autoevaluate/autoeval-eval-project-adversarial_qa-7ab9b963-1305349895

context stringlengths 158 2.13k	question stringlengths 13 202	answers.text sequence	answers.answer_start sequence	feat_id sequence	feat_title sequence	feat_metadata.split sequence	feat_metadata.model_in_the_loop sequence	start_logits sequence	end_logits sequence
In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples.	What another way of considering a guru?	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Nearby, in Ogród Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre (1922–26), was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department.	What does Upati have besides a stage directing department?	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The mermaid (syrenka) is Warsaw's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city's coat of arms. This imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century. The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390, consisting of a round seal bordered with the Latin inscription Sigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis (Seal of the city of Warsaw). City records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws. In 1653 the poet Zygmunt Laukowski asks the question:	Along with statutes, how else is the mermaid utilized in Warsaw?	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The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence that CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect. They predict that under a "business as usual" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century. They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more.	When will we be able to see the effects of the increased emission of greenhouse gases that are occurring now?	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This vibrant and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s.[citation needed] After decades of neglect and suburban flight, the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the Tower Theatre in the late 1970s, which at that time showed second and third run movies, along with classic films. Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players also opened nearby in 1978,[citation needed] at Olive and Wishon Avenues. Fresno native Audra McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater while she was a high school student. McDonald subsequently became a leading performer on Broadway in New York City and a Tony award winning actress. Also in the Tower District is Good Company Players' 2nd Space Theatre.	When did the neighborhood see both decline and revival?	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Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality. He points out that nations with high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."	What might have played a less significant role in the income gap?	[ "technological changes and globalization" ]	[ 193 ]	[ "89f6019ad15ea0dd0eb5ee73063eaab3725cbda1" ]	[ "Economic_inequality" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 10.5, -4.37109375, -4.5703125, -4.67578125, -4.98046875, -4.79296875, -4.59375, -5.15234375, -5.3828125, -5.41796875, -5.3828125, -5.265625, -5.63671875, -1.1611328125, -3.083984375, -2.373046875, 1.43359375, -1.7080078125, -1.9970703125, 1.8720703125, 0.7431640625, -2.90234375, -2.28125, -0.71923828125, -0.17919921875, -2.8203125, 0.00565338134765625, 0.376220703125, 2.23828125, 7.5078125, 7.13671875, 0.42431640625, 5.94921875, 3.146484375, 0.047027587890625, 0.55126953125, 0.80224609375, -0.195068359375, 0.07977294921875, 0.472900390625, 0.151611328125, 1.412109375, -0.7998046875, -1.021484375, -1.37890625, 1.166015625, -0.411376953125, -0.1192626953125, -2.1484375, 3.3046875, 11.125, 5.640625, 1.388671875, 7.63671875, -0.22119140625, 2.130859375, 2.796875, 2.603515625, 3.16796875, 2.640625, 3.80859375, 2.474609375, 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Due to its electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides. The surface of most metals, such as aluminium and titanium, are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion. Many oxides of the transition metals are non-stoichiometric compounds, with slightly less metal than the chemical formula would show. For example, the mineral FeO (wüstite) is written as Fe1 − xO, where x is usually around 0.05.	Which of the following is not a metal: oxygen, aluminium or titanium?	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Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like life aimed toward love. Wesley never claimed this state of perfection for himself but instead insisted the attainment of perfection was possible for all Christians. Here the English Reformer parted company with both Luther and Calvin, who denied that a man would ever reach a state in this life in which he could not fall into sin. Such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life.	Who must a believer love as themselves?	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The Lutheran theologian Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this issue.	How did Lessing's studies compare to Pieper's?	[ "reached the same conclusion" ]	[ 217 ]	[ "99cc2909542d48e27dd7f08cc2c8bb16c9b332f0" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 6.08203125, -4.19921875, -5.828125, -3.8515625, -5.08984375, -5.25390625, -4.46484375, -4.22265625, -4.47265625, -3.84375, -5.515625, -5.5859375, -2.1171875, -5.40625, -5.3125, 1.896484375, 2.654296875, -0.642578125, -2.693359375, 2.537109375, 2.353515625, -1.9072265625, 3.21875, 3.05859375, 5.97265625, -0.72021484375, 4.91796875, 2.482421875, 2.7734375, 3.001953125, -1.865234375, 0.1402587890625, 1.0283203125, -2.845703125, 1.3427734375, 1.701171875, 1.1357421875, 6.34765625, -0.9130859375, 1.875, 4.421875, 2.650390625, 0.1707763671875, -1.5185546875, -1.5380859375, -2.00390625, 4.1875, 1.8203125, -0.81103515625, 0.0772705078125, 4.47265625, -0.7685546875, -0.201416015625, 1.64453125, 0.023468017578125, -1.65234375, 5.19921875, 6.109375, 4.51953125, 5.171875, 5.56640625, 1.06640625, 1.580078125, 2.99609375, 3.166015625, -1.3525390625, 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CBS set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $5,000,000, a record high price for a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26, the advertisements had not yet sold out. CBS mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game, meaning that for the first time, digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast. This would be the final year in a multi-year contract with Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount. It was also the final year that Doritos, a longtime sponsor of the game, held its "Crash the Super Bowl" contest that allowed viewers to create their own Doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game. Nintendo and The Pokémon Company also made their Super Bowl debut, promoting the 20th anniversary of the Pokémon video game and media franchise.	What was different about NFL's deal with Anheuser-Busch?	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Lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast (more specifically, a prasinophyte). Lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage. The chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes and has no nucleomorph—all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus. The endosymbiotic event that led to this chloroplast was serial secondary endosymbiosis rather than tertiary endosymbiosis—the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast (making a secondary chloroplast).	What event led to the chloroplast had in lepidodinium?	[ "serial secondary endosymbiosis" ]	[ 497 ]	[ "79cfea2cf8d8f57ce20f6cd6330d3233d254fcaf" ]	[ "Chloroplast" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 10.546875, -4.37890625, -4.86328125, -5.37890625, -5.74609375, -5.90625, -5.85546875, -6.2109375, -6.0859375, -5.0625, -5.04296875, -5.22265625, -5.234375, -5.6796875, -5.578125, -5.71484375, -1.712890625, -4.67578125, -4.33203125, 3.3828125, 0.654296875, -1.40625, -1.7333984375, -2.171875, -1.8896484375, 1.8056640625, -2.26953125, -2.15625, 0.28955078125, 0.69287109375, -0.50830078125, -0.7412109375, 2.765625, -1.51171875, -3.2265625, 0.2841796875, 5.3203125, 2.248046875, 3.556640625, 4.57421875, -1.443359375, -2.544921875, -2.01171875, 1.513671875, -3.955078125, -1.7314453125, -2.37109375, 1.671875, -2.716796875, -1.22265625, 3.375, 4.34375, 1.1220703125, -2.931640625, -0.034881591796875, 1.1435546875, -3.470703125, -2.939453125, -2.275390625, -0.8955078125, -2.177734375, -2.529296875, 2.42578125, 3.34765625, -2.134765625, -2.33203125, 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The concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion, even those that are not strictly constant velocity. The rotational inertia of planet Earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year. Albert Einstein extended the principle of inertia further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration, such as those free-falling toward a gravitating object, were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames. This is why, for example, astronauts experience weightlessness when in free-fall orbit around the Earth, and why Newton's Laws of Motion are more easily discernible in such environments. If an astronaut places an object with mass in mid-air next to himself, it will remain stationary with respect to the astronaut due to its inertia. This is the same thing that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame. This principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity.	In general, what do objects in motion do?	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It was not until January 1518 that friends of Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin into German and printed and widely copied them, making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press. Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months, they had spread throughout Europe.	In what language did Luther's friends write?	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The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport, because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962, some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual, claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts. However, there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional, integral features of plant cell plastids, not merely artifacts.	Which of the following is most common in petals, chromoplasts or amyloplasts?	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Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port. Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay form the third largest military presence in the United States. Significant factors in the local economy include services such as banking, insurance, healthcare and logistics. As with much of Florida, tourism is also important to the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf. People from Jacksonville may be called "Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons" (also spelled "Jaxons").	what recreational activity is mentioned last?	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Like many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United States, the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At the time of its formation, the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million for the first time. In 2005, there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations. Membership is concentrated primarily in the Midwest and in the South. Texas has the largest number of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and North Carolina.	Did the UMC have fewer congregations at the time of its formation or in 2005?	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It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few.	What kind of animals are able to make lymphocytes?	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Warsaw's name in the Polish language is Warszawa, approximately /vɑːrˈʃɑːvə/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa), meaning "belonging to Warsz", Warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcisław; see also etymology of Wrocław. Folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman, Wars, and his wife, Sawa. According to legend, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula River with whom Wars fell in love. In actuality, Warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood. See also the Vršovci family which had escaped to Poland. The official city name in full is miasto stołeczne Warszawa (English: "The Capital City of Warsaw"). A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian – in Polish warszawiak (male), warszawianka (female), warszawiacy (plural).	What was the name of the non-human in this passage?	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Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church. In 1784, after unsuccessful attempts to have the Church of England send a bishop to start a new church in the colonies, Wesley decisively appointed fellow priest Thomas Coke as superintendent (bishop) to organize a separate Methodist Society. Together with Coke, Wesley sent a revision of the Anglican Prayerbook and the Articles of Religion which were received and adopted by the Baltimore Christmas Conference of 1784, officially establishing the Methodist Episcopal Church. The conference was held at the Lovely Lane Methodist Church, considered the Mother Church of American Methodism.	What denomination is primarily discussed in this article?	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Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo/Saturn vehicles were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975.	What planet in the universe has a visible and evident ring around it?	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It became clear that managing the Apollo program would exceed the capabilities of Robert R. Gilruth's Space Task Group, which had been directing the nation's manned space program from NASA's Langley Research Center. So Gilruth was given authority to grow his organization into a new NASA center, the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC). A site was chosen in Houston, Texas, on land donated by Rice University, and Administrator Webb announced the conversion on September 19, 1961. It was also clear NASA would soon outgrow its practice of controlling missions from its Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida, so a new Mission Control Center would be included in the MSC.	Who made the improvement possible?	[ "Rice University" ]	[ 388 ]	[ "c5b67b72265dc3afa391c2be1686dc2a95f18a44" ]	[ "Apollo_program" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 4.80859375, -1.21875, -3.7109375, -4.98828125, -4.83984375, -4.390625, -1.2314453125, -4.11328125, -3.76953125, 4.78125, 1.392578125, 1.1083984375, 2.41796875, 4.4296875, 2.376953125, 4.6875, -0.05792236328125, 0.35009765625, 2.21875, 2.966796875, 3.673828125, 2.740234375, 9.1953125, 3.177734375, 0.70654296875, 5.6328125, -0.4052734375, 1.005859375, 2.28125, 5.6953125, 2.583984375, 2.009765625, -0.7744140625, 1.33203125, 2.048828125, 0.5615234375, 2.2890625, 1.35546875, 0.78125, -2.533203125, 1.8662109375, 0.53759765625, -0.7158203125, 2.365234375, 7.15625, 0.361083984375, 4.8515625, -1.4736328125, 1.6787109375, 0.287353515625, -0.732421875, 5.7734375, 8.546875, -0.64892578125, 0.25634765625, -0.53857421875, 0.80224609375, 1.4287109375, -0.269287109375, 2.501953125, 4.421875, 1.2236328125, -1.2880859375, 1.58203125, 1.7470703125, 6.81640625, -0.828125, 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His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the writing of an English translation, the Tyndale Bible. His hymns influenced the development of singing in churches. His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant clergy to marry.	How did this person change the way that churches worship today?	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Deke Slayton, the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft, and had to undergo surgery on January 27. Slayton replaced him with Chaffee. NASA announced the final crew selection for AS-204 on March 21, 1966, with the backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans James McDivitt and David Scott, with rookie Russell L. "Rusty" Schweickart. Mercury/Gemini veteran Wally Schirra, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on September 29 as the prime crew for AS-205.	What is a key training element of the KC135?	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The university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s, beginning in 1962, when students occupied President George Beadle's office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies. After continued turmoil, a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report. The report, a two-page statement of the university's policy in "social and political action," declared that "To perform its mission in the society, a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions, passions, and pressures." The report has since been used to justify decisions such as the university's refusal to divest from South Africa in the 1980s and Darfur in the late 2000s.	Which happened first, the Kalven Report, or the university's refusal to divest from South Africa?	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Luther was a prolific hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"), based on Psalm 46, and "Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her" ("From Heaven Above to Earth I Come"), based on Luke 2:11–12. Luther connected high art and folk music, also all classes, clergy and laity, men, women and children. His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of German hymns in connection with worship, school, home, and the public arena. He often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute, later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of Germany in the 20th century.	The things Luther made are performed through?	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Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous city in the United States. As of 2010[update], there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city. Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population, with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 United States Census. Jacksonville has Florida's largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census. Much of Jacksonville's Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy.	What connects Jacksonville's Filipino residents to the United States government?	[ "Much of Jacksonville's Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy" ]	[ 453 ]	[ "cc1aaa96e5d0081b43a914baf79d099e50458338" ]	[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 6.2578125, -3.998046875, -4.1953125, -4.2890625, -5.2578125, -4.59765625, -4.63671875, -4.38671875, -3.923828125, 0.08526611328125, -2.314453125, -3.62890625, -0.091552734375, -3.099609375, -2.91796875, 1.400390625, -2.251953125, -1.9375, -0.892578125, -0.76123046875, -0.5703125, -0.9326171875, -2.10546875, 1.3046875, -2.626953125, -1.5439453125, 0.270263671875, 1.169921875, -0.47900390625, -0.90087890625, -0.323974609375, -0.8271484375, -1.1640625, 0.09332275390625, 2.265625, -1.458984375, -2.1953125, -0.09100341796875, -1.83984375, -0.66259765625, -1.125, -0.1923828125, -2.34765625, -0.313720703125, -1.984375, 0.328369140625, -1.0634765625, -2.212890625, -0.7822265625, -0.78369140625, -2.076171875, 0.853515625, -1.841796875, -1.087890625, 1.103515625, -1.3740234375, 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A method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure (HP) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower-pressure (LP) cylinders. The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder less heat is lost by the steam in each. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine. By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders, torque variability can be reduced. To derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume. Therefore, the bore, and often the stroke, are increased in low-pressure cylinders resulting in larger cylinders.	What happened in the 6th year of the 19th century?	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It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states. This means that it takes energy to pack them together. While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force, it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states.	What is the result of the deficiency?	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Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout.	Who are expected to substitute?	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The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen. The second mermaid reached the mouth of the Vistula River and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice. A greedy merchant also heard her songs; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.	What were Triton's daughters?	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In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force. Thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be "fundamental interactions".:199–128 When particle A emits (creates) or absorbs (annihilates) virtual particle B, a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle A making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles A A' exchanging by B. This description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions. While sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict, in full detail, the accurate result of such interactions, there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of Feynman diagrams. In a Feynman diagram, each matter particle is represented as a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram. Matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the Feynman diagram. World lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices, and the Feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines. Gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and, in the case of virtual particle exchange, are absorbed at an adjacent vertex.	Virtual particle exchange causes what effect on gauge bosons at an adjacent vertex?	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Other prominent alumni include anthropologists David Graeber and Donald Johanson, who is best known for discovering the fossil of a female hominid australopithecine known as "Lucy" in the Afar Triangle region, psychologist John B. Watson, American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Innis, chess grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington.	what kind of government building is mentioned in the article?	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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.	Which country mentioned in the text has the smallest average in years?	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By the opening of the 2008 General Conference, total UMC membership was estimated at 11.4 million, with about 7.9 million in the U.S. and 3.5 million overseas. Significantly, about 20% of the conference delegates were from Africa, with Filipinos and Europeans making up another 10%. During the conference, the delegates voted to finalize the induction of the Methodist Church of the Ivory Coast and its 700,000 members into the denomination. Given current trends in the UMC—with overseas churches growing, especially in Africa, and U.S. churches collectively losing about 1,000 members a week—it has been estimated that Africans will make up at least 30% of the delegates at the 2012 General Conference, and it is also possible that 40% of the delegates will be from outside the U.S. One Congolese bishop has estimated that typical Sunday attendance of the UMC is higher in his country than in the entire United States.	What were the statistics for conference attendees in 2008?	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The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph". This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century. The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central England, with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England. Even with this increase, the maximum it showed for the Medieval Warm Period did not reach temperatures recorded in central England in 2007. The MBH99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000, using differing data and methods. The Jones et al. and Briffa reconstructions were overlaid with the MBH99 reconstruction in Figure 2.21 of the IPCC report.	Who is the first letter in "MBH99" in reference to?	[ "Mann" ]	[ 167 ]	[ "7860e0cedfe6d6de60bd3b2ae51c21e1d071964f" ]	[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 6.80859375, -2.517578125, -2.25390625, -2.3984375, -2.4609375, -2.095703125, -2.359375, -2.212890625, -2.603515625, -3.0625, -2.775390625, -3.251953125, -2.478515625, -2.75, -2.681640625, -2.05078125, -1.662109375, -1.5693359375, -0.3466796875, 1.0224609375, -0.8896484375, -0.78466796875, -1.4287109375, 0.275634765625, -1.150390625, -2.228515625, -0.94287109375, -1.193359375, -0.72216796875, 0.125244140625, -0.2890625, 0.8046875, 3.310546875, -0.1781005859375, 4.0390625, 2.466796875, 1.24609375, 0.329833984375, -1.462890625, -0.9072265625, -1.294921875, -0.323486328125, 0.251220703125, 0.320068359375, 1.638671875, 5.36328125, 2.361328125, -0.69140625, 5.72265625, 1.294921875, 5.08984375, 2.7890625, -0.57763671875, 5.15625, 2.587890625, 7.33984375, 5.01171875, 0.12408447265625, 7.74609375, -0.2093505859375, 1.1357421875, -0.64404296875, 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The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels. The service continued until the closure of BSkyB's analogue service on 27 September 2001, due to the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital platform. Some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted (whereby a Videocrypt decoder was required to decode, without a subscription card) prior to their addition to the Sky Multichannels package. Within two months of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994. Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels.	Besides the launch, what caused the closure of BSkyB's analogue service?	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In 1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk". Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice: "Let the Turk believe and live as he will, just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live." He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.	what is the first faith mentioned?	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The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be "the most giving Super Bowl ever", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.	How will the Bay area be helped?	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The United Methodist Church (UMC) is a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination. In the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism. Founded in 1968 by the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church, the UMC traces its roots back to the revival movement of John and Charles Wesley in England as well as the Great Awakening in the United States. As such, the church's theological orientation is decidedly Wesleyan. It embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements.	What religious denomination were John and Charles Wesley classified under?	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The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, geothermal facilities at Olkaria (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply. Kenya's installed capacity stood at 1,142 megawatts between 2001 and 2003. The state-owned Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), established in 1997 under the name of Kenya Power Company, handles the generation of electricity, while Kenya Power handles the electricity transmission and distribution system in the country. Shortfalls of electricity occur periodically, when drought reduces water flow. To become energy sufficient, Kenya aims to build a nuclear power plant by 2017.	Who sends their electricity to Kenya?	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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. 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A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from "We are beggars," which was in German.	What was not written in German?	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Following a lengthy legal battle with the European Commission, which deemed the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer, BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007–08 season. In May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn. In February 2015, Sky bid £4.2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016. This represented an increase of 70% on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff cuts, increased subscription prices (including 9% in Sky's family package) and the dropping of the 3D channel.	What was discontinued after the move?	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Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment.	It is implied that in some countries not listed in the passage, corporal punishment is not done in an approved way, also referred to as?	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During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism, however, was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas. From 1893 to 1938 Jacksonville was the site of the Florida Old Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Home with a nearby cemetery.	Where was the Sub--Tropical Exposition held?	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It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries, classroom discipline and behavior is highly problematic. Although, officially, schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior, in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all.	The cardinal direction opposite of west is called?	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The country's literacy level stands at 85% of the whole population. Preschool, which targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At the end of primary education, pupils sit the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE), which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school. Primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years. For those who proceed to secondary level, there is a national examination at the end of Form Four – the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE), which determines those proceeding to the universities, other professional training or employment. Students sit examinations in eight subjects of their choosing. However, English, Kiswahili (languages) and mathematics are compulsory subjects.	What is the youngest age people usually graduate from primary school?	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Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage.	Who will interview the coaches and staff during the broadcast?	[ "James Lofton and Mark Malone" ]	[ 156 ]	[ "c62b6687f94e6929b95070e5486cecf477c8ae4f" ]	[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 8.9140625, -4.5390625, -4.75390625, -3.896484375, -5.03515625, -4.59765625, -5.39453125, -4.7890625, -4.6875, -5.22265625, -4.94140625, -1.7275390625, -4.953125, -4.77734375, 6.8671875, -0.6181640625, 2.1796875, -1.05859375, -1.1552734375, -1.0517578125, -1.6513671875, -1.58203125, -0.556640625, -1.9267578125, -1.7314453125, 2.41796875, 7.49609375, 2.80859375, 0.4375, -0.99267578125, 2.662109375, -2.388671875, -1.7958984375, -2.830078125, -1.0888671875, 1.58203125, 0.56787109375, 6.609375, 0.390380859375, 2.580078125, -2.921875, -0.2919921875, -1.158203125, 4.40625, 1.0439453125, -0.316650390625, -0.6875, 3.919921875, 2.1875, -1.9033203125, 1.0986328125, 8.46875, 4.55859375, 0.356201171875, 0.28515625, 5.125, 3.08203125, 0.474365234375, 5.0625, 3.34765625, 0.6923828125, 9.15625, 4.109375, -1.75, 0.39697265625, -0.84765625, 1.875, -2.935546875, 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ITV Tyne Tees was based at City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959. In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead. The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, The Tube. BBC North East and Cumbria is located to the north of the city on Barrack Road, Spital Tongues, in a building known, as the result of its colouring, as the Pink Palace. It is from here that the Corporation broadcasts the Look North television regional news programme and local radio station BBC Radio Newcastle.	What is the Corporation?	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The catechism is one of Luther's most personal works. "Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes," he wrote, "I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because, roused by a Saturnian hunger, I would rather see them all devoured. For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine, except perhaps the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism." The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching. It remains in use today, along with Luther's hymns and his translation of the Bible.	Besides the written "instruction manual" for young followers, what did Luther hold up as a rather personal and important work?	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The Judicial Council is the highest court in the denomination. It consists of nine members, both laity and clergy, elected by the General Conference for an eight-year term. The ratio of laity to clergy alternates every eight years. The Judicial Council interprets the Book of Discipline between sessions of General Conference, and during General Conference, the Judicial Council rules on the constitutionality of laws passed by General Conference. The Council also determines whether actions of local churches, annual conferences, church agencies, and bishops are in accordance with church law. The Council reviews all decisions of law made by bishops The Judicial Council cannot create any legislation; it can only interpret existing legislation. The Council meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world. The Judicial Council also hears appeals from those who have been accused of chargeable offenses that can result in defrocking or revocation of membership.	A plant that only sprouts flowers once a year is described as?	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In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation continued, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity. In his later years, Luther grew more hostile toward the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy. His 1543 treatise Von den Juden und ihren Lügen (On the Jews and Their Lies) took its place among other anti-Jewish literature of the times, although historians acknowledge that this treatise was particularly extreme, even by the standards of sixteenth century Europe. In it, he takes a hardline against Judaism, writing that synagogues and Jewish homes should be destroyed, their money confiscated, and liberty curtailed. These statements and their influence on antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status.	When did Luther's opinion on Jews change?	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From Newcastle International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways run a service to IJmuiden (near Amsterdam). The DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated late 2008. Since summer 2007, Thomson cruise lines have included Newcastle as a departure port on its Norwegian and Fjords cruise.	What service was ceased about a year after Newcastle was added as a departure port?	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In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season. ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid. The BBC was given the highlights of most of the matches, while BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year from the 1992 season. Murdoch described sport as a "battering ram" for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High Court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to investigate since it believed Rupert Murdoch's media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid.	What was contested?	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Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers ranged from £20,133 to £41,004 in September 2007, although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities. Preschool teachers may earn £20,980 annually.[citation needed] Teachers in state schools must have at least a bachelor's degree, complete an approved teacher education program, and be licensed.	What should educators acquire to earn more?	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Endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages. Even if a chloroplast is eventually lost, the genes it donated to the former host's nucleus persist, providing evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence. 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A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland can be found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katyń Museum which preserves the memory of the crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, the Warsaw Fotoplastikon. The Museum of Independence preserves patriotic and political objects connected with Poland's struggles for independence. Dating back to 1936 Warsaw Historical Museum contains 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of Warsaw from its origins until today.	What is a memorial of sorts?	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The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning sideways so that light strikes them edge-on. This reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage. This ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones. Chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus-response systems that can be found in plants. Mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move.	What do chloroplasts do in low light conditions?	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Some dinophytes, like Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia have a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast. These chloroplasts are bounded by up to five membranes, (depending on whether you count the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast, or just the red algal derived chloroplast inside it). The diatom endosymbiont has been reduced relatively little—it still retains its original mitochondria, and has endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, a nucleus, and of course, red algal derived chloroplasts—practically a complete cell, all inside the host's endoplasmic reticulum lumen. However the diatom endosymbiont can't store its own food—its starch is found in granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm instead. The diatom endosymbiont's nucleus is present, but it probably can't be called a nucleomorph because it shows no sign of genome reduction, and might have even been expanded. Diatoms have been engulfed by dinoflagellates at least three times.	Which of the following is not a dinophyte: Kryptoperidinium, ribosomes, or Durinskia?	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A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring (plasma cells) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly, by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells.	Where does a B cell put the peptides it makes after picking up an antigen?	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The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of BBC Radio 4 listeners. In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category. Osborne Road came 4th in the foodie street category. A portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself.	What did Grey Street get for it's looks?	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Many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught.[citation needed]	What is the action opposite to repulsion that brings objects together?	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In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles "Pete" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms. The Command Module Pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon, Jr. Conrad and Bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera, but it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the Sun. They made two EVAs totaling 7 hours and 45 minutes. On one, they walked to the Surveyor, photographed it, and removed some parts which they returned to Earth.	Who had been in service longer between Conrad and Bean?	[ "veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad" ]	[ 25 ]	[ "304a4670d3ce7e000b4a1077184b9fff315b8dc3" ]	[ "Apollo_program" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 6.125, -1.0400390625, -1.4638671875, -2.076171875, -2.21875, -2.595703125, -1.62890625, 0.1690673828125, 5.21875, -1.375, 2.44921875, -0.78173828125, -2.02734375, -1.9931640625, 0.2491455078125, 0.032623291015625, 0.80810546875, 2.125, 6.3984375, 5.4921875, 7.7578125, 4.83203125, 7.59765625, 1.546875, 3.216796875, 9.453125, 1.681640625, 5.56640625, 8.15625, 3.75, 1.0048828125, 9.71875, -1.3505859375, -1.373046875, -1.2041015625, -1.125, -0.472900390625, 2.513671875, 0.11578369140625, -0.9951171875, -0.87451171875, -0.9296875, -0.69482421875, 2.265625, 3.751953125, -2.28515625, 0.306884765625, -0.130615234375, 0.07733154296875, -0.0726318359375, -2.169921875, -1.822265625, -1.6279296875, -1.4150390625, -1.6318359375, -0.31884765625, 1.2353515625, -1.8857421875, -1.44140625, -0.315185546875, -2.072265625, -0.25341796875, -1.5927734375, 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In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples.	What is important in the traditions of Hinduism?	[ "emphasis on spiritual mentorship" ]	[ 134 ]	[ "e9b45547a2bcfcd4dc5d3b16bab5971183660e7d" ]	[ "Teacher" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 5.07421875, -5.140625, -5.91796875, -4.53125, -5.53515625, -5.51171875, -5.07421875, -5.62109375, -3.259765625, -5.2265625, -1.9951171875, -5.140625, -4.87890625, 2.34375, 1.9111328125, -0.60888671875, 5.625, 5.58203125, 2.458984375, -0.3623046875, 1.86328125, 1.421875, 3.65234375, 3.951171875, -2.083984375, -0.47412109375, 1.4052734375, 5.40625, 2.482421875, 2.306640625, -1.248046875, 1.7724609375, -2.259765625, -1.3564453125, 1.712890625, 0.93310546875, 0.300048828125, -0.9345703125, 0.361083984375, 1.0634765625, 2.796875, 10.3125, 8.8359375, 3.75390625, 10.8046875, 7.7265625, 3.365234375, 2.806640625, 4.390625, 4.0625, 0.3046875, 4.765625, 7.72265625, 2.60546875, 4.9921875, 6.2734375, 6.16015625, 5.8671875, 2.896484375, 2.96484375, 7.72265625, 3.626953125, 6.28125, 5.6171875, -0.12646484375, 3.87890625, 3.216796875, -2.201171875, -4.09375, 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The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully described the sources of the fields as being stationary and moving charges, and the interactions of the fields themselves. This led Maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be "self-generating" through a wave that traveled at a speed that he calculated to be the speed of light. This insight united the nascent fields of electromagnetic theory with optics and led directly to a complete description of the electromagnetic spectrum.	What is Maxwell's middle name?	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The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °C (the creep limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern coal-fired power station. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a gas turbine) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations.[citation needed]	Between the Carnot efficiency and actual efficiency for the Rakine cycle, which has a higher efficiency?	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Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque. Likewise, Newton's Second Law of Motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body:	Angular velocity is what kind of equivalent to velocity?	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The "Big Five" game animals of Africa, that is the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant, can be found in Kenya and in the Masai Mara in particular. A significant population of other wild animals, reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country. The annual animal migration occurs between June and September with millions of animals taking part, attracting valuable foreign tourism. Two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi) from the Serengeti in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for food and water supplies. This Serengeti Migration of the wildebeest is a curious spectacle listed among the 10 Natural Wonders of Africa.	Where specifically can the "Big Five" game animals of Africa be found?	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Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, much amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat.	Which of the following is not synthesized by plants: amino acids, ATP or water?	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Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century, and was created a county corporate with its own sheriff by Henry IV in 1400.	Which happened first, the stone wall was built or William the Lion was imprisoned?	[ "stone wall was built" ]	[ 183 ]	[ "55c410076a2bcfdf9e0e27b96f1c2c91eae2e836" ]	[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 5.8984375, -1.662109375, -2.712890625, -3.037109375, -3.572265625, -2.666015625, -2.376953125, -3.494140625, -3.791015625, -3.3203125, -3.02734375, -3.68359375, -4.25390625, -4.03125, -4.3125, -3.55859375, 1.9423828125, -2.943359375, -2.693359375, 1.5673828125, 0.767578125, 1.0322265625, -0.432373046875, 1.095703125, 3.947265625, 1.22265625, 1.349609375, -0.501953125, 1.359375, 1.6806640625, 1.0205078125, 5.4453125, 1.8759765625, 2.841796875, 1.6494140625, 3.51171875, -0.251220703125, -0.69873046875, 3.767578125, 2.345703125, -0.08270263671875, 0.63623046875, 0.599609375, -0.74365234375, -0.55029296875, -1.4833984375, -0.385009765625, -1.3095703125, 0.1768798828125, -1.5556640625, 5.47265625, 11.984375, 5.16796875, 0.65234375, 0.56689453125, -0.2447509765625, 0.184814453125, -2.568359375, -2.048828125, -1.2998046875, 1.5810546875, 7.078125, 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The "Big Five" game animals of Africa, that is the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant, can be found in Kenya and in the Masai Mara in particular. A significant population of other wild animals, reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country. The annual animal migration occurs between June and September with millions of animals taking part, attracting valuable foreign tourism. Two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi) from the Serengeti in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for food and water supplies. This Serengeti Migration of the wildebeest is a curious spectacle listed among the 10 Natural Wonders of Africa.	Aside from constantly being on the move, what else must the animals involved in the Serengeti Migration do while they are migrating?	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The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources. According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the "grey literature"), provided that they are of sufficient quality. Examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals. Each subsequent IPCC report notes areas where the science has improved since the previous report and also notes areas where further research is required.	What type of source is not included in the grey literature?	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One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis".	What saltwater body was Tenggis used to describe?	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The UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre, the Oriental Institute, the Smart Museum of Art, the Renaissance Society, University of Chicago Presents, and student arts organizations. The university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies, contemporary art criticism, and film history. It has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in Cinema & Media studies since 2000, a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track (2000). It has bachelor's degree programs in visual arts, music, and art history, and, more recently, Cinema & Media studies (1996) and theater & performance studies (2002). The College's general education core includes a “dramatic, music, and visual arts” requirement, requiring students to study the history of the arts, stage desire, or begin working with sculpture. Several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes. UChicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the Compass Players student comedy troupe evolved into The Second City improv theater troupe in 1959. The Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts opened in October 2012, five years after a $35 million gift from alumnus David Logan and his wife Reva. The center includes spaces for exhibitions, performances, classes, and media production. The Logan Center was designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien. This building is actually entirely glass. The brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind. The architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked.	Why were some people unhappy about the exterior wind-blocking layer on the arts center?	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The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be "the most giving Super Bowl ever", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.	Parasites typically invade another organism for nutrients or shelter, this organism is referred to as a?	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The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for example, is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object. An example of the normal force in action is the impact force on an object crashing into an immobile surface.	An object that is fixed in place and cannot move is said to be also what?	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The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC. In the 16th century, the beginning of the historical era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama, a coastal subgroup of the Timucua people. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area.	Where did the Mocama live?	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CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows, respectively. It was the third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever.	What is the roman numeral for 48?	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Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom. By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today. The city council organize concerts and other events. Each Midsummer’s Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, looking for the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.	Where do the speeches take place?	[ "by the river bank" ]	[ 777 ]	[ "9b18c8e7ded8d8b2cb8d9be630f19c3c681314fe" ]	[ "Warsaw" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 10.46875, -2.7109375, -3.779296875, -3.443359375, -3.69140625, -3.70703125, -3.513671875, -1.5302734375, -2.8515625, -2.69921875, 1.2685546875, 0.80126953125, -2.03515625, -0.5361328125, -2.591796875, -2.34765625, -0.9599609375, -1.2705078125, -1.9521484375, 3.962890625, -0.10455322265625, -1.1064453125, -1.765625, 0.10296630859375, -1.6796875, -0.373291015625, 4.96484375, 5.015625, 4.54296875, 1.3681640625, 4.3125, 4.1953125, -0.8974609375, -0.73046875, 2.5078125, 3.4609375, -0.6875, -2.009765625, -1.6787109375, -1.5009765625, -2.31640625, -0.390625, -1.10546875, 0.68994140625, 0.4970703125, -1.3701171875, 4.07421875, -1.2490234375, -1.5673828125, -1.7802734375, 1.9794921875, -2.55078125, -2.236328125, 1.447265625, -1.40625, -1.9931640625, -2.51953125, -1.7724609375, -0.9462890625, -0.4228515625, -1.044921875, -2.466796875, -1.048828125, -0.9892578125, 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John Paul II's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there. In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square in Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to "renew the face" of Poland: Let Thy Spirit descend! Let Thy Spirit descend and renew the face of the land! This land! These words were very meaningful for the Polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for the democratic changes.	People listened to?	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Between the 1880s and World War II, Downtown Fresno flourished, filled with electric Street Cars, and contained some of the San Joaquin Valley's most beautiful architectural buildings. Among them, the original Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Water Tower, the Bank of Italy Building, the Pacific Southwest Building, the San Joaquin Light & Power Building (currently known as the Grand 1401), and the Hughes Hotel (burned down), to name a few.	What architectural building had a fire and was not called a water tower?	[ "Hughes Hotel" ]	[ 466 ]	[ "f0e7610761345a9ab92606a6c6d46bcbeb614038" ]	[ "Fresno,_California" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 7.3671875, -3.64453125, -3.4140625, -4.53125, -3.896484375, -3.857421875, -3.837890625, -4.8359375, -4.06640625, -3.923828125, -3.939453125, -1.064453125, -0.515625, -3.439453125, -1.0771484375, -3.3515625, -3.08203125, 0.51611328125, -0.28955078125, 0.48779296875, -2.4765625, -1.4599609375, 0.6787109375, -1.27734375, -0.352294921875, 0.59130859375, 4.24609375, 3.37109375, -1.2724609375, -3.2109375, -0.986328125, -1.6220703125, 1.8359375, 1.49609375, 0.609375, -3.603515625, -2.85546875, -0.68603515625, -0.30859375, -1.6103515625, 0.62255859375, 1.359375, -0.434326171875, -1.8662109375, -0.953125, -3.1015625, -1.4609375, -0.06719970703125, 0.78515625, -1.2392578125, -1.8603515625, 1.8974609375, -1.28125, 0.302490234375, 7.81640625, 7.40625, 7.734375, 3.333984375, 5.94921875, 2.921875, 0.7021484375, 3.70703125, -0.1732177734375, -0.164794921875, 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The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Despite British hopes of handing power to "moderate" local rivals, it was the Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta that formed a government. The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end on 12 December 1963 with independence being conferred on all of Kenya. The United Kingdom ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963, the Sultan of Zanzibar agreed that simultaneous with independence for the Colony of Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya so that all of Kenya would be one sovereign, independent state. In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 of the United Kingdom. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya".	What does the "N" in "KANU" stand for?	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Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout.	Who can be affected by occupational hazards, that normally don't have an occupation themselves?	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During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism, however, was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas. From 1893 to 1938 Jacksonville was the site of the Florida Old Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Home with a nearby cemetery.	How did the president boost tourism in Florida?	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The tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center. It has a height of 617 ft (188 m) and includes 42 floors. Other notable structures include the 37-story Wells Fargo Center (with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline), originally built in 1972-74 by the Independent Life and Accident Insurance Company, and the 28 floor Riverplace Tower which, when completed in 1967, was the tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure in the world.	Which came first in history, of all structures mentioned??	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Today, Warsaw has some of the best medical facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe. The city is home to the Children's Memorial Health Institute (CMHI), the highest-reference hospital in all of Poland, as well as an active research and education center. While the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology it is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in Europe. The clinical section is located in a 10-floor building with 700 beds, 10 operating theatres, an intensive care unit, several diagnostic departments as well as an outpatient clinic. The infrastructure has developed a lot over the past years.	Are there more beds or operating theaters?	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A consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties, instead of maize, in particularly dry areas. Pigeon peas are very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall. Successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes, by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing. This work, which included linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa. The commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty.	Which of the following is not a crop: pigeon peas, maize, or Nairobi?	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The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph". This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century. The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central England, with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England. Even with this increase, the maximum it showed for the Medieval Warm Period did not reach temperatures recorded in central England in 2007. The MBH99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000, using differing data and methods. The Jones et al. and Briffa reconstructions were overlaid with the MBH99 reconstruction in Figure 2.21 of the IPCC report.	What is the second letter in "MBH99" in reference to?	[ "Bradley" ]	[ 184 ]	[ "36e8e3ae27ac5800d8d839c5bd97867add5ae3c5" ]	[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 5.484375, -2.271484375, -2.357421875, -1.5712890625, -0.853515625, -1.03515625, -1.7890625, -1.48046875, -1.830078125, -2.646484375, -2.46484375, -2.861328125, -1.6640625, -1.7763671875, -2.16796875, -2.498046875, -2.2265625, -2.189453125, -0.40478515625, 2.072265625, -0.98974609375, -0.88916015625, -1.4130859375, 0.86767578125, -0.98779296875, -2.57421875, -1.27734375, -1.474609375, -1.291015625, -0.65966796875, -0.71240234375, 0.44091796875, 2.59375, -0.9208984375, 1.662109375, 2.912109375, 1.5439453125, 0.78564453125, -1.8359375, -1.564453125, -1.95703125, -1.662109375, -1.0712890625, -1.1796875, -1.9951171875, -0.66259765625, -0.445556640625, -2.287109375, 2.34765625, -1.79296875, -0.1849365234375, 0.76416015625, -2.306640625, 3.173828125, -0.75732421875, 2.322265625, 4.67578125, -0.484619140625, 6.703125, -0.771484375, 0.8369140625, 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Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic. The President is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. There was growing concern especially during former president Daniel arap Moi's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary.[citation needed]	What branch did Daniel arap Moi control	[ "executive" ]	[ 456 ]	[ "c871de5e32400a7e84b6ed4887d4960ceba383ce" ]	[ "Kenya" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 8.3203125, -3.96875, -4.453125, -5.38671875, -5.37109375, -5.640625, -5.8046875, -5.61328125, -5.80859375, -5.23828125, -5.0234375, -4.40234375, 1.9140625, -1.8388671875, -2.44140625, 0.8408203125, 5.74609375, 0.416259765625, 0.85205078125, -0.99072265625, -1.869140625, 4.95703125, 5.58984375, -1.8193359375, 1.0263671875, 1.5087890625, 3.439453125, -1.7060546875, 1.9462890625, -1.7939453125, 3.05078125, -0.47998046875, 5.515625, -3.23046875, -2.904296875, -1.935546875, -0.44384765625, 1.451171875, -1.9765625, 0.63623046875, -0.79248046875, 0.0870361328125, 7.4453125, 3.05078125, -2.060546875, 0.0062408447265625, 0.346435546875, 4.23046875, 5.11328125, 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The United Methodist Church maintains that war is incompatible with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy, to be employed only as a last resort in the prevention of such evils as genocide, brutal suppression of human rights, and unprovoked international aggression. It insists that the first moral duty of all nations is to resolve by peaceful means every dispute that arises between or among them; that human values must outweigh military claims as governments determine their priorities; that the militarization of society must be challenged and stopped; that the manufacture, sale, and deployment of armaments must be reduced and controlled; and that the production, possession, or use of nuclear weapons be condemned. Consequently, the United Methodist Church endorses general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.	If a Methodist were to say that they supported war, under what circumstances would that be a valid statement?	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A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring (plasma cells) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly, by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells.	What must B cell go through before dividing into plasma cells?	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The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning sideways so that light strikes them edge-on. This reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage. This ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones. Chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus-response systems that can be found in plants. Mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move.	Which shape indicates the presence of more light?	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A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors for extracurricular activities. In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline.	What do teachers do in the classroom?	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The mermaid (syrenka) is Warsaw's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city's coat of arms. This imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century. The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390, consisting of a round seal bordered with the Latin inscription Sigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis (Seal of the city of Warsaw). City records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws. In 1653 the poet Zygmunt Laukowski asks the question:	How did Warsaw display the sea monster in the region	[ "on statues throughout the city and on the city's coat of arms" ]	[ 58 ]	[ "b4c84d47f4f6ff66a13610ae780c243cef2144ec" ]	[ "Warsaw" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ 6.83984375, -4.39453125, -5.44921875, -3.880859375, -3.888671875, -4.515625, -3.451171875, -5.25, -4.33984375, -4.328125, -3.921875, -5.2421875, -4.28515625, 4.734375, 3.12890625, -0.931640625, 0.254638671875, 2.671875, -2.02734375, -1.865234375, -2.42578125, 0.391845703125, 2.724609375, -0.049774169921875, 2.671875, 1.9521484375, 5.34375, 3.376953125, 3.931640625, 7.31640625, 8.78125, 3.037109375, 1.2177734375, 1.4716796875, 0.021087646484375, 5.15625, 5.12890625, 4.87890625, 0.64453125, 6.2421875, -1.8369140625, 3.216796875, -0.53271484375, 4.25390625, 4.52734375, 1.3779296875, 0.58740234375, 1.18359375, 0.44189453125, 0.73828125, 0.3310546875, -2.068359375, -0.7236328125, 0.88427734375, -1.958984375, 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At the end of this speech, Luther raised his arm "in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout." Michael Mullett considers this speech as a "world classic of epoch-making oratory."	How did Luther act like a knight?	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Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul." Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ. He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart.	Johann von Staupitz as the superior of Martin Luther might of heard what frequently from Martin Luther in regards to his regrets and despair?	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The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller was named Super Bowl MVP, recording five solo tackles, 2½ sacks, and two forced fumbles.	How often did the Denver Broncos give up the lead to Newton's Panthers?	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The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the cutoff" or rather, shortening the admission event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant; if the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression ("kick back").[citation needed]	Valve gears are in an?	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The United Methodist Church maintains that war is incompatible with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy, to be employed only as a last resort in the prevention of such evils as genocide, brutal suppression of human rights, and unprovoked international aggression. It insists that the first moral duty of all nations is to resolve by peaceful means every dispute that arises between or among them; that human values must outweigh military claims as governments determine their priorities; that the militarization of society must be challenged and stopped; that the manufacture, sale, and deployment of armaments must be reduced and controlled; and that the production, possession, or use of nuclear weapons be condemned. Consequently, the United Methodist Church endorses general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.	Which war instrument shouldn't be held by any country?	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In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples.

What another way of considering a guru?

[ "spiritual teacher" ]

[ 16 ]

[ "e70d5583a2d04f31036e0ea54e59a0b68c21ff20" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Nearby, in Ogród Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre (1922–26), was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department.

What does Upati have besides a stage directing department?

[ "acting department" ]

[ 490 ]

[ "dc63a2717e663f43c1bf1af18c0d07ad1f2a2112" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The mermaid (syrenka) is Warsaw's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city's coat of arms. This imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century. The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390, consisting of a round seal bordered with the Latin inscription Sigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis (Seal of the city of Warsaw). City records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws. In 1653 the poet Zygmunt Laukowski asks the question:

Along with statutes, how else is the mermaid utilized in Warsaw?

[ "on the city's coat of arms" ]

[ 93 ]

[ "a30bb48102bbe348524aa3cd11b4a00ff6bd8681" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence that CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect. They predict that under a "business as usual" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century. They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more.

When will we be able to see the effects of the increased emission of greenhouse gases that are occurring now?

[ "not likely for a decade or more" ]

[ 839 ]

[ "27a3922904aa7f867b56d82531dcb54f071a9c71" ]

[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]

[ "validation" ]

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This vibrant and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s.[citation needed] After decades of neglect and suburban flight, the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the Tower Theatre in the late 1970s, which at that time showed second and third run movies, along with classic films. Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players also opened nearby in 1978,[citation needed] at Olive and Wishon Avenues. Fresno native Audra McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater while she was a high school student. McDonald subsequently became a leading performer on Broadway in New York City and a Tony award winning actress. Also in the Tower District is Good Company Players' 2nd Space Theatre.

When did the neighborhood see both decline and revival?

[ "1970s" ]

[ 301 ]

[ "52f856528eb289ef9ecef49ed9c2ab804ffa29a5" ]

[ "Fresno,_California" ]

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Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality. He points out that nations with high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."

What might have played a less significant role in the income gap?

[ "technological changes and globalization" ]

[ 193 ]

[ "89f6019ad15ea0dd0eb5ee73063eaab3725cbda1" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Due to its electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides. The surface of most metals, such as aluminium and titanium, are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion. Many oxides of the transition metals are non-stoichiometric compounds, with slightly less metal than the chemical formula would show. For example, the mineral FeO (wüstite) is written as Fe1 − xO, where x is usually around 0.05.

Which of the following is not a metal: oxygen, aluminium or titanium?

[ "oxygen" ]

[ 30 ]

[ "1ab8f06514cfc9017714f0ee4112079db84f9164" ]

[ "Oxygen" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like life aimed toward love. Wesley never claimed this state of perfection for himself but instead insisted the attainment of perfection was possible for all Christians. Here the English Reformer parted company with both Luther and Calvin, who denied that a man would ever reach a state in this life in which he could not fall into sin. Such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life.

Who must a believer love as themselves?

[ "neighbors" ]

[ 198 ]

[ "6f57ea3ffef89d59361336d10f3d21b92bb0a645" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The Lutheran theologian Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this issue.

How did Lessing's studies compare to Pieper's?

[ "reached the same conclusion" ]

[ 217 ]

[ "99cc2909542d48e27dd7f08cc2c8bb16c9b332f0" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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CBS set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $5,000,000, a record high price for a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26, the advertisements had not yet sold out. CBS mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game, meaning that for the first time, digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast. This would be the final year in a multi-year contract with Anheuser-Busch InBev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount. It was also the final year that Doritos, a longtime sponsor of the game, held its "Crash the Super Bowl" contest that allowed viewers to create their own Doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game. Nintendo and The Pokémon Company also made their Super Bowl debut, promoting the 20th anniversary of the Pokémon video game and media franchise.

What was different about NFL's deal with Anheuser-Busch?

[ "at a steep discount" ]

[ 595 ]

[ "993a53ba9c942c817484b68b58e773119dfe733f" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast (more specifically, a prasinophyte). Lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage. The chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes and has no nucleomorph—all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus. The endosymbiotic event that led to this chloroplast was serial secondary endosymbiosis rather than tertiary endosymbiosis—the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast (making a secondary chloroplast).

What event led to the chloroplast had in lepidodinium?

[ "serial secondary endosymbiosis" ]

[ 497 ]

[ "79cfea2cf8d8f57ce20f6cd6330d3233d254fcaf" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion, even those that are not strictly constant velocity. The rotational inertia of planet Earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year. Albert Einstein extended the principle of inertia further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration, such as those free-falling toward a gravitating object, were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames. This is why, for example, astronauts experience weightlessness when in free-fall orbit around the Earth, and why Newton's Laws of Motion are more easily discernible in such environments. If an astronaut places an object with mass in mid-air next to himself, it will remain stationary with respect to the astronaut due to its inertia. This is the same thing that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame. This principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity.

In general, what do objects in motion do?

[ "continue in many different forms of constant motion" ]

[ 88 ]

[ "371106f14ea8e01336e8fd914eec522156c5b52d" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

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It was not until January 1518 that friends of Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin into German and printed and widely copied them, making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press. Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months, they had spread throughout Europe.

In what language did Luther's friends write?

[ "German" ]

[ 94 ]

[ "a89530161e8a9f1cabae5450a6e55187dda8fab7" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport, because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962, some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual, claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts. However, there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional, integral features of plant cell plastids, not merely artifacts.

Which of the following is most common in petals, chromoplasts or amyloplasts?

[ "chromoplasts" ]

[ 207 ]

[ "a71b40fd850a98bf065abec4c4649b555839accb" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port. Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay form the third largest military presence in the United States. Significant factors in the local economy include services such as banking, insurance, healthcare and logistics. As with much of Florida, tourism is also important to the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf. People from Jacksonville may be called "Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons" (also spelled "Jaxons").

what recreational activity is mentioned last?

[ "golf" ]

[ 619 ]

[ "8d79dfa7e8f16899dfa060ed8e7acb318f4483aa" ]

[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Like many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United States, the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At the time of its formation, the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million for the first time. In 2005, there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations. Membership is concentrated primarily in the Midwest and in the South. Texas has the largest number of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and North Carolina.

Did the UMC have fewer congregations at the time of its formation or in 2005?

[ "2005" ]

[ 332 ]

[ "422c2bd9a5ef5a15fc70ba67ba0cf36a6f273c2f" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

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It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few.

What kind of animals are able to make lymphocytes?

[ "vertebrates" ]

[ 80 ]

[ "b3528b087c7949562397030a4aa4f0da7518c055" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Warsaw's name in the Polish language is Warszawa, approximately /vɑːrˈʃɑːvə/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa), meaning "belonging to Warsz", Warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcisław; see also etymology of Wrocław. Folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman, Wars, and his wife, Sawa. According to legend, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula River with whom Wars fell in love. In actuality, Warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood. See also the Vršovci family which had escaped to Poland. The official city name in full is miasto stołeczne Warszawa (English: "The Capital City of Warsaw"). A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian – in Polish warszawiak (male), warszawianka (female), warszawiacy (plural).

What was the name of the non-human in this passage?

[ "Sawa" ]

[ 340 ]

[ "21b62df290447f9bf4d7a02a43509e6472b782a0" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church. In 1784, after unsuccessful attempts to have the Church of England send a bishop to start a new church in the colonies, Wesley decisively appointed fellow priest Thomas Coke as superintendent (bishop) to organize a separate Methodist Society. Together with Coke, Wesley sent a revision of the Anglican Prayerbook and the Articles of Religion which were received and adopted by the Baltimore Christmas Conference of 1784, officially establishing the Methodist Episcopal Church. The conference was held at the Lovely Lane Methodist Church, considered the Mother Church of American Methodism.

What denomination is primarily discussed in this article?

[ "Methodist" ]

[ 452 ]

[ "3b1bfb8431eab52629eca79a55cfb2cb3b8b90ed" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo/Saturn vehicles were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975.

What planet in the universe has a visible and evident ring around it?

[ "Saturn" ]

[ 311 ]

[ "897789f2c2537f5d6727b167880af65a1537ada3" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

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It became clear that managing the Apollo program would exceed the capabilities of Robert R. Gilruth's Space Task Group, which had been directing the nation's manned space program from NASA's Langley Research Center. So Gilruth was given authority to grow his organization into a new NASA center, the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC). A site was chosen in Houston, Texas, on land donated by Rice University, and Administrator Webb announced the conversion on September 19, 1961. It was also clear NASA would soon outgrow its practice of controlling missions from its Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida, so a new Mission Control Center would be included in the MSC.

Who made the improvement possible?

[ "Rice University" ]

[ 388 ]

[ "c5b67b72265dc3afa391c2be1686dc2a95f18a44" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

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His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the writing of an English translation, the Tyndale Bible. His hymns influenced the development of singing in churches. His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant clergy to marry.

How did this person change the way that churches worship today?

[ "hymns influenced the development of singing in churches" ]

[ 360 ]

[ "379b42863cb010090855ebae46e3030b642ed606" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Deke Slayton, the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft, and had to undergo surgery on January 27. Slayton replaced him with Chaffee. NASA announced the final crew selection for AS-204 on March 21, 1966, with the backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans James McDivitt and David Scott, with rookie Russell L. "Rusty" Schweickart. Mercury/Gemini veteran Wally Schirra, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on September 29 as the prime crew for AS-205.

What is a key training element of the KC135?

[ "weightlessness" ]

[ 323 ]

[ "cb6dd81b35c89e6f029624e27fd96b3ba23980df" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s, beginning in 1962, when students occupied President George Beadle's office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies. After continued turmoil, a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report. The report, a two-page statement of the university's policy in "social and political action," declared that "To perform its mission in the society, a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions, passions, and pressures." The report has since been used to justify decisions such as the university's refusal to divest from South Africa in the 1980s and Darfur in the late 2000s.

Which happened first, the Kalven Report, or the university's refusal to divest from South Africa?

[ "the Kalven Report" ]

[ 295 ]

[ "238236d5e2bfed893a1dc321ad5dca5bf0cb21fd" ]

[ "University_of_Chicago" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Luther was a prolific hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"), based on Psalm 46, and "Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her" ("From Heaven Above to Earth I Come"), based on Luke 2:11–12. Luther connected high art and folk music, also all classes, clergy and laity, men, women and children. His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of German hymns in connection with worship, school, home, and the public arena. He often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute, later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of Germany in the 20th century.

The things Luther made are performed through?

[ "singing" ]

[ 395 ]

[ "3ce3f141752d8e60f2ae7e04ebf0f56a60f97634" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous city in the United States. As of 2010[update], there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city. Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population, with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 United States Census. Jacksonville has Florida's largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census. Much of Jacksonville's Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy.

What connects Jacksonville's Filipino residents to the United States government?

[ "Much of Jacksonville's Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy" ]

[ 453 ]

[ "cc1aaa96e5d0081b43a914baf79d099e50458338" ]

[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure (HP) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower-pressure (LP) cylinders. The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder less heat is lost by the steam in each. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine. By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders, torque variability can be reduced. To derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume. Therefore, the bore, and often the stroke, are increased in low-pressure cylinders resulting in larger cylinders.

What happened in the 6th year of the 19th century?

[ "patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine" ]

[ 120 ]

[ "5d581b9dd6d9c95693ce1863c6e0ea3e003021ca" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states. This means that it takes energy to pack them together. While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force, it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states.

What is the result of the deficiency?

[ "higher energy states" ]

[ 532 ]

[ "586ddf20932a099de960e01e00ab2ea22a73b125" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout.

Who are expected to substitute?

[ "Teachers" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "4f71f3f4143bb506b56ee5bde567ecfb502c7345" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen. The second mermaid reached the mouth of the Vistula River and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice. A greedy merchant also heard her songs; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.

What were Triton's daughters?

[ "mermaid" ]

[ 332 ]

[ "f758bc50e4a55e1f987b3fd9c8f6a09fb9351a57" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics). The conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force. Thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be "fundamental interactions".:199–128 When particle A emits (creates) or absorbs (annihilates) virtual particle B, a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle A making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles A A' exchanging by B. This description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions. While sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict, in full detail, the accurate result of such interactions, there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of Feynman diagrams. In a Feynman diagram, each matter particle is represented as a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram. Matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the Feynman diagram. World lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices, and the Feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines. Gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and, in the case of virtual particle exchange, are absorbed at an adjacent vertex.

Virtual particle exchange causes what effect on gauge bosons at an adjacent vertex?

[ "absorbed" ]

[ 1870 ]

[ "a93394da70a97b61f4011d8f294fa1b3cb320fa3" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Other prominent alumni include anthropologists David Graeber and Donald Johanson, who is best known for discovering the fossil of a female hominid australopithecine known as "Lucy" in the Afar Triangle region, psychologist John B. Watson, American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Innis, chess grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington.

what kind of government building is mentioned in the article?

[ "White House" ]

[ 444 ]

[ "af03f56b2e674cb29efa9cdfa9b272dff0097851" ]

[ "University_of_Chicago" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.

Which country mentioned in the text has the smallest average in years?

[ "USA" ]

[ 571 ]

[ "f165911fdeee647eb4a533977a8570b7d1717f22" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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By the opening of the 2008 General Conference, total UMC membership was estimated at 11.4 million, with about 7.9 million in the U.S. and 3.5 million overseas. Significantly, about 20% of the conference delegates were from Africa, with Filipinos and Europeans making up another 10%. During the conference, the delegates voted to finalize the induction of the Methodist Church of the Ivory Coast and its 700,000 members into the denomination. Given current trends in the UMC—with overseas churches growing, especially in Africa, and U.S. churches collectively losing about 1,000 members a week—it has been estimated that Africans will make up at least 30% of the delegates at the 2012 General Conference, and it is also possible that 40% of the delegates will be from outside the U.S. One Congolese bishop has estimated that typical Sunday attendance of the UMC is higher in his country than in the entire United States.

What were the statistics for conference attendees in 2008?

[ "about 20% of the conference delegates were from Africa, with Filipinos and Europeans making up another 10%" ]

[ 175 ]

[ "e76693df5b7582d38dda5ff4ae9a9039fd6a0880" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph". This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century. The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central England, with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England. Even with this increase, the maximum it showed for the Medieval Warm Period did not reach temperatures recorded in central England in 2007. The MBH99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000, using differing data and methods. The Jones et al. and Briffa reconstructions were overlaid with the MBH99 reconstruction in Figure 2.21 of the IPCC report.

Who is the first letter in "MBH99" in reference to?

[ "Mann" ]

[ 167 ]

[ "7860e0cedfe6d6de60bd3b2ae51c21e1d071964f" ]

[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels. The service continued until the closure of BSkyB's analogue service on 27 September 2001, due to the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital platform. Some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted (whereby a Videocrypt decoder was required to decode, without a subscription card) prior to their addition to the Sky Multichannels package. Within two months of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994. Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels.

Besides the launch, what caused the closure of BSkyB's analogue service?

[ "expansion" ]

[ 464 ]

[ "08258d7f87b6d5981512d19fbb1d87515f94a21d" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In 1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk". Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice: "Let the Turk believe and live as he will, just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live." He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.

what is the first faith mentioned?

[ "Islam" ]

[ 108 ]

[ "e98d7be685fcea0e537c7b676336f55b8c5c58de" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be "the most giving Super Bowl ever", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.

How will the Bay area be helped?

[ "grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments" ]

[ 269 ]

[ "95e6d576ab63b6cd4ac8a3b7de1824859d7596d8" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The United Methodist Church (UMC) is a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination. In the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism. Founded in 1968 by the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church, the UMC traces its roots back to the revival movement of John and Charles Wesley in England as well as the Great Awakening in the United States. As such, the church's theological orientation is decidedly Wesleyan. It embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements.

What religious denomination were John and Charles Wesley classified under?

[ "Methodist" ]

[ 59 ]

[ "a02b9f5d163b8706c2ee7fa37dd17e1db1238602" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, geothermal facilities at Olkaria (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply. Kenya's installed capacity stood at 1,142 megawatts between 2001 and 2003. The state-owned Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), established in 1997 under the name of Kenya Power Company, handles the generation of electricity, while Kenya Power handles the electricity transmission and distribution system in the country. Shortfalls of electricity occur periodically, when drought reduces water flow. To become energy sufficient, Kenya aims to build a nuclear power plant by 2017.

Who sends their electricity to Kenya?

[ "Uganda" ]

[ 281 ]

[ "650ccc1bfa9bcf9bd82176a7b881f51914ae7b52" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it.

what was Jesus and salvation used for

[ "the foundation for the Reformation" ]

[ 91 ]

[ "614992a4a093cd24e32ac62b1295360c170130d5" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from "We are beggars," which was in German.

What was not written in German?

[ "his last statement" ]

[ 61 ]

[ "86811274dfab4f19d035285cc7bce91f8d26be41" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Following a lengthy legal battle with the European Commission, which deemed the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer, BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007–08 season. In May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn. In February 2015, Sky bid £4.2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016. This represented an increase of 70% on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff cuts, increased subscription prices (including 9% in Sky's family package) and the dropping of the 3D channel.

What was discontinued after the move?

[ "3D channel" ]

[ 789 ]

[ "8b082f15bdea47cf1ec9f6ee530554bfdbf799b8" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment.

It is implied that in some countries not listed in the passage, corporal punishment is not done in an approved way, also referred to as?

[ "Official" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "0b9b585e1dbd72c893aa33637d41913e576794a2" ]

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During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism, however, was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas. From 1893 to 1938 Jacksonville was the site of the Florida Old Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Home with a nearby cemetery.

Where was the Sub--Tropical Exposition held?

[ "Jacksonville" ]

[ 42 ]

[ "341170eb39df125e08c31b3e410bd4681e04c776" ]

[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]

[ "validation" ]

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It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries, classroom discipline and behavior is highly problematic. Although, officially, schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior, in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all.

The cardinal direction opposite of west is called?

[ "East" ]

[ 77 ]

[ "1940018f315c8a1d4d4efe58e1f859f46562c851" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The country's literacy level stands at 85% of the whole population. Preschool, which targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At the end of primary education, pupils sit the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE), which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school. Primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years. For those who proceed to secondary level, there is a national examination at the end of Form Four – the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE), which determines those proceeding to the universities, other professional training or employment. Students sit examinations in eight subjects of their choosing. However, English, Kiswahili (languages) and mathematics are compulsory subjects.

What is the youngest age people usually graduate from primary school?

[ "13" ]

[ 521 ]

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Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage.

Who will interview the coaches and staff during the broadcast?

[ "James Lofton and Mark Malone" ]

[ 156 ]

[ "c62b6687f94e6929b95070e5486cecf477c8ae4f" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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ITV Tyne Tees was based at City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959. In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead. The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, The Tube. BBC North East and Cumbria is located to the north of the city on Barrack Road, Spital Tongues, in a building known, as the result of its colouring, as the Pink Palace. It is from here that the Corporation broadcasts the Look North television regional news programme and local radio station BBC Radio Newcastle.

What is the Corporation?

[ "ITV Tyne Tees" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "d56c4a9f809524c77a3429e9eef58a9c80b118b8" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The catechism is one of Luther's most personal works. "Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes," he wrote, "I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because, roused by a Saturnian hunger, I would rather see them all devoured. For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine, except perhaps the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism." The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching. It remains in use today, along with Luther's hymns and his translation of the Bible.

Besides the written "instruction manual" for young followers, what did Luther hold up as a rather personal and important work?

[ "Bondage of the Will" ]

[ 323 ]

[ "6638d5b24ffe3028018f334bedb4ddd68f4720fe" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The Judicial Council is the highest court in the denomination. It consists of nine members, both laity and clergy, elected by the General Conference for an eight-year term. The ratio of laity to clergy alternates every eight years. The Judicial Council interprets the Book of Discipline between sessions of General Conference, and during General Conference, the Judicial Council rules on the constitutionality of laws passed by General Conference. The Council also determines whether actions of local churches, annual conferences, church agencies, and bishops are in accordance with church law. The Council reviews all decisions of law made by bishops The Judicial Council cannot create any legislation; it can only interpret existing legislation. The Council meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world. The Judicial Council also hears appeals from those who have been accused of chargeable offenses that can result in defrocking or revocation of membership.

A plant that only sprouts flowers once a year is described as?

[ "annual" ]

[ 511 ]

[ "136a236cd16a729bc149914a868605946668642d" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation continued, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity. In his later years, Luther grew more hostile toward the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy. His 1543 treatise Von den Juden und ihren Lügen (On the Jews and Their Lies) took its place among other anti-Jewish literature of the times, although historians acknowledge that this treatise was particularly extreme, even by the standards of sixteenth century Europe. In it, he takes a hardline against Judaism, writing that synagogues and Jewish homes should be destroyed, their money confiscated, and liberty curtailed. These statements and their influence on antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status.

When did Luther's opinion on Jews change?

[ "as the Reformation continued" ]

[ 213 ]

[ "fbef548a317db6824f03f83c668439006a32436d" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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From Newcastle International Ferry Terminal, at North Shields, Danish DFDS Seaways run a service to IJmuiden (near Amsterdam). The DFDS ferry service to Gothenburg, Sweden, ceased at the end of October 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to Bergen and Stavanger, Norway was terminated late 2008. Since summer 2007, Thomson cruise lines have included Newcastle as a departure port on its Norwegian and Fjords cruise.

What service was ceased about a year after Newcastle was added as a departure port?

[ "Bergen and Stavanger, Norway" ]

[ 327 ]

[ "4f7bc0513e72fd1520e418dc4b2bddd60d32a332" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season. ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid. The BBC was given the highlights of most of the matches, while BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year from the 1992 season. Murdoch described sport as a "battering ram" for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High Court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to investigate since it believed Rupert Murdoch's media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid.

What was contested?

[ "rights" ]

[ 150 ]

[ "5d1acd0ecdb124ddc11444b18410094a643d8722" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers ranged from £20,133 to £41,004 in September 2007, although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities. Preschool teachers may earn £20,980 annually.[citation needed] Teachers in state schools must have at least a bachelor's degree, complete an approved teacher education program, and be licensed.

What should educators acquire to earn more?

[ "experience and extra responsibilities" ]

[ 165 ]

[ "47fad89de6b18b111002a94442f8518dae6f017f" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages. Even if a chloroplast is eventually lost, the genes it donated to the former host's nucleus persist, providing evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence. For example, while diatoms (a heterokontophyte) now have a red algal derived chloroplast, the presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor (probably the ancestor of all chromalveolates too) had a green algal derived chloroplast at some point, which was subsequently replaced by the red chloroplast.

where are the diatom genes located

[ "diatom nucleus" ]

[ 398 ]

[ "11b884891110887374ab57ec7fa3c1ff14800845" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland can be found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katyń Museum which preserves the memory of the crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, the Warsaw Fotoplastikon. The Museum of Independence preserves patriotic and political objects connected with Poland's struggles for independence. Dating back to 1936 Warsaw Historical Museum contains 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of Warsaw from its origins until today.

What is a memorial of sorts?

[ "tribute" ]

[ 7 ]

[ "b9cc0c35f47b71ad4d8347de833a5bc4d69daccf" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning sideways so that light strikes them edge-on. This reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage. This ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones. Chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus-response systems that can be found in plants. Mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move.

What do chloroplasts do in low light conditions?

[ "maximizing the surface area to absorb light" ]

[ 155 ]

[ "9eea84ea51f7d7b5edbc3df79614247f83105008" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Some dinophytes, like Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia have a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast. These chloroplasts are bounded by up to five membranes, (depending on whether you count the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast, or just the red algal derived chloroplast inside it). The diatom endosymbiont has been reduced relatively little—it still retains its original mitochondria, and has endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, a nucleus, and of course, red algal derived chloroplasts—practically a complete cell, all inside the host's endoplasmic reticulum lumen. However the diatom endosymbiont can't store its own food—its starch is found in granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm instead. The diatom endosymbiont's nucleus is present, but it probably can't be called a nucleomorph because it shows no sign of genome reduction, and might have even been expanded. Diatoms have been engulfed by dinoflagellates at least three times.

Which of the following is not a dinophyte: Kryptoperidinium, ribosomes, or Durinskia?

[ "ribosomes" ]

[ 434 ]

[ "64b00eaa43da090bcc1bc1e51e0dc92214d5133e" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring (plasma cells) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly, by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells.

Where does a B cell put the peptides it makes after picking up an antigen?

[ "MHC class II molecules" ]

[ 262 ]

[ "8d10234c2aaf7a120e00a27e5883fa6cd960aa29" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of BBC Radio 4 listeners. In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category. Osborne Road came 4th in the foodie street category. A portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself.

What did Grey Street get for it's looks?

[ "Google Street View awards" ]

[ 583 ]

[ "357ac25841efd41a9ac36cd3c65ea66dc383584a" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught.[citation needed]

What is the action opposite to repulsion that brings objects together?

[ "attract" ]

[ 54 ]

[ "12195082fe8c7aacf465d62dd369186454233c0d" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles "Pete" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms. The Command Module Pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon, Jr. Conrad and Bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera, but it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the Sun. They made two EVAs totaling 7 hours and 45 minutes. On one, they walked to the Surveyor, photographed it, and removed some parts which they returned to Earth.

Who had been in service longer between Conrad and Bean?

[ "veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad" ]

[ 25 ]

[ "304a4670d3ce7e000b4a1077184b9fff315b8dc3" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples.

What is important in the traditions of Hinduism?

[ "emphasis on spiritual mentorship" ]

[ 134 ]

[ "e9b45547a2bcfcd4dc5d3b16bab5971183660e7d" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully described the sources of the fields as being stationary and moving charges, and the interactions of the fields themselves. This led Maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be "self-generating" through a wave that traveled at a speed that he calculated to be the speed of light. This insight united the nascent fields of electromagnetic theory with optics and led directly to a complete description of the electromagnetic spectrum.

What is Maxwell's middle name?

[ "Clerk" ]

[ 94 ]

[ "d101d47cb0fe07d8d91e280676099872401ce0b6" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °C (the creep limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern coal-fired power station. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a gas turbine) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations.[citation needed]

Between the Carnot efficiency and actual efficiency for the Rakine cycle, which has a higher efficiency?

[ "Carnot" ]

[ 388 ]

[ "b0ff4722b77cb70597bd0ac31797e0728a509db4" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque. Likewise, Newton's Second Law of Motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body:

Angular velocity is what kind of equivalent to velocity?

[ "rotation" ]

[ 14 ]

[ "f0a01ec59227705fc927d6bb8a6d7b157ca30506" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The "Big Five" game animals of Africa, that is the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant, can be found in Kenya and in the Masai Mara in particular. A significant population of other wild animals, reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country. The annual animal migration occurs between June and September with millions of animals taking part, attracting valuable foreign tourism. Two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi) from the Serengeti in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for food and water supplies. This Serengeti Migration of the wildebeest is a curious spectacle listed among the 10 Natural Wonders of Africa.

Where specifically can the "Big Five" game animals of Africa be found?

[ "Masai Mara" ]

[ 134 ]

[ "50f514f942e28caad360708dfbb0241144b117da" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, much amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat.

Which of the following is not synthesized by plants: amino acids, ATP or water?

[ "water" ]

[ 235 ]

[ "e4e3aa42bb0eb402e2aecad4ab97ea89fd02dfaa" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century, and was created a county corporate with its own sheriff by Henry IV in 1400.

Which happened first, the stone wall was built or William the Lion was imprisoned?

[ "stone wall was built" ]

[ 183 ]

[ "55c410076a2bcfdf9e0e27b96f1c2c91eae2e836" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The "Big Five" game animals of Africa, that is the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant, can be found in Kenya and in the Masai Mara in particular. A significant population of other wild animals, reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country. The annual animal migration occurs between June and September with millions of animals taking part, attracting valuable foreign tourism. Two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi) from the Serengeti in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Kenya, in a constant clockwise fashion, searching for food and water supplies. This Serengeti Migration of the wildebeest is a curious spectacle listed among the 10 Natural Wonders of Africa.

Aside from constantly being on the move, what else must the animals involved in the Serengeti Migration do while they are migrating?

[ "searching for food and water supplies" ]

[ 611 ]

[ "60b6a45571b4fcce1041ead891bb183f76c3301c" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources. According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the "grey literature"), provided that they are of sufficient quality. Examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals. Each subsequent IPCC report notes areas where the science has improved since the previous report and also notes areas where further research is required.

What type of source is not included in the grey literature?

[ "peer-reviewed sources" ]

[ 252 ]

[ "5a1a2d3debf57af6d5037aab68a1662c859160bc" ]

[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis".

What saltwater body was Tenggis used to describe?

[ "ocean" ]

[ 169 ]

[ "baac9a98587262781feb0997b1445d993bfbad97" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre, the Oriental Institute, the Smart Museum of Art, the Renaissance Society, University of Chicago Presents, and student arts organizations. The university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies, contemporary art criticism, and film history. It has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in Cinema & Media studies since 2000, a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track (2000). It has bachelor's degree programs in visual arts, music, and art history, and, more recently, Cinema & Media studies (1996) and theater & performance studies (2002). The College's general education core includes a “dramatic, music, and visual arts” requirement, requiring students to study the history of the arts, stage desire, or begin working with sculpture. Several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes. UChicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the Compass Players student comedy troupe evolved into The Second City improv theater troupe in 1959. The Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts opened in October 2012, five years after a $35 million gift from alumnus David Logan and his wife Reva. The center includes spaces for exhibitions, performances, classes, and media production. The Logan Center was designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien. This building is actually entirely glass. The brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind. The architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked.

Why were some people unhappy about the exterior wind-blocking layer on the arts center?

[ "views of the city were blocked" ]

[ 1851 ]

[ "380eaf46cc0cee0dc0420112ee41286bfdf0f6b5" ]

[ "University_of_Chicago" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be "the most giving Super Bowl ever", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.

Parasites typically invade another organism for nutrients or shelter, this organism is referred to as a?

[ "Host" ]

[ 18 ]

[ "6ea00d831ecc838489e7b1ab7d3d8815bdaed9c7" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for example, is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object. An example of the normal force in action is the impact force on an object crashing into an immobile surface.

An object that is fixed in place and cannot move is said to be also what?

[ "immobile" ]

[ 575 ]

[ "a645bf51d00be7b05752ad4a53affb7401a88594" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC. In the 16th century, the beginning of the historical era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama, a coastal subgroup of the Timucua people. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area.

Where did the Mocama live?

[ "The area of the modern city of Jacksonville" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "eaca1ce9a6ec4d0076190334b269ab55247f7735" ]

[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]

[ "validation" ]

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CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows, respectively. It was the third-most watched U.S. broadcast ever.

What is the roman numeral for 48?

[ "XLVIII" ]

[ 307 ]

[ "e10daf11ab1907d9f3d5ff5259e10148556eb072" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom. By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today. The city council organize concerts and other events. Each Midsummer’s Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, looking for the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.

Where do the speeches take place?

[ "by the river bank" ]

[ 777 ]

[ "9b18c8e7ded8d8b2cb8d9be630f19c3c681314fe" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

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John Paul II's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there. In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square in Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to "renew the face" of Poland: Let Thy Spirit descend! Let Thy Spirit descend and renew the face of the land! This land! These words were very meaningful for the Polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for the democratic changes.

People listened to?

[ "John Paul" ]

[ 215 ]

[ "9db126818281d8461fc42e1dff4f8e0ee28bd51c" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Between the 1880s and World War II, Downtown Fresno flourished, filled with electric Street Cars, and contained some of the San Joaquin Valley's most beautiful architectural buildings. Among them, the original Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library (demolished), the Fresno Water Tower, the Bank of Italy Building, the Pacific Southwest Building, the San Joaquin Light & Power Building (currently known as the Grand 1401), and the Hughes Hotel (burned down), to name a few.

What architectural building had a fire and was not called a water tower?

[ "Hughes Hotel" ]

[ 466 ]

[ "f0e7610761345a9ab92606a6c6d46bcbeb614038" ]

[ "Fresno,_California" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Despite British hopes of handing power to "moderate" local rivals, it was the Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta that formed a government. The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end on 12 December 1963 with independence being conferred on all of Kenya. The United Kingdom ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963, the Sultan of Zanzibar agreed that simultaneous with independence for the Colony of Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya so that all of Kenya would be one sovereign, independent state. In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 of the United Kingdom. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya".

What does the "N" in "KANU" stand for?

[ "National" ]

[ 185 ]

[ "17987c09062d1b41cc744c5fbf52606df73b89f4" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout.

Who can be affected by occupational hazards, that normally don't have an occupation themselves?

[ "students" ]

[ 181 ]

[ "fee314c7a0a0c88baab26254ccb6bd3016a8400c" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism, however, was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas. From 1893 to 1938 Jacksonville was the site of the Florida Old Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Home with a nearby cemetery.

How did the president boost tourism in Florida?

[ "attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition" ]

[ 215 ]

[ "2f2a858ab10200499e8d72f67378ce9478d551e5" ]

[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In the United States especially, several high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.

what was Mary Kay Letourneau involved with

[ "misconduct" ]

[ 163 ]

[ "270d67b595d8aba77699473ea73e9e568abf4682" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center. It has a height of 617 ft (188 m) and includes 42 floors. Other notable structures include the 37-story Wells Fargo Center (with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline), originally built in 1972-74 by the Independent Life and Accident Insurance Company, and the 28 floor Riverplace Tower which, when completed in 1967, was the tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure in the world.

Which came first in history, of all structures mentioned??

[ "Riverplace Tower" ]

[ 449 ]

[ "943e70acca48ec7660d4c5abda7a53dac50cb8d9" ]

[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Today, Warsaw has some of the best medical facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe. The city is home to the Children's Memorial Health Institute (CMHI), the highest-reference hospital in all of Poland, as well as an active research and education center. While the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology it is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in Europe. The clinical section is located in a 10-floor building with 700 beds, 10 operating theatres, an intensive care unit, several diagnostic departments as well as an outpatient clinic. The infrastructure has developed a lot over the past years.

Are there more beds or operating theaters?

[ "beds" ]

[ 455 ]

[ "659a09722d8cd9fae9772a6b94e684c21774c32f" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties, instead of maize, in particularly dry areas. Pigeon peas are very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall. Successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes, by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing. This work, which included linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa. The commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty.

Which of the following is not a crop: pigeon peas, maize, or Nairobi?

[ "Nairobi" ]

[ 606 ]

[ "3f640ae096e05d8cc4e18c96e4b4a23e006c0c6a" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph". This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century. The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central England, with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England. Even with this increase, the maximum it showed for the Medieval Warm Period did not reach temperatures recorded in central England in 2007. The MBH99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000, using differing data and methods. The Jones et al. and Briffa reconstructions were overlaid with the MBH99 reconstruction in Figure 2.21 of the IPCC report.

What is the second letter in "MBH99" in reference to?

[ "Bradley" ]

[ 184 ]

[ "36e8e3ae27ac5800d8d839c5bd97867add5ae3c5" ]

[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic. The President is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. There was growing concern especially during former president Daniel arap Moi's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary.[citation needed]

What branch did Daniel arap Moi control

[ "executive" ]

[ 456 ]

[ "c871de5e32400a7e84b6ed4887d4960ceba383ce" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The United Methodist Church maintains that war is incompatible with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy, to be employed only as a last resort in the prevention of such evils as genocide, brutal suppression of human rights, and unprovoked international aggression. It insists that the first moral duty of all nations is to resolve by peaceful means every dispute that arises between or among them; that human values must outweigh military claims as governments determine their priorities; that the militarization of society must be challenged and stopped; that the manufacture, sale, and deployment of armaments must be reduced and controlled; and that the production, possession, or use of nuclear weapons be condemned. Consequently, the United Methodist Church endorses general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.

If a Methodist were to say that they supported war, under what circumstances would that be a valid statement?

[ "prevention of such evils as genocide, brutal suppression of human rights, and unprovoked international aggression" ]

[ 223 ]

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[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

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A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring (plasma cells) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly, by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells.

What must B cell go through before dividing into plasma cells?

[ "lymphokines and activates the B cell" ]

[ 372 ]

[ "ddde39d74c31f3497d4e4d32c58cde28fb0a785c" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning sideways so that light strikes them edge-on. This reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage. This ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones. Chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus-response systems that can be found in plants. Mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move.

Which shape indicates the presence of more light?

[ "vertical columns" ]

[ 259 ]

[ "e9020a0c1066870c7b307e3c1a51c95eaacefe97" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors for extracurricular activities. In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline.

What do teachers do in the classroom?

[ "formal teaching" ]

[ 50 ]

[ "c5d509c67db0768d1c048e21a78438cd922d5339" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The mermaid (syrenka) is Warsaw's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city's coat of arms. This imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century. The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390, consisting of a round seal bordered with the Latin inscription Sigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis (Seal of the city of Warsaw). City records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws. In 1653 the poet Zygmunt Laukowski asks the question:

How did Warsaw display the sea monster in the region

[ "on statues throughout the city and on the city's coat of arms" ]

[ 58 ]

[ "b4c84d47f4f6ff66a13610ae780c243cef2144ec" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

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At the end of this speech, Luther raised his arm "in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout." Michael Mullett considers this speech as a "world classic of epoch-making oratory."

How did Luther act like a knight?

[ "raised his arm" ]

[ 34 ]

[ "1c97e9b660dd69f254a1305d1e024ad349e6ba65" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul." Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ. He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart.

Johann von Staupitz as the superior of Martin Luther might of heard what frequently from Martin Luther in regards to his regrets and despair?

[ "confession" ]

[ 127 ]

[ "65d8ded712177e862d92aa87cab38ad3fec321d4" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller was named Super Bowl MVP, recording five solo tackles, 2½ sacks, and two forced fumbles.

How often did the Denver Broncos give up the lead to Newton's Panthers?

[ "never trailed" ]

[ 52 ]

[ "e0f5e9c0a4fa42183bded8b9e926810abf94613f" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the cutoff" or rather, shortening the admission event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant; if the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression ("kick back").[citation needed]

Valve gears are in an?

[ "engine" ]

[ 96 ]

[ "57e0d3cee7735cd18cc4fb69de82b2d8d7c5c516" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The United Methodist Church maintains that war is incompatible with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy, to be employed only as a last resort in the prevention of such evils as genocide, brutal suppression of human rights, and unprovoked international aggression. It insists that the first moral duty of all nations is to resolve by peaceful means every dispute that arises between or among them; that human values must outweigh military claims as governments determine their priorities; that the militarization of society must be challenged and stopped; that the manufacture, sale, and deployment of armaments must be reduced and controlled; and that the production, possession, or use of nuclear weapons be condemned. Consequently, the United Methodist Church endorses general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.

Which war instrument shouldn't be held by any country?

[ "nuclear weapons" ]

[ 764 ]

[ "44d317b270355146de2c0b5dbf4b7e5e40c9788c" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

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