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Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves. The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper. Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote, "the way monkeys do it", but understood.
Why did Luther write the Large and Small Catechisms?
[ "a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations" ]
[ 32 ]
[ "010955445d35d45eae3eb40f47d80827e8708035" ]
[ "Martin_Luther" ]
[ "validation" ]
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Subordinate to the General Conference are the jurisdictional and central conferences which also meet every four years. The United States is divided into five jurisdictions: Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central, South Central and Western. Outside the United States the church is divided into seven central conferences: Africa, Congo, West Africa, Central & Southern Europe, Germany, Northern Europe and the Philippines. The main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences is to elect and appoint bishops, the chief administrators of the church. Bishops thus elected serve Episcopal Areas, which consist of one or more Annual Conferences.
What is in charge?
[ "General Conference" ]
[ 19 ]
[ "c78d47947f0885b825af2128ef0975d7f39d2902" ]
[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons, which classically transmit the nuclear force (see this topic for more). The failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement.
What is a label for the intangible?
[ "color confinement" ]
[ 564 ]
[ "318bb15890df60a8222828857ac0d074d7162dec" ]
[ "Force" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis. Photosystem II and photosystem I contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons. Molecules in the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, decreasing the pH and turning it acidic. ATP synthase is a large protein complex that harnesses the concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space to generate ATP energy as the hydrogen ions flow back out into the stroma—much like a dam turbine.
Which of the following is smaller, ATP synthase or electrons?
[ "electrons" ]
[ 272 ]
[ "bac764650a8bf2d5421cf951da002450a8abbdd5" ]
[ "Chloroplast" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar. It can waste up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle. Several mechanisms have evolved in different lineages that raise the carbon dioxide concentration relative to oxygen within the chloroplast, increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. These mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms, or CCMs. These include Crassulacean acid metabolism, C4 carbon fixation, and pyrenoids. Chloroplasts in C4 plants are notable as they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism.
Which chemical compound is often used as an energy source for cells, both in animals and plants?
[ "ATP" ]
[ 262 ]
[ "f923fc0b12f4d88bf291c9267bdd59595a4eda5b" ]
[ "Chloroplast" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street. These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'. Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are listed, of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*.
Small towers on top of a larger tower, or sometimes at the corner of a building such as a castle are called?
[ "turrets" ]
[ 440 ]
[ "ef69b9267b5f6b540d365a13c58b3bc1336b0c05" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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In the 1890s, the University of Chicago, fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students, affiliated with several regional colleges and universities: Des Moines College, Kalamazoo College, Butler University, and Stetson University. In 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. Under the terms of the affiliation, the schools were required to have courses of study comparable to those at the university, to notify the university early of any contemplated faculty appointments or dismissals, to make no faculty appointment without the university's approval, and to send copies of examinations for suggestions. The University of Chicago agreed to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years, and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the University of Chicago. A student or faculty member of an affiliated school was entitled to free tuition at the University of Chicago, and Chicago students were eligible to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work. The University of Chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with books and scientific apparatus and supplies at cost; special instructors and lecturers without cost except travel expenses; and a copy of every book and journal published by the University of Chicago Press at no cost. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice. Several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910.
What did affiliate schools have to let the university see first?
[ "copies of examinations" ]
[ 649 ]
[ "97198d29a9bd4c2f3631d42960c18b0bfa4a0e3b" ]
[ "University_of_Chicago" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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According to the Secret History, Temüjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side. Temüjin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha, stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death. The custom is to die without spilling blood, which is granted by breaking the back. Jamukha requested this form of death, despite the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.
How is a noble death done?
[ "by breaking the back" ]
[ 417 ]
[ "03d8c9ce79c17ddcac7d4f06af224ec0096ee967" ]
[ "Genghis_Khan" ]
[ "validation" ]
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Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use. Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine.
What is another name for expansions?
[ "stages" ]
[ 235 ]
[ "878fb2b26230378288325ec5f97c758b94a7b27e" ]
[ "Steam_engine" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks.
What would help people who don't know what to do with their bikes when at their destination?
[ "Increase the number of cycle parking facilities" ]
[ 661 ]
[ "1e97667657e290028f7cfdcf7562ab3e5911486f" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Accounts of Genghis Khan's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother Khasar. His military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals, exemplified by his extensive spy network and Yam route systems. He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered, such as siege warfare from the Chinese. He was also ruthless, demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin, used against the tribes led by Jamukha.
who was a quick student?
[ "Genghis Khan" ]
[ 12 ]
[ "ac1260eb293f5402dece7af14d97392815a768a2" ]
[ "Genghis_Khan" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution: Half of Kenyans live below the poverty level. Preventable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition are the biggest burden, major child-killers, and responsible for much morbidity; weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame. According to 2009 estimates, HIV prevalence is about 6.3% of the adult population. However, the 2011 UNAIDS Report suggests that the HIV epidemic may be improving in Kenya, as HIV prevalence is declining among young people (ages 15–24) and pregnant women. Kenya had an estimated 15 million cases of malaria in 2006.
Who are more likely to get diseases, people of wealth or people who live in poverty?
[ "poverty" ]
[ 12 ]
[ "5fa935fe68a5226172942bb6d84a31de56ad4eb4" ]
[ "Kenya" ]
[ "validation" ]
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In the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation. His essay On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution, since "every Christian is a confessor." In November, Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows. He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin, because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.
The main organ that pumps blood throughout the body is?
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The armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world. Further, in the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country, a commission of inquiry, the Waki Commission, commended its readiness and adjudged it to "have performed its duty well." Nevertheless, there have been serious allegations of human rights violations, most recently while conducting counter-insurgency operations in the Mt Elgon area and also in the district of Mandera central.
What was going on when the contravention took place?
[ "conducting counter-insurgency operations" ]
[ 428 ]
[ "24321daa92ae06ca8fee2fba3c93f5575643ce6f" ]
[ "Kenya" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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In a purely capitalist mode of production (i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market. Wages work in the same way as prices for any other good. Thus, wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill. And therefore, inequality is driven by this price. Under the law of supply and demand, the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker. "On the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers." "Markets, by themselves, even when they are stable, often lead to high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair." Employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed. Their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor. For a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest, it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers.
How are demand for skilled workers and supply of skilled workers related?
[ "the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker" ]
[ 452 ]
[ "88ff93c81c22b7bebcf911b60ada95a2d48d81e1" ]
[ "Economic_inequality" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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In 2014, work was completed on the stations historic entrance. Glazing was placed over the historic arches and the Victorian architecture was enhanced; transforming the 19th century public portico. The station is one of only six Grade One listed railway stations in the UK. Opened in 1850 by Queen Victoria, it was the first covered railway station in the world and was much copied across the UK. It has a neoclassical façade, originally designed by the architect John Dobson, and was constructed in collaboration with Robert Stephenson. The station sightlines towards the Castle Keep, whilst showcasing the curvature of the station’s arched roof. The first services were operated by the North Eastern Railway company. The city's other mainline station, Manors, is to the east of the city centre.
How exclusive is the structure?
[ "one of only six Grade One" ]
[ 213 ]
[ "268333f29b0ba1dc58cda5f1bcd4250aa1e6401f" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event, where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed. This origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905 after Andreas Schimper observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae.
Which of the following does not have chloroplasts: plants, Konstantin Mereschkowski, or algae?
[ "Konstantin Mereschkowski" ]
[ 436 ]
[ "82bda6a2d4c2eb7a69a99081b68976ef7d37d2c0" ]
[ "Chloroplast" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byker. The largest Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston Park on the edge of Newcastle. Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, the MetroCentre, is located in Gateshead.
Which of the following is inside Newcastle, Eldon Garden or the MetroCentre?
[ "Eldon Garden" ]
[ 124 ]
[ "63cf8eec66f0ec7ea2689fa94c8ba0d94e39fd30" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.
What is the 4th most popular religion?
[ "Protestants" ]
[ 194 ]
[ "e5caf398e373ae4d82b66b52893a801fce8dac95" ]
[ "Warsaw" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC. In the 16th century, the beginning of the historical era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama, a coastal subgroup of the Timucua people. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area.
Who did the Timucua meet?
[ "Europeans" ]
[ 464 ]
[ "af099bbffc6da1f8f45fa3b839cf62e15adcd25a" ]
[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965. The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts.
A winged horse that is associated with mythology and mythothical stories is called?
[ "Pegasus" ]
[ 395 ]
[ "21ce5c187b9e77cc62c26c0d14106963dd03af0d" ]
[ "Apollo_program" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment.
How can you learn more about this topic?
[ "see School corporal punishment" ]
[ 162 ]
[ "7346cf9baabc92e6ef8f9fdd75ab36bce093345f" ]
[ "Teacher" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The United Methodist Church (UMC) is a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination. In the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism. Founded in 1968 by the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church, the UMC traces its roots back to the revival movement of John and Charles Wesley in England as well as the Great Awakening in the United States. As such, the church's theological orientation is decidedly Wesleyan. It embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements.
What country has Protestantism as the most popular religion practiced?
[ "England" ]
[ 343 ]
[ "05cfbba8c8cc4a3639e471583931eeae75b3d382" ]
[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]
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20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the Super Bowl. Fox paid for Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle, Lionsgate paid for Gods of Egypt, Paramount paid for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows and 10 Cloverfield Lane, Universal paid for The Secret Life of Pets and the debut trailer for Jason Bourne and Disney paid for Captain America: Civil War, The Jungle Book and Alice Through the Looking Glass.[citation needed]
Who did not pay for the Gods of Egypt movie trailer, Lionsgate or Paramount?
[ "Paramount" ]
[ 276 ]
[ "57504e218c03d8a65b3f5c9908fb15922e1bdce7" ]
[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The area is also known for its early twentieth century homes, many of which have been restored in recent decades. The area includes many California Bungalow and American Craftsman style homes, Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture, Mediterranean Revival Style architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many Storybook houses designed by Fresno architects, Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler. The residential architecture of the Tower District contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl in north and east areas of Fresno.
What had been done to the twentieth century homes?
[ "restored" ]
[ 86 ]
[ "cacac623b572616eb257ab2561ea022b79a2f703" ]
[ "Fresno,_California" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers. Effective teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making, allow humor into their classroom, and demonstrate a willingness to play.
What might happen with students taught by friendly teachers?
[ "show more interest in courses" ]
[ 103 ]
[ "915a35a437685937a39e3b3f76b9b64bfeb4858d" ]
[ "Teacher" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall, which is thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria, and which is located between their two cell membranes. Like chloroplasts, they have thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments, usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes (phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though).
What connotates a two-celled membrane?
[ "gram-negative" ]
[ 223 ]
[ "f9e7a1fdd17ae3281e761c6deb1f9e1f5aaf3ade" ]
[ "Chloroplast" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The United Methodist Church is organized into conferences. The highest level is called the General Conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church. The General Conference meets every four years (quadrennium). Legislative changes are recorded in The Book of Discipline which is revised after each General Conference. Non-legislative resolutions are recorded in the Book of Resolutions, which is published after each General Conference, and expire after eight years unless passed again by a subsequent session of General Conference. The last General Conference was held in Tampa, Florida, in 2012. The event is currently rotated between the U.S. jurisdictions of the church. The 2016 General Conference will be in Portland, Oregon. Bishops, Councils, Committees, Boards, Elders, etc., are not permitted to speak on behalf of The United Methodist Church as this authority is reserved solely for the General Conference in accordance with the Book of Discipline.
The next gathering location of the General Conference after 2012?
[ "Portland, Oregon" ]
[ 746 ]
[ "95118a05fc55dd21eef841bcffa7de6d47ef237c" ]
[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]
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[ "Combined" ]
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Justifying Grace or Accepting Grace is that grace, offered by God to all people, that we receive by faith and trust in Christ, through which God pardons the believer of sin. It is in justifying grace we are received by God, in spite of our sin. In this reception, we are forgiven through the atoning work of Jesus Christ on the cross. The justifying grace cancels our guilt and empowers us to resist the power of sin and to fully love God and neighbor. Today, justifying grace is also known as conversion, "accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior," or being "born again". John Wesley originally called this experience the New Birth. This experience can occur in different ways; it can be one transforming moment, such as an altar call experience, or it may involve a series of decisions across a period of time.
What causes guilt?
[ "sin" ]
[ 413 ]
[ "3e3b87afe2076ba65715fecab77e90793fa83f22" ]
[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom. By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today. The city council organize concerts and other events. Each Midsummer’s Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, looking for the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.
When does the city council provide musical performances?
[ "Midsummer’s Eve" ]
[ 591 ]
[ "b803244dc2449ac42ff8499c993909b89c7e7e2e" ]
[ "Warsaw" ]
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His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments. His wife Katharina was overheard saying, "Dear husband, you are too rude," and he responded, "They are teaching me to be rude." In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle, staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas.
Whose health was not good, Katharina or Luther?
[ "Luther" ]
[ 241 ]
[ "aa68720ed5ff527ac3afa5f5ed4cd46f4076f212" ]
[ "Martin_Luther" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path, remains unparalleled to this day, and word of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations, particularly Europe. These two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way. Later under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240.
what campaign is unrivaled even to today
[ "The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path" ]
[ 265 ]
[ "4d934dae43bad40915bcb016ea04ef1c43c1ae7b" ]
[ "Genghis_Khan" ]
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This projection was not included in the final summary for policymakers. The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for "the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance". The date of 2035 has been correctly quoted by the IPCC from the WWF report, which has misquoted its own source, an ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale".
What did the IPCC show after they realized that the date was incorrect?
[ "regret" ]
[ 218 ]
[ "740ab1bb0a42a81a774ba830890d4db6b271cf51" ]
[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments. His wife Katharina was overheard saying, "Dear husband, you are too rude," and he responded, "They are teaching me to be rude." In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle, staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas.
What was the name of the companion Jonas let hang out with him over the holiday?
[ "Luther" ]
[ 241 ]
[ "ef2ff74b54ad5fd856d93c2d8a403f22964538e8" ]
[ "Martin_Luther" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Oxygen condenses at 90.20 K (−182.95 °C, −297.31 °F), and freezes at 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F). Both liquid and solid O2 are clear substances with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red (in contrast with the blue color of the sky, which is due to Rayleigh scattering of blue light). High-purity liquid O2 is usually obtained by the fractional distillation of liquefied air. Liquid oxygen may also be produced by condensation out of air, using liquid nitrogen as a coolant. It is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials.
On the Fahrenheit scale, when does O2 condense?
[ "−297.31 °F" ]
[ 41 ]
[ "fba9ee0a3bc3e927b566c1485c00e11cc92fa509" ]
[ "Oxygen" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest urban centres, Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu, is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling, beer production, and sugarcane crushing, and the fabrication of consumer goods, e.g., vehicles from kits. There is a cement production industry.[citation needed] Kenya has an oil refinery that processes imported crude petroleum into petroleum products, mainly for the domestic market. In addition, a substantial and expanding informal sector commonly referred to as Jua Kali engages in small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements.[citation needed]
Where would you find the crude petroleum that comes from out of the country once it is processed in Kenya?
[ "domestic market" ]
[ 584 ]
[ "eb793005047bac329e3021840cbe06de4a30a16b" ]
[ "Kenya" ]
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The Panthers offense, which led the NFL in scoring (500 points), was loaded with talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl quarterback Cam Newton had one of his best seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636, while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns (35 passing, 10 rushing), a career-low 10 interceptions, and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4. Newton's leading receivers were tight end Greg Olsen, who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns, and wide receiver Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns; Ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards. Other key receivers included veteran Jerricho Cotchery (39 receptions for 485 yards), rookie Devin Funchess (31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns), and second-year receiver Corey Brown (31 receptions for 447 yards). The Panthers backfield featured Pro Bowl running back Jonathan Stewart, who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games, along with Pro Bowl fullback Mike Tolbert, who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards. Carolina's offensive line also featured two Pro Bowl selections: center Ryan Kalil and guard Trai Turner.
Did Cam Newton have more passing or rushing touchdowns?
[ "passing" ]
[ 303 ]
[ "f4050de799e5f2e933cede2ced6618e93f836d4a" ]
[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]
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In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960 and 1961, Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option. Bypassing the NASA hierarchy, he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans; while acknowledging that he spoke "somewhat as a voice in the wilderness," Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question.
Who had a research center named after them?
[ "Langley" ]
[ 279 ]
[ "d2ee42256910ecbd1202888b01b58dcfdb2c31ee" ]
[ "Apollo_program" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks.
What has been added to streets to allow traffic in both directions?
[ "contraflows on one way streets" ]
[ 493 ]
[ "ba0946490bf8d1228e12756d6ecc7d9895f6a693" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons, which classically transmit the nuclear force (see this topic for more). The failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement.
What is clearly impacted?
[ "elementary particles" ]
[ 41 ]
[ "3b26331b3b0079c38f2f79fb57717a0958acc26c" ]
[ "Force" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the writing of an English translation, the Tyndale Bible. His hymns influenced the development of singing in churches. His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant clergy to marry.
What was prohibited before Tyndale's marriage?
[ "clerical marriage" ]
[ 484 ]
[ "22fbf662e180c5c0f257d77af807856512309be7" ]
[ "Martin_Luther" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523, when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels. "Suddenly, and while I was occupied with far different thoughts," he wrote to Wenceslaus Link, "the Lord has plunged me into marriage." At the time of their marriage, Katharina was 26 years old and Luther was 41 years old.
What was Katharina's last name?
[ "von Bora" ]
[ 32 ]
[ "d11f34eb34584f6b915845cec31b7caeb8563c29" ]
[ "Martin_Luther" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The next direct threat to Temüjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha and his followers took refuge. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temüjin. In 1201, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as Gür Khan, "universal ruler", a title used by the rulers of the Qara Khitai. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin, and Jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206.
What is the defenition of the title that was given to Jamukha?
[ "\"universal ruler\"" ]
[ 260 ]
[ "07cb745b1cf437b3cc2edb9850f3ff766c48358f" ]
[ "Genghis_Khan" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale.
What is the area of expertise of scientists who want to measure radiance from vegetation canopies?
[ "remote sensing" ]
[ 104 ]
[ "b82a8e118c1dd306e0438b131a4e539e02989d39" ]
[ "Oxygen" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km²). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%) White, 40,960 (8.3%) African American, 8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528 (12.6%) Asian (3.6% Hmong, 1.7% Indian, 1.2% Filipino, 1.2% Laotian, 1.0% Thai, 0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean), 849 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 111,984 (22.6%) from other races, and 24,513 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 232,055 persons (46.9%). Among the Hispanic population, 42.7% of the total population are Mexican, 0.4% Salvadoran, and 0.4% Puerto Rican. Non-Hispanic Whites were 30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970.
Which Asian group has the second lowest population?
[ "Vietnamese" ]
[ 407 ]
[ "a375525cd4cdcf8bea8f44fdca85587911112b90" ]
[ "Fresno,_California" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of BBC Radio 4 listeners. In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category. Osborne Road came 4th in the foodie street category. A portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself.
What position did Pevsner have?
[ "scholar" ]
[ 305 ]
[ "4fe2a95cc2241617ab24b79ed40f0149c00e48ff" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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St. George's United Methodist Church, located at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States, beginning in 1769. The congregation was founded in 1767, meeting initially in a sail loft on Dock Street, and in 1769 it purchased the shell of a building which had been erected in 1763 by a German Reformed congregation. At this time, Methodists had not yet broken away from the Anglican Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church was not founded until 1784.
When was St. George's UMC built?
[ "1763" ]
[ 382 ]
[ "f1cc941215c9a9e9573758b45742f1ace483744b" ]
[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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As a result, chloroplasts in C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis. In mesophyll cells, chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions, so they lack rubisco, and have normal grana and thylakoids, which they use to make ATP and NADPH, as well as oxygen. They store CO2 in a four-carbon compound, which is why the process is called C4 photosynthesis. The four-carbon compound is then transported to the bundle sheath chloroplasts, where it drops off CO2 and returns to the mesophyll. Bundle sheath chloroplasts do not carry out the light reactions, preventing oxygen from building up in them and disrupting rubisco activity. Because of this, they lack thylakoids organized into grana stacks—though bundle sheath chloroplasts still have free-floating thylakoids in the stroma where they still carry out cyclic electron flow, a light-driven method of synthesizing ATP to power the Calvin cycle without generating oxygen. They lack photosystem II, and only have photosystem I—the only protein complex needed for cyclic electron flow. Because the job of bundle sheath chloroplasts is to carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar, they often contain large starch grains.
What chemical compound is produced by plants during photosynthesis to be used as an energy source?
[ "sugar" ]
[ 1177 ]
[ "5f5d4ff2fb126e638b90f6ae137bfdd3850f8e3d" ]
[ "Chloroplast" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Luther's final journey, to Mansfeld, was taken because of his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade. Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control. The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts: Albrecht, Philip, John George, and Gerhard. Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement, and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion.
What action caused Luther to go to Mansfeld?
[ "Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control" ]
[ 194 ]
[ "e01bdc3cb73b023a0e093681722301a2d81f805c" ]
[ "Martin_Luther" ]
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In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation continued, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity. In his later years, Luther grew more hostile toward the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy. His 1543 treatise Von den Juden und ihren Lügen (On the Jews and Their Lies) took its place among other anti-Jewish literature of the times, although historians acknowledge that this treatise was particularly extreme, even by the standards of sixteenth century Europe. In it, he takes a hardline against Judaism, writing that synagogues and Jewish homes should be destroyed, their money confiscated, and liberty curtailed. These statements and their influence on antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status.
What does the tract argue say should happen to the Jews freedom wise?
[ "liberty curtailed" ]
[ 904 ]
[ "4814af63be095e34a5901119886c5c57f3505067" ]
[ "Martin_Luther" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences. Preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the command module (piloting and re-entry cabin), and a propulsion and equipment module. On August 30, a feasibility study competition was announced, and on October 25, three study contracts were awarded to General Dynamics/Convair, General Electric, and the Glenn L. Martin Company. Meanwhile, NASA performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by Maxime Faget, to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs.
News was broken at some space conferences by someone known as what, other than his name?
[ "NASA Deputy Administrator" ]
[ 14 ]
[ "163b85f38e3d82d3481b848dd1b9907724bbed02" ]
[ "Apollo_program" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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According to the Secret History, Temüjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side. Temüjin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha, stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death. The custom is to die without spilling blood, which is granted by breaking the back. Jamukha requested this form of death, despite the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.
Who did Jamukha refuse to be friends with again?
[ "Temüjin" ]
[ 33 ]
[ "3f4732dbedf28bdb8aab9412ccd18836830432bd" ]
[ "Genghis_Khan" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Luther's final journey, to Mansfeld, was taken because of his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade. Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control. The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts: Albrecht, Philip, John George, and Gerhard. Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement, and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion.
Why would they not be able to continue mining?
[ "Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control" ]
[ 200 ]
[ "78454880096399f3934b71d6725ffc7a8e2ef1aa" ]
[ "Martin_Luther" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900.
Whose ideas drove the university's earliest teachings?
[ "Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins" ]
[ 303 ]
[ "af574db98358c6511ed8f8f3491c503d667e5319" ]
[ "University_of_Chicago" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.
If life expectancy has not slowed down and has not plateaued, what group of countries are we talking about?
[ "poorer countries" ]
[ 222 ]
[ "a5be933a310d30f2653fff37a78a62c72d4956c2" ]
[ "Economic_inequality" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park. Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place every June, in Leazes Park. The Northern Rock Cyclone, a cycling festival, takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June. The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.
What is a festival held by The Hoppings along with Newcastle Community Green Festival, The Northern Rock Cyclone, and Ouseburn Festival.
[ "Northern Pride" ]
[ 513 ]
[ "50fc94bb92c465c28bbcb26d999c9f3e1e3127f9" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
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Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall, which is thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria, and which is located between their two cell membranes. Like chloroplasts, they have thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments, usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes (phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though).
Which of the following is not found within chloroplasts: thylakoids or gram-negative bacteria?
[ "gram-negative bacteria" ]
[ 366 ]
[ "9c14d41d3fee9df93dc80aab1941977ee6e3c2a4" ]
[ "Chloroplast" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street. These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'. Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are listed, of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*.
Roofed structures with a window that projects from a pitched roof are called?
[ "dormers" ]
[ 424 ]
[ "7017fad5fb33b8a1e88562aa8227e9ad537d7a52" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center. It has a height of 617 ft (188 m) and includes 42 floors. Other notable structures include the 37-story Wells Fargo Center (with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline), originally built in 1972-74 by the Independent Life and Accident Insurance Company, and the 28 floor Riverplace Tower which, when completed in 1967, was the tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure in the world.
Which was built first: the Wells Fargo Center or the Riverplace Tower?
[ "Riverplace Tower" ]
[ 449 ]
[ "c70494d90c974c68629362650a78ca2e37d0371a" ]
[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The Judicial Council is the highest court in the denomination. It consists of nine members, both laity and clergy, elected by the General Conference for an eight-year term. The ratio of laity to clergy alternates every eight years. The Judicial Council interprets the Book of Discipline between sessions of General Conference, and during General Conference, the Judicial Council rules on the constitutionality of laws passed by General Conference. The Council also determines whether actions of local churches, annual conferences, church agencies, and bishops are in accordance with church law. The Council reviews all decisions of law made by bishops The Judicial Council cannot create any legislation; it can only interpret existing legislation. The Council meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world. The Judicial Council also hears appeals from those who have been accused of chargeable offenses that can result in defrocking or revocation of membership.
The chess piece that can move diagnolly, forward and back irregardless of square pieces are?
[ "bishops" ]
[ 552 ]
[ "d43778dce53df8889e769857803d8a4bb64af2f1" ]
[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries, classroom discipline and behavior is highly problematic. Although, officially, schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior, in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all.
Who has the upper hand in many classrooms?
[ "students" ]
[ 473 ]
[ "76cb80a950e3f35fde9a34d0f64950f644daba54" ]
[ "Teacher" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from "We are beggars," which was in German.
Where can you read Luther's last statement?
[ "A piece of paper" ]
[ 0 ]
[ "4a140cec45f361139d874f0ca32c6eea96ab25de" ]
[ "Martin_Luther" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007, and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra charge. Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions. In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011 BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box, offering a smaller version of the SkyHD box without Sky+ functionality. In September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008, Sky had 3,393,000 Sky+ users.
How could subscribers get free Sky+?
[ "package included two or more premium channels" ]
[ 135 ]
[ "23378eeb3262aa5be0c6ca14a883fb326f12c16f" ]
[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]
[ "validation" ]
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Since the 1980s, Lutheran Church denominations have repudiated Martin Luther's statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans. Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that, compared to the other minority groups under consideration, Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews. Nevertheless, Professor Richard (Dick) Geary, former Professor of Modern History at the University of Nottingham, England, and the author of Hitler and Nazism (Routledge 1993), wrote in the journal History Today an article on who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933, where he claimed that from his research he found that the Nazis gained disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany.
What did Geary write besides books?
[ "article" ]
[ 587 ]
[ "322ad97f2c5c051fff16aab2785ede669f1626cc" ]
[ "Martin_Luther" ]
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His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments. His wife Katharina was overheard saying, "Dear husband, you are too rude," and he responded, "They are teaching me to be rude." In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle, staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas.
What was the reason Luther was saying mean things besides the theory he told his wife?
[ "poor physical health" ]
[ 4 ]
[ "0598214d0c277ceecb49211a38bb680b9a4a4bc5" ]
[ "Martin_Luther" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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There are concentrations of pubs, bars and nightclubs around the Bigg Market and the Quayside area of the city centre. There are many bars on the Bigg Market, and other popular areas for nightlife are Collingwood Street, popularly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars, Neville Street, the Central Station area and Osborne Road in the Jesmond area of the city. In recent years "The Gate" has opened in the city centre, a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Empire multiplex cinema. Newcastle's gay scene - 'The Pink Triangle' - is centred on the Times Square area near the Centre for Life and has a range of bars, cafés and clubs.
What area is in the Diamond Strip?
[ "Central Station area" ]
[ 329 ]
[ "fab3540709e1ec399901972e2c459e3c43f266d7" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be "the most giving Super Bowl ever", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.
What form will the aid take?
[ "grants" ]
[ 269 ]
[ "14e6c60d8fa24137001a1500824b2c6358bfcbde" ]
[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Since the 1980s, Lutheran Church denominations have repudiated Martin Luther's statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans. Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that, compared to the other minority groups under consideration, Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews. Nevertheless, Professor Richard (Dick) Geary, former Professor of Modern History at the University of Nottingham, England, and the author of Hitler and Nazism (Routledge 1993), wrote in the journal History Today an article on who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933, where he claimed that from his research he found that the Nazis gained disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany.
What did Geary do besides write?
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[ "Martin_Luther" ]
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Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson in 1997; and Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat.
Who was elected before 1990?
[ "Bert Bolin" ]
[ 391 ]
[ "24d35338b01536399f34ca534e05f9eb41ef3466" ]
[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.:133–134:38-1–38-11
What is the force that act parallel the the area?
[ "shear" ]
[ 262 ]
[ "ddada616c76ab11780681d02da9fa228b451e891" ]
[ "Force" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen today. This debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.
Who debate the reduction of moist tropical vegetation?
[ "scientists" ]
[ 522 ]
[ "5c330ff9d426ddd23c0f41f7eb12b2b695fd7860" ]
[ "Amazon_rainforest" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Despite British hopes of handing power to "moderate" local rivals, it was the Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta that formed a government. The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end on 12 December 1963 with independence being conferred on all of Kenya. The United Kingdom ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963, the Sultan of Zanzibar agreed that simultaneous with independence for the Colony of Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya so that all of Kenya would be one sovereign, independent state. In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 of the United Kingdom. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya".
What kind of government did Kenya form?
[ "a republic" ]
[ 896 ]
[ "deaa4183219c21da525c769579905bb7e58c3486" ]
[ "Kenya" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) will result in a low wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service. Competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions (high demand), will result in high wages for that job. This is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage. Examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills, rare abilities, or a high level of risk. Competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job, since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position. Professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members. Members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption.
what will happen to wages when there are few workers and a lot of jobs?
[ "high wages" ]
[ 587 ]
[ "f6c7881a0ba173d5dbbcecd171d7f21f5b970af5" ]
[ "Economic_inequality" ]
[ "validation" ]
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Historically, the Methodist Church has supported the temperance movement. John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon, "The Use of Money," and in his letter to an alcoholic. At one time, Methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same. Today the United Methodist Church states that it "affirms our long-standing support of abstinence from alcohol as a faithful witness to God's liberating and redeeming love for persons." In fact, the United Methodist Church uses unfermented grape juice in the sacrament of Holy Communion, thus "expressing pastoral concern for recovering alcoholics, enabling the participation of children and youth, and supporting the church's witness of abstinence." Moreover, in 2011 and 2012, The United Methodist Church's General Board of Church and Society called on all United Methodists to abstain from alcohol for Lent.
Aside from John Wesley's warning, what evidence is there that historically the Methodist Church has supported the temperance movement?
[ "Methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same" ]
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This combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen's double bond character and reactivity, and a triplet electronic ground state. An electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen (see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram), orbitals that are of equal energy—i.e., degenerate—is a configuration termed a spin triplet state. Hence, the ground state of the O2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two. Because of its unpaired electrons, triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules, which have paired electron spins; this prevents spontaneous combustion.
What are in the orbitals of atoms?
[ "electrons" ]
[ 198 ]
[ "998a85bf35193719ce4c63c57eda0dc001818b4b" ]
[ "Oxygen" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning sideways so that light strikes them edge-on. This reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage. This ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones. Chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus-response systems that can be found in plants. Mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move.
If there isn't dim lighting, what form do chloroplasts take?
[ "vertical columns" ]
[ 259 ]
[ "0d76f9efef4bfdf9f7ddf540f1cdddbfea13dac0" ]
[ "Chloroplast" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early devices were not practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped. Savery's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water. Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine.
What type of invention was patented after the first patent?
[ "pump" ]
[ 257 ]
[ "be8e019c495fc03757065a596d92c10a57b53f14" ]
[ "Steam_engine" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Modern Mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life, Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals, including women. However, there is no evidence of this, or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese. Women played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example Töregene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen. Modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace).
What was Töregene Khatun role in the Mongol Empire?
[ "briefly in charge" ]
[ 455 ]
[ "49e405fc8194000b2c9f4147a45a803eea7aa2da" ]
[ "Genghis_Khan" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage. Multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple expansion engines. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the Olympic class), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine.[citation needed]
A quadruple expansion engine would operate at a higher level of what than a triple expansion engine?
[ "efficiency" ]
[ 123 ]
[ "34bc7b72f8a614497fa3ef4a164b7f7d47fd27b4" ]
[ "Steam_engine" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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"Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty"), "howay" ("come on"), "stot" ("bounce") and "hadaway" ("go away" or "you're kidding"), all appear to be used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA://naʊt/, rhymes with out,"nothing") are used elsewhere in Northern England. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "Canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hoy" ("throw", from the Dutch gooien, via West Frisian), "hockle" ("spit").
Which of the following words is used in the smallest area: canny, bonny, or hadaway?
[ "Canny" ]
[ 643 ]
[ "1e3475b5c1cb9289f37bef09c59ed74b5b74043c" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66–34 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45°. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded again during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum. However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.
Which region expanded first, the rainforest or the savanna?
[ "rainforest" ]
[ 138 ]
[ "cb6185fd0a9178f1ab736395accdb578e85c4ab1" ]
[ "Amazon_rainforest" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.
What is the highest life expectancy in years that is mentioned in the text?
[ "82" ]
[ 652 ]
[ "878de1cca7e656260421a388e3d573c0da85ed4f" ]
[ "Economic_inequality" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.
Who has the same life expectancy?
[ "Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78)" ]
[ 518 ]
[ "d8e912cc372097105d5c3a1366c64079b917a6ca" ]
[ "Economic_inequality" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the teacher is an office in the Aaronic priesthood, generally conferred on young boys or recent converts, and has little in common with the "spiritual teacher" archetype. The role of "spiritual teacher" may be filled by many individuals in the LDS Church, often a trusted friend, who may hold any office, from Elder to Bishop, or no office at all. The emphasis on spiritual mentorship in the LDS Church is similar to that in the more "low-church" traditions of Protestantism, with a stronger emphasis placed on the husband and father of a family to provide spiritual guidance for all of his family, ideally in consultation with his wife, even if the husband is not a member of the LDS Church, based on interpretatios of certain Biblical texts which proclaim the spiritual authority of husbands in marriage. Even Priesthood representatives are expected to defer to the father of the house when in his home. Further, additional spiritual guidance is offered by those holding the office of Patriarch, which is supposed by Latter-day Saints to grant certain gifts of the Spirit, such as the ability to prophesy, to its holders. This guidance is generally offered during a ceremony called the patriarchal blessing.
Who is held in highest reverence in terms of a spiritual adviser?
[ "Patriarch" ]
[ 1052 ]
[ "ae9d6f4b88cab4a9e40d3510ef39f9751be01a3d" ]
[ "Teacher" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplasts that retain a peptidoglycan wall between their double membranes, like their cyanobacterial parent. For this reason, glaucophyte chloroplasts are also known as muroplasts. Glaucophyte chloroplasts also contain concentric unstacked thylakoids, which surround a carboxysome - an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in. The starch that they synthesize collects outside the chloroplast. Like cyanobacteria, glaucophyte chloroplast thylakoids are studded with light collecting structures called phycobilisomes. For these reasons, glaucophyte chloroplasts are considered a primitive intermediate between cyanobacteria and the more evolved chloroplasts in red algae and plants.
What is found within a Cyanophora?
[ "chloroplast" ]
[ 93 ]
[ "baae7294fdf93b08835069d08081a9c76f46240d" ]
[ "Chloroplast" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1185–1226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be Temüjin's only empress, though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives.
Who became a rival of Jamukha?
[ "Temüjin" ]
[ 38 ]
[ "f746a1f86048949883655a0e48803b9122be2980" ]
[ "Genghis_Khan" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient, with more hydrogen ions (up to a thousand times as many) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma. The hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient, flowing back out into the stroma through ATP synthase. ATP synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Because chloroplast ATP synthase projects out into the stroma, the ATP is synthesized there, in position to be used in the dark reactions.
Where is the ATP produced in the chloroplast?
[ "stroma" ]
[ 853 ]
[ "a846f936711e6c103ca4007067ca02a4f3aa0899" ]
[ "Chloroplast" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality. He points out that nations with high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."
What field of study is Jake Rosenfield in?
[ "Sociologist" ]
[ 0 ]
[ "fecf38e7d5417d7f00cc7d4cbe7a3f957ad0747f" ]
[ "Economic_inequality" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Teaching may be carried out informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling, or in the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals. Such professionals enjoy a status in some societies on a par with physicians, lawyers, engineers, and accountants (Chartered or CPA).
What legal-associated people are on par with teachers in some countries?
[ "lawyers" ]
[ 253 ]
[ "32922b1b85b65baec2892b9cea6ef0f368f50054" ]
[ "Teacher" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties.[citation needed]. The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas.
Which of the following is not an engine component: piston, cylinder walls, or stroke?
[ "stroke" ]
[ 449 ]
[ "814cafc2bfa1a070e31b40cf646ee49e93f696b0" ]
[ "Steam_engine" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning sideways so that light strikes them edge-on. This reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage. This ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones. Chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus-response systems that can be found in plants. Mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move.
If chloroplasts are flat, what are the light levels?
[ "low-light conditions" ]
[ 101 ]
[ "30d8128e5d5eb214fc9a96068aa5724245040e32" ]
[ "Chloroplast" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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The UMC supports federal funding for research on embryos created for IVF that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased, if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent for the research purposes. The UMC stands in "opposition to the creation of embryos for the sake of research" as "a human embryo, even at its earliest stages, commands our reverence." It supports research on stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells, stating that there are "few moral questions" raised by this issue.
Where does the money for embryo research come from?
[ "federal funding" ]
[ 17 ]
[ "040234d067b56ded1d27d891782f856f184410c6" ]
[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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It is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production; see link at bottom of article for more details. The major problem is the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient. Lack of expansive working, or any means of control of the cutoff is also a serious problem with many such designs.[citation needed]
What is the difference between a Wankel engine and a conventional reciprocating steam engine?
[ "a pistonless rotary engine" ]
[ 43 ]
[ "4b01eb570fc46fc5208a87617ed3806af132ecef" ]
[ "Steam_engine" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few.
Other than prokaryotes, what else have immune systems?
[ "unicellular eukaryotes" ]
[ 846 ]
[ "deb46958eeca004cc01b10d4236ac5df17d723ab" ]
[ "Immune_system" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was "still subject to final review". Webb held firm, and issued a request for proposal to candidate Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) contractors. Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's office, because of the President's involvement with the October Cuban missile crisis, and fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of Grumman as the LEM contractor in November 1962.
His concession rested on Kennedy's support for Webb and Kennedy's involvement in the Cuban Missile crisis?
[ "Wiesner" ]
[ 490 ]
[ "8db179f8b7ef137715143f2943dd195b35692120" ]
[ "Apollo_program" ]
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North American Aviation won the contract to build the CSM, and also the second stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA. Because the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the CSM off of the Moon, and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight. Also, there was no provision for docking with the Lunar Module. A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as Block I which would be used for early testing, while Block II, the actual lunar spacecraft, would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in Block I development.
Who was tasked with putting forth a design that included the ability to dock with the Lunar Module?
[ "North American Aviation" ]
[ 0 ]
[ "d3cf6e2e0ac8467c353196bf621043ac9553bef7" ]
[ "Apollo_program" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall, which is thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria, and which is located between their two cell membranes. Like chloroplasts, they have thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments, usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes (phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though).
what does cyanobacteria hold
[ "peptidoglycan cell wall" ]
[ 310 ]
[ "17cce27b2aa29312124d00b6773fd43d9d9a724b" ]
[ "Chloroplast" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education. It estimated that if the average United States worker had completed just one more year of school, it would add an additional $105 billion in growth to the country's economy over five years.
What was the downside to the slow recovery of the recession?
[ "more prone to boom-and-bust cycles" ]
[ 230 ]
[ "748d48211893efa6d95cdb6a4c32ef16dc9aeed1" ]
[ "Economic_inequality" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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To accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions, the classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest is crucial. In 2006 Tatiana Kuplich organized the trees of the Amazon into four categories: (1) mature forest, (2) regenerating forest [less than three years], (3) regenerating forest [between three and five years of regrowth], and (4) regenerating forest [eleven to eighteen years of continued development]. The researcher used a combination of Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Thematic Mapper (TM) to accurately place the different portions of the Amazon into one of the four classifications.
Which category contains a tree that has been growing for 15 years?
[ "4" ]
[ 391 ]
[ "325cd2a4b60803bd4c8b2e9144fe715781c77b01" ]
[ "Amazon_rainforest" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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Genghis Khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him. He also realised that such administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities. For this purpose Genghis Khan invited a Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by the Mongol army after the Jin dynasty was defeated. Jin had captured power by displacing Khitan. Genghis told Chu'Tsai, who was a lineal descendant of Khitan rulers, that he had avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers. Chu'Tsai responded that his father served the Jin dynasty honestly and so did he; also he did not consider his own father his enemy, so the question of revenge did not apply. This reply impressed Genghis Khan. Chu'Tsai administered parts of the Mongol Empire and became a confidant of the successive Mongol Khans.
who avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers?
[ "Genghis Khan" ]
[ 0 ]
[ "f098b05fd3a1d81f36db205de06c68990be86cac" ]
[ "Genghis_Khan" ]
[ "validation" ]
[ "Combined" ]
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