epsilon; call bld space( translate(arg(1), , ')(][}{') )
L= px(@.#) - px(@.1)
H= py(@.#) - py(@.1) /* [↓] find point IDX with max distance*/
do i=2 to #-1
d= abs(H*px(@.i) - L*py(@.i) + px(@.#)*py(@.1) - py(@.#)*px(@.1))
if d>dMax then do; idx= i; dMax= d
end
end /*i*/ /* [↑] D is the perpendicular distance*/
if dMax>epsilon then do; r= RDP( reb(1, idx) )
return subword(r, 1, words(r) - 1) RDP( reb(idx, #) )
end
return @.1 @.#
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Range_extraction
|
Range extraction
|
A format for expressing an ordered list of integers is to use a comma separated list of either
individual integers
Or a range of integers denoted by the starting integer separated from the end integer in the range by a dash, '-'. (The range includes all integers in the interval including both endpoints)
The range syntax is to be used only for, and for every range that expands to more than two values.
Example
The list of integers:
-6, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Is accurately expressed by the range expression:
-6,-3-1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20
(And vice-versa).
Task
Create a function that takes a list of integers in increasing order and returns a correctly formatted string in the range format.
Use the function to compute and print the range formatted version of the following ordered list of integers. (The correct answer is: 0-2,4,6-8,11,12,14-25,27-33,35-39).
0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39
Show the output of your program.
Related task
Range expansion
|
#E
|
E
|
def rex(numbers :List[int]) {
var region := 0..!0
for n in numbers { region |= n..n }
var ranges := []
for interval in region.getSimpleRegions() {
def a := interval.getOptStart()
def b := interval.getOptBound() - 1
ranges with= if (b > a + 1) {
`$a-$b`
} else if (b <=> a + 1) {
`$a,$b`
} else { # b <=> a
`$a`
}
}
return ",".rjoin(ranges)
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_numbers
|
Random numbers
|
Task
Generate a collection filled with 1000 normally distributed random (or pseudo-random) numbers
with a mean of 1.0 and a standard deviation of 0.5
Many libraries only generate uniformly distributed random numbers. If so, you may use one of these algorithms.
Related task
Standard deviation
|
#Frink
|
Frink
|
a = new array[[1000], {|x| randomGaussian[1, 0.5]}]
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_numbers
|
Random numbers
|
Task
Generate a collection filled with 1000 normally distributed random (or pseudo-random) numbers
with a mean of 1.0 and a standard deviation of 0.5
Many libraries only generate uniformly distributed random numbers. If so, you may use one of these algorithms.
Related task
Standard deviation
|
#FutureBasic
|
FutureBasic
|
window 1
local fn RandomZeroToOne as double
double result
cln result = (double)( (rand() % 100000 ) * 0.00001 );
end fn = result
local fn RandomGaussian as double
double r = fn RandomZeroToOne
end fn = 1 + .5 * ( sqr( -2 * log(r) ) * cos( 2 * pi * r ) )
long i
double mean, std, a(1000)
for i = 1 to 1000
a(i) = fn RandomGaussian
mean += a(i)
next
mean = mean / 1000
for i = 1 to 1000
std += ( a(i) - mean )^2
next
std = std / 1000
print " Average: "; mean
print "Standard Deviation: "; std
HandleEvents
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(included)
|
Random number generator (included)
|
The task is to:
State the type of random number generator algorithm used in a language's built-in random number generator. If the language or its immediate libraries don't provide a random number generator, skip this task.
If possible, give a link to a wider explanation of the algorithm used.
Note: the task is not to create an RNG, but to report on the languages in-built RNG that would be the most likely RNG used.
The main types of pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that are in use are the Linear Congruential Generator (LCG), and the Generalized Feedback Shift Register (GFSR), (of which the Mersenne twister generator is a subclass). The last main type is where the output of one of the previous ones (typically a Mersenne twister) is fed through a cryptographic hash function to maximize unpredictability of individual bits.
Note that neither LCGs nor GFSRs should be used for the most demanding applications (cryptography) without additional steps.
|
#PureBasic
|
PureBasic
|
typedef unsigned long long u8;
typedef struct ranctx { u8 a; u8 b; u8 c; u8 d; } ranctx;
#define rot(x,k) (((x)<<(k))|((x)>>(64-(k))))
u8 ranval( ranctx *x ) {
u8 e = x->a - rot(x->b, 7);
x->a = x->b ^ rot(x->c, 13);
x->b = x->c + rot(x->d, 37);
x->c = x->d + e;
x->d = e + x->a;
return x->d;
}
void raninit( ranctx *x, u8 seed ) {
u8 i;
x->a = 0xf1ea5eed, x->b = x->c = x->d = seed;
for (i=0; i<20; ++i) {
(void)ranval(x);
}
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(included)
|
Random number generator (included)
|
The task is to:
State the type of random number generator algorithm used in a language's built-in random number generator. If the language or its immediate libraries don't provide a random number generator, skip this task.
If possible, give a link to a wider explanation of the algorithm used.
Note: the task is not to create an RNG, but to report on the languages in-built RNG that would be the most likely RNG used.
The main types of pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) that are in use are the Linear Congruential Generator (LCG), and the Generalized Feedback Shift Register (GFSR), (of which the Mersenne twister generator is a subclass). The last main type is where the output of one of the previous ones (typically a Mersenne twister) is fed through a cryptographic hash function to maximize unpredictability of individual bits.
Note that neither LCGs nor GFSRs should be used for the most demanding applications (cryptography) without additional steps.
|
#Python
|
Python
|
typedef unsigned long long u8;
typedef struct ranctx { u8 a; u8 b; u8 c; u8 d; } ranctx;
#define rot(x,k) (((x)<<(k))|((x)>>(64-(k))))
u8 ranval( ranctx *x ) {
u8 e = x->a - rot(x->b, 7);
x->a = x->b ^ rot(x->c, 13);
x->b = x->c + rot(x->d, 37);
x->c = x->d + e;
x->d = e + x->a;
return x->d;
}
void raninit( ranctx *x, u8 seed ) {
u8 i;
x->a = 0xf1ea5eed, x->b = x->c = x->d = seed;
for (i=0; i<20; ++i) {
(void)ranval(x);
}
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_configuration_file
|
Read a configuration file
|
The task is to read a configuration file in standard configuration file format,
and set variables accordingly.
For this task, we have a configuration file as follows:
# This is a configuration file in standard configuration file format
#
# Lines beginning with a hash or a semicolon are ignored by the application
# program. Blank lines are also ignored by the application program.
# This is the fullname parameter
FULLNAME Foo Barber
# This is a favourite fruit
FAVOURITEFRUIT banana
# This is a boolean that should be set
NEEDSPEELING
# This boolean is commented out
; SEEDSREMOVED
# Configuration option names are not case sensitive, but configuration parameter
# data is case sensitive and may be preserved by the application program.
# An optional equals sign can be used to separate configuration parameter data
# from the option name. This is dropped by the parser.
# A configuration option may take multiple parameters separated by commas.
# Leading and trailing whitespace around parameter names and parameter data fields
# are ignored by the application program.
OTHERFAMILY Rhu Barber, Harry Barber
For the task we need to set four variables according to the configuration entries as follows:
fullname = Foo Barber
favouritefruit = banana
needspeeling = true
seedsremoved = false
We also have an option that contains multiple parameters. These may be stored in an array.
otherfamily(1) = Rhu Barber
otherfamily(2) = Harry Barber
Related tasks
Update a configuration file
|
#Java
|
Java
|
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
public class ConfigReader {
private static final Pattern LINE_PATTERN = Pattern.compile( "([^ =]+)[ =]?(.*)" );
private static final Map<String, Object> DEFAULTS = new HashMap<String, Object>() {{
put( "needspeeling", false );
put( "seedsremoved", false );
}};
public static void main( final String[] args ) {
System.out.println( parseFile( args[ 0 ] ) );
}
public static Map<String, Object> parseFile( final String fileName ) {
final Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<String, Object>( DEFAULTS );
/*v*/ BufferedReader reader = null;
try {
reader = new BufferedReader( new FileReader( fileName ) );
for ( String line; null != ( line = reader.readLine() ); ) {
parseLine( line, result );
}
} catch ( final IOException x ) {
throw new RuntimeException( "Oops: " + x, x );
} finally {
if ( null != reader ) try {
reader.close();
} catch ( final IOException x2 ) {
System.err.println( "Could not close " + fileName + " - " + x2 );
}
}
return result;
}
private static void parseLine( final String line, final Map<String, Object> map ) {
if ( "".equals( line.trim() ) || line.startsWith( "#" ) || line.startsWith( ";" ) )
return;
final Matcher matcher = LINE_PATTERN.matcher( line );
if ( ! matcher.matches() ) {
System.err.println( "Bad config line: " + line );
return;
}
final String key = matcher.group( 1 ).trim().toLowerCase();
final String value = matcher.group( 2 ).trim();
if ( "".equals( value ) ) {
map.put( key, true );
} else if ( -1 == value.indexOf( ',' ) ) {
map.put( key, value );
} else {
final String[] values = value.split( "," );
for ( int i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
values[ i ] = values[ i ].trim();
}
map.put( key, Arrays.asList( values ) );
}
}
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Range_expansion
|
Range expansion
|
A format for expressing an ordered list of integers is to use a comma separated list of either
individual integers
Or a range of integers denoted by the starting integer separated from the end integer in the range by a dash, '-'. (The range includes all integers in the interval including both endpoints)
The range syntax is to be used only for, and for every range that expands to more than two values.
Example
The list of integers:
-6, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20
Is accurately expressed by the range expression:
-6,-3-1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20
(And vice-versa).
Task
Expand the range description:
-6,-3--1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20
Note that the second element above,
is the range from minus 3 to minus 1.
Related task
Range extraction
|
#Forth
|
Forth
|
: >snumber ( str len -- 'str 'len n )
0. 2swap
over c@ [char] - = if
1 /string
>number 2swap drop
negate
else
>number 2swap drop
then ;
: expand ( str len -- )
begin dup while
>snumber >r
dup if over c@ [char] - = if
1 /string
>snumber r> over >r
do i . loop
then then
dup if over c@ [char] , = if
1 /string
then then
r> .
repeat 2drop ;
s" -6,-3--1,3-5,7-11,14,15,17-20" expand
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Read_a_file_line_by_line
|
Read a file line by line
|
Read a file one line at a time,
as opposed to reading the entire file at once.
Related tasks
Read a file character by character
Input loop.
|
#Fortran
|
Fortran
|
INTEGER ENUFF !A value has to be specified beforehand,.
PARAMETER (ENUFF = 2468) !Provide some provenance.
CHARACTER*(ENUFF) ALINE !A perfect size?
CHARACTER*66 FNAME !What about file name sizes?
INTEGER LINPR,IN !I/O unit numbers.
INTEGER L,N !A length, and a record counter.
LOGICAL EXIST !This can't be asked for in an "OPEN" statement.
LINPR = 6 !Standard output via this unit number.
IN = 10 !Some unit number for the input file.
FNAME = "Read.for" !Choose a file name.
INQUIRE (FILE = FNAME, EXIST = EXIST) !A basic question.
IF (.NOT.EXIST) THEN !Absent?
WRITE (LINPR,1) FNAME !Alas, name the absentee.
1 FORMAT ("No sign of file ",A) !The name might be mistyped.
STOP "No file, no go." !Give up.
END IF !So much for the most obvious mishap.
OPEN (IN,FILE = FNAME, STATUS = "OLD", ACTION = "READ") !For formatted input.
N = 0 !No records read so far.
10 READ (IN,11,END = 20) L,ALINE(1:MIN(L,ENUFF)) !Read only the L characters in the record, up to ENUFF.
11 FORMAT (Q,A) !Q = "how many characters yet to be read", A = characters with no limit.
N = N + 1 !A record has been read.
IF (L.GT.ENUFF) WRITE (LINPR,12) N,L,ENUFF !Was it longer than ALINE could accommodate?
12 FORMAT ("Record ",I0," has length ",I0,": my limit is ",I0) !Yes. Explain.
WRITE (LINPR,13) N,ALINE(1:MIN(L,ENUFF)) !Print the record, prefixed by the count.
13 FORMAT (I9,":",A) !Fixed number size for alignment.
GO TO 10 !Do it again.
20 CLOSE (IN) !All done.
END !That's all.
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ranking_methods
|
Ranking methods
|
Sorting Algorithm
This is a sorting algorithm. It may be applied to a set of data in order to sort it.
For comparing various sorts, see compare sorts.
For other sorting algorithms, see sorting algorithms, or:
O(n logn) sorts
Heap sort |
Merge sort |
Patience sort |
Quick sort
O(n log2n) sorts
Shell Sort
O(n2) sorts
Bubble sort |
Cocktail sort |
Cocktail sort with shifting bounds |
Comb sort |
Cycle sort |
Gnome sort |
Insertion sort |
Selection sort |
Strand sort
other sorts
Bead sort |
Bogo sort |
Common sorted list |
Composite structures sort |
Custom comparator sort |
Counting sort |
Disjoint sublist sort |
External sort |
Jort sort |
Lexicographical sort |
Natural sorting |
Order by pair comparisons |
Order disjoint list items |
Order two numerical lists |
Object identifier (OID) sort |
Pancake sort |
Quickselect |
Permutation sort |
Radix sort |
Ranking methods |
Remove duplicate elements |
Sleep sort |
Stooge sort |
[Sort letters of a string] |
Three variable sort |
Topological sort |
Tree sort
The numerical rank of competitors in a competition shows if one is better than, equal to, or worse than another based on their results in a competition.
The numerical rank of a competitor can be assigned in several different ways.
Task
The following scores are accrued for all competitors of a competition (in best-first order):
44 Solomon
42 Jason
42 Errol
41 Garry
41 Bernard
41 Barry
39 Stephen
For each of the following ranking methods, create a function/method/procedure/subroutine... that applies the ranking method to an ordered list of scores with scorers:
Standard. (Ties share what would have been their first ordinal number).
Modified. (Ties share what would have been their last ordinal number).
Dense. (Ties share the next available integer).
Ordinal. ((Competitors take the next available integer. Ties are not treated otherwise).
Fractional. (Ties share the mean of what would have been their ordinal numbers).
See the wikipedia article for a fuller description.
Show here, on this page, the ranking of the test scores under each of the numbered ranking methods.
|
#Ruby
|
Ruby
|
ar = "44 Solomon
42 Jason
42 Errol
41 Garry
41 Bernard
41 Barry
39 Stephen".lines.map{|line| line.split}
grouped = ar.group_by{|pair| pair.shift.to_i}
s_rnk = 1
m_rnk = o_rnk = 0
puts "stand.\tmod.\tdense\tord.\tfract."
grouped.each.with_index(1) do |(score, names), d_rnk|
m_rnk += names.flatten!.size
f_rnk = (s_rnk + m_rnk)/2.0
names.each do |name|
o_rnk += 1
puts "#{s_rnk}\t#{m_rnk}\t#{d_rnk}\t#{o_rnk}\t#{f_rnk.to_s.sub(".0","")}\t#{score} #{name}"
end
s_rnk += names.size
end
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Reverse_a_string
|
Reverse a string
|
Task
Take a string and reverse it.
For example, "asdf" becomes "fdsa".
Extra credit
Preserve Unicode combining characters.
For example, "as⃝df̅" becomes "f̅ds⃝a", not "̅fd⃝sa".
Other tasks related to string operations:
Metrics
Array length
String length
Copy a string
Empty string (assignment)
Counting
Word frequency
Letter frequency
Jewels and stones
I before E except after C
Bioinformatics/base count
Count occurrences of a substring
Count how many vowels and consonants occur in a string
Remove/replace
XXXX redacted
Conjugate a Latin verb
Remove vowels from a string
String interpolation (included)
Strip block comments
Strip comments from a string
Strip a set of characters from a string
Strip whitespace from a string -- top and tail
Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
Anagrams/Derangements/shuffling
Word wheel
ABC problem
Sattolo cycle
Knuth shuffle
Ordered words
Superpermutation minimisation
Textonyms (using a phone text pad)
Anagrams
Anagrams/Deranged anagrams
Permutations/Derangements
Find/Search/Determine
ABC words
Odd words
Word ladder
Semordnilap
Word search
Wordiff (game)
String matching
Tea cup rim text
Alternade words
Changeable words
State name puzzle
String comparison
Unique characters
Unique characters in each string
Extract file extension
Levenshtein distance
Palindrome detection
Common list elements
Longest common suffix
Longest common prefix
Compare a list of strings
Longest common substring
Find common directory path
Words from neighbour ones
Change e letters to i in words
Non-continuous subsequences
Longest common subsequence
Longest palindromic substrings
Longest increasing subsequence
Words containing "the" substring
Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
Determine if a string is numeric
Determine if a string is collapsible
Determine if a string is squeezable
Determine if a string has all unique characters
Determine if a string has all the same characters
Longest substrings without repeating characters
Find words which contains all the vowels
Find words which contains most consonants
Find words which contains more than 3 vowels
Find words which first and last three letters are equals
Find words which odd letters are consonants and even letters are vowels or vice_versa
Formatting
Substring
Rep-string
Word wrap
String case
Align columns
Literals/String
Repeat a string
Brace expansion
Brace expansion using ranges
Reverse a string
Phrase reversals
Comma quibbling
Special characters
String concatenation
Substring/Top and tail
Commatizing numbers
Reverse words in a string
Suffixation of decimal numbers
Long literals, with continuations
Numerical and alphabetical suffixes
Abbreviations, easy
Abbreviations, simple
Abbreviations, automatic
Song lyrics/poems/Mad Libs/phrases
Mad Libs
Magic 8-ball
99 Bottles of Beer
The Name Game (a song)
The Old lady swallowed a fly
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Tokenize
Text between
Tokenize a string
Word break problem
Tokenize a string with escaping
Split a character string based on change of character
Sequences
Show ASCII table
De Bruijn sequences
Self-referential sequences
Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
|
#PHP
|
PHP
|
strrev($string);
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(device)
|
Random number generator (device)
|
Task
If your system has a means to generate random numbers involving not only a software algorithm (like the /dev/urandom devices in Unix), then:
show how to obtain a random 32-bit number from that mechanism.
Related task
Random_number_generator_(included)
|
#Wren
|
Wren
|
import "io" for File
File.open("/dev/urandom") { |file|
var b = file.readBytes(4).bytes.toList
var n = b[0] | b[1] << 8 | b[2] << 16 | b[3] << 24
System.print(n)
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_number_generator_(device)
|
Random number generator (device)
|
Task
If your system has a means to generate random numbers involving not only a software algorithm (like the /dev/urandom devices in Unix), then:
show how to obtain a random 32-bit number from that mechanism.
Related task
Random_number_generator_(included)
|
#X86_Assembly
|
X86 Assembly
|
L: rdrand eax
jnc L
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Random_Latin_squares
|
Random Latin squares
|
A Latin square of size n is an arrangement of n symbols in an n-by-n square in such a way that each row and column has each symbol appearing exactly once.
A randomised Latin square generates random configurations of the symbols for any given n.
Example n=4 randomised Latin square
0 2 3 1
2 1 0 3
3 0 1 2
1 3 2 0
Task
Create a function/routine/procedure/method/... that given n generates a randomised Latin square of size n.
Use the function to generate and show here, two randomly generated squares of size 5.
Note
Strict Uniformity in the random generation is a hard problem and not a requirement of the task.
Reference
Wikipedia: Latin square
OEIS: A002860
|
#REXX
|
REXX
|
/*REXX program generates and displays a randomized Latin square. */
parse arg N seed . /*obtain the optional argument from CL.*/
if N=='' | N=="," then N= 5 /*Not specified? Then use the default.*/
if datatype(seed, 'W') then call random ,,seed /*Seed numeric? Then use it for seed.*/
w= length(N - 1) /*get the length of the largest number.*/
$= /*initialize $ string to null. */
do i=0 for N; $= $ right(i, w, '_') /*build a string of numbers (from zero)*/
end /*i*/ /* [↑] $ string is (so far) in order.*/
z= /*Z: will be the 1st row of the square*/
do N; ?= random(1,words($)) /*gen a random number from the $ string*/
z= z word($, ?); $= delword($, ?, 1) /*add the number to string; del from $.*/
end /*r*/
zz= z||z /*build a double-length string of Z. */
do j=1 for N /* [↓] display rows of random Latin sq*/
say translate(subword(zz, j, N), , '_') /*translate leading underbar to blank. */
end /*j*/ /*stick a fork in it, we're all done. */
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Ray-casting_algorithm
|
Ray-casting algorithm
|
This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Point_in_polygon. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Rosetta Code, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU FDL. (See links for details on variance)
Given a point and a polygon, check if the point is inside or outside the polygon using the ray-casting algorithm.
A pseudocode can be simply:
count ← 0
foreach side in polygon:
if ray_intersects_segment(P,side) then
count ← count + 1
if is_odd(count) then
return inside
else
return outside
Where the function ray_intersects_segment return true if the horizontal ray starting from the point P intersects the side (segment), false otherwise.
An intuitive explanation of why it works is that every time we cross
a border, we change "country" (inside-outside, or outside-inside), but
the last "country" we land on is surely outside (since the inside of the polygon is finite, while the ray continues towards infinity). So, if we crossed an odd number of borders we were surely inside, otherwise we were outside; we can follow the ray backward to see it better: starting from outside, only an odd number of crossing can give an inside: outside-inside, outside-inside-outside-inside, and so on (the - represents the crossing of a border).
So the main part of the algorithm is how we determine if a ray intersects a segment. The following text explain one of the possible ways.
Looking at the image on the right, we can easily be convinced of the fact that rays starting from points in the hatched area (like P1 and P2) surely do not intersect the segment AB. We also can easily see that rays starting from points in the greenish area surely intersect the segment AB (like point P3).
So the problematic points are those inside the white area (the box delimited by the points A and B), like P4.
Let us take into account a segment AB (the point A having y coordinate always smaller than B's y coordinate, i.e. point A is always below point B) and a point P. Let us use the cumbersome notation PAX to denote the angle between segment AP and AX, where X is always a point on the horizontal line passing by A with x coordinate bigger than the maximum between the x coordinate of A and the x coordinate of B. As explained graphically by the figures on the right, if PAX is greater than the angle BAX, then the ray starting from P intersects the segment AB. (In the images, the ray starting from PA does not intersect the segment, while the ray starting from PB in the second picture, intersects the segment).
Points on the boundary or "on" a vertex are someway special and through this approach we do not obtain coherent results. They could be treated apart, but it is not necessary to do so.
An algorithm for the previous speech could be (if P is a point, Px is its x coordinate):
ray_intersects_segment:
P : the point from which the ray starts
A : the end-point of the segment with the smallest y coordinate
(A must be "below" B)
B : the end-point of the segment with the greatest y coordinate
(B must be "above" A)
if Py = Ay or Py = By then
Py ← Py + ε
end if
if Py < Ay or Py > By then
return false
else if Px >= max(Ax, Bx) then
return false
else
if Px < min(Ax, Bx) then
return true
else
if Ax ≠ Bx then
m_red ← (By - Ay)/(Bx - Ax)
else
m_red ← ∞
end if
if Ax ≠ Px then
m_blue ← (Py - Ay)/(Px - Ax)
else
m_blue ← ∞
end if
if m_blue ≥ m_red then
return true
else
return false
end if
end if
end if
(To avoid the "ray on vertex" problem, the point is moved upward of a small quantity ε.)
|
#Tcl
|
Tcl
|
package require Tcl 8.5
proc point_in_polygon {point polygon} {
set count 0
foreach side [sides $polygon] {
if {[ray_intersects_line $point $side]} {
incr count
}
}
expr {$count % 2} ;#-- 1 = odd = true, 0 = even = false
}
proc sides polygon {
lassign $polygon x0 y0
foreach {x y} [lrange [lappend polygon $x0 $y0] 2 end] {
lappend res [list $x0 $y0 $x $y]
set x0 $x
set y0 $y
}
return $res
}
proc ray_intersects_line {point line} {
lassign $point Px Py
lassign $line Ax Ay Bx By
# Reverse line direction if necessary
if {$By < $Ay} {
lassign $line Bx By Ax Ay
}
# Add epsilon to
if {$Py == $Ay || $Py == $By} {
set Py [expr {$Py + abs($Py)/1e6}]
}
# Bounding box checks
if {$Py < $Ay || $Py > $By || $Px > max($Ax,$Bx)} {
return 0
} elseif {$Px < min($Ax,$Bx)} {
return 1
}
# Compare dot products to compare (cosines of) angles
set mRed [expr {$Ax != $Bx ? ($By-$Ay)/($Bx-$Ax) : Inf}]
set mBlu [expr {$Ax != $Px ? ($Py-$Ay)/($Px-$Ax) : Inf}]
return [expr {$mBlu >= $mRed}]
}
foreach {point poly} {
{0 0} {-1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1}
{2 2} {-1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1}
{0 0} {-2 -2 -2 2 2 2 2 -2 2 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 2 -1}
{1.5 1.5} {-2 -2 -2 2 2 2 2 -2 2 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 2 -1}
{5 5} {0 0 2.5 2.5 0 10 2.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 10 10 10 0 7.5 0.1}
{5 8} {0 0 2.5 2.5 0 10 2.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 10 10 10 0 7.5 0.1}
{2 2} {0 0 2.5 2.5 0 10 2.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 10 10 10 0 7.5 0.1}
{0 0} {0 0 2.5 2.5 0 10 2.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 10 10 10 0 7.5 0.1}
{10 10} {0 0 2.5 2.5 0 10 2.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 10 10 10 0 7.5 0.1}
{2.5 2.5} {0 0 2.5 2.5 0 10 2.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 10 10 10 0 7.5 0.1}
{-5 5} {3 0 7 0 10 5 7 10 3 10 0 5}
} {
puts "$point in $poly = [point_in_polygon $point $poly]"
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Queue/Definition
|
Queue/Definition
|
Data Structure
This illustrates a data structure, a means of storing data within a program.
You may see other such structures in the Data Structures category.
Illustration of FIFO behavior
Task
Implement a FIFO queue.
Elements are added at one side and popped from the other in the order of insertion.
Operations:
push (aka enqueue) - add element
pop (aka dequeue) - pop first element
empty - return truth value when empty
Errors:
handle the error of trying to pop from an empty queue (behavior depends on the language and platform)
See
Queue/Usage for the built-in FIFO or queue of your language or standard library.
See also
Array
Associative array: Creation, Iteration
Collections
Compound data type
Doubly-linked list: Definition, Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Linked list
Queue: Definition, Usage
Set
Singly-linked list: Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Stack
|
#AutoHotkey
|
AutoHotkey
|
push("qu", 2), push("qu", 44), push("qu", "xyz") ; TEST
MsgBox % "Len = " len("qu") ; Number of entries
While !empty("qu") ; Repeat until queue is not empty
MsgBox % pop("qu") ; Print popped values (2, 44, xyz)
MsgBox Error = %ErrorLevel% ; ErrorLevel = 0: OK
MsgBox % pop("qu") ; Empty
MsgBox Error = %ErrorLevel% ; ErrorLevel = -1: popped too much
MsgBox % "Len = " len("qu") ; Number of entries
push(queue,_) { ; push _ onto queue named "queue" (!=_), _ string not containing |
Global
%queue% .= %queue% = "" ? _ : "|" _
}
pop(queue) { ; pop value from queue named "queue" (!=_,_1,_2)
Global
RegExMatch(%queue%, "([^\|]*)\|?(.*)", _)
Return _1, ErrorLevel := -(%queue%=""), %queue% := _2
}
empty(queue) { ; check if queue named "queue" is empty
Global
Return %queue% = ""
}
len(queue) { ; number of entries in "queue"
Global
StringReplace %queue%, %queue%, |, |, UseErrorLevel
Return %queue% = "" ? 0 : ErrorLevel+1
}
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Quaternion_type
|
Quaternion type
|
Quaternions are an extension of the idea of complex numbers.
A complex number has a real and complex part, sometimes written as a + bi,
where a and b stand for real numbers, and i stands for the square root of minus 1.
An example of a complex number might be -3 + 2i,
where the real part, a is -3.0 and the complex part, b is +2.0.
A quaternion has one real part and three imaginary parts, i, j, and k.
A quaternion might be written as a + bi + cj + dk.
In the quaternion numbering system:
i∙i = j∙j = k∙k = i∙j∙k = -1, or more simply,
ii = jj = kk = ijk = -1.
The order of multiplication is important, as, in general, for two quaternions:
q1 and q2: q1q2 ≠ q2q1.
An example of a quaternion might be 1 +2i +3j +4k
There is a list form of notation where just the numbers are shown and the imaginary multipliers i, j, and k are assumed by position.
So the example above would be written as (1, 2, 3, 4)
Task
Given the three quaternions and their components:
q = (1, 2, 3, 4) = (a, b, c, d)
q1 = (2, 3, 4, 5) = (a1, b1, c1, d1)
q2 = (3, 4, 5, 6) = (a2, b2, c2, d2)
And a wholly real number r = 7.
Create functions (or classes) to perform simple maths with quaternions including computing:
The norm of a quaternion:
=
a
2
+
b
2
+
c
2
+
d
2
{\displaystyle ={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}+d^{2}}}}
The negative of a quaternion:
= (-a, -b, -c, -d)
The conjugate of a quaternion:
= ( a, -b, -c, -d)
Addition of a real number r and a quaternion q:
r + q = q + r = (a+r, b, c, d)
Addition of two quaternions:
q1 + q2 = (a1+a2, b1+b2, c1+c2, d1+d2)
Multiplication of a real number and a quaternion:
qr = rq = (ar, br, cr, dr)
Multiplication of two quaternions q1 and q2 is given by:
( a1a2 − b1b2 − c1c2 − d1d2,
a1b2 + b1a2 + c1d2 − d1c2,
a1c2 − b1d2 + c1a2 + d1b2,
a1d2 + b1c2 − c1b2 + d1a2 )
Show that, for the two quaternions q1 and q2:
q1q2 ≠ q2q1
If a language has built-in support for quaternions, then use it.
C.f.
Vector products
On Quaternions; or on a new System of Imaginaries in Algebra. By Sir William Rowan Hamilton LL.D, P.R.I.A., F.R.A.S., Hon. M. R. Soc. Ed. and Dub., Hon. or Corr. M. of the Royal or Imperial Academies of St. Petersburgh, Berlin, Turin and Paris, Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of other Scientific Societies at Home and Abroad, Andrews' Prof. of Astronomy in the University of Dublin, and Royal Astronomer of Ireland.
|
#BBC_BASIC
|
BBC BASIC
|
DIM q(3), q1(3), q2(3), t(3)
q() = 1, 2, 3, 4
q1() = 2, 3, 4, 5
q2() = 3, 4, 5, 6
r = 7
PRINT "q = " FNq_show(q())
PRINT "q1 = " FNq_show(q1())
PRINT "q2 = " FNq_show(q2())
PRINT "r = "; r
PRINT "norm(q) = "; FNq_norm(q())
t() = q() : PROCq_neg(t()) : PRINT "neg(q) = " FNq_show(t())
t() = q() : PROCq_conj(t()) : PRINT "conjugate(q) = " FNq_show(t())
t() = q() : PROCq_addreal(t(),r) : PRINT "q + r = " FNq_show(t())
t() = q1() : PROCq_add(t(),q2()) : PRINT "q1 + q2 = " FNq_show(t())
t() = q2() : PROCq_add(t(),q1()) : PRINT "q2 + q1 = " FNq_show(t())
t() = q() : PROCq_mulreal(t(),r) : PRINT "qr = " FNq_show(t())
t() = q1() : PROCq_mul(t(),q2()) : PRINT "q1q2 = " FNq_show(t())
t() = q2() : PROCq_mul(t(),q1()) : PRINT "q2q1 = " FNq_show(t())
END
DEF FNq_norm(q()) = MOD(q())
DEF PROCq_neg(q()) : q() *= -1 : ENDPROC
DEF PROCq_conj(q()) : q() *= -1 : q(0) *= -1 : ENDPROC
DEF PROCq_addreal(q(), r) : q(0) += r : ENDPROC
DEF PROCq_add(q(), r()) : q() += r() : ENDPROC
DEF PROCq_mulreal(q(), r) : q() *= r : ENDPROC
DEF PROCq_mul(q(), r()) : LOCAL s() : DIM s(3,3)
s() = r(0), -r(1), -r(2), -r(3), r(1), r(0), r(3), -r(2), \
\ r(2), -r(3), r(0), r(1), r(3), r(2), -r(1), r(0)
q() = s() . q()
ENDPROC
DEF FNq_show(q()) : LOCAL i%, a$ : a$ = "("
FOR i% = 0 TO 3 : a$ += STR$(q(i%)) + ", " : NEXT
= LEFT$(LEFT$(a$)) + ")"
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Quine
|
Quine
|
A quine is a self-referential program that can,
without any external access, output its own source.
A quine (named after Willard Van Orman Quine) is also known as:
self-reproducing automata (1972)
self-replicating program or self-replicating computer program
self-reproducing program or self-reproducing computer program
self-copying program or self-copying computer program
It is named after the philosopher and logician
who studied self-reference and quoting in natural language,
as for example in the paradox "'Yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation' yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation."
"Source" has one of two meanings. It can refer to the text-based program source.
For languages in which program source is represented as a data structure, "source" may refer to the data structure: quines in these languages fall into two categories: programs which print a textual representation of themselves, or expressions which evaluate to a data structure which is equivalent to that expression.
The usual way to code a quine works similarly to this paradox: The program consists of two identical parts, once as plain code and once quoted in some way (for example, as a character string, or a literal data structure). The plain code then accesses the quoted code and prints it out twice, once unquoted and once with the proper quotation marks added. Often, the plain code and the quoted code have to be nested.
Task
Write a program that outputs its own source code in this way. If the language allows it, you may add a variant that accesses the code directly. You are not allowed to read any external files with the source code. The program should also contain some sort of self-reference, so constant expressions which return their own value which some top-level interpreter will print out. Empty programs producing no output are not allowed.
There are several difficulties that one runs into when writing a quine, mostly dealing with quoting:
Part of the code usually needs to be stored as a string or structural literal in the language, which needs to be quoted somehow. However, including quotation marks in the string literal itself would be troublesome because it requires them to be escaped, which then necessitates the escaping character (e.g. a backslash) in the string, which itself usually needs to be escaped, and so on.
Some languages have a function for getting the "source code representation" of a string (i.e. adds quotation marks, etc.); in these languages, this can be used to circumvent the quoting problem.
Another solution is to construct the quote character from its character code, without having to write the quote character itself. Then the character is inserted into the string at the appropriate places. The ASCII code for double-quote is 34, and for single-quote is 39.
Newlines in the program may have to be reproduced as newlines in the string, which usually requires some kind of escape sequence (e.g. "\n"). This causes the same problem as above, where the escaping character needs to itself be escaped, etc.
If the language has a way of getting the "source code representation", it usually handles the escaping of characters, so this is not a problem.
Some languages allow you to have a string literal that spans multiple lines, which embeds the newlines into the string without escaping.
Write the entire program on one line, for free-form languages (as you can see for some of the solutions here, they run off the edge of the screen), thus removing the need for newlines. However, this may be unacceptable as some languages require a newline at the end of the file; and otherwise it is still generally good style to have a newline at the end of a file. (The task is not clear on whether a newline is required at the end of the file.) Some languages have a print statement that appends a newline; which solves the newline-at-the-end issue; but others do not.
Next to the Quines presented here, many other versions can be found on the Quine page.
Related task
print itself.
|
#bash
|
bash
|
#!/bin/bash
mapfile < $0
printf "%s" "${MAPFILE[@]}"
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Queue/Usage
|
Queue/Usage
|
Data Structure
This illustrates a data structure, a means of storing data within a program.
You may see other such structures in the Data Structures category.
Illustration of FIFO behavior
Task
Create a queue data structure and demonstrate its operations.
(For implementations of queues, see the FIFO task.)
Operations:
push (aka enqueue) - add element
pop (aka dequeue) - pop first element
empty - return truth value when empty
See also
Array
Associative array: Creation, Iteration
Collections
Compound data type
Doubly-linked list: Definition, Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Linked list
Queue: Definition, Usage
Set
Singly-linked list: Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Stack
|
#Delphi
|
Delphi
|
program QueueUsage;
{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}
uses Generics.Collections;
var
lStringQueue: TQueue<string>;
begin
lStringQueue := TQueue<string>.Create;
try
lStringQueue.Enqueue('First');
lStringQueue.Enqueue('Second');
lStringQueue.Enqueue('Third');
Writeln(lStringQueue.Dequeue);
Writeln(lStringQueue.Dequeue);
Writeln(lStringQueue.Dequeue);
if lStringQueue.Count = 0 then
Writeln('Queue is empty.');
finally
lStringQueue.Free;
end
end.
|
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Queue/Usage
|
Queue/Usage
|
Data Structure
This illustrates a data structure, a means of storing data within a program.
You may see other such structures in the Data Structures category.
Illustration of FIFO behavior
Task
Create a queue data structure and demonstrate its operations.
(For implementations of queues, see the FIFO task.)
Operations:
push (aka enqueue) - add element
pop (aka dequeue) - pop first element
empty - return truth value when empty
See also
Array
Associative array: Creation, Iteration
Collections
Compound data type
Doubly-linked list: Definition, Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Linked list
Queue: Definition, Usage
Set
Singly-linked list: Element definition, Element insertion, List Traversal, Element Removal
Stack
|
#D.C3.A9j.C3.A0_Vu
|
Déjà Vu
|
local :Q queue
!. empty Q
enqueue Q "HELLO"
enqueue Q 123
enqueue Q "It's a magical place"
!. empty Q
!. dequeue Q
!. dequeue Q
!. dequeue Q
!. empty Q
!. dequeue Q
|
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