autoevaluate/autoeval-eval-project-adversarial_qa-7ab9b963-1305349896

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On 8 February 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels. It was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the BSkyB portfolio including sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news. The announcement came a day after Setanta Sports confirmed that it would launch in March as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform, and on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media. However, industry sources believe BSkyB will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from Freeview and replace them with subscription channels, due to possible lost advertising revenue.	When did Setanta decide to start charging for content?	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Martin Luther (/ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.	Living to an age of 62, Martin Luther lived an acomplished life where he challenged the thoughts and policies of the Roman Catholic Church, in what year did he pass away?	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On June 4, 2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals, a practice established at Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named using Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L. The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI. Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative, explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter "L" using the standardized logo template introduced at Super Bowl XLV. The logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals, colored in gold, behind the Vince Lombardi Trophy, instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo.	What numeral standard was used in the Super Bowl 2 logo?	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Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.	Where is Warsaw?	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A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide margin. Among other things, the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights. It was promulgated on 27 August 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was attended by various African leaders and praised by the international community. As of that day, the new constitution heralding the Second Republic came into force.	Who was affected by this constitution?	[ "Kenyans" ]	[ 366 ]	[ "fe010a7fbae45c2546eb7ce1b9e9cbc65e1d6418" ]	[ "Kenya" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -4.48046875, -4.24609375, -9.0078125, -7.03515625, -8.6796875, -6.96875, -6.234375, -4.80078125, -7.38671875, -1.4765625, -3.72265625, -4.0625, -5.1015625, -4.08203125, -3.744140625, -1.4345703125, 0.06048583984375, -2.8671875, -2.802734375, -4.04296875, -0.00347137451171875, -5.12109375, -6.09765625, -1.876953125, 0.60498046875, -3.021484375, -1.11328125, -4.7421875, 1.2890625, 0.361083984375, -5.16796875, 0.595703125, -0.77587890625, -4.421875, -3.294921875, -5.66796875, -2.896484375, -3.419921875, -4.55078125, -5.33984375, -4.4453125, -4.96875, -3.09765625, -4.984375, -3.88671875, -6.140625, -3.548828125, -0.1494140625, -1.7421875, -3.525390625, -2.55078125, -4.48828125, -2.994140625, -2.783203125, -5.42578125, -4.71484375, 0.315673828125, -3.462890625, -3.630859375, -2.453125, 3.296875, 1.70703125, 0.82275390625, 4.42578125, 1.765625, 0.367919921875, -0.86181640625, 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Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.	How often does Newcastle Mela happen?	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In July 2013, the English High Court of Justice found that Microsoft’s use of the term "SkyDrive" infringed on Sky’s right to the "Sky" trademark. On 31 July 2013, BSkyB and Microsoft announced their settlement, in which Microsoft will not appeal the ruling, and will rename its SkyDrive cloud storage service after an unspecified "reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand," plus "financial and other terms, the details of which are confidential". On 27 January 2014, Microsoft announced "that SkyDrive will soon become OneDrive" and "SkyDrive Pro" becomes "OneDrive for Business".	What company infringed?	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Luther's disappearance during his return trip back to Wittenberg was planned. Frederick III had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach. During his stay at Wartburg, which he referred to as "my Patmos", Luther translated the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings. These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz, whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates, and a "Refutation of the Argument of Latomus," in which he expounded the principle of justification to Jacobus Latomus, an orthodox theologian from Louvain.	what is the first location mentioned?	[ "Wittenberg" ]	[ 54 ]	[ "d81559f99ff4db2a7f16aa6a1ce471b51a5f7ac0" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -4.94921875, -5.63671875, -7.48046875, -6.5625, -6.3125, -4.44140625, -7.34375, -4.55078125, -5.796875, 0.1640625, -3.90234375, -5.80078125, -2.6328125, -1.962890625, -0.70654296875, -0.86669921875, -1.48828125, -1.34765625, -1.1533203125, 5.80078125, -0.296875, -2.138671875, -5.921875, -4.1484375, -4.51953125, 0.04022216796875, -4.87109375, -4.34375, -3.205078125, -1.7861328125, 0.06878662109375, -0.36279296875, -1.177734375, -0.2127685546875, 1.041015625, 3.08984375, 2.736328125, 1.08203125, 4.38671875, -1.544921875, -3.033203125, -6.06640625, -3.822265625, -4.4375, -7.015625, -6.88671875, -6.18359375, -5.94921875, -6.6484375, -5.875, -6.4765625, -5.33203125, -4.58984375, -6.93359375, -6.2421875, -2.396484375, -3.767578125, -2.796875, -3.158203125, -1.7529296875, -2.138671875, -4.86328125, 0.7109375, 2.494140625, -4.88671875, -5.1328125, -2.544921875, 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The Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism, are a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life. Luther's teaching of the Ten Commandments, therefore, has clear eschatological overtones, which, characteristically for Luther, do not encourage world-flight but direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common, daily vocations of this perishing world.	Where do Christians believe they will go after death?	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Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing, this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next.[citation needed]	Why are the reports sometimes inaccurate?	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It was not until January 1518 that friends of Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin into German and printed and widely copied them, making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press. Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months, they had spread throughout Europe.	How many spread into Europe?	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Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands, one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. Livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east. Coconuts, pineapples, cashew nuts, cotton, sugarcane, sisal, and corn are grown in the lower-lying areas. Unfortunately, the country has not attained the level of investment and efficiency in agriculture that can guarantee food security and coupled with resulting poverty (53% of the population lives below the poverty line), a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid. Poor roads, an inadequate railway network, under-used water transport and expensive air transport have isolated mostly arid and semi-arid areas and farmers in other regions often leave food to rot in the fields because they cannot access markets. This was last seen in August and September 2011 prompting the Kenyans for Kenya initiative by the Red Cross.	Where can you find cattle besides east?	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The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park. Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place every June, in Leazes Park. The Northern Rock Cyclone, a cycling festival, takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June. The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.	What special era did the Hoppings come into being?	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A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide margin. Among other things, the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights. It was promulgated on 27 August 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was attended by various African leaders and praised by the international community. As of that day, the new constitution heralding the Second Republic came into force.	What was the main focus, in relation to the head of cabinet of Kenya of a radical divergence from the previous set of guidelines for a country that was bounced off the legislators in Kenya?	[ "eliminate the position of Prime Minister" ]	[ 50 ]	[ "fe537804f9b277e98606b0203d0c0f9ddf3e984a" ]	[ "Kenya" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -2.869140625, -5.16015625, -7.0625, -4.9921875, -3.708984375, -4.12109375, -7.8671875, -4.31640625, -4.61328125, -6.47265625, -4.8828125, -4.58203125, -6.95703125, -5.4296875, -8.15625, -5.7734375, -6.67578125, -1.763671875, -2.078125, -4.125, -6.79296875, -6.078125, -5.1328125, -6.1171875, -7.31640625, -5.9140625, -6.8046875, -5.24609375, -6.36328125, -7.5, -5.75, -3.5703125, -7.3046875, -6.109375, -5.1015625, -7.23828125, -5.09765625, -4.33203125, -5.30859375, 2.2421875, 0.9580078125, -1.0302734375, -3.248046875, -0.94189453125, -1.0224609375, 1.1494140625, 2.34765625, -1.5673828125, -0.57421875, -3.2421875, 0.50439453125, -3.4765625, -2.302734375, 2.490234375, 3.40234375, -1.30078125, 1.4482421875, -4.6875, -1.134765625, 0.03948974609375, -3.8828125, 1.0498046875, -0.798828125, -4.03125, -2.646484375, -5.43359375, -0.8681640625, 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As indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide, such as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories. Meanwhile, the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples has gained increased attention, as have ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts.	What did ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts do?	[ "gained increased attention" ]	[ 448 ]	[ "1022c2b4aade26cde89f5d0914304c0300bc86dc" ]	[ "Amazon_rainforest" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 1.88671875, -5.578125, -7.4765625, -6.5546875, -8.0546875, -8.4453125, -8.25, -8.28125, -7.72265625, -8.28125, -8.6328125, -8.1328125, -8.0234375, -4.83984375, -6.26953125, -7.3515625, -1.748046875, 0.53271484375, -3.68359375, -3.474609375, -4.5234375, -2.837890625, -0.5146484375, -6.44140625, -1.7080078125, -7.0546875, -3.576171875, -6.94140625, -7.4140625, -4.45703125, -5.3515625, -3.146484375, -2.953125, -1.6787109375, -5.6640625, -4.65234375, 0.1875, -2.37890625, -4.78515625, -0.2255859375, -5.875, -2.529296875, -1.8056640625, -3.1875, -0.375244140625, -6.53515625, -5.10546875, -2.748046875, -5.765625, -3, -1.7626953125, -1.2802734375, -5.859375, -6.3671875, -2.046875, -4.79296875, -0.07891845703125, -6.015625, -1.8359375, -5.578125, -4.09375, -2.6796875, -4.03125, -6.453125, -3.8359375, -3.2265625, -5.98046875, -3.99609375, -2.03125, 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Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style, St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower (after 1379) and the Royal Castle Curia Maior (1407–1410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of Baryczko merchant family (1562), building called "The Negro" (early 17th century) and Salwator tenement (1632). The most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626) at Old Town. Among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are St. Hyacinth's Church (1603–1639) and Sigismund's Column (1644).	what type of buildings are mentioned first?	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30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it. Corporal punishment in American schools is administered to the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle. This often used to take place in the classroom or hallway, but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office.	Where is Mississippi?	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Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use. Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine.	How much influence did compound engines have in the 19th century?	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Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like life aimed toward love. Wesley never claimed this state of perfection for himself but instead insisted the attainment of perfection was possible for all Christians. Here the English Reformer parted company with both Luther and Calvin, who denied that a man would ever reach a state in this life in which he could not fall into sin. Such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life.	Who was considered to be an English Reformer that thought perfection was possible?	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Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia, and Southwest Asia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories.	How does history view Genghis Khan?	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A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring (plasma cells) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly, by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells.	What activates the B cell?	[ "lymphokines" ]	[ 372 ]	[ "143e0a161f2fa0271b72ad13367d4b7e6d0aed01" ]	[ "Immune_system" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 1.8525390625, -5.66015625, -6.99609375, -7.2890625, -6.546875, -8.859375, -6.57421875, -8.109375, -1.5634765625, -3.02734375, -5.265625, -0.693359375, -1.1953125, -3.029296875, 1.1015625, -4.93359375, -3.18359375, -3.15625, -2.7734375, -5.66796875, -1.3642578125, -1.8037109375, -2.07421875, -3.009765625, -6.73828125, 0.02825927734375, 0.2509765625, -5.4765625, -1.203125, -5.34375, -6.02734375, -4.890625, -6.60546875, -3.671875, -7.01953125, -7.04296875, -4.765625, -4.5859375, -6.7265625, -6.90234375, -2.0703125, -5.234375, -0.46923828125, -7.5859375, -6.74609375, -4.73046875, -0.78271484375, -6.24609375, -6.22265625, 1.0576171875, -1.529296875, -5.5, -4.8515625, 0.414306640625, -1.1025390625, 1.4130859375, -4.90625, -0.336181640625, -4.98828125, -3.15625, 0.12347412109375, 0.218994140625, 1.546875, -4.89453125, -2.94921875, -4.015625, -3.48828125, -3.78125, 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The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service Module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed. This was followed on April 4, 1968, by Apollo 6 (AS-502) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast. The intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection, followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort, using the Service Module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry. The Saturn V experienced pogo oscillation, a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion, which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages. Two S-II engines shut down prematurely, but the remaining engines were able to compensate. 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[ "damage to the third stage engine" ]	[ 974 ]	[ "21ccf5953070c92cde4ada3abf907b0f0fdb3889" ]	[ "Apollo_program" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -4.28125, -7.03125, -8.4765625, -7.15234375, -5.0703125, -5.890625, -7.625, -6.55078125, -5.09765625, -7.00390625, -7.26953125, -5.72265625, -6.703125, 1.1630859375, 1.515625, -5.09765625, -2.607421875, -2.1171875, -6.109375, -4.3984375, -4.80078125, -0.654296875, -0.0906982421875, -5.35546875, -3.486328125, -5.61328125, -4.33984375, -6.18359375, -6.203125, -3.23828125, -7.53125, -6.01171875, -5.23046875, -4.7109375, -7.1796875, -4.546875, -7.328125, -8.3828125, -2.638671875, -6.05078125, -6.87109375, -4.8515625, -7.23828125, -6.54296875, -8.4609375, -6.9296875, -5.06640625, -5.48828125, -5.23828125, -7.21484375, -7.30078125, -4.52734375, -3.96484375, -8.5859375, -8.3046875, -4.23046875, -3.76953125, -2.533203125, -6.7265625, -5.30859375, -8.375, -8, -6.06640625, -6.640625, -7.8671875, -5.98046875, -7.3046875, -0.53173828125, 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Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of Swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less, but no correlation after ten years. Studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time, and a negative impact on the duration of growth.	What did Barro find in his research on inequality?	[ "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment" ]	[ 65 ]	[ "d4b4a633ce75fb8d5f23213d77acfd6e3a53a549" ]	[ "Economic_inequality" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 1.9267578125, -4.2890625, -6.18359375, -6.765625, -8.5390625, -5.68359375, -5.87109375, -5.0078125, -5.70703125, -6.6171875, -5.17578125, -5.9375, -6.23046875, -0.82373046875, -4.3828125, -1.84375, -2.892578125, -1.7001953125, -1.5771484375, -5.30078125, -5.015625, 1.2275390625, 2.11328125, 4.46875, 0.8359375, 4.06640625, 5.21875, 0.482666015625, 0.13134765625, -2.267578125, 0.625, -1.4716796875, -3.162109375, 0.365234375, -3.9140625, -0.95361328125, -4.60546875, -1.046875, -3.20703125, -0.197509765625, -3.986328125, -1.9208984375, -4.734375, -1.4775390625, -4.73046875, -2.2265625, -1.4501953125, -4.56640625, -4.53125, -2.998046875, 3.111328125, -1.7509765625, -4.33984375, -0.74609375, 2.46484375, -1.9013671875, -3.74609375, -0.5810546875, -1.8583984375, -4.34765625, -3.8203125, 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A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline.[verification needed]	what group is mentioned first?	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Plastoglobuli were once thought to be free-floating in the stroma, but it is now thought that they are permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid, a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network. In normal green chloroplasts, the vast majority of plastoglobuli occur singularly, attached directly to their parent thylakoid. In old or stressed chloroplasts, plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains, still always anchored to a thylakoid.	How can you tell if a chloroplast is not young?	[ "plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains" ]	[ 459 ]	[ "ede17c88d860cd18af850ae424ca581c2c9f3719" ]	[ "Chloroplast" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 1.2080078125, -5.41796875, -6.5234375, -6.6171875, -6.47265625, -6.59765625, -4.9921875, -5.4921875, -8.8359375, -9.140625, -7.15625, -6.74609375, -4.140625, -6.2578125, -6.84375, -0.6689453125, -7.43359375, -6.671875, -7.01171875, -6.73046875, -4.9375, -4.5546875, -4.17578125, -5.51953125, -5.1875, -1.5263671875, -7.82421875, -4.84765625, -6.5546875, -3.888671875, -3.60546875, -2.357421875, -7.30859375, -8.3671875, -5.56640625, -2.453125, -5.7265625, -3.48828125, -3.814453125, -5.5625, -1.1572265625, -4.78125, -1.4970703125, -3.1328125, -4.75, -3.7890625, -4.02734375, -2.859375, -6.80078125, -7.1484375, -7.16796875, -6.94921875, -4.25, -3.4609375, -2.87890625, -7.12109375, -6.109375, -6.6640625, -6.91796875, -2.638671875, -6.48046875, -4.73046875, -3.197265625, -6.9609375, -7.484375, -6.859375, -7.8046875, -3.484375, 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The mayor of Warsaw is called President. Generally, in Poland, the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e. such cities, which have over 100,000 people or these, where already was president before 1990. The first Warsaw President was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696). Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw Presidents was simultaneously the Warsaw Voivode. Since 1990 the President of Warsaw had been elected by the City council. In the years of 1994–1999 the mayor of the district Centrum automatically was designated as the President of Warsaw: the mayor of Centrum was elected by the district council of Centrum and the council was elected only by the Centrum residents. Since 2002 the President of Warsaw is elected by all of the citizens of Warsaw.	Where are mayors also called president?	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A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from "We are beggars," which was in German.	What language did Luther speak?	[ "German" ]	[ 151 ]	[ "1d212e838e3a2ca6c0930836c5ae1a039d2ff975" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 1.7060546875, -7.6640625, -8.21875, -9.203125, -7.609375, -8.984375, -8.046875, -9.140625, -5.98828125, -6.5625, -7.47265625, -5.90625, -8.1796875, -6.81640625, -7.58984375, -7.5390625, -8.09375, -3.296875, -7.26171875, -4.14453125, -4.80859375, -5.734375, -5.57421875, -7.15234375, -1.2958984375, -2.953125, -5.0703125, -1.3603515625, 4.171875, -6.4609375, -5.3515625, -7.73828125, -3.623046875, -4.703125, -7.21875, -4.9765625, -7.51953125, -7.12109375, -5.75390625, -5.85546875, -2.3671875, 2.72265625, -6.6640625, -7.55078125, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, 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This combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen's double bond character and reactivity, and a triplet electronic ground state. An electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen (see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram), orbitals that are of equal energy—i.e., degenerate—is a configuration termed a spin triplet state. Hence, the ground state of the O2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two. Because of its unpaired electrons, triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules, which have paired electron spins; this prevents spontaneous combustion.	What prevents spontaneous combustion?	[ "triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules" ]	[ 614 ]	[ "94353b6e3850329a1fe12e6e320ceed487c7da62" ]	[ "Oxygen" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 2.455078125, -5.8359375, -7.58203125, -8.875, -9.078125, -6.8984375, -8.2578125, -3.27734375, -2.04296875, -7.41015625, -2.35546875, -7.91796875, -8.6171875, -5.578125, -6.89453125, -8.0625, -6.8125, -7.9765625, -6.94140625, -8.4453125, -7.375, -6.734375, -1.7509765625, -6.1875, -6.48828125, -7.21484375, -8.765625, -4, -7.26953125, -7.41796875, -8.40625, -5.02734375, -8.2421875, -8.8828125, -7.7421875, -3.07421875, -2.1875, -9.1328125, -5.83984375, -6.28515625, -7.81640625, -8.234375, -0.8466796875, -2.169921875, -5.7421875, -5.390625, -1.56640625, -1.4482421875, -7.5546875, -5.4140625, -8.171875, -6.89453125, -6.58203125, -2.568359375, -6.79296875, -7.6796875, -7.75390625, -7.94921875, -6.69140625, -5.546875, -4.76171875, -4.953125, -6.3671875, -7.5703125, -5.22265625, -8.5625, -8.0546875, -6.85546875, -7.34765625, 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In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.	Hall of Fame guitarist was raised by?	[ "Lupe Mayorga" ]	[ 274 ]	[ "b3117351d7b1ba0efd1a682985c188f647d83c9a" ]	[ "Fresno,_California" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -0.84033203125, -6.06640625, -9.0703125, -9.046875, -9.203125, -9.515625, -8.71875, -9.4375, -7.44921875, -9.84375, -4.2265625, -4.7109375, -4.3828125, -8.6171875, -7.78515625, -3.189453125, -4.07421875, -8.046875, -6.64453125, -6.53515625, -7.7734375, -5.53125, -6.0078125, -8.140625, -4.47265625, -3.94921875, -5.9765625, -3.767578125, 1.236328125, -7.42578125, -5.1875, -5.94140625, -1.5263671875, -5.30078125, -3.40234375, -3.96875, 0.446533203125, -3.90625, -6.21875, -6.93359375, -2.583984375, -4.62890625, 2.5078125, -3.517578125, -6.5703125, -5.4765625, -1.4931640625, -1.4345703125, -6.96484375, -5.24609375, -1.361328125, -0.02178955078125, -6.16796875, -4.03515625, -6.8125, -7.0703125, -7.1953125, -6.98828125, -2.884765625, -7.6328125, -4.2890625, -5.50390625, -3.380859375, 0.2724609375, -6.671875, -6.1015625, -2.125, -3.650390625, -5.015625, 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NASA immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both houses of Congress. While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that "deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control." At the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) Manager Joseph Francis Shea, replacing him with George Low.	Who fired Harrison Storms?	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North American Aviation won the contract to build the CSM, and also the second stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA. Because the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the CSM off of the Moon, and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight. Also, there was no provision for docking with the Lunar Module. A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as Block I which would be used for early testing, while Block II, the actual lunar spacecraft, would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in Block I development.	What version of the Saturn launch vehicle did the North American Aviation win the contract to build for NASA?	[ "second stage of the Saturn V" ]	[ 72 ]	[ "0a57dfb8b30df7c5f1fb7590a56cee7d8a9d26d7" ]	[ "Apollo_program" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 2.294921875, -4.03125, -5.375, -7.55078125, -5, -2.794921875, -8.203125, -8.421875, -7.33984375, -6.859375, -4.63671875, -7.3515625, -7.2265625, -6.66015625, -6.58203125, -6.5078125, -6.57421875, -6.03515625, -6.69140625, -5.23046875, -3.53125, -5.81640625, -0.73388671875, -4.6640625, -4.69921875, -3.388671875, -1.8974609375, -3.15625, -2.78515625, -1.521484375, 3.134765625, 4.125, -2.755859375, -4.015625, -2.828125, -0.430908203125, 5.09765625, 5.515625, 0.05975341796875, -3.04296875, 1.7919921875, 4.32421875, 2.787109375, -3.771484375, -3.75390625, -4.34765625, -3.357421875, -4.47265625, -4.08203125, -0.95654296875, 0.2105712890625, -6.37109375, -6.54296875, -7.7890625, -6.77734375, -6.734375, -6.9609375, -6.8359375, -6.5859375, -7.50390625, -5.0625, -7.68359375, -7.48828125, -8.3046875, -8.34375, -3.47265625, -3.376953125, -6.86328125, 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The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km²). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%) White, 40,960 (8.3%) African American, 8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528 (12.6%) Asian (3.6% Hmong, 1.7% Indian, 1.2% Filipino, 1.2% Laotian, 1.0% Thai, 0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean), 849 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 111,984 (22.6%) from other races, and 24,513 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 232,055 persons (46.9%). Among the Hispanic population, 42.7% of the total population are Mexican, 0.4% Salvadoran, and 0.4% Puerto Rican. Non-Hispanic Whites were 30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970.	What percent was from an unspecified race?	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In 1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk". Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice: "Let the Turk believe and live as he will, just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live." He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.	what group was mentioned last?	[ "Christians" ]	[ 344 ]	[ "4a900975a7a71ab9f6ba53ee79c05caaa0983d27" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -5.59375, -4.0703125, -7.9375, -8.375, -8.0625, -6.546875, -6.828125, -8.640625, -6.265625, -5.35546875, -7.05078125, -7.0078125, -0.841796875, -7.0234375, -6.9375, -4.2734375, -7.38671875, -6.953125, -4.609375, -3.7109375, -7.17578125, -6.50390625, -8.09375, -5.07421875, -6.515625, -6.984375, -6.4453125, -5.8125, -6.0390625, -5.20703125, -4.8671875, -7.19140625, -5.85546875, -0.57373046875, -8.5234375, -6.8671875, -6.0078125, -6.65625, -3.681640625, -1.4169921875, -5.82421875, -5.984375, -8.15625, -7, -3.865234375, -0.80126953125, -1.09375, -7.76953125, -3.97265625, -0.8857421875, -5.1640625, -1.3798828125, -0.00481414794921875, -4.8828125, -6.19140625, -4.328125, -3.79296875, -5.41015625, 0.337158203125, -0.13623046875, -7.53125, -3.73828125, -5.8203125, -3.86328125, -6.77734375, -3.005859375, -4.7109375, -5.69140625, -2.078125, -0.771484375, 2.765625, 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The country's literacy level stands at 85% of the whole population. Preschool, which targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At the end of primary education, pupils sit the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE), which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school. Primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years. For those who proceed to secondary level, there is a national examination at the end of Form Four – the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE), which determines those proceeding to the universities, other professional training or employment. Students sit examinations in eight subjects of their choosing. However, English, Kiswahili (languages) and mathematics are compulsory subjects.	What does the KSCE determine students will proceed to along with university?	[ "other professional training or employment" ]	[ 742 ]	[ "6cc80b20f14840c4a24ea1bf4079fd0e01b7324c" ]	[ "Kenya" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 2.8046875, -7.62890625, -9.171875, -8.625, -6.67578125, -10, -9.28125, -6.828125, -9.2421875, -8.9296875, -9.65625, -8.4609375, -9.6640625, -8.90625, -9.140625, -9.859375, -7.32421875, -8.8046875, -9.9296875, -7.2734375, -9.84375, -9.328125, -8.953125, -8.1171875, -8.78125, -8.609375, -8.4609375, -8.453125, -9.1953125, -9.2265625, -4.54296875, -9.6796875, -9.9375, -8.796875, -8.1875, -7.91015625, -8.328125, -7.9140625, -8.0546875, -8.6171875, -9.0078125, -9.65625, -8.9296875, -8.53125, -8.109375, -8.3984375, -8.3046875, -7.28125, -7.86328125, -9.4375, -9.578125, -8.65625, -8.296875, -7.83984375, -8.1015625, -7.75, -6.47265625, -8.3359375, -5.05859375, -8.0703125, -8.265625, -5.97265625, -8.1640625, -9.765625, -5.6953125, -6.80859375, -6.6171875, -8.6875, -4.953125, -9.21875, -9.609375, -6.03515625, -8.2421875, -5.8046875, -3.39453125, 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In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960 and 1961, Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option. Bypassing the NASA hierarchy, he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans; while acknowledging that he spoke "somewhat as a voice in the wilderness," Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question.	Why mission mode did Houbolt recommend?	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Martin Luther (/ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.	What time period did Luther live?	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Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was "still subject to final review". Webb held firm, and issued a request for proposal to candidate Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) contractors. Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's office, because of the President's involvement with the October Cuban missile crisis, and fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of Grumman as the LEM contractor in November 1962.	Who was Grumman contracted by?	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At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Temüjin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia, which included tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption, and continual acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south. Temüjin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances.	What did Hoelun instill in her son	[ "the need for alliances" ]	[ 566 ]	[ "06eaf1a26de4f914e530cfd49606319a2a7cff6e" ]	[ "Genghis_Khan" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -2.58203125, -5.703125, -7.63671875, -5.36328125, -8.109375, -8.046875, -4.25, -6.28125, -6.73828125, -5.5, -7.125, -6.984375, -4.28515625, -6.921875, -7.6640625, -8.265625, -2.48828125, -7.78125, -6.16796875, -4.35546875, -5.71484375, -7.53125, -7.53515625, -7.29296875, -3.001953125, -7.7578125, -5.6484375, -4.82421875, -8.5703125, -7.31640625, -2.07421875, -4.703125, -7.8046875, -4.859375, -5.48828125, -4.26171875, -2.6484375, -6.01953125, -2.0546875, -2.193359375, -6.7890625, 0.310791015625, -6.43359375, -5.87890625, -2.955078125, -4.78515625, -0.76806640625, -0.162109375, 0.51123046875, -1.681640625, -4.12890625, -6.8046875, -3.205078125, -7.2265625, -6.00390625, -5.10546875, -0.86376953125, -3.5234375, -7.24609375, -2.078125, -6.98828125, -6.5859375, -7.59765625, -3.126953125, -7.78515625, -2.919921875, -7.75, 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The United Methodist Church maintains that war is incompatible with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy, to be employed only as a last resort in the prevention of such evils as genocide, brutal suppression of human rights, and unprovoked international aggression. It insists that the first moral duty of all nations is to resolve by peaceful means every dispute that arises between or among them; that human values must outweigh military claims as governments determine their priorities; that the militarization of society must be challenged and stopped; that the manufacture, sale, and deployment of armaments must be reduced and controlled; and that the production, possession, or use of nuclear weapons be condemned. Consequently, the United Methodist Church endorses general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.	Foreign policy aught not to include what military function?	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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.	Who was the highest life expectancy?	[ "Japan" ]	[ 645 ]	[ "f7c77d2f9a679fe700a8e46c2b3c07f48c098393" ]	[ "Economic_inequality" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 1.23828125, -7.46484375, -10.2265625, -9.109375, -8.2890625, -9.0234375, -9.40625, -8.015625, -9.2421875, -6.08203125, -5.78515625, -7.65234375, -5.265625, -8.3359375, -6.171875, -6.94921875, -7.7109375, -8.15625, -8.4921875, -4.91796875, -7.17578125, -8.484375, -8.6328125, -6.125, -8.296875, -6.546875, -7.8203125, -8.8671875, -6.78125, -8.4921875, -7.65625, -9.046875, -7.0625, -7.72265625, -5.71875, -7.0546875, -8.9375, -5.12109375, -7.87890625, -8.015625, -5.3125, -6.40625, -7.48046875, -4.33203125, -6.09375, -8.3125, -5.32421875, -7.65625, -8.2578125, -5.31640625, -5.11328125, -1.8203125, 0.64208984375, -4.41015625, -7.16015625, -5.2265625, -3.720703125, -6.84765625, -4.56640625, -4.31640625, -5.35546875, -3.720703125, -6.390625, -6.140625, -6.875, -7.2265625, -6.37890625, -4.8515625, -5.19921875, -7.31640625, -5.5234375, -7.30859375, -4.33203125, 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The shortcomings of Aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. Galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century. He showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force, for example friction.	What did Galileo do to the work of Aristotle?	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It is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vitamin D levels in the elderly. As people age, two things happen that negatively affect their vitamin D levels. First, they stay indoors more due to decreased activity levels. This means that they get less sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via UVB radiation. Second, as a person ages the skin becomes less adept at producing vitamin D.	What happens to skin as people age?	[ "becomes less adept at producing vitamin D" ]	[ 625 ]	[ "c121d5c04f7bc27c7e22dbf8b3b29a5a21e94db8" ]	[ "Immune_system" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 1.5078125, -3.9453125, -5.765625, -6.78125, -5.83203125, -7.05859375, -6.73828125, -8.109375, -5.7734375, -6.70703125, -4.2421875, -7.8046875, -4.21484375, -7.5625, -6.79296875, -1.5419921875, -0.73583984375, -0.6591796875, -7.0625, -3.595703125, -6.25390625, -6.96484375, -6.3671875, -7.4765625, -4.45703125, -5.20703125, -5.5546875, 0.6806640625, -5.0625, -6.3203125, -7.4453125, -5.9375, -6.44140625, -7.921875, -5.58984375, -8.078125, -4.38671875, -5.08984375, -8.0234375, -5.41015625, -7.625, -5.65234375, -5.09765625, -8.2890625, -8.53125, -6.625, -3.794921875, -6.26171875, -6.46875, -7.4375, -1.6552734375, -1.2216796875, -7.3984375, -5.93359375, -0.62109375, -7.30078125, -4.796875, -6.61328125, -7.1796875, -6.23828125, -3.763671875, -5.88671875, 0.38330078125, -4.625, -7.15625, -6.64453125, -7.90625, -6.63671875, -6.6953125, 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In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years. Public school teachers are required to have a bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by No Child Left Behind. Additionally, the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers, 674,000 middle school teachers, and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the U.S.	Are there estimated to be more elementary school or middle school teachers?	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Genghis Khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him. He also realised that such administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities. For this purpose Genghis Khan invited a Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by the Mongol army after the Jin dynasty was defeated. Jin had captured power by displacing Khitan. Genghis told Chu'Tsai, who was a lineal descendant of Khitan rulers, that he had avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers. Chu'Tsai responded that his father served the Jin dynasty honestly and so did he; also he did not consider his own father his enemy, so the question of revenge did not apply. This reply impressed Genghis Khan. Chu'Tsai administered parts of the Mongol Empire and became a confidant of the successive Mongol Khans.	Who, between Genghis and Chu'Tsai, did NOT avenge Chu'Tsai's forefathers?	[ "Chu'Tsai" ]	[ 475 ]	[ "7a4d4ffcb3bc62c0e615f80f7e9d4e745af12e78" ]	[ "Genghis_Khan" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 0.87158203125, -4.4375, -8.90625, -6.65234375, 1.23046875, -6.61328125, -6.76953125, -7.29296875, 0.01654052734375, -6.5390625, -7.0390625, -7.49609375, -9.109375, -5.91015625, -7.296875, -7.2890625, -8.484375, -3.08984375, -6.6953125, -7.3671875, -8.96875, -9.328125, -7.87890625, -8.7265625, -8.6953125, -3.947265625, -5.7265625, 3.796875, -3.478515625, -2.65234375, -2.41796875, -7.4375, -7.6953125, -7.4453125, -7.1171875, -6.8046875, -8.0703125, -7.2890625, -6.46484375, -7.54296875, -8.0625, -7.84765625, -8.0390625, -7.9453125, -8.390625, -8.59375, -6.34765625, -8.125, -7.06640625, -7.89453125, -6.28515625, -6.34375, -6.55859375, -6.0078125, -7.55078125, -7.49609375, -6.91015625, -5.7578125, -3.353515625, -7.8828125, -7.59765625, -6.1640625, -7.45703125, -5.5, -8.4921875, -8.4765625, -7.24609375, -6.52734375, -5.77734375, -6.9765625, -6.5859375, -7.96484375, 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A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring (plasma cells) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly, by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells.	What happens to all of the copies of the antibody that are produced by a B cell?	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Many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught.[citation needed]	What program is being offered?	[ "licensing" ]	[ 32 ]	[ "41420b31236877bd50e464a7cfaaa6ad60ff4430" ]	[ "Teacher" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -5.03125, -6.890625, -7.109375, -8.453125, -7.62890625, -7.59765625, -6.24609375, -7.11328125, 0.139404296875, -1.4970703125, -2.91796875, 2.8671875, 2.158203125, -2.689453125, -1.1318359375, -1.4248046875, -2.5, -3.666015625, 0.01215362548828125, -5.5859375, -2.49609375, -3.224609375, -1.1533203125, -6.1484375, -5.375, -5.51953125, -4.76171875, -4.640625, -6.17578125, -1.662109375, -2.9375, -4.56640625, -6.62890625, -4.28515625, -5.9375, -2.974609375, -7.375, -7.61328125, -4.24609375, -5.03125, -1.5556640625, -2.140625, -2.63671875, -8.3046875, -5.6171875, -4.046875, -3.80859375, -6.62890625, -7.3046875, -2.73046875, -6.13671875, -5.23828125, -6.3203125, -4.5078125, -6.4140625, -7.79296875, -3.50390625, -5.08984375, -6.4609375, -4.6875, -6.6015625, -6.234375, -6.921875, -7.65625, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, 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The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path, remains unparalleled to this day, and word of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations, particularly Europe. These two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way. Later under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240.	the leader of the Mongols was who	[ "Genghis Khan" ]	[ 156 ]	[ "d2e8d128f279f2077c2c5858cb8db12272750817" ]	[ "Genghis_Khan" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -0.339599609375, -7.29296875, -7.11328125, -8.0234375, -4.85546875, -5.7109375, -9.0625, -8.6484375, -5.25390625, -7.796875, -0.47607421875, -1.8701171875, -5.90625, -3.546875, -4.58203125, -2.361328125, -6.453125, -4.640625, -4.50390625, -4.71484375, -6.125, -6.92578125, -4.98046875, -3.55859375, -1.228515625, -7.109375, -7.6953125, -3.841796875, -4.8046875, -3.796875, -4.0546875, -5.0625, -4.08984375, -6.4453125, -2.876953125, -6.84375, -4.58203125, -5.09765625, 7.234375, 1.171875, 0.08428955078125, 2.306640625, -4.22265625, 2.7890625, -4.45703125, -4.64453125, -7.05859375, -6.5234375, -1.7626953125, -5.9765625, -6.34375, -6.84765625, -5.328125, 0.66748046875, 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Following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66–34 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45°. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded again during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum. However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.	The rainforest is described as growing after the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, specifically during what time period?	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What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object. Today, this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass. Thus an object that has a mass of will experience a force:	9.81 meters per second squared refers to what constant?	[ "acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth" ]	[ 445 ]	[ "ff0e7e36281603aa7789c501b5da41bbb9b504fa" ]	[ "Force" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 2.490234375, -4.66015625, -7.71875, -8.265625, -7.7734375, -8.453125, -8.9296875, -7.98046875, -7.375, -8.0078125, -6.30859375, -5.890625, -5.7109375, -7.3984375, -3.16796875, -5.34765625, -6.95703125, -6.07421875, 0.26318359375, -8.3515625, -6.84375, -6.7734375, -7.41015625, -4.9609375, -4.24609375, -5.234375, -8.625, -7.453125, -7.578125, -8.046875, -6.21484375, -5.84765625, -8.859375, -5.5546875, -6.9375, -8.4765625, -3.216796875, -3.83984375, -7.1875, -4.046875, -6.4140625, -4.70703125, -6.23828125, -4.8515625, -3.572265625, -8.5390625, -7.19921875, -7.828125, -7.8515625, -7.71484375, -6.47265625, -7.140625, -5.7421875, -4.9140625, -7.75, -4.38671875, -7.60546875, -8.125, -3.494140625, -7.453125, -5.5703125, -6.4140625, -4.44140625, -3.93359375, -3.998046875, -5.6640625, -3.025390625, -6.76953125, -6.5859375, -3.75, 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As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1185–1226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be Temüjin's only empress, though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives.	who was reportedly given away as a wife?	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Agriculture is the second largest contributor to Kenya's gross domestic product (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture, including forestry and fishing, accounted for 24% of GDP, as well as for 18% of wage employment and 50% of revenue from exports. The principal cash crops are tea, horticultural produce, and coffee. Horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya's exports. The production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations. Production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example, in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people because of one of Kenya's intermittent droughts.[citation needed]	What is the largest revenue source for Kenya?	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Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs. In the summer it had become clear that the LM would not be ready in time. Rather than waste the Saturn V on another simple Earth-orbiting mission, ASPO Manager George Low suggested the bold step of sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon instead, deferring the D mission to the next mission in March 1969, and eliminating the E mission. This would keep the program on track. The Soviet Union had sent animals around the Moon on September 15, 1968, aboard Zond 5, and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts. The decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of Apollo 7. Gemini veterans Frank Borman and James Lovell, and rookie William Anders captured the world's attention by making 10 lunar orbits in 20 hours, transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on Christmas Eve, and returning safely to Earth.	what craft was mentioned first?	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There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen today. This debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.	What took place after LGM?	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On 8 February 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels. It was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the BSkyB portfolio including sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news. The announcement came a day after Setanta Sports confirmed that it would launch in March as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform, and on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media. However, industry sources believe BSkyB will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from Freeview and replace them with subscription channels, due to possible lost advertising revenue.	What new channels will BSkyB customers have to pay for?	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On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union. At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin's flight, many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would catch up. Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on America's response to the Soviets.	American fears about being left behind were addressed by whom?	[ "many congressmen" ]	[ 294 ]	[ "1ff36402106a6c954b545f6efcef584e40cdfcad" ]	[ "Apollo_program" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 1.7392578125, -5.12109375, -8.5390625, -8.8515625, -8.3828125, -8.5078125, -10.0234375, -9.34375, -6.734375, -7.87890625, -5.546875, -6.5, -8.5625, -4.62890625, -4.1796875, -5.55859375, -7.26171875, -3.97265625, -5.25390625, -0.04193115234375, -2.64453125, -5.76171875, -5.46875, 0.71337890625, -1.4619140625, -6.74609375, -6.03515625, -6.84765625, -6.65625, -6.29296875, -7.6796875, -7.41015625, -6.4140625, -7.55078125, -6.7265625, -7.59765625, -2.5546875, -1.9921875, -4.35546875, -5.640625, -4.23046875, -4.55078125, -6.87890625, -3.384765625, -3.01953125, -2.677734375, -3.904296875, -4.15234375, -0.473388671875, -0.80712890625, -4.8515625, -5.1171875, 1.7529296875, 1.662109375, 0.90576171875, -3.494140625, 2.591796875, 2.78515625, 0.92138671875, -1.927734375, -4.33203125, -2.50390625, -5.64453125, -3.12109375, -6.61328125, -5.4296875, -3.876953125, 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Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing, this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next.[citation needed]	What does the IPCC report on?	[ "climate science" ]	[ 379 ]	[ "08b7245384475c89dc84f3fde6a9d634efdf7bb6" ]	[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 1.7919921875, -7.11328125, -8.2734375, -7.42578125, -7.390625, -7.6953125, -8.3125, -6.81640625, -8.34375, -3.5, -2.404296875, -4.08203125, -3.59375, -5.04296875, -4.60546875, -6.23046875, -3.837890625, -5.015625, -2.896484375, -6.90625, -0.03375244140625, -1.6435546875, -2.345703125, 0.146240234375, -0.5693359375, -3.5, 2.3671875, -2.810546875, -4.65234375, -0.128662109375, -1.94921875, -1.5869140625, -4.85546875, -1.4228515625, -0.87255859375, -5.5, -6.01171875, -4.796875, -1.5888671875, -3.12109375, -6.01171875, -2.810546875, -4.71875, -2.83203125, -2.908203125, -3.140625, -5.9921875, -4.00390625, -5.7109375, -6.58203125, -4.14453125, -4.55859375, -6.84375, -4.18359375, -5.328125, -5.95703125, -3.58203125, -6.41796875, -7.48828125, -4.98046875, -5.625, -5.61328125, -1.0625, -1.275390625, -2.91796875, -3.583984375, -6.50390625, 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French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a stone column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, on the St. Johns near the main village of the Saturiwa. Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20, 1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, and killed nearly all the French soldiers defending it. The Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustine's position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964.	Where was the first European settlement established?	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Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul." Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ. He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart.	Martin Luther once he was dedicated to the Augustinian order, found himself undergoing travel and self-discovery, sometimes referred to as?	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Curiously, around half of the protein products of transferred genes aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast. Many became exaptations, taking on new functions like participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance. A few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome—most became nonfunctional pseudogenes, though a few tRNA genes still work in the mitochondrion. Some transferred chloroplast DNA protein products get directed to the secretory pathway (though it should be noted that many secondary plastids are bounded by an outermost membrane derived from the host's cell membrane, and therefore topologically outside of the cell, because to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol, you have to cross the cell membrane, just like if you were headed for the extracellular space. In those cases, chloroplast-targeted proteins do initially travel along the secretory pathway).	What role does a pseudogene have?	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The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious minorities, and persons with mental and emotional illnesses. The United Methodist Church also believes that Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7. The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence.	Who is unfairly effected by the death penalty?	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Agriculture is the second largest contributor to Kenya's gross domestic product (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture, including forestry and fishing, accounted for 24% of GDP, as well as for 18% of wage employment and 50% of revenue from exports. The principal cash crops are tea, horticultural produce, and coffee. Horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya's exports. The production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations. Production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example, in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people because of one of Kenya's intermittent droughts.[citation needed]	Which of the following is less affected by bad weather: tea or corn?	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A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline.[verification needed]	What aren't teachers supposed to do to discipline their students?	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2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict. Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth.	What did the policies do?	[ "reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth" ]	[ 686 ]	[ "c092d0bafec6f59400f02ea43348c5af0f1aec34" ]	[ "Economic_inequality" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -4.83984375, -5.5234375, -6.0625, -5.6171875, -4.953125, -5.16015625, -6.19140625, -7.671875, -3.615234375, -2.361328125, -3.8671875, -7.02734375, -6.625, -2.8359375, -5.25390625, -7.21484375, -5.35546875, -7.546875, -5.734375, -5.9140625, -1.12890625, -4.60546875, -7.2421875, -5.7578125, -5.11328125, -7.09375, -7.79296875, -7.3671875, -6.55078125, -4.56640625, -4.57421875, -5.3984375, -4.9765625, -7.7109375, -0.39794921875, -4.5390625, -1.0712890625, -4.6484375, -5.82421875, -8.5625, -1.0419921875, -7.5, -3.37109375, -3.490234375, -8.4921875, -4.90625, -6.43359375, -2.40234375, -3.3515625, -8.1796875, -3.119140625, -3.44921875, -2.26171875, -5.8046875, -6.171875, -5.2421875, -3.65625, -7.69921875, -6.12109375, -4.34375, -5.921875, -8.234375, -1.208984375, -6.61328125, -1.9931640625, -7.3828125, 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The Saturn IB was an upgraded version of the Saturn I. The S-IB first stage increased the thrust to 1,600,000 pounds-force (7,120 kN), and the second stage replaced the S-IV with the S-IVB-200, powered by a single J-2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with LOX, to produce 200,000 lbf (890 kN) of thrust. A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V. The Saturn IB could send over 40,000 pounds (18,100 kg) into low Earth orbit, sufficient for a partially fueled CSM or the LM. Saturn IB launch vehicles and flights were designated with an AS-200 series number, "AS" indicating "Apollo Saturn" and the "2" indicating the second member of the Saturn rocket family.	What was improved to form the Saturn IB?	[ "Saturn I" ]	[ 45 ]	[ "58a374a3ebb4e31df5fb81208ae03c002ab29adf" ]	[ "Apollo_program" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 1.2080078125, -4.140625, -7.2109375, -5.1640625, -7.0625, -6.2734375, -5.375, -3.759765625, -6.01953125, -5.21875, -6, -0.84814453125, -1.041015625, -3.294921875, -3.65234375, 0.7373046875, -0.09893798828125, 0.04803466796875, -3.14453125, 2.40234375, 3.287109375, -2.134765625, -4.5078125, 2.439453125, 2.033203125, -5.27734375, -4.3515625, 0.75, -2.4375, -0.75390625, 0.71240234375, 1.9853515625, -3.3984375, -0.268310546875, -3.265625, -3.51953125, -4.47265625, -4.359375, -3.341796875, -5.4765625, -3.81640625, -4.80859375, -2.38671875, -6.078125, -5.2421875, -5.6640625, -6.12109375, -5.8984375, -4.828125, 0.83154296875, 0.8935546875, -4.1953125, -2.32421875, 0.2841796875, 1.009765625, -6.6484375, -3.833984375, -5.19140625, -0.01861572265625, 0.80859375, -5.7578125, -3.859375, -5.72265625, -5.84765625, -4.45703125, -6.03125, -0.277587890625, -5.19140625, 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The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang.	What keeps things on earth?	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The Maroons compete in the NCAA's Division III as members of the University Athletic Association (UAA). The university was a founding member of the Big Ten Conference and participated in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball and Football and was a regular participant in the Men's Basketball tournament. In 1935, the University of Chicago reached the Sweet Sixteen. In 1935, Chicago Maroons football player Jay Berwanger became the first winner of the Heisman Trophy. However, the university chose to withdraw from the conference in 1946 after University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football. (In 1969, Chicago reinstated football as a Division III team, resuming playing its home games at the new Stagg Field.)	Why are the maroons no longer in the Big Ten?	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The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport, because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962, some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual, claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts. However, there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional, integral features of plant cell plastids, not merely artifacts.	How do stroma-containing tubules interact with the endoplasmic reticulum?	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Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was "still subject to final review". Webb held firm, and issued a request for proposal to candidate Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) contractors. Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's office, because of the President's involvement with the October Cuban missile crisis, and fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of Grumman as the LEM contractor in November 1962.	Webb defended von Braun against his verbal assault?	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In the mid-1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network. After a grand jury was convened to investigate, 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign. Jacksonville Consolidation, led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates, began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks, who wanted more involvement in government, and whites in the suburbs, who wanted more services and more control over the central city. In 1964 all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation. This added momentum to proposals for government reform. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.	what is the last time period mentioned?	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The problems with North American were severe enough in late 1965 to cause Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips to head a "tiger team" to investigate North American's problems and identify corrections. Phillips documented his findings in a December 19 letter to NAA president Lee Atwood, with a strongly worded letter by Mueller, and also gave a presentation of the results to Mueller and Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans. Meanwhile, Grumman was also encountering problems with the Lunar Module, eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967, not long after the first manned CSM flights.	Who wanted team tiger to identify corrections?	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Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale.	How many absoprtion bands does Oxygen present?	[ "Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "043ef74e2c1f4b8dab9addf30f58fae78bb14071" ]	[ "Oxygen" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 2.146484375, -3.361328125, -6.33203125, -5.18359375, -8.765625, -9.03125, -8.8359375, -7.484375, -7.51171875, -4.39453125, -7.1640625, -6.91015625, -4.1796875, -6.1015625, 0.970703125, -2.546875, -4.109375, -1.99609375, 6.15625, -0.5341796875, -4.796875, -5.35546875, -4.19921875, -1.828125, -1.505859375, -3.12890625, -5.1796875, -4.07421875, -3.240234375, -1.990234375, -0.603515625, -4.9765625, -6.125, -2.923828125, -3.77734375, -4.828125, -3.908203125, -5.3203125, -5.74609375, -5.34375, -6.63671875, -5.703125, -5.76953125, -5.63671875, -5.421875, -6.3671875, -4.94921875, -4.73046875, -6.7578125, -6.1484375, -5.796875, -4.3515625, -4.79296875, -7.19921875, -6.7890625, -6.12109375, -4.65234375, -4.94140625, -7, -5.91015625, -5.1796875, -6.578125, -7, -7.4609375, -6.38671875, -5.25390625, -6.77734375, -7.67578125, -5.77734375, 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In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store as well as one of the largest John Lewis stores in the UK. John Lewis is still known to many in Newcastle as Bainbridges. Newcastle store Bainbridge's, opened in 1838, is often cited as the world’s first department store. Emerson Bainbridge (1817–1892), a pioneer and the founder of Bainbridges, sold goods via department, a new for merchant custom for that time. The Bainbridge’s official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store. Eldon Square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment. A new bus station, replacing the old underground bus station, was officially opened in March 2007. The wing of the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped. This was completed in February 2010 with the opening of a flagship Debenhams department store as well as other major stores including Apple, Hollister and Guess.	Who was born in the year that immediately precedes 1818?	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where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.:133–134:38-1–38-11	What might be components of forces that cause deformations?	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In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation continued, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity. In his later years, Luther grew more hostile toward the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy. His 1543 treatise Von den Juden und ihren Lügen (On the Jews and Their Lies) took its place among other anti-Jewish literature of the times, although historians acknowledge that this treatise was particularly extreme, even by the standards of sixteenth century Europe. In it, he takes a hardline against Judaism, writing that synagogues and Jewish homes should be destroyed, their money confiscated, and liberty curtailed. These statements and their influence on antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status.	Who else did Luther decry?	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Since the 1980s, Lutheran Church denominations have repudiated Martin Luther's statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans. Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that, compared to the other minority groups under consideration, Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews. Nevertheless, Professor Richard (Dick) Geary, former Professor of Modern History at the University of Nottingham, England, and the author of Hitler and Nazism (Routledge 1993), wrote in the journal History Today an article on who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933, where he claimed that from his research he found that the Nazis gained disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany.	What didn't the Lutheran Church like?	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2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict. Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth.	Giving more to what is more harm for our economy?	[ "inequality" ]	[ 157 ]	[ "18cb5f2f17c432d7996ca2c90b70d65f7ed67bd5" ]	[ "Economic_inequality" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 2.2109375, -5.61328125, -6.9296875, -8.3671875, -7.24609375, -9.09375, -7.62109375, -7.0078125, -8.546875, -6.28125, -8.6015625, -8.0390625, -9.84375, -6.6171875, -5.94921875, -6.76171875, -8.3046875, -8.3984375, -5.49609375, -6.5390625, -8.1328125, -6.39453125, -8.109375, -7.34375, -5.88671875, 0.6611328125, -0.6171875, -8.3125, -7.09765625, -5.69140625, -7.23828125, -8.734375, -7.73828125, -8.8984375, -6.74609375, -6.85546875, -6.95703125, -5.51171875, -6.6796875, 0.89404296875, -1.0185546875, -4.73828125, -2.62109375, -1.3525390625, -7.1328125, -0.266845703125, -8.7578125, -0.52880859375, -0.029541015625, -8.75, -5.66796875, -6.328125, -1.1103515625, -6.26953125, -9.1484375, -6.2265625, -6.69140625, -4.5, -7.29296875, -7.953125, -5.17578125, -4.078125, -8.75, -7.76171875, -4.1796875, -3.544921875, -7.5, 0.21044921875, -7.546875, -5.68359375, 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Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of Swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less, but no correlation after ten years. Studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time, and a negative impact on the duration of growth.	What is likely the most reliable information among the different studies of inequality?	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In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960 and 1961, Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option. Bypassing the NASA hierarchy, he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans; while acknowledging that he spoke "somewhat as a voice in the wilderness," Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question.	Who was lower status, Seamans or Houbolt?	[ "Houbolt" ]	[ 268 ]	[ "e9d844741619a17c5b76860d4d74585de0fb58dd" ]	[ "Apollo_program" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -0.28466796875, -6.2421875, -8.3984375, -4.59375, -8.296875, -9.0859375, -0.826171875, -8.5703125, -8.40625, -8.59375, -2.5625, -7.1640625, -8.765625, -6.86328125, -8.65625, -7.66015625, -7.09375, -7.46875, -9.25, -4.79296875, -7.90234375, -8.625, -6.81640625, -6.31640625, -5.85546875, -7.78515625, -7.0234375, -6.40625, -5.60546875, -2.630859375, -7.7109375, -3.982421875, -3.302734375, -6.62890625, -7.453125, -6.15625, -6.4296875, -8.1875, -7.57421875, -7.890625, -7.66796875, -7.09375, -7.40625, -8.5859375, -2.4921875, -8.125, -7.73046875, -6.9609375, -7.6328125, -7.671875, -6.6328125, -6.91015625, -5.921875, -7.88671875, -8.6875, -6.0390625, -6.76953125, -5.7421875, -6.91015625, -6.11328125, -5.09765625, -7.33203125, -5.2265625, -0.167724609375, -5.2890625, -5.86328125, -4.75390625, 2.431640625, 6.265625, 0.67822265625, -1.13671875, -6.6796875, -4.88671875, 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There are many concepts of teachers in Islam, ranging from mullahs (the teachers at madrassas) to ulemas, who teach of the laws of Islam for the proper way of Islamic living according to the Sunnah and Ahadith, and can render legal verdicts upon matters of Islamic law in accordance with the teaching of one of the Four Schools of Jurisprudence. In the more spiritual or mystical Islamic tradition of Sufism, the position of spiritual teacher and an esoteric (as opposed to exoteric, or actions-oriented, e.g. the Five Pillars of Islam) spirituality and spiritual knowledge takes on a more important dimension, with emphasis on learning from living saints - the highest of which is a Qutb - and of traditions passed down from initiate to initiate, and traceable back to the founder of the order.	what faith is mentioned first?	[ "Islam" ]	[ 39 ]	[ "2499a1ca1bc4e1ecbeca374caaa878436fb4ae6c" ]	[ "Teacher" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -3.91015625, -4.18359375, -5.546875, -6.96875, -6.515625, -5.84375, -4.359375, -7.06640625, -0.57470703125, -3.51171875, -1.6962890625, -1.98046875, -3.35546875, -0.71044921875, -0.88037109375, 6.55859375, -4.87890625, -2.595703125, -2.7890625, 0.68994140625, -4.71875, -2.86328125, -1.2919921875, -2.435546875, -4.6953125, -0.80419921875, -6.17578125, -6.1640625, -6.22265625, -5.7109375, -4.16015625, -0.139404296875, -5.94921875, -5.73046875, -5.5625, -3.255859375, -3.783203125, -5.953125, -3.201171875, -3.251953125, -5, 3.146484375, -7.2421875, -5.37890625, -5.41015625, -5.55859375, -7.109375, -0.157470703125, -7.03515625, -5.71484375, -6.33984375, -3.630859375, -3.203125, -7.64453125, -6.8984375, -4.62890625, -7.93359375, -7.36328125, -7.62109375, -6.6875, -5.78125, -6.24609375, -5.86328125, -6.49609375, -7.41015625, -6.99609375, -5.8203125, -6.84765625, -0.15966796875, 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From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification – God's act of declaring a sinner righteous – by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah. "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification," he wrote, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."	Who was not the Messiah, Jesus or God?	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His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments. His wife Katharina was overheard saying, "Dear husband, you are too rude," and he responded, "They are teaching me to be rude." In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle, staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas.	Why was he sick?	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BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010, Europe's first pay-TV platform in to achieve that milestone. Confirming it had reached its target, the broadcaster said its reach into 36% of households in the UK represented an audience of more than 25m people. The target was first announced in August 2004, since then an additional 2.4m customers had subscribed to BSkyB's direct-to-home service. Media commentators had debated whether the figure could be reached as the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe flattened.	Ten years after the start of the decade it was found in millions of dwellings?	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In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating that "multiple acts" would perform during the halftime show. On December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyoncé, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay on the single "Hymn for the Weekend", would be making an appearance. Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson also performed.	what artist was mentioned last?	[ "Mark Ronson" ]	[ 504 ]	[ "d14afaa29c29ccc556bf4ac085b59c91d7ba63b8" ]	[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -6.75, -5.0234375, -7.91015625, -9.0546875, -8.9296875, -7.6640625, -7.46875, -8.875, -7.53515625, -6.80859375, -6.41796875, -6.04296875, -8.734375, -6.1640625, -7.4609375, -7.359375, -7.20703125, -6.2421875, -4.60546875, -6.92578125, -8.6015625, -7.1484375, -6.9609375, -6.890625, -6.515625, -5.73828125, -7.32421875, -7.23828125, -5.8828125, -5.50390625, -5.95703125, -8.03125, -4.39453125, -4.828125, -6.234375, -6.69921875, -5.171875, -6.07421875, -6.6328125, -6.578125, -5.421875, -6.30859375, -3.375, -3.2734375, -4.28125, -5.046875, -0.332763671875, -5.8984375, -6.92578125, -5.03125, -4.515625, -5.62890625, -6.83984375, -4.25, -5.359375, -1.537109375, -5.4765625, -5.30078125, -3.00390625, -3.080078125, -4.1171875, -4.2421875, 3.236328125, -3.619140625, -6.4375, -4.44140625, -4.9140625, -5.08984375, -4.4453125, -6.09375, -4.8203125, -6.1796875, -6.04296875, 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Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities. The two official languages, English and Swahili, are used in varying degrees of fluency for communication with other populations. English is widely spoken in commerce, schooling and government. Peri-urban and rural dwellers are less multilingual, with many in rural areas speaking only their native languages. British English is primarily used in the country. Additionally, a distinct local dialect, Kenyan English, is used by some communities and individuals in the country, and contains features unique to it that were derived from local Bantu languages, such as Swahili and Kikuyu. It has been developing since colonisation and also contains certain elements of American English. Sheng is a Swahili-based cant spoken in some urban areas. Primarily consisting of a mixture of Swahili and English, it is an example of linguistic code-switching.	What is both an official language and a Bantu language?	[ "Swahili" ]	[ 662 ]	[ "11ceb36ab727ca38e723395e96deb9f595f47f3c" ]	[ "Kenya" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 2.5546875, -7.5, -9.546875, -8.6953125, -6.8203125, -6.9453125, -9.2734375, -9.359375, -7.24609375, -5.609375, -8.75, -10.2578125, -9.90625, -7.7421875, -9.09375, -2.1015625, -7.1953125, -9.3359375, -7.1953125, -6.8359375, -9.125, -7.75, -7.78515625, -6.9609375, -3.68359375, -7.50390625, -8.0390625, -7.59765625, -7.73046875, -8.03125, -6.55859375, -1.6396484375, -2.087890625, -2.318359375, -4.140625, -4.97265625, 3.724609375, -5.3359375, 2.841796875, -4.0546875, -4.41796875, -6.5078125, -5.4453125, -6.15234375, -6.83203125, -5.79296875, -7.13671875, -7.484375, -5.78125, -7.33203125, -6.265625, -5.28515625, -7.1328125, -6.5, -6.84375, -7.19140625, 0.7783203125, -8.3515625, -7.234375, -7.8046875, -7.38671875, -6.1796875, -8.359375, -6.51953125, -8.234375, -6.76953125, -8.8828125, -4.984375, -8.21875, -8.0859375, -7.3203125, -8.2890625, -7.04296875, -7.67578125, -8.8203125, 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It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage. Multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple expansion engines. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the Olympic class), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine.[citation needed]	what type of engine is mentioned first?	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It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states. This means that it takes energy to pack them together. While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force, it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states.	What needs a citation?	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Between 1991 and 2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres (160,000 to 227,000 sq mi), with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle. Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock pasture. Currently, Brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States. New research however, conducted by Leydimere Oliveira et al., has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the Amazon, the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes. So despite the popular perception, there has been no economical advantage for Brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields.	Of the two countries that produce soybeans, which country is clearing rain forest in order to increase production?	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There are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity, across all three major traditions - (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational, with a stronger tradition of spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions with a long tradition of "discernment of spirits", of vocations, and other aspects of spiritual life, especially the Roman and Orthodox Catholic Churches. These positions include: the honoured but informal position of starets or elder - a man (or, less often, woman), often a monastic, considered to be graced by God with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest (spiritual pride or deception) - who acts as a spiritual guide or father in the Orthodox Catholic tradition, especially Russian Orthodoxy (see Optina Monastery, which had a long line of said starets); the Priest or Confessor in Roman Catholicism, who is often a man in Holy Orders but may be a monastic or other person respected for his spiritual accomplishments or acumen (even the Pope of Rome has a Confessor, who is not always a bishop, and, due to the hierarchical structure of the Roman Church, can not be his equal in authority), which is often a semi-official to official position, as opposed to the unofficial positions of spiritual guides in the Orthodox Catholic and Protestant traditions; and the almost-exclusively informal arrangements (generally formal only in members who are under some form of church discipline) of mentorship (both of adults and children, in the latter case often a youth pastor) in the Protestant and Non-Denominational traditions, which boundaries can be blurred with the more typically Roman "confessor" position in some of the more historic and conservative Reformation Churches, such as some of the Lutheran and Anglican. In keeping with the individualistic nature of most Protestant denominations, the emphasis on being guided in spiritual development is small, with a heavy emphasis placed on heavy reading and personal, Spirit-enlightened interpretation of the Holy Bible.	Which tradition expects adherents to read the Bible and interpret for themselves?	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In 2010 the Amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought, in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest, compared to 734,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) in 2005. The 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off, whereas in 2005 the drought was focused on the southwestern part. The findings were published in the journal Science. In a typical year the Amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8 gigatons were released.	What is 1900000 kilometers squared in miles squared?	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However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons. In QED, photons are the fundamental exchange particle, which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force.[Note 4]	Which theory was developed later, electromagnetic or QED?	[ "QED" ]	[ 398 ]	[ "14b3b5fa16d5ed0f8c2279e9d5e4b8f63417063e" ]	[ "Force" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 1.419921875, -4.51171875, -8.296875, -9.390625, -9, -8.8125, -9.75, -5.265625, -9.25, -1.7822265625, -7.21875, -2.53125, -8.375, -6.35546875, -8.0234375, -3.5234375, -5.703125, -3.244140625, 4.80859375, -4.4453125, -8.2265625, -7.390625, -8.265625, -8.53125, -6.53515625, -5.15234375, -8.2421875, -8.25, -8.9296875, -8.125, -7.28515625, -6.515625, -8.2421875, -8.0625, -7.1171875, -6.19140625, -7.9609375, -9.28125, -6.60546875, -6.484375, -5.984375, -4.4609375, -5.62890625, -6.37890625, -7.265625, -4.984375, -5.328125, -6.47265625, -6.3515625, -0.66845703125, -1.783203125, -0.86865234375, -3.78515625, 3.923828125, -5.734375, -6.99609375, -5.5625, -5.6640625, -4.78125, -3.814453125, -0.63671875, -5.171875, -5.7421875, -2.365234375, -2.755859375, -2.841796875, -3.396484375, 5.1015625, -3.376953125, -2.51953125, -2.578125, -3.396484375, 3.525390625, -2.28515625, -5.69140625, 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There were tax exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance because Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept, and not subject to law or interference.[citation needed] Sometime before the rise of Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his mentor and eventual rival, had converted to Nestorian Christianity. Various Mongol tribes were Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian. Religious tolerance was thus a well established concept on the Asian steppe.	What was the final relationship between Genghis Khan and Ong Khan?	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Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom. By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today. The city council organize concerts and other events. Each Midsummer’s Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, looking for the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.	What events does the city council help organize?	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In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960 and 1961, Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option. Bypassing the NASA hierarchy, he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans; while acknowledging that he spoke "somewhat as a voice in the wilderness," Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question.	What was not taken seriously?	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The next direct threat to Temüjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha and his followers took refuge. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temüjin. In 1201, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as Gür Khan, "universal ruler", a title used by the rulers of the Qara Khitai. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin, and Jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206.	Who was opposed by a group of tribes that was created?	[ "Temüjin" ]	[ 387 ]	[ "feb2458e04def0c3d73b02b928df73602f5a6b38" ]	[ "Genghis_Khan" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 1.7412109375, -4.69140625, -8.3125, -7.80859375, -8.8203125, -7.39453125, -6.4765625, -7.85546875, -7.328125, -7.8515625, -8.03125, -6.2890625, -3.328125, -6.2734375, -0.79296875, -5.8828125, -4.87109375, -4.96484375, -4.2421875, 3.078125, -3.671875, -3.8828125, -7.25, -0.52685546875, -0.3203125, -8.375, -6.81640625, -6.140625, -1.9755859375, -8.6796875, -3.984375, -8.7890625, -7.9375, -6.375, -5.046875, 2.75, -3.287109375, -4.21484375, -7.265625, -4.43359375, -5.80859375, -7.7890625, -6.91796875, -7.9921875, 0.75927734375, -0.86181640625, -8.4296875, -7.0078125, -8.3671875, -8.109375, -7.9375, -8.59375, -7.65234375, -5.85546875, -6.02734375, -8.1015625, -6.87109375, -6.0546875, -5.37109375, 1.3525390625, -5.3828125, -5.29296875, -6.9609375, -4.56640625, -4.77734375, -6.82421875, -6.09765625, -1, -1.87109375, -5.5, -6.72265625, -7.27734375, -2.9765625, 3.236328125, 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The UMC supports federal funding for research on embryos created for IVF that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased, if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent for the research purposes. The UMC stands in "opposition to the creation of embryos for the sake of research" as "a human embryo, even at its earliest stages, commands our reverence." It supports research on stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells, stating that there are "few moral questions" raised by this issue.	What are people who don't support making embryos for research usually in support of?	[ "stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells" ]	[ 485 ]	[ "e79624b88e05cb6ea6ea4a4a44c25f73f20ec24c" ]	[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 2.466796875, -6.953125, -8.203125, -6.1328125, -6.8828125, -4.69140625, -7.0625, -7.4765625, -5.078125, -7.77734375, -7.39453125, -7.65625, -6.5625, -6.8828125, -7.0078125, -8.3515625, -5.15625, -9.0703125, -0.08331298828125, -0.71923828125, -6.41015625, -2.7265625, 1.150390625, -1.5478515625, -4.140625, 0.100830078125, -4.6171875, -0.43701171875, -3.103515625, -4.265625, 0.174072265625, -5.82421875, -5.7734375, -3.818359375, -3.765625, -2.44140625, -0.56591796875, -7.01171875, -6.95703125, -6.39453125, -7.97265625, -6.62109375, -8.1484375, -3.130859375, -2.3359375, -3.34375, -5.890625, -3.720703125, -5.58984375, -4.4140625, -5.73828125, -7.40234375, -4.90234375, -4.62109375, -8.390625, -4.671875, -5.45703125, -5.32421875, -6.86328125, -5.61328125, -8.3984375, -6.77734375, -2.177734375, -2.189453125, 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There are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity, across all three major traditions - (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational, with a stronger tradition of spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions with a long tradition of "discernment of spirits", of vocations, and other aspects of spiritual life, especially the Roman and Orthodox Catholic Churches. These positions include: the honoured but informal position of starets or elder - a man (or, less often, woman), often a monastic, considered to be graced by God with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest (spiritual pride or deception) - who acts as a spiritual guide or father in the Orthodox Catholic tradition, especially Russian Orthodoxy (see Optina Monastery, which had a long line of said starets); the Priest or Confessor in Roman Catholicism, who is often a man in Holy Orders but may be a monastic or other person respected for his spiritual accomplishments or acumen (even the Pope of Rome has a Confessor, who is not always a bishop, and, due to the hierarchical structure of the Roman Church, can not be his equal in authority), which is often a semi-official to official position, as opposed to the unofficial positions of spiritual guides in the Orthodox Catholic and Protestant traditions; and the almost-exclusively informal arrangements (generally formal only in members who are under some form of church discipline) of mentorship (both of adults and children, in the latter case often a youth pastor) in the Protestant and Non-Denominational traditions, which boundaries can be blurred with the more typically Roman "confessor" position in some of the more historic and conservative Reformation Churches, such as some of the Lutheran and Anglican. In keeping with the individualistic nature of most Protestant denominations, the emphasis on being guided in spiritual development is small, with a heavy emphasis placed on heavy reading and personal, Spirit-enlightened interpretation of the Holy Bible.	What tradition is a staret from?	[ "Orthodox Catholic tradition, especially Russian Orthodoxy" ]	[ 799 ]	[ "4f186134221467fe62463c8b38140976a902444e" ]	[ "Teacher" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 2.734375, -8.171875, -9.21875, -9.5390625, -8.3046875, -7.61328125, -9.59375, -9.296875, -8.3984375, -9.890625, -5.4765625, -8.078125, -5.55078125, -5.22265625, -7.4453125, -3.873046875, -7.98046875, -4.32421875, -4.7734375, -6.30078125, -1.0478515625, -8.9453125, -5.98046875, -5.83203125, -5.59375, -5.23828125, -6.4921875, -8.5390625, -4.7890625, -1.75, -9.2265625, -2.5, -8.59375, -5.515625, -2.916015625, -8.46875, -3.001953125, -5.64453125, -9.3125, -7.734375, -2.87890625, -7.5390625, -3.49609375, -7.41796875, -5.57421875, -8.0546875, -7.5546875, -8.7578125, -5.44921875, -3.24609375, -3.248046875, -5.05078125, -5.15234375, -1.7734375, -6.41796875, -5.421875, -3.41015625, -3.173828125, -3.078125, -6.84375, -1.9833984375, -5.4453125, -2.28515625, -6.07421875, -6.734375, -7.30078125, -1.0390625, -6.3515625, -6.1171875, 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The Daily Mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone" – as, it claimed, subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the household. In December, the UK’s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to BSkyB was ‘often damaging’, along with alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a "Welfare Cash Card", in the style of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, that could be used to buy only "essentials".	Incentives given to taxpayers to reduce the amount of taxes are called?	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30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it. Corporal punishment in American schools is administered to the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle. This often used to take place in the classroom or hallway, but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office.	If you are in the south, what is likely to be legal?	[ "corporal punishment" ]	[ 25 ]	[ "b269323354b186b6bcd8fd5382c1c99b68d3181e" ]	[ "Teacher" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 2.0078125, -6.47265625, -7.45703125, -8.859375, -7.2734375, -6.26171875, -6.3125, -9.3515625, -6.734375, -9.171875, -6.54296875, -8.453125, -9.3125, -5.375, -9.0703125, -9.3359375, -2.3359375, -3.15625, -4.8984375, -4.56640625, -1.4404296875, 1.931640625, -5.75390625, -3.458984375, -7.01953125, -2.42578125, -3.240234375, -3.5234375, -1.208984375, -2.25390625, -1.73828125, -3.162109375, -5.1171875, -1.2734375, -2.17578125, -4.1875, 0.22607421875, -5.01953125, -3.0546875, -2.796875, -5.1484375, -4.21875, -3.75390625, -5.37109375, -5.671875, -3.310546875, -7.69921875, -4.984375, -4.0390625, -2.94140625, -1.7939453125, -4.08984375, -5.8671875, -2.48828125, -7.23046875, -3.32421875, -7.4765625, -3.169921875, -7.703125, -3.115234375, -7.59765625, -3.3046875, -7.91015625, -3.560546875, -7.98046875, -3.15625, -7.859375, -3.388671875, -5.53515625, -0.157958984375, 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The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.	Disabled students will learn from whom?	[ "teacher" ]	[ 170 ]	[ "8b131483ec9009f7e4fdca2fafc9214557591e25" ]	[ "Teacher" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 0.59912109375, -3.5625, -8.0390625, -5.53515625, -8.8671875, -8.375, -8.1328125, -6.38671875, -8.0546875, -8.6953125, -7.0703125, -6.79296875, -9.6484375, -6.88671875, -6.17578125, -6.20703125, -8.2890625, -5.6328125, -8.8828125, -4.16015625, -8.65625, -8.8046875, -8.234375, -5.33203125, -5.0078125, -7.17578125, -6.6328125, 1.798828125, 0.40771484375, -5.9453125, -4.4140625, -2.470703125, -2.552734375, -7.09375, -7.03125, -5.1484375, -5.17578125, -1.447265625, -1.7197265625, -2.1953125, -5.76171875, 1.6064453125, 0.421630859375, -5.0859375, -2.40625, -4.640625, 0.45458984375, -5.13671875, -1.322265625, -4.04296875, -7.03515625, -3.837890625, -0.5283203125, -6.45703125, -1.939453125, -7.01171875, 0.17626953125, -5.3671875, -2.443359375, -3.9375, -6.86328125, -1.1318359375, -4.828125, -2.935546875, -3.171875, -6.015625, -7.01171875, -5.546875, -5.546875, -5.546875, 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The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market. At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event. With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition. The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.	What level of listing among most Grainger town listings is the Grainger Market not listed as?	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On 8 February 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels. It was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the BSkyB portfolio including sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news. The announcement came a day after Setanta Sports confirmed that it would launch in March as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform, and on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media. However, industry sources believe BSkyB will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from Freeview and replace them with subscription channels, due to possible lost advertising revenue.

When did Setanta decide to start charging for content?

[ "February 2007" ]

[ 5 ]

[ "52eef8e34554c069dc715f0dffb3e14bbd9dd639" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Martin Luther (/ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

Living to an age of 62, Martin Luther lived an acomplished life where he challenged the thoughts and policies of the Roman Catholic Church, in what year did he pass away?

[ "1546" ]

[ 107 ]

[ "47f8f6d76d17d5a9da083f1b1361d7a47fedc1ee" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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On June 4, 2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals, a practice established at Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named using Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L. The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI. Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative, explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter "L" using the standardized logo template introduced at Super Bowl XLV. The logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals, colored in gold, behind the Vince Lombardi Trophy, instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo.

What numeral standard was used in the Super Bowl 2 logo?

[ "Arabic" ]

[ 214 ]

[ "f7c10028f69dfbe3d8f55307bfb7525804dbe32a" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.

Where is Warsaw?

[ "Poland" ]

[ 542 ]

[ "d2efce6b2e786b965a94525e0ec9b91c5a95f409" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide margin. Among other things, the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights. It was promulgated on 27 August 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was attended by various African leaders and praised by the international community. As of that day, the new constitution heralding the Second Republic came into force.

Who was affected by this constitution?

[ "Kenyans" ]

[ 366 ]

[ "fe010a7fbae45c2546eb7ce1b9e9cbc65e1d6418" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.

How often does Newcastle Mela happen?

[ "annual" ]

[ 68 ]

[ "fb934a6e1f941121a1f4a245ecaa0545d8f51548" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In July 2013, the English High Court of Justice found that Microsoft’s use of the term "SkyDrive" infringed on Sky’s right to the "Sky" trademark. On 31 July 2013, BSkyB and Microsoft announced their settlement, in which Microsoft will not appeal the ruling, and will rename its SkyDrive cloud storage service after an unspecified "reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand," plus "financial and other terms, the details of which are confidential". On 27 January 2014, Microsoft announced "that SkyDrive will soon become OneDrive" and "SkyDrive Pro" becomes "OneDrive for Business".

What company infringed?

[ "Microsoft" ]

[ 59 ]

[ "de3f03f2dbac7e6ca57c09b37c98076ddc6dd41f" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Luther's disappearance during his return trip back to Wittenberg was planned. Frederick III had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach. During his stay at Wartburg, which he referred to as "my Patmos", Luther translated the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings. These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz, whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates, and a "Refutation of the Argument of Latomus," in which he expounded the principle of justification to Jacobus Latomus, an orthodox theologian from Louvain.

what is the first location mentioned?

[ "Wittenberg" ]

[ 54 ]

[ "d81559f99ff4db2a7f16aa6a1ce471b51a5f7ac0" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism, are a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life. Luther's teaching of the Ten Commandments, therefore, has clear eschatological overtones, which, characteristically for Luther, do not encourage world-flight but direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common, daily vocations of this perishing world.

Where do Christians believe they will go after death?

[ "heaven" ]

[ 193 ]

[ "588ba7b39a8bf2a8e9684a98bf5f7923f4366912" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing, this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next.[citation needed]

Why are the reports sometimes inaccurate?

[ "any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included" ]

[ 307 ]

[ "ed7688d75dc33220529b3983fc9fec5a27491c6f" ]

[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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It was not until January 1518 that friends of Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin into German and printed and widely copied them, making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press. Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months, they had spread throughout Europe.

How many spread into Europe?

[ "95" ]

[ 68 ]

[ "c3d7d54021350f355ec71381c98984e9e0a8940e" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands, one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. Livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east. Coconuts, pineapples, cashew nuts, cotton, sugarcane, sisal, and corn are grown in the lower-lying areas. Unfortunately, the country has not attained the level of investment and efficiency in agriculture that can guarantee food security and coupled with resulting poverty (53% of the population lives below the poverty line), a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid. Poor roads, an inadequate railway network, under-used water transport and expensive air transport have isolated mostly arid and semi-arid areas and farmers in other regions often leave food to rot in the fields because they cannot access markets. This was last seen in August and September 2011 prompting the Kenyans for Kenya initiative by the Red Cross.

Where can you find cattle besides east?

[ "north" ]

[ 208 ]

[ "c76b68039f8563369eb1c69c9113a576da88c8d9" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park. Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place every June, in Leazes Park. The Northern Rock Cyclone, a cycling festival, takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June. The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.

What special era did the Hoppings come into being?

[ "Temperance Movement" ]

[ 143 ]

[ "3312912406f620b146ec4b583bc1382255d73775" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

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A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide margin. Among other things, the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights. It was promulgated on 27 August 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was attended by various African leaders and praised by the international community. As of that day, the new constitution heralding the Second Republic came into force.

What was the main focus, in relation to the head of cabinet of Kenya of a radical divergence from the previous set of guidelines for a country that was bounced off the legislators in Kenya?

[ "eliminate the position of Prime Minister" ]

[ 50 ]

[ "fe537804f9b277e98606b0203d0c0f9ddf3e984a" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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As indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide, such as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories. Meanwhile, the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples has gained increased attention, as have ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts.

What did ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts do?

[ "gained increased attention" ]

[ 448 ]

[ "1022c2b4aade26cde89f5d0914304c0300bc86dc" ]

[ "Amazon_rainforest" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style, St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower (after 1379) and the Royal Castle Curia Maior (1407–1410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of Baryczko merchant family (1562), building called "The Negro" (early 17th century) and Salwator tenement (1632). The most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626) at Old Town. Among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are St. Hyacinth's Church (1603–1639) and Sigismund's Column (1644).

what type of buildings are mentioned first?

[ "churches" ]

[ 51 ]

[ "34ade41795e132ebcaa43b9c338f6766be25aeff" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it. Corporal punishment in American schools is administered to the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle. This often used to take place in the classroom or hallway, but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office.

Where is Mississippi?

[ "US" ]

[ 3 ]

[ "a0a308febc5e9edf56fe63556cf20c039c3fdaca" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use. Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine.

How much influence did compound engines have in the 19th century?

[ "widespread" ]

[ 60 ]

[ "9fa685d91e63db112d48d090f2a339dfd0b9b993" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like life aimed toward love. Wesley never claimed this state of perfection for himself but instead insisted the attainment of perfection was possible for all Christians. Here the English Reformer parted company with both Luther and Calvin, who denied that a man would ever reach a state in this life in which he could not fall into sin. Such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life.

Who was considered to be an English Reformer that thought perfection was possible?

[ "Wesley" ]

[ 336 ]

[ "6e71058d746b6ff394c04868af234cb7176c419f" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia, and Southwest Asia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories.

How does history view Genghis Khan?

[ "fearsome" ]

[ 652 ]

[ "aeff4c982c83fb6d6a2497b6230d92792714b383" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring (plasma cells) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly, by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells.

What activates the B cell?

[ "lymphokines" ]

[ 372 ]

[ "143e0a161f2fa0271b72ad13367d4b7e6d0aed01" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service Module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed. This was followed on April 4, 1968, by Apollo 6 (AS-502) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast. The intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection, followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort, using the Service Module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry. The Saturn V experienced pogo oscillation, a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion, which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages. Two S-II engines shut down prematurely, but the remaining engines were able to compensate. The damage to the third stage engine was more severe, preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection. Mission controllers were able to use the Service Module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of Apollo 4. Based on the good performance of Apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the Apollo 6 problems, NASA declared the Saturn V ready to fly men, cancelling a third unmanned test.

What was the main problem with the Apollo 6 mission?

[ "damage to the third stage engine" ]

[ 974 ]

[ "21ccf5953070c92cde4ada3abf907b0f0fdb3889" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of Swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less, but no correlation after ten years. Studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time, and a negative impact on the duration of growth.

What did Barro find in his research on inequality?

[ "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment" ]

[ 65 ]

[ "d4b4a633ce75fb8d5f23213d77acfd6e3a53a549" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline.[verification needed]

what group is mentioned first?

[ "a class" ]

[ 161 ]

[ "5f7db85c71f5b7c8e8d693e26e70c7818166daf2" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Plastoglobuli were once thought to be free-floating in the stroma, but it is now thought that they are permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid, a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network. In normal green chloroplasts, the vast majority of plastoglobuli occur singularly, attached directly to their parent thylakoid. In old or stressed chloroplasts, plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains, still always anchored to a thylakoid.

How can you tell if a chloroplast is not young?

[ "plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains" ]

[ 459 ]

[ "ede17c88d860cd18af850ae424ca581c2c9f3719" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The mayor of Warsaw is called President. Generally, in Poland, the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e. such cities, which have over 100,000 people or these, where already was president before 1990. The first Warsaw President was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696). Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw Presidents was simultaneously the Warsaw Voivode. Since 1990 the President of Warsaw had been elected by the City council. In the years of 1994–1999 the mayor of the district Centrum automatically was designated as the President of Warsaw: the mayor of Centrum was elected by the district council of Centrum and the council was elected only by the Centrum residents. Since 2002 the President of Warsaw is elected by all of the citizens of Warsaw.

Where are mayors also called president?

[ "Poland" ]

[ 55 ]

[ "37e78207f398122f0d44f76801026e277cf18810" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from "We are beggars," which was in German.

What language did Luther speak?

[ "German" ]

[ 151 ]

[ "1d212e838e3a2ca6c0930836c5ae1a039d2ff975" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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This combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen's double bond character and reactivity, and a triplet electronic ground state. An electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen (see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram), orbitals that are of equal energy—i.e., degenerate—is a configuration termed a spin triplet state. Hence, the ground state of the O2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy, partially filled orbitals are antibonding, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two. Because of its unpaired electrons, triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules, which have paired electron spins; this prevents spontaneous combustion.

What prevents spontaneous combustion?

[ "triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules" ]

[ 614 ]

[ "94353b6e3850329a1fe12e6e320ceed487c7da62" ]

[ "Oxygen" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In the 1970s, the city was the subject of a song, "Walking Into Fresno", written by Hall Of Fame guitarist Bill Aken and recorded by Bob Gallion of the world-famous "WWVA Jamboree" radio and television show in Wheeling, West Virginia. Aken, adopted by Mexican movie actress Lupe Mayorga, grew up in the neighboring town of Madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child. Aken also made his first TV appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at The Fresno Barn.

Hall of Fame guitarist was raised by?

[ "Lupe Mayorga" ]

[ 274 ]

[ "b3117351d7b1ba0efd1a682985c188f647d83c9a" ]

[ "Fresno,_California" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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NASA immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both houses of Congress. While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that "deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control." At the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) Manager Joseph Francis Shea, replacing him with George Low.

Who fired Harrison Storms?

[ "North American" ]

[ 321 ]

[ "1096d29410c15f396c386d854cadeb085bbc47c1" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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North American Aviation won the contract to build the CSM, and also the second stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA. Because the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the CSM off of the Moon, and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight. Also, there was no provision for docking with the Lunar Module. A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as Block I which would be used for early testing, while Block II, the actual lunar spacecraft, would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in Block I development.

What version of the Saturn launch vehicle did the North American Aviation win the contract to build for NASA?

[ "second stage of the Saturn V" ]

[ 72 ]

[ "0a57dfb8b30df7c5f1fb7590a56cee7d8a9d26d7" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km²). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%) White, 40,960 (8.3%) African American, 8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528 (12.6%) Asian (3.6% Hmong, 1.7% Indian, 1.2% Filipino, 1.2% Laotian, 1.0% Thai, 0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean), 849 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 111,984 (22.6%) from other races, and 24,513 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 232,055 persons (46.9%). Among the Hispanic population, 42.7% of the total population are Mexican, 0.4% Salvadoran, and 0.4% Puerto Rican. Non-Hispanic Whites were 30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970.

What percent was from an unspecified race?

[ "22.6%" ]

[ 471 ]

[ "8b583f89c2f9b403125a93d14d234d6a8259164a" ]

[ "Fresno,_California" ]

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In 1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk". Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice: "Let the Turk believe and live as he will, just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live." He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.

what group was mentioned last?

[ "Christians" ]

[ 344 ]

[ "4a900975a7a71ab9f6ba53ee79c05caaa0983d27" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The country's literacy level stands at 85% of the whole population. Preschool, which targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At the end of primary education, pupils sit the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE), which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school. Primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years. For those who proceed to secondary level, there is a national examination at the end of Form Four – the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE), which determines those proceeding to the universities, other professional training or employment. Students sit examinations in eight subjects of their choosing. However, English, Kiswahili (languages) and mathematics are compulsory subjects.

What does the KSCE determine students will proceed to along with university?

[ "other professional training or employment" ]

[ 742 ]

[ "6cc80b20f14840c4a24ea1bf4079fd0e01b7324c" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960 and 1961, Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option. Bypassing the NASA hierarchy, he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans; while acknowledging that he spoke "somewhat as a voice in the wilderness," Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question.

Why mission mode did Houbolt recommend?

[ "LOR" ]

[ 453 ]

[ "a592dd55e20c82f5e581335f6a614db2fb5d123f" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Martin Luther (/ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

What time period did Luther live?

[ "Late Medieval" ]

[ 292 ]

[ "a1d14d92a349861b2b82547a8efe0d309af7ee92" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was "still subject to final review". Webb held firm, and issued a request for proposal to candidate Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) contractors. Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's office, because of the President's involvement with the October Cuban missile crisis, and fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of Grumman as the LEM contractor in November 1962.

Who was Grumman contracted by?

[ "NASA" ]

[ 704 ]

[ "e279522839b8b217858ae7601c9183210bef83f0" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Temüjin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia, which included tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption, and continual acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south. Temüjin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances.

What did Hoelun instill in her son

[ "the need for alliances" ]

[ 566 ]

[ "06eaf1a26de4f914e530cfd49606319a2a7cff6e" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The United Methodist Church maintains that war is incompatible with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy, to be employed only as a last resort in the prevention of such evils as genocide, brutal suppression of human rights, and unprovoked international aggression. It insists that the first moral duty of all nations is to resolve by peaceful means every dispute that arises between or among them; that human values must outweigh military claims as governments determine their priorities; that the militarization of society must be challenged and stopped; that the manufacture, sale, and deployment of armaments must be reduced and controlled; and that the production, possession, or use of nuclear weapons be condemned. Consequently, the United Methodist Church endorses general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.

Foreign policy aught not to include what military function?

[ "war" ]

[ 130 ]

[ "fa0156888035fbeb6781fbbacac1baf078a8a2ac" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.

Who was the highest life expectancy?

[ "Japan" ]

[ 645 ]

[ "f7c77d2f9a679fe700a8e46c2b3c07f48c098393" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The shortcomings of Aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of Galileo Galilei, who was influenced by the late Medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus. Galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century. He showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force, for example friction.

What did Galileo do to the work of Aristotle?

[ "corrected" ]

[ 60 ]

[ "7ba1f2992569de9fa76e3bd2aff1df1541f7ddd1" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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It is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vitamin D levels in the elderly. As people age, two things happen that negatively affect their vitamin D levels. First, they stay indoors more due to decreased activity levels. This means that they get less sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via UVB radiation. Second, as a person ages the skin becomes less adept at producing vitamin D.

What happens to skin as people age?

[ "becomes less adept at producing vitamin D" ]

[ 625 ]

[ "c121d5c04f7bc27c7e22dbf8b3b29a5a21e94db8" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years. Public school teachers are required to have a bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by No Child Left Behind. Additionally, the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers, 674,000 middle school teachers, and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the U.S.

Are there estimated to be more elementary school or middle school teachers?

[ "elementary school" ]

[ 725 ]

[ "5bd747d2a2a5418657ae8393adb2a789fb0060d8" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Genghis Khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him. He also realised that such administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities. For this purpose Genghis Khan invited a Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by the Mongol army after the Jin dynasty was defeated. Jin had captured power by displacing Khitan. Genghis told Chu'Tsai, who was a lineal descendant of Khitan rulers, that he had avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers. Chu'Tsai responded that his father served the Jin dynasty honestly and so did he; also he did not consider his own father his enemy, so the question of revenge did not apply. This reply impressed Genghis Khan. Chu'Tsai administered parts of the Mongol Empire and became a confidant of the successive Mongol Khans.

Who, between Genghis and Chu'Tsai, did NOT avenge Chu'Tsai's forefathers?

[ "Chu'Tsai" ]

[ 475 ]

[ "7a4d4ffcb3bc62c0e615f80f7e9d4e745af12e78" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring (plasma cells) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly, by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells.

What happens to all of the copies of the antibody that are produced by a B cell?

[ "circulate in blood plasma and lymph" ]

[ 576 ]

[ "102553c147c63dcee03f0b29449dde66e15dc4a4" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught.[citation needed]

What program is being offered?

[ "licensing" ]

[ 32 ]

[ "41420b31236877bd50e464a7cfaaa6ad60ff4430" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path, remains unparalleled to this day, and word of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations, particularly Europe. These two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way. Later under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240.

the leader of the Mongols was who

[ "Genghis Khan" ]

[ 156 ]

[ "d2e8d128f279f2077c2c5858cb8db12272750817" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66–34 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45°. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded again during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum. However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.

The rainforest is described as growing after the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, specifically during what time period?

[ "66–34 Mya" ]

[ 190 ]

[ "23c745339e99ff32f9d5209597f46e5221d79ba6" ]

[ "Amazon_rainforest" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object. Today, this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass. Thus an object that has a mass of will experience a force:

9.81 meters per second squared refers to what constant?

[ "acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth" ]

[ 445 ]

[ "ff0e7e36281603aa7789c501b5da41bbb9b504fa" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1185–1226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be Temüjin's only empress, though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives.

who was reportedly given away as a wife?

[ "Börte" ]

[ 54 ]

[ "6282160709aa6160402f805c1083c3897d06294f" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Agriculture is the second largest contributor to Kenya's gross domestic product (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture, including forestry and fishing, accounted for 24% of GDP, as well as for 18% of wage employment and 50% of revenue from exports. The principal cash crops are tea, horticultural produce, and coffee. Horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya's exports. The production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations. Production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example, in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people because of one of Kenya's intermittent droughts.[citation needed]

What is the largest revenue source for Kenya?

[ "service sector" ]

[ 97 ]

[ "4011d711dd270eeb466999b8b8310b2d787dacc8" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

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Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs. In the summer it had become clear that the LM would not be ready in time. Rather than waste the Saturn V on another simple Earth-orbiting mission, ASPO Manager George Low suggested the bold step of sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon instead, deferring the D mission to the next mission in March 1969, and eliminating the E mission. This would keep the program on track. The Soviet Union had sent animals around the Moon on September 15, 1968, aboard Zond 5, and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts. The decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of Apollo 7. Gemini veterans Frank Borman and James Lovell, and rookie William Anders captured the world's attention by making 10 lunar orbits in 20 hours, transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on Christmas Eve, and returning safely to Earth.

what craft was mentioned first?

[ "Apollo 8" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "c6a235eee02a4d6d6abf527c8af48c45253e20a9" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen today. This debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.

What took place after LGM?

[ "deglaciation" ]

[ 172 ]

[ "752f0143869b1cd0d6437f34287506f6635e67fd" ]

[ "Amazon_rainforest" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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On 8 February 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels. It was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the BSkyB portfolio including sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news. The announcement came a day after Setanta Sports confirmed that it would launch in March as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform, and on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media. However, industry sources believe BSkyB will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from Freeview and replace them with subscription channels, due to possible lost advertising revenue.

What new channels will BSkyB customers have to pay for?

[ "sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news" ]

[ 247 ]

[ "c347a79df2a9809d96e602da7bbcf4c60b94371e" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

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On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union. At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin's flight, many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would catch up. Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on America's response to the Soviets.

American fears about being left behind were addressed by whom?

[ "many congressmen" ]

[ 294 ]

[ "1ff36402106a6c954b545f6efcef584e40cdfcad" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing, this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next.[citation needed]

What does the IPCC report on?

[ "climate science" ]

[ 379 ]

[ "08b7245384475c89dc84f3fde6a9d634efdf7bb6" ]

[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a stone column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, on the St. Johns near the main village of the Saturiwa. Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20, 1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, and killed nearly all the French soldiers defending it. The Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustine's position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964.

Where was the first European settlement established?

[ "St. Johns" ]

[ 346 ]

[ "0f4e04e84706b628505616e718f2bd04c3a1b7e6" ]

[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul." Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ. He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart.

Martin Luther once he was dedicated to the Augustinian order, found himself undergoing travel and self-discovery, sometimes referred to as?

[ "pilgrimage" ]

[ 102 ]

[ "000bcf40cda48527886c945b612c0c54ed46dff8" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Curiously, around half of the protein products of transferred genes aren't even targeted back to the chloroplast. Many became exaptations, taking on new functions like participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance. A few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome—most became nonfunctional pseudogenes, though a few tRNA genes still work in the mitochondrion. Some transferred chloroplast DNA protein products get directed to the secretory pathway (though it should be noted that many secondary plastids are bounded by an outermost membrane derived from the host's cell membrane, and therefore topologically outside of the cell, because to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol, you have to cross the cell membrane, just like if you were headed for the extracellular space. In those cases, chloroplast-targeted proteins do initially travel along the secretory pathway).

What role does a pseudogene have?

[ "nonfunctional" ]

[ 326 ]

[ "ab016ce1d27e30ec8865bb1ad35ccefec007522a" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious minorities, and persons with mental and emotional illnesses. The United Methodist Church also believes that Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7. The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence.

Who is unfairly effected by the death penalty?

[ "marginalized persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious minorities, and persons with mental and emotional illnesses" ]

[ 270 ]

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Agriculture is the second largest contributor to Kenya's gross domestic product (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture, including forestry and fishing, accounted for 24% of GDP, as well as for 18% of wage employment and 50% of revenue from exports. The principal cash crops are tea, horticultural produce, and coffee. Horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya's exports. The production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations. Production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example, in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people because of one of Kenya's intermittent droughts.[citation needed]

Which of the following is less affected by bad weather: tea or corn?

[ "tea" ]

[ 292 ]

[ "285ab2da252ac9693c58ba37c1bb8a1fe65f0470" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline.[verification needed]

What aren't teachers supposed to do to discipline their students?

[ "sarcasm and attempts to humiliate" ]

[ 387 ]

[ "5b51b6f515fcf61c1713122fe076b89d076dca01" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict. Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth.

What did the policies do?

[ "reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth" ]

[ 686 ]

[ "c092d0bafec6f59400f02ea43348c5af0f1aec34" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Saturn IB was an upgraded version of the Saturn I. The S-IB first stage increased the thrust to 1,600,000 pounds-force (7,120 kN), and the second stage replaced the S-IV with the S-IVB-200, powered by a single J-2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with LOX, to produce 200,000 lbf (890 kN) of thrust. A restartable version of the S-IVB was used as the third stage of the Saturn V. The Saturn IB could send over 40,000 pounds (18,100 kg) into low Earth orbit, sufficient for a partially fueled CSM or the LM. Saturn IB launch vehicles and flights were designated with an AS-200 series number, "AS" indicating "Apollo Saturn" and the "2" indicating the second member of the Saturn rocket family.

What was improved to form the Saturn IB?

[ "Saturn I" ]

[ 45 ]

[ "58a374a3ebb4e31df5fb81208ae03c002ab29adf" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang.

What keeps things on earth?

[ "gravity" ]

[ 315 ]

[ "994d062c59846c083378805635e3c2fcf55650b6" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Maroons compete in the NCAA's Division III as members of the University Athletic Association (UAA). The university was a founding member of the Big Ten Conference and participated in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball and Football and was a regular participant in the Men's Basketball tournament. In 1935, the University of Chicago reached the Sweet Sixteen. In 1935, Chicago Maroons football player Jay Berwanger became the first winner of the Heisman Trophy. However, the university chose to withdraw from the conference in 1946 after University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football. (In 1969, Chicago reinstated football as a Division III team, resuming playing its home games at the new Stagg Field.)

Why are the maroons no longer in the Big Ten?

[ "de-emphasized varsity athletics" ]

[ 588 ]

[ "d3913af6634c17d129973cddae974d6ab0f649f0" ]

[ "University_of_Chicago" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport, because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962, some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual, claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts. However, there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional, integral features of plant cell plastids, not merely artifacts.

How do stroma-containing tubules interact with the endoplasmic reticulum?

[ "branched and tangled with" ]

[ 382 ]

[ "ef759aa6fc7962c86334f5e8c362bfa4fb2dd6ec" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was "still subject to final review". Webb held firm, and issued a request for proposal to candidate Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) contractors. Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's office, because of the President's involvement with the October Cuban missile crisis, and fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of Grumman as the LEM contractor in November 1962.

Webb defended von Braun against his verbal assault?

[ "Wiesner" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "81a63da45be126a9b075750d39e171550d7734f3" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

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In the mid-1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network. After a grand jury was convened to investigate, 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign. Jacksonville Consolidation, led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates, began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks, who wanted more involvement in government, and whites in the suburbs, who wanted more services and more control over the central city. In 1964 all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation. This added momentum to proposals for government reform. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.

what is the last time period mentioned?

[ "1964" ]

[ 540 ]

[ "f01a1b5a53263a3e5d58613d6aaf53d24443a449" ]

[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The problems with North American were severe enough in late 1965 to cause Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips to head a "tiger team" to investigate North American's problems and identify corrections. Phillips documented his findings in a December 19 letter to NAA president Lee Atwood, with a strongly worded letter by Mueller, and also gave a presentation of the results to Mueller and Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans. Meanwhile, Grumman was also encountering problems with the Lunar Module, eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967, not long after the first manned CSM flights.

Who wanted team tiger to identify corrections?

[ "George Mueller" ]

[ 108 ]

[ "743807c86743c2f739adf47e000d478213bc9dca" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale.

How many absoprtion bands does Oxygen present?

[ "Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "043ef74e2c1f4b8dab9addf30f58fae78bb14071" ]

[ "Oxygen" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store as well as one of the largest John Lewis stores in the UK. John Lewis is still known to many in Newcastle as Bainbridges. Newcastle store Bainbridge's, opened in 1838, is often cited as the world’s first department store. Emerson Bainbridge (1817–1892), a pioneer and the founder of Bainbridges, sold goods via department, a new for merchant custom for that time. The Bainbridge’s official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store. Eldon Square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment. A new bus station, replacing the old underground bus station, was officially opened in March 2007. The wing of the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped. This was completed in February 2010 with the opening of a flagship Debenhams department store as well as other major stores including Apple, Hollister and Guess.

Who was born in the year that immediately precedes 1818?

[ "Emerson Bainbridge" ]

[ 540 ]

[ "4f584bbb55a142673680c6734ac6a7a93e3adb95" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.:133–134:38-1–38-11

What might be components of forces that cause deformations?

[ "tensile stresses and compressions" ]

[ 463 ]

[ "91ff5a9437c75ad0ca4af5d3f20d4c3362edb08c" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation continued, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity. In his later years, Luther grew more hostile toward the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy. His 1543 treatise Von den Juden und ihren Lügen (On the Jews and Their Lies) took its place among other anti-Jewish literature of the times, although historians acknowledge that this treatise was particularly extreme, even by the standards of sixteenth century Europe. In it, he takes a hardline against Judaism, writing that synagogues and Jewish homes should be destroyed, their money confiscated, and liberty curtailed. These statements and their influence on antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status.

Who else did Luther decry?

[ "the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy" ]

[ 453 ]

[ "2971f9c454aa9e43df8f9d0aa6532dd803d2ccf6" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Since the 1980s, Lutheran Church denominations have repudiated Martin Luther's statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans. Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that, compared to the other minority groups under consideration, Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews. Nevertheless, Professor Richard (Dick) Geary, former Professor of Modern History at the University of Nottingham, England, and the author of Hitler and Nazism (Routledge 1993), wrote in the journal History Today an article on who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933, where he claimed that from his research he found that the Nazis gained disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany.

What didn't the Lutheran Church like?

[ "Martin Luther's statements against the Jews" ]

[ 63 ]

[ "3971a3440f4de56029cf063247c9cff7e3999ff1" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict. Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth.

Giving more to what is more harm for our economy?

[ "inequality" ]

[ 157 ]

[ "18cb5f2f17c432d7996ca2c90b70d65f7ed67bd5" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment". According to work by Barro in 1999 and 2000, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. A study of Swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less, but no correlation after ten years. Studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time, and a negative impact on the duration of growth.

What is likely the most reliable information among the different studies of inequality?

[ "Studies of larger data sets" ]

[ 481 ]

[ "013c90c54d467f8e3deee78442335a50bb2893ed" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960 and 1961, Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option. Bypassing the NASA hierarchy, he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans; while acknowledging that he spoke "somewhat as a voice in the wilderness," Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question.

Who was lower status, Seamans or Houbolt?

[ "Houbolt" ]

[ 268 ]

[ "e9d844741619a17c5b76860d4d74585de0fb58dd" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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There are many concepts of teachers in Islam, ranging from mullahs (the teachers at madrassas) to ulemas, who teach of the laws of Islam for the proper way of Islamic living according to the Sunnah and Ahadith, and can render legal verdicts upon matters of Islamic law in accordance with the teaching of one of the Four Schools of Jurisprudence. In the more spiritual or mystical Islamic tradition of Sufism, the position of spiritual teacher and an esoteric (as opposed to exoteric, or actions-oriented, e.g. the Five Pillars of Islam) spirituality and spiritual knowledge takes on a more important dimension, with emphasis on learning from living saints - the highest of which is a Qutb - and of traditions passed down from initiate to initiate, and traceable back to the founder of the order.

what faith is mentioned first?

[ "Islam" ]

[ 39 ]

[ "2499a1ca1bc4e1ecbeca374caaa878436fb4ae6c" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important for Luther was the doctrine of justification – God's act of declaring a sinner righteous – by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah. "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification," he wrote, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."

Who was not the Messiah, Jesus or God?

[ "God" ]

[ 451 ]

[ "cb181751f76b4e871df0cc540028a9c5a3c2f5f3" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments. His wife Katharina was overheard saying, "Dear husband, you are too rude," and he responded, "They are teaching me to be rude." In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the Market Church in Halle, staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas.

Why was he sick?

[ "poor physical health" ]

[ 4 ]

[ "0f45c915b74bf2fbf377ebabbaef1f6b87b9f1be" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010, Europe's first pay-TV platform in to achieve that milestone. Confirming it had reached its target, the broadcaster said its reach into 36% of households in the UK represented an audience of more than 25m people. The target was first announced in August 2004, since then an additional 2.4m customers had subscribed to BSkyB's direct-to-home service. Media commentators had debated whether the figure could be reached as the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe flattened.

Ten years after the start of the decade it was found in millions of dwellings?

[ "BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "56127bd7cac8e8aa97c9fb9cc054671c1f5a7616" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

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In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating that "multiple acts" would perform during the halftime show. On December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyoncé, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay on the single "Hymn for the Weekend", would be making an appearance. Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson also performed.

what artist was mentioned last?

[ "Mark Ronson" ]

[ 504 ]

[ "d14afaa29c29ccc556bf4ac085b59c91d7ba63b8" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities. The two official languages, English and Swahili, are used in varying degrees of fluency for communication with other populations. English is widely spoken in commerce, schooling and government. Peri-urban and rural dwellers are less multilingual, with many in rural areas speaking only their native languages. British English is primarily used in the country. Additionally, a distinct local dialect, Kenyan English, is used by some communities and individuals in the country, and contains features unique to it that were derived from local Bantu languages, such as Swahili and Kikuyu. It has been developing since colonisation and also contains certain elements of American English. Sheng is a Swahili-based cant spoken in some urban areas. Primarily consisting of a mixture of Swahili and English, it is an example of linguistic code-switching.

What is both an official language and a Bantu language?

[ "Swahili" ]

[ 662 ]

[ "11ceb36ab727ca38e723395e96deb9f595f47f3c" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage. Multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple expansion engines. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the Olympic class), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine.[citation needed]

what type of engine is mentioned first?

[ "compound" ]

[ 33 ]

[ "e33ee9f73352539866114ac7ece735c6530e404d" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states. This means that it takes energy to pack them together. While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force, it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states.

What needs a citation?

[ "these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle" ]

[ 175 ]

[ "62823a8d3ae716261d7b007e393f86ba498e12b7" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Between 1991 and 2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres (160,000 to 227,000 sq mi), with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle. Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock pasture. Currently, Brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States. New research however, conducted by Leydimere Oliveira et al., has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the Amazon, the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes. So despite the popular perception, there has been no economical advantage for Brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields.

Of the two countries that produce soybeans, which country is clearing rain forest in order to increase production?

[ "Brazil" ]

[ 338 ]

[ "2036cc32529c26ee87dc04a80d2d46377958cf3b" ]

[ "Amazon_rainforest" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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There are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity, across all three major traditions - (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational, with a stronger tradition of spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions with a long tradition of "discernment of spirits", of vocations, and other aspects of spiritual life, especially the Roman and Orthodox Catholic Churches. These positions include: the honoured but informal position of starets or elder - a man (or, less often, woman), often a monastic, considered to be graced by God with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest (spiritual pride or deception) - who acts as a spiritual guide or father in the Orthodox Catholic tradition, especially Russian Orthodoxy (see Optina Monastery, which had a long line of said starets); the Priest or Confessor in Roman Catholicism, who is often a man in Holy Orders but may be a monastic or other person respected for his spiritual accomplishments or acumen (even the Pope of Rome has a Confessor, who is not always a bishop, and, due to the hierarchical structure of the Roman Church, can not be his equal in authority), which is often a semi-official to official position, as opposed to the unofficial positions of spiritual guides in the Orthodox Catholic and Protestant traditions; and the almost-exclusively informal arrangements (generally formal only in members who are under some form of church discipline) of mentorship (both of adults and children, in the latter case often a youth pastor) in the Protestant and Non-Denominational traditions, which boundaries can be blurred with the more typically Roman "confessor" position in some of the more historic and conservative Reformation Churches, such as some of the Lutheran and Anglican. In keeping with the individualistic nature of most Protestant denominations, the emphasis on being guided in spiritual development is small, with a heavy emphasis placed on heavy reading and personal, Spirit-enlightened interpretation of the Holy Bible.

Which tradition expects adherents to read the Bible and interpret for themselves?

[ "Protestant" ]

[ 1932 ]

[ "03f9671d2e6da4684793b08a66b92d494fdaad54" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In 2010 the Amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought, in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest, compared to 734,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) in 2005. The 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off, whereas in 2005 the drought was focused on the southwestern part. The findings were published in the journal Science. In a typical year the Amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8 gigatons were released.

What is 1900000 kilometers squared in miles squared?

[ "734,000" ]

[ 217 ]

[ "dc8e96c46efe733307da671f7d275ca371af7634" ]

[ "Amazon_rainforest" ]

[ "validation" ]

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However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons. In QED, photons are the fundamental exchange particle, which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force.[Note 4]

Which theory was developed later, electromagnetic or QED?

[ "QED" ]

[ 398 ]

[ "14b3b5fa16d5ed0f8c2279e9d5e4b8f63417063e" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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There were tax exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance because Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept, and not subject to law or interference.[citation needed] Sometime before the rise of Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his mentor and eventual rival, had converted to Nestorian Christianity. Various Mongol tribes were Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian. Religious tolerance was thus a well established concept on the Asian steppe.

What was the final relationship between Genghis Khan and Ong Khan?

[ "rival" ]

[ 349 ]

[ "707108a89bc003894cfbeb07510e07e39d6a5cc5" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom. By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today. The city council organize concerts and other events. Each Midsummer’s Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, looking for the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.

What events does the city council help organize?

[ "musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks" ]

[ 712 ]

[ "5eb5c475cea24a33b1a34145daa5025dbee8bb6d" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960 and 1961, Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option. Bypassing the NASA hierarchy, he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans; while acknowledging that he spoke "somewhat as a voice in the wilderness," Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question.

What was not taken seriously?

[ "LOR" ]

[ 711 ]

[ "4be6170642588618984fafae1f9b2af44fed8f80" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The next direct threat to Temüjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha and his followers took refuge. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temüjin. In 1201, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as Gür Khan, "universal ruler", a title used by the rulers of the Qara Khitai. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin, and Jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206.

Who was opposed by a group of tribes that was created?

[ "Temüjin" ]

[ 387 ]

[ "feb2458e04def0c3d73b02b928df73602f5a6b38" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The UMC supports federal funding for research on embryos created for IVF that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased, if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent for the research purposes. The UMC stands in "opposition to the creation of embryos for the sake of research" as "a human embryo, even at its earliest stages, commands our reverence." It supports research on stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells, stating that there are "few moral questions" raised by this issue.

What are people who don't support making embryos for research usually in support of?

[ "stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells" ]

[ 485 ]

[ "e79624b88e05cb6ea6ea4a4a44c25f73f20ec24c" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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There are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in Christianity, across all three major traditions - (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational, with a stronger tradition of spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions with a long tradition of "discernment of spirits", of vocations, and other aspects of spiritual life, especially the Roman and Orthodox Catholic Churches. These positions include: the honoured but informal position of starets or elder - a man (or, less often, woman), often a monastic, considered to be graced by God with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest (spiritual pride or deception) - who acts as a spiritual guide or father in the Orthodox Catholic tradition, especially Russian Orthodoxy (see Optina Monastery, which had a long line of said starets); the Priest or Confessor in Roman Catholicism, who is often a man in Holy Orders but may be a monastic or other person respected for his spiritual accomplishments or acumen (even the Pope of Rome has a Confessor, who is not always a bishop, and, due to the hierarchical structure of the Roman Church, can not be his equal in authority), which is often a semi-official to official position, as opposed to the unofficial positions of spiritual guides in the Orthodox Catholic and Protestant traditions; and the almost-exclusively informal arrangements (generally formal only in members who are under some form of church discipline) of mentorship (both of adults and children, in the latter case often a youth pastor) in the Protestant and Non-Denominational traditions, which boundaries can be blurred with the more typically Roman "confessor" position in some of the more historic and conservative Reformation Churches, such as some of the Lutheran and Anglican. In keeping with the individualistic nature of most Protestant denominations, the emphasis on being guided in spiritual development is small, with a heavy emphasis placed on heavy reading and personal, Spirit-enlightened interpretation of the Holy Bible.

What tradition is a staret from?

[ "Orthodox Catholic tradition, especially Russian Orthodoxy" ]

[ 799 ]

[ "4f186134221467fe62463c8b38140976a902444e" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Daily Mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone" – as, it claimed, subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the household. In December, the UK’s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to BSkyB was ‘often damaging’, along with alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a "Welfare Cash Card", in the style of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, that could be used to buy only "essentials".

Incentives given to taxpayers to reduce the amount of taxes are called?

[ "tax credits" ]

[ 540 ]

[ "d62b33cffa9d794f6004be9b97778516c40fb70e" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it. Corporal punishment in American schools is administered to the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle. This often used to take place in the classroom or hallway, but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office.

If you are in the south, what is likely to be legal?

[ "corporal punishment" ]

[ 25 ]

[ "b269323354b186b6bcd8fd5382c1c99b68d3181e" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.

Disabled students will learn from whom?

[ "teacher" ]

[ 170 ]

[ "8b131483ec9009f7e4fdca2fafc9214557591e25" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market. At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event. With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition. The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.

What level of listing among most Grainger town listings is the Grainger Market not listed as?

[ "II" ]

[ 678 ]

[ "349b97ea0137c51425268b7a485daa7ad5a2a647" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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