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= = = catalytic reagents = = =
catalytic reagents have been less successful with most variations suffering from poor yield poor <unk> or both there are also issues with substrate scope most having limitations with methylene transfer and aliphatic aldehydes the trouble stems from the need for a nucleophilic sulfide that efficiently generates the ylide which can also act as a good leaving group to form the epoxide since the factors underlying these <unk> are at odds tuning of the catalyst properties has proven difficult shown below are several of the most successful catalysts along with the yields and enantiomeric excess for their use in synthesis of ( e ) <unk> oxide
aggarwal has developed an alternative method employing the same sulfide as above and a novel alkylation involving a rhodium carbenoid formed in situ the method too has limited substrate scope failing for any electrophiles possessing basic substituents due to competitive consumption of the carbenoid
= treaty of ciudad juárez =
the treaty of ciudad juárez was a peace treaty signed between the then president of mexico porfirio díaz and the revolutionary francisco madero on may 21 1911 the treaty put an end to the fighting between forces supporting madero and those of díaz and thus concluded the initial phase of the mexican revolution
the treaty stipulated that díaz as well as his vice president ramón corral were to step down by the end of may and that he was to be replaced by francisco león de la barra as interim president and hold presidential elections those who had suffered losses due to the revolution would be the indemnified and there would be a general amnesty díaz resigned on may 25 and interim president francisco león de la barra was the new incumbent díaz and his family his vice president corral plus josé yves limantour and rosendo pineda left mexico for exile
significantly the treaty did not mention or institute any social reforms that madero had vaguely promised on previous occasions it also left the <unk> state essentially intact additionally madero supported the unpopular idea that all land disputes were to be settled through the courts staffed by the old judges a decision that led to outbreaks of sporadic violence particularly in rural areas
on june 7 1911 madero entered mexico city in october 1911 he was elected president under the banner of the partido <unk> <unk> along with josé maría pino suárez his new running mate as vice @@ president madero pushed aside francisco vázquez gómez the vice presidential candidate for the anti @@ <unk> party in 1910 as being too moderate
= = military developments leading up to the treaty = =
the rebellion against the government of porfirio díaz broke out in late 1910 after díaz had his rival francisco madero imprisoned and had announced his own victory in a falsified election madero 's earlier vague promises of agrarian reforms had attracted many supporters he himself escaped from prison and fled to texas from where he issued his famous plan of san luis potosí this manifesto called for an armed uprising against the <unk> and establishment of free and democratic elections as a response to madero 's proclamation violent clashes began throughout mexico in november 1910
in the guerrero district of chihuahua pascual orozco attacked federal troops and sent dead soldiers ' clothing back to díaz with the message <unk> te van las hojas <unk> más tamales ( here are the wrappers send me more tamales ) he then began operations which threatened ciudad juárez additionally political support for madero 's rebellion came from abraham gonzález who accepted the plan of san luis potosí
at roughly the same time agrarian unrest in the state of morelos turned into a full blown rebellion under the leadership of the zapata brothers emiliano and <unk>
= = = orozco and villa take ciudad juárez = = =
encouraged by the news of the uprisings madero crossed the border back into mexico in february 1911 he was joined by pancho villa and orozco and in april the army began approaching ciudad juárez orozco and villa led the way with 500 men each while madero followed up with 1 @@ 500 riders the city was besieged by the end of the month after madero 's army encountered some resistance in the chihuahuan countryside madero asked the commander of the city 's garrison to surrender but the latter refused hoping that the fortifications he had constructed would allow him to defend the city until reinforcements arrived concerned also with the possibility that a direct attack on the town would cause artillery shells to cross the border into the united states which could provoke an outside intervention and faced with a series of peace proposals from díaz madero hesitated in attacking the city he in fact ordered his commanders to lift the siege orozco however disregarded the order and joined by villa attacked after two days of fighting the city fell to the insurrectionists madero intervened personally to spare the life of the city 's commander gen navarro whom both orozco and villa wanted executed for his previous killing of rebel pows this coupled with the fact that both leaders were ignored by madero in his political appointments outraged and estranged them from him
= = = zapata in south and central mexico = = =
at about the same time that villa and orozco were marching on ciudad juárez the zapatista revolt gathered strength and spread to the states of puebla tlaxcala mexico michoacán and guerrero on april 14 madero had emiliano zapata officially designated as his representative in the region however zapata was worried that if he did not fully control all the major towns in morelos by the time that madero concluded negotiations with díaz the demands of his agrarian movement and the issue of the autonomy of morelos would be ignored or sidelined zapata 's first military action was to take the town of <unk> where he obtained essential supplies subsequently zapata for political and strategic reasons decided to attack the city of cuautla in order to mislead his opponents however he initially attacked and captured the towns of <unk> de matamoros ( which was subsequently retaken by federal forces ) and <unk> from there he made a wide circle around cuautla and captured yautepec and <unk> where he gathered more supplies munitions and soldiers by may out of all the major urban centers in the region only cuautla and the capital of morelos cuernavaca remained outside of his control
zapata began the attack on cuautla on may 13 with 4000 troops against 400 elite soldiers of the so @@ called golden fifth the fifth cavalry regiment of the federal army the battle took almost a week and has been described as six of the most terrible days of battle in the whole revolution it consisted of house to house fighting hand @@ to @@ hand combat and no quarter given by either side general victoriano huerta arrived in nearby cuernavaca with 600 reinforcements but decided not to come to the relief of cuautla as he was afraid that the capital would revolt in his absence on may 19 the remains of the golden fifth pulled out of the town which was then occupied by zapata 's soldiers
the successful capture of cuautla made zapata a hero to ordinary people throughout mexico and new corridos were written about him after zapata 's taking of cuautla the federal government controlled only five states and some urban areas porfirio díaz himself later stated that while he felt that he could defend against villa and orozco in chihuahua the fall of cuautla was the event which persuaded him to agree to peace with madero
= = the compromise = =
as early as march 1911 madero 's representatives met in new york with díaz 's finance minister josé yves limantour and the mexican ambassador to the us in order to discuss the possibility of peace between the two sides limantour proposed an end to the hostilities and offered an amnesty for all revolutionaries the resignation of the then vice president ramón corral the replacement of four díaz cabinet ministers and ten state governors by ones chosen by madero and the establishment of the principle of no @@ reelection which would prevent díaz from seeking yet another term as president ( which would have been his ninth ) madero responded positively although he also stated that any kind of peace deal had to include an immediate resignation by díaz
faced with the siege of ciudad juárez and the outbreak of rebellion in morelos díaz and members of his cabinet became more willing to negotiate and launched a skillful peace offensive aimed at madero this was largely a result of panic among the large landowners associated with the díaz regime ( the hacendados ) and the financial elite which represented a moderate wing within the government some among the <unk> in fact expected that zapata would soon march on mexico city itself unless peace was concluded with madero
the moderate view within the díaz government was represented by jorge vera estañol who in a memo to the minister of foreign affairs wrote that there were two revolutions taking place in mexico a political revolution based mostly in the north whose aim was mostly to establish free elections and remove díaz himself from power and a social revolution whose aim was anarchy which was spreading throughout the mexican countryside estañol recommended coming to terms with the first group of revolutionaries by agreeing to the principle of no re @@ election and a general amnesty in order to prevent the second group from succeeding in addition to his fear of anarchy estañol was also worried that the social revolution would lead to a military intervention by the united states
estañol 's views represented those of the portion of the upper class which was willing to come to terms with at least a portion of the middle class in order to crush the peasant uprisings as exemplified by those of zapata which were erupting throughout mexico limantour who broadly agreed with estañol had the support of the mexican financiers who feared the downgrading of mexican international credit and a general economic crisis as a result of ongoing social unrest as well as that of the large landowners who were willing to come to terms with madero if it would put an end to the agrarian uprisings
these social group were in turn opposed by the more reactionary elements within díaz 's government mostly concentrated in the federal army who though that the rebels should be dealt with through brute force this faction was represented by general victoriano huerta who would later carry out an attempted coup d 'état against madero likewise the general and potential successor to díaz bernardo reyes stated in a letter to limantour that the repression ( against the insurrectionists ) should be carried out with the <unk> energy punishing without any pity anyone participating in the armed struggle in the end however díaz dismissed the advice from his generals as custer @@ like bluster and chose to seek peace with the moderate wing of the revolution limantour had finally managed to persuade him to resign
at the same time there was also disagreement among the rebels the left wing of the revolutionary movement represented by zapata and orozco ( villa for the time being tended to support madero ) warned against any possible compromises with díaz in the end their suspicions proved correct as the treaty that was eventually signed neglected issues of social and agrarian land reform that were central to their struggle
= = the treaty 's terms = =
the most significant point of the treaty was that porfirio díaz and his vice president ramón corral resign and that de la barra acting as interim president organize free elections as soon as possible
additionally the treaty stipulated that
an amnesty for all revolutionaries be declared with the option for some of them to apply for membership in the rurales
the revolutionary forces were to be demobilized as soon as possible and the federal forces were to be the only army in mexico this was in order to appease the army which had opposed a compromise with madero
madero and his supporters had the right to name fourteen provisional state governors and to approve la barra 's cabinet
pensions were to be established for relatives of the soldiers who had died fighting the rebels
policemen and judges as well as state legislators that had been appointed or elected under díaz were to retain their offices
= = implementation and results = =
the treaty was signed on may 21 díaz resigned accordingly on may 25 francisco de la barra became the interim president madero entered mexico city on june 7
zapata however refused to recognize the interim government of de la barra and for the time being the fighting in morelos continued madero met with zapata on several occasions during june while initially zapata trusted madero with time he became increasingly concerned that the goals of his revolution were not being fulfilled he was particularly angry that madero did not plan on carrying out any kind of agrarian reform or the breakup of large <unk> additionally the press in mexico city controlled by the landowners began referring to zapata as a bandit and federal generals such as huerta continued attacking his troops under the pretext that zapata failed to demobilize in violation of the treaty sporadic fighting in southern mexico continued in november 1911 shortly after madero 's inauguration zapata issued the famous plan of ayala in which the zapatistas denounced madero and instead recognized pascual orozco as the rightful president and leader of the revolution
madero also earned the great displeasure of other revolutionaries including pascual orozco madero 's first act after the treaty was signed was a gesture of reconciliation with the díaz regime as a result of the treaty he was given the right to appoint members of the la barra cabinet he chose mostly upper class maderistas including his wife for the post in the treasury he also maintained the existing federal system by keeping the sitting judges of the supreme court the legislators in federal and state assemblies and the bureaucrats of the various federal agencies venustiano carranza who was going to become a major revolutionary in his own right and a future president of mexico stated that after the treaty madero had deliver ( ed ) to the reactionaries a dead revolution which will have to be fought over again díaz after leaving for exile in france observed that madero has unleashed a tiger let us see if he can control him
orozco who saw himself as being instrumental in madero 's victory over díaz was merely appointed as a commander of the rurales in chihuahua which increased his resentment when he tried to run for governor of the state madero supported his opponent abraham gonzález and eventually pressured orozco to drop out of the race when in the aftermath of the plan of ayala madero ordered orozco to lead federal troops to suppress zapata orozco refused in march 1912 orozco issued his plan of <unk> and formally declared himself in rebellion against madero
= the feast of the goat =
the feast of the goat ( spanish la fiesta del chivo 2000 ) is a novel by the peruvian nobel prize in literature laureate mario vargas llosa the book is set in the dominican republic and portrays the assassination of dominican dictator rafael trujillo and its aftermath from two distinct standpoints a generation apart during and immediately after the assassination itself in may 1961 and thirty five years later in 1996 throughout there is also extensive reflection on the heyday of the dictatorship in the 1950s and its significance for the island and its inhabitants
the novel follows three interwoven storylines the first concerns a woman urania cabral who is back in the dominican republic after a long absence to visit her ailing father she ends up recalling incidents from her youth and recounting a long @@ held secret to her aunt and cousins the second story line focuses on the last day in trujillo 's life from the moment he wakes up onwards and shows us the regime 's inner circle to which urania 's father once belonged the third strand depicts trujillo 's assassins many of whom had previously been government loyalists as they wait for his car late that night after the assassination this story line shows us the assassins ' persecution each aspect of the book 's plot reveals a different viewpoint on the dominican republic 's political and social environment past and present
readers are shown the regime 's downward spiral trujillo 's assassination and its aftermath through the eyes of insiders conspirators and a middle @@ aged woman looking back the novel is therefore a kaleidoscopic portrait of dictatorial power including its psychological effects and its long @@ term impact the novel 's themes include the nature of power and corruption and their relationship to machismo and sexual perversion in a rigidly hierarchical society with strongly gendered roles memory and the process of remembering is also an important theme especially in urania 's narrative as she recalls her youth in the dominican republic her story ( and the book as a whole ) ends when she recounts the terrible events that led to her leaving the country at the age of 14 the book itself serves as a reminder of the atrocities of dictatorship to ensure that the dangers of absolute power will be remembered by a new generation
vargas llosa interlaces fictional elements and historical events the book is not a documentary and the cabral family for instance is completely fictional on the other hand the characters of trujillo and trujillo 's assassins are drawn from the historical record vargas llosa weaves real historical incidents of brutality and oppression into these people 's stories to further illuminate the nature of the regime and the responses it provoked in vargas llosa 's words it 's a novel not a history book so i took many many liberties [ ] i have respected the basic facts but i have changed and deformed many things in order to make the story more persuasive and i have not exaggerated
the feast of the goat received largely positive reviews with several reviewers commenting on the book 's depiction of the relationship between sexuality and power and on the graphic descriptions of violent events
a film version of the novel was released in 2005 starring isabella rossellini paul freeman and tomas milian jorge alí triana and his daughter veronica triana wrote a theatrical adaptation in 2003
= = background = =
the feast of the goat is only the second of vargas llosa 's novels to be set outside peru ( the first being the war of the end of the world ) it is also unusual because it is the first to have a female protagonist as critic lynn walford writes of the leading character in the feast of the goat and also vargas llosa 's subsequent book the way to paradise both are utterly unlike any of the other female characters in his previous novels
the novel examines the dictatorial regime of rafael leónidas trujillo molina in the dominican republic trujillo was in historian eric <unk> 's words a towering influence in dominican and caribbean history who presided over one of the most durable regimes of the twentieth century during the thirty @@ one years between his seizure of power in 1930 and his assassination in 1961 trujillo had trained with the united states marine corps during the united states occupation of the island and graduated from the <unk> military academy in 1921 after the us departed in 1924 he became head of the dominican national police which under his command was transformed into the dominican national army and trujillo 's personal virtually autonomous power base
trujillo was officially dictator only from 1930 to 1938 and from 1942 to 1952 but remained in effective power throughout the entire period though his regime was broadly nationalist daniel <unk> comments that he had no particular ideology and that his economic and social policies were basically progressive
the novel 's title is taken from the popular dominican merengue <unk> al chivo ( they killed the goat ) which refers to trujillo 's assassination on may 30 1961 merengue is a style of music created by <unk> lora in the 1920s and actively promoted by trujillo himself it is now considered the country 's national music cultural critics julie sellers and stephen ropp comment about this particular merengue that by envisaging the dictator as an animal who could be turned into a stew ( as frequently happened with goats struck down on the dominican republic 's highways ) the song gave those performing listening to and dancing to this merengue a sense of control over him and over themselves that they had not experienced for over three decades vargas llosa quotes the lyrics to <unk> al chivo at the beginning of the novel
= = plot summary = =
the novel 's narrative is divided into three distinct strands one is centred on urania cabral a fictional dominican character another deals with the conspirators involved in trujillo 's assassination and the third focuses on trujillo himself the novel alternates between these storylines and also jumps back and forth from 1961 to 1996 with frequent flashbacks to periods earlier in trujillo 's regime
the feast of the goat begins with the return of urania to her hometown of santo domingo a city which had been renamed ciudad trujillo during trujillo 's time in power this storyline is largely introspective and deals with urania 's memories and her inner turmoil over the events preceding her departure from the dominican republic thirty @@ five years earlier urania escaped the crumbling trujillo regime in 1961 by claiming she planned to study under the tutelage of nuns in michigan in the following decades she becomes a prominent and successful new york lawyer she finally returns to the dominican republic in 1996 on a whim and finds herself compelled to confront her father and elements of her past she has long ignored as urania speaks to her ailing father agustin cabral she recalls more and more of the anger and disgust that led to her thirty @@ five years of silence urania retells her father 's descent into political disgrace and the betrayal that forms the crux of both urania 's storyline and that of trujillo himself
the second and third storylines are set in 1961 in the weeks prior to and following trujillo 's assassination on 30 may each assassin has his own background story explaining his motivation for his involvement in the assassination plot each has been wronged by trujillo and his regime by torture and brutality or through assaults on their pride their religious faith their morality or their loved ones vargas llosa weaves the tale of the men as memories recalled on the night of trujillo 's death as the conspirators lie in wait for the goat interconnected with these stories are the actions of other famous <unk> of the time joaquín balaguer the puppet president johnny abbes garcía the merciless head of the military intelligence service ( sim ) and various others some real some composites of historical figures and some purely fictional
the third storyline is concerned with the thoughts and motives of rafael leónidas trujillo molina himself the chapters concerning the goat recall the major events of his time including the slaughter of thousands of dominican haitians in 1937 they also deal with the dominican republic 's tense international relationships during the cold war especially with the united states under the presidency of john f kennedy and cuba under castro vargas llosa also speculates upon trujillo 's innermost thoughts and paints a picture of a man whose physical body is failing him trujillo is tormented by incontinence and impotence and this storyline intersects with urania 's narrative when it is revealed that urania was sexually assaulted by trujillo he is unable to achieve an erection with urania and in frustration and anger he rapes her with his hands this event is the core of urania 's shame and her hatred towards her father in addition it is the cause of trujillo 's repeated anger over the anemic little bitch that witnessed his impotence and emotion and the reason he is en route to sleep with another girl on the night of his assassination
in the novel 's final chapters the three storylines intersect with increasing frequency the tone of these chapters is especially dark as they deal primarily with the horrific torture and death of the assassins at the hands of the sim the failure of the coup the rape of urania and the concessions made to trujillo 's most vicious supporters allowing them to enact their horrific revenge on the conspirators and then escape the country the book ends as urania prepares to return home determined this time to keep in touch with her family back on the island
= = characters = =
= = = modern day = = =
urania cabral and her father agustín cabral appear in both the modern day and historical portions of the novel in the year 1996 urania returns to the dominican republic for the first time since her departure at the age of 14 she is a successful new york lawyer who has spent most of the past 35 years trying to overcome the traumas of her childhood a goal she pursues through an academic fascination with trujillo and dominican history urania is deeply troubled by the events of her past and is compelled to confront her father agustín about his role in those events urania visits her father finding him weakened by age and a severe stroke so much so that he is barely able to respond physically to her presence let alone speak agustín listens helplessly as urania recounts his past as egghead cabral a high @@ ranking member of trujillo 's inner circle and his drastic fall from grace urania details agustín 's role in the events that led to her rape by the dominican leader and to her subsequent lifetime of celibacy and emotional trauma agustín 's character in the modern day portion of the novel serves primarily as a sounding board for urania 's recollections of the trujillo era and the events that surrounded both agustín cabral 's disgrace and urania 's escape from the country his responses are minimal and non @@ vocal despite the <unk> of urania 's accusations and the enormity of his own actions during trujillo 's reign
= = = the trujillo regime = = =
rafael trujillo known also as the goat the chief and the benefactor is a fictionalized character based on the real dictator of the dominican republic from 1930 to 1961 and the official president of the republic from 1930 to 1938 and 1943 to 1952 in the feast of the goat vargas llosa imagines the innermost thoughts of the dictator and retells the goat 's last hours from his own perspective trujillo 's character struggles with aging and the physical problems of incontinence and impotence through fictional events and first person narrative the reader is given insight into the man who during his thirty @@ one years of horrendous political crimes modernized the country 's infrastructure and military but whose regime 's attacks against its enemies overseas ( particularly the attempted assassination of rómulo betancourt president of venezuela ) led to the imposition of economic sanctions on the dominican republic by the organization of american states in the 1950s the resultant economic downturn in conjunction with other factors leads to the cia supported assassination plot that ends trujillo 's life on may 30 1961
trujillo 's regime is supported by johnny abbes garcía the head of the military intelligence service ( sim ) a brutal man to whom many disappearances executions sudden falls into disgrace are attributed abbes and his intelligence officers are notorious for their cruelty particularly their habit of killing dissidents by throwing them into shark @@ infested waters colonel abbes may be the devil but he 's useful to the chief everything bad is attributed to him and only the good to trujillo trujillo 's son ramfis trujillo is a loyal supporter of the chief after unsuccessful attempts at schooling in the united states ramfis returns to the dominican republic to serve in his father 's military he is a well @@ known womanizer upon trujillo 's death ramfis seeks revenge even going so far as to torture and kill his uncle by marriage general jose roman for his part in the assassination conspiracy
joaquín balaguer trujillo 's puppet president is also a supporter and initially his seemingly innocuous character holds no real power following trujillo 's death the calm and serenity of balaguer bring about real change in his character and general román comments that this insignificant man whom everyone had always considered a mere clerk a purely decorative figure in the regime began to acquire surprising authority it is balaguer who guides much of the action in the last sections of the book
= = = conspirators = = =
the storyline concerning the assassination primarily follows the four conspirators who directly participate in trujillo 's death antonio imbert barrera is one of the few conspirators who survives the violent reprisals that follow trujillo 's assassination imbert is a politician who becomes disillusioned with the deception and cruelty of the trujillo regime his first plan to kill trujillo was foiled by the unsuccessful attempted overthrow of the regime by cuban paramilitary forces now convinced of the difficulty of his task imbert joins the other conspirators in plotting trujillo 's death among the others is antonio de la maza one of trujillo 's personal guards antonio 's brother is killed as part of a government cover @@ up and antonio swears revenge upon trujillo salvador estrella <unk> known as turk is a devout catholic who in indignation at the regime 's many crimes against god swears an oath against trujillo turk eventually turns himself in for fear that the regime was torturing his family both turk and his innocent brother are then tortured for months his father remains loyal to trujillo and disowns turk to his face despite all of this turk refuses to commit suicide and does not lose faith in god he is later executed by ramfis and other high level government men turk 's close friend amado garcía guerrero known as amadito is a lieutenant in the army who gave up his beloved as proof of his loyalty to trujillo and then later was forced to kill her brother to prove himself to trujillo amadito 's disgust with himself and disillusionment with the regime lead to his decision to help to kill trujillo following the assassination he hides out with de la maza and dies fighting in the aftermath of the assassination amadito and antonio de la maza choose to fight the members of sim who come to arrest them opting to die in battle rather than be captured and tortured
= = major themes = =