autoevaluate/autoeval-eval-adversarial_qa-adversarialQA-0e2388-51771145320

context stringlengths 158 2.13k	question stringlengths 13 202	answers.text sequence	answers.answer_start sequence	feat_id sequence	feat_title sequence	feat_metadata.split sequence	feat_metadata.model_in_the_loop sequence	start_logits sequence	end_logits sequence
"Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty"), "howay" ("come on"), "stot" ("bounce") and "hadaway" ("go away" or "you're kidding"), all appear to be used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA://naʊt/, rhymes with out,"nothing") are used elsewhere in Northern England. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "Canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hoy" ("throw", from the Dutch gooien, via West Frisian), "hockle" ("spit").	How do you say very in Geordie?	[ "Canny" ]	[ 643 ]	[ "dbbbde42e6f48649bc6865ed61c5cffd8b36a9b7" ]	[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -6.12109375, -9.1796875, -9.3046875, -9.265625, -8.8671875, -9.078125, -9.5859375, -9.359375, -9.5859375, -10.0703125, -9.828125, -9.828125, -9.7890625, -6.87109375, -7.203125, -8.078125, -8.8984375, -9.2890625, -9.296875, -6.7265625, -6.06640625, -8.4140625, -9.203125, -7.12890625, -5.84375, -5.27734375, -9.4140625, -9.21875, -6.109375, -3.01953125, -9.2421875, -8.484375, -9.7109375, -9.015625, -9.046875, -9.4140625, -8.15625, -9.171875, -9.7890625, -8.609375, -8.9375, -8.53125, -9.15625, -6.3359375, -8.8984375, -9.8046875, -8.25, -9.8203125, -8.4765625, -8.96875, -9.2890625, -9.6875, -9.359375, -9.0625, -8.6640625, -8.125, -9.7109375, -7.89453125, -9.1328125, -8.0078125, -8.578125, -9.1015625, -9.421875, -9.359375, -8.59375, -7.609375, -9.0234375, -9.6328125, -8.1796875, -9.4765625, -9.140625, -9.5625, -9.4453125, -8.984375, -7.94921875, -8.375, -8.3671875, 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Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900.	What is the University's biggest donor known for being?	[ "wealthiest man in history" ]	[ 87 ]	[ "93d5602c60de4894448f65c322888dcd2f814852" ]	[ "University_of_Chicago" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.60546875, -9.484375, -9.6015625, -9.4296875, -9.4921875, -9.546875, -9.2890625, -9.609375, -9.5234375, -9.5625, -9.6640625, -9.6171875, -9.75, -9.8125, -2.35546875, -6.0625, -5.9921875, -0.7412109375, -0.048828125, -2.76171875, -5.984375, -5.046875, -4.578125, -1.4375, -2.361328125, -2.470703125, 3.158203125, -2.16796875, -5.390625, -3.25390625, 3.2734375, -4.69921875, -6.03125, -4.515625, 7.87109375, -1.5576171875, -4.9375, 2.7578125, -5.78515625, -5.48828125, -6.703125, -8.890625, -7.41015625, -9.2578125, -8.3359375, -8.3515625, -4.87109375, -7.80859375, -2.83984375, -5.83203125, -9.109375, -4.2734375, -9.0078125, -9.375, -9.6484375, -10.0859375, -9.4140625, -8.265625, -9.6875, -8.8046875, -8.4921875, -10.1640625, -9.84375, -9.0859375, -9.21875, -9.59375, -9.765625, -9.84375, -9.3515625, -7.83203125, -8.1875, -7.25390625, -8.296875, 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Subordinate to the General Conference are the jurisdictional and central conferences which also meet every four years. The United States is divided into five jurisdictions: Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central, South Central and Western. Outside the United States the church is divided into seven central conferences: Africa, Congo, West Africa, Central & Southern Europe, Germany, Northern Europe and the Philippines. The main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences is to elect and appoint bishops, the chief administrators of the church. Bishops thus elected serve Episcopal Areas, which consist of one or more Annual Conferences.	Where are the chief administrators of the church placed after they appointed?	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Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, AS-201 launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean. The second, AS-202 on August 25, reached 617.1 nautical miles (1,142.9 km) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles (25,700 km) downrange in the Pacific ocean. These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield.	Which Block I CSM was not launched in August?	[ "AS-201" ]	[ 103 ]	[ "b810190bb95a01e931c605ffb0d2ee1fad50efe5" ]	[ "Apollo_program" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.76953125, -9.03125, -8.8359375, -9.59375, -9.109375, -10.1171875, -9.625, -9.515625, -9.8203125, -9.609375, -9.7578125, -9.671875, -9.734375, -9.8046875, -4.0390625, -4.21484375, -5.93359375, -5.59375, -7.7421875, -8.8046875, -8.0625, -9.25, -7.5703125, -9.140625, -7.68359375, -8.9296875, -8.6328125, -9.75, -9.921875, -8.484375, -8.3203125, -5.97265625, -6.91015625, -5.07421875, -3.330078125, -5.16796875, -7.3828125, -4.03125, -4.46484375, -6.8984375, -0.6845703125, -6.12890625, -4.7421875, -7.9765625, -8.84375, -5.98046875, -6.68359375, -9.3203125, -8.4921875, -9.734375, -8.734375, -10.1640625, -8.0859375, -9.671875, -9.4296875, -9.3671875, -9.2890625, -9.109375, -9.4921875, -8.3828125, -9.8203125, -9.4140625, -9.3125, -9.0625, -9.921875, -9.2265625, -9.9765625, -9.828125, -8.8828125, -9.78125, -9.484375, -9.703125, -9.71875, -9.78125, -9.734375, -8.59375, 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Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible for proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts. Chromoplasts and amyloplasts can also become chloroplasts, like what happens when a carrot or a potato is illuminated. If a plant is injured, or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state, chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids. Chloroplast, amyloplast, chromoplast, proplast, etc., are not absolute states—intermediate forms are common.	What was a chromoplast before it was changed?	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Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis, and are usually the first cells to arrive at the scene of infection. Macrophages are versatile cells that reside within tissues and produce a wide array of chemicals including enzymes, complement proteins, and regulatory factors such as interleukin 1. Macrophages also act as scavengers, ridding the body of worn-out cells and other debris, and as antigen-presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune system.	Which of the following is a type of phagocyte: neutrophils, enzymes, or pathogens?	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Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example. To compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power, political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners – particularly to buy homes – and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low. This has given the American economy a tendency to go "from bubble to bubble" fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation.	Why does Rajan say the American economy is unstable?	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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.	Who has the same life expectancy?	[ "Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78)" ]	[ 518 ]	[ "d8e912cc372097105d5c3a1366c64079b917a6ca" ]	[ "Economic_inequality" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.9453125, -9.46875, -9.546875, -9.453125, -9.515625, -9.6015625, -9.8515625, -9.7265625, -9.921875, -9.984375, -8.921875, -8.609375, -9.5078125, -8.390625, -9.1953125, -8.515625, -9.609375, -9.7421875, -10.109375, -9.9921875, -8.515625, -9.7734375, -10.2265625, -9.9921875, -9.3671875, -9.921875, -9.4453125, -9.7734375, -9.859375, -9.53125, -9.6640625, -9.578125, -9.7109375, -9.3125, -9.640625, -9.21875, -9.8515625, -9.7265625, -7.6171875, -9.0546875, -7.16015625, -7.45703125, -6.83984375, -9.4296875, -7.02734375, -9.0078125, -9.5703125, -6.578125, -9.34375, -8.5078125, -6.921875, -8.015625, -4.98046875, -1.9462890625, -4.78515625, -9.484375, -7.546875, -7.41796875, -8.9921875, -7.94921875, -9.1171875, -9.09375, -6.8671875, -8.3125, -9.3515625, -9.21875, -9.9765625, -8.671875, -7.14453125, -8.390625, -9.234375, -7.453125, 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It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states. This means that it takes energy to pack them together. While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force, it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states.	What does being a fermion dictate?	[ "they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons" ]	[ 296 ]	[ "d4c89b870211cb5bbae0502710d3cea67b8bb172" ]	[ "Force" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.8984375, -9.609375, -9.53125, -9.484375, -9.578125, -9.4453125, -9.53125, -9.8125, -9.4296875, -9.7109375, -10.0703125, -10.109375, -7.4375, -9.515625, -8.7265625, -7.9453125, -8, -8.15625, -6.88671875, -8.4140625, -4.0703125, -2.10546875, -8.1015625, -5.421875, -6.89453125, -9.3203125, -7.6484375, -8.703125, -8.734375, -6.23828125, -4.37109375, -6.8046875, -9.3125, -8.0625, -7.5390625, -8.8203125, -8.53125, -8.578125, -9.1015625, -7.5625, -6.44921875, -7.46875, -5.515625, -7.4375, -8.5234375, -5.90234375, -5.14453125, -8.140625, -7.24609375, -7.734375, -3.623046875, -2.326171875, -7.1640625, -5.546875, -6.87109375, -7.7109375, -7.61328125, -8.6015625, -8.140625, -6.52734375, 2.0390625, 2.19140625, -3.673828125, -0.4267578125, -4.66796875, -4.55859375, -0.010650634765625, 7.22265625, 5.40625, 0.66064453125, 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It is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vitamin D levels in the elderly. As people age, two things happen that negatively affect their vitamin D levels. First, they stay indoors more due to decreased activity levels. This means that they get less sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via UVB radiation. Second, as a person ages the skin becomes less adept at producing vitamin D.	Where do people stay in as they age which reduces vitamin D levels?	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The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious minorities, and persons with mental and emotional illnesses. The United Methodist Church also believes that Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7. The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence.	Their characterization on capital punishment as it applies to the less fortunate?	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However, this oft-quoted saying of Tetzel was by no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate. Yet if Tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with Catholic dogma of the time.	Tetzel was known for a?	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A consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties, instead of maize, in particularly dry areas. Pigeon peas are very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall. Successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes, by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing. This work, which included linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa. The commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty.	Which climate occurence makes it difficult to grow maize and similar crops?	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The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious minorities, and persons with mental and emotional illnesses. The United Methodist Church also believes that Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7. The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence.	They fought for the cessation of capital punishment being carried out by those in power?	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Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, mathematician Alberto Calderón, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard Kuiper, one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics Edward Sapir, and the founder of McKinsey & Co., James O. McKinsey.	Who wrote about politics?	[ "Allan Bloom" ]	[ 382 ]	[ "6cd6a912542c6e39460cdf662522c6d2fe60a515" ]	[ "University_of_Chicago" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.28515625, -9.546875, -9.90625, -9.9765625, -9.96875, -9.9140625, -10.453125, -10.4375, -8.796875, -9.3125, -9.4375, -9.5625, -9.515625, -6.546875, -8.8203125, -6.1328125, -8.21875, -7.953125, -8.1875, -9.5, -6.2109375, -5.1875, -7.01953125, -7.9375, -8.6640625, -4.40625, -8.703125, -8.515625, -6.80078125, -8.3125, -4.24609375, -5.2265625, -4.97265625, -0.86474609375, -4.859375, -6.55859375, -9.234375, -6.66796875, -8.921875, -5.48828125, -7.12890625, -8.3984375, -9.59375, -7.421875, -9.3203125, -5.37890625, -8.5625, -9.15625, -7.54296875, -8.6640625, -7.99609375, -9.21875, -7.56640625, -7.4453125, -9.515625, -8.359375, -7.90625, -9.3359375, -9.2109375, -8.65625, -9.046875, -5.30859375, -8.8515625, -8.1171875, -4.97265625, -7.53125, -8.40625, -6.75390625, -8.265625, -1.146484375, -6.30078125, -6.96484375, -2.6171875, -0.293212890625, -4.86328125, 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Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms provoked disturbances, including a revolt by the Augustinian friars against their prior, the smashing of statues and images in churches, and denunciations of the magistracy. After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521, Luther wrote A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion. Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots, the so-called Zwickau prophets, arrived, preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man, adult baptism, and Christ's imminent return. When the town council asked Luther to return, he decided it was his duty to act.	Whose teachings resulted in violence?	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He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.	What were the war campaigns of Genghis Khan like?	[ "wholesale massacres of the civilian populations" ]	[ 382 ]	[ "d57c1187325d7156991ba056e35f52b535a4ee2f" ]	[ "Genghis_Khan" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -8.09375, -9.2578125, -9.421875, -9.4375, -9.078125, -9.7734375, -9.5703125, -9.484375, -9.7265625, -9.7578125, -9.796875, -9.484375, -9.59375, -9.9375, -9.8984375, -8.0625, -8.9140625, -9.46875, -9.1875, -9.265625, -8.90625, -9.6171875, -9.1484375, -9.6328125, -9.3125, -8.4453125, -9.5078125, -9.0703125, -9.5546875, -7.78125, -8.0859375, -8.1484375, -6.62890625, -8.453125, -8.703125, -6.20703125, -7.77734375, -9.5234375, -9.0390625, -8.9609375, -8.6953125, -6.69140625, -8.8203125, -9.421875, -8.8359375, -8.3203125, -4.39453125, -4.00390625, -1.640625, -0.17919921875, -3.5625, -6.5234375, -7.3125, -6.52734375, -8.1875, -6.5, -4.87890625, -9.390625, -7.765625, -9.375, -5.66015625, -7.55078125, -6.5, -0.2489013671875, -2.15625, 1.7236328125, -6.76953125, 0.479736328125, -4.8671875, -6.81640625, -3.759765625, -2.626953125, 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Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans. He intended his vigorous, direct language to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans, "for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance."	Who could decipher Luther?	[ "both northern and southern Germans" ]	[ 97 ]	[ "e9939223508e2e59c3ba49b58cf9fe7bd8807ca8" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.76953125, -9.515625, -9.6796875, -9.734375, -9.9453125, -9.765625, -10, -10.1796875, -2.533203125, -6.9609375, -8.765625, -5.20703125, -4.4453125, -4.3203125, -4.90234375, -7.46484375, -3.982421875, -6.2265625, -6.70703125, -5.05859375, -3.064453125, -7.76953125, -5.97265625, -8.6015625, -7.4765625, -5.15234375, 2.435546875, -2.58984375, -1.7099609375, 4.8671875, 5.44921875, -4.328125, 0.61328125, 0.4287109375, -3.802734375, -5.078125, -7.09765625, -6.8359375, -5.796875, -9.4453125, -5.7265625, -6.72265625, -8.34375, -7.82421875, -5.984375, -5.66796875, -5.125, -5.58984375, 0.489013671875, -2.8203125, -9.3125, -7.04296875, -8.515625, -7.70703125, -9.421875, -8.5390625, -7.7890625, -9.4921875, -9.59375, -8.0703125, -8.234375, -8.5703125, -1.3291015625, -5.02734375, -8.96875, -8.9375, -8.6484375, -8.9609375, -8.421875, -8.015625, -9, 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Students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers. Effective teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making, allow humor into their classroom, and demonstrate a willingness to play.	How might students react to supportive and effective teachers?	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During the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor. High school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work. In fact, it differs from the present high school education, which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees. This decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. Education is very important for the growth of the economy, however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy. Lagerlof and Galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education, thus creating a poverty trap. It is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth, which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries.	What was education focused on during this time?	[ "to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work" ]	[ 213 ]	[ "29af5e151a9805427ebf8a6b1c5fb472d4867fa4" ]	[ "Economic_inequality" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -8.0390625, -9.4296875, -9.5, -9.453125, -9.3828125, -9.609375, -9.59375, -9.578125, -9.8515625, -9.640625, -9.734375, -9.78125, -4.671875, -6.1953125, -4.0390625, -4.234375, -8.515625, -7.41796875, -6.8828125, -6.2734375, -4.48828125, -8.265625, -7.2109375, -6.84765625, -8.734375, -4.8125, -8.0546875, -3.994140625, -2.951171875, -5.875, -1.9111328125, -5.49609375, -9.5703125, -8.890625, -7.36328125, -8.0234375, -6.55078125, -4.390625, -7.68359375, -5.79296875, -4.484375, -7.9296875, -3.41015625, -6.1328125, -3.349609375, 2.037109375, -5.96875, -1.146484375, -1.1181640625, -3.38671875, -2.560546875, 0.72705078125, 2.513671875, 4.875, 5.04296875, 1.41796875, -1.2939453125, 4.2265625, 3.703125, -1.205078125, 0.5517578125, -0.86279296875, -0.94091796875, -1.1044921875, 0.41357421875, -3.361328125, 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The Panthers offense, which led the NFL in scoring (500 points), was loaded with talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl quarterback Cam Newton had one of his best seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636, while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns (35 passing, 10 rushing), a career-low 10 interceptions, and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4. Newton's leading receivers were tight end Greg Olsen, who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns, and wide receiver Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns; Ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards. Other key receivers included veteran Jerricho Cotchery (39 receptions for 485 yards), rookie Devin Funchess (31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns), and second-year receiver Corey Brown (31 receptions for 447 yards). The Panthers backfield featured Pro Bowl running back Jonathan Stewart, who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games, along with Pro Bowl fullback Mike Tolbert, who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards. Carolina's offensive line also featured two Pro Bowl selections: center Ryan Kalil and guard Trai Turner.	Did Cam Newton have more total touchdowns or interceptions?	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Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall, which is thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria, and which is located between their two cell membranes. Like chloroplasts, they have thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments, usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes (phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though).	what does cyanobacteria hold	[ "peptidoglycan cell wall" ]	[ 310 ]	[ "17cce27b2aa29312124d00b6773fd43d9d9a724b" ]	[ "Chloroplast" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.50390625, -9.3046875, -9.609375, -9.1015625, -9.609375, -9.9296875, -9.890625, -10.28125, -10.1875, -0.47998046875, -6.1015625, -8.3203125, -8.078125, -3.73046875, -1.5615234375, -0.3310546875, -1.6318359375, -8.4609375, -4.10546875, -8.90625, -7.24609375, -5.92578125, -4.61328125, -8.4609375, -6.98828125, -8.328125, -5.90625, -9.3828125, -8.609375, -8.546875, -8.265625, -8.9609375, -7.4765625, -8.671875, -5.8046875, -8.7109375, -8.875, -8.71875, -5.92578125, 0.47021484375, -4.953125, -2.302734375, -2.21484375, -4.34375, -7.90234375, -8.3046875, -3.515625, -2.037109375, -7.140625, -4.51953125, -6.5, 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The flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls. In Denver, KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) will carry the game, with Dave Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey on color commentary. In North Carolina, WBT (1110 AM) will carry the game, with Mick Mixon on play-by-play and Eugene Robinson and Jim Szoke on color commentary. WBT will also simulcast the game on its sister station WBT-FM (99.3 FM), which is based in Chester, South Carolina. As KOA and WBT are both clear-channel stations, the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western United States after sunset (for Denver) and the eastern United States throughout the game (for Carolina). In accordance with contractual rules, the rest of the stations in the Broncos and Panthers radio networks will either carry the Westwood One feed or not carry the game at all.	what company other than clear-channel broadcasts the games?	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Martin Luther (/ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.	What year did Luther do something that he wrote down that was taboo at the time and then illegal?	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Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6 March 1522. He wrote to the Elector: "During my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing, but only by my personal presence and living word." For eight days in Lent, beginning on Invocavit Sunday, 9 March, Luther preached eight sermons, which became known as the "Invocavit Sermons". In these sermons, he hammered home the primacy of core Christian values such as love, patience, charity, and freedom, and reminded the citizens to trust God's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change.	he made sure the people erased what in their heart?	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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it.	It was the salvation of whom that Luther rediscovered, leading to his railing against the sale of indulgences?	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Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips, who gained a reputation for his effective management of the Minuteman program, as OMSF program controller. Phillips' superior officer Bernard A. Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition that Phillips be made Apollo Program Director. Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969, after which he returned to Air Force duty.	Which of the following happened later: Phillips began managing Apollo or the first manned landing?	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Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor (worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord). Thus, in a market economy, inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions.	What is the theory that is used in assessing inequality in this passage?	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As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1185–1226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be Temüjin's only empress, though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives.	Who was Toghrul Khan a protector of?	[ "Temüjin" ]	[ 38 ]	[ "ed35a11871d3f08fb92667f79e123e7cd79f100a" ]	[ "Genghis_Khan" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.95703125, -9.2890625, -9.578125, -9.171875, -9.25, -9.5234375, -9.71875, -9.7734375, -9.5625, -9.3515625, -9.5390625, -9.6171875, -9.96875, -10.0390625, -8.796875, -9.234375, -9.203125, -9.1484375, -7.89453125, -8.8671875, -9.1953125, -1.7666015625, -6.68359375, -6.80078125, -6.671875, -0.8935546875, -6.1484375, -6.0703125, -7.78515625, -5.03515625, -4.1953125, -8.328125, -8.8828125, -7.7421875, -4.8828125, -8.5625, -7.96484375, -9.3203125, -8.2265625, -7.9296875, -9.2734375, -9.578125, -8.6328125, -8.6875, -8.8203125, -8.765625, -7.84375, -8.359375, -6.234375, -5.28515625, -7.83984375, -8.8984375, -1.087890625, -6.34375, -6.36328125, -9.171875, -7.734375, -8.265625, -3.78515625, -7.9296875, -6.90234375, -9.1015625, -6.07421875, -9.4453125, -7.06640625, -8.7421875, -6.91796875, -6.078125, -8.8125, -8.3125, -9.8359375, -9.046875, -9, -9.609375, -9.1484375, 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The other major method of producing O2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O2. Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed, by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it, in the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as pressure swing adsorption. 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One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis".	How did the Mongolian pronounce Zheng?	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The catechism is one of Luther's most personal works. "Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes," he wrote, "I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because, roused by a Saturnian hunger, I would rather see them all devoured. For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine, except perhaps the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism." The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching. It remains in use today, along with Luther's hymns and his translation of the Bible.	Besides the written "instruction manual" for young followers, what did Luther hold up as a rather personal and important work?	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Lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire. The plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly, depressurizing the boiler. If they were any larger, the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew.[citation needed]	How does the fire get suppressed?	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Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they become slightly acidic, while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens. In the stomach, gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens.	Which antimicrobial material comes out of your eyes?	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Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul." Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ. He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart.	He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comorter,.."?	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Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson in 1997; and Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat.	Who was chair of the IPCC in 2006?	[ "Rajendra K. 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The Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism, are a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life. Luther's teaching of the Ten Commandments, therefore, has clear eschatological overtones, which, characteristically for Luther, do not encourage world-flight but direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common, daily vocations of this perishing world.	What would Luther prefer that people don't engage in outside of service to the neighbor?	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The UMC supports federal funding for research on embryos created for IVF that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased, if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent for the research purposes. The UMC stands in "opposition to the creation of embryos for the sake of research" as "a human embryo, even at its earliest stages, commands our reverence." It supports research on stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells, stating that there are "few moral questions" raised by this issue.	What are people who don't support making embryos for research usually in support of?	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Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns, while Emmanuel Sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores, while adding another 106 yards returning punts. Tight end Owen Daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards. Running back C. J. Anderson was the team's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns, while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards. Running back Ronnie Hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards, five touchdowns, 24 receptions, and a 4.7 yards per carry average. Overall, the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any Pro Bowl selections.	Who had fewer touchdowns, Manning or Osweiler?	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Early in 1537, Johannes Agricola (1494–1566) – serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben – preached a sermon in which he claimed that God's gospel, not God's moral law (the Ten Commandments), revealed God's wrath to Christians. Based on this sermon and others by Agricola, Luther suspected that Agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg. These theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to Christians but belonged only to city hall. Luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians, four of which became the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540. He also responded to these assertions in other writings, such as his 1539 open letter to C. Güttel Against the Antinomians, and his book On the Councils and the Church from the same year.	Talks regarding a religious and moral subject, during a church service is called?	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Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event, where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed. This origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905 after Andreas Schimper observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae.	Who was the biologist that noticed that cyanobacteria and chloroplasts are similar?	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Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout.	Of the groups of people mentioned, which of them hold almost no amount of power?	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It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few.	What kind of animals are able to make lymphocytes?	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Recently, chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen. This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained, thus posing significantly lower environmental risks. This biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture. While the reliability of this mechanism has not yet been studied for all relevant crop species, recent results in tobacco plants are promising, showing a failed containment rate of transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000.	What relatively new strategy could help developers of GMOs establish biologically contained plants?	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A steam turbine consists of one or more rotors (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of stators (static discs) fixed to the turbine casing. The rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion. The stator consists of a similar, but fixed, series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage. A steam turbine often exhausts into a surface condenser that provides a vacuum. The stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam, giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages. Turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high speed, therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications, such as a ship's propeller. In the vast majority of large electric generating stations, turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing. Typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute (RPM) in the USA with 60 Hertz power, 3000 RPM in Europe and other countries with 50 Hertz electric power systems. In nuclear power applications the turbines typically run at half these speeds, 1800 RPM and 1500 RPM. A turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction. Therefore, a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction.[citation needed]	What happens to the used steam after it has passed the turbine discs?	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In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 – only 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth was c. 6%, so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses. The first remedial measure was the Warsaw area enlargement (1951) – but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations: only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (like renowned specialists) were allowed to get the registration, hence halving the population growth in the following years. It also bolstered some kind of conviction among Poles that Varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital. Unfortunately this belief still lives on in Poland (although not as much as it used to be) – even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore.	Where was residency registration implemented?	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Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson in 1997; and Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat.	Who was elected before 1990?	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In January 1519, at Altenburg in Saxony, the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach. Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector, and promised to remain silent if his opponents did. The theologian Johann Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum. In June and July 1519, he staged a disputation with Luther's colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak. Luther's boldest assertion in the debate was that Matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture, and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible. For this, Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus, referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415. From that moment, he devoted himself to Luther's defeat.	Who compromised?	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Deke Slayton, the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft, and had to undergo surgery on January 27. Slayton replaced him with Chaffee. NASA announced the final crew selection for AS-204 on March 21, 1966, with the backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans James McDivitt and David Scott, with rookie Russell L. "Rusty" Schweickart. Mercury/Gemini veteran Wally Schirra, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on September 29 as the prime crew for AS-205.	who did the kc135 eventually provide a seat on as-204	[ "Chaffee" ]	[ 425 ]	[ "a90de57bd7848e5d2051758c9ff88ec5ee422ac8" ]	[ "Apollo_program" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -6.859375, -9.0859375, -9.46875, -9.3984375, -9.0546875, -9.4765625, -10.15625, -9.4609375, -9.4140625, -9.375, -10.078125, -10.046875, -9.4140625, -9.8203125, -9.8984375, -10.03125, -10.1171875, -4.6015625, -8.8828125, -6.33203125, -8.6796875, -9.8515625, -8.765625, -8.25, -6.58203125, -8.3359375, -9.453125, -9.25, -7.75390625, -9.8046875, -8.3984375, -9.2734375, -8.8984375, -9.6640625, -9.4609375, -7.953125, -9.78125, -7.375, -8.53125, -8.9140625, -4.609375, -6.01171875, -5.6640625, -5.20703125, -7.06640625, -7.64453125, -4.69921875, -4.10546875, -8.4765625, -5.33203125, -4.51171875, -8.546875, -8.9140625, -9.03125, -7.3359375, -8.3671875, -9.375, -5.21875, -9.09375, 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The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized", i.e. they appear in discrete portions. This is, of course, difficult to imagine in the context of "forces". However, the potentials V(x,y,z) or fields, from which the forces generally can be derived, are treated similar to classical position variables, i.e., .	A branch of science that studies the nature of matter and energy, and includes Newton's 1st law is called?	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There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen today. This debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.	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In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation continued, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity. In his later years, Luther grew more hostile toward the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy. His 1543 treatise Von den Juden und ihren Lügen (On the Jews and Their Lies) took its place among other anti-Jewish literature of the times, although historians acknowledge that this treatise was particularly extreme, even by the standards of sixteenth century Europe. In it, he takes a hardline against Judaism, writing that synagogues and Jewish homes should be destroyed, their money confiscated, and liberty curtailed. These statements and their influence on antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status.	What did Luther wish upon the Jews?	[ "synagogues and Jewish homes should be destroyed, their money confiscated, and liberty curtailed" ]	[ 826 ]	[ "9590583a1412058910ea9020d01e53cdb08c4a0e" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.77734375, -9.453125, -9.5234375, -9.6484375, -9.46875, -9.453125, -9.5234375, -9.6015625, -9.75, -9.8046875, -9.9140625, -6.70703125, -5.796875, -7.7578125, -8.609375, -5.375, -6.4921875, -7.35546875, -4.08203125, -6.55078125, -8.421875, -6.84375, -7.55078125, -7.6953125, -6.046875, 1.6865234375, 4.6953125, -2.82421875, -7.88671875, -5.109375, -4.52734375, -5.2109375, 1.7587890625, 1.6591796875, 4.2421875, -5.60546875, -3.78125, -5.96484375, -3.552734375, -3.767578125, -5.15625, -6.7890625, -7.859375, -5.98046875, -7.09765625, -7.3671875, -8.3203125, -4.8984375, -4.7578125, -6.28125, -8.53125, -9.5859375, -8.2109375, -6.45703125, -5.7421875, -8.6796875, -9.4765625, -8.421875, -5.83984375, -8.0546875, -7.9765625, -4.82421875, -4.4921875, -5.52734375, -0.64794921875, 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Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.	What can happen when the human body's germ-resistant system is weakened?	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Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. By contrast, male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably prolactin, growth hormone and vitamin D.	How does Lupus strike the body?	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Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.	When were many places of worship destroyed in Warsaw?	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Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo/Saturn vehicles were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975.	What planet in the universe has a visible and evident ring around it?	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Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki. Better than anyone else she represented the Art Deco style in painting and art. Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the Warsaw Conservatory. Warsaw was the beloved city of Isaac Bashevis Singer, which he described in many of his novels: Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever, he commented.	Into what family did the artist who represented the Art Deco style marry?	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The United Methodist Church opposes conscription as incompatible with the teaching of Scripture. Therefore, the Church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war, and who therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription. However, the United Methodist Church also supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously choose to serve in the armed forces or to accept alternative service. The church also states that "as Christians they are aware that neither the way of military action, nor the way of inaction is always righteous before God."	What does the Church think about those that choose to serve?	[ "supports and extends its ministry" ]	[ 380 ]	[ "6cf99f5fae75242c9e03bbbd477e1129ebba3a18" ]	[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -8.09375, -9.2421875, -9.5, -9.3203125, -9.4921875, -9.4765625, -9.546875, -9.515625, -9.640625, -9.5, -9.6015625, -9.6640625, -9.59375, -9.859375, -9.921875, -0.52197265625, -2.14453125, -5.9765625, -4.609375, -1.169921875, -4.4453125, -6.08984375, -6.8046875, -2.4765625, -7.85546875, -7.09375, -5.50390625, -8.734375, -6.01171875, -6.67578125, -5.50390625, -7.62890625, -2.87890625, -4.62890625, -3.15234375, -8.1328125, -5.91015625, -7.85546875, -6.1875, -7.08203125, -4.40625, -5.078125, -5.2265625, -2.248046875, -5.796875, -6.50390625, -2.982421875, -6.23828125, -6.66796875, -9.7578125, -8.6640625, -7.453125, -8.09375, -6.60546875, -8.65625, -6.83984375, -3.943359375, -6.42578125, -1.365234375, -4.91015625, -6.046875, -6.9140625, -5.75390625, -4.65234375, -6.71484375, -8.4921875, -5.76953125, -5.0546875, -8.0234375, -6.34375, 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On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union. At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin's flight, many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would catch up. Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on America's response to the Soviets.	What group did Kennedy not fall in line with?	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BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007, and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra charge. Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions. In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011 BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box, offering a smaller version of the SkyHD box without Sky+ functionality. In September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008, Sky had 3,393,000 Sky+ users.	What, in the article, happened early in the second year of the 2010s?	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If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body. While etioplasts lack chlorophyll, they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked. Within a few minutes of light exposure, the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids, and chlorophyll starts to be produced. This process, where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast, takes several hours. Gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts.	What happens to the inner membrane invaginations when the etioplast is exposed to a light source?	[ "begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids" ]	[ 470 ]	[ "9b1a95b9e7efb9b30af3c0b6b72e6128423d5327" ]	[ "Chloroplast" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -8.203125, -9.3828125, -9.7578125, -9.5390625, -9.5859375, -9.2734375, -9.5859375, -9.640625, -9.78125, -10.09375, -9.703125, -9.640625, -9.421875, -9.5859375, -10.03125, -9.8125, -9.6953125, -9.828125, -9.703125, -9.8125, -10.15625, -9.796875, -9.8671875, -9.9140625, -7.63671875, -7.03515625, -8.6171875, -9.5, -9, -9.0703125, -8.109375, -8, -9.3828125, -9.0234375, -8.4921875, -7.68359375, -8.7421875, -6.01953125, -9.078125, -9.140625, -6.73828125, -7.53515625, -3.978515625, -7.9609375, -8.9609375, -8.046875, -4.4375, -3.478515625, -6.53125, -5.40234375, -4.91796875, -7.92578125, -8.4453125, -7.30859375, -5.5234375, -5.77734375, -4.82421875, -8.2109375, -7.37109375, -7.6171875, -3.978515625, -4.81640625, -8.09375, -8.6328125, -7.68359375, -6.7890625, -6.48046875, -8.609375, -8.640625, -6.6875, -4.2578125, -5.38671875, 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Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom. By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today. The city council organize concerts and other events. Each Midsummer’s Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, looking for the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.	Who gets the musical performances together?	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Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties.[citation needed]. The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas.	What does the exhaust steam cool?	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The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of BBC Radio 4 listeners. In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category. Osborne Road came 4th in the foodie street category. A portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself.	What did Grey Street get for it's looks?	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Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style, St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower (after 1379) and the Royal Castle Curia Maior (1407–1410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of Baryczko merchant family (1562), building called "The Negro" (early 17th century) and Salwator tenement (1632). The most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626) at Old Town. Among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are St. Hyacinth's Church (1603–1639) and Sigismund's Column (1644).	What is the newer important baroque structure?	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Like many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United States, the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At the time of its formation, the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million for the first time. In 2005, there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations. Membership is concentrated primarily in the Midwest and in the South. Texas has the largest number of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and North Carolina.	What other churches are considered to have followed the same pattern UMC did?	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On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht, for which Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford argued that Luther's writing was a "blueprint." Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."	Who did Sasse warn German people about?	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The concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion, even those that are not strictly constant velocity. The rotational inertia of planet Earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year. Albert Einstein extended the principle of inertia further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration, such as those free-falling toward a gravitating object, were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames. This is why, for example, astronauts experience weightlessness when in free-fall orbit around the Earth, and why Newton's Laws of Motion are more easily discernible in such environments. If an astronaut places an object with mass in mid-air next to himself, it will remain stationary with respect to the astronaut due to its inertia. This is the same thing that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame. This principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity.	How is the velocity changing for a free-falling object?	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In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples.	What another way of considering a guru?	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Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.	Which festival is associated with a foreign culture, SAMA or the Design Event festival?	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A consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties, instead of maize, in particularly dry areas. Pigeon peas are very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall. Successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes, by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing. This work, which included linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa. The commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty.	What does the "R" in "ICRISAT" stand for?	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Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia. Josel of Rosheim, the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537, later blamed their plight on "that priest whose name was Martin Luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell!—who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition." Josel asked the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of Luther's anti-Jewish works: they refused initially, but did so when a Lutheran pastor in Hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder Jews. Luther's influence persisted after his death. Throughout the 1580s, riots led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states.	What was the occupation of Martin Luther?	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There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium—which is not true—both chloroplast membranes are homologous to the cyanobacterium's original double membranes.	What is a vesicle?	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John Paul II's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there. In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square in Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to "renew the face" of Poland: Let Thy Spirit descend! Let Thy Spirit descend and renew the face of the land! This land! These words were very meaningful for the Polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for the democratic changes.	More and more what was created?	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In humans, this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes. This recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response. The speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that occurs following sequential proteolytic activation of complement molecules, which are also proteases. After complement proteins initially bind to the microbe, they activate their protease activity, which in turn activates other complement proteases, and so on. This produces a catalytic cascade that amplifies the initial signal by controlled positive feedback. The cascade results in the production of peptides that attract immune cells, increase vascular permeability, and opsonize (coat) the surface of a pathogen, marking it for destruction. This deposition of complement can also kill cells directly by disrupting their plasma membrane.	What is another name for a foreign microbe which the body's immune system attacks?	[ "a pathogen" ]	[ 827 ]	[ "425c26a9f94ac7f2c09a173a8101b63a2fbff509" ]	[ "Immune_system" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.6328125, -9.2109375, -9.6171875, -9.4296875, -9.546875, -9.4296875, -9.2578125, -9.046875, -9.0390625, -9.828125, -9.640625, -9.4609375, -9.5390625, -9.7421875, -9.5, -9.7890625, -9.59375, -9.609375, -9.609375, -9.5859375, -8.5625, -8.3046875, -9.4453125, -9.046875, -8.9609375, -9.375, -8.8828125, -9.3515625, -7.52734375, -9.640625, -9.578125, -7.55859375, -9.3828125, -9.21875, -8.6796875, -8.8203125, -6.38671875, -3.763671875, -9.6484375, -8.6640625, -8.578125, -9.4609375, -7.43359375, -9.109375, -9.3828125, -7.28515625, -8.7734375, -8.4375, -8.4765625, -8.296875, -2.9140625, -8.140625, -8.96875, -8.8515625, -9.4140625, -8.828125, -8.21875, -7.671875, -5.66015625, -8.6953125, -8.140625, -8.8828125, -9.4609375, -9.78125, -9.359375, -9.234375, -9.578125, -9.421875, -9.609375, -9.7109375, -8.875, -9.484375, -9.7578125, -9.6875, -9.484375, -8.7421875, 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Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage.	Who will talk during the time the players are not playing?	[ "Jim Gray" ]	[ 208 ]	[ "61b7d713932266858510cad9112ec3cdc85112a3" ]	[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.640625, -9.2421875, -9.6328125, -9.546875, -9.609375, -9.625, -9.625, -9.6171875, -9.6484375, -9.6015625, -9.546875, -9.859375, -9.6796875, -9.796875, -9.8125, -4.50390625, -8.328125, -7.78515625, -8.3046875, -8.21875, -8.53125, -8.78125, -9.03125, -8.234375, -8.984375, -8.2734375, -4.15625, 4.86328125, -2.9296875, -4.44921875, -6.0078125, -0.58349609375, -8.0859375, -7.25, -8.828125, -6.61328125, -3.365234375, -6.9453125, -1.966796875, -7.50390625, -6.72265625, -8.53125, -8.484375, -8.6328125, -4.8359375, -7.79296875, -7.48046875, -7.98046875, -4.56640625, -6.75390625, -8.609375, -6.75, -0.56005859375, -5.3671875, -8.03125, -8.3359375, -5.453125, -6.578125, -6.9609375, -2.970703125, -5.58203125, -7.38671875, -1.3896484375, -6.1484375, -7.765625, -7.32421875, -8.9609375, -7.375, -9.6640625, -9.8984375, -9.7734375, -6.64453125, -7.29296875, -7.38671875, 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ITV Tyne Tees was based at City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959. In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead. The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, The Tube. BBC North East and Cumbria is located to the north of the city on Barrack Road, Spital Tongues, in a building known, as the result of its colouring, as the Pink Palace. It is from here that the Corporation broadcasts the Look North television regional news programme and local radio station BBC Radio Newcastle.	What is the Corporation?	[ "ITV Tyne Tees" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "d56c4a9f809524c77a3429e9eef58a9c80b118b8" ]	[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.328125, -9.0625, -9.1796875, -8.9765625, -9.125, -9.21875, -9.4453125, -9.4765625, -1.779296875, -6.86328125, -7.04296875, -8.4609375, -7.5546875, -8.171875, -8.953125, -8.8046875, -9.2109375, -7.56640625, -9.28125, -8.9375, -7.59765625, -7.63671875, -8.5234375, -8.796875, -8.7109375, -8.453125, -9.1171875, -8.1171875, -6.625, -5.40234375, -7.98046875, -7.86328125, -8.3125, -9.0234375, -9.59375, -9.2890625, -9.265625, -9.453125, -8.9453125, -8.140625, -8.40625, -9.390625, -8.625, -9.2578125, -8.78125, -9.359375, -8.75, -7.90234375, -9.03125, -9.1484375, -9.0234375, -7.66796875, -9.1328125, -5.40234375, -7.45703125, -8.4609375, -9.3046875, -7.37890625, -8.859375, -9.1328125, -8.9140625, -8.046875, -9.5859375, -8.5546875, -8.7890625, -9.15625, -9.34375, -9.28125, -8.375, -7.91015625, -9.5546875, -8.3359375, -7.921875, -8.8828125, -8.8671875, -7.17578125, 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Recently, chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen. This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained, thus posing significantly lower environmental risks. This biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture. While the reliability of this mechanism has not yet been studied for all relevant crop species, recent results in tobacco plants are promising, showing a failed containment rate of transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000.	What makes it impossible for genetic information that is found in chloroplasts to be distributed via pollination?	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The three-stage Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon. It was 33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter and stood 363 feet (110.6 m) tall with its 96,800-pound (43,900 kg) lunar payload. Its capability grew to 103,600 pounds (47,000 kg) for the later advanced lunar landings. The S-IC first stage burned RP-1/LOX for a rated thrust of 7,500,000 pounds-force (33,400 kN), which was upgraded to 7,610,000 pounds-force (33,900 kN). The second and third stages burned liquid hydrogen, and the third stage was a modified version of the S-IVB, with thrust increased to 230,000 lbf (1,020 kN) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a parking orbit.	What was the rated thrust in the final stage?	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BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom. Any channel which can get carriage on a suitable beam of a satellite at 28° East is entitled to access to BSkyB's EPG for a fee, ranging from £15–100,000. Third-party channels which opt for encryption receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free EPG entries, free carriage on a BSkyB leased transponder, or actual payment for being carried. However, even in this case, BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality.	Who cannot overturn change?	[ "BSkyB" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "4e56bf61ba698eec409181cc5974f9fd2a3385e4" ]	[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.80078125, -9.015625, -9.4765625, -9.6171875, -9.8984375, -9.6953125, -9.8125, -9.703125, 5.3828125, -5.5625, -5.09375, -2.3125, -2.01953125, -4.15234375, -8.078125, -6.98046875, -7.3515625, -9.125, -5.1328125, -7.99609375, -5.765625, -6.66015625, -6.234375, -5.7734375, -3.337890625, -1.505859375, -6.296875, -7.36328125, -6.0859375, -6.328125, -7.43359375, -7.890625, -1.794921875, -3.98828125, -4.59765625, -5.5625, 1.72265625, -4.30859375, -6.80078125, -4.4140625, -6.69921875, -9.3046875, -8.4453125, -8.984375, -8.015625, -9.4609375, -9.015625, -8.6640625, -9.03125, -9.6796875, -8.9609375, -7.71484375, -9.1953125, -7.55078125, -9.4375, -8.609375, -8.109375, -7.81640625, -9.125, -8.5859375, -9.25, -1.9423828125, -7.29296875, -7.73828125, -9.71875, -8.828125, -8.875, -9.28125, -9.1328125, -8.3671875, -10.046875, -8.640625, -9.2578125, -7.875, -9.2734375, 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In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating that "multiple acts" would perform during the halftime show. On December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyoncé, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay on the single "Hymn for the Weekend", would be making an appearance. Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson also performed.	What were they all going to do?	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Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century, and was created a county corporate with its own sheriff by Henry IV in 1400.	What happened to Newcastle in the sixteenth century?	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QuickBooks sponsored a "Small Business Big Game" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the United States for the free advertisement.	The pool of eligible contenders participated in?	[ "\"Small Business Big Game\" contest" ]	[ 23 ]	[ "4d6f157ddbae375215acd381716030d65a14a2b4" ]	[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.640625, -9.5234375, -9.4375, -9.7421875, -9.4921875, -9.8359375, -9.6875, -9.796875, -9.828125, -9.828125, -9.7734375, -4.359375, -9.0703125, -6.234375, -0.430908203125, 1.4580078125, 1.99609375, -5.6875, -4.58203125, -4.94140625, -6.203125, -3.0546875, -8.453125, -6.2890625, -7.72265625, -3.224609375, -8.0703125, -7.5703125, -8.0078125, -7.46875, -7.72265625, -9.328125, -9.125, -7.5078125, -8.609375, -6.69921875, -9.375, -8.71875, -9.3203125, -9.2890625, -6.87890625, -8.4609375, -7.62109375, -2.7890625, -8.3203125, -7.5078125, -5.32421875, -7.40625, -0.80908203125, -7.03515625, -5.66796875, -6.51171875, -5.94140625, -6.984375, -7.234375, -7.83203125, -6.8515625, -7.0546875, -5.4140625, -6.70703125, -7.6171875, -9.8515625, -9.953125, -9.953125, -9.953125, -9.953125, -9.953125, -9.953125, -9.953125, -9.953125, -9.953125, -9.953125, 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BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007, and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra charge. Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions. In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011 BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box, offering a smaller version of the SkyHD box without Sky+ functionality. In September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008, Sky had 3,393,000 Sky+ users.	What condition will Sky not charge you a subscription fee before July 1, 2007?	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The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response. Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals. If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response. Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen. This improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated, in the form of an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered.	Which of the following is not a pathogen: viruses, plants or bacteria?	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Nevertheless, The United Methodist Church "implore[s] families and churches not to reject or condemn lesbian and gay members and friends" and commits itself to be in ministry with all persons, affirming that God's grace, love, and forgiveness is available to all. Additionally, many organizations, conferences, and congregations have recently called for broader acceptance of the LGBT community within the UMC. For example, the Connectional Table, a governing committee, has voted in favor of a proposal that calls for a localized option, which would permit ministers to officiate same-sex weddings, and it would allow conferences to ordain gay clergy. Moreover, many conferences have taken a position by voting in favor of same-gender marriages with resolutions.	What does the UMC have to help govern the church?	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The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be "the most giving Super Bowl ever", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.	Parasites typically invade another organism for nutrients or shelter, this organism is referred to as a?	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The first European to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana in 1542. The BBC's Unnatural Histories presents evidence that Orellana, rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought, was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 1540s. It is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from Europe, such as smallpox. Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between AD 0–1250, furthering claims about Pre-Columbian civilizations. Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and Alceu Ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over Acre. The BBC's Unnatural Histories presented evidence that the Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine wilderness, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta.	What channel claimed that there had once been a civilization in the Amazon rainforest?	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Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips, who gained a reputation for his effective management of the Minuteman program, as OMSF program controller. Phillips' superior officer Bernard A. Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition that Phillips be made Apollo Program Director. Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969, after which he returned to Air Force duty.	Which of the following is not a military rank: program director or general?	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The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Despite British hopes of handing power to "moderate" local rivals, it was the Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta that formed a government. The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end on 12 December 1963 with independence being conferred on all of Kenya. The United Kingdom ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963, the Sultan of Zanzibar agreed that simultaneous with independence for the Colony of Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya so that all of Kenya would be one sovereign, independent state. In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 of the United Kingdom. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya".	What does the third letter in "KANU" refer to?	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Wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed theology and practice. It has been characterized as Arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit to bring holiness into the life of the participating believer. The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura, seeing the Holy Bible as the primary authority in the Church and using sacred tradition, reason, and experience to interpret it, with the aid of the Holy Spirit (see Wesleyan Quadrilateral). Therefore, according to The Book of Discipline, United Methodist theology is at once "catholic, evangelical, and reformed." Today, the UMC is generally considered one of the more moderate and tolerant denominations with respect to race, gender, and ideology, though the denomination itself actually includes a very wide spectrum of attitudes. Comparatively, the UMC stands to the right of liberal and progressive Protestant groups such as the United Church of Christ and the Episcopal Church on certain issues (especially regarding sexuality), but to the left of historically conservative evangelical traditions such as the Southern Baptists and Pentecostalism, in regard to theological matters such as social justice and Biblical interpretation. However, it should be noted that the UMC is made up of a broad diversity of thought, and so there are many clergy and laity within the UMC that hold differing viewpoints on such theological matters.	Who may be more likely to have female clergy?	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The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels. The service continued until the closure of BSkyB's analogue service on 27 September 2001, due to the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital platform. Some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted (whereby a Videocrypt decoder was required to decode, without a subscription card) prior to their addition to the Sky Multichannels package. Within two months of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994. Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels.	Besides former channels, what type of channels could you find on the package?	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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it.	Who was against selling indulgences to people?	[ "Luther" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "86b808c8bcb4b70fc490e7c4bf3f5c45ce33e59a" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.671875, -9.53125, -9.6875, -9.4921875, -9.4375, -9.375, -9.7109375, -9.9296875, -9.765625, -9.7890625, -9.6640625, -9.8046875, -9.7578125, 5.73828125, -1.6005859375, -7.03515625, -6.9765625, -9.1484375, -9.34375, -5.5390625, -5.20703125, -9.6171875, -8.0078125, -6.32421875, -8.40625, -8.671875, -7.8125, -7.68359375, -9.578125, -8.4921875, -8.1328125, -9.296875, -8.7578125, -6.890625, -6.6875, -7.2109375, -4.3515625, -4.21875, -6.65625, -8.0078125, -3.12109375, -6.953125, -7.4609375, -8.7109375, -8.34375, -9.421875, -6.078125, -8.796875, -8.9921875, -9.0859375, -8.6484375, -8.8671875, -8.0078125, -8.0078125, -9.734375, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, -9.9296875, 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where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.:133–134:38-1–38-11	What are forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area?	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The Daily Mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone" – as, it claimed, subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the household. In December, the UK’s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to BSkyB was ‘often damaging’, along with alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a "Welfare Cash Card", in the style of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, that could be used to buy only "essentials".	How did the UK government decide if a woman had a partner living with her?	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There are concentrations of pubs, bars and nightclubs around the Bigg Market and the Quayside area of the city centre. There are many bars on the Bigg Market, and other popular areas for nightlife are Collingwood Street, popularly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars, Neville Street, the Central Station area and Osborne Road in the Jesmond area of the city. In recent years "The Gate" has opened in the city centre, a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Empire multiplex cinema. Newcastle's gay scene - 'The Pink Triangle' - is centred on the Times Square area near the Centre for Life and has a range of bars, cafés and clubs.	What general options do you have for nightlife in this area?	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NE1fm launched on 8 June 2007, the first full-time community radio station in the area. Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's student's union building during term time. Radio Tyneside has been the voluntary hospital radio service for most hospitals across Newcastle and Gateshead since 1951, broadcasting on Hospedia and online. The city also has a Radio Lollipop station based at the Great North Children's Hospital in the Newcastle Royal Victoria Infirmary.	Who attend the institution with a union?	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An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting (trunnion). These engines are mainly used in toys and models, because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.[citation needed]	What aspect of an oscillating steam engine would be considered very beneficial for use in small spaces?	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During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644 the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege. In 1644 the city was then besieged for many months and was eventually stormed ('with roaring drummes') and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the motto "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7.	Who was the major name in the battle?	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"Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty"), "howay" ("come on"), "stot" ("bounce") and "hadaway" ("go away" or "you're kidding"), all appear to be used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA://naʊt/, rhymes with out,"nothing") are used elsewhere in Northern England. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "Canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hoy" ("throw", from the Dutch gooien, via West Frisian), "hockle" ("spit").

How do you say very in Geordie?

[ "Canny" ]

[ 643 ]

[ "dbbbde42e6f48649bc6865ed61c5cffd8b36a9b7" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago was incorporated in 1890; William Rainey Harper became the university's first president in 1891, and the first classes were held in 1892. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicago's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility. With Harper's vision in mind, the University of Chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, an international organization of leading research universities, in 1900.

What is the University's biggest donor known for being?

[ "wealthiest man in history" ]

[ 87 ]

[ "93d5602c60de4894448f65c322888dcd2f814852" ]

[ "University_of_Chicago" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Subordinate to the General Conference are the jurisdictional and central conferences which also meet every four years. The United States is divided into five jurisdictions: Northeastern, Southeastern, North Central, South Central and Western. Outside the United States the church is divided into seven central conferences: Africa, Congo, West Africa, Central & Southern Europe, Germany, Northern Europe and the Philippines. The main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences is to elect and appoint bishops, the chief administrators of the church. Bishops thus elected serve Episcopal Areas, which consist of one or more Annual Conferences.

Where are the chief administrators of the church placed after they appointed?

[ "Episcopal Areas" ]

[ 586 ]

[ "6ae99d1197622a0f69ee8b7d36269b53ee06c66b" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, AS-201 launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean. The second, AS-202 on August 25, reached 617.1 nautical miles (1,142.9 km) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles (25,700 km) downrange in the Pacific ocean. These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield.

Which Block I CSM was not launched in August?

[ "AS-201" ]

[ 103 ]

[ "b810190bb95a01e931c605ffb0d2ee1fad50efe5" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible for proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts. Chromoplasts and amyloplasts can also become chloroplasts, like what happens when a carrot or a potato is illuminated. If a plant is injured, or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state, chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids. Chloroplast, amyloplast, chromoplast, proplast, etc., are not absolute states—intermediate forms are common.

What was a chromoplast before it was changed?

[ "Chloroplasts" ]

[ 86 ]

[ "c0a2e17dda3757fdd2caccb7bc2117e24f8ee152" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis, and are usually the first cells to arrive at the scene of infection. Macrophages are versatile cells that reside within tissues and produce a wide array of chemicals including enzymes, complement proteins, and regulatory factors such as interleukin 1. Macrophages also act as scavengers, ridding the body of worn-out cells and other debris, and as antigen-presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune system.

Which of the following is a type of phagocyte: neutrophils, enzymes, or pathogens?

[ "Neutrophils" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "523f32a90031bd76a224db957b22a98c909c9dd0" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example. To compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power, political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners – particularly to buy homes – and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low. This has given the American economy a tendency to go "from bubble to bubble" fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation.

Why does Rajan say the American economy is unstable?

[ "systematic economic inequalities" ]

[ 54 ]

[ "1bead026d0ed6847f2aacf8542a08cf8ea74b02b" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.

Who has the same life expectancy?

[ "Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78)" ]

[ 518 ]

[ "d8e912cc372097105d5c3a1366c64079b917a6ca" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

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It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states. This means that it takes energy to pack them together. While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force, it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states.

What does being a fermion dictate?

[ "they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons" ]

[ 296 ]

[ "d4c89b870211cb5bbae0502710d3cea67b8bb172" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

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It is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals. Conversely, some hormones are regulated by the immune system, notably thyroid hormone activity. The age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vitamin D levels in the elderly. As people age, two things happen that negatively affect their vitamin D levels. First, they stay indoors more due to decreased activity levels. This means that they get less sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via UVB radiation. Second, as a person ages the skin becomes less adept at producing vitamin D.

Where do people stay in as they age which reduces vitamin D levels?

[ "indoors" ]

[ 448 ]

[ "385c96dd96376a2ae2938c2c1ad2711b65089db0" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious minorities, and persons with mental and emotional illnesses. The United Methodist Church also believes that Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7. The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence.

Their characterization on capital punishment as it applies to the less fortunate?

[ "falls unfairly and unequally" ]

[ 236 ]

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However, this oft-quoted saying of Tetzel was by no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate. Yet if Tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with Catholic dogma of the time.

Tetzel was known for a?

[ "saying" ]

[ 25 ]

[ "cdae8056d2f1acac97363ecca2675cec39cd4cc8" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties, instead of maize, in particularly dry areas. Pigeon peas are very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall. Successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes, by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing. This work, which included linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa. The commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty.

Which climate occurence makes it difficult to grow maize and similar crops?

[ "drought" ]

[ 236 ]

[ "7bdeafd76c4e82053b75fb70032b43c974228d2d" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious minorities, and persons with mental and emotional illnesses. The United Methodist Church also believes that Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7. The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence.

They fought for the cessation of capital punishment being carried out by those in power?

[ "General Conference of the United Methodist Church" ]

[ 569 ]

[ "559dbf0eff422620a79c3bf70a3adfe1a8aaf097" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, mathematician Alberto Calderón, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard Kuiper, one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics Edward Sapir, and the founder of McKinsey & Co., James O. McKinsey.

Who wrote about politics?

[ "Allan Bloom" ]

[ 382 ]

[ "6cd6a912542c6e39460cdf662522c6d2fe60a515" ]

[ "University_of_Chicago" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms provoked disturbances, including a revolt by the Augustinian friars against their prior, the smashing of statues and images in churches, and denunciations of the magistracy. After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521, Luther wrote A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion. Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots, the so-called Zwickau prophets, arrived, preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man, adult baptism, and Christ's imminent return. When the town council asked Luther to return, he decided it was his duty to act.

Whose teachings resulted in violence?

[ "Karlstadt" ]

[ 142 ]

[ "a48632faec60efeb98c4e33725f1ed38d9fbf38f" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.

What were the war campaigns of Genghis Khan like?

[ "wholesale massacres of the civilian populations" ]

[ 382 ]

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[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans. He intended his vigorous, direct language to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans, "for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance."

Who could decipher Luther?

[ "both northern and southern Germans" ]

[ 97 ]

[ "e9939223508e2e59c3ba49b58cf9fe7bd8807ca8" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers. Effective teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making, allow humor into their classroom, and demonstrate a willingness to play.

How might students react to supportive and effective teachers?

[ "Students are likely to build stronger relations" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "c27e2d28233669b79791c0e6d60b081d46507f26" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

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During the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor. High school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work. In fact, it differs from the present high school education, which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees. This decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. Education is very important for the growth of the economy, however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy. Lagerlof and Galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education, thus creating a poverty trap. It is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth, which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries.

What was education focused on during this time?

[ "to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work" ]

[ 213 ]

[ "29af5e151a9805427ebf8a6b1c5fb472d4867fa4" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Panthers offense, which led the NFL in scoring (500 points), was loaded with talent, boasting six Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl quarterback Cam Newton had one of his best seasons, throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636, while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns (35 passing, 10 rushing), a career-low 10 interceptions, and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4. Newton's leading receivers were tight end Greg Olsen, who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns, and wide receiver Ted Ginn, Jr., who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns; Ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards. Other key receivers included veteran Jerricho Cotchery (39 receptions for 485 yards), rookie Devin Funchess (31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns), and second-year receiver Corey Brown (31 receptions for 447 yards). The Panthers backfield featured Pro Bowl running back Jonathan Stewart, who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games, along with Pro Bowl fullback Mike Tolbert, who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards. Carolina's offensive line also featured two Pro Bowl selections: center Ryan Kalil and guard Trai Turner.

Did Cam Newton have more total touchdowns or interceptions?

[ "total touchdowns" ]

[ 282 ]

[ "bc275a20c1587f9662f0496399ce8e864dc468c2" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall, which is thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria, and which is located between their two cell membranes. Like chloroplasts, they have thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments, usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes (phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though).

what does cyanobacteria hold

[ "peptidoglycan cell wall" ]

[ 310 ]

[ "17cce27b2aa29312124d00b6773fd43d9d9a724b" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls. In Denver, KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM) will carry the game, with Dave Logan on play-by-play and Ed McCaffrey on color commentary. In North Carolina, WBT (1110 AM) will carry the game, with Mick Mixon on play-by-play and Eugene Robinson and Jim Szoke on color commentary. WBT will also simulcast the game on its sister station WBT-FM (99.3 FM), which is based in Chester, South Carolina. As KOA and WBT are both clear-channel stations, the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western United States after sunset (for Denver) and the eastern United States throughout the game (for Carolina). In accordance with contractual rules, the rest of the stations in the Broncos and Panthers radio networks will either carry the Westwood One feed or not carry the game at all.

what company other than clear-channel broadcasts the games?

[ "Westwood One" ]

[ 845 ]

[ "f502620f73a9297cb42de15545aa2e2a8de66656" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Martin Luther (/ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

What year did Luther do something that he wrote down that was taboo at the time and then illegal?

[ "1517" ]

[ 535 ]

[ "b81348fa570a9270acbdefca6526fcc37b487583" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on 6 March 1522. He wrote to the Elector: "During my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing, but only by my personal presence and living word." For eight days in Lent, beginning on Invocavit Sunday, 9 March, Luther preached eight sermons, which became known as the "Invocavit Sermons". In these sermons, he hammered home the primacy of core Christian values such as love, patience, charity, and freedom, and reminded the citizens to trust God's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change.

he made sure the people erased what in their heart?

[ "violence" ]

[ 558 ]

[ "23ddef02d68108e92ba4b4c732d70ec36c22631b" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it.

It was the salvation of whom that Luther rediscovered, leading to his railing against the sale of indulgences?

[ "Christ" ]

[ 25 ]

[ "d882261dcb913abd0d078205774904ffd8a9c6ea" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips, who gained a reputation for his effective management of the Minuteman program, as OMSF program controller. Phillips' superior officer Bernard A. Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition that Phillips be made Apollo Program Director. Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969, after which he returned to Air Force duty.

Which of the following happened later: Phillips began managing Apollo or the first manned landing?

[ "first manned landing" ]

[ 624 ]

[ "db77520436d580535e0ba3189e6191dd15fffa9b" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor (worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord). Thus, in a market economy, inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions.

What is the theory that is used in assessing inequality in this passage?

[ "Neoclassical economics" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "b474dcb679ab9b1d41833a20a13556cbc2854082" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1185–1226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be Temüjin's only empress, though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives.

Who was Toghrul Khan a protector of?

[ "Temüjin" ]

[ 38 ]

[ "ed35a11871d3f08fb92667f79e123e7cd79f100a" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The other major method of producing O2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O2. Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed, by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it, in the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as pressure swing adsorption. Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic technologies (see also the related vacuum swing adsorption).

what made when the dry air is passed through the machine

[ "O2 gas" ]

[ 36 ]

[ "a06208e146260be6acc5d141cc9a7d40873bad2b" ]

[ "Oxygen" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis".

How did the Mongolian pronounce Zheng?

[ "Jenggis" ]

[ 471 ]

[ "e51f97f1435fa01eefe3dc94968e6ee7c65352f1" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The catechism is one of Luther's most personal works. "Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes," he wrote, "I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because, roused by a Saturnian hunger, I would rather see them all devoured. For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine, except perhaps the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism." The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching. It remains in use today, along with Luther's hymns and his translation of the Bible.

Besides the written "instruction manual" for young followers, what did Luther hold up as a rather personal and important work?

[ "Bondage of the Will" ]

[ 323 ]

[ "6638d5b24ffe3028018f334bedb4ddd68f4720fe" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire. The plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly, depressurizing the boiler. If they were any larger, the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew.[citation needed]

How does the fire get suppressed?

[ "manually" ]

[ 244 ]

[ "f93b49b89fc7feb76546a85f16c8b7a411a2acbf" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they become slightly acidic, while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens. In the stomach, gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens.

Which antimicrobial material comes out of your eyes?

[ "tears" ]

[ 194 ]

[ "69e6a4bdb4d38542f6c2a096731a5d56dce4371e" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul." Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ. He taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart.

He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comorter,.."?

[ "Luther" ]

[ 139 ]

[ "e2c69a24a3e1bc66a9dcfa4c581150d69b30e70c" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson in 1997; and Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat.

Who was chair of the IPCC in 2006?

[ "Rajendra K. Pachauri" ]

[ 257 ]

[ "c0cef504901d6bae2f2fe821830b15a0857ac34f" ]

[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]

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The Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism, are a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life. Luther's teaching of the Ten Commandments, therefore, has clear eschatological overtones, which, characteristically for Luther, do not encourage world-flight but direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common, daily vocations of this perishing world.

What would Luther prefer that people don't engage in outside of service to the neighbor?

[ "world-flight" ]

[ 372 ]

[ "d29a9e22121ec7ebf59aed8c132f058e8d912604" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The UMC supports federal funding for research on embryos created for IVF that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased, if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent for the research purposes. The UMC stands in "opposition to the creation of embryos for the sake of research" as "a human embryo, even at its earliest stages, commands our reverence." It supports research on stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells, stating that there are "few moral questions" raised by this issue.

What are people who don't support making embryos for research usually in support of?

[ "stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells" ]

[ 485 ]

[ "e79624b88e05cb6ea6ea4a4a44c25f73f20ec24c" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns, while Emmanuel Sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores, while adding another 106 yards returning punts. Tight end Owen Daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards. Running back C. J. Anderson was the team's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns, while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards. Running back Ronnie Hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards, five touchdowns, 24 receptions, and a 4.7 yards per carry average. Overall, the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any Pro Bowl selections.

Who had fewer touchdowns, Manning or Osweiler?

[ "Manning" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "f1a84c7a116913bf69c6a924e4257662b90f2d0e" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Early in 1537, Johannes Agricola (1494–1566) – serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben – preached a sermon in which he claimed that God's gospel, not God's moral law (the Ten Commandments), revealed God's wrath to Christians. Based on this sermon and others by Agricola, Luther suspected that Agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg. These theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to Christians but belonged only to city hall. Luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians, four of which became the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540. He also responded to these assertions in other writings, such as his 1539 open letter to C. Güttel Against the Antinomians, and his book On the Councils and the Church from the same year.

Talks regarding a religious and moral subject, during a church service is called?

[ "sermon" ]

[ 123 ]

[ "88488d96b3ab6d11b6c6851f8f5cff16f2b3a204" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event, where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed. This origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905 after Andreas Schimper observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae.

Who was the biologist that noticed that cyanobacteria and chloroplasts are similar?

[ "Andreas Schimper" ]

[ 475 ]

[ "863d3639c5562b69fba52463545c50796a0d6040" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout.

Of the groups of people mentioned, which of them hold almost no amount of power?

[ "students" ]

[ 270 ]

[ "39b9c518f575ac860d309328914a6960da34f60c" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

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It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few.

What kind of animals are able to make lymphocytes?

[ "vertebrates" ]

[ 80 ]

[ "b3528b087c7949562397030a4aa4f0da7518c055" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Recently, chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen. This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained, thus posing significantly lower environmental risks. This biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture. While the reliability of this mechanism has not yet been studied for all relevant crop species, recent results in tobacco plants are promising, showing a failed containment rate of transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000.

What relatively new strategy could help developers of GMOs establish biologically contained plants?

[ "plastid transformation" ]

[ 250 ]

[ "454d7b48c7c18588686d2c61eb3e575fb6ab4e08" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A steam turbine consists of one or more rotors (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of stators (static discs) fixed to the turbine casing. The rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion. The stator consists of a similar, but fixed, series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage. A steam turbine often exhausts into a surface condenser that provides a vacuum. The stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam, giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages. Turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high speed, therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications, such as a ship's propeller. In the vast majority of large electric generating stations, turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing. Typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute (RPM) in the USA with 60 Hertz power, 3000 RPM in Europe and other countries with 50 Hertz electric power systems. In nuclear power applications the turbines typically run at half these speeds, 1800 RPM and 1500 RPM. A turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction. Therefore, a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction.[citation needed]

What happens to the used steam after it has passed the turbine discs?

[ "exhausts into a surface condenser that provides a vacuum" ]

[ 449 ]

[ "b7a3cf7b746409e7d81a604f9bfa2e221296dca5" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 – only 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth was c. 6%, so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses. The first remedial measure was the Warsaw area enlargement (1951) – but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations: only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (like renowned specialists) were allowed to get the registration, hence halving the population growth in the following years. It also bolstered some kind of conviction among Poles that Varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital. Unfortunately this belief still lives on in Poland (although not as much as it used to be) – even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore.

Where was residency registration implemented?

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ 270 ]

[ "77557e3e39dde51c06562fa32e698b375d40eeb6" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson in 1997; and Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat.

Who was elected before 1990?

[ "Bert Bolin" ]

[ 391 ]

[ "24d35338b01536399f34ca534e05f9eb41ef3466" ]

[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In January 1519, at Altenburg in Saxony, the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach. Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector, and promised to remain silent if his opponents did. The theologian Johann Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum. In June and July 1519, he staged a disputation with Luther's colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak. Luther's boldest assertion in the debate was that Matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture, and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible. For this, Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus, referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415. From that moment, he devoted himself to Luther's defeat.

Who compromised?

[ "Luther" ]

[ 113 ]

[ "3e8db4083f26ab869cf96679a5030d4d25f56c4e" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Deke Slayton, the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft, and had to undergo surgery on January 27. Slayton replaced him with Chaffee. NASA announced the final crew selection for AS-204 on March 21, 1966, with the backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans James McDivitt and David Scott, with rookie Russell L. "Rusty" Schweickart. Mercury/Gemini veteran Wally Schirra, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on September 29 as the prime crew for AS-205.

who did the kc135 eventually provide a seat on as-204

[ "Chaffee" ]

[ 425 ]

[ "a90de57bd7848e5d2051758c9ff88ec5ee422ac8" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized", i.e. they appear in discrete portions. This is, of course, difficult to imagine in the context of "forces". However, the potentials V(x,y,z) or fields, from which the forces generally can be derived, are treated similar to classical position variables, i.e., .

A branch of science that studies the nature of matter and energy, and includes Newton's 1st law is called?

[ "physics" ]

[ 146 ]

[ "84b6019e60200bf898324265ef51135fab067bcf" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965. The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts.

Man made objects that orbits the moon that also collects information are referred to as a what?

[ "satellites" ]

[ 403 ]

[ "538c13b19a2fa8b5f70907795128b0ec9be5a91a" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen today. This debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.

There is not a scientific concensus due to __

[ "practical limitations of working in the rainforest" ]

[ 833 ]

[ "f6881ccb251fa35fb046fafb24b2583a23a17d4d" ]

[ "Amazon_rainforest" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation continued, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity. In his later years, Luther grew more hostile toward the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy. His 1543 treatise Von den Juden und ihren Lügen (On the Jews and Their Lies) took its place among other anti-Jewish literature of the times, although historians acknowledge that this treatise was particularly extreme, even by the standards of sixteenth century Europe. In it, he takes a hardline against Judaism, writing that synagogues and Jewish homes should be destroyed, their money confiscated, and liberty curtailed. These statements and their influence on antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status.

What did Luther wish upon the Jews?

[ "synagogues and Jewish homes should be destroyed, their money confiscated, and liberty curtailed" ]

[ 826 ]

[ "9590583a1412058910ea9020d01e53cdb08c4a0e" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

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Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.

What can happen when the human body's germ-resistant system is weakened?

[ "recurring and life-threatening infections" ]

[ 188 ]

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[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. By contrast, male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably prolactin, growth hormone and vitamin D.

How does Lupus strike the body?

[ "autoimmune" ]

[ 197 ]

[ "578ac1d82e87112fd87348c840abd4bee0be5ef2" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.

When were many places of worship destroyed in Warsaw?

[ "1944" ]

[ 488 ]

[ "4c1b8aa853c4eedd25816b111168d56df363a6a8" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo/Saturn vehicles were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975.

What planet in the universe has a visible and evident ring around it?

[ "Saturn" ]

[ 311 ]

[ "897789f2c2537f5d6727b167880af65a1537ada3" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki. Better than anyone else she represented the Art Deco style in painting and art. Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the Warsaw Conservatory. Warsaw was the beloved city of Isaac Bashevis Singer, which he described in many of his novels: Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever, he commented.

Into what family did the artist who represented the Art Deco style marry?

[ "Łempicki" ]

[ 154 ]

[ "479eba0cd2a8028304a68625140753f559d66121" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The United Methodist Church opposes conscription as incompatible with the teaching of Scripture. Therefore, the Church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war, and who therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription. However, the United Methodist Church also supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously choose to serve in the armed forces or to accept alternative service. The church also states that "as Christians they are aware that neither the way of military action, nor the way of inaction is always righteous before God."

What does the Church think about those that choose to serve?

[ "supports and extends its ministry" ]

[ 380 ]

[ "6cf99f5fae75242c9e03bbbd477e1129ebba3a18" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union. At a meeting of the US House Committee on Science and Astronautics one day after Gagarin's flight, many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that America would catch up. Kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news, refusing to make a commitment on America's response to the Soviets.

What group did Kennedy not fall in line with?

[ "many congressmen" ]

[ 294 ]

[ "f729da509d37b334cb3ada8fdbaecffaa5ad474f" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007, and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra charge. Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions. In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011 BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box, offering a smaller version of the SkyHD box without Sky+ functionality. In September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008, Sky had 3,393,000 Sky+ users.

What, in the article, happened early in the second year of the 2010s?

[ "BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box" ]

[ 666 ]

[ "df5b45d864122a08e34ac61bebcd70c480bed08c" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar body. While etioplasts lack chlorophyll, they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked. Within a few minutes of light exposure, the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids, and chlorophyll starts to be produced. This process, where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast, takes several hours. Gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts.

What happens to the inner membrane invaginations when the etioplast is exposed to a light source?

[ "begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids" ]

[ 470 ]

[ "9b1a95b9e7efb9b30af3c0b6b72e6128423d5327" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom. By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today. The city council organize concerts and other events. Each Midsummer’s Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, looking for the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.

Who gets the musical performances together?

[ "city council" ]

[ 537 ]

[ "03448d0cc5c6547d89d3e173ca7231dd70517251" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties.[citation needed]. The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas.

What does the exhaust steam cool?

[ "port and the cylinder walls" ]

[ 123 ]

[ "f735fe051182aafc12a9ea9be186e89d32b92b0e" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner, describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of BBC Radio 4 listeners. In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category. Osborne Road came 4th in the foodie street category. A portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself.

What did Grey Street get for it's looks?

[ "Google Street View awards" ]

[ 583 ]

[ "357ac25841efd41a9ac36cd3c65ea66dc383584a" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style, St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century), Gunpowder Tower (after 1379) and the Royal Castle Curia Maior (1407–1410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of Baryczko merchant family (1562), building called "The Negro" (early 17th century) and Salwator tenement (1632). The most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (1596–1619) and the Jesuit Church (1609–1626) at Old Town. Among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are St. Hyacinth's Church (1603–1639) and Sigismund's Column (1644).

What is the newer important baroque structure?

[ "Sigismund's Column" ]

[ 843 ]

[ "a7f09b513cb579331dd00b362df2a8a39f557272" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Like many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United States, the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At the time of its formation, the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million for the first time. In 2005, there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations. Membership is concentrated primarily in the Midwest and in the South. Texas has the largest number of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and North Carolina.

What other churches are considered to have followed the same pattern UMC did?

[ "many other mainline Protestant denominations" ]

[ 5 ]

[ "63335768782b86b41bf59e6604ac94891612359c" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

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[ "Combined" ]

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On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht, for which Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford argued that Luther's writing was a "blueprint." Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."

Who did Sasse warn German people about?

[ "Luther" ]

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[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion, even those that are not strictly constant velocity. The rotational inertia of planet Earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year. Albert Einstein extended the principle of inertia further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration, such as those free-falling toward a gravitating object, were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames. This is why, for example, astronauts experience weightlessness when in free-fall orbit around the Earth, and why Newton's Laws of Motion are more easily discernible in such environments. If an astronaut places an object with mass in mid-air next to himself, it will remain stationary with respect to the astronaut due to its inertia. This is the same thing that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame. This principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity.

How is the velocity changing for a free-falling object?

[ "constant acceleration" ]

[ 418 ]

[ "be60947c899057a3148a5729259d7bf0bbebabd7" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples.

What another way of considering a guru?

[ "spiritual teacher" ]

[ 16 ]

[ "e70d5583a2d04f31036e0ea54e59a0b68c21ff20" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.

Which festival is associated with a foreign culture, SAMA or the Design Event festival?

[ "SAMA" ]

[ 531 ]

[ "1dc915dd24ba0ab6fb114602cb51975192face4b" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties, instead of maize, in particularly dry areas. Pigeon peas are very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall. Successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes, by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing. This work, which included linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa. The commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty.

What does the "R" in "ICRISAT" stand for?

[ "Research" ]

[ 44 ]

[ "a095256b171c8df8a8bec822f586e454d53847d5" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia. Josel of Rosheim, the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537, later blamed their plight on "that priest whose name was Martin Luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell!—who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition." Josel asked the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of Luther's anti-Jewish works: they refused initially, but did so when a Lutheran pastor in Hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder Jews. Luther's influence persisted after his death. Throughout the 1580s, riots led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states.

What was the occupation of Martin Luther?

[ "priest" ]

[ 191 ]

[ "465a539fc31b0b2e4ba31a8a7c449fc776093abf" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium—which is not true—both chloroplast membranes are homologous to the cyanobacterium's original double membranes.

What is a vesicle?

[ "the host's cell membrane infolding" ]

[ 324 ]

[ "49ada0cc0dfa5026b40d1de78fc7d0cfa4ad782f" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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John Paul II's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there. In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square in Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to "renew the face" of Poland: Let Thy Spirit descend! Let Thy Spirit descend and renew the face of the land! This land! These words were very meaningful for the Polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for the democratic changes.

More and more what was created?

[ "anti-communist fervor" ]

[ 139 ]

[ "c1beac84035eb0ba5b8156276a8aa9945c17fb1f" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In humans, this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes. This recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response. The speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that occurs following sequential proteolytic activation of complement molecules, which are also proteases. After complement proteins initially bind to the microbe, they activate their protease activity, which in turn activates other complement proteases, and so on. This produces a catalytic cascade that amplifies the initial signal by controlled positive feedback. The cascade results in the production of peptides that attract immune cells, increase vascular permeability, and opsonize (coat) the surface of a pathogen, marking it for destruction. This deposition of complement can also kill cells directly by disrupting their plasma membrane.

What is another name for a foreign microbe which the body's immune system attacks?

[ "a pathogen" ]

[ 827 ]

[ "425c26a9f94ac7f2c09a173a8101b63a2fbff509" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage.

Who will talk during the time the players are not playing?

[ "Jim Gray" ]

[ 208 ]

[ "61b7d713932266858510cad9112ec3cdc85112a3" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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ITV Tyne Tees was based at City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959. In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead. The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, The Tube. BBC North East and Cumbria is located to the north of the city on Barrack Road, Spital Tongues, in a building known, as the result of its colouring, as the Pink Palace. It is from here that the Corporation broadcasts the Look North television regional news programme and local radio station BBC Radio Newcastle.

What is the Corporation?

[ "ITV Tyne Tees" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "d56c4a9f809524c77a3429e9eef58a9c80b118b8" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Recently, chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen. This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained, thus posing significantly lower environmental risks. This biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture. While the reliability of this mechanism has not yet been studied for all relevant crop species, recent results in tobacco plants are promising, showing a failed containment rate of transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000.

What makes it impossible for genetic information that is found in chloroplasts to be distributed via pollination?

[ "chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent" ]

[ 123 ]

[ "7b800166385ae3f586aef566f05dfc20c38eabe9" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The three-stage Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon. It was 33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter and stood 363 feet (110.6 m) tall with its 96,800-pound (43,900 kg) lunar payload. Its capability grew to 103,600 pounds (47,000 kg) for the later advanced lunar landings. The S-IC first stage burned RP-1/LOX for a rated thrust of 7,500,000 pounds-force (33,400 kN), which was upgraded to 7,610,000 pounds-force (33,900 kN). The second and third stages burned liquid hydrogen, and the third stage was a modified version of the S-IVB, with thrust increased to 230,000 lbf (1,020 kN) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a parking orbit.

What was the rated thrust in the final stage?

[ "230,000 lbf" ]

[ 580 ]

[ "7229089d6202c0d7b3bac5ba7746aaf876d74e15" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom. Any channel which can get carriage on a suitable beam of a satellite at 28° East is entitled to access to BSkyB's EPG for a fee, ranging from £15–100,000. Third-party channels which opt for encryption receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free EPG entries, free carriage on a BSkyB leased transponder, or actual payment for being carried. However, even in this case, BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality.

Who cannot overturn change?

[ "BSkyB" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "4e56bf61ba698eec409181cc5974f9fd2a3385e4" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating that "multiple acts" would perform during the halftime show. On December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyoncé, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay on the single "Hymn for the Weekend", would be making an appearance. Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson also performed.

What were they all going to do?

[ "perform during the halftime show" ]

[ 75 ]

[ "76ab93f8a6269d9e23d2730ffed7e4118d1d0009" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century, and was created a county corporate with its own sheriff by Henry IV in 1400.

What happened to Newcastle in the sixteenth century?

[ "new charter granted by Elizabeth" ]

[ 118 ]

[ "107d02d9ddf26276840f799d447631a5df177e89" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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QuickBooks sponsored a "Small Business Big Game" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the United States for the free advertisement.

The pool of eligible contenders participated in?

[ "\"Small Business Big Game\" contest" ]

[ 23 ]

[ "4d6f157ddbae375215acd381716030d65a14a2b4" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007, and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra charge. Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions. In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011 BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box, offering a smaller version of the SkyHD box without Sky+ functionality. In September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008, Sky had 3,393,000 Sky+ users.

What condition will Sky not charge you a subscription fee before July 1, 2007?

[ "for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels" ]

[ 113 ]

[ "3ca5ae1ae7cfe2b54d4ab7fb3e4a024c4217b6fc" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response. Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals. If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response. Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen. This improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated, in the form of an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered.

Which of the following is not a pathogen: viruses, plants or bacteria?

[ "plants" ]

[ 364 ]

[ "e8dc62b8eb9f13d3c3b3a6ed7425e76be60c12e7" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Nevertheless, The United Methodist Church "implore[s] families and churches not to reject or condemn lesbian and gay members and friends" and commits itself to be in ministry with all persons, affirming that God's grace, love, and forgiveness is available to all. Additionally, many organizations, conferences, and congregations have recently called for broader acceptance of the LGBT community within the UMC. For example, the Connectional Table, a governing committee, has voted in favor of a proposal that calls for a localized option, which would permit ministers to officiate same-sex weddings, and it would allow conferences to ordain gay clergy. Moreover, many conferences have taken a position by voting in favor of same-gender marriages with resolutions.

What does the UMC have to help govern the church?

[ "Connectional Table" ]

[ 428 ]

[ "8a6b5837e6828f0c86683986bf024c8f0f682c14" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be "the most giving Super Bowl ever", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.

Parasites typically invade another organism for nutrients or shelter, this organism is referred to as a?

[ "Host" ]

[ 18 ]

[ "6ea00d831ecc838489e7b1ab7d3d8815bdaed9c7" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The first European to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana in 1542. The BBC's Unnatural Histories presents evidence that Orellana, rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought, was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 1540s. It is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from Europe, such as smallpox. Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between AD 0–1250, furthering claims about Pre-Columbian civilizations. Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and Alceu Ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over Acre. The BBC's Unnatural Histories presented evidence that the Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine wilderness, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta.

What channel claimed that there had once been a civilization in the Amazon rainforest?

[ "BBC" ]

[ 742 ]

[ "3b69e9b61faa4926d344061892c5c9ba0fc56f9d" ]

[ "Amazon_rainforest" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Based on his industry experience on Air Force missile projects, Mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the United States Air Force, so he got Webb's permission to recruit General Samuel C. Phillips, who gained a reputation for his effective management of the Minuteman program, as OMSF program controller. Phillips' superior officer Bernard A. Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition that Phillips be made Apollo Program Director. Mueller agreed, and Phillips managed Apollo from January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969, after which he returned to Air Force duty.

Which of the following is not a military rank: program director or general?

[ "Program Director" ]

[ 521 ]

[ "46daf41530209b635cb1cb59dcb3009aa3fb5f69" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Despite British hopes of handing power to "moderate" local rivals, it was the Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta that formed a government. The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end on 12 December 1963 with independence being conferred on all of Kenya. The United Kingdom ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963, the Sultan of Zanzibar agreed that simultaneous with independence for the Colony of Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya so that all of Kenya would be one sovereign, independent state. In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 of the United Kingdom. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya".

What does the third letter in "KANU" refer to?

[ "National" ]

[ 185 ]

[ "310199f7cb9e3b325b11336e82f7a534de4702c5" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed theology and practice. It has been characterized as Arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit to bring holiness into the life of the participating believer. The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura, seeing the Holy Bible as the primary authority in the Church and using sacred tradition, reason, and experience to interpret it, with the aid of the Holy Spirit (see Wesleyan Quadrilateral). Therefore, according to The Book of Discipline, United Methodist theology is at once "catholic, evangelical, and reformed." Today, the UMC is generally considered one of the more moderate and tolerant denominations with respect to race, gender, and ideology, though the denomination itself actually includes a very wide spectrum of attitudes. Comparatively, the UMC stands to the right of liberal and progressive Protestant groups such as the United Church of Christ and the Episcopal Church on certain issues (especially regarding sexuality), but to the left of historically conservative evangelical traditions such as the Southern Baptists and Pentecostalism, in regard to theological matters such as social justice and Biblical interpretation. However, it should be noted that the UMC is made up of a broad diversity of thought, and so there are many clergy and laity within the UMC that hold differing viewpoints on such theological matters.

Who may be more likely to have female clergy?

[ "United Church of Christ and the Episcopal Church" ]

[ 1034 ]

[ "41766411f715a49660d859fc9e1b77755ee687cd" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels. The service continued until the closure of BSkyB's analogue service on 27 September 2001, due to the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital platform. Some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted (whereby a Videocrypt decoder was required to decode, without a subscription card) prior to their addition to the Sky Multichannels package. Within two months of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994. Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels.

Besides former channels, what type of channels could you find on the package?

[ "new" ]

[ 338 ]

[ "59fab5392fe169023a14e14da138efc970fde11f" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it.

Who was against selling indulgences to people?

[ "Luther" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "86b808c8bcb4b70fc490e7c4bf3f5c45ce33e59a" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.:133–134:38-1–38-11

What are forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area?

[ "the off-diagonal elements" ]

[ 344 ]

[ "7fab3f4f03ca08b8e2a535df30a2d6b6aa1f3f9e" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Daily Mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone" – as, it claimed, subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the household. In December, the UK’s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to BSkyB was ‘often damaging’, along with alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a "Welfare Cash Card", in the style of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, that could be used to buy only "essentials".

How did the UK government decide if a woman had a partner living with her?

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[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

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There are concentrations of pubs, bars and nightclubs around the Bigg Market and the Quayside area of the city centre. There are many bars on the Bigg Market, and other popular areas for nightlife are Collingwood Street, popularly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars, Neville Street, the Central Station area and Osborne Road in the Jesmond area of the city. In recent years "The Gate" has opened in the city centre, a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Empire multiplex cinema. Newcastle's gay scene - 'The Pink Triangle' - is centred on the Times Square area near the Centre for Life and has a range of bars, cafés and clubs.

What general options do you have for nightlife in this area?

[ "pubs, bars and nightclubs" ]

[ 28 ]

[ "2344e71a94b70f1964a7c8b6359b48987cb242f6" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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NE1fm launched on 8 June 2007, the first full-time community radio station in the area. Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from Newcastle University's student's union building during term time. Radio Tyneside has been the voluntary hospital radio service for most hospitals across Newcastle and Gateshead since 1951, broadcasting on Hospedia and online. The city also has a Radio Lollipop station based at the Great North Children's Hospital in the Newcastle Royal Victoria Infirmary.

Who attend the institution with a union?

[ "students" ]

[ 122 ]

[ "28163875af19ce7dee00047c5d3291c3fcf6e6e1" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting (trunnion). These engines are mainly used in toys and models, because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.[citation needed]

What aspect of an oscillating steam engine would be considered very beneficial for use in small spaces?

[ "compactness" ]

[ 506 ]

[ "6f74696bf0dbf0f613190e68db4b3887f0629496" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644 the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege. In 1644 the city was then besieged for many months and was eventually stormed ('with roaring drummes') and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the motto "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7.

Who was the major name in the battle?

[ "Cromwell" ]

[ 104 ]

[ "ecae76c3263dcbac219e90d17244e0fb7904dc9a" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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