{-
(c) The AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1993-1998

\section[Simplify]{The main module of the simplifier}
-}

{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}

module Simplify ( simplTopBinds, simplExpr, simplRules ) where

#include "HsVersions.h"

import GhcPrelude

import DynFlags
import SimplMonad
import Type hiding      ( substTy, substTyVar, extendTvSubst, extendCvSubst )
import SimplEnv
import SimplUtils
import OccurAnal        ( occurAnalyseExpr )
import FamInstEnv       ( FamInstEnv )
import Literal          ( litIsLifted ) --, mkMachInt ) -- temporalily commented out. See #8326
import Id
import MkId             ( seqId )
import MkCore           ( mkImpossibleExpr, castBottomExpr )
import IdInfo
import Name             ( Name, mkSystemVarName, isExternalName, getOccFS )
import Coercion hiding  ( substCo, substCoVar )
import OptCoercion      ( optCoercion )
import FamInstEnv       ( topNormaliseType_maybe )
import DataCon          ( DataCon, dataConWorkId, dataConRepStrictness, dataConRepArgTys )
import CoreMonad        ( Tick(..), SimplMode(..) )
import CoreSyn
import Demand           ( StrictSig(..), dmdTypeDepth, isStrictDmd )
import PprCore          ( pprCoreExpr )
import CoreUnfold
import CoreUtils
import CoreOpt          ( pushCoTyArg, pushCoValArg
                        , joinPointBinding_maybe, joinPointBindings_maybe )
import Rules            ( mkRuleInfo, lookupRule, getRules )
import Demand           ( mkClosedStrictSig, topDmd, exnRes )
import BasicTypes       ( TopLevelFlag(..), isNotTopLevel, isTopLevel,
                          RecFlag(..), Arity )
import MonadUtils       ( mapAccumLM, liftIO )
import Maybes           (  orElse )
import Control.Monad
import Outputable
import FastString
import Pair
import Util
import ErrUtils
import Module          ( moduleName, pprModuleName )


{-
The guts of the simplifier is in this module, but the driver loop for
the simplifier is in SimplCore.hs.

Note [The big picture]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The general shape of the simplifier is this:

  simplExpr :: SimplEnv -> InExpr -> SimplCont -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)
  simplBind :: SimplEnv -> InBind -> SimplM (SimplFloats, SimplEnv)

 * SimplEnv contains
     - Simplifier mode (which includes DynFlags for convenience)
     - Ambient substitution
     - InScopeSet

 * SimplFloats contains
     - Let-floats (which includes ok-for-spec case-floats)
     - Join floats
     - InScopeSet (including all the floats)

 * Expressions
      simplExpr :: SimplEnv -> InExpr -> SimplCont
                -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)
   The result of simplifying an /expression/ is (floats, expr)
      - A bunch of floats (let bindings, join bindings)
      - A simplified expression.
   The overall result is effectively (let floats in expr)

 * Bindings
      simplBind :: SimplEnv -> InBind -> SimplM (SimplFloats, SimplEnv)
   The result of simplifying a binding is
     - A bunch of floats, the last of which is the simplified binding
       There may be auxiliary bindings too; see prepareRhs
     - An environment suitable for simplifying the scope of the binding

   The floats may also be empty, if the binding is inlined unconditionally;
   in that case the returned SimplEnv will have an augmented substitution.

   The returned floats and env both have an in-scope set, and they are
   guaranteed to be the same.


Note [Shadowing]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The simplifier used to guarantee that the output had no shadowing, but
it does not do so any more.   (Actually, it never did!)  The reason is
documented with simplifyArgs.


Eta expansion
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
For eta expansion, we want to catch things like

        case e of (a,b) -> \x -> case a of (p,q) -> \y -> r

If the \x was on the RHS of a let, we'd eta expand to bring the two
lambdas together.  And in general that's a good thing to do.  Perhaps
we should eta expand wherever we find a (value) lambda?  Then the eta
expansion at a let RHS can concentrate solely on the PAP case.

************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
\subsection{Bindings}
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************
-}

simplTopBinds :: SimplEnv -> [InBind] -> SimplM (SimplFloats, SimplEnv)
-- See Note [The big picture]
simplTopBinds env0 binds0
  = do  {       -- Put all the top-level binders into scope at the start
                -- so that if a transformation rule has unexpectedly brought
                -- anything into scope, then we don't get a complaint about that.
                -- It's rather as if the top-level binders were imported.
                -- See note [Glomming] in OccurAnal.
        ; env1 <- simplRecBndrs env0 (bindersOfBinds binds0)
        ; (floats, env2) <- simpl_binds env1 binds0
        ; freeTick SimplifierDone
        ; return (floats, env2) }
  where
        -- We need to track the zapped top-level binders, because
        -- they should have their fragile IdInfo zapped (notably occurrence info)
        -- That's why we run down binds and bndrs' simultaneously.
        --
    simpl_binds :: SimplEnv -> [InBind] -> SimplM (SimplFloats, SimplEnv)
    simpl_binds env []           = return (emptyFloats env, env)
    simpl_binds env (bind:binds) = do { (float,  env1) <- simpl_bind env bind
                                      ; (floats, env2) <- simpl_binds env1 binds
                                      ; return (float `addFloats` floats, env2) }

    simpl_bind env (Rec pairs)  = simplRecBind env TopLevel Nothing pairs
    simpl_bind env (NonRec b r) = do { (env', b') <- addBndrRules env b (lookupRecBndr env b)
                                     ; simplRecOrTopPair env' TopLevel
                                                         NonRecursive Nothing
                                                         b b' r }

{-
************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
        Lazy bindings
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************

simplRecBind is used for
        * recursive bindings only
-}

simplRecBind :: SimplEnv -> TopLevelFlag -> Maybe SimplCont
             -> [(InId, InExpr)]
             -> SimplM (SimplFloats, SimplEnv)
simplRecBind env0 top_lvl mb_cont pairs0
  = do  { (env_with_info, triples) <- mapAccumLM add_rules env0 pairs0
        ; (rec_floats, env1) <- go env_with_info triples
        ; return (mkRecFloats rec_floats, env1) }
  where
    add_rules :: SimplEnv -> (InBndr,InExpr) -> SimplM (SimplEnv, (InBndr, OutBndr, InExpr))
        -- Add the (substituted) rules to the binder
    add_rules env (bndr, rhs)
        = do { (env', bndr') <- addBndrRules env bndr (lookupRecBndr env bndr)
             ; return (env', (bndr, bndr', rhs)) }

    go env [] = return (emptyFloats env, env)

    go env ((old_bndr, new_bndr, rhs) : pairs)
        = do { (float, env1) <- simplRecOrTopPair env top_lvl Recursive mb_cont
                                                  old_bndr new_bndr rhs
             ; (floats, env2) <- go env1 pairs
             ; return (float `addFloats` floats, env2) }

{-
simplOrTopPair is used for
        * recursive bindings (whether top level or not)
        * top-level non-recursive bindings

It assumes the binder has already been simplified, but not its IdInfo.
-}

simplRecOrTopPair :: SimplEnv
                  -> TopLevelFlag -> RecFlag -> Maybe SimplCont
                  -> InId -> OutBndr -> InExpr  -- Binder and rhs
                  -> SimplM (SimplFloats, SimplEnv)

simplRecOrTopPair env top_lvl is_rec mb_cont old_bndr new_bndr rhs
  | preInlineUnconditionally env top_lvl old_bndr rhs
  = trace_bind "pre-inline-uncond" $
    do { tick (PreInlineUnconditionally old_bndr)
       ; return ( emptyFloats env
                , extendIdSubst env old_bndr (mkContEx env rhs)) }

  | Just cont <- mb_cont
  = ASSERT( isNotTopLevel top_lvl && isJoinId new_bndr )
    trace_bind "join" $
    simplJoinBind env cont old_bndr new_bndr rhs env

  | otherwise
  = trace_bind "normal" $
    simplLazyBind env top_lvl is_rec old_bndr new_bndr rhs env

  where
    dflags = seDynFlags env

    -- trace_bind emits a trace for each top-level binding, which
    -- helps to locate the tracing for inlining and rule firing
    trace_bind what thing_inside
      | not (dopt Opt_D_verbose_core2core dflags)
      = thing_inside
      | otherwise
      = pprTrace ("SimplBind " ++ what) (ppr old_bndr) thing_inside

--------------------------
simplLazyBind :: SimplEnv
              -> TopLevelFlag -> RecFlag
              -> InId -> OutId          -- Binder, both pre-and post simpl
                                        -- Not a JoinId
                                        -- The OutId has IdInfo, except arity, unfolding
                                        -- Ids only, no TyVars
              -> InExpr -> SimplEnv     -- The RHS and its environment
              -> SimplM (SimplFloats, SimplEnv)
-- Precondition: not a JoinId
-- Precondition: rhs obeys the let/app invariant
-- NOT used for JoinIds
simplLazyBind env top_lvl is_rec bndr bndr1 rhs rhs_se
  = ASSERT( isId bndr )
    ASSERT2( not (isJoinId bndr), ppr bndr )
    -- pprTrace "simplLazyBind" ((ppr bndr <+> ppr bndr1) $$ ppr rhs $$ ppr (seIdSubst rhs_se)) $
    do  { let   rhs_env     = rhs_se `setInScopeFromE` env
                (tvs, body) = case collectTyAndValBinders rhs of
                                (tvs, [], body)
                                  | surely_not_lam body -> (tvs, body)
                                _                       -> ([], rhs)

                surely_not_lam (Lam {})     = False
                surely_not_lam (Tick t e)
                  | not (tickishFloatable t) = surely_not_lam e
                   -- eta-reduction could float
                surely_not_lam _            = True
                        -- Do not do the "abstract tyyvar" thing if there's
                        -- a lambda inside, because it defeats eta-reduction
                        --    f = /\a. \x. g a x
                        -- should eta-reduce.


        ; (body_env, tvs') <- simplBinders rhs_env tvs
                -- See Note [Floating and type abstraction] in SimplUtils

        -- Simplify the RHS
        ; let rhs_cont = mkRhsStop (substTy body_env (exprType body))
        ; (body_floats0, body0) <- simplExprF body_env body rhs_cont

              -- Never float join-floats out of a non-join let-binding
              -- So wrap the body in the join-floats right now
              -- Henc: body_floats1 consists only of let-floats
        ; let (body_floats1, body1) = wrapJoinFloatsX body_floats0 body0

        -- ANF-ise a constructor or PAP rhs
        -- We get at most one float per argument here
        ; (let_floats, body2) <- prepareRhs (getMode env) top_lvl
                                            (getOccFS bndr1) (idInfo bndr1) body1
        ; let body_floats2 = body_floats1 `addLetFloats` let_floats

        ; (rhs_floats, rhs')
            <-  if not (doFloatFromRhs top_lvl is_rec False body_floats2 body2)
                then                    -- No floating, revert to body1
                     do { rhs' <- mkLam env tvs' (wrapFloats body_floats2 body1) rhs_cont
                        ; return (emptyFloats env, rhs') }

                else if null tvs then   -- Simple floating
                     do { tick LetFloatFromLet
                        ; return (body_floats2, body2) }

                else                    -- Do type-abstraction first
                     do { tick LetFloatFromLet
                        ; (poly_binds, body3) <- abstractFloats (seDynFlags env) top_lvl
                                                                tvs' body_floats2 body2
                        ; let floats = foldl extendFloats (emptyFloats env) poly_binds
                        ; rhs' <- mkLam env tvs' body3 rhs_cont
                        ; return (floats, rhs') }

        ; (bind_float, env2) <- completeBind (env `setInScopeFromF` rhs_floats)
                                             top_lvl Nothing bndr bndr1 rhs'
        ; return (rhs_floats `addFloats` bind_float, env2) }

--------------------------
simplJoinBind :: SimplEnv
              -> SimplCont
              -> InId -> OutId          -- Binder, both pre-and post simpl
                                        -- The OutId has IdInfo, except arity,
                                        --   unfolding
              -> InExpr -> SimplEnv     -- The right hand side and its env
              -> SimplM (SimplFloats, SimplEnv)
simplJoinBind env cont old_bndr new_bndr rhs rhs_se
  = do  { let rhs_env = rhs_se `setInScopeFromE` env
        ; rhs' <- simplJoinRhs rhs_env old_bndr rhs cont
        ; completeBind env NotTopLevel (Just cont) old_bndr new_bndr rhs' }

--------------------------
simplNonRecX :: SimplEnv
             -> InId            -- Old binder; not a JoinId
             -> OutExpr         -- Simplified RHS
             -> SimplM (SimplFloats, SimplEnv)
-- A specialised variant of simplNonRec used when the RHS is already
-- simplified, notably in knownCon.  It uses case-binding where necessary.
--
-- Precondition: rhs satisfies the let/app invariant

simplNonRecX env bndr new_rhs
  | ASSERT2( not (isJoinId bndr), ppr bndr )
    isDeadBinder bndr   -- Not uncommon; e.g. case (a,b) of c { (p,q) -> p }
  = return (emptyFloats env, env)    --  Here c is dead, and we avoid
                                         --  creating the binding c = (a,b)

  | Coercion co <- new_rhs
  = return (emptyFloats env, extendCvSubst env bndr co)

  | otherwise
  = do  { (env', bndr') <- simplBinder env bndr
        ; completeNonRecX NotTopLevel env' (isStrictId bndr) bndr bndr' new_rhs }
                -- simplNonRecX is only used for NotTopLevel things

--------------------------
completeNonRecX :: TopLevelFlag -> SimplEnv
                -> Bool
                -> InId                 -- Old binder; not a JoinId
                -> OutId                -- New binder
                -> OutExpr              -- Simplified RHS
                -> SimplM (SimplFloats, SimplEnv)    -- The new binding is in the floats
-- Precondition: rhs satisfies the let/app invariant
--               See Note [CoreSyn let/app invariant] in CoreSyn

completeNonRecX top_lvl env is_strict old_bndr new_bndr new_rhs
  = ASSERT2( not (isJoinId new_bndr), ppr new_bndr )
    do  { (prepd_floats, rhs1) <- prepareRhs (getMode env) top_lvl (getOccFS new_bndr)
                                             (idInfo new_bndr) new_rhs
        ; let floats = emptyFloats env `addLetFloats` prepd_floats
        ; (rhs_floats, rhs2) <-
                if doFloatFromRhs NotTopLevel NonRecursive is_strict floats rhs1
                then    -- Add the floats to the main env
                     do { tick LetFloatFromLet
                        ; return (floats, rhs1) }
                else    -- Do not float; wrap the floats around the RHS
                     return (emptyFloats env, wrapFloats floats rhs1)

        ; (bind_float, env2) <- completeBind (env `setInScopeFromF` rhs_floats)
                                             NotTopLevel Nothing
                                             old_bndr new_bndr rhs2
        ; return (rhs_floats `addFloats` bind_float, env2) }


{- *********************************************************************
*                                                                      *
           prepareRhs, makeTrivial
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************

Note [prepareRhs]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
prepareRhs takes a putative RHS, checks whether it's a PAP or
constructor application and, if so, converts it to ANF, so that the
resulting thing can be inlined more easily.  Thus
        x = (f a, g b)
becomes
        t1 = f a
        t2 = g b
        x = (t1,t2)

We also want to deal well cases like this
        v = (f e1 `cast` co) e2
Here we want to make e1,e2 trivial and get
        x1 = e1; x2 = e2; v = (f x1 `cast` co) v2
That's what the 'go' loop in prepareRhs does
-}

prepareRhs :: SimplMode -> TopLevelFlag
           -> FastString   -- Base for any new variables
           -> IdInfo       -- IdInfo for the LHS of this binding
           -> OutExpr
           -> SimplM (LetFloats, OutExpr)
-- Transforms a RHS into a better RHS by adding floats
-- e.g        x = Just e
-- becomes    a = e
--            x = Just a
-- See Note [prepareRhs]
prepareRhs mode top_lvl occ info (Cast rhs co)  -- Note [Float coercions]
  | Pair ty1 _ty2 <- coercionKind co         -- Do *not* do this if rhs has an unlifted type
  , not (isUnliftedType ty1)                 -- see Note [Float coercions (unlifted)]
  = do  { (floats, rhs') <- makeTrivialWithInfo mode top_lvl occ sanitised_info rhs
        ; return (floats, Cast rhs' co) }
  where
    sanitised_info = vanillaIdInfo `setStrictnessInfo` strictnessInfo info
                                   `setDemandInfo`     demandInfo info

prepareRhs mode top_lvl occ _ rhs0
  = do  { (_is_exp, floats, rhs1) <- go 0 rhs0
        ; return (floats, rhs1) }
  where
    go :: Int -> OutExpr -> SimplM (Bool, LetFloats, OutExpr)
    go n_val_args (Cast rhs co)
        = do { (is_exp, floats, rhs') <- go n_val_args rhs
             ; return (is_exp, floats, Cast rhs' co) }
    go n_val_args (App fun (Type ty))
        = do { (is_exp, floats, rhs') <- go n_val_args fun
             ; return (is_exp, floats, App rhs' (Type ty)) }
    go n_val_args (App fun arg)
        = do { (is_exp, floats1, fun') <- go (n_val_args+1) fun
             ; case is_exp of
                False -> return (False, emptyLetFloats, App fun arg)
                True  -> do { (floats2, arg') <- makeTrivial mode top_lvl occ arg
                            ; return (True, floats1 `addLetFlts` floats2, App fun' arg') } }
    go n_val_args (Var fun)
        = return (is_exp, emptyLetFloats, Var fun)
        where
          is_exp = isExpandableApp fun n_val_args   -- The fun a constructor or PAP
                        -- See Note [CONLIKE pragma] in BasicTypes
                        -- The definition of is_exp should match that in
                        -- OccurAnal.occAnalApp

    go n_val_args (Tick t rhs)
        -- We want to be able to float bindings past this
        -- tick. Non-scoping ticks don't care.
        | tickishScoped t == NoScope
        = do { (is_exp, floats, rhs') <- go n_val_args rhs
             ; return (is_exp, floats, Tick t rhs') }

        -- On the other hand, for scoping ticks we need to be able to
        -- copy them on the floats, which in turn is only allowed if
        -- we can obtain non-counting ticks.
        | (not (tickishCounts t) || tickishCanSplit t)
        = do { (is_exp, floats, rhs') <- go n_val_args rhs
             ; let tickIt (id, expr)
                       -- we have to take care not to tick top-level literal
                       -- strings. See Note [CoreSyn top-level string literals].
                     | isTopLevel top_lvl && exprIsLiteralString expr
                     = (id, expr)
                     | otherwise
                     = (id, mkTick (mkNoCount t) expr)
                   floats' = mapLetFloats floats tickIt
             ; return (is_exp, floats', Tick t rhs') }

    go _ other
        = return (False, emptyLetFloats, other)

{-
Note [Float coercions]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When we find the binding
        x = e `cast` co
we'd like to transform it to
        x' = e
        x = x `cast` co         -- A trivial binding
There's a chance that e will be a constructor application or function, or something
like that, so moving the coercion to the usage site may well cancel the coercions
and lead to further optimisation.  Example:

     data family T a :: *
     data instance T Int = T Int

     foo :: Int -> Int -> Int
     foo m n = ...
        where
          x = T m
          go 0 = 0
          go n = case x of { T m -> go (n-m) }
                -- This case should optimise

Note [Preserve strictness when floating coercions]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In the Note [Float coercions] transformation, keep the strictness info.
Eg
        f = e `cast` co    -- f has strictness SSL
When we transform to
        f' = e             -- f' also has strictness SSL
        f = f' `cast` co   -- f still has strictness SSL

Its not wrong to drop it on the floor, but better to keep it.

Note [Float coercions (unlifted)]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
BUT don't do [Float coercions] if 'e' has an unlifted type.
This *can* happen:

     foo :: Int = (error (# Int,Int #) "urk")
                  `cast` CoUnsafe (# Int,Int #) Int

If do the makeTrivial thing to the error call, we'll get
    foo = case error (# Int,Int #) "urk" of v -> v `cast` ...
But 'v' isn't in scope!

These strange casts can happen as a result of case-of-case
        bar = case (case x of { T -> (# 2,3 #); F -> error "urk" }) of
                (# p,q #) -> p+q
-}

makeTrivialArg :: SimplMode -> ArgSpec -> SimplM (LetFloats, ArgSpec)
makeTrivialArg mode (ValArg e)
  = do { (floats, e') <- makeTrivial mode NotTopLevel (fsLit "arg") e
       ; return (floats, ValArg e') }
makeTrivialArg _ arg
  = return (emptyLetFloats, arg)  -- CastBy, TyArg

makeTrivial :: SimplMode -> TopLevelFlag
            -> FastString  -- ^ A "friendly name" to build the new binder from
            -> OutExpr     -- ^ This expression satisfies the let/app invariant
            -> SimplM (LetFloats, OutExpr)
-- Binds the expression to a variable, if it's not trivial, returning the variable
makeTrivial mode top_lvl context expr
 = makeTrivialWithInfo mode top_lvl context vanillaIdInfo expr

makeTrivialWithInfo :: SimplMode -> TopLevelFlag
                    -> FastString  -- ^ a "friendly name" to build the new binder from
                    -> IdInfo
                    -> OutExpr     -- ^ This expression satisfies the let/app invariant
                    -> SimplM (LetFloats, OutExpr)
-- Propagate strictness and demand info to the new binder
-- Note [Preserve strictness when floating coercions]
-- Returned SimplEnv has same substitution as incoming one
makeTrivialWithInfo mode top_lvl occ_fs info expr
  | exprIsTrivial expr                          -- Already trivial
  || not (bindingOk top_lvl expr expr_ty)       -- Cannot trivialise
                                                --   See Note [Cannot trivialise]
  = return (emptyLetFloats, expr)

  | otherwise
  = do  { (floats, expr1) <- prepareRhs mode top_lvl occ_fs info expr
        ; if   exprIsTrivial expr1  -- See Note [Trivial after prepareRhs]
          then return (floats, expr1)
          else do
        { uniq <- getUniqueM
        ; let name = mkSystemVarName uniq occ_fs
              var  = mkLocalIdOrCoVarWithInfo name expr_ty info

        -- Now something very like completeBind,
        -- but without the postInlineUnconditinoally part
        ; (arity, is_bot, expr2) <- tryEtaExpandRhs mode var expr1
        ; unf <- mkLetUnfolding (sm_dflags mode) top_lvl InlineRhs var expr2

        ; let final_id = addLetBndrInfo var arity is_bot unf
              bind     = NonRec final_id expr2

        ; return ( floats `addLetFlts` unitLetFloat bind, Var final_id ) }}
   where
     expr_ty = exprType expr

bindingOk :: TopLevelFlag -> CoreExpr -> Type -> Bool
-- True iff we can have a binding of this expression at this level
-- Precondition: the type is the type of the expression
bindingOk top_lvl expr expr_ty
  | isTopLevel top_lvl = exprIsTopLevelBindable expr expr_ty
  | otherwise          = True

{- Note [Trivial after prepareRhs]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If we call makeTrival on (e |> co), the recursive use of prepareRhs
may leave us with
   { a1 = e }  and   (a1 |> co)
Now the latter is trivial, so we don't want to let-bind it.

Note [Cannot trivialise]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Consider:
   f :: Int -> Addr#

   foo :: Bar
   foo = Bar (f 3)

Then we can't ANF-ise foo, even though we'd like to, because
we can't make a top-level binding for the Addr# (f 3). And if
so we don't want to turn it into
   foo = let x = f 3 in Bar x
because we'll just end up inlining x back, and that makes the
simplifier loop.  Better not to ANF-ise it at all.

Literal strings are an exception.

   foo = Ptr "blob"#

We want to turn this into:

   foo1 = "blob"#
   foo = Ptr foo1

See Note [CoreSyn top-level string literals] in CoreSyn.

************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
          Completing a lazy binding
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************

completeBind
  * deals only with Ids, not TyVars
  * takes an already-simplified binder and RHS
  * is used for both recursive and non-recursive bindings
  * is used for both top-level and non-top-level bindings

It does the following:
  - tries discarding a dead binding
  - tries PostInlineUnconditionally
  - add unfolding [this is the only place we add an unfolding]
  - add arity

It does *not* attempt to do let-to-case.  Why?  Because it is used for
  - top-level bindings (when let-to-case is impossible)
  - many situations where the "rhs" is known to be a WHNF
                (so let-to-case is inappropriate).

Nor does it do the atomic-argument thing
-}

completeBind :: SimplEnv
             -> TopLevelFlag            -- Flag stuck into unfolding
             -> Maybe SimplCont         -- Required only for join point
             -> InId                    -- Old binder
             -> OutId -> OutExpr        -- New binder and RHS
             -> SimplM (SimplFloats, SimplEnv)
-- completeBind may choose to do its work
--      * by extending the substitution (e.g. let x = y in ...)
--      * or by adding to the floats in the envt
--
-- Binder /can/ be a JoinId
-- Precondition: rhs obeys the let/app invariant
completeBind env top_lvl mb_cont old_bndr new_bndr new_rhs
 | isCoVar old_bndr
 = case new_rhs of
     Coercion co -> return (emptyFloats env, extendCvSubst env old_bndr co)
     _           -> return (mkFloatBind env (NonRec new_bndr new_rhs))

 | otherwise
 = ASSERT( isId new_bndr )
   do { let old_info = idInfo old_bndr
            old_unf  = unfoldingInfo old_info
            occ_info = occInfo old_info

         -- Do eta-expansion on the RHS of the binding
         -- See Note [Eta-expanding at let bindings] in SimplUtils
      ; (new_arity, is_bot, final_rhs) <- tryEtaExpandRhs (getMode env)
                                                          new_bndr new_rhs

        -- Simplify the unfolding
      ; new_unfolding <- simplLetUnfolding env top_lvl mb_cont old_bndr
                                           final_rhs old_unf

      ; let final_bndr = addLetBndrInfo new_bndr new_arity is_bot new_unfolding

      ; if postInlineUnconditionally env top_lvl final_bndr occ_info final_rhs

        then -- Inline and discard the binding
             do  { tick (PostInlineUnconditionally old_bndr)
                 ; return ( emptyFloats env
                          , extendIdSubst env old_bndr $
                            DoneEx final_rhs (isJoinId_maybe new_bndr)) }
                -- Use the substitution to make quite, quite sure that the
                -- substitution will happen, since we are going to discard the binding

        else -- Keep the binding
             -- pprTrace "Binding" (ppr final_bndr <+> ppr new_unfolding) $
             return (mkFloatBind env (NonRec final_bndr final_rhs)) }

addLetBndrInfo :: OutId -> Arity -> Bool -> Unfolding -> OutId
addLetBndrInfo new_bndr new_arity is_bot new_unf
  = new_bndr `setIdInfo` info5
  where
    info1 = idInfo new_bndr `setArityInfo` new_arity

    -- Unfolding info: Note [Setting the new unfolding]
    info2 = info1 `setUnfoldingInfo` new_unf

    -- Demand info: Note [Setting the demand info]
    -- We also have to nuke demand info if for some reason
    -- eta-expansion *reduces* the arity of the binding to less
    -- than that of the strictness sig. This can happen: see Note [Arity decrease].
    info3 | isEvaldUnfolding new_unf
            || (case strictnessInfo info2 of
                  StrictSig dmd_ty -> new_arity < dmdTypeDepth dmd_ty)
          = zapDemandInfo info2 `orElse` info2
          | otherwise
          = info2

    -- Bottoming bindings: see Note [Bottoming bindings]
    info4 | is_bot    = info3 `setStrictnessInfo`
                        mkClosedStrictSig (replicate new_arity topDmd) exnRes
          | otherwise = info3

     -- Zap call arity info. We have used it by now (via
     -- `tryEtaExpandRhs`), and the simplifier can invalidate this
     -- information, leading to broken code later (e.g. #13479)
    info5 = zapCallArityInfo info4


{- Note [Arity decrease]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Generally speaking the arity of a binding should not decrease.  But it *can*
legitimately happen because of RULES.  Eg
        f = g Int
where g has arity 2, will have arity 2.  But if there's a rewrite rule
        g Int --> h
where h has arity 1, then f's arity will decrease.  Here's a real-life example,
which is in the output of Specialise:

     Rec {
        $dm {Arity 2} = \d.\x. op d
        {-# RULES forall d. $dm Int d = $s$dm #-}

        dInt = MkD .... opInt ...
        opInt {Arity 1} = $dm dInt

        $s$dm {Arity 0} = \x. op dInt }

Here opInt has arity 1; but when we apply the rule its arity drops to 0.
That's why Specialise goes to a little trouble to pin the right arity
on specialised functions too.

Note [Bottoming bindings]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Suppose we have
   let x = error "urk"
   in ...(case x of <alts>)...
or
   let f = \x. error (x ++ "urk")
   in ...(case f "foo" of <alts>)...

Then we'd like to drop the dead <alts> immediately.  So it's good to
propagate the info that x's RHS is bottom to x's IdInfo as rapidly as
possible.

We use tryEtaExpandRhs on every binding, and it turns ou that the
arity computation it performs (via CoreArity.findRhsArity) already
does a simple bottoming-expression analysis.  So all we need to do
is propagate that info to the binder's IdInfo.

This showed up in Trac #12150; see comment:16.

Note [Setting the demand info]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If the unfolding is a value, the demand info may
go pear-shaped, so we nuke it.  Example:
     let x = (a,b) in
     case x of (p,q) -> h p q x
Here x is certainly demanded. But after we've nuked
the case, we'll get just
     let x = (a,b) in h a b x
and now x is not demanded (I'm assuming h is lazy)
This really happens.  Similarly
     let f = \x -> e in ...f..f...
After inlining f at some of its call sites the original binding may
(for example) be no longer strictly demanded.
The solution here is a bit ad hoc...


************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
\subsection[Simplify-simplExpr]{The main function: simplExpr}
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************

The reason for this OutExprStuff stuff is that we want to float *after*
simplifying a RHS, not before.  If we do so naively we get quadratic
behaviour as things float out.

To see why it's important to do it after, consider this (real) example:

        let t = f x
        in fst t
==>
        let t = let a = e1
                    b = e2
                in (a,b)
        in fst t
==>
        let a = e1
            b = e2
            t = (a,b)
        in
        a       -- Can't inline a this round, cos it appears twice
==>
        e1

Each of the ==> steps is a round of simplification.  We'd save a
whole round if we float first.  This can cascade.  Consider

        let f = g d
        in \x -> ...f...
==>
        let f = let d1 = ..d.. in \y -> e
        in \x -> ...f...
==>
        let d1 = ..d..
        in \x -> ...(\y ->e)...

Only in this second round can the \y be applied, and it
might do the same again.
-}

simplExpr :: SimplEnv -> CoreExpr -> SimplM CoreExpr
simplExpr env (Type ty)
  = do { ty' <- simplType env ty  -- See Note [Avoiding space leaks in OutType]
       ; return (Type ty') }

simplExpr env expr
  = simplExprC env expr (mkBoringStop expr_out_ty)
  where
    expr_out_ty :: OutType
    expr_out_ty = substTy env (exprType expr)
    -- NB: Since 'expr' is term-valued, not (Type ty), this call
    --     to exprType will succeed.  exprType fails on (Type ty).

simplExprC :: SimplEnv
           -> InExpr     -- A term-valued expression, never (Type ty)
           -> SimplCont
           -> SimplM OutExpr
        -- Simplify an expression, given a continuation
simplExprC env expr cont
  = -- pprTrace "simplExprC" (ppr expr $$ ppr cont {- $$ ppr (seIdSubst env) -} $$ ppr (seLetFloats env) ) $
    do  { (floats, expr') <- simplExprF env expr cont
        ; -- pprTrace "simplExprC ret" (ppr expr $$ ppr expr') $
          -- pprTrace "simplExprC ret3" (ppr (seInScope env')) $
          -- pprTrace "simplExprC ret4" (ppr (seLetFloats env')) $
          return (wrapFloats floats expr') }

--------------------------------------------------
simplExprF :: SimplEnv
           -> InExpr     -- A term-valued expression, never (Type ty)
           -> SimplCont
           -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)

simplExprF env e cont
  = {- pprTrace "simplExprF" (vcat
      [ ppr e
      , text "cont =" <+> ppr cont
      , text "inscope =" <+> ppr (seInScope env)
      , text "tvsubst =" <+> ppr (seTvSubst env)
      , text "idsubst =" <+> ppr (seIdSubst env)
      , text "cvsubst =" <+> ppr (seCvSubst env)
      ]) $ -}
    simplExprF1 env e cont

simplExprF1 :: SimplEnv -> InExpr -> SimplCont
            -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)

simplExprF1 _ (Type ty) _
  = pprPanic "simplExprF: type" (ppr ty)
    -- simplExprF does only with term-valued expressions
    -- The (Type ty) case is handled separately by simplExpr
    -- and by the other callers of simplExprF

simplExprF1 env (Var v)        cont = simplIdF env v cont
simplExprF1 env (Lit lit)      cont = rebuild env (Lit lit) cont
simplExprF1 env (Tick t expr)  cont = simplTick env t expr cont
simplExprF1 env (Cast body co) cont = simplCast env body co cont
simplExprF1 env (Coercion co)  cont = simplCoercionF env co cont

simplExprF1 env (App fun arg) cont
  = case arg of
      Type ty -> do { -- The argument type will (almost) certainly be used
                      -- in the output program, so just force it now.
                      -- See Note [Avoiding space leaks in OutType]
                      arg' <- simplType env ty

                      -- But use substTy, not simplType, to avoid forcing
                      -- the hole type; it will likely not be needed.
                      -- See Note [The hole type in ApplyToTy]
                    ; let hole' = substTy env (exprType fun)

                    ; simplExprF env fun $
                      ApplyToTy { sc_arg_ty  = arg'
                                , sc_hole_ty = hole'
                                , sc_cont    = cont } }
      _       -> simplExprF env fun $
                 ApplyToVal { sc_arg = arg, sc_env = env
                            , sc_dup = NoDup, sc_cont = cont }

simplExprF1 env expr@(Lam {}) cont
  = simplLam env zapped_bndrs body cont
        -- The main issue here is under-saturated lambdas
        --   (\x1. \x2. e) arg1
        -- Here x1 might have "occurs-once" occ-info, because occ-info
        -- is computed assuming that a group of lambdas is applied
        -- all at once.  If there are too few args, we must zap the
        -- occ-info, UNLESS the remaining binders are one-shot
  where
    (bndrs, body) = collectBinders expr
    zapped_bndrs | need_to_zap = map zap bndrs
                 | otherwise   = bndrs

    need_to_zap = any zappable_bndr (drop n_args bndrs)
    n_args = countArgs cont
        -- NB: countArgs counts all the args (incl type args)
        -- and likewise drop counts all binders (incl type lambdas)

    zappable_bndr b = isId b && not (isOneShotBndr b)
    zap b | isTyVar b = b
          | otherwise = zapLamIdInfo b

simplExprF1 env (Case scrut bndr _ alts) cont
  = simplExprF env scrut (Select { sc_dup = NoDup, sc_bndr = bndr
                                 , sc_alts = alts
                                 , sc_env = env, sc_cont = cont })

simplExprF1 env (Let (Rec pairs) body) cont
  | Just pairs' <- joinPointBindings_maybe pairs
  = simplRecJoinPoint env pairs' body cont

  | otherwise
  = simplRecE env pairs body cont

simplExprF1 env (Let (NonRec bndr rhs) body) cont
  | Type ty <- rhs    -- First deal with type lets (let a = Type ty in e)
  = ASSERT( isTyVar bndr )
    do { ty' <- simplType env ty
       ; simplExprF (extendTvSubst env bndr ty') body cont }

  | Just (bndr', rhs') <- joinPointBinding_maybe bndr rhs
  = simplNonRecJoinPoint env bndr' rhs' body cont

  | otherwise
  = simplNonRecE env bndr (rhs, env) ([], body) cont

{- Note [Avoiding space leaks in OutType]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Since the simplifier is run for multiple iterations, we need to ensure
that any thunks in the output of one simplifier iteration are forced
by the evaluation of the next simplifier iteration. Otherwise we may
retain multiple copies of the Core program and leak a terrible amount
of memory (as in #13426).

The simplifier is naturally strict in the entire "Expr part" of the
input Core program, because any expression may contain binders, which
we must find in order to extend the SimplEnv accordingly. But types
do not contain binders and so it is tempting to write things like

    simplExpr env (Type ty) = return (Type (substTy env ty))   -- Bad!

This is Bad because the result includes a thunk (substTy env ty) which
retains a reference to the whole simplifier environment; and the next
simplifier iteration will not force this thunk either, because the
line above is not strict in ty.

So instead our strategy is for the simplifier to fully evaluate
OutTypes when it emits them into the output Core program, for example

    simplExpr env (Type ty) = do { ty' <- simplType env ty     -- Good
                                 ; return (Type ty') }

where the only difference from above is that simplType calls seqType
on the result of substTy.

However, SimplCont can also contain OutTypes and it's not necessarily
a good idea to force types on the way in to SimplCont, because they
may end up not being used and forcing them could be a lot of wasted
work. T5631 is a good example of this.

- For ApplyToTy's sc_arg_ty, we force the type on the way in because
  the type will almost certainly appear as a type argument in the
  output program.

- For the hole types in Stop and ApplyToTy, we force the type when we
  emit it into the output program, after obtaining it from
  contResultType. (The hole type in ApplyToTy is only directly used
  to form the result type in a new Stop continuation.)
-}

---------------------------------
-- Simplify a join point, adding the context.
-- Context goes *inside* the lambdas. IOW, if the join point has arity n, we do:
--   \x1 .. xn -> e => \x1 .. xn -> E[e]
-- Note that we need the arity of the join point, since e may be a lambda
-- (though this is unlikely). See Note [Case-of-case and join points].
simplJoinRhs :: SimplEnv -> InId -> InExpr -> SimplCont
             -> SimplM OutExpr
simplJoinRhs env bndr expr cont
  | Just arity <- isJoinId_maybe bndr
  =  do { let (join_bndrs, join_body) = collectNBinders arity expr
        ; (env', join_bndrs') <- simplLamBndrs env join_bndrs
        ; join_body' <- simplExprC env' join_body cont
        ; return $ mkLams join_bndrs' join_body' }

  | otherwise
  = pprPanic "simplJoinRhs" (ppr bndr)

---------------------------------
simplType :: SimplEnv -> InType -> SimplM OutType
        -- Kept monadic just so we can do the seqType
        -- See Note [Avoiding space leaks in OutType]
simplType env ty
  = -- pprTrace "simplType" (ppr ty $$ ppr (seTvSubst env)) $
    seqType new_ty `seq` return new_ty
  where
    new_ty = substTy env ty

---------------------------------
simplCoercionF :: SimplEnv -> InCoercion -> SimplCont
               -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)
simplCoercionF env co cont
  = do { co' <- simplCoercion env co
       ; rebuild env (Coercion co') cont }

simplCoercion :: SimplEnv -> InCoercion -> SimplM OutCoercion
simplCoercion env co
  = let opt_co = optCoercion (getTCvSubst env) co
    in seqCo opt_co `seq` return opt_co

-----------------------------------
-- | Push a TickIt context outwards past applications and cases, as
-- long as this is a non-scoping tick, to let case and application
-- optimisations apply.

simplTick :: SimplEnv -> Tickish Id -> InExpr -> SimplCont
          -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)
simplTick env tickish expr cont
  -- A scoped tick turns into a continuation, so that we can spot
  -- (scc t (\x . e)) in simplLam and eliminate the scc.  If we didn't do
  -- it this way, then it would take two passes of the simplifier to
  -- reduce ((scc t (\x . e)) e').
  -- NB, don't do this with counting ticks, because if the expr is
  -- bottom, then rebuildCall will discard the continuation.

-- XXX: we cannot do this, because the simplifier assumes that
-- the context can be pushed into a case with a single branch. e.g.
--    scc<f>  case expensive of p -> e
-- becomes
--    case expensive of p -> scc<f> e
--
-- So I'm disabling this for now.  It just means we will do more
-- simplifier iterations that necessary in some cases.

--  | tickishScoped tickish && not (tickishCounts tickish)
--  = simplExprF env expr (TickIt tickish cont)

  -- For unscoped or soft-scoped ticks, we are allowed to float in new
  -- cost, so we simply push the continuation inside the tick.  This
  -- has the effect of moving the tick to the outside of a case or
  -- application context, allowing the normal case and application
  -- optimisations to fire.
  | tickish `tickishScopesLike` SoftScope
  = do { (floats, expr') <- simplExprF env expr cont
       ; return (floats, mkTick tickish expr')
       }

  -- Push tick inside if the context looks like this will allow us to
  -- do a case-of-case - see Note [case-of-scc-of-case]
  | Select {} <- cont, Just expr' <- push_tick_inside
  = simplExprF env expr' cont

  -- We don't want to move the tick, but we might still want to allow
  -- floats to pass through with appropriate wrapping (or not, see
  -- wrap_floats below)
  --- | not (tickishCounts tickish) || tickishCanSplit tickish
  -- = wrap_floats

  | otherwise
  = no_floating_past_tick

 where

  -- Try to push tick inside a case, see Note [case-of-scc-of-case].
  push_tick_inside =
    case expr0 of
      Case scrut bndr ty alts
             -> Just $ Case (tickScrut scrut) bndr ty (map tickAlt alts)
      _other -> Nothing
   where (ticks, expr0) = stripTicksTop movable (Tick tickish expr)
         movable t      = not (tickishCounts t) ||
                          t `tickishScopesLike` NoScope ||
                          tickishCanSplit t
         tickScrut e    = foldr mkTick e ticks
         -- Alternatives get annotated with all ticks that scope in some way,
         -- but we don't want to count entries.
         tickAlt (c,bs,e) = (c,bs, foldr mkTick e ts_scope)
         ts_scope         = map mkNoCount $
                            filter (not . (`tickishScopesLike` NoScope)) ticks

  no_floating_past_tick =
    do { let (inc,outc) = splitCont cont
       ; (floats, expr1) <- simplExprF env expr inc
       ; let expr2    = wrapFloats floats expr1
             tickish' = simplTickish env tickish
       ; rebuild env (mkTick tickish' expr2) outc
       }

-- Alternative version that wraps outgoing floats with the tick.  This
-- results in ticks being duplicated, as we don't make any attempt to
-- eliminate the tick if we re-inline the binding (because the tick
-- semantics allows unrestricted inlining of HNFs), so I'm not doing
-- this any more.  FloatOut will catch any real opportunities for
-- floating.
--
--  wrap_floats =
--    do { let (inc,outc) = splitCont cont
--       ; (env', expr') <- simplExprF (zapFloats env) expr inc
--       ; let tickish' = simplTickish env tickish
--       ; let wrap_float (b,rhs) = (zapIdStrictness (setIdArity b 0),
--                                   mkTick (mkNoCount tickish') rhs)
--              -- when wrapping a float with mkTick, we better zap the Id's
--              -- strictness info and arity, because it might be wrong now.
--       ; let env'' = addFloats env (mapFloats env' wrap_float)
--       ; rebuild env'' expr' (TickIt tickish' outc)
--       }


  simplTickish env tickish
    | Breakpoint n ids <- tickish
          = Breakpoint n (map (getDoneId . substId env) ids)
    | otherwise = tickish

  -- Push type application and coercion inside a tick
  splitCont :: SimplCont -> (SimplCont, SimplCont)
  splitCont cont@(ApplyToTy { sc_cont = tail }) = (cont { sc_cont = inc }, outc)
    where (inc,outc) = splitCont tail
  splitCont (CastIt co c) = (CastIt co inc, outc)
    where (inc,outc) = splitCont c
  splitCont other = (mkBoringStop (contHoleType other), other)

  getDoneId (DoneId id)  = id
  getDoneId (DoneEx e _) = getIdFromTrivialExpr e -- Note [substTickish] in CoreSubst
  getDoneId other = pprPanic "getDoneId" (ppr other)

-- Note [case-of-scc-of-case]
-- It's pretty important to be able to transform case-of-case when
-- there's an SCC in the way.  For example, the following comes up
-- in nofib/real/compress/Encode.hs:
--
--        case scctick<code_string.r1>
--             case $wcode_string_r13s wild_XC w1_s137 w2_s138 l_aje
--             of _ { (# ww1_s13f, ww2_s13g, ww3_s13h #) ->
--             (ww1_s13f, ww2_s13g, ww3_s13h)
--             }
--        of _ { (ww_s12Y, ww1_s12Z, ww2_s130) ->
--        tick<code_string.f1>
--        (ww_s12Y,
--         ww1_s12Z,
--         PTTrees.PT
--           @ GHC.Types.Char @ GHC.Types.Int wild2_Xj ww2_s130 r_ajf)
--        }
--
-- We really want this case-of-case to fire, because then the 3-tuple
-- will go away (indeed, the CPR optimisation is relying on this
-- happening).  But the scctick is in the way - we need to push it
-- inside to expose the case-of-case.  So we perform this
-- transformation on the inner case:
--
--   scctick c (case e of { p1 -> e1; ...; pn -> en })
--    ==>
--   case (scctick c e) of { p1 -> scc c e1; ...; pn -> scc c en }
--
-- So we've moved a constant amount of work out of the scc to expose
-- the case.  We only do this when the continuation is interesting: in
-- for now, it has to be another Case (maybe generalise this later).

{-
************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
\subsection{The main rebuilder}
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************
-}

rebuild :: SimplEnv -> OutExpr -> SimplCont -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)
-- At this point the substitution in the SimplEnv should be irrelevant;
-- only the in-scope set matters
rebuild env expr cont
  = case cont of
      Stop {}          -> return (emptyFloats env, expr)
      TickIt t cont    -> rebuild env (mkTick t expr) cont
      CastIt co cont   -> rebuild env (mkCast expr co) cont
                       -- NB: mkCast implements the (Coercion co |> g) optimisation

      Select { sc_bndr = bndr, sc_alts = alts, sc_env = se, sc_cont = cont }
        -> rebuildCase (se `setInScopeFromE` env) expr bndr alts cont

      StrictArg { sc_fun = fun, sc_cont = cont }
        -> rebuildCall env (fun `addValArgTo` expr) cont
      StrictBind { sc_bndr = b, sc_bndrs = bs, sc_body = body
                 , sc_env = se, sc_cont = cont }
        -> do { (floats1, env') <- simplNonRecX (se `setInScopeFromE` env) b expr
                                  -- expr satisfies let/app since it started life
                                  -- in a call to simplNonRecE
              ; (floats2, expr') <- simplLam env' bs body cont
              ; return (floats1 `addFloats` floats2, expr') }

      ApplyToTy  { sc_arg_ty = ty, sc_cont = cont}
        -> rebuild env (App expr (Type ty)) cont

      ApplyToVal { sc_arg = arg, sc_env = se, sc_dup = dup_flag, sc_cont = cont}
        -- See Note [Avoid redundant simplification]
        -> do { (_, _, arg') <- simplArg env dup_flag se arg
              ; rebuild env (App expr arg') cont }

{-
************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
\subsection{Lambdas}
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************
-}

simplCast :: SimplEnv -> InExpr -> Coercion -> SimplCont
          -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)
simplCast env body co0 cont0
  = do  { co1   <- simplCoercion env co0
        ; cont1 <- addCoerce co1 cont0
        ; simplExprF env body cont1 }
  where
       addCoerce :: OutCoercion -> SimplCont -> SimplM SimplCont
       addCoerce co1 (CastIt co2 cont)
         = addCoerce (mkTransCo co1 co2) cont

       addCoerce co cont@(ApplyToTy { sc_arg_ty = arg_ty, sc_cont = tail })
         | Just (arg_ty', co') <- pushCoTyArg co arg_ty
         = do { tail' <- addCoerce co' tail
              ; return (cont { sc_arg_ty = arg_ty', sc_cont = tail' }) }

       addCoerce co cont@(ApplyToVal { sc_arg = arg, sc_env = arg_se
                                , sc_dup = dup, sc_cont = tail })
         | Just (co1, co2) <- pushCoValArg co
         , Pair _ new_ty <- coercionKind co1
         , not (isTypeLevPoly new_ty)  -- without this check, we get a lev-poly arg
                                       -- See Note [Levity polymorphism invariants] in CoreSyn
                                       -- test: typecheck/should_run/EtaExpandLevPoly
         = do { tail' <- addCoerce co2 tail
              ; if isReflCo co1
                then return (cont { sc_cont = tail' })
                     -- Avoid simplifying if possible;
                     -- See Note [Avoiding exponential behaviour]
                else do
              { (dup', arg_se', arg') <- simplArg env dup arg_se arg
                   -- When we build the ApplyTo we can't mix the OutCoercion
                   -- 'co' with the InExpr 'arg', so we simplify
                   -- to make it all consistent.  It's a bit messy.
                   -- But it isn't a common case.
                   -- Example of use: Trac #995
              ; return (ApplyToVal { sc_arg  = mkCast arg' co1
                                   , sc_env  = arg_se'
                                   , sc_dup  = dup'
                                   , sc_cont = tail' }) } }

       addCoerce co cont
         | isReflexiveCo co = return cont
         | otherwise        = return (CastIt co cont)
                -- It's worth checking isReflexiveCo.
                -- For example, in the initial form of a worker
                -- we may find  (coerce T (coerce S (\x.e))) y
                -- and we'd like it to simplify to e[y/x] in one round
                -- of simplification

simplArg :: SimplEnv -> DupFlag -> StaticEnv -> CoreExpr
         -> SimplM (DupFlag, StaticEnv, OutExpr)
simplArg env dup_flag arg_env arg
  | isSimplified dup_flag
  = return (dup_flag, arg_env, arg)
  | otherwise
  = do { arg' <- simplExpr (arg_env `setInScopeFromE` env) arg
       ; return (Simplified, zapSubstEnv arg_env, arg') }

{-
************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
\subsection{Lambdas}
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************
-}

simplLam :: SimplEnv -> [InId] -> InExpr -> SimplCont
         -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)

simplLam env [] body cont
  = simplExprF env body cont

simplLam env (bndr:bndrs) body (ApplyToTy { sc_arg_ty = arg_ty, sc_cont = cont })
  = do { tick (BetaReduction bndr)
       ; simplLam (extendTvSubst env bndr arg_ty) bndrs body cont }

simplLam env (bndr:bndrs) body (ApplyToVal { sc_arg = arg, sc_env = arg_se
                                           , sc_cont = cont, sc_dup = dup })
  | isSimplified dup  -- Don't re-simplify if we've simplified it once
                      -- See Note [Avoiding exponential behaviour]
  = do  { tick (BetaReduction bndr)
        ; (floats1, env') <- simplNonRecX env zapped_bndr arg
        ; (floats2, expr') <- simplLam env' bndrs body cont
        ; return (floats1 `addFloats` floats2, expr') }

  | otherwise
  = do  { tick (BetaReduction bndr)
        ; simplNonRecE env zapped_bndr (arg, arg_se) (bndrs, body) cont }
  where
    zapped_bndr  -- See Note [Zap unfolding when beta-reducing]
      | isId bndr = zapStableUnfolding bndr
      | otherwise = bndr

      -- Discard a non-counting tick on a lambda.  This may change the
      -- cost attribution slightly (moving the allocation of the
      -- lambda elsewhere), but we don't care: optimisation changes
      -- cost attribution all the time.
simplLam env bndrs body (TickIt tickish cont)
  | not (tickishCounts tickish)
  = simplLam env bndrs body cont

        -- Not enough args, so there are real lambdas left to put in the result
simplLam env bndrs body cont
  = do  { (env', bndrs') <- simplLamBndrs env bndrs
        ; body' <- simplExpr env' body
        ; new_lam <- mkLam env bndrs' body' cont
        ; rebuild env' new_lam cont }

-------------
simplLamBndr :: SimplEnv -> InBndr -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutBndr)
-- Used for lambda binders.  These sometimes have unfoldings added by
-- the worker/wrapper pass that must be preserved, because they can't
-- be reconstructed from context.  For example:
--      f x = case x of (a,b) -> fw a b x
--      fw a b x{=(a,b)} = ...
-- The "{=(a,b)}" is an unfolding we can't reconstruct otherwise.
simplLamBndr env bndr
  | isId bndr && isFragileUnfolding old_unf   -- Special case
  = do { (env1, bndr1) <- simplBinder env bndr
       ; unf'          <- simplStableUnfolding env1 NotTopLevel Nothing bndr old_unf
       ; let bndr2 = bndr1 `setIdUnfolding` unf'
       ; return (modifyInScope env1 bndr2, bndr2) }

  | otherwise
  = simplBinder env bndr                -- Normal case
  where
    old_unf = idUnfolding bndr

simplLamBndrs :: SimplEnv -> [InBndr] -> SimplM (SimplEnv, [OutBndr])
simplLamBndrs env bndrs = mapAccumLM simplLamBndr env bndrs

------------------
simplNonRecE :: SimplEnv
             -> InId                    -- The binder, always an Id
                                        -- Never a join point
             -> (InExpr, SimplEnv)      -- Rhs of binding (or arg of lambda)
             -> ([InBndr], InExpr)      -- Body of the let/lambda
                                        --      \xs.e
             -> SimplCont
             -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)

-- simplNonRecE is used for
--  * non-top-level non-recursive non-join-point lets in expressions
--  * beta reduction
--
-- simplNonRec env b (rhs, rhs_se) (bs, body) k
--   = let env in
--     cont< let b = rhs_se(rhs) in \bs.body >
--
-- It deals with strict bindings, via the StrictBind continuation,
-- which may abort the whole process
--
-- Precondition: rhs satisfies the let/app invariant
--               Note [CoreSyn let/app invariant] in CoreSyn
--
-- The "body" of the binding comes as a pair of ([InId],InExpr)
-- representing a lambda; so we recurse back to simplLam
-- Why?  Because of the binder-occ-info-zapping done before
--       the call to simplLam in simplExprF (Lam ...)

simplNonRecE env bndr (rhs, rhs_se) (bndrs, body) cont
  | ASSERT( isId bndr && not (isJoinId bndr) )
    preInlineUnconditionally env NotTopLevel bndr rhs
  = do { tick (PreInlineUnconditionally bndr)
       ; -- pprTrace "preInlineUncond" (ppr bndr <+> ppr rhs) $
         simplLam (extendIdSubst env bndr (mkContEx rhs_se rhs)) bndrs body cont }

  -- Deal with strict bindings
  | isStrictId bndr          -- Includes coercions
  , sm_case_case (getMode env)
  = simplExprF (rhs_se `setInScopeFromE` env) rhs
               (StrictBind { sc_bndr = bndr, sc_bndrs = bndrs, sc_body = body
                           , sc_env = env, sc_cont = cont, sc_dup = NoDup })

  -- Deal with lazy bindings
  | otherwise
  = ASSERT( not (isTyVar bndr) )
    do { (env1, bndr1) <- simplNonRecBndr env bndr
       ; (env2, bndr2) <- addBndrRules env1 bndr bndr1
       ; (floats1, env3) <- simplLazyBind env2 NotTopLevel NonRecursive bndr bndr2 rhs rhs_se
       ; (floats2, expr') <- simplLam env3 bndrs body cont
       ; return (floats1 `addFloats` floats2, expr') }

------------------
simplRecE :: SimplEnv
          -> [(InId, InExpr)]
          -> InExpr
          -> SimplCont
          -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)

-- simplRecE is used for
--  * non-top-level recursive lets in expressions
simplRecE env pairs body cont
  = do  { let bndrs = map fst pairs
        ; MASSERT(all (not . isJoinId) bndrs)
        ; env1 <- simplRecBndrs env bndrs
                -- NB: bndrs' don't have unfoldings or rules
                -- We add them as we go down
        ; (floats1, env2) <- simplRecBind env1 NotTopLevel Nothing pairs
        ; (floats2, expr') <- simplExprF env2 body cont
        ; return (floats1 `addFloats` floats2, expr') }

{- Note [Avoiding exponential behaviour]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
One way in which we can get exponential behaviour is if we simplify a
big expression, and the re-simplify it -- and then this happens in a
deeply-nested way.  So we must be jolly careful about re-simplifying
an expression.  That is why completeNonRecX does not try
preInlineUnconditionally.

Example:
  f BIG, where f has a RULE
Then
 * We simplify BIG before trying the rule; but the rule does not fire
 * We inline f = \x. x True
 * So if we did preInlineUnconditionally we'd re-simplify (BIG True)

However, if BIG has /not/ already been simplified, we'd /like/ to
simplify BIG True; maybe good things happen.  That is why

* simplLam has
    - a case for (isSimplified dup), which goes via simplNonRecX, and
    - a case for the un-simplified case, which goes via simplNonRecE

* We go to some efforts to avoid unnecessarily simplifying ApplyToVal,
  in at least two places
    - In simplCast/addCoerce, where we check for isReflCo
    - In rebuildCall we avoid simplifying arguments before we have to
      (see Note [Trying rewrite rules])


Note [Zap unfolding when beta-reducing]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Lambda-bound variables can have stable unfoldings, such as
   $j = \x. \b{Unf=Just x}. e
See Note [Case binders and join points] below; the unfolding for lets
us optimise e better.  However when we beta-reduce it we want to
revert to using the actual value, otherwise we can end up in the
stupid situation of
          let x = blah in
          let b{Unf=Just x} = y
          in ...b...
Here it'd be far better to drop the unfolding and use the actual RHS.

************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
                     Join points
*                                                                      *
********************************************************************* -}

simplNonRecJoinPoint :: SimplEnv -> InId -> InExpr
                     -> InExpr -> SimplCont
                     -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)
simplNonRecJoinPoint env bndr rhs body cont
  | ASSERT( isJoinId bndr )
    preInlineUnconditionally env NotTopLevel bndr rhs
  = do { tick (PreInlineUnconditionally bndr)
       ; simplExprF (extendIdSubst env bndr (mkContEx env rhs)) body cont }

   | otherwise
   = wrapJoinCont env cont $ \ env cont ->
     do { -- We push join_cont into the join RHS and the body;
          -- and wrap wrap_cont around the whole thing
        ; let res_ty = contResultType cont
        ; (env1, bndr1)    <- simplNonRecJoinBndr env res_ty bndr
        ; (env2, bndr2)    <- addBndrRules env1 bndr bndr1
        ; (floats1, env3)  <- simplJoinBind env2 cont bndr bndr2 rhs env
        ; (floats2, body') <- simplExprF env3 body cont
        ; return (floats1 `addFloats` floats2, body') }


------------------
simplRecJoinPoint :: SimplEnv -> [(InId, InExpr)]
                  -> InExpr -> SimplCont
                  -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)
simplRecJoinPoint env pairs body cont
  = wrapJoinCont env cont $ \ env cont ->
    do { let bndrs = map fst pairs
             res_ty = contResultType cont
       ; env1 <- simplRecJoinBndrs env res_ty bndrs
               -- NB: bndrs' don't have unfoldings or rules
               -- We add them as we go down
       ; (floats1, env2)  <- simplRecBind env1 NotTopLevel (Just cont) pairs
       ; (floats2, body') <- simplExprF env2 body cont
       ; return (floats1 `addFloats` floats2, body') }

--------------------
wrapJoinCont :: SimplEnv -> SimplCont
             -> (SimplEnv -> SimplCont -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr))
             -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)
-- Deal with making the continuation duplicable if necessary,
-- and with the no-case-of-case situation.
wrapJoinCont env cont thing_inside
  | contIsStop cont        -- Common case; no need for fancy footwork
  = thing_inside env cont

  | not (sm_case_case (getMode env))
    -- See Note [Join points wih -fno-case-of-case]
  = do { (floats1, expr1) <- thing_inside env (mkBoringStop (contHoleType cont))
       ; let (floats2, expr2) = wrapJoinFloatsX floats1 expr1
       ; (floats3, expr3) <- rebuild (env `setInScopeFromF` floats2) expr2 cont
       ; return (floats2 `addFloats` floats3, expr3) }

  | otherwise
    -- Normal case; see Note [Join points and case-of-case]
  = do { (floats1, cont')  <- mkDupableCont env cont
       ; (floats2, result) <- thing_inside (env `setInScopeFromF` floats1) cont'
       ; return (floats1 `addFloats` floats2, result) }


--------------------
trimJoinCont :: Id -> Maybe JoinArity -> SimplCont -> SimplCont
-- Drop outer context from join point invocation (jump)
-- See Note [Join points and case-of-case]

trimJoinCont _ Nothing cont
  = cont -- Not a jump
trimJoinCont var (Just arity) cont
  = trim arity cont
  where
    trim 0 cont@(Stop {})
      = cont
    trim 0 cont
      = mkBoringStop (contResultType cont)
    trim n cont@(ApplyToVal { sc_cont = k })
      = cont { sc_cont = trim (n-1) k }
    trim n cont@(ApplyToTy { sc_cont = k })
      = cont { sc_cont = trim (n-1) k } -- join arity counts types!
    trim _ cont
      = pprPanic "completeCall" $ ppr var $$ ppr cont


{- Note [Join points and case-of-case]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When we perform the case-of-case transform (or otherwise push continuations
inward), we want to treat join points specially. Since they're always
tail-called and we want to maintain this invariant, we can do this (for any
evaluation context E):

  E[join j = e
    in case ... of
         A -> jump j 1
         B -> jump j 2
         C -> f 3]

    -->

  join j = E[e]
  in case ... of
       A -> jump j 1
       B -> jump j 2
       C -> E[f 3]

As is evident from the example, there are two components to this behavior:

  1. When entering the RHS of a join point, copy the context inside.
  2. When a join point is invoked, discard the outer context.

We need to be very careful here to remain consistent---neither part is
optional!

We need do make the continuation E duplicable (since we are duplicating it)
with mkDuableCont.


Note [Join points wih -fno-case-of-case]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Supose case-of-case is switched off, and we are simplifying

    case (join j x = <j-rhs> in
          case y of
             A -> j 1
             B -> j 2
             C -> e) of <outer-alts>

Usually, we'd push the outer continuation (case . of <outer-alts>) into
both the RHS and the body of the join point j.  But since we aren't doing
case-of-case we may then end up with this totally bogus result

    join x = case <j-rhs> of <outer-alts> in
    case (case y of
             A -> j 1
             B -> j 2
             C -> e) of <outer-alts>

This would be OK in the language of the paper, but not in GHC: j is no longer
a join point.  We can only do the "push contination into the RHS of the
join point j" if we also push the contination right down to the /jumps/ to
j, so that it can evaporate there.  If we are doing case-of-case, we'll get to

    join x = case <j-rhs> of <outer-alts> in
    case y of
      A -> j 1
      B -> j 2
      C -> case e of <outer-alts>

which is great.

Bottom line: if case-of-case is off, we must stop pushing the continuation
inwards altogether at any join point.  Instead simplify the (join ... in ...)
with a Stop continuation, and wrap the original continuation around the
outside.  Surprisingly tricky!


************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
                     Variables
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************
-}

simplVar :: SimplEnv -> InVar -> SimplM OutExpr
-- Look up an InVar in the environment
simplVar env var
  | isTyVar var = return (Type (substTyVar env var))
  | isCoVar var = return (Coercion (substCoVar env var))
  | otherwise
  = case substId env var of
        ContEx tvs cvs ids e -> simplExpr (setSubstEnv env tvs cvs ids) e
        DoneId var1          -> return (Var var1)
        DoneEx e _           -> return e

simplIdF :: SimplEnv -> InId -> SimplCont -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)
simplIdF env var cont
  = case substId env var of
      ContEx tvs cvs ids e -> simplExprF (setSubstEnv env tvs cvs ids) e cont
                                -- Don't trim; haven't already simplified e,
                                -- so the cont is not embodied in e

      DoneId var1 -> completeCall env var1 (trimJoinCont var (isJoinId_maybe var1) cont)

      DoneEx e mb_join -> simplExprF (zapSubstEnv env) e (trimJoinCont var mb_join cont)
              -- Note [zapSubstEnv]
              -- The template is already simplified, so don't re-substitute.
              -- This is VITAL.  Consider
              --      let x = e in
              --      let y = \z -> ...x... in
              --      \ x -> ...y...
              -- We'll clone the inner \x, adding x->x' in the id_subst
              -- Then when we inline y, we must *not* replace x by x' in
              -- the inlined copy!!

---------------------------------------------------------
--      Dealing with a call site

completeCall :: SimplEnv -> OutId -> SimplCont -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)
completeCall env var cont
  | Just expr <- callSiteInline dflags var unfolding
                                lone_variable arg_infos interesting_cont
  -- Inline the variable's RHS
  = do { checkedTick (UnfoldingDone var)
       ; dump_inline expr cont
       ; simplExprF (zapSubstEnv env) expr cont }

  | otherwise
  -- Don't inline; instead rebuild the call
  = do { rule_base <- getSimplRules
       ; let info = mkArgInfo var (getRules rule_base var)
                              n_val_args call_cont
       ; rebuildCall env info cont }

  where
    dflags = seDynFlags env
    (lone_variable, arg_infos, call_cont) = contArgs cont
    n_val_args       = length arg_infos
    interesting_cont = interestingCallContext env call_cont
    unfolding        = activeUnfolding env var

    dump_inline unfolding cont
      | not (dopt Opt_D_dump_inlinings dflags) = return ()
      | not (dopt Opt_D_verbose_core2core dflags)
      = when (isExternalName (idName var)) $
            liftIO $ printOutputForUser dflags alwaysQualify $
                sep [text "Inlining done:", nest 4 (ppr var)]
      | otherwise
      = liftIO $ printOutputForUser dflags alwaysQualify $
           sep [text "Inlining done: " <> ppr var,
                nest 4 (vcat [text "Inlined fn: " <+> nest 2 (ppr unfolding),
                              text "Cont:  " <+> ppr cont])]

rebuildCall :: SimplEnv
            -> ArgInfo
            -> SimplCont
            -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)
-- We decided not to inline, so
--    - simplify the arguments
--    - try rewrite rules
--    - and rebuild

---------- Bottoming applications --------------
rebuildCall env (ArgInfo { ai_fun = fun, ai_args = rev_args, ai_strs = [] }) cont
  -- When we run out of strictness args, it means
  -- that the call is definitely bottom; see SimplUtils.mkArgInfo
  -- Then we want to discard the entire strict continuation.  E.g.
  --    * case (error "hello") of { ... }
  --    * (error "Hello") arg
  --    * f (error "Hello") where f is strict
  --    etc
  -- Then, especially in the first of these cases, we'd like to discard
  -- the continuation, leaving just the bottoming expression.  But the
  -- type might not be right, so we may have to add a coerce.
  | not (contIsTrivial cont)     -- Only do this if there is a non-trivial
                                 -- continuation to discard, else we do it
                                 -- again and again!
  = seqType cont_ty `seq`        -- See Note [Avoiding space leaks in OutType]
    return (emptyFloats env, castBottomExpr res cont_ty)
  where
    res     = argInfoExpr fun rev_args
    cont_ty = contResultType cont

---------- Try rewrite RULES --------------
-- See Note [Trying rewrite rules]
rebuildCall env info@(ArgInfo { ai_fun = fun, ai_args = rev_args
                              , ai_rules = Just (nr_wanted, rules) }) cont
  | nr_wanted == 0 || no_more_args
  , let info' = info { ai_rules = Nothing }
  = -- We've accumulated a simplified call in <fun,rev_args>
    -- so try rewrite rules; see Note [RULEs apply to simplified arguments]
    -- See also Note [Rules for recursive functions]
    do { mb_match <- tryRules env rules fun (reverse rev_args) cont
       ; case mb_match of
             Just (env', rhs, cont') -> simplExprF env' rhs cont'
             Nothing                 -> rebuildCall env info' cont }
  where
    no_more_args = case cont of
                      ApplyToTy  {} -> False
                      ApplyToVal {} -> False
                      _             -> True


---------- Simplify applications and casts --------------
rebuildCall env info (CastIt co cont)
  = rebuildCall env (addCastTo info co) cont

rebuildCall env info (ApplyToTy { sc_arg_ty = arg_ty, sc_cont = cont })
  = rebuildCall env (addTyArgTo info arg_ty) cont

rebuildCall env info@(ArgInfo { ai_encl = encl_rules, ai_type = fun_ty
                              , ai_strs = str:strs, ai_discs = disc:discs })
            (ApplyToVal { sc_arg = arg, sc_env = arg_se
                        , sc_dup = dup_flag, sc_cont = cont })
  | isSimplified dup_flag     -- See Note [Avoid redundant simplification]
  = rebuildCall env (addValArgTo info' arg) cont

  | str         -- Strict argument
  , sm_case_case (getMode env)
  = -- pprTrace "Strict Arg" (ppr arg $$ ppr (seIdSubst env) $$ ppr (seInScope env)) $
    simplExprF (arg_se `setInScopeFromE` env) arg
               (StrictArg { sc_fun = info', sc_cci = cci_strict
                          , sc_dup = Simplified, sc_cont = cont })
                -- Note [Shadowing]

  | otherwise                           -- Lazy argument
        -- DO NOT float anything outside, hence simplExprC
        -- There is no benefit (unlike in a let-binding), and we'd
        -- have to be very careful about bogus strictness through
        -- floating a demanded let.
  = do  { arg' <- simplExprC (arg_se `setInScopeFromE` env) arg
                             (mkLazyArgStop arg_ty cci_lazy)
        ; rebuildCall env (addValArgTo info' arg') cont }
  where
    info'  = info { ai_strs = strs, ai_discs = discs }
    arg_ty = funArgTy fun_ty

    -- Use this for lazy arguments
    cci_lazy | encl_rules = RuleArgCtxt
             | disc > 0   = DiscArgCtxt  -- Be keener here
             | otherwise  = BoringCtxt   -- Nothing interesting

    -- ..and this for strict arguments
    cci_strict | encl_rules = RuleArgCtxt
               | disc > 0   = DiscArgCtxt
               | otherwise  = RhsCtxt
      -- Why RhsCtxt?  if we see f (g x) (h x), and f is strict, we
      -- want to be a bit more eager to inline g, because it may
      -- expose an eval (on x perhaps) that can be eliminated or
      -- shared. I saw this in nofib 'boyer2', RewriteFuns.onewayunify1
      -- It's worth an 18% improvement in allocation for this
      -- particular benchmark; 5% on 'mate' and 1.3% on 'multiplier'

---------- No further useful info, revert to generic rebuild ------------
rebuildCall env (ArgInfo { ai_fun = fun, ai_args = rev_args }) cont
  = rebuild env (argInfoExpr fun rev_args) cont

{- Note [Trying rewrite rules]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Consider an application (f e1 e2 e3) where the e1,e2,e3 are not yet
simplified.  We want to simplify enough arguments to allow the rules
to apply, but it's more efficient to avoid simplifying e2,e3 if e1 alone
is sufficient.  Example: class ops
   (+) dNumInt e2 e3
If we rewrite ((+) dNumInt) to plusInt, we can take advantage of the
latter's strictness when simplifying e2, e3.  Moreover, suppose we have
  RULE  f Int = \x. x True

Then given (f Int e1) we rewrite to
   (\x. x True) e1
without simplifying e1.  Now we can inline x into its unique call site,
and absorb the True into it all in the same pass.  If we simplified
e1 first, we couldn't do that; see Note [Avoiding exponential behaviour].

So we try to apply rules if either
  (a) no_more_args: we've run out of argument that the rules can "see"
  (b) nr_wanted: none of the rules wants any more arguments


Note [RULES apply to simplified arguments]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
It's very desirable to try RULES once the arguments have been simplified, because
doing so ensures that rule cascades work in one pass.  Consider
   {-# RULES g (h x) = k x
             f (k x) = x #-}
   ...f (g (h x))...
Then we want to rewrite (g (h x)) to (k x) and only then try f's rules. If
we match f's rules against the un-simplified RHS, it won't match.  This
makes a particularly big difference when superclass selectors are involved:
        op ($p1 ($p2 (df d)))
We want all this to unravel in one sweep.

Note [Avoid redundant simplification]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Because RULES apply to simplified arguments, there's a danger of repeatedly
simplifying already-simplified arguments.  An important example is that of
        (>>=) d e1 e2
Here e1, e2 are simplified before the rule is applied, but don't really
participate in the rule firing. So we mark them as Simplified to avoid
re-simplifying them.

Note [Shadowing]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This part of the simplifier may break the no-shadowing invariant
Consider
        f (...(\a -> e)...) (case y of (a,b) -> e')
where f is strict in its second arg
If we simplify the innermost one first we get (...(\a -> e)...)
Simplifying the second arg makes us float the case out, so we end up with
        case y of (a,b) -> f (...(\a -> e)...) e'
So the output does not have the no-shadowing invariant.  However, there is
no danger of getting name-capture, because when the first arg was simplified
we used an in-scope set that at least mentioned all the variables free in its
static environment, and that is enough.

We can't just do innermost first, or we'd end up with a dual problem:
        case x of (a,b) -> f e (...(\a -> e')...)

I spent hours trying to recover the no-shadowing invariant, but I just could
not think of an elegant way to do it.  The simplifier is already knee-deep in
continuations.  We have to keep the right in-scope set around; AND we have
to get the effect that finding (error "foo") in a strict arg position will
discard the entire application and replace it with (error "foo").  Getting
all this at once is TOO HARD!


************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
                Rewrite rules
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************
-}

tryRules :: SimplEnv -> [CoreRule]
         -> Id -> [ArgSpec]
         -> SimplCont
         -> SimplM (Maybe (SimplEnv, CoreExpr, SimplCont))

tryRules env rules fn args call_cont
  | null rules
  = return Nothing

{- Disabled until we fix #8326
  | fn `hasKey` tagToEnumKey   -- See Note [Optimising tagToEnum#]
  , [_type_arg, val_arg] <- args
  , Select dup bndr ((_,[],rhs1) : rest_alts) se cont <- call_cont
  , isDeadBinder bndr
  = do { let enum_to_tag :: CoreAlt -> CoreAlt
                -- Takes   K -> e  into   tagK# -> e
                -- where tagK# is the tag of constructor K
             enum_to_tag (DataAlt con, [], rhs)
               = ASSERT( isEnumerationTyCon (dataConTyCon con) )
                (LitAlt tag, [], rhs)
              where
                tag = mkMachInt dflags (toInteger (dataConTag con - fIRST_TAG))
             enum_to_tag alt = pprPanic "tryRules: tagToEnum" (ppr alt)

             new_alts = (DEFAULT, [], rhs1) : map enum_to_tag rest_alts
             new_bndr = setIdType bndr intPrimTy
                 -- The binder is dead, but should have the right type
      ; return (Just (val_arg, Select dup new_bndr new_alts se cont)) }
-}

  | Just (rule, rule_rhs) <- lookupRule dflags (getUnfoldingInRuleMatch env)
                                        (activeRule env) fn
                                        (argInfoAppArgs args) rules
  -- Fire a rule for the function
  = do { checkedTick (RuleFired (ruleName rule))
       ; let cont' = pushSimplifiedArgs zapped_env
                                        (drop (ruleArity rule) args)
                                        call_cont
                     -- (ruleArity rule) says how
                     -- many args the rule consumed

             occ_anald_rhs = occurAnalyseExpr rule_rhs
                 -- See Note [Occurrence-analyse after rule firing]
       ; dump rule rule_rhs
       ; return (Just (zapped_env, occ_anald_rhs, cont')) }
            -- The occ_anald_rhs and cont' are all Out things
            -- hence zapping the environment

  | otherwise  -- No rule fires
  = do { nodump  -- This ensures that an empty file is written
       ; return Nothing }

  where
    dflags     = seDynFlags env
    zapped_env = zapSubstEnv env  -- See Note [zapSubstEnv]

    printRuleModule rule
      = parens (maybe (text "BUILTIN")
                      (pprModuleName . moduleName)
                      (ruleModule rule))

    dump rule rule_rhs
      | dopt Opt_D_dump_rule_rewrites dflags
      = log_rule dflags Opt_D_dump_rule_rewrites "Rule fired" $ vcat
          [ text "Rule:" <+> ftext (ruleName rule)
          , text "Module:" <+>  printRuleModule rule
          , text "Before:" <+> hang (ppr fn) 2 (sep (map ppr args))
          , text "After: " <+> pprCoreExpr rule_rhs
          , text "Cont:  " <+> ppr call_cont ]

      | dopt Opt_D_dump_rule_firings dflags
      = log_rule dflags Opt_D_dump_rule_firings "Rule fired:" $
          ftext (ruleName rule)
            <+> printRuleModule rule

      | otherwise
      = return ()

    nodump
      | dopt Opt_D_dump_rule_rewrites dflags
      = liftIO $ dumpSDoc dflags alwaysQualify Opt_D_dump_rule_rewrites "" empty

      | dopt Opt_D_dump_rule_firings dflags
      = liftIO $ dumpSDoc dflags alwaysQualify Opt_D_dump_rule_firings "" empty

      | otherwise
      = return ()

    log_rule dflags flag hdr details
      = liftIO . dumpSDoc dflags alwaysQualify flag "" $
                   sep [text hdr, nest 4 details]

trySeqRules :: SimplEnv
            -> OutExpr -> InExpr   -- Scrutinee and RHS
            -> SimplCont
            -> SimplM (Maybe (SimplEnv, CoreExpr, SimplCont))
-- See Note [User-defined RULES for seq]
trySeqRules in_env scrut rhs cont
  = do { rule_base <- getSimplRules
       ; tryRules in_env (getRules rule_base seqId) seqId out_args rule_cont }
  where
    no_cast_scrut = drop_casts scrut
    scrut_ty  = exprType no_cast_scrut
    seq_id_ty = idType seqId
    rhs_ty    = substTy in_env (exprType rhs)
    out_args  = [ TyArg { as_arg_ty  = scrut_ty
                        , as_hole_ty = seq_id_ty }
                , TyArg { as_arg_ty  = rhs_ty
                       , as_hole_ty  = piResultTy seq_id_ty scrut_ty }
                , ValArg no_cast_scrut]
    rule_cont = ApplyToVal { sc_dup = NoDup, sc_arg = rhs
                           , sc_env = in_env, sc_cont = cont }
    -- Lazily evaluated, so we don't do most of this

    drop_casts (Cast e _) = drop_casts e
    drop_casts e          = e

{- Note [User-defined RULES for seq]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Given
   case (scrut |> co) of _ -> rhs
look for rules that match the expression
   seq @t1 @t2 scrut
where scrut :: t1
      rhs   :: t2

If you find a match, rewrite it, and apply to 'rhs'.

Notice that we can simply drop casts on the fly here, which
makes it more likely that a rule will match.

See Note [User-defined RULES for seq] in MkId.

Note [Occurrence-analyse after rule firing]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
After firing a rule, we occurrence-analyse the instantiated RHS before
simplifying it.  Usually this doesn't make much difference, but it can
be huge.  Here's an example (simplCore/should_compile/T7785)

  map f (map f (map f xs)

= -- Use build/fold form of map, twice
  map f (build (\cn. foldr (mapFB c f) n
                           (build (\cn. foldr (mapFB c f) n xs))))

= -- Apply fold/build rule
  map f (build (\cn. (\cn. foldr (mapFB c f) n xs) (mapFB c f) n))

= -- Beta-reduce
  -- Alas we have no occurrence-analysed, so we don't know
  -- that c is used exactly once
  map f (build (\cn. let c1 = mapFB c f in
                     foldr (mapFB c1 f) n xs))

= -- Use mapFB rule:   mapFB (mapFB c f) g = mapFB c (f.g)
  -- We can do this because (mapFB c n) is a PAP and hence expandable
  map f (build (\cn. let c1 = mapFB c n in
                     foldr (mapFB c (f.f)) n x))

This is not too bad.  But now do the same with the outer map, and
we get another use of mapFB, and t can interact with /both/ remaining
mapFB calls in the above expression.  This is stupid because actually
that 'c1' binding is dead.  The outer map introduces another c2. If
there is a deep stack of maps we get lots of dead bindings, and lots
of redundant work as we repeatedly simplify the result of firing rules.

The easy thing to do is simply to occurrence analyse the result of
the rule firing.  Note that this occ-anals not only the RHS of the
rule, but also the function arguments, which by now are OutExprs.
E.g.
      RULE f (g x) = x+1

Call   f (g BIG)  -->   (\x. x+1) BIG

The rule binders are lambda-bound and applied to the OutExpr arguments
(here BIG) which lack all internal occurrence info.

Is this inefficient?  Not really: we are about to walk over the result
of the rule firing to simplify it, so occurrence analysis is at most
a constant factor.

Possible improvement: occ-anal the rules when putting them in the
database; and in the simplifier just occ-anal the OutExpr arguments.
But that's more complicated and the rule RHS is usually tiny; so I'm
just doing the simple thing.

Historical note: previously we did occ-anal the rules in Rule.hs,
but failed to occ-anal the OutExpr arguments, which led to the
nasty performance problem described above.


Note [Optimising tagToEnum#]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If we have an enumeration data type:

  data Foo = A | B | C

Then we want to transform

   case tagToEnum# x of   ==>    case x of
     A -> e1                       DEFAULT -> e1
     B -> e2                       1#      -> e2
     C -> e3                       2#      -> e3

thereby getting rid of the tagToEnum# altogether.  If there was a DEFAULT
alternative we retain it (remember it comes first).  If not the case must
be exhaustive, and we reflect that in the transformed version by adding
a DEFAULT.  Otherwise Lint complains that the new case is not exhaustive.
See #8317.

Note [Rules for recursive functions]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
You might think that we shouldn't apply rules for a loop breaker:
doing so might give rise to an infinite loop, because a RULE is
rather like an extra equation for the function:
     RULE:           f (g x) y = x+y
     Eqn:            f a     y = a-y

But it's too drastic to disable rules for loop breakers.
Even the foldr/build rule would be disabled, because foldr
is recursive, and hence a loop breaker:
     foldr k z (build g) = g k z
So it's up to the programmer: rules can cause divergence


************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
                Rebuilding a case expression
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************

Note [Case elimination]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The case-elimination transformation discards redundant case expressions.
Start with a simple situation:

        case x# of      ===>   let y# = x# in e
          y# -> e

(when x#, y# are of primitive type, of course).  We can't (in general)
do this for algebraic cases, because we might turn bottom into
non-bottom!

The code in SimplUtils.prepareAlts has the effect of generalise this
idea to look for a case where we're scrutinising a variable, and we
know that only the default case can match.  For example:

        case x of
          0#      -> ...
          DEFAULT -> ...(case x of
                         0#      -> ...
                         DEFAULT -> ...) ...

Here the inner case is first trimmed to have only one alternative, the
DEFAULT, after which it's an instance of the previous case.  This
really only shows up in eliminating error-checking code.

Note that SimplUtils.mkCase combines identical RHSs.  So

        case e of       ===> case e of DEFAULT -> r
           True  -> r
           False -> r

Now again the case may be elminated by the CaseElim transformation.
This includes things like (==# a# b#)::Bool so that we simplify
      case ==# a# b# of { True -> x; False -> x }
to just
      x
This particular example shows up in default methods for
comparison operations (e.g. in (>=) for Int.Int32)

Note [Case to let transformation]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If a case over a lifted type has a single alternative, and is being
used as a strict 'let' (all isDeadBinder bndrs), we may want to do
this transformation:

    case e of r       ===>   let r = e in ...r...
      _ -> ...r...

We treat the unlifted and lifted cases separately:

* Unlifted case: 'e' satisfies exprOkForSpeculation
  (ok-for-spec is needed to satisfy the let/app invariant).
  This turns     case a +# b of r -> ...r...
  into           let r = a +# b in ...r...
  and thence     .....(a +# b)....

  However, if we have
      case indexArray# a i of r -> ...r...
  we might like to do the same, and inline the (indexArray# a i).
  But indexArray# is not okForSpeculation, so we don't build a let
  in rebuildCase (lest it get floated *out*), so the inlining doesn't
  happen either.  Annoying.

* Lifted case: we need to be sure that the expression is already
  evaluated (exprIsHNF).  If it's not already evaluated
      - we risk losing exceptions, divergence or
        user-specified thunk-forcing
      - even if 'e' is guaranteed to converge, we don't want to
        create a thunk (call by need) instead of evaluating it
        right away (call by value)

  However, we can turn the case into a /strict/ let if the 'r' is
  used strictly in the body.  Then we won't lose divergence; and
  we won't build a thunk because the let is strict.
  See also Note [Eliminating redundant seqs]

  NB: absentError satisfies exprIsHNF: see Note [aBSENT_ERROR_ID] in MkCore.
  We want to turn
     case (absentError "foo") of r -> ...MkT r...
  into
     let r = absentError "foo" in ...MkT r...


Note [Eliminating redundant seqs]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If we have this:
   case x of r { _ -> ..r.. }
where 'r' is used strictly in (..r..), the case is effectively a 'seq'
on 'x', but since 'r' is used strictly anyway, we can safely transform to
   (...x...)

Note that this can change the error behaviour.  For example, we might
transform
    case x of { _ -> error "bad" }
    --> error "bad"
which is might be puzzling if 'x' currently lambda-bound, but later gets
let-bound to (error "good").

Nevertheless, the paper "A semantics for imprecise exceptions" allows
this transformation. If you want to fix the evaluation order, use
'pseq'.  See Trac #8900 for an example where the loss of this
transformation bit us in practice.

See also Note [Empty case alternatives] in CoreSyn.

Just for reference, the original code (added Jan 13) looked like this:
     || case_bndr_evald_next rhs

    case_bndr_evald_next :: CoreExpr -> Bool
      -- See Note [Case binder next]
    case_bndr_evald_next (Var v)         = v == case_bndr
    case_bndr_evald_next (Cast e _)      = case_bndr_evald_next e
    case_bndr_evald_next (App e _)       = case_bndr_evald_next e
    case_bndr_evald_next (Case e _ _ _)  = case_bndr_evald_next e
    case_bndr_evald_next _               = False

(This came up when fixing Trac #7542. See also Note [Eta reduction of
an eval'd function] in CoreUtils.)


Further notes about case elimination
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Consider:       test :: Integer -> IO ()
                test = print

Turns out that this compiles to:
    Print.test
      = \ eta :: Integer
          eta1 :: Void# ->
          case PrelNum.< eta PrelNum.zeroInteger of wild { __DEFAULT ->
          case hPutStr stdout
                 (PrelNum.jtos eta ($w[] @ Char))
                 eta1
          of wild1 { (# new_s, a4 #) -> PrelIO.lvl23 new_s  }}

Notice the strange '<' which has no effect at all. This is a funny one.
It started like this:

f x y = if x < 0 then jtos x
          else if y==0 then "" else jtos x

At a particular call site we have (f v 1).  So we inline to get

        if v < 0 then jtos x
        else if 1==0 then "" else jtos x

Now simplify the 1==0 conditional:

        if v<0 then jtos v else jtos v

Now common-up the two branches of the case:

        case (v<0) of DEFAULT -> jtos v

Why don't we drop the case?  Because it's strict in v.  It's technically
wrong to drop even unnecessary evaluations, and in practice they
may be a result of 'seq' so we *definitely* don't want to drop those.
I don't really know how to improve this situation.
-}

---------------------------------------------------------
--      Eliminate the case if possible

rebuildCase, reallyRebuildCase
   :: SimplEnv
   -> OutExpr          -- Scrutinee
   -> InId             -- Case binder
   -> [InAlt]          -- Alternatives (inceasing order)
   -> SimplCont
   -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)

--------------------------------------------------
--      1. Eliminate the case if there's a known constructor
--------------------------------------------------

rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont
  | Lit lit <- scrut    -- No need for same treatment as constructors
                        -- because literals are inlined more vigorously
  , not (litIsLifted lit)
  = do  { tick (KnownBranch case_bndr)
        ; case findAlt (LitAlt lit) alts of
            Nothing           -> missingAlt env case_bndr alts cont
            Just (_, bs, rhs) -> simple_rhs bs rhs }

  | Just (con, ty_args, other_args) <- exprIsConApp_maybe (getUnfoldingInRuleMatch env) scrut
        -- Works when the scrutinee is a variable with a known unfolding
        -- as well as when it's an explicit constructor application
  = do  { tick (KnownBranch case_bndr)
        ; case findAlt (DataAlt con) alts of
            Nothing  -> missingAlt env case_bndr alts cont
            Just (DEFAULT, bs, rhs) -> simple_rhs bs rhs
            Just (_, bs, rhs)       -> knownCon env scrut con ty_args other_args
                                                case_bndr bs rhs cont
        }
  where
    simple_rhs bs rhs = ASSERT( null bs )
                        do { (floats1, env') <- simplNonRecX env case_bndr scrut
                               -- scrut is a constructor application,
                               -- hence satisfies let/app invariant
                           ; (floats2, expr') <- simplExprF env' rhs cont
                           ; return (floats1 `addFloats` floats2, expr') }


--------------------------------------------------
--      2. Eliminate the case if scrutinee is evaluated
--------------------------------------------------

rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts@[(_, bndrs, rhs)] cont
  -- See if we can get rid of the case altogether
  -- See Note [Case elimination]
  -- mkCase made sure that if all the alternatives are equal,
  -- then there is now only one (DEFAULT) rhs

  -- 2a.  Dropping the case altogether, if
  --      a) it binds nothing (so it's really just a 'seq')
  --      b) evaluating the scrutinee has no side effects
  | is_plain_seq
  , exprOkForSideEffects scrut
          -- The entire case is dead, so we can drop it
          -- if the scrutinee converges without having imperative
          -- side effects or raising a Haskell exception
          -- See Note [PrimOp can_fail and has_side_effects] in PrimOp
   = simplExprF env rhs cont

  -- 2b.  Turn the case into a let, if
  --      a) it binds only the case-binder
  --      b) unlifted case: the scrutinee is ok-for-speculation
  --           lifted case: the scrutinee is in HNF (or will later be demanded)
  -- See Note [Case to let transformation]
  | all_dead_bndrs
  , if isUnliftedType (idType case_bndr)
    then exprOkForSpeculation scrut
    else exprIsHNF scrut || scrut_is_demanded_var scrut
  = do { tick (CaseElim case_bndr)
       ; (floats1, env') <- simplNonRecX env case_bndr scrut
       ; (floats2, expr') <- simplExprF env' rhs cont
       ; return (floats1 `addFloats` floats2, expr') }

  -- 2c. Try the seq rules if
  --     a) it binds only the case binder
  --     b) a rule for seq applies
  -- See Note [User-defined RULES for seq] in MkId
  | is_plain_seq
  = do { mb_rule <- trySeqRules env scrut rhs cont
       ; case mb_rule of
           Just (env', rule_rhs, cont') -> simplExprF env' rule_rhs cont'
           Nothing                      -> reallyRebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont }
  where
    all_dead_bndrs = all isDeadBinder bndrs       -- bndrs are [InId]
    is_plain_seq   = all_dead_bndrs && isDeadBinder case_bndr -- Evaluation *only* for effect

    scrut_is_demanded_var :: CoreExpr -> Bool
            -- See Note [Eliminating redundant seqs]
    scrut_is_demanded_var (Cast s _) = scrut_is_demanded_var s
    scrut_is_demanded_var (Var _)    = isStrictDmd (idDemandInfo case_bndr)
    scrut_is_demanded_var _          = False


rebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont
  = reallyRebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont

--------------------------------------------------
--      3. Catch-all case
--------------------------------------------------

reallyRebuildCase env scrut case_bndr alts cont
  | not (sm_case_case (getMode env))
  = do { case_expr <- simplAlts env scrut case_bndr alts
                                (mkBoringStop (contHoleType cont))
       ; rebuild env case_expr cont }

  | otherwise
  = do { (floats, cont') <- mkDupableCaseCont env alts cont
       ; case_expr <- simplAlts (env `setInScopeFromF` floats)
                                scrut case_bndr alts cont'
       ; return (floats, case_expr) }

{-
simplCaseBinder checks whether the scrutinee is a variable, v.  If so,
try to eliminate uses of v in the RHSs in favour of case_bndr; that
way, there's a chance that v will now only be used once, and hence
inlined.

Historical note: we use to do the "case binder swap" in the Simplifier
so there were additional complications if the scrutinee was a variable.
Now the binder-swap stuff is done in the occurrence analyser; see
OccurAnal Note [Binder swap].

Note [knownCon occ info]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If the case binder is not dead, then neither are the pattern bound
variables:
        case <any> of x { (a,b) ->
        case x of { (p,q) -> p } }
Here (a,b) both look dead, but come alive after the inner case is eliminated.
The point is that we bring into the envt a binding
        let x = (a,b)
after the outer case, and that makes (a,b) alive.  At least we do unless
the case binder is guaranteed dead.

Note [Case alternative occ info]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When we are simply reconstructing a case (the common case), we always
zap the occurrence info on the binders in the alternatives.  Even
if the case binder is dead, the scrutinee is usually a variable, and *that*
can bring the case-alternative binders back to life.
See Note [Add unfolding for scrutinee]

Note [Improving seq]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Consider
        type family F :: * -> *
        type instance F Int = Int

We'd like to transform
        case e of (x :: F Int) { DEFAULT -> rhs }
===>
        case e `cast` co of (x'::Int)
           I# x# -> let x = x' `cast` sym co
                    in rhs

so that 'rhs' can take advantage of the form of x'.  Notice that Note
[Case of cast] (in OccurAnal) may then apply to the result.

We'd also like to eliminate empty types (Trac #13468). So if

    data Void
    type instance F Bool = Void

then we'd like to transform
        case (x :: F Bool) of { _ -> error "urk" }
===>
        case (x |> co) of (x' :: Void) of {}

Nota Bene: we used to have a built-in rule for 'seq' that dropped
casts, so that
    case (x |> co) of { _ -> blah }
dropped the cast; in order to improve the chances of trySeqRules
firing.  But that works in the /opposite/ direction to Note [Improving
seq] so there's a danger of flip/flopping.  Better to make trySeqRules
insensitive to the cast, which is now is.

The need for [Improving seq] showed up in Roman's experiments.  Example:
  foo :: F Int -> Int -> Int
  foo t n = t `seq` bar n
     where
       bar 0 = 0
       bar n = bar (n - case t of TI i -> i)
Here we'd like to avoid repeated evaluating t inside the loop, by
taking advantage of the `seq`.

At one point I did transformation in LiberateCase, but it's more
robust here.  (Otherwise, there's a danger that we'll simply drop the
'seq' altogether, before LiberateCase gets to see it.)
-}

simplAlts :: SimplEnv
          -> OutExpr         -- Scrutinee
          -> InId            -- Case binder
          -> [InAlt]         -- Non-empty
          -> SimplCont
          -> SimplM OutExpr  -- Returns the complete simplified case expression

simplAlts env0 scrut case_bndr alts cont'
  = do  { traceSmpl "simplAlts" (vcat [ ppr case_bndr
                                      , text "cont':" <+> ppr cont'
                                      , text "in_scope" <+> ppr (seInScope env0) ])
        ; (env1, case_bndr1) <- simplBinder env0 case_bndr
        ; let case_bndr2 = case_bndr1 `setIdUnfolding` evaldUnfolding
              env2       = modifyInScope env1 case_bndr2
              -- See Note [Case binder evaluated-ness]

        ; fam_envs <- getFamEnvs
        ; (alt_env', scrut', case_bndr') <- improveSeq fam_envs env2 scrut
                                                       case_bndr case_bndr2 alts

        ; (imposs_deflt_cons, in_alts) <- prepareAlts scrut' case_bndr' alts
          -- NB: it's possible that the returned in_alts is empty: this is handled
          -- by the caller (rebuildCase) in the missingAlt function

        ; alts' <- mapM (simplAlt alt_env' (Just scrut') imposs_deflt_cons case_bndr' cont') in_alts
        ; -- pprTrace "simplAlts" (ppr case_bndr $$ ppr alts_ty $$ ppr alts_ty' $$ ppr alts $$ ppr cont') $

        ; let alts_ty' = contResultType cont'
        -- See Note [Avoiding space leaks in OutType]
        ; seqType alts_ty' `seq`
          mkCase (seDynFlags env0) scrut' case_bndr' alts_ty' alts' }


------------------------------------
improveSeq :: (FamInstEnv, FamInstEnv) -> SimplEnv
           -> OutExpr -> InId -> OutId -> [InAlt]
           -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutExpr, OutId)
-- Note [Improving seq]
improveSeq fam_envs env scrut case_bndr case_bndr1 [(DEFAULT,_,_)]
  | Just (co, ty2) <- topNormaliseType_maybe fam_envs (idType case_bndr1)
  = do { case_bndr2 <- newId (fsLit "nt") ty2
        ; let rhs  = DoneEx (Var case_bndr2 `Cast` mkSymCo co) Nothing
              env2 = extendIdSubst env case_bndr rhs
        ; return (env2, scrut `Cast` co, case_bndr2) }

improveSeq _ env scrut _ case_bndr1 _
  = return (env, scrut, case_bndr1)


------------------------------------
simplAlt :: SimplEnv
         -> Maybe OutExpr  -- The scrutinee
         -> [AltCon]       -- These constructors can't be present when
                           -- matching the DEFAULT alternative
         -> OutId          -- The case binder
         -> SimplCont
         -> InAlt
         -> SimplM OutAlt

simplAlt env _ imposs_deflt_cons case_bndr' cont' (DEFAULT, bndrs, rhs)
  = ASSERT( null bndrs )
    do  { let env' = addBinderUnfolding env case_bndr'
                                        (mkOtherCon imposs_deflt_cons)
                -- Record the constructors that the case-binder *can't* be.
        ; rhs' <- simplExprC env' rhs cont'
        ; return (DEFAULT, [], rhs') }

simplAlt env scrut' _ case_bndr' cont' (LitAlt lit, bndrs, rhs)
  = ASSERT( null bndrs )
    do  { env' <- addAltUnfoldings env scrut' case_bndr' (Lit lit)
        ; rhs' <- simplExprC env' rhs cont'
        ; return (LitAlt lit, [], rhs') }

simplAlt env scrut' _ case_bndr' cont' (DataAlt con, vs, rhs)
  = do  {       -- Deal with the pattern-bound variables
                -- Mark the ones that are in ! positions in the
                -- data constructor as certainly-evaluated.
                -- NB: simplLamBinders preserves this eval info
        ; let vs_with_evals = add_evals (dataConRepStrictness con)
        ; (env', vs') <- simplLamBndrs env vs_with_evals

                -- Bind the case-binder to (con args)
        ; let inst_tys' = tyConAppArgs (idType case_bndr')
              con_app :: OutExpr
              con_app   = mkConApp2 con inst_tys' vs'

        ; env'' <- addAltUnfoldings env' scrut' case_bndr' con_app
        ; rhs' <- simplExprC env'' rhs cont'
        ; return (DataAlt con, vs', rhs') }
  where
        -- add_evals records the evaluated-ness of the bound variables of
        -- a case pattern.  This is *important*.  Consider
        --      data T = T !Int !Int
        --
        --      case x of { T a b -> T (a+1) b }
        --
        -- We really must record that b is already evaluated so that we don't
        -- go and re-evaluate it when constructing the result.
        -- See Note [Data-con worker strictness] in MkId.hs
    add_evals the_strs
        = go vs the_strs
        where
          go [] [] = []
          go (v:vs') strs | isTyVar v = v : go vs' strs
          go (v:vs') (str:strs) = zap str v : go vs' strs
          go _ _ = pprPanic "cat_evals"
                    (ppr con $$
                     ppr vs  $$
                     ppr_with_length the_strs $$
                     ppr_with_length (dataConRepArgTys con) $$
                     ppr_with_length (dataConRepStrictness con))
            where
              ppr_with_length list
                = ppr list <+> parens (text "length =" <+> ppr (length list))
                                    -- NB: If this panic triggers, note that
                                    -- NoStrictnessMark doesn't print!

          zap str v = setCaseBndrEvald str $ -- Add eval'dness info
                      zapIdOccInfo v         -- And kill occ info;
                                             -- see Note [Case alternative occ info]

addAltUnfoldings :: SimplEnv -> Maybe OutExpr -> OutId -> OutExpr -> SimplM SimplEnv
addAltUnfoldings env scrut case_bndr con_app
  = do { let con_app_unf = mk_simple_unf con_app
             env1 = addBinderUnfolding env case_bndr con_app_unf

             -- See Note [Add unfolding for scrutinee]
             env2 = case scrut of
                      Just (Var v)           -> addBinderUnfolding env1 v con_app_unf
                      Just (Cast (Var v) co) -> addBinderUnfolding env1 v $
                                                mk_simple_unf (Cast con_app (mkSymCo co))
                      _                      -> env1

       ; traceSmpl "addAltUnf" (vcat [ppr case_bndr <+> ppr scrut, ppr con_app])
       ; return env2 }
  where
    mk_simple_unf = mkSimpleUnfolding (seDynFlags env)

addBinderUnfolding :: SimplEnv -> Id -> Unfolding -> SimplEnv
addBinderUnfolding env bndr unf
  | debugIsOn, Just tmpl <- maybeUnfoldingTemplate unf
  = WARN( not (eqType (idType bndr) (exprType tmpl)),
          ppr bndr $$ ppr (idType bndr) $$ ppr tmpl $$ ppr (exprType tmpl) )
    modifyInScope env (bndr `setIdUnfolding` unf)

  | otherwise
  = modifyInScope env (bndr `setIdUnfolding` unf)

zapBndrOccInfo :: Bool -> Id -> Id
-- Consider  case e of b { (a,b) -> ... }
-- Then if we bind b to (a,b) in "...", and b is not dead,
-- then we must zap the deadness info on a,b
zapBndrOccInfo keep_occ_info pat_id
  | keep_occ_info = pat_id
  | otherwise     = zapIdOccInfo pat_id

{- Note [Case binder evaluated-ness]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
We pin on a (OtherCon []) unfolding to the case-binder of a Case,
even though it'll be over-ridden in every case alternative with a more
informative unfolding.  Why?  Because suppose a later, less clever, pass
simply replaces all occurrences of the case binder with the binder itself;
then Lint may complain about the let/app invariant.  Example
    case e of b { DEFAULT -> let v = reallyUnsafePtrEq# b y in ....
                ; K       -> blah }

The let/app invariant requires that y is evaluated in the call to
reallyUnsafePtrEq#, which it is.  But we still want that to be true if we
propagate binders to occurrences.

This showed up in Trac #13027.

Note [Add unfolding for scrutinee]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In general it's unlikely that a variable scrutinee will appear
in the case alternatives   case x of { ...x unlikely to appear... }
because the binder-swap in OccAnal has got rid of all such occurrences
See Note [Binder swap] in OccAnal.

BUT it is still VERY IMPORTANT to add a suitable unfolding for a
variable scrutinee, in simplAlt.  Here's why
   case x of y
     (a,b) -> case b of c
                I# v -> ...(f y)...
There is no occurrence of 'b' in the (...(f y)...).  But y gets
the unfolding (a,b), and *that* mentions b.  If f has a RULE
    RULE f (p, I# q) = ...
we want that rule to match, so we must extend the in-scope env with a
suitable unfolding for 'y'.  It's *essential* for rule matching; but
it's also good for case-elimintation -- suppose that 'f' was inlined
and did multi-level case analysis, then we'd solve it in one
simplifier sweep instead of two.

Exactly the same issue arises in SpecConstr;
see Note [Add scrutinee to ValueEnv too] in SpecConstr

HOWEVER, given
  case x of y { Just a -> r1; Nothing -> r2 }
we do not want to add the unfolding x -> y to 'x', which might seem cool,
since 'y' itself has different unfoldings in r1 and r2.  Reason: if we
did that, we'd have to zap y's deadness info and that is a very useful
piece of information.

So instead we add the unfolding x -> Just a, and x -> Nothing in the
respective RHSs.


************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
\subsection{Known constructor}
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************

We are a bit careful with occurrence info.  Here's an example

        (\x* -> case x of (a*, b) -> f a) (h v, e)

where the * means "occurs once".  This effectively becomes
        case (h v, e) of (a*, b) -> f a)
and then
        let a* = h v; b = e in f a
and then
        f (h v)

All this should happen in one sweep.
-}

knownCon :: SimplEnv
         -> OutExpr                             -- The scrutinee
         -> DataCon -> [OutType] -> [OutExpr]   -- The scrutinee (in pieces)
         -> InId -> [InBndr] -> InExpr          -- The alternative
         -> SimplCont
         -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)

knownCon env scrut dc dc_ty_args dc_args bndr bs rhs cont
  = do  { (floats1, env1)  <- bind_args env bs dc_args
        ; (floats2, env2) <- bind_case_bndr env1
        ; (floats3, expr') <- simplExprF env2 rhs cont
        ; return (floats1 `addFloats` floats2 `addFloats` floats3, expr') }
  where
    zap_occ = zapBndrOccInfo (isDeadBinder bndr)    -- bndr is an InId

                  -- Ugh!
    bind_args env' [] _  = return (emptyFloats env', env')

    bind_args env' (b:bs') (Type ty : args)
      = ASSERT( isTyVar b )
        bind_args (extendTvSubst env' b ty) bs' args

    bind_args env' (b:bs') (Coercion co : args)
      = ASSERT( isCoVar b )
        bind_args (extendCvSubst env' b co) bs' args

    bind_args env' (b:bs') (arg : args)
      = ASSERT( isId b )
        do { let b' = zap_occ b
             -- Note that the binder might be "dead", because it doesn't
             -- occur in the RHS; and simplNonRecX may therefore discard
             -- it via postInlineUnconditionally.
             -- Nevertheless we must keep it if the case-binder is alive,
             -- because it may be used in the con_app.  See Note [knownCon occ info]
           ; (floats1, env2) <- simplNonRecX env' b' arg  -- arg satisfies let/app invariant
           ; (floats2, env3)  <- bind_args env2 bs' args
           ; return (floats1 `addFloats` floats2, env3) }

    bind_args _ _ _ =
      pprPanic "bind_args" $ ppr dc $$ ppr bs $$ ppr dc_args $$
                             text "scrut:" <+> ppr scrut

       -- It's useful to bind bndr to scrut, rather than to a fresh
       -- binding      x = Con arg1 .. argn
       -- because very often the scrut is a variable, so we avoid
       -- creating, and then subsequently eliminating, a let-binding
       -- BUT, if scrut is a not a variable, we must be careful
       -- about duplicating the arg redexes; in that case, make
       -- a new con-app from the args
    bind_case_bndr env
      | isDeadBinder bndr   = return (emptyFloats env, env)
      | exprIsTrivial scrut = return (emptyFloats env
                                     , extendIdSubst env bndr (DoneEx scrut Nothing))
      | otherwise           = do { dc_args <- mapM (simplVar env) bs
                                         -- dc_ty_args are aready OutTypes,
                                         -- but bs are InBndrs
                                 ; let con_app = Var (dataConWorkId dc)
                                                 `mkTyApps` dc_ty_args
                                                 `mkApps`   dc_args
                                 ; simplNonRecX env bndr con_app }

-------------------
missingAlt :: SimplEnv -> Id -> [InAlt] -> SimplCont
           -> SimplM (SimplFloats, OutExpr)
                -- This isn't strictly an error, although it is unusual.
                -- It's possible that the simplifier might "see" that
                -- an inner case has no accessible alternatives before
                -- it "sees" that the entire branch of an outer case is
                -- inaccessible.  So we simply put an error case here instead.
missingAlt env case_bndr _ cont
  = WARN( True, text "missingAlt" <+> ppr case_bndr )
    -- See Note [Avoiding space leaks in OutType]
    let cont_ty = contResultType cont
    in seqType cont_ty `seq`
       return (emptyFloats env, mkImpossibleExpr cont_ty)

{-
************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
\subsection{Duplicating continuations}
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************

Consider
  let x* = case e of { True -> e1; False -> e2 }
  in b
where x* is a strict binding.  Then mkDupableCont will be given
the continuation
   case [] of { True -> e1; False -> e2 } ; let x* = [] in b ; stop
and will split it into
   dupable:      case [] of { True -> $j1; False -> $j2 } ; stop
   join floats:  $j1 = e1, $j2 = e2
   non_dupable:  let x* = [] in b; stop

Putting this back together would give
   let x* = let { $j1 = e1; $j2 = e2 } in
            case e of { True -> $j1; False -> $j2 }
   in b
(Of course we only do this if 'e' wants to duplicate that continuation.)
Note how important it is that the new join points wrap around the
inner expression, and not around the whole thing.

In contrast, any let-bindings introduced by mkDupableCont can wrap
around the entire thing.

Note [Bottom alternatives]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When we have
     case (case x of { A -> error .. ; B -> e; C -> error ..)
       of alts
then we can just duplicate those alts because the A and C cases
will disappear immediately.  This is more direct than creating
join points and inlining them away.  See Trac #4930.
-}

--------------------
mkDupableCaseCont :: SimplEnv -> [InAlt] -> SimplCont
                  -> SimplM (SimplFloats, SimplCont)
mkDupableCaseCont env alts cont
  | altsWouldDup alts = mkDupableCont env cont
  | otherwise         = return (emptyFloats env, cont)

altsWouldDup :: [InAlt] -> Bool -- True iff strictly > 1 non-bottom alternative
altsWouldDup []  = False        -- See Note [Bottom alternatives]
altsWouldDup [_] = False
altsWouldDup (alt:alts)
  | is_bot_alt alt = altsWouldDup alts
  | otherwise      = not (all is_bot_alt alts)
  where
    is_bot_alt (_,_,rhs) = exprIsBottom rhs

-------------------------
mkDupableCont :: SimplEnv -> SimplCont
              -> SimplM ( SimplFloats  -- Incoming SimplEnv augmented with
                                       --   extra let/join-floats and in-scope variables
                        , SimplCont)   -- dup_cont: duplicable continuation

mkDupableCont env cont
  | contIsDupable cont
  = return (emptyFloats env, cont)

mkDupableCont _ (Stop {}) = panic "mkDupableCont"     -- Handled by previous eqn

mkDupableCont env (CastIt ty cont)
  = do  { (floats, cont') <- mkDupableCont env cont
        ; return (floats, CastIt ty cont') }

-- Duplicating ticks for now, not sure if this is good or not
mkDupableCont env (TickIt t cont)
  = do  { (floats, cont') <- mkDupableCont env cont
        ; return (floats, TickIt t cont') }

mkDupableCont env (StrictBind { sc_bndr = bndr, sc_bndrs = bndrs
                              , sc_body = body, sc_env = se, sc_cont = cont})
  -- See Note [Duplicating StrictBind]
  = do { let sb_env = se `setInScopeFromE` env
       ; (sb_env1, bndr') <- simplBinder sb_env bndr
       ; (floats1, join_inner) <- simplLam sb_env1 bndrs body cont
          -- No need to use mkDupableCont before simplLam; we
          -- use cont once here, and then share the result if necessary

       ; let join_body = wrapFloats floats1 join_inner
             res_ty    = contResultType cont

       ; (floats2, body2)
            <- if exprIsDupable (seDynFlags env) join_body
               then return (emptyFloats env, join_body)
               else do { join_bndr <- newJoinId [bndr'] res_ty
                       ; let join_call = App (Var join_bndr) (Var bndr')
                             join_rhs  = Lam (setOneShotLambda bndr') join_body
                             join_bind = NonRec join_bndr join_rhs
                             floats    = emptyFloats env `extendFloats` join_bind
                       ; return (floats, join_call) }
       ; return ( floats2
                , StrictBind { sc_bndr = bndr', sc_bndrs = []
                             , sc_body = body2
                             , sc_env  = zapSubstEnv se `setInScopeFromF` floats2
                                         -- See Note [StaticEnv invariant] in SimplUtils
                             , sc_dup  = OkToDup
                             , sc_cont = mkBoringStop res_ty } ) }

mkDupableCont env (StrictArg { sc_fun = info, sc_cci = cci, sc_cont = cont })
        -- See Note [Duplicating StrictArg]
        -- NB: sc_dup /= OkToDup; that is caught earlier by contIsDupable
  = do { (floats1, cont') <- mkDupableCont env cont
       ; (floats_s, args') <- mapAndUnzipM (makeTrivialArg (getMode env))
                                           (ai_args info)
       ; return ( foldl addLetFloats floats1 floats_s
                , StrictArg { sc_fun = info { ai_args = args' }
                            , sc_cci = cci
                            , sc_cont = cont'
                            , sc_dup = OkToDup} ) }

mkDupableCont env (ApplyToTy { sc_cont = cont
                             , sc_arg_ty = arg_ty, sc_hole_ty = hole_ty })
  = do  { (floats, cont') <- mkDupableCont env cont
        ; return (floats, ApplyToTy { sc_cont = cont'
                                    , sc_arg_ty = arg_ty, sc_hole_ty = hole_ty }) }

mkDupableCont env (ApplyToVal { sc_arg = arg, sc_dup = dup
                              , sc_env = se, sc_cont = cont })
  =     -- e.g.         [...hole...] (...arg...)
        --      ==>
        --              let a = ...arg...
        --              in [...hole...] a
        -- NB: sc_dup /= OkToDup; that is caught earlier by contIsDupable
    do  { (floats1, cont') <- mkDupableCont env cont
        ; let env' = env `setInScopeFromF` floats1
        ; (_, se', arg') <- simplArg env' dup se arg
        ; (let_floats2, arg'') <- makeTrivial (getMode env) NotTopLevel (fsLit "karg") arg'
        ; let all_floats = floats1 `addLetFloats` let_floats2
        ; return ( all_floats
                 , ApplyToVal { sc_arg = arg''
                              , sc_env = se' `setInScopeFromF` all_floats
                                         -- Ensure that sc_env includes the free vars of
                                         -- arg'' in its in-scope set, even if makeTrivial
                                         -- has turned arg'' into a fresh variable
                                         -- See Note [StaticEnv invariant] in SimplUtils
                              , sc_dup = OkToDup, sc_cont = cont' }) }

mkDupableCont env (Select { sc_bndr = case_bndr, sc_alts = alts
                          , sc_env = se, sc_cont = cont })
  =     -- e.g.         (case [...hole...] of { pi -> ei })
        --      ===>
        --              let ji = \xij -> ei
        --              in case [...hole...] of { pi -> ji xij }
        -- NB: sc_dup /= OkToDup; that is caught earlier by contIsDupable
    do  { tick (CaseOfCase case_bndr)
        ; (floats, alt_cont) <- mkDupableCaseCont env alts cont
                -- NB: We call mkDupableCaseCont here to make cont duplicable
                --     (if necessary, depending on the number of alts)
                -- And this is important: see Note [Fusing case continuations]

        ; let alt_env = se `setInScopeFromF` floats
        ; (alt_env', case_bndr') <- simplBinder alt_env case_bndr
        ; alts' <- mapM (simplAlt alt_env' Nothing [] case_bndr' alt_cont) alts
        -- Safe to say that there are no handled-cons for the DEFAULT case
                -- NB: simplBinder does not zap deadness occ-info, so
                -- a dead case_bndr' will still advertise its deadness
                -- This is really important because in
                --      case e of b { (# p,q #) -> ... }
                -- b is always dead, and indeed we are not allowed to bind b to (# p,q #),
                -- which might happen if e was an explicit unboxed pair and b wasn't marked dead.
                -- In the new alts we build, we have the new case binder, so it must retain
                -- its deadness.
        -- NB: we don't use alt_env further; it has the substEnv for
        --     the alternatives, and we don't want that

        ; (join_floats, alts'') <- mapAccumLM (mkDupableAlt (seDynFlags env) case_bndr')
                                              emptyJoinFloats alts'

        ; let all_floats = floats `addJoinFloats` join_floats
                           -- Note [Duplicated env]
        ; return (all_floats
                 , Select { sc_dup  = OkToDup
                          , sc_bndr = case_bndr'
                          , sc_alts = alts''
                          , sc_env  = zapSubstEnv se `setInScopeFromF` all_floats
                                      -- See Note [StaticEnv invariant] in SimplUtils
                          , sc_cont = mkBoringStop (contResultType cont) } ) }

mkDupableAlt :: DynFlags -> OutId
             -> JoinFloats -> OutAlt
             -> SimplM (JoinFloats, OutAlt)
mkDupableAlt dflags case_bndr jfloats (con, bndrs', rhs')
  | exprIsDupable dflags rhs'  -- Note [Small alternative rhs]
  = return (jfloats, (con, bndrs', rhs'))

  | otherwise
  = do  { let rhs_ty'  = exprType rhs'
              scrut_ty = idType case_bndr
              case_bndr_w_unf
                = case con of
                      DEFAULT    -> case_bndr
                      DataAlt dc -> setIdUnfolding case_bndr unf
                          where
                                 -- See Note [Case binders and join points]
                             unf = mkInlineUnfolding rhs
                             rhs = mkConApp2 dc (tyConAppArgs scrut_ty) bndrs'

                      LitAlt {} -> WARN( True, text "mkDupableAlt"
                                                <+> ppr case_bndr <+> ppr con )
                                   case_bndr
                           -- The case binder is alive but trivial, so why has
                           -- it not been substituted away?

              final_bndrs'
                | isDeadBinder case_bndr = filter abstract_over bndrs'
                | otherwise              = bndrs' ++ [case_bndr_w_unf]

              abstract_over bndr
                  | isTyVar bndr = True -- Abstract over all type variables just in case
                  | otherwise    = not (isDeadBinder bndr)
                        -- The deadness info on the new Ids is preserved by simplBinders
              final_args = varsToCoreExprs final_bndrs'
                           -- Note [Join point abstraction]

                -- We make the lambdas into one-shot-lambdas.  The
                -- join point is sure to be applied at most once, and doing so
                -- prevents the body of the join point being floated out by
                -- the full laziness pass
              really_final_bndrs     = map one_shot final_bndrs'
              one_shot v | isId v    = setOneShotLambda v
                         | otherwise = v
              join_rhs   = mkLams really_final_bndrs rhs'

        ; join_bndr <- newJoinId final_bndrs' rhs_ty'

        ; let join_call = mkApps (Var join_bndr) final_args
              alt'      = (con, bndrs', join_call)

        ; return ( jfloats `addJoinFlts` unitJoinFloat (NonRec join_bndr join_rhs)
                 , alt') }
                -- See Note [Duplicated env]

{-
Note [Fusing case continuations]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
It's important to fuse two successive case continuations when the
first has one alternative.  That's why we call prepareCaseCont here.
Consider this, which arises from thunk splitting (see Note [Thunk
splitting] in WorkWrap):

      let
        x* = case (case v of {pn -> rn}) of
               I# a -> I# a
      in body

The simplifier will find
    (Var v) with continuation
            Select (pn -> rn) (
            Select [I# a -> I# a] (
            StrictBind body Stop

So we'll call mkDupableCont on
   Select [I# a -> I# a] (StrictBind body Stop)
There is just one alternative in the first Select, so we want to
simplify the rhs (I# a) with continuation (StrictBind body Stop)
Supposing that body is big, we end up with
          let $j a = <let x = I# a in body>
          in case v of { pn -> case rn of
                                 I# a -> $j a }
This is just what we want because the rn produces a box that
the case rn cancels with.

See Trac #4957 a fuller example.

Note [Case binders and join points]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Consider this
   case (case .. ) of c {
     I# c# -> ....c....

If we make a join point with c but not c# we get
  $j = \c -> ....c....

But if later inlining scrutinises the c, thus

  $j = \c -> ... case c of { I# y -> ... } ...

we won't see that 'c' has already been scrutinised.  This actually
happens in the 'tabulate' function in wave4main, and makes a significant
difference to allocation.

An alternative plan is this:

   $j = \c# -> let c = I# c# in ...c....

but that is bad if 'c' is *not* later scrutinised.

So instead we do both: we pass 'c' and 'c#' , and record in c's inlining
(a stable unfolding) that it's really I# c#, thus

   $j = \c# -> \c[=I# c#] -> ...c....

Absence analysis may later discard 'c'.

NB: take great care when doing strictness analysis;
    see Note [Lambda-bound unfoldings] in DmdAnal.

Also note that we can still end up passing stuff that isn't used.  Before
strictness analysis we have
   let $j x y c{=(x,y)} = (h c, ...)
   in ...
After strictness analysis we see that h is strict, we end up with
   let $j x y c{=(x,y)} = ($wh x y, ...)
and c is unused.

Note [Duplicated env]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Some of the alternatives are simplified, but have not been turned into a join point
So they *must* have a zapped subst-env.  So we can't use completeNonRecX to
bind the join point, because it might to do PostInlineUnconditionally, and
we'd lose that when zapping the subst-env.  We could have a per-alt subst-env,
but zapping it (as we do in mkDupableCont, the Select case) is safe, and
at worst delays the join-point inlining.

Note [Small alternative rhs]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
It is worth checking for a small RHS because otherwise we
get extra let bindings that may cause an extra iteration of the simplifier to
inline back in place.  Quite often the rhs is just a variable or constructor.
The Ord instance of Maybe in PrelMaybe.hs, for example, took several extra
iterations because the version with the let bindings looked big, and so wasn't
inlined, but after the join points had been inlined it looked smaller, and so
was inlined.

NB: we have to check the size of rhs', not rhs.
Duplicating a small InAlt might invalidate occurrence information
However, if it *is* dupable, we return the *un* simplified alternative,
because otherwise we'd need to pair it up with an empty subst-env....
but we only have one env shared between all the alts.
(Remember we must zap the subst-env before re-simplifying something).
Rather than do this we simply agree to re-simplify the original (small) thing later.

Note [Funky mkLamTypes]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Notice the funky mkLamTypes.  If the constructor has existentials
it's possible that the join point will be abstracted over
type variables as well as term variables.
 Example:  Suppose we have
        data T = forall t.  C [t]
 Then faced with
        case (case e of ...) of
            C t xs::[t] -> rhs
 We get the join point
        let j :: forall t. [t] -> ...
            j = /\t \xs::[t] -> rhs
        in
        case (case e of ...) of
            C t xs::[t] -> j t xs

Note [Duplicating StrictArg]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
We make a StrictArg duplicable simply by making all its
stored-up arguments (in sc_fun) trivial, by let-binding
them.  Thus:
        f E [..hole..]
        ==>     let a = E
                in f a [..hole..]
Now if the thing in the hole is a case expression (which is when
we'll call mkDupableCont), we'll push the function call into the
branches, which is what we want.  Now RULES for f may fire, and
call-pattern specialisation.  Here's an example from Trac #3116
     go (n+1) (case l of
                 1  -> bs'
                 _  -> Chunk p fpc (o+1) (l-1) bs')
If we can push the call for 'go' inside the case, we get
call-pattern specialisation for 'go', which is *crucial* for
this program.

Here is the (&&) example:
        && E (case x of { T -> F; F -> T })
  ==>   let a = E in
        case x of { T -> && a F; F -> && a T }
Much better!

Notice that
  * Arguments to f *after* the strict one are handled by
    the ApplyToVal case of mkDupableCont.  Eg
        f [..hole..] E

  * We can only do the let-binding of E because the function
    part of a StrictArg continuation is an explicit syntax
    tree.  In earlier versions we represented it as a function
    (CoreExpr -> CoreEpxr) which we couldn't take apart.

Historical aide: previously we did this (where E is a
big argument:
        f E [..hole..]
        ==>     let $j = \a -> f E a
                in $j [..hole..]

But this is terrible! Here's an example:
        && E (case x of { T -> F; F -> T })
Now, && is strict so we end up simplifying the case with
an ArgOf continuation.  If we let-bind it, we get
        let $j = \v -> && E v
        in simplExpr (case x of { T -> F; F -> T })
                     (ArgOf (\r -> $j r)
And after simplifying more we get
        let $j = \v -> && E v
        in case x of { T -> $j F; F -> $j T }
Which is a Very Bad Thing


Note [Duplicating StrictBind]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
We make a StrictBind duplicable in a very similar way to
that for case expressions.  After all,
   let x* = e in b   is similar to    case e of x -> b

So we potentially make a join-point for the body, thus:
   let x = [] in b   ==>   join j x = b
                           in let x = [] in j x


Note [Join point abstraction]  Historical note
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
NB: This note is now historical, describing how (in the past) we used
to add a void argument to nullary join points.  But now that "join
point" is not a fuzzy concept but a formal syntactic construct (as
distinguished by the JoinId constructor of IdDetails), each of these
concerns is handled separately, with no need for a vestigial extra
argument.

Join points always have at least one value argument,
for several reasons

* If we try to lift a primitive-typed something out
  for let-binding-purposes, we will *caseify* it (!),
  with potentially-disastrous strictness results.  So
  instead we turn it into a function: \v -> e
  where v::Void#.  The value passed to this function is void,
  which generates (almost) no code.

* CPR.  We used to say "&& isUnliftedType rhs_ty'" here, but now
  we make the join point into a function whenever used_bndrs'
  is empty.  This makes the join-point more CPR friendly.
  Consider:       let j = if .. then I# 3 else I# 4
                  in case .. of { A -> j; B -> j; C -> ... }

  Now CPR doesn't w/w j because it's a thunk, so
  that means that the enclosing function can't w/w either,
  which is a lose.  Here's the example that happened in practice:
          kgmod :: Int -> Int -> Int
          kgmod x y = if x > 0 && y < 0 || x < 0 && y > 0
                      then 78
                      else 5

* Let-no-escape.  We want a join point to turn into a let-no-escape
  so that it is implemented as a jump, and one of the conditions
  for LNE is that it's not updatable.  In CoreToStg, see
  Note [What is a non-escaping let]

* Floating.  Since a join point will be entered once, no sharing is
  gained by floating out, but something might be lost by doing
  so because it might be allocated.

I have seen a case alternative like this:
        True -> \v -> ...
It's a bit silly to add the realWorld dummy arg in this case, making
        $j = \s v -> ...
           True -> $j s
(the \v alone is enough to make CPR happy) but I think it's rare

There's a slight infelicity here: we pass the overall
case_bndr to all the join points if it's used in *any* RHS,
because we don't know its usage in each RHS separately



************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
                    Unfoldings
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************
-}

simplLetUnfolding :: SimplEnv-> TopLevelFlag
                  -> Maybe SimplCont
                  -> InId
                  -> OutExpr
                  -> Unfolding -> SimplM Unfolding
simplLetUnfolding env top_lvl cont_mb id new_rhs unf
  | isStableUnfolding unf
  = simplStableUnfolding env top_lvl cont_mb id unf
  | isExitJoinId id
  = return noUnfolding -- see Note [Do not inline exit join points]
  | otherwise
  = mkLetUnfolding (seDynFlags env) top_lvl InlineRhs id new_rhs

-------------------
mkLetUnfolding :: DynFlags -> TopLevelFlag -> UnfoldingSource
               -> InId -> OutExpr -> SimplM Unfolding
mkLetUnfolding dflags top_lvl src id new_rhs
  = is_bottoming `seq`  -- See Note [Force bottoming field]
    return (mkUnfolding dflags src is_top_lvl is_bottoming new_rhs)
            -- We make an  unfolding *even for loop-breakers*.
            -- Reason: (a) It might be useful to know that they are WHNF
            --         (b) In TidyPgm we currently assume that, if we want to
            --             expose the unfolding then indeed we *have* an unfolding
            --             to expose.  (We could instead use the RHS, but currently
            --             we don't.)  The simple thing is always to have one.
  where
    is_top_lvl   = isTopLevel top_lvl
    is_bottoming = isBottomingId id

-------------------
simplStableUnfolding :: SimplEnv -> TopLevelFlag
                     -> Maybe SimplCont  -- Just k => a join point with continuation k
                     -> InId
                     -> Unfolding -> SimplM Unfolding
-- Note [Setting the new unfolding]
simplStableUnfolding env top_lvl mb_cont id unf
  = case unf of
      NoUnfolding   -> return unf
      BootUnfolding -> return unf
      OtherCon {}   -> return unf

      DFunUnfolding { df_bndrs = bndrs, df_con = con, df_args = args }
        -> do { (env', bndrs') <- simplBinders rule_env bndrs
              ; args' <- mapM (simplExpr env') args
              ; return (mkDFunUnfolding bndrs' con args') }

      CoreUnfolding { uf_tmpl = expr, uf_src = src, uf_guidance = guide }
        | isStableSource src
        -> do { expr' <- case mb_cont of
                           Just cont -> simplJoinRhs rule_env id expr cont
                           Nothing   -> simplExpr rule_env expr
              ; case guide of
                  UnfWhen { ug_arity = arity, ug_unsat_ok = sat_ok }  -- Happens for INLINE things
                     -> let guide' = UnfWhen { ug_arity = arity, ug_unsat_ok = sat_ok
                                             , ug_boring_ok = inlineBoringOk expr' }
                        -- Refresh the boring-ok flag, in case expr'
                        -- has got small. This happens, notably in the inlinings
                        -- for dfuns for single-method classes; see
                        -- Note [Single-method classes] in TcInstDcls.
                        -- A test case is Trac #4138
                        in return (mkCoreUnfolding src is_top_lvl expr' guide')
                            -- See Note [Top-level flag on inline rules] in CoreUnfold

                  _other              -- Happens for INLINABLE things
                     -> mkLetUnfolding dflags top_lvl src id expr' }
                -- If the guidance is UnfIfGoodArgs, this is an INLINABLE
                -- unfolding, and we need to make sure the guidance is kept up
                -- to date with respect to any changes in the unfolding.

        | otherwise -> return noUnfolding   -- Discard unstable unfoldings
  where
    dflags     = seDynFlags env
    is_top_lvl = isTopLevel top_lvl
    act        = idInlineActivation id
    rule_env   = updMode (updModeForStableUnfoldings act) env
         -- See Note [Simplifying inside stable unfoldings] in SimplUtils

{-
Note [Force bottoming field]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
We need to force bottoming, or the new unfolding holds
on to the old unfolding (which is part of the id).

Note [Setting the new unfolding]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* If there's an INLINE pragma, we simplify the RHS gently.  Maybe we
  should do nothing at all, but simplifying gently might get rid of
  more crap.

* If not, we make an unfolding from the new RHS.  But *only* for
  non-loop-breakers. Making loop breakers not have an unfolding at all
  means that we can avoid tests in exprIsConApp, for example.  This is
  important: if exprIsConApp says 'yes' for a recursive thing, then we
  can get into an infinite loop

If there's a stable unfolding on a loop breaker (which happens for
INLINABLE), we hang on to the inlining.  It's pretty dodgy, but the
user did say 'INLINE'.  May need to revisit this choice.

************************************************************************
*                                                                      *
                    Rules
*                                                                      *
************************************************************************

Note [Rules in a letrec]
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
After creating fresh binders for the binders of a letrec, we
substitute the RULES and add them back onto the binders; this is done
*before* processing any of the RHSs.  This is important.  Manuel found
cases where he really, really wanted a RULE for a recursive function
to apply in that function's own right-hand side.

See Note [Forming Rec groups] in OccurAnal
-}

addBndrRules :: SimplEnv -> InBndr -> OutBndr -> SimplM (SimplEnv, OutBndr)
-- Rules are added back into the bin
addBndrRules env in_id out_id
  | null old_rules
  = return (env, out_id)
  | otherwise
  = do { new_rules <- simplRules env (Just (idName out_id)) old_rules
       ; let final_id  = out_id `setIdSpecialisation` mkRuleInfo new_rules
       ; return (modifyInScope env final_id, final_id) }
  where
    old_rules = ruleInfoRules (idSpecialisation in_id)

simplRules :: SimplEnv -> Maybe Name -> [CoreRule] -> SimplM [CoreRule]
simplRules env mb_new_nm rules
  = mapM simpl_rule rules
  where
    simpl_rule rule@(BuiltinRule {})
      = return rule

    simpl_rule rule@(Rule { ru_bndrs = bndrs, ru_args = args
                          , ru_fn = fn_name, ru_rhs = rhs })
      = do { (env', bndrs') <- simplBinders env bndrs
           ; let rhs_ty = substTy env' (exprType rhs)
                 rule_cont = mkBoringStop rhs_ty
                 rule_env  = updMode updModeForRules env'
           ; args' <- mapM (simplExpr rule_env) args
           ; rhs'  <- simplExprC rule_env rhs rule_cont
           ; return (rule { ru_bndrs = bndrs'
                          , ru_fn    = mb_new_nm `orElse` fn_name
                          , ru_args  = args'
                          , ru_rhs   = rhs' }) }
