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# Wheeler Oakman
## Selected filmography {#selected_filmography}
- *Alas! Poor Yorick!* (1913, Short) - Montgomery Irving - the Real Actor
- *The Spoilers* (1914) - The Broncho Kid, alias of Drury
- *Shotgun Jones* (1914, Short) - Shotgun Jones
- *Chip of the Flying U* (1914, Short) - Weary
- *In the Days of the Thundering Herd* (1914) - Chief Swift Wing
- *The Carpet from Bagdad* (1915) - George P.A. Jones
- *The Melting Pot* (1915) - Minor Role (uncredited)
- *The Rosary* (1915) - Bruce Wilton
- *Sweet Alyssum* (1915) - Wynne Garlan
- *Hell\'s Hinges* (1916) - Rowdy Townsman (uncredited)
- *The Ne\'er-Do-Well* (1916) - Kirk Anthony, the Ne\'re-Do-Well
- *The Cycle of Fate* (1916) - Joe Strong
- *The Battle of Hearts* (1916) - Jo Sprague
- *The Crisis* (1916)
- *Betrayed* (1917) - William Jerome
- *Princess Virtue* (1917) - Basil Demarest
- *Face Value* (1917) - Bertram Van Twiller
- *I Love You* (1918) - Armand de Gautier
- *Revenge* (1918) - Dick Randall
- *The Claim* (1918) - John MacDonald
- *Mickey* (1918) - Herbert Thornhill
- *False Evidence* (1919) - Burr Gordon
- *The Splendid Sin* (1919) - Stephen Hartley
- *Back to God\'s Country* (1919) - Peter Burke
- *A Woman of Pleasure* (1919) - Bobby Ralston
- *Eve in Exile* (1919) - Paul Armitage
- *The Virgin of Stamboul* (1920) - Capt. Carlisle Pemberton
- *What Women Love* (1920) - Willy St. John
- *Outside the Law* (1920) - Dapper Bill Ballard
- *Peck\'s Bad Boy* (1921) - Dr. Jack Martin - the Man in the Case
- *Penny of Top Hill Trail* (1921) - Kurt Walters
- *A Wise Fool* (1921) - (uncredited)
- *The Son of the Wolf* (1922) - Scruff Mackenzie
- *The Half Breed* (1922) - Delmar Spavinaw (the halfbreed)
- *Slippy McGee* (1923) - Slippy McGee
- *Mine to Keep* (1923) - Clint Mowbray
- *The Love Trap* (1923)- Grant Garrison
- *Other Men\'s Daughters* (1923) - \'Winnie\'
- *Lilies of the Streets* (1925) - Frank Delmore
- *The Pace That Thrills* (1925) - Director
- *In Borrowed Plumes* (1926) - Jack Raymond
- *Fangs of Justice* (1926) - Paul Orr
- *Heroes of the Night* (1927) - Jack Nichols
- *The Snarl of Hate* (1927) - Boy Maxson
- *Hey! Hey! Cowboy* (1927) - John Evans
- *Out All Night* (1927) - Kerrigan
- *Top Sergeant Mulligan* (1928) - The captain
- *The Broken Mask* (1928) - Dr. Gordon White
- *The Heart of Broadway* (1928) - \'Dandy Jim\' Doyle
- *Danger Patrol* (1928) - George Gambler
- *Black Feather* (1928)
- *The Masked Angel* (1928) - Luther Spence
- *Lights of New York* (1928) - \'Hawk\' Miller
- *The Good-Bye Kiss* (1928) - Sgt. Hoffman
- *While the City Sleeps* (1928) - Eddie \'Mile-Away\' Skeeter Carlson
- *The Power of the Press* (1928) - Van
- *What a Night!* (1928) - Mike Corney
- *Morgan\'s Last Raid* (1929) - John Bland
- *The Devil\'s Chaplain* (1929) - Nicholay
- *The Shakedown* (1929) - Manager
- *The Donovan Affair* (1929) - Porter
- *Father and Son* (1929) - Anton Lebau
- *On with the Show* (1929) - Durant
- *Handcuffed* (1929) - Tom Bennett
- *Hurricane* (1929) - First Mate (uncredited)
- *The Girl from Woolworth\'s* (1929) - Lawrence Mayfield
- *Shanghai Lady* (1929) - Repen
- *Little Johnny Jones* (1929) - Wyman
- *The Show of Shows* (1929) - Performer in \'The Pirate\' Number (uncredited)
- *Roaring Ranch* (1930) - Ramsey Kane
- *The Big Fight* (1930) - Steve
- *The Bad Man* (1930)
- *On Your Back* (1930) - \'Lucky\' Jim Seymour
- *The Costello Case* (1930) - Mile-Away-Harry
- *The Lawless Woman* (1931) - \'Poker\' Wilson
- *Sky Raiders* (1931) - Willard
- *The Good Bad Girl* (1931) - Moreland
- *The Back Page* (1931, Short)
- *First Aid* (1931) - Michael Rush
- *Devil on Deck* (1932) - Shanghai Morgan
- *Texas Cyclone* (1932) - Utah Becker
- *The Airmail Mystery* (1932, Serial) - Judson Ward
- *The Riding Tornado* (1932) - Hatch Engall
- *Two-Fisted Law* (1932) - Bob Russell
- *Beauty Parlor* (1932) - Fremont
- *The Honor of the Press* (1932) - Roger Bradley
- *The Boiling Point* (1932) - Holt Norbo - Bank Cashier
- *Gorilla Ship* (1932) - Philip Wells
- *The Western Code* (1932) - Nick Grindell
- *The Heart Punch* (1932) - Spike Patterson
- *Speed Demon* (1932) - Pete Stenner
- *Guilty or Not Guilty* (1932) - Joe
- *End of the Trail* (1932) - Major Jenkins
- *Sundown Rider* (1932) - Laughing Maxey
- *Man of Action* (1933) - Sheriff Clem Norton
- *Revenge at Monte Carlo* (1933) - Spike Maguire
- *Silent Men* (1933) - Ed Wilder
- *Soldiers of the Storm* (1933) - George
- *Rusty Rides Alone* (1933) - Poe Powers
- *Hold the Press* (1933) - Hugh Abbott
- *Broadway Thru a Keyhole* (1933) - Sam (uncredited)
- *Blood Money* (1933) - Gangster with Shotgun (uncredited)
- *Palooka* (1934) - Rafferty (uncredited)
- *Paradise Valley* (1934) - \'Smiley\' Mason
- *The Lost Jungle* (1934) - Kirby
- *One Is Guilty* (1934) - Toledo Eddie Marchetti
- *Operator 13* (1934) - Scout (uncredited)
- *In Old Santa Fe* (1934) - Tracy
- *Frontier Days* (1934) - Henry Jethrow
- *Undercover Men* (1934) - Insp. A.R. McCrae
- *Murder in the Clouds* (1934) - Joe
- *Square Shooter* (1935) - Jim Thorne
- *The Phantom Empire* (1935) - Lord Argo
- *The Case of the Curious Bride* (1935) - Detective Jones (uncredited)
- *G Men* (1935) - Gangster at Lodge Wanting to Quit (uncredited)
- *The Headline Woman* (1935) - Panther Fielding
- *Motive for Revenge* (1935) - Doane
- *Code of the Mounted* (1935) - Duval
- *Death from a Distance* (1935) - Langsdale, aka George Fremont
- *Born to Gamble* (1935) - Jeff Drugan (uncredited)
- *Trails of the Wild* (1935) - Hardy
- *The Adventures of Rex and Rinty* (1935) - Henchman Wheeler
- *The Man from Guntown* (1935) - Henry DeLong
- *Annapolis Farewell* (1935) - Cmdr. Lawson
- *Special Agent* (1935) - Julie\'s Kidnapper (uncredited)
- *Timber War* (1935) - Murdock
- *The Mysterious Avenger* (1936) - Brophy
- *Roarin\' Guns* (1936) - Walton
- *Darkest Africa* (1936, Serial) - Durkin
- *Song of the Trail* (1936) - Bob Arnold
- *Thoroughbred* (1936) - Duke Foster
- *Aces and Eights* (1936) - Ace Morgan
- *Kelly the Second* (1936) - Bookie (uncredited)
- *Ghost Patrol* (1936) - Kincaid
- *Gambling with Souls* (1936) - \'Lucky\' Wilder
- *Death in the Air* (1936) - Lt. Douglas Thompson
- *Bank Alarm* (1937) - Joe Karlotti
- *Slaves in Bondage* (1937) - Jim Murray
- *Radio Patrol* (1937, Serial) - Stevens
- *Land of Fighting Men* (1938) - Wallace
- *Flash Gordon\'s Trip to Mars* (1938, Serial) - Tarnak
- *Code of the Rangers* (1938) - Blackie Miller
- *The Texans* (1938) - Union Captain (uncredited)
- *Red Barry* (1938, Serial) Weaver
- *In Old Montana* (1939) - Jim Dawson
- *The Lone Ranger Rides Again* (1939, Serial) - Manny - Fake Drunk (Ch. 9) (uncredited)
- *Buck Rogers* (1939, Serial) - Lieutenant Patten
- *Wolf Call* (1939) - Carson
- *Mutiny in the Big House* (1939) - Prison Guard Benson
- *Torture Ship* (1939) - John Ritter
- *Buried Alive* (1939) - Manning
- *Power Dive* (1941) - Sam - 1st Bartender (uncredited)
- *The Medico of Painted Springs* (1941) - Fred Burns
- *Escort Girl* (1941) - Gregory Stone
- *Double Trouble* (1941) - Kimble
- *So\'s Your Aunt Emma* (1942) - Blackie Hale, Henderson\'s Triggerman (uncredited)
- *Bowery at Midnight* (1942) - Stratton
- *Fall In* (1942) - Army Officer (uncredited)
- *The Adventures of Smilin\' Jack* (1943, Serial) - Freighter Mate \[Chs. 7-8\] (uncredited)
- *The Fighting Buckaroo* (1943) - Sam Thatcher (uncredited)
- *Kid Dynamite* (1943) - Tony - Bookie
- *The Ape Man* (1943) - Police Detective Brady
- *Saddles and Sagebrush* (1943) - Henchman Ace Barko
- *Ghosts on the Loose* (1943) - Tony
- *Spotlight Scandals* (1943) - Promoter
- *The Girl from Monterrey* (1943) - Fight Announcer
- *Campus Rhythm* (1943) - Sponsor (uncredited)
- *What a Man!* (1944) - Tim - 1st Detective
- *Sundown Valley* (1944) - Cab Baxter (uncredited)
- *Riding West* (1944) - Captain Amos Karnes
- *Three of a Kind* (1944) - Oliver
- *Bowery Champs* (1944) - Tom Wilson
- *Mom and Dad* (1945) - Bourbon Drinker on Train
- *Brenda Starr, Reporter* (1945, Serial) - Joe Heller / Lew Heller (uncredited)
- *Rough Ridin\' Justice* (1945) - Virgil Trent (uncredited)
- *Trouble Chasers* (1945) - Dek Sharp
- *Allotment Wives* (1945) - Bartender (uncredited)
- *Who\'s Guilty?* (1945, Serial) - Smiley
- *Hop Harrigan* (1946, Serial) - Alex Ballard
- *In Fast Company* (1946) - Cabbie-Henchman with graying mustache (uncredited)
- *Son of the Guardsman* (1946, Serial) - Lord Markham (uncredited)
- *Jack Armstrong* (1947, Serial) - Prof. Hobart Zorn
- *Brick Bradford* (1947, Serial) - Louis Walthar
- *Superman* (1948, Serial) - Dr
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# Red Bandits of Mawddwy
The **Red Bandits of Mawddwy** (Welsh: *Gwylliaid Cochion Mawddwy*) were a band of red-haired robbers, highwaymen or footpads from the area of Mawddwy in Mid Wales in the 16th century, who became famous in folk literature.
## History
In the 1500s, Mawddwy was a lawless area, since it was situated on the boundary between the Welsh Marches and Meirionnydd. The only certain historical knowledge about the bandits is that they murdered the Sheriff of Meirionnydd, the Baron Lewis ap Owen, of Cwrt Plas-yn-dre, Dolgellau on 12 October 1555. The attack was carried out by a group of bandits in Dugoed Mawddwy, near Dinas Mawddwy. Several of the bandits were hanged for the murder, and there are laments for the Baron by a number of poets, including Gruffudd Hiraethog. In the subsequent court case it was alleged that John Goch, or John Goch ap Gruffudd ap Huw, was the man who struck the fatal blow.
The near-contemporary writer Robert Vaughn wrote that the bandits:
Other information about the bandits comes from sources such as Thomas Pennant, who related the history with the chronicle of his visit to Dinas Mawddwy in about 1770. There is no certainty whether this part of the story is history or fable. According to Pennant the Sheriff had arrested a number of the bandits and was about to hang them; in their midst two sons of Lowri, daughter of Gruffudd Llwyd. One of these was very young, and Lowri implored the Baron to have mercy on the youngest, but Lewis Owen refused to listen, and hanged the two together with more than eighty other bandits. Pennant said that Lowri threatened vengeance on the sheriff: Local farmers were said to be so afraid that they fixed scythes in the wide chimneys of their houses to prevent the bandits from climbing down them - some of these improvised defences remained in place until the early 1800s.
Lowri daughter of Gruffudd Llwyd was named in the court case in Sesiwn Fawr, Bala, in 1558 following the murder, but she was described as a spinster. In an attempt to save herself from the gallows, she declared that she was pregnant. This was confirmed by a jury of married women. The memory remains about the bandits in a number of placenames in the area, for example *Llety\'r Gwylliaid* (bandits\' lodging) and *Llety\'r Lladron* (robbers\' lodging) near *Bwlch Oerddrws*.
## Modern times {#modern_times}
In 1936 and 1938 locals dressed up and re-enacted tales of the bandits on film. The second of these films was in colour and is believed to have been the first ever colour film produced in Wales.
The pub in Mallwyd is named *Brigands Inn*, although that name is a modern concoction, having previously been called Bury\'s Hotel
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# Before the Dawn (band)
**Before the Dawn** is a Finnish melodic death metal/gothic metal band formed in 1999 by Tuomas Saukkonen.
## History
The band was founded in 1999 by Tuomas Saukkonen as his solo project: \"I played and recorded all instruments in the first demo *To Desire Part 1* by on my own then for the second demo I had a friend of mine on the drums. The first line-up was gathered so that BTD could perform live. With many changes in the line up BTD entered the studio to record the MCD called *Gehenna*. I received couple of deal offers but nothing serious enough. BTD continued playing gigs and I kept on writing lots of new material, and the next MCD called *My Darkness* got very good feedback and a serious enough record deal was offered by Locomotive Music.\"
Joined by Panu Willman, Mike Ojala, and Kimmo Nurmi, the newly formed lineup released their first full-length album, *My Darkness*, in 2003. It was followed up by a second album in 2004, *4:17 am*. The band supported Katatonia on a Scandinavian and European tour in 2003.
In 2005, Saukkonen announced a new lineup for the band, removing all the members currently in and replacing them with his so-called \"Live Assault Team\": Norwegian Lars Eikind (Winds, Age of Silence, Khold) on clean vocals and bass, Gloria Morti guitarist Juho Räihä, keyboarder Joel Mäkinen and drummer Aatu Mukka. The reason was that Saukkonen felt that the previous band members were badly motivated and not professional enough.`{{Primary source inline|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
*The Ghost* CD released in 2006, however, rather turned out to be another solo project for Tuomas. Because of the huge amount of song material written for that album, Saukkonen created another album, *The Darkness*, for a side-project, Dawn of Solace.
With Lars and Juho as new permanent band members, the band released the next full-length album *Deadlight* in 2007. The single \"Deadsong\", released in February 2007, immediately reached #2 on Finnish Top 20 charts; for four months it remained among the Top 20 of Finnish Radio Rock. The single \"Faithless\" featuring Jone Nikula on the Pantera cover \"Mouth for War\", reached #2 on the Finland Top 20 charts for the week of 15 July 2007.
During the recording sessions for the fifth studio album *Soundscape of Silence*, drummer Dani Miettinen dropped out; the band decided to leave the position vacant and work with session drummers for live shows (e.g. Matti Auerkallio). Right after its release at the end of October 2008, *Soundscape of Silence* went to the top 20 of Finnish album charts (#14). The core band members were later joined by drummer Atte Palokangas (from the band Agonizer). Atte became an official new band member in mid-2009, and Before the Dawn supported Amorphis on their Forging Europe Tour in late 2009 with a completed line-up.
The anniversary EP *Decade of Darkness* went straight to #1 on Finnish single charts after its release in spring 2010. The music video for \"End of Days\" from this EP was released throughout Europe and in Japan; it shows footage from the band\'s 2010 shows in Asia. The European edition of this EP, released in February 2011, contains a bonus DVD with footage of the band\'s concert at German Summerbreeze Festival 2009. thumb\|upright=1.2\|Before the Dawn in 2009 In February 2011, Tuomas Saukkonen won the Finnish Metal Award in the category \"Best Instrumentalist\"; Before the Dawn reached #3 in the category \"Best Band\". Tuomas defended this title successfully in the year 2012 as well.
The new album *Deathstar Rising* cracked the Finnish Album Top 10 and reached #8 in first week of March 2011.
In June 2011 bassist and vocalist Lars and drummer Atte left the band; Lars for personal reasons and Atte for musical reasons. On 25 January 2012 the band announced on their Facebook page that *Rise of the Phoenix* would be the title of their new album. It was released through Nuclear Blast Records on 27 April 2012. Frontman Tuomas Saukkonen commented: \"Massive changes in the line-up during 2011 ended an era of great frustration and brought back 110% dedication and professionalism into the band. The newfound energy and motivation steered us into a victorious European tour and made it possible to produce the strongest, fastest, heaviest and definitely the most epic Before the Dawn album so far!\"`{{Primary source inline|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
On 10 January 2013 through a press statement, Tuomas Saukkonen announced that he was putting Before the Dawn to rest along with his other active bands (Black Sun Aeon and RoutaSielu), ending them in order to create new project called \"Wolfheart\", which he will entirely focus from now on.
In 2021, Before the Dawn was reformed. On 30 April, the band released the single \"The Final Storm\". The single was made for the *Deadlight* reissue which was released in 9 July 2021. On 7 September 2022 BTD announced that a new member Paavo Laapotti joins the band as a vocalist, while Tuomas takes up live drumming. Laapotti brought attention of the band during The Voice of Finland where he sang a *Before the Dawn* song called *Deadsong*. An album titled *Stormbringers* was released on 30 June 2023.
On 7 February 2024, they announced a new EP *Archaic Flame*, its title song is available online. The premiere of the new album is scheduled to be released on 8 of March
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# Hunting and fishing in Alaska
**Hunting and fishing in Alaska** are common both for recreation and subsistence.
## Hunting
Alaska is a popular hunting destination. Hunters come from all over the world to hunt big game animals such as the brown bear, black bear, moose, and caribou. Mountain goat hunts are also quickly becoming a rising interest to hunters. The reason as to why Alaska is such a popular hunting destination is because it is home to some of the world's largest big game animals. Alaska's species of brown bear and moose are the largest in the world. According to the Boone and Crockett Club, Alaska has a rich history of world record brown bear, moose, and caribou, taken by various hunters. Hunters are able to partake in an Alaskan hunt by obtaining hunting licenses and game tags, and also following the areas laws and regulations. The most common weapons among hunters are rifles, large handguns, and bows.
## Fishing
With a land area of 586412 sqmi, not counting the Aleutian islands, Alaska is one-fifth the size of lower 48 states, and as Ken Schultz notes in his chapter on Alaska \"Alaska is a bounty of more than 3,000 rivers, more than 3 million lakes, and some 34,000 miles of coastal shoreline --- numbers that stagger the imagination, underscore the wealth of opportunities for anglers, and translate into some of North America's premier fishing.\" A greater percentage of Alaskans fish than residents of any other state. Alaska features several different types of fishing. The two most popular are salmon fishing and halibut fishing. Homer claims the title of "halibut fishing capital of the world." Other common types of fishing are deep sea fishing, fly fishing, and ice fishing. Fishermen have a variety of fish that they can catch including: salmon, various species of trout, northern pike, arctic char, dolly varden, and grayling. Alaska Fishing Licenses are required by law in Alaska for both residents and non-residents
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# Mesoplates
The term \"**mesoplates**\" has been applied in two different contexts within geology and geophysics. The first is applicable to much of the Earth\'s mantle, and the second to distinct layering within the Earth\'s crust.
## Mantle
## Rheological model {#rheological_model}
In 1977 researchers M. Kumazawa and Y. Fukao introduced the term \"mesoplate\" in the context of what they termed a \"Dual Plate Tectonic Model.\" Their rationale is a postulated low-velocity zone near and above the 650 km discontinuity with additional properties including local low melting temperature, active chemical migration and fractionation, and low-viscosity. They further write,
\"These features lead to a concept of dual plate tectonics models. The layer between the 200- and 550-km depths is sandwiched between two relatively soft layers (upper and lower LVZs) and is expected to behave as a rigid plate (mesoplate).\"
## Kinematic model {#kinematic_model}
From a kinematic perspective, the concept of \"**mesoplates**\" was applied as a heuristic for characterizing the motion of lithospheric plates relative to the sublithospheric source region of hotspot volcanism (Pilger, 2003), or more simply: kinematically rigid layers within the mesosphere, beneath one or more plates. W. Jason Morgan (1972), originally suggested that hotspots (inferred by J. Tuzo Wilson) beneath such active volcanic regions as Hawaii and Iceland form a fixed \"absolute\" frame of reference for the motion of the overlying plates. However, the existence of a globally fixed reference frame for island-seamount chains and aseismic ridges (\"traces\") that are inferred to have originated from hotspots was quickly discounted by the primitive plate reconstructions available in the mid-1970s (Molnar and Atwater, 1973). Further, paleomagnetic measurements imply that hotspots have moved relative to the magnetic poles of the Earth (the magnetic poles are further inferred to correspond with the rotational poles of the planet when averaged over thousands of years). Aside: the term \"hotspot\" is used herein without any genetic implications. The term \"melting spot\" might well be more applicable.
### Development of the kinematic concept {#development_of_the_kinematic_concept}
As plate reconstructions have improved over the succeeding three decades since Morgan\'s original contribution, it is become apparent that the hotspots beneath the central North and South Atlantic and Indian Oceans may form one, distinct frame of reference, while those underlying the plates beneath the Pacific Ocean form a separate reference frame. For convenience, the hotspots beneath the Pacific Ocean are referred to as the \"Hawaiian set\" after Hawaii, while those beneath much of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean are called the \"Tristan set\" after the island of Tristan da Cunha (the Tristan hotspot), one of the principal inferred hotspots of the set. Within a single hotspot set, the traces tied to their originating hotspot can be fit by plate reconstructions which imply only minor relative motion among the hotspots for perhaps the past 130 m.y. (million years) for the Tristan set and 80 m.y. for the Hawaiian set. However, the two hotspot sets are inconsistent with the hypothesis of a single hotspot reference frame; distinct motion between the two sets is apparent between 80 and 30 Ma (m.y. before Present; e.g., Raymond, et al., 2000).
It is important to acknowledge that radiometric dating of volcanism along hotspot traces may or may not accurately and precisely constrain the position of the plate above the underlying hotspot at the analytically produced age. However, reconstruction models for the Hawaiian set are constrained in age by the hotspot beneath Easter Island and its traces on the Pacific and Nazca plates between approximately 50 and 30 Ma, as the hotspot was beneath the spreading center during that time interval, and resulting relative plate reconstructions constrain motion of the plates relative to the hotspot. Prior to 50 Ma and since 30 Ma, reconstructions can be determined that fit virtually all existing Hawaiian set traces; the actual ages have the greatest uncertainty. Similarly, plate reconstructions relative to the Tristan set are best constrained in age by relative plate reconstructions, a fortuitous consequence of spherical plate tectonics of three or more plates.
Lithospheric plates are recognized in terms of their lack of internal deformation. Thus two points on the same plate will not move relative to one another, even if the plate moves relative to another plate (or relative to the Earth\'s rotational poles). Plates are not explicitly defined in terms of their mechanical properties. In a sense, then, \"plates\" are a heuristic---rather like fitting a straight line through a set of points without a clear functional relationship. Analogously, the term \"mesoplate\" was introduced. Since the hotspots of the Hawaiian set appear to form a frame of reference (like points on a lithospheric plate, they don\'t appear to be moving at a very great rate relative to one another), the hotspots and that part of the upper mantle in which they are embedded is termed the \"Hawaiian mesoplate\". The \"Tristan mesoplate\" is similarly defined. A third mesoplate, \"Icelandic\", is inferred to underlie the northernmost Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, much of Eurasia to the north of the Alps and Himalayas; since the Iceland hotspot trace is not consistent with either the Hawaiian or Tristan set.
Additional evidence for mesoplates comes from observations that intraplate stresses in stable continental interiors of North America and Africa are consistent with plate motions in the Tristan hotspot frame. This observation was first made for contemporary stresses (the maximum horizontal principal compressive stress -- sigma-hx); and also appears to hold for paleostress indicators between approximately 100 and 20 Ma (Pilger, 2003). This observation implies that the sublithospheric mantle over which the plates are moving comprises the same reference frame in which the hotspots are embedded.
The mesoplate heuristic is very much a hypothetical construct. Several observations could discount it. It is conceivable that a missing plate boundary between the plates beneath the Pacific and those beneath the Atlantic and Indian Oceans might be hidden and responsible for the discrepancy between the two hotspot sets. However, progressive study of the most likely region for such a boundary has failed to find it.
The origin of hotspots, whether from deep mantle plumes, mid-mantle melting anomalies, or intraplate fractures, is constrained somewhat by the mesoplate hypothesis. The principal alternative models for the origin of hotspot traces, propagating fractures, are still actively advocated by many workers (see [mantleplumes.org](http://www.mantleplumes.org)). Such a model does not explicitly recognize sublithospheric reference frames. However, it cannot completely explain all of the features of the most familiar hotspot traces.
The mantle plume hypothesis for the origin of hotspots need not be inconsistent with mesoplates. However, it would need to be modified to recognize that the lack of motion between hotspots represents a kind of \"embedding\" of the \"plume\" in the upper mantle (shallow mesosphere) of the Earth. One of Morgan\'s rationales for plumes was the existence of an \"absolute motion\" reference frame. Numerical modeling now indicates that such a reference frame would be unlikely in the context of plume convection.
If continued research were to demonstrate the continued applicability of the mesoplate hypothesis, it would have important implications for the nature of convection in the upper mantle: Convective motion beneath plates is almost entirely vertical within individual mesoplates; lateral motion in the mantle would be confined to mesoplate boundaries and to greater depths.
## Crustal model {#crustal_model}
Phipps coined the term \"crustal mesoplate tectonics\" as applied to brittle crust detached from inferred more ductile lower crust. The analogy between lithoplate tectonics and crustal deformation engaging both brittle and ductile components leads to the concept of crustal mesoplates.
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# Mesoplates
## Origin of the term {#origin_of_the_term}
"Mesoplates" is a combination and contraction of two terms: "mesosphere", as applied to the solid earth, and "tectonic plates".
## Mesosphere (solid earth) {#mesosphere_solid_earth}
"Mesosphere" (not to be confused with mesosphere, a layer of the atmosphere) is derived from "mesospheric shell", coined by Reginald Aldworth Daly, a Harvard University geology professor. In the pre-plate tectonics era, Daly (1940) inferred three spherical layers comprise the outer Earth: lithosphere (including the crust), asthenosphere, and mesospheric shell. Daly\'s hypothetical depths to the lithosphere--asthenosphere boundary ranged from 80 to 100 km and the top of the mesospheric shell (base of the asthenosphere) from 200 to 480 km. Thus, Daly\'s asthenosphere was inferred to be 120 to 400 km thick. According to Daly, the base of the solid earth mesosphere could extend to the base of the mantle (and, thus, to the top of the core).
Isacks, Oliver, and Sykes (1968) applied lithosphere and asthenosphere to their conception to the "New Global Tectonics" or what subsequently became known as plate tectonics. In their conception, the base of the asthenosphere extended as deep as the deepest (650--700 km) earthquakes in the inclined seismic zones where descending lithospheric plates penetrate the upper mantle.
## Lithospheric (tectonic) plate (or lithoplate) {#lithospheric_tectonic_plate_or_lithoplate}
The (spherical) lithospheric plates of plate tectonics are so defined because they behave in a kinematically rigid manner. That is, any three points on the same plate do not move relative to one another, while the plate itself (and all points it contains) may move relative to other plates or other internal reference frames (e.g., the earth\'s spin axis or geomagnetic poles). In other words, ideal lithospheric plates do not deform internally as they move.
A "mesoplate", then behaves like lithospheric plates: empirical evidence (discussed above) indicates groups of melting anomalies (hotspots) embedded in the shallow mesosphere do not move relative to one another, but collectively move relative to other hotspot groups and relative to overlying lithospheric plates
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# Domitian of Huy
**Domitian of Huy** (*Domitianus*; also, **of Maestricht**) was a Gaulish bishop of the sixth century who is noted for both his generosity and writings against heresy. He is venerated as a saint.
## Life
Domitian was chosen bishop of Tongeren, but later moved his see to Maastricht. He was present at the Council of Clermont (535). Domitian is notable for speaking out convincingly against heretics, especially at the Fifth Council of Orléans in 549.
He encouraged the development of polemic against heresy in the early church, and worked to evangelize the Meuse Valley. He is occasionally referred to as the \"Apostle of the Meuse Valley\" for his efforts there.
Domitian also constructed churches and hospices in order to care for people spiritually and physically. He was well known for his generosity, as well as his ability to procure money via fund-raising, a talent that once helped to ease a famine in his bishopric.
## Veneration
Domitian\'s relics are kept and venerated at the Church of Notre-Dame in Huy, Belgium, the city of which he is now the patron saint. He is remembered in a procession to a local spring. He is invoked against fevers.
According to tradition, he delivered the area from a dragon that had contaminated the water supply. He is sometimes depicted with a dragon at his feet
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# Cape foot
A **Cape foot** is a unit of length defined as 1.0330 English feet (and equal to 12.396 English inches, or 0.31485557516 meters) found in documents of belts and diagrams relating to landed property. It was identically equal to the Rijnland voet and was introduced into South Africa by the Dutch settlers in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. Its relationship to the English foot was clarified in 1859 by an Act of the government of the Cape Colony, South Africa. It was used for land surveying and title deeds in rural areas of South Africa apart from Natal and was also for urban surveying and title deeds in the Transvaal. There were 144 square Cape feet in one Cape rood and 600 Cape roods (86,400 square Cape feet) in one morgen.
Its use ceased when South Africa adopted the metric system in 1977, though it has not yet been entirely replaced in pre-existing title deeds
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# Kawanishi E15K
The *\'Kawanishi E15K*Shiun**\'\' (紫雲, \"Violet Cloud\") was a single-engined, Japanese reconnaissance floatplane of World War II. The Allied reporting name for the type was \"**Norm\'\'\'\" after Squadron Leader Norman O. Clappison of the RAAF, a member of the Allied Technical Air Intelligence Unit (ATAIU).
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
In 1939, the Imperial Japanese Navy instructed the Kawanishi Aircraft Company to develop a two-seat, high-speed reconnaissance floatplane, which was required to have sufficient performance to escape interception by land-based fighters as well as an 800-nautical mile range. It was planned to equip a new class of cruisers, intended to act as a flagship for groups of submarines, operating six of the new floatplanes to find targets. The first of the new cruisers, *Ōyodo*, was also ordered in 1939.
Kawanishi designed a single-engined, low-wing monoplane, powered by a 1,460 hp (1,090 kW) Mitsubishi MK4D Kasei 14 14-cylinder radial driving two contra-rotating two-bladed propellers, the first installation of contra-rotating propellers produced in Japan, while a laminar flow airfoil section was chosen to reduce drag. It had a single main float under the fuselage and two stabilizing floats under the wings. The stabilizing floats were designed to retract into the wing, while the central float was designed to be jettisoned in case of emergency, giving a sufficient increase in speed (estimated as approximately 50 knots (90 km/h)) to escape enemy fighters.
The first prototype of Kawanishi\'s design, designated E15K1 in the Navy\'s short designation system, made its maiden flight on 5 December 1941. Five more prototypes followed during 1941--42. Development became protracted due to the E15K1\'s advanced features, and the project fell behind schedule. Problems were encountered with the retractable stabilizing floats, resulting in several accidents when the floats could not be lowered for landing, and the system was eventually abandoned, with the stabilizing floats being fixed and a more powerful Mitsubishi MK4S Kasei 24 engine fitted to compensate for the increased drag.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
Despite these problems, the E15K1 was ordered into limited production as the **Navy Type 2 High-speed Reconnaissance Seaplane *Shiun* Model 11**. Six prototype and service trial E15Ks were built and evaluated from 1941-42. Production finally got underway in 1943, but the first operational E15K1s did not enter service until April 30, 1944, when six were assigned to the 12th Reconnaissance Squadron of the 61st Air Flotilla.
On June 1, the first of its Shiuns arrived at Palau Island in the South Pacific. By that time, new Allied fighters of much higher performance, specifically the Grumman F6F Hellcat, had entered service. Compounding Japanese crews\' undoubted frustration, when under attack, the Shiun\'s main float jettison mechanism, which had been wind-tunnel tested but never tried on an actual airplane prior to manufacture, failed to work in combat. Coupled with high maintenance and other mechanical issues, further production was cancelled in February 1944, with only fifteen *Shiun*s completed - including the six prototypes.
## Variants
- **E15K1** : Single-engined reconnaissance floatplane. Production version
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# Press brake
thumb\|thumbtime=7\|A press brake bending a sheet of steel A **press brake** is a type of brake, a machine used for bending sheet metal and metal plate. It forms predetermined bends by clamping the workpiece between a matching top tool and bottom die. Typically, two C-frames form the sides of the press brake, connected to a table at the bottom and on a movable beam at the top. The bottom tool is mounted on the table, with the top tool mounted on the upper beam.
## Types
A brake can be described by basic parameters, such as the force or tonnage and the working length. Additional parameters include the stroke length, the distance between the frame uprights or side housings, distance to the back gauge, and work height. The upper beam usually operates at a speed ranging from 1 to 15 mm/s (in working mode) and up to 200 mm/s (depends on the type) in idle mode (approach and return).
There are several types of press brakes including nut-stop hydraulic, synchro hydraulic, electric and hybrid.
Hydraulic presses operate by means of two synchronized hydraulic cylinders on the C-frames moving the upper beam. Servo-electric brakes use a servo-motor to drive a ballscrew or belt drive to exert tonnage on the ram.
Historically, a mechanical press entailed with energy that was added to a flywheel with an electric motor. A clutch engages the flywheel to power a crank mechanism that moves the ram vertically. Accuracy and speed are two advantages of the mechanical press.
Until the 1950s, mechanical brakes dominated the world market. The advent of better hydraulics and computer controls have led to hydraulic machines being the most popular.
Today\'s press brakes are controlled by two types of controls, NC (Numeric Controlled) or CNC (Computer Numeric Controlled). NC is a basic controller where the CNC is the high-end controller. Although the initial outlay might be more than with an NC , a CNC controller can be more effective, keeping cost down in the long run.
Pneumatic and servo-electric machines are typically used in lower tonnage applications. Hydraulic brakes produce accurate, high-quality products; are reliable; use little energy; and are safer because, unlike flywheel-driven presses, the motion of the ram can be easily stopped at any time in response to a safety device, e.g. a light curtain or other presence sensing device.
## Back gauge {#back_gauge}
Recent improvements are mainly in the control and a device called a back gauge. A back gauge is a device that can be used to accurately position a piece of metal so that the brake puts the bend in the correct place. Furthermore, the back gauge can be programmed to move between bends to repeatedly make complex parts. The animation to the right shows the operation of the back gauge, setting the distance from the edge of the material or previous bend to the center of the die.
Press brakes often include multi-axis computer-controlled back gauges. They allow operators to position material correctly and sequence the bends step-by-step until completed. Optical sensors allow operators to make adjustments during the bending process. These sensors send real-time data about the bending angle in the bend cycle to machine controls that adjust process parameters.
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# Press brake
## Dies
Press brakes can be used for many different forming jobs with the right die design. Types of dies include:
- V-dies---the most common type of die. The bottom dies can be made with different-sized die openings to handle a variety of materials and bend angles.
- Air bending---V-dies can be produced in a variety of angles to suit the sheet metal bend angle required, but more often dies with a smaller than necessary V angle are used, the actual sheet metal bend angle being determined by how closely the upper and lower dies are brought together. In the animation above, \~30 degree dies are being used to produce 90 degree bends. The air gap which remains between the lower die and the sheet metal after the bend is completed is the reason for the term \"air bending\".
- Rotary bending dies---a cylindrical shape with an 88-degree V-notch cut along its axis is seated in the \"saddle\" of the punch. The die is an anvil over which the rocker bends the sheet.
- 90 degree dies---largely used for bottoming operations. The die opening dimension depends on material thickness.
- Acute angle (air-bending) dies---used in air bending, these can actually be used to produce acute, 90 degree, and obtuse angles by varying how deeply the punch enters the die by adjusting the ram.
- Gooseneck (return-flanging) dies---The punch is designed to allow for clearance of already formed flanges
- Offset dies---a combination punch and die set that bends two angles in one stroke to produce a Z shape.
- Hemming dies---two-stage dies combining an acute angle die with a flattening tool.
- Seaming dies---There are a number of ways to build dies to produce seams in sheets and tubes.
- Radius dies---A radiussed bend can be produced by a rounded punch. The bottom die may be a V-die or may include a spring pad or rubber pad to form the bottom of the die.
- Beading dies---A bead or a \"stopped rib\" may be a feature that stiffens the resulting part. The punch has a rounded head with flat shoulders on each side of the bead. The bottom die is the inverse of the punch.
- Curling dies---The die forms a curled or coiled edge on the sheet.
- Tube- and pipe-forming dies---a first operation bends the edges of the sheet to make the piece roll up. Then a die similar to a curling die causes the tube to be formed. Larger tubes are formed over a mandrel.
- Four-way die blocks---A single die block may have a V machined into each of four sides for ease of changeover of small jobs.
- Channel-forming dies---A punch can be pressed into a die to form two angles at the bottom of the sheet, forming an angular channel.
- U-bend dies---Similar to channel forming, but with a rounded bottom. Spring back may be a problem and a means may need to be provided for countering it.
- Box-forming dies---While a box may be formed by simple angle bends on each side, the different side lengths of a rectangular box must be accommodated by building the punch in sections. The punch also needs to be high enough to accommodate the height of the resulting box\'s sides.
- Corrugating dies---Such dies have a wavy surface and may involve spring-loaded punch elements.
- Multiple-bend dies---A die set may be built in the shape of the desired profile and form several bends on a single stroke of the press.
- Rocker-type dies---A rocker insert in the punch may allow for some side-to-side motion, in addition to the up-and-down motion of the press
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# Valkenberg Hospital
The **Valkenberg Hospital** is a large, government-funded, tertiary psychiatric hospital in the city of Cape Town, South Africa.
It is situated in the suburb of Observatory between the banks of the Liesbeek and Black Rivers, overlooking Devil\'s Peak in the distance. Together with its associated psychiatric hospitals (Lentegeur, Stikland and Alexandra Hospitals) it is the chief provider of specialist psychiatric services to the Cape Peninsula as well as being a major specialist referral centre of the Western Cape province.
It is the main teaching hospital for the University of Cape Town\'s Department of Psychiatry and is also a specialised training centre for psychiatric nursing (Stellenbosch and Western Cape Nursing Colleges).
## History
The present institution dates from 1891. (The name *Valkenberg* derives from the Dutch farmer Cornelius Valk, who established a farm on the land on which the hospital is now situated, in 1720.) In 1881, the Colonial Government of the Cape Colony purchased the Valkenberg estate with a view to building a reformatory. This never took place but a \"lunatic asylum\", as it was then called, was established instead to accommodate patients transferred from Robben Island. The island had initially accepted patients to relieve pressure from city hospitals such as the Somerset, but reports of unhealthy conditions, overcrowding, and high suicide rates resulted in the decision to transfer care of patients to the Valkenberg site. On 20 February 1891, the first 36 patients were transferred from Robben Island to the Valkenberg Asylum. This originally consisted of two racially segregated hospitals straddling the Liesbeeck and Black rivers. In the first half of the 20th century, the hospital became formally associated with the Medical School of the University of Cape Town.
A famous patient was the poet Ingrid Jonker who was admitted with depression in the 1960s; she later recounted her experiences in several poems. Valkenberg Hospital features prominently in the troubled life of Tshepo, the lead character in K. Sello Duiker\'s novel, *The Quiet Violence of Dreams.*
In 1998, the hospital was threatened with closure with the intention of rationalizing services. However, this was met with vigorous opposition and after a lengthy discussion and consultation process; the decision was made to keep the hospital open but to consolidate the site and to reduce the number of beds.
In 2006, a new Admission Unit was completed with integrated High Care units for acutely ill patients. The need to develop a new high care unit derived from the unsuitable design of the previous wards, which had been in use from the early part of the 20th century. The old wards represented an outmoded and essentially custodial psychiatric practice that has no place in a modern, more humane service, adhering to the most recent developments in effective psychiatric care.
## Services
Apart from offering general in- and outpatient psychiatric services, Valkenberg has a variety of specialised units such as the Forensic Unit and Acute Admission Units. The hospital currently comprises 370 beds of which about 165 are dedicated to the acute psychiatric service and 145 to the forensic psychiatric services and the remainder still houses a small component of long term patients. With the exception of the Maximum Security Unit (Ward 20), all wards are located on the Observatory site of the Estate. It is envisaged that with the Hospital Revitalisation process about to start all wards will in future be placed on the Observatory site.
Patients who are admitted to the Valkenberg service generally suffer from severe psychiatric disorders, and those who are admitted to the high care unit are likely to have a history of the more severe forms of psychotic illnesses associated with behavioural disturbances.
Patients at Valkenberg are either admitted on a voluntary, assisted or involuntary basis in accordance with the South African Mental Health Care Act of 2002. As such, a few wards are isolated and these contain patients who are acutely disturbed and those who have been admitted for observation by the Magistrate\'s Court (e.g
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# Alfonso Castaldo
**Alfonso Castaldo** (6 November 1890 -- 3 March 1966) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Naples from 1958 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.
## Biography
Alfonso Castaldo was born in Casoria to Aniello Castaldo (died c. 1897) and Marianna Crispino. The third of five children, he was baptized in his home four days later, on 10 November, by his paternal uncle, who was a canon by the same name, with the permission of the Naples curia. Castaldo, influenced by Monsignor Francesco Morano and Father Luigi Maglione, decided to pursue a career in the Church, and attended the seminaries in Cerreto Sannita, Pozzuoli, and Naples. He also studied philosophy and letters at the University of Naples.
Ordained a priest by Bishop Angelo Jannacchino on 8 June 1913, Castaldo served as a chaplain to the Italian Army (1915--1918), and a provost in Casoria (1918--1934). On 27 March 1934 he was appointed Bishop of Pozzuoli by Pope Pius XI. Castaldo received his episcopal consecration on the following 30 June from Cardinal Alessio Ascalesi, CPPS, with Bishops Salvatore del Bene and Salvatore Meo serving as co-consecrators.
Pope Pius XII named him coadjutor archbishop of Naples, titular archbishop of Thessalonica, and apostolic administrator of Pozzuoli on 14 January 1950. Castaldo became Archbishop of Naples on 7 February 1958 and was created cardinal priest of S. Callisto by Pope John XXIII in the consistory of 15 December that same year. On the following 5 August he was named Bishop *ad personam* of Pozzuoli.
The Cardinal attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965, and was one of the electors who participated in the 1963 papal conclave, which selected Pope Paul VI. He was highly revered by the people of Naples, and was very involved in welfare, charitable, and educational activities.
Castaldo died in his archiepiscopal residence in Naples at age 75. He is buried in the Succorpo Chapel in the Cathedral of Naples
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# 136th Airlift Wing
The **136th Airlift Wing (136 AW)** is a unit of the Texas Air National Guard, stationed at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force\'s Air Mobility Command (AMC).
## Mission
The wing\'s mission is to provide military forces for worldwide combat and peacetime tasking supporting Texas and the United States. The flying mission includes short field and dirt strip landing, and airdrop delivery of cargo and people in all weather, day and night.
## Units
The 136th Airlift Wing is composed of 5 groups, 19 units and 1 geographically separated unit (GSU).
- 136th Operations Group
- 181st Airlift Squadron
- 136th Operations Support Squadron
- 136th Contingency Response Flight
- 136th Mission Support Group
- 136th Civil Engineer Squadron
- 136th Logistics Readiness Squadron
- 136th Security Forces Squadron
- 136th Mission Support/Contracting
- 136th Force Support Squadron
- 136th Communications Flight
- 136th Maintenance Group
- 136th Maintenance Squadron
- 136th Aircraft Generation Squadron
- 136th Maintenance Operations Flight
- 136th Medical Group
- 254th Combat Communications Group
- 221st Combat Communications Squadron
## History
### Korean War activation {#korean_war_activation}
As a result of the Korean War, the 136th Fighter Group of the Texas Air National Guard was mobilized on 10 October 1950 and moved to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. upon arrival, it was redesignated the 136th Fighter-Bomber Group and assigned the 111th, 182nd and 154th Fighter-Bomber Squadrons. Because the National Guard had not yet implemented the Wing Base Organization of the regular Air Force, the group was temporarily assigned to a provisional wing. on 26 October, the **136th Fighter-Bomber Wing** was activated to control the 136th Group along with organizations providing administrative, maintenance and medical support.
At Langley, the 136th trained with their F-51D Mustangs. Unfortunately losing two 111th FBS pilots in a training accident on 15 December. A third pilot was killed on 27 January 1951 in another accident. In February 1951, the aged F-51Ds that the unit had been flying since its activation in 1947 were replaced by F-84E Thunderjets, and the squadron began transition training on the jet fighter-bomber. Most of the training took place at Langley, although some pilots were sent to Shaw AFB, South Carolina. Maintenance crews, all new to jet aircraft, were trained at Langley and engine specialists were sent to the Allison plant in Indianapolis. Assigned to the Arkansas ANG\'s 154th FBS at the time was a U.S. Navy exchange pilot, future NASA astronaut LT Walter Schirra (who happened to be the only pilot assigned to the 136th at the time who was a qualified jet pilot).
In May 1951, less than seven months later, the Wing was deployed to Japan, being attached to Far East Air Force and stationed at Itazuke Air Force Base, the first echelon of the 136th arriving on 18 May. The 136th replaced the Strategic Air Command 27th Fighter-Escort Wing, which had deployed to Far East Air Force in the early days of the Korean War. At Itazuke, the squadrons took over the F-84Es of the 27th FEW, which remained in place, its aircraft being reassigned from SAC to Far East Air Force inventory records. On 2 June, the final elements of the 136th arrived in Japan, the National Guardsmen officially relieved the 27th FBW and the SAC airmen departed for the United States. The 136th was the first Air National Guard Wing in history to enter combat.
From Japan the Wing engaged in combat operations over South Korea, however flying in the North Pacific area was a challenge to the wing, losing seven F-84Es in non-combat operations and three in combat. On 26 June, in one of the largest air-to-air battles in Korea, two 182d FBS pilots, Captain Harry Underwood and 1st Lt Arthur Olighter shot down an enemy MiG-15 that broke through an F-86 Sabre escort of four B-29s. Two other 111th FBS pilots, 1st Lt John Morse and John Marlins scored probables in the same encounter. These were the first combat victories by Air National Guard pilots. On 3 July the 136th sent their aircraft to North Korea, attacking FLAK batteries in downtown Pyongyang while other aircraft attacked North Korean airfields. However, the short-legged F-84 had limited combat time over Korea, therefore on 16 November 1951 the Wing moved to Taegu Air Force Base (K-2) in South Korea for its combat operations. In 1952, the 136th was re-equipped with the F-84G Thunderjet, designed for tactical close air support of ground forces.
During its time in combat, the 136th flew 15,515 Combat Sorties; was credited with 4 enemy aircraft destroyed; 7 probables and 72 others damaged. It was the first ANG unit to down a MiG-15; it dropped 23,749 (7,120 tons) of bombs and expended over 3 million rounds of .50 caliber ammunition; being awarded Five Korean Campaign Ribbons. The 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing was released from active duty and returned to the United States on 10 July 1952
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# 136th Airlift Wing
## History
### Air Defense Command {#air_defense_command}
With the Wing\'s return from the Korean War, the 111th and the 182d Fighter-Bomber Squadrons joined the 181st FBS with VLR F-51H Mustangs. The 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing was assigned to the Central Air Defense Force, Air Defense Command (ADC) and resumed its postwar mission of Texas air defense.
It was not until 1955 that the Texas Air National Guard received jets from ADC, receiving F-80B and F-80C Shooting Stars and the squadrons being re-designated as Fighter-Interceptor Squadrons. The 111th received F-80C-11 (modified F-80A to F-80C standards) Shooting Stars on 1 July 1955, and on 1 July 1956 the 111th FIS commenced to participate in the active ADC runway alert program at Ellington AFB. The 182d at Brooks AFB received F-80C Shooting Stars in August 1956, replacing some of the last F-51H Mustangs in the USAF inventory. The 181st at Love Field received F-80Cs in January 1955.
On 1 July 1957 the 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing was re-designated an Air Defense Wing and reorganized along Air Defense Command lines. Combat units of the-Wing were selected by the Air Defense Command to man a runway alert program on full 24-hour basis -- with armed jet fighters ready to \"scramble\" at a moment\'s notice. This event brought the wing into the daily combat operational program of the USAF, placing us on \"the end of the runway\" alongside regular USAF-Air Defense Fighter Squadrons. The obsolescent F-80-day fighters were upgraded to the all-weather/day/night F-86D Sabre Interceptor for all three squadrons by the end of the year.
Also in 1957, the Texas ANG was authorized to expand the 111th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Ellington to a group level, and the 147th Fighter-Interceptor Group was activated in Houston on 1 July. As a result, the 111th FIS was reassigned to the new 147th FIG. On 5 August 1957 the 147th was selected to organize and operate a Jet Instrument School to train Air National Guard pilots throughout the nation. On 1 March 1958 the wing was expanded to include the Louisiana ANG 159th Fighter Group (Air Defense) at New Orleans which placed the Texas Wing in command of all Tactical Air National Guard units in the States of Texas and Louisiana. In July 1960, ADC began upgrading the 111th, 122d and 182d FIS to the Mach-2 F-102A Delta Dagger interceptor.
#### Air Refueling {#air_refueling}
In August 1961, as part of an Air Defense Command re-organization, the Wing\'s assignment to the ADC Oklahoma City Air Defense Sector was terminated with the inactivation of the OCADS, and the 136th was transferred to Tactical Air Command. As part of the reorganization:
- The 136th Air Defense Group was inactivated.
- The Brooks AFB 182d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was expanded to a group level forming the 149th Fighter-Interceptor Group under the ADC 31st Air Division.
- The Ellington AFB 147th Fighter-Interceptor Group and New Orleans 159th Fighter-Interceptor Group also remained with ADC, being reassigned to the 31st Air Division.
The 136th Air Defense Wing and its 181st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron were realigned to an air refueling mission, becoming the 136th Air Refueling Wing and 181st Air Refueling Squadron under the TAC Ninth Air Force. The 181st ARS was equipped with KC-97L Stratotankers, its mission becoming the air refueling of primarily Tactical Air Command fighter aircraft. Also, the 181st was moved from Dallas Love Field to Naval Air Station Dallas (Hensley Field), which ended a debate about the Texas Air National Guard operating from the expanding civilian airport.
With the transfer of the interceptors and no previously qualified aircrew or maintenance personnel assigned the 136th went through a year of transition to the new mission and to achieve operational status. They did so in eight months, the previous \"normal\" time for the conversion was two years. In 1966 the squadron began a rotational deployment to Ramstein Air Base in support of Operation Creek Party. which provided USAFE an air refueling capability. The Creek Party deployment rotations lasted until 1976, and over the decade the 136th saw millions of pounds of jet fuel off-loaded and millions of miles flown, all accident free. In July 1976 the KC-97s were retired and the 136th was transferred to Strategic Air Command, receiving jet KC-135A Stratotankers. Under SAC, the 181st Air Refueling Squadron mission included the air refueling of B-52 Stratofortress intercontinental bombers along with TAC and Aerospace Defense Command interceptors.
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# 136th Airlift Wing
## History
### Tactical airlift {#tactical_airlift}
On 1 April 1978, the 136th was reassigned from SAC to Military Airlift Command (MAC), and was realigned to a Tactical Airlift Wing, being re-equipped with C-130B Hercules transports. The new 136 TAW mission was airlift of troops, military equipment, cargo and aeromedical support.
The 136th TAW and its subordinate units participated in numerous Cold War military exercises such as Team Spirit, Volant Oak, Red Flag, and Reforger. Other Joint Chief of Staff exercises included \"Ember Dawn IV\" in Alaska and \"Brave Shield\" in Europe. In 1979, the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve assumed full responsibility for airlift operations in Panama.
In mid-December 1989, and continuing for several weeks, wing aircraft, air crews, and support personnel on deployment for exercise Volant Oak at Howard AFB, Canal Zone, Panama, flew combat airlift missions for U. S. Southern Command during Operation Just Cause in Panama. More than 100 combat sorties were flown by 146th aircraft and crews, with no casualties or damage to aircraft. In August 1986 the Wing received the new C-130H aircraft. In August 1990, the world was moving swiftly toward armed confrontation in the Persian Gulf. By late January 1991, the 136th Airlift Wing had provided U. S. Central Command and U. S. Air Forces in Europe personnel, voluntarily and involuntarily activated, who participated in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. Aircraft and air crews from the 181st Airlift Squadron flew two-month-long tours of duty in Operation Volant Pine, a backfill of military airlifters to Europe by Air National Guard C-130s.
In 1997, wing members deployed supporting State and Federal missions. During the period the unit played critical roles in support of DoD missions deploying to Oman and Saudi Arabia in support of Southern Watch, and in peacetime humanitarian airlift, among the many missions accomplished by the wing during the award period.
On 1 October 1998, with the BRAC-directed closure of Naval Air Station Dallas / Hensley Field, the 136th Airlift Wing moved to the former Carswell Air Force Base, now re-designated as Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth / Carswell Field pursuant to the same BRAC action that closed NAS Dallas. At this installation, the 136th was colocated with an existing Air Force Reserve Command fighter wing at Carswell and all the Naval Reserve and Marine Corps Reserve aviation units and Army Reserve aviation and ground units that had also relocated there.
As part of the Global War on Terrorism, the 136 AW has deployed numerous times totaling more than 6,000 Airmen since 11 September 2001 in support of Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation New Horizons, an average of six deployments per unit member
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# A7 motorway (Luxembourg)
The **A7** or otherwise known as the **North motorway** (*Autoroute du Nord*, *Nordstroos*), is a motorway in Luxembourg. It links the capital city with the North of the country
## Status
The entire A7 opened on 23 September 2015 at 8 P.M. The complete motorway is 31.468 km long
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# Sonia Yaco
**Sonia Yaco** was the 1972 Human Rights Party candidate for the Ann Arbor, Michigan, school board. When she ran for office at the age of fifteen, she was the youngest documented candidate ever for a publicly elected school board seat in the United States.
## The election {#the_election}
Calling for student voice in school leadership, Yaco was a youth activist with Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor. After announcing her campaign and working with allies from the Human Rights Party, Yaco completed the procedural requirements for candidacy by submitting a petition with signatures from more than eighty-five qualified electors requesting that she be certified as a candidate. The Office of Operations of the Ann Arbor Public Schools denied certification of Yaco\'s candidacy in an attempt to stop her bid for a seat.
On June 7, 1972, the Human Rights Party requested a court hearing to stop the vote from happening before the trial was held. Their request for a preliminary injunction was denied by a district court judge. The election was held on June 12, 1972, without Yaco\'s name on the ballot, but Yaco received eight percent of the total votes as a write-in candidate.
The Human Rights Party filed a lawsuit with the US District court for eastern Michigan, *Human Rights Party v. Secretary of State for Michigan*. It requested that the court declare the statute unconstitutional on the ground that it denies persons under eighteen years of age equal protection of the law in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The court argued that *Court in Oregon v. Mitchell*, *YMCA Vote at 18 Club v. Board of Elections of the City of N.Y.,* and *McGowan v. Maryland* provided precedents of age deterrents. In *YMCA Vote at 18 Club\...* in particular, the court had specifically found that school boards can exclude students under eighteen from running for school board seats, primarily because of concerns about \"maturity\". The case eventually went to the Supreme Court, which upheld the lower court ruling.
Yaco\'s campaign has been credited as one factor among several leading to the formation of the city\'s experimental, alternative Community High School later that year.`{{failed verification|date=August 2014}}`{=mediawiki}
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Yaco went on to attend the University of Wisconsin--Madison in Madison, Wisconsin, and works in the field of archival records and administration. She has been the director of Social Justice Projects and Research at the University of Illinois at Chicago Library, head of Special Collections and University Archives at University of Illinois at Chicago and special collections librarian and university archivist at Old Dominion University. Since August 2018, she has been an associate director of Special Collections and University Archives at Rutgers University
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# John L. Scott
**John L. Scott Real Estate** is headquartered in Bellevue, WA. It currently has over 110 offices with over 3,000 brokers in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Northern California.
## Current
John L. Scott is owned and operated by a third-generation Scott, J. Lennox Scott. In 2016, John L. Scott closed over 36,800 transactions and generated \$12 billion in real estate sales.
## History
John L. Scott, Inc. was founded by John L. Scott (1898--1986) in 1931 in downtown Seattle.
John L. Scott Real Estate started over seven decades ago when a young Scottish immigrant named John L. Scott set out on a long journey with his bride and infant son in their Ford Model-T---destination San Diego. The two-year trip included a stop in the burgeoning city of Seattle where the young Scott later recalled, \"It was like reaching City Beautiful in *Pilgrim\'s Progress*.\" San Diego was quickly forgotten; Seattle would become the Scott family\'s new home.
John L. Scott began working as a sales associate for a local real estate company, and in 1931, he established his own real estate company. Over the years, the John L. Scott name was largely built on representing exclusive properties. As the founding Scott used to say, \"John L. Scott represents quality homes on quality streets.\"
## Foundation
In 1997 the John L. Scott Foundation was formed in honor of company founder John L. Scott. The agents and staff of John L. Scott Real Estate donate both time and money to the foundation. That money is used to raise millions of dollars for children\'s healthcare throughout Washington, Oregon, and Idaho
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# Giant Campus
**Giant Campus, Inc.** is a defunct Seattle-based online education company. It was acquired by Edgenuity in 2011.
Giant Campus specialized in technology-focused courses for students, grades 9 through 12, as well as for members of the United States military and their families. Giant Campus was geared towards developing original course content, mapping to both the Washington Career and Technical Education and Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills frameworks in business innovation, computer science, and digital arts.
## Founder
Giant Campus was founded in 1997, by president and chief executive officer Pete Findley. The idea came when Findley was a business school student at the University of Washington and created a detailed business plan for a network of summer camps to teach middle and high school kids new media skills---including multimedia and web design on college campuses. This project earned him first place in a statewide business plan competition, along with \$15,000 in seed money to launch Giant Campus. Within five years, Giant Campus was running Cybercamps at more than 70 colleges, including programs in China, Hong Kong, Korea and Saudi Arabia.
In 2008, Findley was named Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in the Pacific Northwest
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# Taunton Press
\| keypeople = Renee Jordan (President/CEO) \| publications = Magazines, Books, Digital Media \| topics = \| genre = \| imprints = \| revenue = \| numemployees = \| nasdaq = \| url = `{{URL|http://www.taunton.com}}`{=mediawiki} }}
**Taunton Press** is a publisher of books for the hobbyist and building trades based in Newtown, Connecticut. It was established in 1975 by Paul Roman and his wife Jan.
On December 3, 2023, Active Interest Media acquired The Taunton Press. Active Interest Media sold the Taunton Books imprint portion of the business to Abrams Books in May 2024.
## Publications and products {#publications_and_products}
Periodicals previously published by Taunton Press include:
- *Fine Woodworking*
- *Fine Homebuilding*
- *Fine Gardening*
- *Threads*
- *Kitchen Garden* (retired)
- *CraftStylish* (retired)
- *Inspired House* (retired)
In addition to traditional print media products, Taunton Press maintained a number of online resources and communities including GreenBuildingAdvisor.com.
Taunton Press publishes books on woodworking, home building, home design, cooking, gardening and crafts. Popular publications have included Sarah Susanka\'s *Not So Big* home design series, New York Times Bestseller *The Food You Crave* by Ellie Krieger, *The Crocheted Prayer Shawl Companion* by Janet Bristow and Victoria A. Cole-Galo, *Graphic Guide to Frame Construction* by Robert Thallon, and *Turning Wood with Richard Raffan* and *Cooking Allergy-Free* by Jenna Short. Taunton Press has published for some of the most well-known names in their specialities, such as *Tage Frid Teaches Woodworking* and the *Sam Maloof DVD*
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# Script typeface
**Script typefaces** are based on the varied and often fluid stroke created by handwriting. They are generally used for display or trade printing, rather than for extended body text in the Latin alphabet. Some Greek alphabet typefaces, especially historically, have been a closer simulation of handwriting.
## Styles
Script typefaces are organized into highly regular formal types similar to cursive writing and looser, more casual scripts.
### Formal scripts {#formal_scripts}
A majority of formal scripts are based upon the letterforms of seventeenth and eighteenth century writing-masters like George Bickham, George Shelley and Charles Snell. The letters in their original form are generated by a quill or metal nib of a pen. Both are able to create fine and thick strokes. Typefaces based upon their style of writing appear late in the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century. Contemporary revivals of formal script faces can be seen in Kuenstler Script and Matthew Carter\'s typeface Snell Roundhand. These typefaces are frequently used for invitations and diplomas to effect an elevated and elegant feeling. They may use typographic ligatures to have letters connect.
### Casual scripts {#casual_scripts}
Casual scripts show a less formal, more active hand. The strokes may vary in width but often appear to have been created by wet brush rather than a pen nib. They appeared in the early twentieth century, and with the advent of photocomposition in the early 1950s, their number rapidly increased. They were popularly used in advertising in Europe and North America into the 1970s. Examples of casual script types include Brush Script, Kaufmann and Mistral. Some may be non-connecting like Freestyle Script.
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# Script typeface
## Technology
Script typefaces place particular demands on printing technology if the letters are intended to join up and vary like handwriting. A typeface intended to mimic handwriting, such as Claude Garamond\'s grecs du roi typeface, will require many alternate characters. In digital type these (once drawn) can be substituted seamlessly through contextual ligature insertion in applications like InDesign, but this was complicated in metal. Another complexity in metal type was that sorts had to have delicate overhanging parts to interlock. This required careful design and casting for the sorts to fit together without gaps or the sorts breaking, or leaving gaps to be filled in by the natural spread of ink on paper.
Script typefaces have evolved rapidly in the second half of the 20th century due to developments in technology and the end of widespread use of metal type. Historically, most signwriting on logos, displays and shop frontages did not use fonts but was rather custom-designed lettering created by signpainters and engravers. As phototypesetting and then computers have made printing text at a range of sizes far easier than in the metal type period, it has become increasingly common for businesses to use type for logos and signs rather than hand-drawn lettering. In addition, phototypesetting made overlap of characters relatively simple, something very complicated to achieve in metal type. Matthew Carter has cited his 1966 Snell Roundhand typeface as deliberately designed to replicate a style of calligraphy hard to simulate in metal. An additional development enabling more sophisticated script fonts has been the release of the OpenType format, which most fonts are now released in. This allows fonts to have a large character set, increasing the sophistication of design possible, and contextual insertion, in which characters that match one another are inserted into a document automatically, so fonts can convincingly mimic handwriting without the user having to choose the correct substitute characters manually. Many modern script typefaces emulate the styles of hand-drawn lettering from different historical periods.
## Unicode
For most conventional usages, the regular alpha-numeric codepoints for ordinary text should be used, irrespective if their presentation. Script presentation is specified using (for example) the HTML `{{code|1=span style="font-family=}}`{=mediawiki} command.
For mathematical use, there are sets of dedicated codepoints with both capital and small letters. Few fonts provide support for all 52 characters, and their presentations vary in style from roundhand to chancery hand and others.
These characters are: `{{not a typo|𝒜ℬ𝒞𝒟ℰℱ𝒢ℋℐ𝒥𝒦ℒℳ𝒩𝒪𝒫𝒬ℛ𝒮𝒯𝒰𝒱𝒲𝒳𝒴𝒵 𝒶𝒷𝒸𝒹ℯ𝒻ℊ𝒽𝒾𝒿𝓀𝓁𝓂𝓃ℴ𝓅𝓆𝓇𝓈𝓉𝓊𝓋𝓌𝓍𝓎𝓏}}`{=mediawiki}
- Some characters are named \"SCRIPT \..
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# Holy Cross Regional Catholic School (Lynchburg, Virginia)
**Holy Cross Regional Catholic School** was a private, Roman Catholic school in Lynchburg, Virginia, for Pre-K through 12th grade. It was in association with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond, which permanently closed the school after years of declining enrollment led to financial exigency.
## Background
Holy Cross Regional Catholic School was a college preparatory school for students in pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade. The school was founded in 1879 by the Daughters of Charity, an order of religious sisters begun by St. Elizabeth Ann Seton. Increased enrollment resulted in a move to in 1960 to a building located on Langhorne Road.
On March 20, 2007, the schools of the Diocese of Richmond, which includes Holy Cross Regional Catholic School, were the first Catholic school system in the nation to receive District Accreditation from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and Schools Council on Accreditation and School Improvement (SACS/CASI).
The diocese began allowing the school to get low interest financing in 2012.
### Closure
From 2002 to 2019, the number of students went to 39% of the previous level. In 2019 the enrollment count was 156, with four of them in the 12th grade .
In 2019 the school administration announced that effective the end of the school year in 2020, the school would close forever. In 2021 the diocese sold the property.
In response to the closure of Holy Cross Catholic, a teacher announced plans to create a replacement K-8 school.
## Academics
### Pre-Kindergarten and Kindergarten {#pre_kindergarten_and_kindergarten}
Full day programs were (8:10-2:50) Monday-Friday. In addition, an After School Program was available for all ages.
Elementary, Grades 1-5
### Middle School, Grades 6-8 {#middle_school_grades_6_8}
Holy Cross offered a college preparatory middle school program with opportunities to participate in athletics, service projects, volunteer options, and numerous extracurricular activities. Other enrichment opportunities included:
- Accelerated Math Program option
- High school credit opportunities in Math, Foreign Languages, and Science
- Field trips, academic contests, and class retreats
### High School, Grades 9-12 {#high_school_grades_9_12}
Holy Cross Catholic School offered a college preparatory curriculum
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# Sir Henry Brooke, 1st Baronet
**Sir Henry Brooke, 1st Baronet** (died 1664) was an English soldier and politician.
## Biography
Brooke was a great-grandson of Richard Brooke, who purchased Norton Priory from Henry VIII in 1545. His father was Sir Richard Brooke of Norton (died 10 April 1632) and his mother was Catherine Neville (the daughter of Sir Henry Neville of Billingbear).
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Henry Brooke declared his support for Parliament in 1642 by signing the Cheshire Remonstrance. In so doing, he became the only major Parliamentary supporter in the northwest of the Bucklow Hundred. In 1643 he was appointed a colonel in the parliamentary army and in 1644 he was made High Sheriff of Cheshire, a post he held for four years.
By early 1643 most of Brooke\'s immediate neighbours were powerful Royalists, in particular John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers of Rocksavage and Sir Thomas Aston of Aston. Further afield the Royalist leader of Lancashire was James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby. Brooke\'s house, Norton Priory had been well prepared for an attack. On 28 February 1643, Royalist forces arrived at Norton Priory. Despite being heavily outnumbered, their attack was repelled and the Royalists withdrew to Halton Castle. Norton Priory then provided a base from which to mount a successful attack on Warrington in May. The following month Sir Henry\'s forces besieged Halton Castle which was surrendered after three weeks. Norton Priory was not threatened again during the Civil War.
Following the Civil War, Henry purchased the Manor and Castle of Halton. He became magistrate at Farnworth and was elected as a Member of Parliament for Cheshire. In 1659 he joined others of the Presbyterian gentry to support George Booth in restoring the monarchy. He was imprisoned in Chester Castle but with the coming of the Restoration he was released and made the 1st Baronet of Norton Priory by Charles II in 1662.
Brooke married Mary, the daughter of Timothy Pusey of Selston, Nottingham. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Richard
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# List of sharks in the Red Sea
There are 44 species of shark found in the Red Sea. This list is not exhaustive.
## Bathydemersal species {#bathydemersal_species}
Scientific name Image
-------------------------------------------------------------- -------
Heptranchias perlo, Sharpnose sevengill shark, (Hexanchidae)
*Iago omanensis*, Bigeye houndshark, (Triakidae)
*Mustelus manazo*, Starspotted smooth-hound, (Triakidae)
## Benthopelagic species {#benthopelagic_species}
Scientific name Image
----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
Rhizoprionodon acutus, Milk shark, (Carcharhinidae) file:Rhizoprionodon acutus mangalore.jpg
## Demersal species {#demersal_species}
Scientific name Image
---------------------------------------------------------- -------
Loxodon macrorhinus, Sliteye shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Hemipristis elongata, Snaggletooth shark, (Hemigaleidae)
Mustelus mosis, Arabian smooth-hound, (Triakidae)
## Pelagic species {#pelagic_species}
Scientific name Image
---------------------------------------------------------- -------
Alopias vulpinus, Common thresher, (Alopiidae)
Chaenogaleus macrostoma, Hooktooth shark, (Hemigaleidae)
Rhincodon typus, Whale shark, (Rhincodontidae)
## Reef-associated species {#reef_associated_species}
Scientific name Image
------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
Alopias pelagicus, Pelagic thresher, (Alopiidae)
Carcharhinus albimarginatus, Silvertip shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Carcharhinus altimus, Bignose shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, Grey reef shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Carcharhinus brevipinna, Spinner shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Carcharhinus falciformis, Silky shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Carcharhinus leucas, Bull shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Carcharhinus limbatus, Blacktip shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Carcharhinus longimanus, Oceanic whitetip shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Carcharhinus melanopterus, Blacktip reef shark, (Carcharhinidae)
!Carcharhinus obscurus, Dusky shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Carcharhinus plumbeus, Sandbar shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Carcharhinus sorrah, Spottail shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Galeocerdo cuvier, Tiger shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Negaprion acutidens, Sicklefin lemon shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Triaenodon obesus, Whitetip reef shark, (Carcharhinidae)
Nebrius ferrugineus, Tawny nurse shark, (Ginglymostomatidae)
Isurus oxyrinchus, Shortfin mako, (Lamnidae)
Carcharias taurus, Sand tiger shark, (Odontaspididae)
Sphyrna lewini, Scalloped hammerhead, (Sphyrnidae)
Sphyrna mokarran, Great hammerhead, (Sphyrnidae)
Sphyrna zygaena
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# American Beauty (score)
***American Beauty: Original Motion Picture Score*** is the recording of the original score for the 1999 film, composed and arranged by Thomas Newman. The original music accompanied 11 songs by other artists.
## Description
The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Original Music Score and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and won the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music in the BAFTA Awards.
The score album won the Grammy Award for the Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or other Visual Media in 2001 which was awarded to producer Bill Bernstein, engineer Dennis Sands, and Newman.
A soundtrack album for the film was also released, on October 5, 1999, entitled *American Beauty: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack*. That album includes songs by ten of the eleven artists (Annie Lennox\'s rendition of \"Don\'t Let It Bring You Down\" being absent) and two excerpts from the film\'s score: \"Dead Already\" and \"Any Other Name\"
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# Ohio State Route 762
**State Route 762** (**SR 762**) is an east--west state highway in central Ohio, a U.S. state. The highway has its western terminus at a signalized intersection with the concurrency of U.S. Route 62 and SR 3 just 0.25 mi south of the village limits of Harrisburg. SR 762\'s eastern terminus is at an intersection of Pickaway County Route 385 (Rickenbacker Parkway) near the Rickenbacker International Airport.
## Route description {#route_description}
SR 762 is located in the northern portion of Pickaway County passing through the towns of Orient and Commercial Point. Throughout the highway\'s length, it passes just to the south of the Franklin County line. SR 762 begins at a signalized intersection with US 62 / SR 3 to the south of Harrisburg in Darby Township; to the north, the road continues as Pickaway County Route 20. SR 762 heads south for about 0.3 mi before it makes a left turn to cross the Big Darby Creek where it enters Scioto Township. After passing an entrance road to the Pickaway Correctional Institution, the route crosses under an Indiana and Ohio Railway overpass and enters the town of Orient skirting the town\'s southern border throughout its entire length in Orient. After passing another sector of the prison, SR 762 heads east through mostly farmland. Upon entering the town of Commercial Point, SR 762 heads due south through it on Main Street.
At a skewed intersection with Scioto Street, SR 762 makes a left turn onto it and exits the town. After passing through more farmland, the road comes to a signalized intersection with SR 104. SR 762 continues east over the Scioto River and enters Harrison Township. After passing through a forest-entwined section of farmland, the road comes to an intersection with US 23. SR 762 continues east on a slightly realigned former township road to the south of the community of Duvall passing over CSX and Norfolk Southern rail lines on a new overpass. Just after the overpass, SR 762 makes a left turn at Duvall Road and Ashville Pike. The state route heads due north past the Rickenbacker Intermodal Facility before ending at Rickenbacker Parkway (CR 385) at the southern edge of the Rickenbacker International Airport.
No section of the original highway is included as a part of the National Highway System but the extension of SR 762 east of US 23 is designated an Intermodal Connector.
## History
The SR 762 designation occurred in 1937. It was established on the same alignment through northern Pickaway County between US 62/SR 3 and US 23 that it utilized throughout most of its history. No changes of major significance had taken place to the routing of SR 762 since it was created until its eastward extension.
In 2015, SR 762 was extended east and northward for 3.7 mi as a part of Pickaway County East West Connector project to connect major roads to the Rickenbacker Intermodal Facility. The project began construction in 2013 with funding from a \$16 million Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery Federal grant. Construction on a three-lane realignment of Duvall Road including the bypass of at-grade railroad crossings was completed in May 2015. A roundabout at the intersection with Duvall Road and Ashville Pike was constructed in 2024. Future improvements include an additional roundabout at the intersection with Rickenbacker Parkway and a diamond interchange with US 23
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# African blue tit
The **African blue tit** (***Cyanistes teneriffae***) is a species of bird in the family Paridae. It is found in northern Africa, Pantelleria (Italy) and the Canary Islands (Spain). Its natural habitat is temperate forests. This species and the Eurasian blue tit were formerly considered conspecific. The status of this species has not been assessed because it is noted to be common on the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria. The species has been used in many research studies due to its island populations and relevance to evolutionary hypotheses.
## Location
The African blue tit is found in Northern Africa, Pantelleria and the Canary Islands. It is widespread on the Islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria, but scarce in local populations on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote.
## Description
The African blue tit ranges from 11--12 cm in size. It is a small, sharp-billed, compact tit. The nominate race has a forehead and supercilium to centre of nape white, crown deep glossy blue, becoming blackish on the neck, with a blue dorsal and yellow ventral body. The song is a variable repetition of one or two notes.
## Diet
The species is known to consume a variety of caterpillars. The diet is not significantly different from the *Eurasian blue tit*.
## Habitat
The African blue tit prefers temperate forests, both low and high lying. Lowlands area preferred on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, but populations on Tenerife and Gran Canaria prefer montane forests.
## Breeding
The species breeds from February to July, and also possibly from October to January. It usually breeds earlier at lower levels compared to in montane areas. Egg-laying occurs when the photoperiod is longer, and extra-pair mates are chosen and synchronises with the highest density of caterpillars available for prey. This is a resident species---juveniles remain at their natal site; they do not disperse once they fledge.
## Taxonomy
This species and the Eurasian blue tit were formerly considered conspecific.
Subspecies are:
- *C. t. palmensis* -- **Palma blue tit** -- La Palma, in NW Canary Is.
- *C. t. ombriosus* -- El Hierro (SW Canaries)
- *C. t. teneriffae* -- **Canary blue tit** -- La Gomera and Tenerife, in WC Canary Is.
- *C. t. hedwigii* -- Gran Canaria, in C Canary Is.
- *C. t. degener* -- Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, in E Canary Is.
- *C. t. ultramarinus* -- **Ultramarine tit** -- Pantelleria (Italy), NW Africa from Morocco E to N Tunisia
- *C. t. cyrenaicae* -- **Libyan blue tit** -- NE Libya. Endemic to the local`{{clarify|date=December 2024}}`{=mediawiki} mountains and forests, this is often regarded as a separate species and should be officially separated into a different distinct species: *Cyanistes cyrenaicae*.
- The Canary Islands\' subspecies has a black cap, and the African form has a blue back. Research is underway to split these populations into distinct species, with a peculiar \"leapfrog\" distribution. Research published in 2007 found that African blue tits on the eastern Canary Islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote are indistinguishable from those in North Africa and so the subspecies *degener* should be regarded as a synonym of *ultramarinus*
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# Most Secret
thumb\|First edition (publ. Heinemann)
***Most Secret*** is a novel by English writer Nevil Shute, written in 1942 but censored until 1945, when it was published by Heinemann. It is narrated by a commander in the Royal Navy, and tells the story of four officers who launch a daring mission at the time when Britain stood alone against Germany after the fall of France. *Genevieve* is a converted French fishing vessel, manned by four British officers and a small crew of Free French ex-fishermen, armed only with a flame thrower and small arms. Their task is as much psychological as military: to show the Germans that they will one day be beaten back.
## Plot
The story is told from the perspective of a senior naval commander who has oversight of a secret wartime operation in which a Breton fishing vessel, the Genevieve, is the means of a series of raids on the German-occupied French coast, focused on the fishing port of Douarnenez, an area where resistance to the German occupation has remained strong. Charles Simon, half English and half French seizes the opportunity to be captured and taken to Britain during a raid on the port while he is visiting. He is recruited as a spy and returns to France, where he uses his professional standing to gain valuable information about new U-boat shelters being built at Lorient and then to return to Britain as an officer in the Royal Engineers. *Genevieve* had been used by Breton fishermen to escape to Britain at the start of the war and is discovered at Dittisham on the River Dart by Michael Rhodes and Oliver Boden, both junior naval officers based at Dartmouth, Devon. Rhodes and Boden discover a shared ambition to use her in some irregular operation against Germany but it is not until a chance meeting with Charles Simon who understands the situation in France that they conceive the plan to arm her with a flame-thrower and mix by night with the fishing fleet which operates from the occupied port of Douarnenez under close German supervision. There are some complexities arising from this proposal for a naval operation being put forward by Simon, an army officer. After gaining approval from the authorities for this plan, they are joined as navigator by John Colvin and a crew of various nationalities, mostly Free French sailors.
In *Genevieve\'s* first voyage, they join the Douarnenez fishing fleet under cover of darkness and use the flame thrower to destroy a German Raumboot, one of the armed patrol vessels which accompany the fishing fleet. On a second expedition, Simon is landed on the French coast to undertake a reconnaissance trip to Douarnenez and he discovers the whole fishing fleet and patrol boats to be in port. He befriends an elderly fisherman, Bozallac, and assures him that the British were behind the loss of the first Raumboot and that the local population can be assured that Charles Simon will again attack the Germans with fire. That night they take the Genevieve right into the harbour at Douarnenez and set fire to both Raumboots and the harbour guns, although there are losses among Genevieve\'s crew and the vessel has to undergo repairs. On her third and final trip, codenamed \'Operation Blanket\', the plan is to meet up with the fishing fleet under cover of darkness and transfer small arms which can be distributed among the local population. A diversion is created by a planned Motor gunboat raid, which causes lights to be extinguished and the fishing fleet to scatter. Although the guns are successfully transferred, *Genevieve* is attacked and sunk by a German destroyer. Boden is killed in the attack. Colvin swims to shore and manages to steal a rowing boat and escape to England. Simon and Rhodes are rescued by the French fishing vessels and hide in Douarnenez, Rhodes having been seriously injured. The Germans seize hostages and announce that they will be killed if the hidden British officers are not given up. With the aid of the parish priest, doctor and Simon and the locals contrive an escape for Rhodes in a fishing boat and Simon gives himself up, securing the release of the hostages. Simon is executed by the Germans. At various key stages in the story, intelligence information from France is received on flimsies marked \'MOST SECRET\', reflecting the title of the novel.
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# Most Secret
## Characters
The central character is Charles Simon. His English father dies when he is very young, and he is brought up in France by his French mother until she sends him to an English boarding school. He returns to work in France as an engineer of some standing in the emerging reinforced concrete industry, continuing when the works are taken over and pressed into the services of the occupying German forces who have a great demand for reinforced concrete structures.
Oliver Boden is a naval officer serving in coastal defence trawlers. The son of a wealthy Yorkshire industrialist, his young wife -- also his friend since childhood -- has been killed early in the war when on a trip to London preparing for the birth of their first child. She dies in a fire following an air-raid, introducing a particular bitterness in Boden and a desire to use fire to fight the Germans.
Michael Rhodes is a special officer who is classed as unfit to serve at sea due to his colour-blindness. A shy and lonely young man, in peacetime he had been an industrial chemist and feels particularly bitter about the war, having been forced to have his dog put down when he joined up for naval officer training. He keeps a rabbit in the net defence store at Dartmouth which is also killed in a German air-raid. As the story unfolds, he falls in love with *Wren* Barbara Wright, who drives a navy van for the crew of Genevieve.
John Colvin is aged 48, much older than the other men and an experienced sailor. He has a complex past and has worked around the world in various ships, often involved in smuggling illegal liquor. He has also married on several occasions but repeatedly run away to sea. His most recent marriage has been to Junie, while he worked in San Francisco in the lead-up to the war. He left her to work a passage to England in order to fight.
Barbara Wright is a young Wren driver who is based at Dartmouth and is allocated to support the crew of *Genevieve*, who for reasons of secrecy are based at Dittisham, out of the town of Dartmouth. She has had a sheltered upbringing with elderly aunts in Norwich and has no experience of men but gradually falls in love with Michael Rhodes, initially driving him to Honiton where he first sees a flame-thrower in action and gets the idea for having one fitted to Genevieve.
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# Most Secret
## Themes
The novel is one of several by Shute that are set in the Second World War and deal with aspects such as the German occupation of France and undercover military operations. It is also one many of Shute\'s where the story is narrated by a person who is not one of the central characters. The theme of fire, and a reputed German fear of fire, is central to the plot of Most Secret.
There are several common elements with Shute\'s novel *Pied Piper*, also written in 1942, in which an elderly Englishman escapes from France to England with several children following the outbreak of the war. In particular, the brutality of the German occupying forces in France and elements of the suppression of the population of Douarnenez are strongly reminiscent of elements of the previous novel, as are escape from France by fishing boat, the taking of hostages and execution of prisoners. These ideas reflect Shute\'s own service in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve leading on to his role in the Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development. Most Secret\'s references to sailing and the English Channel are also reminiscent of the Corbett\'s trip to France in *What Happened to the Corbetts*, written in 1938 but taking a wartime theme
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# Time and the Gods
***Time and the Gods*** is the second book by Irish fantasy writer Lord Dunsany, considered a major influence on the work of J. R. R. Tolkien, H. P. Lovecraft, Ursula K. Le Guin, and others. It is a collection of short stories linked by Dunsany\'s invented pantheon of deities who dwell in Pegāna. It was preceded by his earlier collection *The Gods of Pegāna* and followed by some stories in *The Sword of Welleran and Other Stories*. Dunsany included a brief preface in the original edition and added a new introduction to the 1922 edition.
The book was first published in hardcover by William Heinemann in September, 1906, and has been reprinted a number of times since. It was issued by the Modern Library in an unauthorised combined edition with *The Book of Wonder* under the latter\'s title in 1918.
The book was illustrated by Dunsany\'s preferred artist Sidney Sime, who provided ten full-page black and white illustrations, the originals of which are still at Dunsany Castle. These were present in the 1906 and 1922 editions, not in the unauthorised collections and not in most modern reproductions.
The title is thought to have been influenced by Algernon Swinburne, who wrote the line \"Time and the Gods are at strife\" in his 1866 poem \"Hymn to Proserpine\".`{{Original research inline|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
## Contents
:\*\"Preface\"
:\*\"Time and the Gods\"
:\*\"The Coming of the Sea\"
:\*\"A Legend of the Dawn\"
:\*\"The Vengeance of Men\"
:\*\"When the Gods Slept\"
:\*\"The King That Was Not\"
:\*\"The Cave of Kai\"
:\*\"The Sorrow of Search\"
:\*\"The Men of Yarnith\"
:\*\"For the Honour of the Gods\"
:\*\"Night and Morning\"
:\*\"Usury\"
:\*\"Mlideen\"
:\*\"The Secret of the Gods\"
:\*\"The South Wind\"
:\*\"In the Land of Time\"
:\*\"The Relenting of Sardinac\"
:\*\"The Jest of the Gods\"
:\*\"The Dreams of the Prophet\"
:\*\"The Journey of the King\"
## Reception
The *Freeman\'s Journal* described *Time and the Gods* as \"the product of a somewhat bizarre, but not infertile imagination\". The review read the work allegorically as a statement on the decline of faith, and attacked it as materialistic, decadent, unhealthy, and unpleasant
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# Wade Memorial Chapel
**Wade Memorial Chapel** is a Neoclassical chapel and receiving vault located at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. It was donated to the cemetery by Jeptha Wade II in memory of his grandfather, cemetery and Western Union co-founder Jeptha Wade. The overall design was by the newly founded Cleveland area architectural firm of Hubbell & Benes, and was their first commission. The interior\'s overall design is by Louis Comfort Tiffany based on a preexisting 1893 design. The interior features two mosaics on the right and left hand walls, and a large stained glass window.
Wade Memorial Chapel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 18, 1973.
## Conception and siting of the chapel {#conception_and_siting_of_the_chapel}
In 1896, Jeptha H. Wade II decided to fund the construction of a new receiving vault and chapel, dedicated to the memory of his grandfather, at Lake View Cemetery. Wade asked the newly founded Cleveland architectural firm of Hubbell & Benes to create a preliminary design. He was so happy with their work that he did not ask any other firm for a design. He chose their concept as the final design for the chapel and told Hubbell & Benes to finalize it and create blueprints.
The Lake View Cemetery Association, which owned the cemetery, did not formally accept the new chapel until these plans were done.
The site selected for the chapel was between two existing lakes, diagonally across a road from the existing public receiving vault. There was a slight hill here, and the structure was designed so that the crypt level could not be seen from the driveway that led to the front of the chapel.
## Construction and cost {#construction_and_cost}
Ground for the new chapel was broken on February 19, 1898. The hillside was excavated 25 ft down to bedrock, and the foundations and crypt level finished in late December 1898. Completing the interior took much longer then expected, and the chapel was not finished until 1901.
Jeptha Wade II placed no limit on the cost of construction. The cost was variously reported to be \$350,000 (\$`{{Format price|{{Inflation|US|350000|1901}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation-year|US}}`{=mediawiki} dollars), \$150,000 (\$`{{Format price|{{Inflation|US|150000|1901}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation-year|US}}`{=mediawiki} dollars), \$140,000 (\$`{{Format price|{{Inflation|US|140000|1900}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation-year|US}}`{=mediawiki} dollars), and \"more than \$100,000\" (\$`{{Format price|{{Inflation|US|100000|1900}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation-year|US}}`{=mediawiki} dollars). The cost of the window was not known, but was estimated at several tens of thousands of dollars.
Wade gave Joseph Carabelli, owner of a prominent local funerary monument firm, a \$1,000 (\$`{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1000|1898}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation-year|US}}`{=mediawiki} dollars) gift in appreciation of his excellent work in executing the marble work in the chapel\'s interior.
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# Wade Memorial Chapel
## About the chapel {#about_the_chapel}
The modified Neoclassical building was T-shaped, with the rectangular chapel perpendicular to the rectangular crypt below. The exterior dimensions of the chapel are 33 ft from side to side and 63 ft from the front of the portico to the rear wall.
### Exterior
The front of the chapel features a portico that extends somewhat further than usual from the chapel proper. The portico is supported by fluted columns with Ionic capitals. A low gable roof covers the chapel and portico, and features a pediment with an unadorned tympanum in front. The entablature has an featureless frieze, although the cornice is carved with dentils.
The exterior walls are clad in near-white Barre granite from Barre, Vermont. Jeptha Wade II wanted white terra cotta for the exterior, but this idea was abandoned when the architects pointed out that the surface of terra cotta could not be made completely smooth. The architects preferred white marble, both for its suitability for sculpture and because its white color more easily reflected the effects of light and shadow. The Norcross Marble Company of Cleveland and Tiffany & Co. both suggested using Georgia, Lee, Rutland, South Dover, and Tuckahoe marbles, but all of them had discoloration problems or chemical properties which led to discoloration, easy erosion, or pock-marking.
Wade asked for a longer-lasting stone, and the architects chose granite. Because granite could not be carved in fine lines, the architects abandoned most of the decorative scheme they had proposed for the exterior and increased the size of the blocks used in the exterior walls. A variety of granites were considered, including Concord, Hallowell, North Jay, Troy, Westerly, and Barre. Once more, color and chemical issues led to the rejection of most types of granites. (Hallowell granite was acceptable, but rejected as too expensive.) The final choice came down to Troy and Barre. The granite used is known as \"light Barre\" and as \"standard Barre\". It is a biotite granite with a very light bluish-gray color. It is very even-grained, with the texture ranging from fine to medium.
The granite came from the Standard Granite Quarries Co. quarry near Barre, Vermont, and was cut by Barclay Bros. Forty railroad cars were required to haul it to Cleveland. The order was so large and important to the Barre granite industry that quarry owner William Barclay traveled to Cleveland in late 1898 to consult with the architects.
Three engaged columns of Barre granite are half-embedded in the side walls, while partially embedded columns support each corner of the building. Two granite columns stand at the rear, and two on either side of the main entry door. The side and rear corner columns support 13 ft long granite cross beams, which in turn support the ceiling.
### Portico and vestibule {#portico_and_vestibule}
The portico is supported by four columns of Barre granite, standing on Barre granite pedestals. The granite stones of the portico floor weigh a combined 10 ST, and the three steps leading from the carriageway to the portico are carved from a single stone.
Bronze doors lead from the portico to the vestibule, which was lined with white marble from Georgia. Countersunk in an architrave over the chapel doors are the words \"Erected in Memory of Jeptha H. Wade by his Grandson, A.D. MDCCCC\".
### Chapel
The chapel\'s interior measures 26 by. The interior decor was designed and manufactured by Tiffany & Co., and Louis Comfort Tiffany personally sought out the commission. After winning the project, Tiffany traveled to Cleveland to consult with Hubbell & Benes about the decor design. Art historian Hugh F. McKean concludes that Tiffany probably designed the interior himself, as many elements of the chapel reflect those used in Tiffany\'s chapel for the World\'s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.
The wainscoting and ceiling are both made of white marble from Georgia. The chapel features a massive stained glass window at the rear and mosaics on each side wall.
The stained glass window, titled *Resurrection* or *Flight of the Soul*, was designed by Tiffany artisan Agnes Northrop. It was exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1900 before being installed at the chapel.
Tiffany artist Frederick Wilson designed the wall mosaics, which were manufactured and installed by Tiffany & Co. Each mosaic is about 25 ft long. Known under various titles, including *An Allegory of the Christian Religion* and *The Voyage of Life*, the Favrile glass and gold tile mosaics depicted the passage of life to death. The left side mosaic became known as \"The River of Life\", while the other had the title \"The River of Death\".
Other elements of the chapel include a white Carrara marble lectern, white marble candlesticks atop the altar rail, and white mahogany pews. The sedilia, ceiling lamps, altar rail, candlesticks atop the altar rail, lectern, and casket pedestal are all made of white Carrara marble, often cut and carved with great delicacy and inlaid with colored glass, gold, and mother of pearl. Smaller clerestory windows of white frosted glass set in a heavy bronze grille are positioned above the chapel doors.
The chapel also features a casket pedestal behind the altar rail, in place of an altar. This pedestal can be lowered mechanically through the floor into crypt, where the receiving vault is located.
### Crypts and receiving vault {#crypts_and_receiving_vault}
The rectangular crypt rests on a specially designed platform made of sandstone. The crypt is 63 ft long.
The main facade of the crypt level features doors of bronze and windows barred with bronze grilles. Inside the crypt doors is an anteroom, from which a short corridor leads to the vaults. The \"public\" portion of the crypt can hold as many as 96 coffins. Two private receiving vaults also exist on the crypt level, closed off by marble doors. Each crypt is lined with Euclid bluestone (a bluish-colored sandstone quarried locally), while the cover of each crypt and all the interior walls of the crypt level are of white marble. Two small bronze grilles are set in each crypt cover, to ensure adequate ventilation. A ribbon of \"subdued\" colored stone, set at the height of a dado rail, provides the only color on the crypt level.
A short driveway gives access to the crypt entrance for the removal of caskets for burial.
## Critical assessment {#critical_assessment}
An anonymous writer for *American Stone Trade* praised Wade Memorial Chapel in 1916 as an \"exquisite Greek temple\". The industry journal focused particularly on the chapel\'s construction, noting, \"In every detail it is perfectly finished, permanently bedded and jointed and of material in every way suitable for the purpose for which it is used.\" Alice Gould Pattinson of the American Federation of Arts called Wade Chapel one of the most notable monuments at Lake View
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# Canon EF 24mm lens
Canon Inc. has produced seven different 24mm lenses for its Canon EF and EF-S lens mounts. Three have been discontinued after updated replacements were announced.
- EF 24mm `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}1.4L USM, introduced December 1997. (discontinued in 2008, replaced by EF 24mm `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}1.4L II USM)
- EF 24mm `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}1.4L II USM, introduced December 2008.
- EF 24mm `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}2.8, introduced November 1988. (discontinued in 2012, replaced by EF 24 `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}2.8 IS USM)
- EF 24mm `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}2.8 IS USM, announced February 2012, available since June 2012.
- EF-S 24mm `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}2.8 STM, announced September 2014. Unlike the other 24mm lenses, it will mount only on bodies that support the EF-S mount. It will mount on all current Canon DSLR bodies with APS-C sensors, as well as older APS-C bodies dating to the 2003 introduction of the EF-S mount (in other words, the EOS 10D and older bodies are not compatible). It will not mount on any DSLR body with a full-frame or APS-H sensor. It also cannot directly mount on Canon\'s mirrorless bodies (either the APS-C EF-M mount or the full-frame RF mount), but the company sells adapters that allow EF-S lenses to be used on either mirrorless mount. As it is designed for Canon APS-C bodies, its field of view is equivalent to a 38mm lens on a full-frame sensor, and operates similar to the Canon EF 40mm f/2.8 STM pancake lens. Compared to the EF 24 `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}2.8 IS USM, the EF-S lens loses IS, but lists for about a fourth of the price. The STM offers advantages for video shooting over USM, specifically quieter autofocus.
- TS-E 24mm `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}3.5L, introduced April 1991. (discontinued, replaced by TS-E 24mm `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}3.5L II)
- TS-E 24mm `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}3.5L II, introduced June 2009.
## Specifications of the EF 24mm lenses {#specifications_of_the_ef_24mm_lenses}
Attribute EF `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}1.4L USM EF `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}1.4L II USM EF `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}2.8 EF `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}2.8 IS USM EF-S `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}2.8 STM
--------------------------- --------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ---------------------------- ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Image
Key features
Full-frame compatible Yes No
Image stabilizer No Yes No
Ultrasonic Motor Yes No Yes No
Stepping Motor No Yes
L-series Yes No
Diffractive Optics No
Macro No
Technical data
Aperture (max-min) 1.4-`{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}22 2.8-`{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}22
Construction 9 groups / 11 elements 10 groups / 13 elements 10 groups / 10 elements 9 groups / 11 elements 5 groups / 6 elements
\# of diaphragm blades 7 (rounded) 8 (rounded) 6 7 (rounded) 7
Closest focusing distance 0.82\' / 0.25m 0.66\' / 0.20m 0.52\' / 0.16m
Max. magnification 0.16x 0.17x 0.16x 0.23x 0.27x
Horizontal viewing angle 74° 50° 35′
Diagonal viewing angle 84° 59° 10′
Vertical viewing angle 53° 34° 55′
Physical data
Weight 1.21 lb / 550 g 1.43 lb / 650 g .59 lb / 270 g .61 lb / 280 g 4.4 oz / 125 g
Maximum diameter 3.2\" / 83.5 mm 2.7\" / 67.5 mm 2.69\" / 68.4 mm 2.7\" / 68.2 mm
Length 3.04\" / 77.4 mm 3.4\" / 86.9 mm 1.9\" / 48.5 mm 2.19\" / 55.7 mm 0.9\" / 22.8 mm
Filter diameter 77 mm 58 mm 52 mm
Accessories
Lens hood EW-83DII EW-83K EW-60II EW-65B ES-52
Case LP1319 LP811 LP1014 LP811
Retail information
Release date December 1997 December 2008 November 1988 June 2012 September 2014
Currently in production? No Yes No No Yes
MSRP \$ \$1700.00 \$1749.00 \$374.99 \$599.99 \$149
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# Beatus of Lungern
Saint **Beatus of Lungern**, also known as **Beatus of Beatenberg** or **Beatus of Thun**, was an early Christian monk and hermit who is venerated as a saint. Though his legend states that he died in the 2nd century, it is likely that his story has been conflated with other saints of the same name, especially Beatus of Vendôme, and an Abbot Beatus who received a charter in 810 from Charlemagne to confirm that Honau Abbey would be administered by Irish monks.
## Life
While legend claims that he was the son of a Scottish king, other legends place his birth in Ireland. Beatus was a convert, baptized in England by Saint Barnabas. He was allegedly ordained a priest in Rome by Saint Peter the Apostle, whereupon he was sent with a companion named Achates to evangelize the tribe of the Helvetii. The two set up a camp in Argovia near the Jura Mountains, where they converted many of the locals.
Beatus then ventured south to the mountains above Lake Thun, taking up a hermitage in what is now known as *St. Beatus Caves*, near the village of Beatenberg, probably in the ninth century. Tradition states that this cave is where he fought a dragon. Saint Beatus\' grave is located between the monastery and the cave entrance. He died at an old age in 112 CE.
## Monastery
An Augustinian monastery was established near the mouth of the *St. Beatus Caves*. Today, approximately one kilometer of the cave system has been opened and illuminated for tourist access; the monastery site now also houses a restaurant and gift shop for the convenience of tourists.
## Veneration
Beatus is primarily remembered as the first apostle to Switzerland. The cultus of Beatus was widespread in the Middle Ages and survived even the hostility of the Reformation period when pilgrims were driven back from his cave at spear-point by Zwinglian Protestants. After this period of turmoil, Beatus\' relics, and the focus of his cultus, were transferred to the chapel at Lungern, Obwalden. The mountain where he resided until his death is still a place of pilgrimage, and bears his name: Beatenberg.
## Historicity
The earliest recorded accounts of St. Beatus\' life date no earlier than the 10th and mid-11th centuries and have not been historically authenticated. So, some would hesitate to endorse the tradition that calls St. Beatus the \"Apostle of Switzerland\". Indeed, Saint Gall probably more justly deserves this honor.
## Gallery
<File:2011-07-22> Berna Oberlando (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 053.JPG\|Grave of Saint Beatus at the entry to the Beatus Caves, Beatenberg, Switzerland <File:Thunersee.jpg%7CLake> Thun and the surrounding mountains, where legend contends that Beatus had his hermitage and fought a dragon <File:Beatus> monastery.jpg\|Monastery site from below <File:CH-NB> - Kff 283 - 25.tiff\|St
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# Astra-Torres airship
The **Astra-Torres airships** were non-rigid airships built by Société Astra in France between about 1908 and 1922 to a design by the Spaniard Leonardo Torres Quevedo. They had a highly characteristic tri-lobed cross-section rather than the more usual circular cross-section. This was the result of moving most of the blimp\'s bracing wires inside the envelope in an attempt to minimise drag. Early Astra-Torres airships could be trimmed by moving the entire gondola fore and aft.
Astra-Torres airships, like *Alsace*, were used by the French Navy during the First World War and for a few years before and after. A few of these were transferred to the American expeditionary forces in Europe, and AT-1, AT-13 and AT-17 were eventually taken back to the United States.
Britain\'s Royal Naval Air Service purchased AT-14, AT-17 and AT-19, these becoming HMA No. 3, HMA No. 8 and HMA No. 16 respectively. They went through testing and evaluation at RNAS Kingsnorth before all were later taken out of service in May 1916, although the Astra-Torres design was imitated in Britain\'s own Coastal class, and North Sea blimps that served through to the end of the war.
After the war, AT-16 was operated by Transaérienne, carrying sightseeing passengers over Paris, and AT-24 was purchased by the Japanese Navy.
## Operators
`{{FRA}}`{=mediawiki}
- French Navy
`{{JPN}}`{=mediawiki}
- Imperial Japanese Navy - The IJN purchased a Nieuport AT-2 from France in 1922, shortly after losing its first airship, a British SS class airship, in an explosion. It was assembled at Tokorozawa in 1923 and stationed at Kasumigaura Air Base later that year. It was dismantled in 1924
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# London Buses route 88
**London Buses route 88** is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Parliament Hill Fields and Clapham Common, it is operated by London General, a subsidiary of Go-Ahead London.
## History
Route 88 was the first \"Metropolitan\" route to receive AEC NS-type buses, running between Acton Green and Mitcham.
In 1993, route 88 became the first in London to use kneeling buses, with air suspension that lowered at bus stops to give a significantly reduced ground clearance to make access easier. Between 1993 and 1997, a fleet of 12 m Northern Counties Paladin-bodied Volvo B10Bs, which featured branding that styled the service as \"The Clapham Omnibus\", were operated by London General on route 88. The Paladins were withdrawn in 1997 due to issues caused by their length and replaced with double-decker buses.
London General successfully retained route 88 with a new contract starting on 13 December 2003. Go-Ahead London successfully retained route 88 with a new contract starting on 11 December 2010.
New Routemasters were introduced on 22 August 2015.
On 30 March 2019, the route was extended from Camden Town to Parliament Hill Fields and re-routed between Camden Town and Great Portland Street Station to go via Albany Street and ultimately replace the C2, which ceased operation entirely
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# Blessed Sacrament Huguenot Catholic School
**Blessed Sacrament Huguenot** is the only private, co-ed, Early Learners through Grade 12 Catholic school in the Greater Richmond Region. Located on a 40 acre campus in Powhatan, Virginia, BSH is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond. Students of any faith background are eligible for admission.
## Background
Huguenot Academy was a segregation academy founded in Powhatan, Virginia, in 1959. It was originally housed in the basement of a local bank, but expanded when local business leaders donated land and resources. By 1970, enrollment in grades kindergarten through twelve approached 500. Huguenot Academy was known as a reputable academic institution well into the late 1980s, with enrollment approaching 750 at its peak. But the 1990s brought difficulties for the school. The Powhatan County public school system grew more healthy and Huguenot Academy found it difficult to retain students and teachers.
Blessed Sacrament High School purchased Huguenot Academy in 1998, blending the already-built facilities and infrastructure of Huguenot Academy with the financial resources of the Catholic Diocese of Richmond
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# Leica M mount
The **Leica M mount** is a camera lens mount introduced in 1954 with the Leica M3, and a range of lenses. It has been used on all the Leica M-series cameras and certain accessories (e.g. Visoflex reflex viewing attachment) up to the current film Leica M-A and digital Leica M11 cameras.
This lens mount has also been used by Epson, Ricoh, Minolta, Konica, Cosina Voigtländer, Rollei, Carl Zeiss AG and Rollei Fototechnic on some of their cameras.
## Overview
The Leica M mount was introduced in 1954 at that year\'s Photokina show, with the Leica M3 as its first camera. The \'M\' stands for *Messsucher* or rangefinder in German. This new camera abandoned the M39 lens mount in favour of a new bayonet mount. The bayonet mount allowed lenses to be changed more quickly and made the fitting more secure. Other innovations introduced by the M3 included a single window for the viewfinder (for composition) and the rangefinder (for focusing). With a double-stroke film advance lever (later models have a single-stroke lever). The M3 was a success and over 220,000 units were sold, by the time production ended in 1966. It remains the best-selling M mount camera ever made. The M3 uses 135 film (or 35 mm film), with the canister being loaded behind a detachable bottom plate. The M3 was followed by many other M mount cameras, released over 40 years, with many of the basic concepts remaining in these designs. With the introduction of the Through-the-lens metering (TTL) in the Leica M5 and the digital Leica M8 being the most notable innovations since then.
The lenses for the M mount were also introduced in 1954 and were based on the earlier M39 thread mount. Almost all M mount lenses are Prime lenses. These lenses are divided by Leica based on their maximum aperture number (also known as f-number). They are distinguished by their names:
Name f-number
------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Noctilux** or `{{f/|1.0}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{f/|1.2}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{f/|1.25}}`{=mediawiki}
**Summilux**
**Summicron**
**Summarit** or `{{f/|2.5}}`{=mediawiki}
**Elmarit**
**Elmar, Super Elmar** or `{{f/|3.4}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{f/|3.8}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{f/|4}}`{=mediawiki}
**Summaron** or `{{f/|5.6}}`{=mediawiki}
**Hektor**
<File:Leica> M3 mg 3673.jpg\|M mount female part of the bayonet on a Leica M3 body. The mechanical sensor seen inside the top of the mount is the rangefinder coupling arm <File:Leica> M3 mg 3671.jpg\|M mount male part of the bayonet on the Leica Elmar 90mm `{{f/|4}}`{=mediawiki}. <File:Leica> M3 mg 3685.jpg\|The Leica M3 shutter speed dial, film advance lever, shutter button and the frame counter. <File:Leica> M3 mg 3628.jpg\|The Leica M3 ASA dial, purely decorative reminder of the Film speed showing DIN and ASA comparison dial. <File:Leica> Camera.svg\|Leica \"red dot\" logo.
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# Leica M mount
## M Mount camera bodies {#m_mount_camera_bodies}
### Film cameras {#film_cameras}
+-------+-----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Image | Name | Year | Exposure | Notes |
+=======+===========+===========================+==================================+=====================================================================================+
| | Leica M3 | 1954--1966 | Manual | {{\*}} First bayonet M mount camera |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 220,000 produced in Germany |
+-------+-----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M2 | 1957--1968 | Manual | {{\*}} Around 82,000 produced in Germany |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Around 1,500 produced in Canada |
+-------+-----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M1 | 1959--1964 | Manual | {{\*}} Around 9,431 produced |
+-------+-----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M4 | 1964--1975 | Manual | {{\*}} Redesigned film loading and film winding |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Introduction of the \"red dot\" |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Versions: Leica MDa, Leica M4-2, Leica M4-P |
+-------+-----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M5 | 1971--1975 | Manual\ | {{\*}} Redesigned body |
| | | | TTL metering | |
| | | | | {{\*}} First M mount with electronic Through-the-lens metering (TTL) |
+-------+-----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M6 | 1984--2002, 2022--present | Manual\ | {{\*}} Basically the M4 with TTL metering |
| | | | TTL metering | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Leica M6 (1984--1998) |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Leica M6 TTL (1998--2002): Better viewfinder and electronic flash capability |
+-------+-----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M7 | 2002--2018 | Manual\ | {{\*}} Electronically controlled, requires battery to operate fully |
| | | | TTL metering\ | |
| | | | Aperture priority semi-automatic | {{\*}} Electronic shutter control and semi-automatic mode |
+-------+-----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica MP | 2003--present | Manual\ | {{\*}} Vintage design |
| | | | TTL metering | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Removal of the \"red dot\" |
+-------+-----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M-A | 2014--present | Manual | {{\*}} Rerelease of the M3 design |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Manual exposure only |
+-------+-----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
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# Leica M mount
## M Mount camera bodies {#m_mount_camera_bodies}
### Digital cameras {#digital_cameras}
#### Professional
+-------+---------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Image | Name | Year | Sensor | Notes |
+=======+=====================+===============+=========================================+=============================================================================================================+
| | Leica M8 | 2006--2009 | 10 megapixel CCD sensor, APS-H size | {{\*}} Second digital M mount camera |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 3936 x 2630 max resolution |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 2.5″ inch screen |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M9 | 2009--2012 | 18 megapixel full-frame CCD sensor | {{\*}} First full-frame digital M mount camera |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 5212 x 3472 max resolution |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 2.5″ inch screen |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M9-P | 2011--2012 | 18 megapixel full-frame CCD sensor | {{\*}} Removal of the \"red dot\", otherwise same as the Leica M9 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 5212 x 3472 max resolution |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 2.5″ inch screen with sapphire crystal LCD glass |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M (Typ 240) | 2012--2017 | 24 megapixel full-frame CMOS sensor | {{\*}} 5952 x 3976 max resolution |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 3″ inch screen |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Capable of capturing Full HD 1080p video |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M-P (Typ 240) | 2014--2017 | 24 megapixel full-frame CMOS sensor | {{\*}} Removal of the \"red dot\" and 2GB of RAM, otherwise same as the Leica M (Typ 240) |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 5952 x 3976 max resolution |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 3″ inch screen with sapphire crystal LCD glass |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Capable of capturing Full HD 1080p video |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M10 | 2017--present | 24 megapixel full-frame CMOS sensor | {{\*}} 5952 x 3992 max resolution |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 3″ inch screen |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Wi-Fi capability |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M10-P | 2018--2022 | 24 megapixel full-frame CMOS sensor | {{\*}} Removal of the \"red dot\", adding touch screen and quieter shutter, otherwise same as the Leica M10 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 5952 x 3992 max resolution |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 3″ inch screen |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Wi-Fi capability |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M11 | 2022--present | 60 megapixel full-frame BSI-CMOS sensor | {{\*}} 9528 x 6328 max resolution |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 3″ inch screen |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} No removable bottom plate |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}}64Gb of internal memory |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
#### Entry-Level {#entry_level}
+-------+---------------------+---------------+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Image | Name | Year | Sensor | Notes |
+=======+=====================+===============+==========================+================================================+
| | Leica M-E (Typ 220) | 2012--2015 | 18 megapixel CCD sensor | {{\*}} 5212 x 3472 Max resolution |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 2.5″ inch screen |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M (Typ 262) | 2015--2019 | 24 megapixel CMOS sensor | {{\*}} 5952 x 3976 Max resolution |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 3″ inch screen |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M-E (Typ 240) | 2019--present | 24 megapixel CMOS sensor | {{\*}} 5976 x 3992 Max resolution |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} 3″ inch screen |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Capable of capturing Full HD 1080 video |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
#### Monochrom
+-------+-----------------------------+---------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Image | Name | Year | Sensor | Notes |
+=======+=============================+===============+==========================+=========================================================================================+
| | Leica M Monochrom | 2012--2015 | 18 megapixel CCD sensor | {{\*}} 5212 x 3472 Max resolution {{\*}} 2.5″ inch screen |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Black-and-white version of the M9 |
+-------+-----------------------------+---------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M Monochrom (Typ 246) | 2015--2020 | 24 megapixel CMOS sensor | {{\*}} 5952 x 3968 Max resolution {{\*}} 3″ inch screen with sapphire crystal LCD glass |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Black-and-white version of the M (Typ 240) |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Capable of capturing Full HD 1080 video |
+-------+-----------------------------+---------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M10 Monochrom | 2020--present | 41 megapixel CMOS sensor | {{\*}} 7864 x 5200 Max resolution {{\*}} 3\" inch screen TFT LCD monitor |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Black-and-white version of the M10 |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} Dedicated ISO dial with ISO 160 to ISO 100.000 |
+-------+-----------------------------+---------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
#### No display {#no_display}
+-------+---------------------+---------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Image | Name | Year | Sensor | Notes |
+=======+=====================+===============+==========================+============================================================================+
| | Leica M-D (Typ 262) | 2016--2018 | 24 megapixel CMOS sensor | {{\*}} No Rear LCD Screen |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} The only control on the body is via the shutter speed and ISO dials |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Leica M10-D | 2018--present | 24 megapixel CMOS sensor | {{\*}} 7840 x 5184 Max resolution |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} No Rear LCD Screen |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | |
+-------+---------------------+---------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
#### Increased resolution {#increased_resolution}
+-------+-------------+---------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Image | Name | Year | Sensor | Notes |
+=======+=============+===============+==========================+============================================================================+
| | Leica M10-R | 2020--present | 40 megapixel CMOS sensor | {{\*}} 3\" inch screen TFT LCD monitor |
| | | | | |
| | | | | {{\*}} The only control on the body is via the shutter speed and ISO dials |
+-------+-------------+---------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | |
+-------+-------------+---------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
### Other manufacturers {#other_manufacturers}
- Epson R-D1 by Epson
- Minolta CLE by Minolta
- Hexar RF by Konica
- Bessa R2A, R3A, R2M, R3M, R4M and R4A by Cosina Voigtländer
- Rollei 35 RF by Rollei Fototechnic
- Recent Zeiss Ikon rangefinder camera by Carl Zeiss AG
- Ricoh GXR by Ricoh
- PIXII by Pixii SAS
## M mount lenses {#m_mount_lenses}
Speed Name 21mm 24mm 28mm 35mm 50mm 75mm 90mm 135mm
----------- ------------------- ------------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -------
Summaron
Super-Angulon
Macro Elmar
Elmar
Tele-Elmar
Tri-Elmar ASPH 16-18-21mm
28-35-50mm
Elmar ASPH.
Summaron
Super-Elmar ASPH.
Apo-Telyt
Elmar
Elmarit
Elmarit ASPH.
Tele-Elmarit
Summarit
Summicron
Summicron ASPH.
APO Summicron
Summilux
Summilux ASPH.
Noctilux ASPH.
Noctilux
Noctilux ASPH
Noctilux
Noctilux ASPH.
: Summary of Leica M lenses
| 1,234 |
Leica M mount
| 2 |
11,108,290 |
# Leica M mount
## M Mount camera bodies {#m_mount_camera_bodies}
### Other manufacturers {#other_manufacturers_1}
- Minolta
- Zeiss
- Cosina Voigtländer
- Zenit M
- [Brightin Star](https://brightinstar.com/)
- [Funleader](https://myfunleader.com/)
- [TTArtisan](https://www.ttartisan
| 31 |
Leica M mount
| 3 |
11,108,360 |
# 1902 World Figure Skating Championships
The **World Figure Skating Championships** is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion.
The competition took place on 13 February in London, United Kingdom. It was the first World Championships held on artificial ice.
It was assumed that only men would compete in the event, and just four skaters participated. However, one of them was a woman, Madge Syers. After the competition, the winner, Ulrich Salchow, delighted with Syers, presented her with the gold medal he had just won. At the time, the International Skating Union rules did not specify that only men are allowed to participate. In the following year, rules were changed and separate championships for females and males were introduced. However, it was several years before the ladies\' event first took place in 1906.
## Results
### Singles
Rank Name Age CF FS Total
------- ----------------- ----- ---- ------ ---- ----- -------
**1** Ulrich Salchow 24 1 1188 1 638 1826
**2** Madge Syers 20 2 843 3 396 1239
**3** Martin Gordan 25 4 768 2 440 1208
4 Horatio Torrome 41 3 809 4 374 1183
- Referee: `{{flagicon|Sweden|1844}}`{=mediawiki} Viktor Balck
Judges:
- W. F. Adams
- J. H. Thompson
- Hermann Wendt
- Piotr Weryho
- Ivar Westergren
### Pairs (unofficial) {#pairs_unofficial}
The 1902 championships were the first to hold a pairs competition alongside the singles. The title of \"world champions\" and medals were not awarded, since the only pair to enter were `{{flagicon|UK}}`{=mediawiki} Madge Syers / Edgar Syers
| 266 |
1902 World Figure Skating Championships
| 0 |
11,108,364 |
# Voidwards
***Voidwards*** is the third full-length album from Finnish metal band Dolorian, released in 2006.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Dual -- Void -- Trident\" - 05:10
2. \"In The Locus Of Bone\" - 06:26
3. \"Co-il-lusion\" - 01:24
4. \"Ivory Artery\" - 08:53
5. \"The Flow Of Seething Visions\" - 09:40
6. \"The One Whose Name Has No End\" - 10:31
7. \"The Absolute Halo Is Awakening\" - 03:38
8. \"Epoch Of Cyclosure\" - 08:40
9. \"The Fire Which Burns Not\" - 01:03
10
| 86 |
Voidwards
| 0 |
11,108,448 |
# The Troika
***The Troika*** is a 1997 science fiction novel by American writer Stepan Chapman. Written in surrealist style, the novel features a highly complex plot mixing fantasy and science fiction. It received the Philip K. Dick Award for 1997.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
The novel introduces three beings -- a jeep, a dinosaur, and an old Mexican woman -- travelling across a desert under the glare of three suns. They have been travelling for centuries though they do not know why they are crossing the desert or if they will ever reach the other side. The characters have each changed bodies several times. Their travels are interspersed with dream-sequence-like flashbacks describing various transformed versions of the 20th Century.
## Major characters {#major_characters}
- **Alex** -- an automated jeep, who began as a man then became cyborg.
- **Eva** -- an old Mexican woman, formerly a fish-priestess and later a whore.
- **Naomi** -- a brontosaur who was once a military corpsicle. A daughter of Alex and Eva\'s
| 169 |
The Troika
| 0 |
11,108,463 |
# Canon EF 28mm lens
The **EF 28mm lenses** are a group of prime lenses made by Canon that share the same focal length.
These lenses use the EF type mount that fits the Canon EOS line of cameras. When used on a camera body with an APS-C sensor, such as the Canon EOS 700D, it provides a narrower field of view, equivalent to a 45 mm lens mounted on a 35 mm frame body. With a 1.3x body such as the Canon EOS-1D Mark III, it provides a less narrow field of view, equivalent to a 36 mm lens mounted on a 35 mm frame body.
Three EF 28mm lenses have been sold by Canon:
- 2.8, introduced April 1987 (now discontinued, replaced by `{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}2.8 IS USM)
- 1.8 USM, introduced September 1995
- 2.8 IS USM introduced June 2012
With the discontinuation of the EF 15mm Fisheye Lens in 2011, the EF 28mm f/2.8 lens became the oldest EOS lens in production before being itself discontinued after the release of the IS version. The IS version marked another milestone for Canon; that lens and the 24mm f/2.8 IS lens introduced at the same time were Canon\'s first image-stabilized prime lenses with a focal length less than 100 mm, as well as the company\'s first image-stabilized non-L primes.
## Specifications of the EF 28mm lenses {#specifications_of_the_ef_28mm_lenses}
Attribute 1.8 USM 2.8 2.8 IS USM
--------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------- -----------------------
Image
Key features
Full-frame compatible Yes
Image stabilizer No Yes
Ultrasonic Motor Yes No Yes
L-series No
Diffractive Optics No
Macro No
Technical data
Aperture (max-min) 1.8-`{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}22 2.8-`{{f/}}`{=mediawiki}22
Construction 9 groups / 10 elements 5 groups / 5 elements 7 groups / 9 elements
\# of diaphragm blades 7 5 7 (circular)
Closest focusing distance 0.25 Meters 0.3 Meters 0.23 Meters
Max. magnification 0.18x 0.13x 0.2x
Horizontal viewing angle 65°
Diagonal viewing angle 75°
Vertical viewing angle 46°
Physical data
Weight .68 lb / 310g .41 lb / 186g .57 lb / 260g
Maximum diameter 2.9\" / 74 mm 2.6\" / 67 mm 2.69\" / 68.4 mm
Length 2.2\" / 56 mm 1.7\" / 43 mm 2.02\" / 51.5 mm
Filter diameter 58 mm 52 mm 58 mm
Accessories
Lens hood EW-63II EW-65II EW-65B
Case LP814 LP811 LP1014
Retail information
Release date September 1995 April 1987 June 2012
Currently in production? Yes No Yes
MSRP \$ \$509.99 \$374.99 \$549
| 397 |
Canon EF 28mm lens
| 0 |
11,108,473 |
# New Art Examiner
The ***New Art Examiner*** is a bi-monthly international magazine of critical art thinking founded in Chicago, Illinois in October 1973 by Derek Guthrie and Jane Addams Allen. Publication ceased in 2002. The magazine was relaunched in Cornwall, UK in September of 2015 by the original publisher and co-founder, Derek Guthrie, and Daniel Nanavati with Tom Mullaney in Chicago. In 2017, there was a split between Guthrie and then US Editor Michel Segard, leading to an ongoing trademark dispute between Derek Guthrie and the Chicago enterprise. Both publications have print and online editions.
An anthology of representative articles and editors from *New Art Examiner*, *Essential New Art Examiner*, was published in 2011. Each section of the book begins with a new essay by the original editor of the pieces therein that reconsiders the era and larger issues at play in the local, national, and international art world when the works were first published.
## History
At the time of the *New Art Examiner* \'s launch in October 1973, Chicago was \"an art backwater\" according to Artnet\'s Victor Cassidy. Artists who wished to be taken seriously left Chicago for New York City, and apart from a few local phenomena, such as the Hairy Who, little attention was given to Chicago art and artists. For the generations of artists who grew up reading the New Art Examiner, it provided a unique vantage point outside the artistic mainstream.
According to Terri Griffith and Kathryn Born, the *New Art Examiner* was \"the only successful art magazine ever to come out of Chicago.\" It enjoyed a nearly three-decade long run, and since its founding in 1973 by Jane Addams Allen and Derek Guthrie, no art periodical published in the Windy City has lasted longer or has achieved the critical mass of readers and admirers that it did. Editor Jane Addams Allen, an art historian who studied under Harold Rosenberg at the University of Chicago and a relative of progressive reformer Jane Addams, was influential in developing new writers who later became significant on the New York scene and encouraged a writing style that was lively, personal, and honestly critical. It is cited by its creator as the largest art magazine of the time outside of New York.
Called \"a stalwart of the Chicago scene\" by *Art in America* the *New Art Examiner* was conceived to counter this bias and was almost the only art magazine to give any attention to Chicago and Midwestern artists (*Dialogue* magazine, which covered Midwestern art exclusively, was founded in Detroit in 1978, but it has also ceased publication).
The critics and artists who wrote for the *New Art Examiner*, included Devonna Pieszak, Fred Camper, Jan Estep, Ann Wiens, Bill Stamets, Michael A. Weinstein, Adam Green, Robert Storr, Carol Diehl, Jerry Saltz, Eleanor Heartney, Betty McCasland, Carol Squiers, Janet Koplos, Vince Carducci, Danielle Probst, and Mark Staff Brandl.
## Criticisms
Over the next three decades Chicago\'s art scene flourished, with new museums, more art dealers, and increased art festivals, galleries, and alternative spaces. Critics asserted that the *New Art Examiner* \"ignored, opposed or belittled\" Chicago\'s artistic developments, that it was overly politicized, overloaded with jargon, and did not serve the Chicago or midwest arts communities.
| 537 |
New Art Examiner
| 0 |
11,108,473 |
# New Art Examiner
## Anthology Release {#anthology_release}
In 2008, Derek Guthrie visited Chicago, not long after the death of his wife Jane Addams Allen, to give a lecture. The event spurred a great homecoming and intense discussion about art publishing. The flurry of excitement prompted Terri Griffith and Kathryn Born to create an anthology to help a new generation understand the significance of the *New Art Examiner*. In this age of de-centralized media, the idea of a publication being so central to the art scene is almost mythical. To imagine a simple magazine as the only source of information and news on a topic is the stuff of a bygone era.
The articles in the *Essential New Art Examiner* are organized chronologically. Each section of the book begins with a new essay by the original editor of the pieces therein that reconsiders the era and larger issues at play in the art world when they were first published. The result is a fascinating inside look at the artistic trends and aesthetic agendas that guided it. Derek Guthrie and Jane Addams Allen, for instance, had their own renegade style. The story of the *New Art Examiner* is the story of a constantly evolving publication, shaped by talented editors and the times in which it was printed.
The volume was co-edited by *Examiner writer* Janet Koplos. The editors settled upon the idea of showcasing representative articles and spotlighting the editors, choosing this concise, \"best of\" format to catch the high points. Yet this format also omits the chronology, complexities, financials, scandals and personalities that accompany any art magazine. There is more to the story than is contained in this anthology.
Whether memories are fond or not-so-fond, *New Art Examiner* is a reflection of the intellectually aware 1970s Chicago art scene that gave birth to this feisty periodical.
Essential New Art Examiner
---------------------------- ------------------------------------
Publisher Northern Illinois University Press
Format Paperback, 350pp
ISBN
Distributor University of Chicago Press
Publication Date November 2011
The website is www.newartexaminer.net (Guthrie; Cornwall and Washington Publication)
| 339 |
New Art Examiner
| 1 |
11,108,485 |
# John & Thomas Johnson
**John & Thomas Johnson** was a soap and alkali manufacturing business in Runcorn, Cheshire, England during the 19th century.
John and Thomas Johnson were brothers after whom the business was named. Their father, also named John Johnson, had established a soapery on the south bank of the Bridgewater Canal near the centre of the town of Runcorn in 1803. He died in 1816 at the age of 37 and the business was run by the Liverpool firm of Hayes, Ollier & Co until the elder son, John came of age. He was joined by his younger brother Thomas when he too came of age
| 109 |
John & Thomas Johnson
| 0 |
11,108,504 |
# The Survivors of the "Jonathan"
***The Survivors of the \"Jonathan\"***, is a novel that was written by Jules Verne in 1897 under the title ***Magellania***. However, it was not published until 1909, after it had been rewritten by Verne\'s son Michel under the title *Les naufragés du \"Jonathan\"*.
## Plot
The novel tells the story of a mysterious man named Kaw-djer. Kaw-djer lives in the land of Magellania, that is, the region around the Straits of Magellan. Kaw-djer, whose motto is \"Neither God nor master\", helps himself survive and also provides assistance to the indigenous peoples of Magellania. However, when a group of settlers is shipwrecked on a nearby island (Hoste Island), Kaw-djer assists them establish their colony, though he refuses to rule over them or control them in any way. However, when the colony falls victim to a fight for power, Kaw-djer is forced to temporarily abandon his own anarchistic principles. After he restores order, he abdicates and becomes a lighthouse-keeper, thereby retaining his individualism.
## History
Piero Gondolo della Riva discovered the original manuscript in the Hetzel family archives in 1977.
The two parts of the novel were subsequently translated and published separately in English as ***Masterless Man**\'\' and***Unwilling Dictator**\'\'
| 203 |
The Survivors of the "Jonathan"
| 0 |
11,108,510 |
# Saint Gertrude High School
**Saint Gertrude High School** is an independent Catholic college preparatory day school for young women grades 9--12 in Richmond, Virginia. It was founded in 1922 by the Benedictine Sisters of Virginia, of Bristow Monastery, and is still owned and governed by the order, although the day-to-day operations are run by lay administrative and teaching staff. The school\'s goal is to provide young women with an academic education in an environment of Christian values and cultural diversity.
## History
Saint Gertrude was built in 1913 to provide a home and a chapel for the Benedictine Sisters who taught at Saint Mary\'s School on Fourth and Marshall Streets in Richmond. The building had two rooms used as a small private elementary school and housed a care center for exceptional children which was later discontinued.
In 1922, Saint Edith Academy, a boarding school for girls at Bristow, Virginia was closed, and the high school department was transferred to Saint Gertrude in Richmond. Sister Gertrude Head, the first principal, and a three-member faculty began the educational program for eight students. In the course of the first year, the enrollment increased to twenty-six.
The school continued to operate solely in the original building until a new classroom wing was added in 1956. These two structures then made up the school building for nearly twenty years, until the 1973 addition was completed. The newest addition, dedicated in May 2005, houses a new library/media Center, athletic facility, and science labs.
At the very onset, the school was affiliated with the Catholic University of America. In 1925, Saint Gertrude was accredited by the Virginia State Board of Education and in 1942 by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 1978, the school became a member of the Virginia Association of Independent Schools. Saint Gertrude\'s accreditation continues to be through VAIS and SACS, which are affiliated with the Virginia Council of Private Education. Saint Gertrude High School was awarded \"Blue Ribbon School\" designation in 1996.
## Athletics
The school fields 17 teams in 12 sports. Teams offered by season include: Fall: Tennis, Volleyball (JV and Varsity), Field Hockey (JV and Varsity), Cross Country; Winter: Basketball (JV White, JV Green, Varsity), Indoor Track, Swimming; Spring: Softball, Soccer (JV and Varsity), Lacrosse, Outdoor Track, Golf.
## Song Contest {#song_contest}
Song Contest is a musical competition among the four classes, held every year at the Altria Theater in downtown Richmond. Over 3,000 people pack in to see each class present a program of familiar tunes with original lyrics, along with the Saint Gertrude High School Alma mater. Judging is based on music, lyrics, spirit, leaders, and class participation. The order of class performance has been determined by a drawing.
The event was started in 1950 by Mary Anne Waymack and the school\'s athletic association and follows the tradition of choral tournaments at women-only schools such as Pittsburgh\'s Chatham University, which has a similar contest. The competition started in the basement classrooms of Saint Gertrude, a space students affectionately call \"the dungeon.\" The yearly event subsequently outgrew the Benedictine High School gym, the Arthur Ashe Center and the Carpenter Center, and this year\'s Song Contest will take place at the 3,565-seat Altria Theater.
Each class is represented by their class colors, and a first and second place is awarded by three judges, one of whom is an alumna of the school and two others who have been selected for their musical background and expertise. The first-place winners of Song Contest 2023 was the class of Pink and Lime, with the class winning for the third year in a row.
In the week leading up to Song Contest, the classes decorate the hallways with their colors and theme, perform for their classmates, and rehearse
| 626 |
Saint Gertrude High School
| 0 |
11,108,532 |
# 2009 South African general election
General elections were held in South Africa on 22 April 2009 to elect members of the National Assembly and provincial legislatures. These were the fourth general elections held since the end of the apartheid era.
The North Gauteng High Court ruled on 9 February 2009 that South African citizens living abroad should be allowed to vote in elections. The judgment was confirmed by the Constitutional Court on 12 March 2009, when it decided that overseas voters who were already registered would be allowed to vote. Registered voters who found themselves outside their registered voting districts on election day were also permitted to vote for the national ballot at any voting station in South Africa.
The result was a victory for the ruling African National Congress (ANC), which won 264 of the 400 seats in the National Assembly, a fifteen seat reduction compared to the 2004 elections and losing its two-thirds supermajority. ANC leader Jacob Zuma became president.
## Background and campaign {#background_and_campaign}
### African National Congress -- ruling party {#african_national_congress_ruling_party}
The African National Congress was the ruling party in parliament going into the 2009 elections, having won 69.69% of the vote at the 2004 elections. During its term in office a number of internal changes occurred, the primary one being the election of Jacob Zuma to the party presidency ahead of Thabo Mbeki at the 52nd National Conference of the African National Congress held on 18 December 2007. Zuma\'s victory in the election was partly due to the wide degree of support for him from the ANC Youth League, the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions.
Subsequent to this, in 2008 Zuma\'s ongoing corruption trial in relation to a multi-billion Rand arms deal was dismissed by the courts, which insinuated that Mbeki had unduly influenced the investigation into Zuma. In light of the court\'s findings, the ANC\'s National Executive Committee asked Mbeki to resign as president of the country, which he duly did on 20 September 2008.
Mbeki was replaced by Kgalema Motlanthe, who had been elected as ANC deputy president at the 2007 conference. Motlanthe was not the presidential candidate of the ANC for the 2009 general election, but rather the current President of the ANC, Jacob Zuma. The ANC\'s electoral list was led by Zuma, followed by Motlanthe, Deputy President of South Africa Baleka Mbete, finance minister Trevor Manuel and Winnie Mandela, former wife of Nelson Mandela.
The recall of Mbeki, amongst other issues, created severe tensions and splits within the party, and eventually led to the formation of the Congress of the People, a new political party formed by former ANC members. Nevertheless, most pre-poll predictions gave the ANC between sixty and seventy per cent of the popular vote; even the lowest prediction, giving the ANC 47 per cent, still rendered it comfortably South Africa\'s most favoured political party.
| 484 |
2009 South African general election
| 0 |
11,108,532 |
# 2009 South African general election
## Background and campaign {#background_and_campaign}
### Democratic Alliance -- official opposition {#democratic_alliance_official_opposition}
The Democratic Alliance, South Africa\'s main opposition party, had undergone a leadership change, with Cape Town mayor and former anti-apartheid activist Helen Zille having succeeded long-serving Tony Leon in May 2007.
With a disproportionate focus on the Western Cape province, which it had identified as winnable, the DA launched its election campaign with the slogan \"Vote to Win\". It released its manifesto on 14 February.
The party was expected to perform strongly in the Western Cape, with analysts suggesting it would take control of the province from the ruling ANC. The ANC\'s support in the province was on the wane, while the DA had performed well in by-elections in the province leading up to the poll.
The party projected that it would govern in the Western Cape province -- a task made easier by the ANC-COPE split -- though it expected to need to form a governing coalition in order to do so. The party anticipated that it would take control of several other major cities and towns in the 2011 local elections, and, with what it termed a \"realignment of SA politics\", predicted it would take its \"winning streak\" into the 2014 elections, when it plans to challenge for the mantle of ruling party.
The DA\'s relationship with ANC breakaway party Cope started strongly. Cope leader Mosiuoa Lekota showed a willingness to co-operate with Zille in the future. Subsequently, Zille criticised COPE\'s internal structures and suggested many of the party\'s new members were merely Mbeki loyalists hoping to resurrect defunct political careers.
In the closing stages of the DA\'s campaign, it launched its \"Stop Zuma\" drive, which came under considerable criticism in the press---political analysts dubbing the tactic an example of \"negative\" politics. Zille later retorted, however, that what was really negative was the idea of handing over the right to change the Constitution unilaterally to Jacob Zuma and his \"closed, crony network\", as they would abuse that right both to enrich themselves and to protect themselves from prosecution. She later claimed the decline in the ANC\'s support base and the concomitant increase in that of her own party was a result of the DA \'Stop Zuma\' campaign.
## Electoral system {#electoral_system}
The 400 members of the National Assembly were elected by closed list proportional representation; two hundred members were elected from national party lists and 200 from provincial party lists in each of the nine provinces. The President of South Africa was chosen by the National Assembly after the election; in 2009, the presidential election was held on 6 May. The premiers of each province are chosen by the winning majority in each provincial legislature.
| 455 |
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| 1 |
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# 2009 South African general election
## Boycott
A number of communities, organisations, social movements and well-known personalities threatened not to vote in the 2009 elections.
-
-
-
-
- The most well-known personality was Archbishop Desmond Tutu who at first said he would not vote but then changed his mind.\*`{{cite news
|url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Article.aspx?id=856421
|title=Tutu: Why I Won't Vote
|publisher=TheTimes
|access-date=24 April 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008054336/http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Article.aspx?id=856421
|archive-date=8 October 2008
|url-status=dead
}}`{=mediawiki}
- South Africa\'s Poor People\'s Alliance, the Anti-Privatisation Forum, NOPE, and the independent farmworkers\' union Sikhula Sonke resolved to boycott the election under the banner No Land! No House! No Vote!.\*`{{cite news
|url = http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/245.1
|title = Elections: A Dangerous Time for Poor People's Movements in South Africa
|publisher = SACSIS
|access-date = 21 April 2009
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110428202117/http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/245.1
|archive-date = 28 April 2011
|url-status = dead
}}`{=mediawiki}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
## Results
The ANC, which has been in power since 1994, obtained 65.90% of valid votes cast on the national ballot, making it just shy of being able to change the constitution. The DA retained its position as the official opposition and also won the election in the Western Cape province with an outright majority.
Some 23-million people were registered for the 2009 general elections, which was about 2.5 million more than in 2004. There was a 77.3% turnout of registered voters, 1.34% of whom spoiled their ballots rendering them invalid. About 12-million people eligible to vote either did not register to vote (about 7-million), or did register but did not vote (5.4 million). In this election, there was a slight decrease in voter abstention though there was at least one high-profile election and registration boycotts campaign, the No Land! No House! No Vote! Campaign.
The Independent Electoral Commission made results available on their website as they were received from voting districts, filtered by national, provincial, municipality, and voting district.
### National Assembly {#national_assembly}
### Provincial legislatures {#provincial_legislatures}
The following table summarises the results of the elections to the provincial legislatures. The majority party in each province is indicated in bold.
Party EC FS G KZN L M NW NC
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
bgcolor=`{{party color|African National Congress}}`{=mediawiki}\| African National Congress **44** **22** **47** **51** **43** **27** **25** **19**
bgcolor=`{{party color|Democratic Alliance (South Africa)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Democratic Alliance 6 3 16 7 2 2 3 4
bgcolor=`{{party color|Congress of the People (South African political party)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Congress of the People 9 4 6 1 4 1 3 5
bgcolor=`{{party color|Inkatha Freedom Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Inkatha Freedom Party 1 18
bgcolor=`{{party color|Independent Democrats}}`{=mediawiki}\| Independent Democrats 1 2
bgcolor=`{{party color|African Christian Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| African Christian Democratic Party 1 1
bgcolor=`{{party color|United Democratic Movement}}`{=mediawiki}\| United Democratic Movement 3
bgcolor=`{{party color|Freedom Front Plus}}`{=mediawiki}\| Freedom Front Plus 1 1
bgcolor=`{{party color|Minority Front}}`{=mediawiki}\| Minority Front 2
bgcolor=`{{party color|United Christian Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| United Christian Democratic Party 2
bgcolor=`{{party color|African Independent Congress}}`{=mediawiki}\| African Independent Congress 1
Total 63 30 73 80 49 30 33 30
#### Eastern Cape {#eastern_cape}
#### Free State {#free_state}
#### Gauteng
#### KwaZulu-Natal {#kwazulu_natal}
#### Limpopo
#### Mpumalanga
#### North West {#north_west}
#### Northern Cape {#northern_cape}
#### Western Cape {#western_cape}
{{#section-h:2009 Western Cape provincial election\|Results}}
| 527 |
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| 2 |
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# 2009 South African general election
## Results
### NCOP seats {#ncop_seats}
The National Council of Provinces (NCOP) consists of 90 members, ten elected by each provincial legislature. The Members of NCOP have to be elected in proportion to the party membership of the provincial legislature.
{\| class=wikitable style=text-align:right !colspan=2 rowspan=2\|Party !rowspan=2\|Delegate type !colspan=9 style=\"text-align:center\"\|Province !colspan=2 rowspan=2\|*Total* \|- !EC !FS !G !KZN !L !M !NW !NC !WC \|- \|bgcolor=`{{party color|African National Congress}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=2\| \|align=left rowspan=2\|African National Congress \|align=left\|Permanent \|4 \|4 \|4 \|4 \|5 \|5 \|4 \|3 \|2 \|*35* \|rowspan=2\|*62* \|- \|align=left\|Special \|3 \|3 \|3 \|3 \|4 \|4 \|3 \|3 \|1 \|*27* \|- \|bgcolor=`{{party color|Democratic Alliance (South Africa)}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=2\| \|align=left rowspan=2\|Democratic Alliance \|align=left\|Permanent \|1 \|1 \|1 \|1 \| \|1 \|1 \|1 \|3 \|*10* \|rowspan=2\|*13* \|- \|align=left\|Special \| \| \|1 \| \| \| \| \| \|2 \|*3* \|- \|bgcolor=`{{party color|Congress of the People (South African political party)}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=2\| \|align=left rowspan=2\|Congress of the People \|align=left\|Permanent \|1 \|1 \|1 \| \|1 \| \|1 \|1 \|1 \|*7* \|rowspan=2\|*8* \|- \|align=left\|Special \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|1 \| \|*1* \|- \|bgcolor=`{{party color|Independent Democrats}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=2\| \|align=left rowspan=2\|Independent Democrats \|align=left\|Permanent \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|1 \| \|*1* \|rowspan=2\|*2* \|- \|align=left\|Special \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|1 \|*1* \|- \|bgcolor=`{{party color|Inkatha Freedom Party}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=2\| \|align=left rowspan=2\|Inkatha Freedom Party \|align=left\|Permanent \| \| \| \|1 \| \| \| \| \| \|*1* \|rowspan=2\|*2* \|- \|align=left\|Special \| \| \| \|1 \| \| \| \| \| \|*1* \|- \|bgcolor=`{{party color|Freedom Front Plus}}`{=mediawiki}\| \|\|align=left\|Freedom Front Plus \|align=left\|Special \| \|1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|colspan=2\|*1* \|- \|bgcolor=`{{party color|United Christian Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| \|\|align=left\|United Christian Democratic Party \|align=left\|Special \| \| \| \| \| \| \|1 \| \| \|colspan=2\|*1* \|- \|bgcolor=`{{party color|United Democratic Movement}}`{=mediawiki}\| \|\|align=left\|United Democratic Movement \|align=left\|Special \|1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|colspan=2\|*1* \|- !colspan=\"3\" style=\"text-align:left\"\|Total !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !10 !colspan=2\|*90* \|}
## Aftermath
The ANC received widespread congratulations for its decisive national victory, both from international and domestic sources. This included the opposition, with DA leader Helen Zille acknowledging that the people had given it a strong mandate to rule. \"We trust that the ANC will not abuse this confidence, and will govern well and in the interests of all South Africans.\" However, with 65.9% of the vote and 264 seats in the National Assembly (down from 74.3% and 297 seats), the ANC no longer had the two-thirds majority it needed to change the Constitution unilaterally. The governing party had lost considerable support in 8 of the 9 provinces, partially compensated for by a big increase in KwaZulu-Natal at the expense of the IFP.
Thanking supporters the following week, DA leader Helen Zille related proudly that her party had achieved all three of its primary objectives: it had kept the ANC below a two-thirds majority (albeit only just), won an outright majority in the Western Cape and significantly improved its standing in parliament. Zille saw the results as a vindication of the party\'s statement at the beginning of its campaign that the only two genuine political forces in South Africa were the DA and the ANC, with the latter losing support while the former consistently gained it, and voters refusing to waste their ballots on small, insignificant parties
| 541 |
2009 South African general election
| 3 |
11,108,572 |
# Dorrance Publishing Company
**Dorrance Publishing Company, Inc.** is a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States--based book publishing company. The company publishes both traditional printed books as well as ebooks.
## History
Dorrance Publishing was founded by Gordon Dorrance in 1920. The Catalogue of Copyright Entries for that year lists \"Dorrance & company, inc.\" publishing works *The Pocket Chesterfield* and *Broken Shackles*. Dorrance set up the company after a work he was editing did not complete publication with Scribners.
The company was established in Philadelphia and periodically changed address within Philadelphia and environs. By 1989 it was located in Monroeville, outside Pittsburgh. By 1991, the company\'s address was in Pittsburgh.
They have been accredited by the Better Business Bureau (BBB) since 1995. The BBB lists them as having started in June 1989, and also operating under the alternate publishing imprint names I-Proclaim Books, Red Lead Press, RoseDog Books, and Whitmore Publishing Company.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
Gordon Dorrance, the founder of Dorrance Publishing, was portrayed by actor Pierre Watkin in an episode of *I Love Lucy* entitled \"Lucy Writes A Novel.\"
## Publications
A total of thirteen Dorrance Publishing titles have become bestsellers on Amazon Kindle.
In 1930, Dorrance published *Prohibition Punches: A Book of Beverages* by Roxana B. Doran, member of the Women\'s Christian Temperance Union.
In 1947, Dorrance published *Away From the Here and Now* by Clare Winger Harris, who is credited with being the first woman science fiction writer to use her given name in their publications.
## Self-publishing contract and Better Business Bureau reviews {#self_publishing_contract_and_better_business_bureau_reviews}
Dorrance Publishing does not attempt to hide its charges and makes no claims of selecting clients based on potential for commercial success.
As of May 2022, Dorrance Publishing has an A− rating with the Better Business Bureau with 70 complaints filed against them
| 301 |
Dorrance Publishing Company
| 0 |
11,108,594 |
# George Herbert Morrell
**George Herbert Morrell** MA, MP, JP, DL (1845, Adderbury -- 30 September 1906, Bad Nauheim) was an English politician and lawyer.
George Herbert Morrell was the son of the Rev. G. K. Morrell, fellow of St John\'s College, Oxford. He was educated at Rugby School and Exeter College, Oxford, where he took honours in natural science as well as a B.C.L. in 1870. Morrell became a demonstrator in physiology at the Oxford university museum under George Rolleston. In 1874 he married his third cousin, Emilia Alicia Morrell (1854--1938), granddaughter of one of the founder of Morrells Brewery and the richest heiress in Oxfordshire. He was the Conservative Member of Parliament for Woodstock, from 1891 to 1892 and again from 1895 till 1906
| 126 |
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| 0 |
11,108,596 |
# Histiocytosis
In medicine, **histiocytosis** is an excessive number of histiocytes (tissue macrophages), and the term is also often used to refer to a group of rare diseases which share this sign as a characteristic. Occasionally and confusingly, the term *histiocytosis* is sometimes used to refer to individual diseases.
According to the Histiocytosis Association, 1 in 200,000 children in the United States are born with histiocytosis each year. HAA also states that most of the people diagnosed with histiocytosis are children under the age of 10, although the disease can afflict adults. The disease usually occurs from birth to age 15.
Histiocytosis (and malignant histiocytosis) are both important in veterinary as well as human pathology.
## Diagnosis
Histiocytosis is a rare disease, thus its diagnosis may be challenging. A variety of tests may be used, including:
- Imaging
- CT scans of various organs such as lung, heart and kidneys.
- MRI of the brain, pituitary gland, heart, among other organs.
- Skeletal survey is useful in children
- Ultrasound of liver and spleen
- Blood tests: measure cell counts and inflammation
- Breathing tests
- Tissue biopsy and molecular testing to detect mutations
## Classification
There are competing systems for classifying histiocytoses. According to the 1999 classification proposed by the World Health Organization, they can be divided into three categories. However, the classifications in ICD10 and MeSH are slightly different, as shown below:
Name WHO ICD10 MeSH
------------------------------------------ ----- ------- -----------------------------------
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) I Langerhans-cell histiocytosis
Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) II non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) II non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis
Niemann--Pick disease II non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis
Sea-blue histiocytosis II -- non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis
Acute monocytic leukemia III malignant histiocytic disorders
Malignant histiocytosis III malignant histiocytic disorders
Erdheim--Chester disease II malignant histiocytic disorders
Alternatively, histiocytoses may be divided into the following groups:
- X-type histiocytoses
- Non-X histiocytoses
Lymphohistiocytosis is a similar immune system disease characterized by the inappropriate activation of natural killer cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and macrophages, involving principally the liver, spleen and central nervous system and associated with severe lymphoid atrophy.
## Treatments
Various treatments exist for histiocytosis. The one selected depends on the location of the disease and the patient history. The modalities used may include:
- Chemotherapy
- Cladribine (also known as 2CDA or Leustatin)
- Etoposide
- Methotrexate
- 6-mercaptopurine
- Vinblastine
- Surgery
- Radiation therapy
## Society
Patients and families can gain support and educational materials from the Histiocytosis Association.
The Histiocyte Society, a nonprofit organization, is a group of more than 200 physicians and scientists from around the world committed to improving the lives of patients with histiocytic disorders by conducting clinical and laboratory research into the causes and treatment of this disease. The Society has instituted several clinical trials and treatment plans.
The North American Consortium for Histiocytosis (NACHO) is a group of institutions that collaborate on scientific and clinical research for histiocytic diseases. Established in 2014 by 12 institutions, it was funded through a consortium grant from the St. Baldrick\'s Foundation
| 500 |
Histiocytosis
| 0 |
11,108,618 |
# NWA Tennessee Tag Team Championship
The **NWA Tennessee Tag Team Championship** was a secondary tag team title promoted as the name indicates mainly in the Tennessee region from 1967 until 1977, first by *Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling* and occasionally NWA Mid-America from 1967 to 1974 then by its successor *Southeast Championship Wrestling* from 1974 to 1977 when it was abandoned. Because the championship was a professional wrestling championship, it was not won or lost competitively but instead by the decision of the bookers of a wrestling promotion. The championship was awarded after the chosen wrestler \"won\" a match to maintain the illusion that professional wrestling is a competitive sport
| 110 |
NWA Tennessee Tag Team Championship
| 0 |
11,108,691 |
# Richard Johnson (entrepreneur)
**Richard Johnson** (born February 2, 1961) is an American businessman. As one of the first Silicon Alley pioneers, he started Hotjobs.com in 1996.
## Early life {#early_life}
Richard Johnson was born on February 2, 1961, in Danville, Pennsylvania. At the age of 11, Johnson moved with his family to New Jersey. After attending three different high schools in five years, Johnson studied at Bucknell University, where he was a member of Kappa Sigma fraternity. He graduated in 1984 with a B.A. in Political Science. In February of the following year, Johnson acquired his first job with Summit Staffing Partner s after answering their ad in the New York Times. Starting at \$150/week, Johnson remained in their employ until December 1987, when he left to embark on his own business ventures.
## Business career {#business_career}
### Early career {#early_career}
In January 1988, Johnson co-founded the RBL Agency with computer engineer Columbia graduate, Bennett Carroccio. RBL Agency, a specialized recruiting firm for technologists, was the first company to have a classified advertisement in The New York Times with an email address in 1993 and then a website in 1995. The agency went on to become OTEC Inc., one of New York City\'s largest technical recruiting firms. In 1997 OTEC Inc. opened its second office in San Francisco. By 1999, OTEC Inc. had over 65 recruiters in New York and San Francisco.
After seeing the success of his online efforts in 1995, Johnson realized the internet would be the biggest business opportunity in his lifetime; thus, he began to focus on building an internet company. His early efforts included creating New Media Labs, a Silicon Alley-based research and development firm, to construct technology for the Internet. Some of his first projects included building the largest transactional system in the world for Columbia House Records and network monitoring solutions for Merck Pharmaceuticals in early 1996.
### HotJobs
Johnson soon realized he was conducting more project-based work than anything else and came to see the significance of the Internet in the workplace. It was then that Johnson, with help from Carroccio, started developing OTEC Inc.'s website into the job board that would later become HotJobs.com. By February 1996, the web site was launched as a separate company and HotJobs was established as the world\'s first truly interactive job board, where companies could post job openings directly onto the World Wide Web and applicants could interact with them via the simple click of a button..
As the founder and CEO of HotJobs, Johnson's first advertising efforts included posting HotJobs as Yahoo!'s "site of the week" -- an ad that could be purchased for \$1,000 at the time. But, what he did next has been described as one of the "10 Gutsiest Moves in Entrepreneurial History." In 1999, Johnson startled the advertising world when he mortgaged his house and other assets to spend \$2 million on a single commercial ad during Super Bowl XXXIII, considering HotJobs' total revenues were approximately \$4 million at the time. It proved to be a very savvy investment, as over \$50 million in publicity was generated when news broke about Johnson's 30-second spot. Immediately following its air time, HotJobs\' servers were overwhelmed with requests and overnight Johnson had transformed his company into a giant.
In May 1999, Johnson completed his first round of financing through a venture capital firm, Generation Partners, and then immediately filed to take his company public. On August 16, Johnson completed the 1st IPO of HotJobs, which he later followed up with a secondary offering in November 1999; his efforts succeeded in raising over \$165 million in 1999 from outside public investors.
In March 2001, when Johnson realized his vision for the company was at odds with his board of directors, he stepped down as CEO and President of HotJobs, but remained an active chairman on the board. The next month, Johnson approached Andrew McKelvey, the CEO of TMP Worldwide Inc. and struck a deal to sell HotJobs to the owner of Monster.com. The transaction inevitably failed to close after the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) launched an Antitrust Case against the merger, allowing Yahoo to make an unsolicited bid and ultimately acquire HotJobs in February 2002 for \$436 million.
### Swanspoint
In 2014, Johnson bought the old Hatteras Yachts Plant in Swansboro, North Carolina, and anchored the facility, now under the name Swanspoint, with two core tenants, Armstrong Marine and Winter Custom Yachts. Swanspoint is now a boat manufacturing facility and full-service marine park.
In July 2022, Johnson successfully sold the marine manufacturing facility spanning over 60 acres, situated on the Intracoastal Waterway, to Marine Max.
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# Richard Johnson (entrepreneur)
## Business career {#business_career}
### Penderlea Farms {#penderlea_farms}
In 2016, Johnson bought a 575 acre farm in Burgaw, North Carolina, and started Penderlea Farms. Johnson purchased the farmland with a goal to grow and preserve historic Live Oak trees, namingly those mentioned in the Live Oaks Society---one of which was the Airlie Garden Live Oak, famously rooted in Wilmington, North Carolina. Johnson intends to carry on the DNA of these heirlooms into new generations.
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| 1 |
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# Richard Johnson (entrepreneur)
## Philanthropy
In the following months of 2002, Johnson moved to Jackson Hole, Wyoming, shifting his focus on raising his family and helping non-profit organizations (NPO). Meanwhile, Johnson took a position on the board at The Old Wilson Schoolhouse. As an active board member, he implemented a fundraising campaign to restore the building, brought in an anchor tenant The Pumpkin Patch Preschool that transitioned the community center into a concrete educational tool, and developed a monthly speaker program relying on Jackson Hole's most famous citizens.
### WildAid
In 2005, Johnson joined the board of WildAid, a wildlife conservation group, eventually assuming the roles of Trustee and chairman. He enlisted Emily Hickey, a former employee of Hotjobs, to serve as the Chief Operating Officer (COO) of the global NGO. Initially founded by four individuals, Emily strategically restructured WildAid, assigning two founders to concentrate on utilizing marketing campaigns to drive change. One of their most impactful taglines reads: " When the buying stops, the killing will too." This tagline was used in an effort to stop the illegal trade of killing endangered species.
### Masonboro.org
In 2005, Johnson became a member of the Bucknell Alumni Board and after moving he and his family to Wilmington, North Carolina, became a member of UNCW's Cameron School of Business Executive Advisory Board. In 2009, Johnson co-founded Masonboro.org to preserve and protect Masonboro Island, the largest barrier island in North Carolina. With Masonboro.org, Johnson developed the Island Explorers Program (ILX), an educational component through partnerships with the NC Coastal Reserve, Carolina Ocean Studies and New Hanover County Schools. ILX created a science-based field trip that would pair with the curriculum of 5th grade science objectives. The first of the ILX trips launched in Fall of 2013 with 50 students from Wrightsville Beach Elementary. Since then, the program has grown to bring in over 2000 students from every eligible school in New Hanover County.
By 2023, the program reached a significant milestone of 10,000 students completing the ILX trip.
### Trout Unlimited {#trout_unlimited}
Johnson's other non-profit work has included serving as a Trustee and Chairman on the Marketing Committee for Trout Unlimited between 2010 - 2018. During his years on the board for TU, Johnson helped grow their membership from 150,000 members to over 300,000 members.
### Burgaw Now {#burgaw_now}
In 2019, Johnson started the town revitalization project, [Burgaw Now](https://www.burgawnow.org), aimed at investing in businesses to revitalize Burgaw's historic town square. After purchasing several buildings downtown, Johnson partnered with Jay Kranchalk, a former Cape Fear Academy teacher, to open [Fat Daddy's Pizzeria](https://www.fatdaddyspizzamenu.com). The business opened in 2020. Johnson then partnered with Kevin and Emmaline Kozak to open [Burgaw Brewing](https://www.burgawbrewing.com), the town\'s first Brewpub in March 2023. [1](https://portcitydaily.com/brews-and-bites/2023/03/17/burgaws-first-brewery-opens-in-renovated-mid-century-building/?fbclid=IwAR0APUq4A_ZnwEeXinqCahsr8W_QOcePOGo6JlE3XGTymunjXZYdQ5Xdgw8) In 2023, Johnson was honored with the [David Brinkley Award by the Historic Wilmington Foundation](https://historicwilmington.org/2023-preservation-awards/) in recognition of his exceptional large-scale preservation efforts. The award highlighted his work on projects such as Burgaw Now, live oak conservation at Penderlea Farms, and Masonboro.org.
### Own Your Own {#own_your_own}
Founded in 2022, [Own Your Own (OYO)](https://www.ownyourown.com) comes as a culmination of Johnson's two greatest passions: helping entrepreneurs and giving back to the community. OYO is designed to give hopeful entrepreneurs the opportunity to connect with investors, open small businesses and help revitalize historic downtowns. Expanding upon the work of [Burgaw Now](https://www.burgawnow.org), OYO launched a nationwide restaurant challenge at the end of 2022 to give away a restaurant space in Burgaw, NC and up to one million dollars to outfit the space. [2](https://www.wilmingtonbiz.com/restaurants/2022/12/21/local_entrepreneur_to_host_competition_with_1m_burgaw_restaurant_as_prize/23997) The challenge attracted over 500 applicants from across the U.S. and Canada, each with their own concept and vision for the space. The goal of the competition was to find the best fit for the town of Burgaw and to provide the opportunity of ownership for an eager entrepreneur. On Oct 19, 2023, 24 finalists arrived in Burgaw to compete in a series of challenges that would help determine the winner. This included a Town-Square Cookoff where 200 community members cast their votes for their favorite concepts, as well as a number of challenges hosted by award-winning area chef judges. On October 29, Karoline Schwartz of Tabernash, Colorado was named the winner of the first OYO Nationwide Restaurant Challenge. [3](https://www.starnewsonline.com/story/lifestyle/food/2023/10/30/colorado-chef-wins-contest-to-open-her-own-restaurant-in-burgaw/71326175007/)
Shortly after the conclusion of the competition, Schwartz decided not to proceed with the restaurant in Burgaw. OYO has since shifted gears and is now planning for two restaurant openings by 2026. Runner-up Vincent Mangual, a beloved figure in town, will relocate from New York to Burgaw to establish a deli/marketplace on W. Fremont Avenue. Meanwhile, Khristen Hunter, the local restaurant standout from the top six will spearhead a southern farm-to-table restaurant on W. Courthouse Avenue. [4](https://www.wect.com/2024/03/11/own-your-own-founder-announces-two-new-restaurants-coming-burgaw/)
OYO continues to explore opportunities to connect entrepreneurs with opportunities to open businesses that can help to revitalize small towns. [5](https://www.ownyourown.com)
| 802 |
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| 2 |
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# Richard Johnson (entrepreneur)
## Public Image {#public_image}
Johnson is widely recognized as a leading expert in both the recruiting and marketing fields, as well as a pioneer in the Internet business world. His efforts in Super Bowl XXXIII that took HotJobs from the 270th most recognized brand on the internet to the 6th most recognized overnight have cemented his reputation in entrepreneurial successes. Johnson's success has led to a slew of interviews from all major print, digital, and on-air network news programs, including The Today Show, Good Morning America, NBC Nightly News, ABC World News Tonight, CNN, USA Today, Washington Post, New York Post, and Wall Street Journal as he frequently attracts media for interviews and quotes. Johnson has used his expertise to help Masonboro.org, and most recently, Burgaw Now, achieve significant brand awareness in each of their markets.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Johnson is a member of multiple country clubs, including Eagles Mere Country Club and Cape Fear Country Club. But, his true passion is Fly Fishing, which has taken him to multiple countries around the world
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| 3 |
11,108,695 |
# 2005 Caymanian general election
General elections were held in the Cayman Islands on 11 May 2005.
They were won by the People\'s Progressive Movement, which took 10 of the 15 seats in the Legislative Assembly. Following the elections, Kurt Tibbetts was re-elected as the Leader of Government Business.
## Results
### By district {#by_district}
District Candidate Party Votes
------------------------------- --------------------------------- ------- ------- -------
Bodden Town **Anthony Eden** 1,623 73.17
**Charles Clifford** 1,186 53.47
**Osbourne Bodden** 1,140 51.40
Mark Scotland 908 40.94
Roy Bodden 721 32.51
Gilbert McLean 557 25.11
Mary J. Lawrence 221 9.96
Sandra Catron 131 5.91
Cayman Brac and Little Cayman **Julianna O\'Connor-Connolly** 423 55.73
**Moses Ian Kirkconnell** 380 50.07
Lyndon Leathon Martin 286 37.68
Audley U. Scott 137 18.05
Cantrell Scott 61 8.04
Kelly Thompson 57 7.51
Maxine Avon Moore-McCoy 32 4.22
East End **Arden McLean** 344 64.66
John Bonwell McLean Sr. 188 35.34
George Town **Kurt Tibbetts** 2,529 69.25
**Alden McLaughlin** 2,328 63.75
**Lucille Dell Seymour** 2,125 58.19
**Alfonso Wright** 1,646 45.07
Dr. Frank Swarre McField 875 23.96
Linford Ainsworth Pierson 848 23.22
Beulah McField 700 19.17
Lloyd Austin Samson 659 18.04
Ellio Solomon 613 16.79
Berna Thompson Cummins 589 16.13
John Henry Ebanks 567 15.53
Gary Rankin 401 10.98
Steve Blair 295 8.08
North Side **Edna Moyle** 278 56.39
Alex E Johnson 152 30.83
Bo Miller 63 12.78
West Bay **McKeeva Bush** 1,699 63.49
**Rolston Anglin** 1,404 52.47
**Cline Glidden** 1,296 48.43
**Eugene Ebanks** 1,240 46.34
Leonard N. Ebanks 1,012 37.82
Bernie A. Bush 964 36.02
Mario E Ebanks 940 35.13
Dalkeith E. Bothwell 757 28.29
Thomas Jefferson 740 27.65
John Jefferson Jr. 152 5.68
John Jefferson Sr. 82 3.06
Cadian Ebanks 58 2
| 280 |
2005 Caymanian general election
| 0 |
11,108,700 |
# Provincial Marine
The **Provincial Marine** or **Marine Department** was a coastal protection service in charge of the waters in the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence River and parts of Lake Champlain under British control. While ships of the Provincial Marine were designated HMS, they were operated in more of a coast guard manner than as a full-fledged navy. Most ships of the Provincial Marine were built on the Great Lakes.
## Creation and organization {#creation_and_organization}
A British coastal force was created during the Seven Years\' War, when a Royal Navy detachment operated vessels against the French on Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence River and Lake Champlain. During the American Revolutionary War, a flotilla composed of 300 sailors maintained supply routes and supported military actions in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. The Provincial Marine followed the practices and rank structure of the Royal Navy, but with some flexibility.
On 11 October 1776, a flotilla of gunboats partially manned by members of the coastal force defeated an American force on Lake Champlain. In 1777, the unit transported supplies for General John Burgoyne\'s Saratoga campaign. In 1779, the naval base at Carleton Island was established and foraging patrols were sent to operate on Lake Huron between Michilimackinac and Detroit. By 1780, the coastal force had thirteen vessels in service; five vessels Lake Ontario and nine on Lake Erie. Following the war, the unit diminished in size, slowly becoming known as the Provincial Marine. The unit was transferred to the department of the Quartermaster-General to the Forces of the British Army following the war. The Provincial Marine was controlled by the army and manned by personnel borrowed from the navy, by soldiers, and by direct recruitment of Great Lakes sailors. The Provincial Marine used mostly lightly-armed topsail schooners for transportation purposes, with the exception of the brig `{{HMS|General Gage||2}}`{=mediawiki}. When the Provincial Marine was not in use by the military, the ships and personnel were occasionally loaned out to merchants in the fur trade.
The Provincial Marine\'s main base was Carleton Island, on Lake Ontario from 1785--1789. The headquarters was moved to Point Frederick, Kingston in Upper Canada and was used from this location from 1789 until 1813. Merchants who were originally on Carleton Island and moved to Kingston used Provincial Marine vessels for transshipment of goods. Further bases were established at Amherstburg and Quebec City. Kingston and Amherstburg each housed one squadron of ships each, for Lake Ontario and Lake Erie respectively.
The Provincial Marine paid lower wages than private enterprises operating on the Great Lakes. Sailors could earn extra money working in the organization\'s shipyards. However, the more competent sailors were retained aboard the ships and the less competent were sent to work in the yards. Therefore the better sailors were prevented from making better money and led to the service being short of qualified sailors.
The Royal Navy was responsible for all other bodies of waters off Canada. In 1812, the Provincial Marine operated only four vessels armed with 20 short-barreled guns, and seven vessels in total. The force comprised 9 officers, 101 seamen and 5 artificers at the opening of the War of 1812 at Kingston. The Lake Erie division was in disrepair by 1812, with one serviceable ship, one falling into disrepair and one incapable of sailing.
### War of 1812 {#war_of_1812}
During the War of 1812, the Royal Navy also assumed direct control of the Provincial Marine\'s vessels in 1813, after the Provincial Marine performed poorly in 1812 against Commodore Isaac Chauncey\'s American Lake Ontario squadron.
The Royal Navy units under Commodore Sir James Lucas Yeo began commanding the facility after May 1813; the dockyard on Point Frederick grew rapidly. By the end of 1814, the dockyard produced the largest naval squadron on the Great Lakes with 1,600 personnel serving on the flagship *St Lawrence* and on other vessels. Commodore Yeo replaced most of the provincial officers with Royal Navy officers. Frederick became the permanent Lake Ontario base of the British naval establishment and the headquarters of the senior naval officer on all the Great Lakes.
| 681 |
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11,108,700 |
# Provincial Marine
## Creation and organization {#creation_and_organization}
### Creation of Great Lakes Navy {#creation_of_great_lakes_navy}
Since a change of command was insufficient to revitalize the whole lake service, and to counter the activity of the United States Navy it was decided to incorporate all the naval forces and establishments on the lake into the Royal Navy. Commanded by Commodore Sir James Yeo, the Royal Navy took over operations on the Great Lakes from the Provincial Marine in 1813--1815. Sir Edward W. C. Owen commanded the Lakes Service for a short period in 1815. Sir Robert Hall, who was ordered to establish a "respectable naval force", took command of the Lakes Service in October 1815. Commodore Sir Robert Hall took command of the Kingston skow listed as 56 guns in April 1817. In 1817, the Rush--Bagot Treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes and limited future naval forces in commission on each lake to a single 100-ton gunboat armed with one gun for a total of four vessels.
After Hall laid up the wartime fleet in reserve in Kingston, he left Canada in July 1818. Robert Barrie commanded the Lakes Service from 1819--20. To house the gear of the warships of 1812 laid up in Navy Bay, Captain Barrie built the Stone Frigate in Kingston Dockyard. Captain Barrie expedited the repair of the vessels at the bases in case of any emergency. In August 1827, the schooner `{{HMS|Cockburn||2}}`{=mediawiki}, was commissioned as the first of the Rush-Bagot treaty gunboats. In 1831, he was ordered by the Admiralty to sell off the old warships of 1812 and to prepare to close down the dockyard fit. He remained there until June 1834, when the inland naval establishment was abolished. In 1834, he was ordered to strike his broad pennant and pay off *Cockburn* (and later sold 1837). After *St Lawrence* was sold, for \$9,925, the other old warships remained as hulks in the Navy Bay or \"in frame\" on the stocks on Point Frederick. The naval stores were sold, or sent down to Quebec City for carriage to England. Barrie, a popular figure in Kingston, left for England.
While the treaty banned naval activity in the Great Lakes, the Provincial Marine was reassigned under the waterborne or marine units of the arm of the Canadian Militia and later under the Militia Department. In 1910, the Provincial Marine was replaced by the Naval Service of Canada (under the *Naval Service Act*).
## Commodores of the Provincial Marine {#commodores_of_the_provincial_marine}
After Commodore Andrews was drowned in the Ontario, Commodore Rene Hypolite Pepin de Laforce, a naval officer, was appointed to command the Provincial Marine on Point Frederick, Lake Ontario on November 15, 1780 and retained the position until 1786. Commodore David Betton commanded the Provincial Marine from 1786 to 1802. Commodore Jean-Baptiste Bouchette commanded the Provincial Marine from 1802 to 1804. Commodore John Steel commanded the Provincial Marine 1804--12; he retired at 75 years of age. Commodore Hugh Earle, a son-in-law of Molly Brant who had been commissioned in the lake service in 1792, commanded the Provincial Marine from 1812--13.
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# Provincial Marine
## Bases
List of bases that existed prior to 1796 and ones that continued to operate until 1850s.
**Lake Ontario**
- Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard (1788--1853)
- Naval Shipyards, York (Upper Canada) (1790s--1813)
- Carleton Island Dockyard (1779--1789)
**Lake Erie**
- Grand River Naval Depot (proposed/never built)
- Amherstburg Royal Naval Dockyard (1796--1813)
- Navy Island Royal Naval Shipyard (1763--1822)
**Georgian Bay**/**Lake Huron**
- Pentanguishene Naval Yard (1813--1856)
## Fleet
## Nova Scotia Provincial Marine {#nova_scotia_provincial_marine}
The British colony of Nova Scotia began a Provincial Marine in 1750s but the unit\'s history is limited. What is known is the acquisition of a private vessel, `{{ship||Montague|brigantine|2}}`{=mediawiki} in May 1759. The brigantine was a privately built and owned vessel launched in 1759 on behalf of the government. It was used to transport settlers and provide coastal protection during Seven Years\' War. It was sunk in December 1760
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# Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen
**Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen** is a bilingual comprehensive secondary school for pupils aged 11--18. The school is situated in Caernarfon, Gwynedd, Wales. The school was established in 1894, the first to be built under the *Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889*, which was heavily influenced by the educator Sir Hugh Owen, after whom the school was named.
As of 2024, there were 926 pupils enrolled at the school. Its current headteacher is Paul Mathews Jones. It serves the town of Caernarfon and the nearby villages, which include; Bontnewydd, Caeathro, Y Felinheli, Llandwrog, Rhosgadfan and Rhostryfan.
Welsh is the school\'s main language of communication and administration. All subjects, except Welsh and English, are taught to all pupils using both languages. According to the latest Estyn report in 2024, 89.6 per cent of pupils speak Welsh at home.
There is also a sixth form, which enables students to stay at the school for a further two years instead of having to transfer to college.
## History
### Establishment
As an advocate of education reform, Hugh Owen recognised the need for improvements in the schools of Wales. Being both a member of the British and Foreign School Society and the Cambrian Educational Society, Owen enthusiastically supported the idea of non-denominational day schools. During the 1840s he wrote two letters to the people of Wales, acknowledging the need to establish such schools. His efforts were partially successful, as it consequently lead to the creation of a number of schools in the country, but many schools suffered from a lack of qualified teachers. In order to train teachers, Owen saw the need to be a benefactor of more universities, those being Bangor Normal College, Swansea University, and University College of Wales in 1875. Upon retiring to raise funds for the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth, Owen turned his attention once more to the need of education reform in schools. Owen wanted to qualify students sufficiently to be accepted by the newly established universities. At a lecture at the 1880 National Eisteddfod in Caernarfon, Owen read a paper entitled *Intermediate Education in Ireland and Secondary Education in Wales* to members of the Cymmrodorion, where he highlighted the need of more intermediate schools. The following year Owen was knighted for his services in education, but died three months after, aged 77.
The paper he read would eventually lead to the passing of the *Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889*. The purpose of the act was detailed in clause two, as follows;
The first intermediate school was established in Caernarfon, to serve the whole of Caernarfonshire. Royal assent was given in 1893 and the school opened in February 1894. The school was later renamed in Sir Owen\'s honour, but was at the time known as the Caernarvon County School due to the county-wide provision of the new schools.
### Attempt to burn down the school {#attempt_to_burn_down_the_school}
On 15 August 1914, the County School was a target of a failed attempt to burn the building down. It was suspected that the Suffrage movement was responsible for the attempt, and did the act as a protest.
## Notable former pupils {#notable_former_pupils}
- Guto Bebb -- Conservative Member of Parliament for Aberconwy
- Nathan Craig -- footballer, Caernarfon Football Club (ex Everton and Wales U21)
- William David Davies -- Presbyterian minister and writer on theological topics
- Wyn Davies -- former footballer for Bolton, Newcastle Utd., Manchester Utd
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# Sir William Parker, 3rd Baronet
**Sir William Lorenzo Parker, 3rd Baronet** (9 January 1889 -- 27 October 1971) was a British rower who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Parker was born in Kensington, London. He inherited the baronetcy on the death of Sir William Biddulph Parker, 2nd Baronet on 23 January 1902. He was educated at New College, Oxford. He was a member of the New College eight which won the silver medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
In April 1913, Parker was appointed Assistant Inspector by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Parker was Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire from 1959 to 1964
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| 0 |
11,108,710 |
# Tor Kamata
**McRonald Kamaka** (March 9, 1937 -- July 23, 2007) was an American-Canadian professional wrestler known by the ring name **Tor Kamata**. He won several heavyweight and tag team championships, most notably the PWF World Heavyweight Championship in All Japan Pro Wrestling and the AWA World Tag Team Championship in the American Wrestling Association. He was a classic heel, reviled for dirty tricks in the ring, included rubbing salt in his opponent\'s eyes.
## Professional wrestling career {#professional_wrestling_career}
After returning to Hawaii after leaving the United States Air Force, 50th State Big Time Wrestling promoter Ed Francis convinced Kamaka to try professional wrestling. He was given the name Tor Kamata in reference to Tomas De Torquemada of the Spanish Inquisition. He also worked as Dr. Moto, holding the American Wrestling Association\'s AWA World Tag Team Championship with Mitsu Arakawa. One of his signature moves, the \"judo chop\" became a popular phrase for all types of martial arts strikes in the 1960s, even being mentioned by Snoopy in the comic strip *Peanuts* (21 December 1964, 14 January 1967). A generation later, the phrase was satirised in the *Austin Powers* films.
In the early 1970s, Kamata worked for Stampede Wrestling in Canada, where he held the Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship three times. In the promotion, he feuded with Dan Kroffat.
In 1976 and 1977, Kamata wrestled in the World Wide Wrestling Federation. Managed by Freddie Blassie, he had two memorable matches with Bob Backlund when Backlund was on the brink of becoming the WWWF Champion. In the first, Kamata threw salt into Backlund\'s eyes, which set the stage for a televised Texas Death match, aired May 7, 1977. Again Kamata threw salt in Backlund\'s eyes, so Backlund merely used the referee\'s shirt to wipe it out. Then Backlund delivered an Atomic Knee Drop and won the match. At the time, Superstar Billy Graham had just defeated Bruno Sammartino for the championship and Backlund was being built up as the number one contender.
After WWWF, Kamata worked for All Japan Pro Wrestling in 1978 where he worked there to the end of his career.
Kamata returned to WWWF, now WWF in 1980 feuding with WWF Champion Bob Backlund and Pedro Morales. He left later that year and returned to Japan. He worked in various territories until his retirement in 1987.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kamata was an amateur wrestler during high school. He was a club bouncer before becoming a professional wrestler. He joined the United States Air Force and trained with amateur wrestlers in Turkey. During the 1970s, he owned restaurants in Calgary, Alberta, and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, where he also ran a shiatsu business.
Kamata died on July 23, 2007, in Saskatoon after almost a decade of heart disease.
## Championships and accomplishments {#championships_and_accomplishments}
- **50th State Big Time Wrestling**
- NWA Hawaii Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
- NWA North American Heavyweight Championship *(Hawaii version)* (1 time)
- NWA Pacific International Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **All Japan Pro Wrestling**
- PWF World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- World\'s Strongest Tag Determination League Outstanding Performance Award (1978) - with Abdullah the Butcher & The Sheik
- **American Wrestling Association**
- AWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Mitsu Arakawa
- **Southwest Sports, Inc
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| 0 |
11,108,726 |
# Kissui
is a brand of vodka from Japan. In 2007, it was the only Japanese vodka available in the US. Kissui is distilled and bottled by Takara Shuzo in Kyoto, Japan. It is distilled from rice then blended with natural spring water from Fushimi, Kyoto
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Kissui
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# Thomas Gillespie (rower)
**Thomas Cunningham Gillespie** (14 December 1892 -- 18 October 1914) was a Scottish rower who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was killed in action in the First World War.
Gillespie was the son of Thomas Paterson Gillespie and his wife, Elizabeth Hall Chalmers of Longcroft Linlithgow. He was educated at Cargilfield Preparatory School Cramond Bridge, Winchester College and New College, Oxford. He rowed for his college for three years when they were twice Head of the River and was a member of the New College eight which won the silver medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Gillespie obtained a university commission in the King\'s Own Scottish Borderers and joined them on the outbreak of the First World War. He was a lieutenant in the First Battle of the Aisne. He was killed in action at La Bassée, aged 21. His remains were not recovered. His name is recorded on the Le Touret Memorial nearby. His brother Alexander Douglas Gillespie was also killed in the war, and his letters are preserved.
During an edition of BBC television\'s *Countryfile* screened on 9 November 2014, it was revealed that Gillespie is the great-uncle of presenter Tom Heap
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| 0 |
11,108,820 |
# Canon II
The Canon rangefinders of the late 1940s and early 1950s are Leica-compatible screw-mount cameras. Many were brought to the U.S. by servicemen who bought them while visiting Japan during the Korean War. Typically these were mounted with a 50mm Serenar (later, Canon) lens.
Many of these can still be used, and are similar in function to the Leica III. The top speed is 1/500. Some models are flash synchronized, using Canon\'s side-rail synch contacts. The lens mount is compatible with all standard Leitz M39 mount lenses
The original ones came with a spring-loaded takeup spool that most photographers found easier to use than the one provided by Leica---many are now missing the spool since the spools were taken for use in Leica cameras.
Unlike many Leica copies, quality control and finish are fully up to Leitz standards.
The noticeable difference between The Canon and other LTM (leica thread mount) rangefinders is the angled cornered casing.
Where the Canon cameras surpass the Leica is the finder. Viewfinder and rangefinder are integrated, and a three-way switch allows a view for 50mm, 100mm, and critical rangefinder use. This arrangement made the viewfinders on Canon II/III/IV cameras tend to be dimmer and less brilliant than their counterparts found in Leica or other Barnack-style copy cameras
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| 0 |
11,108,826 |
# Beaufort Burdekin
**Beaufort Burdekin** (27 December 1891 -- 15 May 1963) was a British rower who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Burdekin was born in Dorset but came from an Australian family after whom the Burdekin River was named. He was educated at Cheltenham College and at New College, Oxford. He was a crew member of the New College eight which won the silver medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1914 he was a member of the Oxford Boat in the Boat Race.
Burdekin became a member of Inner Temple. He served in the Royal Field Artillery during World War I and was wounded in action in France. In 1920 he went with his family to Sydney, Australia where he was a barrister.
Burdekin married the feminist novelist Katharine Penelope Cade in 1915. They had two daughters, Katharine Jayne (b. 1917) and Helen Eugenie (b. 1920). The marriage ended in 1922
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11,108,867 |
# 1906 World Figure Skating Championships
The **World Figure Skating Championships** is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion.
The 1952 men\'s competition took place on February 4 in Munich, German Empire. Ulrich Salchow did not participate because he feared that the judgement would not be fair in Gilber Fuchs\' hometown Munich. The ladies\' competition took place from January 28 to 29 in Davos, Switzerland. It was the first World Championships in figure skating for ladies.
## Results
### Men
Rank Name Age CF FS Total
------- ----------------- ----- ---- ------ ---- ----- -------
**1** Gilbert Fuchs 35 1 2917 1 770 3687
**2** Heinrich Burger 24 4 2455 2 709 3164
**3** Bror Meyer 20 2 2520 4 511 3031
4 Karl Zenger 32 5 2351 3 616 2967
5 Per Thorén 21 3 2462 6 490 2952
6 Anton Steiner 6 2167 5 497 2664
7 Martin Gordan 29 7 1807 7 392 2199
Judges:
- Ludwig Fänner
- C. Gützlaff
- O. Henning
- Robert Holletschek
- Otto Schöning
### Ladies
Rank Name Places
------- -------------------------- --------
**1** Madge Syers-Cave 5
**2** Jenny Herz 13
**3** Lily Kronberger 13.5
4 Elsa Rendschmidt 21.5
5 Dorothy Greenhough-Smith 22
Judges:
- P. Birum
- E. Collingwood
- Tibor Földváry
- M. Holtz
- H
| 230 |
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| 0 |
11,108,874 |
# Frederick Pitman
**Frederick Archibald Hugo Pitman** (1 June 1892 -- 25 July 1963) was a Scottish rower who competed for Great Britain and Ireland in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Pitman was born in Edinburgh, the son of Frederick I Pitman, an eminent rower. He was educated at Eton College, where he was a successful half-miler and a member of the college eight. He went on to New College, Oxford. In 1912, he was bowman of the winning Oxford boat in the Boat Race. He was then a crew member of the New College eight, which won the silver medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1914 he stroked the unsuccessful Oxford crew in the Boat Race.
On the outbreak of the First World War, Pitman joined the 3rd Battalion of the Royal Scots. He survived the war, and died in London at the age of 71
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# Arthur Wiggins
**Arthur Frederick Reginald Wiggins** (4 December 1891 -- 23 July 1961) was a British rower who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Wiggins was born in Bournemouth. He was educated at New College, Oxford. In 1912 he was a member of the Oxford Boat in the Boat Race. He was then a crew member of the New College eight, which won the silver medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics. Wiggins rowed for Oxford again in the Boat Race in 1913 and 1914
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Arthur Wiggins
| 0 |
11,108,915 |
# Three-sector model
The **three-sector model** in economics divides economies into three sectors of activity: extraction of raw materials (primary), manufacturing (secondary), and service industries which exist to facilitate the transport, distribution and sale of goods produced in the secondary sector (tertiary). The model was developed by Allan Fisher, Colin Clark, and Jean Fourastié in the first half of the 20th century, and is a representation of an industrial economy. It has been criticised as inappropriate as a representation of the economy in the 21st century.
According to the three-sector model, the main focus of an economy\'s activity shifts from the primary through the secondary and finally to the tertiary sector. Countries with a low per capita income are in an early state of development; the main part of their national income is achieved through production in the primary sector. Countries in a more advanced state of development, with a medium national income, generate their income mostly in the secondary sector. In highly developed countries with a high income, the tertiary sector dominates the total output of the economy.
The rise of the post-industrial economy in which an increasing proportion of economic activity is not directly related to physical goods has led some economists to expand the model by adding a fourth quaternary or fifth quinary sectors, while others have ceased to use the model.
## Structural transformation according to Fourastié {#structural_transformation_according_to_fourastié}
Fourastié saw the process as essentially positive, and in *The Great Hope of the Twentieth Century* he wrote of the increase in quality of life, social security, blossoming of education and culture, higher level of qualifications, humanisation of work, and avoidance of unemployment. The distribution of the workforce among the three sectors progresses through different stages as follows, according to Fourastié:
### First phase: Traditional civilizations {#first_phase_traditional_civilizations}
Workforce quotas:
- Primary sector: 64.5%
- Secondary sector: 20%
- Tertiary sector: 15.5%
This phase represents a society which is scientifically not yet very developed, with a negligible use of machinery. The state of development corresponds to that of European countries in the early Middle Ages, or that of a modern-day developing country.
### Second phase: Transitional period {#second_phase_transitional_period}
Workforce quotas:
- Primary sector: 40%
- Secondary sector: 40%
- Tertiary sector: 20%
More machinery is deployed in the primary sector, which reduces the number of workers needed to produce a given output of food and raw materials. Since the food requirements of a given population do not change much, employment in agriculture declines as a proportion of the population.
As a result, the demand for machinery production in the secondary sector increases and workers move from agriculture to manufacturing. The transitional way or phase begins with an event which can be identified with the industrialisation: far-reaching mechanisation (and therefore automation) of manufacture, such as the use of conveyor belts. The tertiary sector begins to develop, as do the financial sector and the power of the state.
### Third phase: Tertiary civilization {#third_phase_tertiary_civilization}
Workforce quotas:
- Primary sector: 10%
- Secondary sector: 20%
- Tertiary sector: 70%
The primary and secondary sectors are increasingly dominated by automation, and the demand for workforce numbers falls in these sectors. It is replaced by the growing demands of the tertiary sector, where productivity growth is slower.
### Criticism of Fourastié\'s model {#criticism_of_fourastiés_model}
Various empirical studies seemingly confirm the three-sector hypothesis, but employment in the primary sector fell far more than Fourastié predicted. Germany\'s Federal Statistical Office study shows the following employment proportions for 2014: primary sector at 1.5%, secondary sector at 24.6%, and tertiary sector at 73.9%. Fourastié made four predictions which turned out to be incorrect :
Fourastié predicted that the transition from the secondary to the tertiary sector would eliminate the problem of unemployment as this sector could not be rationalized. When he conceived of the theory in the 1930s, he did not foresee the technological progress made in the service sector, notably the invention of the computer and the advent of the Information Age. Fourastié incorrectly predicted that there would be no country in the highly developed third phase which also has a significant secondary sector. And yet in the German economy, although the secondary sector has sharply declined since the 1950s, it was not to the level that Fourastié predicted, due to Germany\'s high exports. Another incorrect prediction was that the tertiary sector would always place high demands on employees in terms of education, which is not the case, since the service occupations also include cleaning services, shoeshining, parcel delivery service etc. The high level of income equality predicted by Fourastié also did not take place; in fact, the opposite development has happened: the inequality of income distribution has been increasing in most OECD countries. Fourastié described the tertiary sector - which is usually seen as equivalent with the service sector - as a production sector enjoying little to no technical progress and thus offering at best a slight increase in labor productivity. Confinement of the service sector within the tertiary sector today is only tenable in few areas.`{{Clarify|reason=What does this mean?|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki} Instead, the addition of the fourth \"information sector\" can be seen, leading towards the development of a knowledge society.
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# Three-sector model
## Extensions to the three-sector model {#extensions_to_the_three_sector_model}
Further development has led to the service or post-industrial society. Today the service sector has grown to such an enormous size that it is sometimes further divided into an information-based quaternary sector, and even a quinary sector based on human services.
### Quaternary sector {#quaternary_sector}
The quaternary sector, sometimes referred to as the research and development sector, consists mainly of businesses providing information services, intellectual activities and knowledge based activities aimed at future growth and development.
Activities include, and are mainly composed of: scientific research, ICT/computing, education, consulting, information management and financial planning.
Contrary to what might be inferred from the naming convention, the quaternary sector does not add value to the outputs of the tertiary sector, but provides services directly with limited reliance on purchased inputs. The output of the quaternary sector is difficult to measure. The volume of information produced has grown rapidly, in line with Moore\'s Law.
### Quinary sector {#quinary_sector}
The quinary sector features the highest level decision-making in the economy. There is not a set definition for the quinary sector, and opinions about what is included within it vary significantly.
Sometimes, only members of government, CEOs and business executives, financial and legal consultants, staff of universities, and managers of non-profits are included. Educators, research scientists, healthcare workers, and media employees may also be included. Others define it as the creation or non-routine use of information and new technologies. In the more liberal definitions, there is considerable overlap with the quaternary sector.
Frequently referred to as 'gold collar' professions, many positions in the quinary sector are often highly paid.
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# Three-sector model
## Value added, national accounts and the three sector model {#value_added_national_accounts_and_the_three_sector_model}
The 3 sector model is closely related to the development of national accounts, notably by Colin Clark. The concept of value added is central to national accounting. Value added in the secondary sector of the economy (manufacturing) is equal to the difference between the (wholesale) value of goods produced and the cost of raw materials supplied by the primary sector. Similarly, the value added by the tertiary sector is equal to the difference between the retail price paid by consumers and the wholesale price paid to manufacturers.
The concept of value added is less useful in relation to the quaternary and quinary sectors
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# 2007 Danish general election
General elections were held in Denmark on 13 November 2007. The elections allowed prime minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen to continue for a third term in a coalition government consisting of Venstre and the Conservative People\'s Party with parliamentary support from the Danish People\'s Party. They were the first elections held using the current constituencies.
## Electoral system {#electoral_system}
The 179 members of the Folketing were elected by party-list proportional representation in multi-member constituencies, with levelling seats filled using overall party vote shares. The districts were re-drawn prior to the elections, reducing the number to 12, which elected between two and 20 members.
## Contesting parties {#contesting_parties}
Party
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
Denmark proper
bgcolor=`{{party color|Christian Democrats (Denmark)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Christian Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Conservative People's Party (Denmark)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Conservative People\'s Party
bgcolor=`{{party color|Danish People's Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Danish People\'s Party
bgcolor=`{{party color|Danish Social Liberal Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Danish Social Liberal Party
bgcolor=`{{party color|New Alliance (Denmark)}}`{=mediawiki}\| New Alliance
bgcolor=`{{party color|Red-Green Alliance (Denmark)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Red-Green Alliance
bgcolor=`{{party color|Social Democrats (Denmark)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Social Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Socialist People's Party (Denmark)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Socialist People\'s Party
bgcolor=`{{party color|Venstre (Denmark)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Venstre
Faroe Islands
Centre Party
People\'s Party
Republic
Self-Government Party
Social Democratic Party
Union Party
Greenland
bgcolor=`{{party color|Atassut}}`{=mediawiki}\| Atassut
bgcolor=`{{party color|Democrats (Greenland)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Democrats
bgcolor=`{{party color|Inuit Ataqatigiit}}`{=mediawiki}\| Inuit Ataqatigiit
bgcolor=`{{party color|Siumut}}`{=mediawiki}\| Siumut
### Coalitions
According to the Constitution of Denmark, Denmark is governed according to the principle of negative parliamentarism, meaning that while a government doesn\'t need the majority of seats in parliament, it must never have a majority of seats against it in a vote of no confidence. Before the ongoing elections, this was relevant since the government, consisting of the Conservative People\'s Party and the Liberals did not have a majority of seats, but depended on the support of the Danish People\'s Party. Early opinion polls showed that neither a right-wing or a left-wing government could gather enough seats to be in government without the support of the newly established New Alliance. This caused a lot of interest, since New Alliance had stated that they would first give the government the opportunity to propose a programme for government, but that they would not definitely support a right-wing government prior to seeing how many of their political agendas they could work together on. Many people were unsure how this would be possible, since New Alliance was originally formed to limit the influence of the Danish People\'s Party, without whom a right-wing government did not seem possible in opinion polls. After the elections, however, it was clear that New Alliance did not get enough seats in parliament to break the previous right-wing majority.
### The opposition {#the_opposition}
Shortly after the elections were called, the Social Liberal Party stated that they supported a government led by the Social Democrats. The Red-Green Alliance support a left-wing government almost by default. The Socialist People\'s Party also support a left-wing government, and have stated that they wish to not only support such a government but to be a part of it. In spite of a dramatic increase in support of the Socialist People\'s Party in opinion polls, these four parties never stood to get enough seats in parliament to head a government. Consequently, prior to the election, Helle Thorning-Schmidt (the leader of the Social Democrats) invited both New Alliance and the Conservative People\'s Party to participate in a centre-left government, but both parties refused.
### Early election {#early_election}
Danish prime minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen announced this election date on 24 October 2007. The election was held ahead of time in the sense that by law, the election needed to be held before 8 February 2009, four years after the previous election.
Anders Fogh Rasmussen explained that the elections were called early to allow the parliament to work on important upcoming topics without being distracted by a future election. Referring specifically to welfare reform, he said rival parties would then try to outdo each other with expensive reforms which would damage the Danish economy.
### Parties that had previously declared their intention to run {#parties_that_had_previously_declared_their_intention_to_run}
The Centre Democrats lacked about 2,000 - 3,000 of the required 20,000 signatures in order to run in the 2007 election when Anders Fogh Rasmussen called it on 24 October, meaning that they won\'t be able to run. The Liberalists had reached 5,000 signatures. The Danish Ministry of Welfare has registered more than 70 parties that had not handed in the required number of signatures.
## Campaign
Several topics have been mentioned as central to the election. These include welfare, taxes, immigration, and the health system. The election also clears the Rasmussen government from having a potentially unpopular parliamentary debate on the European Union Treaty of Lisbon, as it will become a topic in the election instead.
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# 2007 Danish general election
## Results
The Socialist People\'s Party had the election\'s largest gain, securing 23 seats in the new parliament compared to 11 in the 2005 elections. The Danish People\'s Party gained one additional seat, leaving it at 25. The New Alliance secured five seats in its first election, a result lower than projected in earlier opinion polls.
The biggest setback was suffered by the Danish Social Liberal Party which was reduced from 17 seats to 9. The Liberals lost six seats leaving it at 46, and the party remains the biggest party for the third consecutive election. The Social Democrats lost two seats, leaving it at 45. The Red-Green Alliance lost two seats leaving it at four seats, just above the 2% threshold.
The Conservative People\'s Party ensured marginal gains, but no additional seats, leaving it at 18 seats. The Christian Democrats did not ensure representation.
Greenland\'s vote resulted in one seat for Siumut and one for Inuit Ataqatigiit. The Faroe Islands returned Høgni Hoydal representing the Republican Party, its second seat went to the Union Party, a seat gained from the People\'s Party which did not achieve representation.
`{{Election results
|image=[[File:2007 Danish general election Result.svg]]
|header1=Denmark proper
|party2=[[Venstre (Denmark)|Venstre]]|votes2=908472|seats2=46|sc2=–6
|party3=[[Social Democrats (Denmark)|Social Democrats]]|votes3=881037|seats3=45|sc3=–2
|party4=[[Danish People's Party]]|votes4=479532|seats4=25|sc4=+1
|party5=[[Socialist People's Party (Denmark)|Socialist People's Party]]|votes5=450975|seats5=23|sc5=+12
|party6=[[Conservative People's Party (Denmark)|Conservative People's Party]]|votes6=359404|seats6=18|sc6=0
|party7=[[Danish Social Liberal Party]]|votes7=177161|seats7=9|sc7=–8
|party8=[[Liberal Alliance (Denmark)|New Alliance]]|votes8=97295|seats8=5|sc8=New|color8={{party color|New Alliance (Denmark)}}
|party9=[[Red–Green Alliance (Denmark)|Red–Green Alliance]]|votes9=74982|seats9=4|sc9=–2
|party10=[[Christian Democrats (Denmark)|Christian Democrats]]|votes10=30013|seats10=0|sc10=0
|party11=Independents|votes11=549|seats11=0|sc11=0
|invalid=24113
|total_sc=0
|electorate=4022920
|embedded = {{Election results|embed=y|header1=Faroe Islands
|party2=[[Republic (Faroe Islands)|Republic]]|votes2=5849|seats2=1|sc2=0
|party3=[[Union Party (Faroe Islands)|Union Party]]|votes3=5414|seats3=1|sc3=+1
|party4=[[People's Party (Faroe Islands)|People's Party]]|votes4=4728|seats4=0|sc4=–1
|party5=[[Social Democratic Party (Faroe Islands)|Social Democratic Party]]|votes5=4702|seats5=0|sc5=0
|party6=[[Centre Party (Faroe Islands)|Centre Party]]|votes6=1573|seats6=0|sc6=0
|party7=[[Self-Government (Faroe Islands)|Self-Government]]|votes7=799|seats7=0|sc7=0
|invalid=149
|total_sc=0
|electorate=34529
|embedded = {{Election results|embed=y|header1=Greenland
|party2=[[Inuit Ataqatigiit]]|votes2=8343|seats2=1|sc2=0
|party3=[[Siumut]]|votes3=8068|seats3=1|sc3=0
|party4=[[Democrats (Greenland)|Democrats]]|votes4=4584|seats4=0|sc4=0
|party5=[[Atassut]]|votes5=4094|seats5=0|sc5=0
|invalid=500
|total_sc=0
|electorate=39634
|source=[https://www.dst.dk/Site/Dst/SingleFiles/GetArchiveFile.aspx?fi=947683459&fo=0&ext=formid Danmarks Statistik], Nohen & Stöver<ref name=DN>[[Dieter Nohlen]] & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'' {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref>
}}}}}}`{=mediawiki}
## Aftermath
The ruling Liberal-Conservative coalition secured 64 seats. The support of the Danish People\'s Party (DPP), with 25 seats, left the coalition needing one more seat. Finally, the coalition-friendly Union Party of former Faroese prime minister Edmund Joensen won the needed seat in the Faroese elections.
Parties backing Helle Thorning-Schmidt, in opposition, won 84 seats. (This includes the remaining three seats of the overseas territories.)
The New Alliance won the remaining five seats.
Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen announced that the party composition of the cabinet would remain as before, but that parties not in a cabinet that support his premiership will have influence over policy. This statement was aimed at the New Alliance. Rasmussen\'s capacity to accommodate both the New Alliance and the Danish People\'s Party going forward is not assured -- the New Alliance was established, in part, to limit the Danish Peoples\' Party\'s influence. With the DPP in the coalition, Rasmussen can govern: a New Alliance-supported opposition would be short of a majority by one vote. Edmund Joensen\'s pledge to abstain on matters related to internal affairs of Denmark would alter this, giving the New Alliance the balance of power and risking conflict with the DPP, but Joensen has also pledged that if doing so would risk giving the opposition a majority, he would not abstain, but instead vote with the government.
After the last election, where Rasmussen also secured continuing power, there was some shuffling of minister posts in the cabinet. The resulting Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen III was presented a few days after the election
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# Rian Sukmawan
**Rian Sukmawan** (21 November 1985 -- 27 February 2016) was a professional badminton player from Indonesia.
## Career
Sukmawan was a doubles specialist. In 2006, he won the men\'s doubles at the Dutch and New Zealand Opens with fellow countryman Eng Hian. In 2007, he won the Dutch Open again with partner Yonathan Suryatama Dasuki.
## Death
Rian Sukmawan died on 27 February 2016 of a heart attack after playing in an exhibition match in Semarang with some former players, including Tri Kusharjanto. According to Kusharjanto, Sukmawan went outside for some rest before a security guard found him laying on a bench outside the arena alone and asking for help. He was rushed to hospital, but was declared dead on arrival.
## Achievements
### Asian Junior Championships {#asian_junior_championships}
*Boys\' doubles*
+------+----------------------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+----------------+-------------+
| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
+======+==================================+=============+==============================================+================+=============+
| 2002 | Kuala Lumpur Badminton Stadium,\ | Markis Kido | Koo Kien Keat\ | 15--17, 11--15 | **Bronze** |
| | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | | `{{flagicon|MAS}}`{=mediawiki} Ong Soon Hock | | |
+------+----------------------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+----------------+-------------+
### BWF Superseries {#bwf_superseries}
The BWF Superseries, launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries has two level such as Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries features twelve tournaments around the world, which introduced since 2011, with successful players invited to the Superseries Finals held at the year end.
*Men\'s doubles*
+------+------------+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
+======+============+==========================+================================================+================+===============+
| 2009 | Japan Open | Yonatan Suryatama Dasuki | Markis Kido\ | 19--21, 22--24 | **Runner-up** |
| | | | `{{flagicon|INA}}`{=mediawiki} Hendra Setiawan | | |
+------+------------+--------------------------+------------------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
: BWF Superseries Finals tournament
: BWF Superseries Premier tournament
: BWF Superseries tournament
### BWF Grand Prix {#bwf_grand_prix}
The BWF Grand Prix has two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) since 1983
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# Robert Bourne (politician)
**Robert Croft Bourne** (15 July 1888 -- 7 August 1938) was a British rower who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, and a Conservative Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1924 to 1938.
## Biography
Bourne was born at Bodington, London, the son of Gilbert Charles Bourne who had rowed in the winning Oxford crews in the Boat Race of 1882 and 1883. As a child, Bourne lost the sight of one eye in a game of rounders at school. He was educated at Eton College, where he won the School Sculling in 1906, and then at New College, Oxford. At Oxford, he stroked the winning Oxford boats in the Boat Race in 1909, 1910, 1911 and 1912, being president in the last two years. He also won the University Sculls in 1910 and the University Fours in 1911 and went head of the river in 1911--12. He was the strokeman of the New College eight which won the silver medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the winning crew in the Stewards\' Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta in 1912, 1913 and 1914.
Bourne became a barrister. In the First World War, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Herefordshire Regiment. He had one hand crippled and a lung seriously injured at Suvla Bay in the Dardanelles in August 1915. As he had only one good eye, he was moved from active service to the Claims Commission. In 1920, he became J.P. for Herefordshire and in 1921, a member of the city council.
Bourne was elected Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Oxford at a by-election in June 1924, and served as a Deputy Speaker of the Commons from 1931. He died in office in August 1938, aged 50, suddenly dropping dead while walking on the moors near Strontian, Argyll. At the subsequent by-election the seat was held for the Conservatives by Quintin Hogg.
Bourne married Lady Hester Margaret Cairns, daughter of Wilfred Cairns, 4th Earl Cairns, on 7 June 1917. Their children included the lawyer and civil servant Sir Wilfrid Bourne
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# Bâtard
\"**Bâtard**\" (English: \"Bastard\" or \"Mongrel\") is a short story by Jack London, first published in 1902 under the title \"**Diable --- A Dog**\" in *The Cosmopolitan* before being renamed \"Bâtard\" in 1904.
## Story
The story follows Black Leclère and Bâtard, two \"devils\", one in a man and the other in a wolfdog. Their intense hatred of each other forms the plot as each wants to kill the other, despite their master-pet relationship. At the end, Bâtard ends up killing his owner but is later killed himself.
The story is a study of an animal\'s reaction to its treatment by man. There were complaints about the way the dog\'s behavior was described, and London followed up on the same theme with *The Call of the Wild*.
## Etymology
\"Bâtard\" means bastard or mongrel and \"diable\" means devil in French. Both are descriptive of the dog
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11,108,970 |
# Naturescaping
**Naturescaping** (or **nature scaping**) is a method of landscape design and landscaping that allows people and nature to coexist with landscaping. By incorporating certain native plants into one\'s yard, one can curtail the loss of wildlife habitat and attract beneficial insects, birds, and other creatures.
## Origins
Naturescaping takes some of its principles from the US Environmental Protection Agency\'s (EPA) \"GreenScaping\" or \"Beneficial Landscaping\" programs --- which strive to reduce water, energy, and chemical usage. Naturescaping is an organic discipline of this practice, that is easily adapted to backyards.
## History
Most universities throughout the country, that have agricultural programs, also have university cooperative extensions. These programs include Master Gardeners. The practice of naturescaping is being taught at several of these universities.
## Current acceptance {#current_acceptance}
The practice has spawned many non-profit groups to form near universities teaching this practice. Many include some form of the phrase \"naturescaping\" in their name. Some states have recognized the benefits to society of this practice and those who either volunteer or create a naturescaped garden. For instance, Oregon offers a state tax incentive.`{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki}
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# John Walker (rowing)
**John Drummond Walker** (4 January 1891 -- 22 July 1952) was a British rowing coxswain who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Walker was born in Oxford, the son of Rev. Edward Newburn Walker, senior tutor of The Queen\'s College, Oxford, and his wife Gertrude May Hamilton. He was educated at New College, Oxford.
Walker was the coxswain of the New College eight which won the silver medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
In 1918, Walker was in the Naval Sea Transport Branch, Ministry of Shipping, when he was awarded the MBE
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# Jacques de Kadt
**Jacques de Kadt** (30 July 1897 -- 16 April 1988) was a prominent and often controversial 20th Century Dutch political thinker, politician and man of letters who was born in Oss and died in Santpoort. Born into a liberal Jewish family, he was the youngest son of a factory manager, Roelof de Kadt, and his wife Bertha Koppens. Author of numerous books and articles, his reputation was established by his book *Het fascisme en de nieuwe vrijheid* (Fascism and the New Freedom) which was published in 1939, shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War.
## Early career {#early_career}
De Kadt\'s early political career was shaped, in part, by the influence of Rosa Luxemburg. He joined the Dutch Communist Party, soon only to become disenchanted with it and, especially, with the political developments in the Soviet Union. In consequence, he left the Communist Party of Holland in 1924. He subsequently chronicled his embrace of, and break with, Communism in the first volume of his autobiography, *Uit mijn communistentijd*, published in Amsterdam in 1965 by his loyal publisher, G.A. van Oorschot. De Kadt developed into a trenchant and increasingly uncompromising critic of Stalinism, and articulated an independent line of socialist thought and political practice. This was expressed both in the content of his first major book, *From Tsarism to Stalinism* published in 1935 in Antwerp, and in his pivotal role in the formation of the Independent Socialist Party (OSP). The book, which identified a continuity between the character of the Tsarist state and the Soviet political system under Stalin, contained an intimation of De Kadt\'s broader critique of twentieth century totalitarianism -- a critique which was to define the nature of his subsequent political career.
## Fascism
The 1930s marked a significant period in the maturation of De Kadt\'s thought. He published widely on the major political developments of the time as well as on cultural, literary and philosophical topics. His writings addressed not only the threat posed by Fascism and Stalinism but included a major study of Georges Sorel, and numerous articles on notable (and not so well known) political and literary figures. De Kadt was a prodigiously productive -- if often acerbic and polemical -- writer who, at his best, was a writer of great elegance and style. Bart Tromp, an editor of a posthumously published collection of essays, referred to him as \"an Orwell of Oss\". In *Het fascisme en de nieuwe vrijheid*, De Kadt predicts the coming of the Second World War, the ultimate defeat of Fascism and the emergence of the United States of America and the Soviet Union as the dominant global powers. The book also contains a normative defence of \"western civilization\" and its scientific underpinning. The book served as one source of inspiration for H. Floris Cohen\'s 1994 historiographical exploration of the \'scientific revolution\'.
## Parliamentary career {#parliamentary_career}
De Kadt was a Labour Party member of the Dutch parliament from 1948 to 1963. He served for many years as the party\'s principal spokesman on foreign affairs, though his outspoken stance on Indonesian independence (of which he was a vigorous early proponent) and his sharp, unqualified, opposition to Stalinism and the Soviet system ruled him out as a contender for the ministerial position that was held by Joseph Luns. De Kadt was a regular radio commentator during these years. His contribution to Dutch public life and service was recognized in 1959 when he was awarded a knighthood in the Order of the Netherlands Lion
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# Yevgeniy Chazov
**Yevgeniy Ivanovich Chazov** (*Евгений Иванович Чазов*; 10 June 1929 -- 12 November 2021) was a physician of the Soviet Union and Russia, specializing in cardiology, Chief of the Fourth Directorate of the ministry of health, academic of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, a recipient of numerous awards and decorations, Soviet, Russian, and foreign.
## Biography
Chazov was born in 1929. He was a graduate of the Kiev Medical Institute. Following his graduation he worked as a clinic surgeon, and later joined the research institute of therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. He served as a managing director of the A. L. Myasnikov Research Institute. Chazov was the director of the Moscow cardiological center since 1976. It is one of the largest such centers in the world, comprising 10 separate institutes. As the chief of the fourth directorate of the Ministry of Health, which took care of Soviet leaders, he was widely regarded to be a person responsible for the health of the Soviet leadership, although he sometimes denied that he was their \"personal physician\". He was the deputy health minister and appointed minister of health in 1987. Chazov was a member of the central committee of the Communist Party.
In his book of memoirs, *Health and Power* he described many circumstances concerning the health of the Soviet leaders and of some leaders of the Soviet satellites.
## Nobel Peace Prize {#nobel_peace_prize}
Yevgeniy Chazov was a co-founder and co-president of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. Charged with promoting research on the probable medical, psychological, and biospheric effects of nuclear war, the group was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on 10 December 1985. On the occasion of the award, Chazov gave the acceptance speech in Oslo. At that time the group represented more than 135,000 members from 41 countries. Many groups protested about the decision to include Chazov, and alleged that Chazov was responsible for some of the Soviet abuses of psychiatry and medicine and for attacks against a 1975 recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, the physicist and Soviet dissident Andrei D. Sakharov.`{{fact|date=November 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Chazov was married three times. He had two daughters, Tatyana and Irina, from the first and second marriage, respectively.
## Legacy
On 16 December 2022, a monument to the founder of \"Kremlin medicine\" - cardiologist Evgeny Chazov was erected on the territory of the Moscow Central Clinical Hospital of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation
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# Megumi Fujii
**Megumi Fujii** (藤井 恵 *Fujii Megumi*, born April 26, 1974) is a Japanese former professional mixed martial artist and submission wrestler. Fujii is regarded as a pioneer of women\'s mixed martial arts. She specializes in submission fighting and is known for her quick takedowns and submissions. Her most popular move is the Inazuma toe hold submission, dubbed the *Megulock*.
## Background
Fujii started judo at the age of three due to her father\'s influence and continued competing at Shukugawa Gakuin Junior High School and Kokushikan University. She retired from judo after graduating from university with a degree in physical education, and became interested in combat sambo.
Fujii was trained in MMA and catch wrestling by Shooto veteran Hiroyuki Abe and Josh Barnett, a former UFC Heavyweight Champion and King of Pancrase. She has trained several other female MMA fighters herself, including Hitomi Akano.
Fujii is a decorated grappler, including being a Japanese national sambo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu champion, four second place finishes in the World Sambo Championships, and 2004 and 2006 Pan-American jiu-jitsu champion.
In 2005, the first year women competed at the ADCC World Championships, Fujii won bronze in the -60 kg division. She won bronze again at the 2007 ADCC World Championships in the -55 kg division.
Fujii was also a multi-time contestant on the seasonal Japanese obstacle course television show *Sasuke (Ninja Warrior)*, but never made it past the first stage.
## Mixed martial arts career {#mixed_martial_arts_career}
Fujii debuted in mixed martial arts on August 5, 2004 and defeated Yumi Matsumoto by submission in 40 seconds. She then went on to defeat former UFC commentator Erica Montoya at HOOKnSHOOT: \"Evolution\" in what would be Montoya\'s final fight.
Further wins over Ana Michelle Tavares, Misaki Takimoto, Keiko \"Tama Chan\" Tamai and Masako Yoshida established Fujii as one of the top female fighters in the world and she became a staple of Shooto and Smackgirl events.
On November 29, 2006, she faced Australian fighter Serin Murray. Murray claimed before the fight that she studied Fujii tactics and that she would defeat Fujii by KO. However, the Australian fighter left her forward leg exposed inviting Fujii for an attack on it. Fujii went for Murray\'s legs and won via submission.
She faced Cody Welchin at NFF -- The Breakout on March 10, 2007. She won the fight by armbar submission in the first round.
On August 24, 2007, Fujii defeated highly touted American Lisa Ellis by first-round submission at a BodogFight event in Vancouver, British Columbia.
Fujii defeated Cindy Hales and Korean star Seo Hee Ham to advance to the finals of the 2008 Smackgirl World ReMix Grand Prix, but the promotion folded amidst financial troubles before the final round.
In November 2008, the newly rebranded Smackgirl, now known as Jewels, featured Fujii at its debut \"First Ring\" event. Fujii defeated Tomoko Morii by submission in the first round.
After submitting Won Bun Chu in less than one minute at Shooto: \"Tradition Final\" in May 2009, Fujii returned to Jewels and defeated rising Japanese contender Saori Ishioka late in the second round.
She defeated veteran striker \"Windy\" Tomomi Sunaba by first-round armbar at Shooto: \"Revolutionary Exchanges 3\" on November 23, 2009.
On May 6, 2010, it was announced that Fujii would compete at Bellator 22 on June 10. Bellator later changed the numbering of their events and the June 10 card was renamed Bellator 21. Fujii faced Sarah Schneider and defeated Schneider by TKO in the third round. It marked Fujii\'s first victory by TKO in her 20-fight career.
Fujii took part in the Bellator 115-pound women\'s tournament in Season Three, which began on August 12, 2010. She was set to face Angela Magaña in the first round of the tournament at Bellator 24, but Magana withdrew from the tournament on August 8, 2010 after suffering a foot injury.
Fujii instead faced two-time All-American wrestler Carla Esparza. She defeated Esparza by armbar submission in the second round.
Fujii once again faced Lisa Ellis in the second round of the Bellator tournament at Bellator 31 and won the rematch by armbar submission in the first round.
With the victory, Fujii became only the second mixed martial artist, male or female, to begin a career with 22 consecutive victories. She faced Zoila Gurgel in the finals of the tournament at Bellator 34 on October 28, 2010. Fujii lost the fight via a questionable split decision.
Fujii faced Emi Fujino at World Victory Road Presents: Soul of Fight on December 30, 2010 and defeated Fujino by unanimous decision.
Fujii rematched Mika Nagano at Jewels 15th Ring on July 9, 2011. She defeated Nagano by unanimous decision.
Fujii faced Karla Benitez at DREAM -- Fight For Japan: Genki Desu Ka Omisoka 2011 on December 31, 2011. She defeated Benitez by submission due to an armbar in the first round.
Fujii returned to Bellator to face Jessica Aguilar at Bellator 69 on May 18, 2012. She was defeated by unanimous decision.
Fujii was rumored to be competing at DREAM 18 on New Year\'s Eve 2012. However, she instead faced Mei Yamaguchi at Vale Tudo Japan 2012 on December 24. Fujii defeated Yamaguchi by unanimous decision.
On June 22, 2013, Fujii announced that she would retire from MMA after competing one final time. In her retirement bout, she faced Jessica Aguilar in a rematch at Vale Tudo Japan 3rd on October 5 in Tokyo. Fujii was initially defeated by TKO when the doctor stopped the fight after round two due to an eye injury that was caused by two accidental eye pokes. The result of the fight was later changed to a technical majority decision win for Aguilar.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Fujii is married to mixed martial artist Shinji Sasaki, and they have a child.
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# Megumi Fujii
## Mixed martial arts record {#mixed_martial_arts_record}
\|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center \| 26--3 \| Jessica Aguilar \| Technical Decision (eye pokes) \| Vale Tudo Japan 3rd \| `{{dts|2013|October|05}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center \| 2 \| align=center \| 5:00 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center \| 26--2 \| Mei Yamaguchi \| Decision (unanimous) \| Vale Tudo Japan 2012 \| `{{dts|2012|December|24}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center \| 2 \| align=center \| 5:00 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center \| 25--2 \| Jessica Aguilar \| Decision (unanimous) \| Bellator 69 \| `{{dts|2012|May|18}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center \| 3 \| align=center \| 5:00 \| Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States \| \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center \| 25--1 \| Karla Benitez \| Submission (armbar) \| Fight For Japan: Genki Desu Ka Omisoka 2011 \| `{{dts|2011|December|31}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center \| 1 \| align=center \| 1:15 \| Saitama, Saitama, Japan \| \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center \| 24--1 \| Mika Nagano \| Decision (unanimous) \| Jewels 15th Ring \| `{{dts|2011|July|09}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center \| 2 \| align=center \| 5:00 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| `{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \| align=center \| 23--1 \| Emi Fujino \| Decision (unanimous) \| World Victory Road Presents: Soul of Fight \| `{{dts|2010|December|30}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center \| 3 \| align=center \| 5:00 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center \| 22--1 \| Zoila Frausto Gurgel \| Decision (split) \| Bellator 34 \| `{{dts|2010|October|28}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center \| 5 \| align=center \| 5:00 \| Hollywood, Florida, United States \| `{{small|Bellator Season 3 Women's 115 lb Tournament Final; For the inaugural [[List of Bellator MMA champions#Women's Strawweight World Championship|Bellator Women's Strawweight World Championship]]
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# Propynyl (drug)
**Propynyl** (**4-propynyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine**) is a lesser-known drug of the scaline family. It is closely related in structure to mescaline. Propynyl was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book *PiHKAL*, the minimum dosage is listed as 80 mg, and the duration listed as 8--12 hours. Propynyl produces a body load and few to no mental effects. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of propynyl
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11,109,052 |
# Desperados (beer)
**Desperados** is an *agave* spirit flavoured pale lager beer with 5.9% alcohol by volume (ABV) originally created and produced by the French brewing company Fischer Brewery but now is produced by Zlatý Bažant Brewery, a Heineken N.V. subsidiary.
Desperados has a 5.9% ABV. The beer is now sold in over fifty countries. The beer was reformulated and cheapened, away from its original recipe using tequila. The new recipe also raised the ABV up from 5.6% to 5.9%.
Desperados\' listed ingredients were water, malted barley, glucose syrup, corn, sugar, aromatic compound (agave spirit), citric acid, and hop extract
| 100 |
Desperados (beer)
| 0 |
11,109,070 |
# Marcos de Niza High School
**Marcos de Niza High School** is a high school located in Tempe, Arizona. It was founded in 1971 and it has an enrollment of approximately 1,500 students. The school\'s mascot is the Padre. The school is a part of the Tempe Union High School District and mainly serves students in central Tempe, as well as the Town of Guadalupe.
## History
The Tempe High School District hired the local architecture office of Michael & Kemper Goodwin Ltd. to design the new school. Kemper Goodwin along with his son Michael began drawing up plans for the campus in 1969. The school opened in 1971. Additions were made to the campus in 1974.
## Athletics
**State Championships**
- 1980, 1986, 1989, 1990 - Girls\' Basketball State Champions
- 1990, 1991, 1992 - Boys\' Soccer State Championships
- 1990, 1991 - Girls\' Archery State Champions
- 1993 - Girls\' Volleyball State Champions
- 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004 - Wrestling State Champions
- 1998 - Spirit Line State Champions
- 2002 - Boys\' Basketball State Champions
- 2007 - Boys\' Baseball State Champions
- 2008 - Girls\' Golf 5A-II State Champions
**Runner-up**
- 1981, 1988, 1991, 1992 - Girls\' Basketball State Runner-up
- 1992, 2003 - Softball State Runner-up
- 1994 - Girls\' Volleyball State Runner-up
- 1996 - Wrestling State Runner-up
- 1997, 2008 - Boys\' Volleyball State Runner-up
- 1998 - Baseball State Runner-up
- 1999, 2008 - Spirit Line State Runner-up
- 2007 - Girls\' Golf 5A-II State Runner-up (Team/Individual)
- 2008 - Boys\' Basketball 5A-II State Runner-up
- 2009, 2015 - Football 5A-II State Runners-up
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Marcus Brunson, sprinter
- Joy Burke, professional basketball player
- Caleb Clifton, drummer for American metalcore band Eyes Set To Kill
- Preston Dennard, NFL wide receiver for the Los Angeles Rams, Buffalo Bills and Green Bay Packers
- Sam Dorman, three-time state diving champion, representing the U.S. in synchronized diving in the 2016 Summer Olympics
- Adam Johnson, Pulitzer Prize winner, professor at Stanford
- John C
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Marcos de Niza High School
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11,109,082 |
# Operation Baja California
**Operation Tijuana** or **Operation Baja California** (Spanish: **Operativo Tijuana** or **Operación Baja California**) of the Government of Mexico is taking place in Tijuana and the surrounding areas of Baja California and Baja California Sur. This operation is part of the Joint Operation Against Drug Trafficking.
## Joint forces {#joint_forces}
The operation was launched on January 2, 2007, with the deployment of 3,296 officers of the Secretaries of Defense, Navy, Public Security and the department of the Attorney General of Mexico. The Secretariat of Defense sent 2,620 soldiers, 21 airplanes, 9 helicopters, 28 ships, 247 tactical vehicles and ten drug-sniffing dogs. The Navy sent a sea patrol, three interceptor patrols, one helicopter, two support vehicles and 162 marines. The Department of Public Security took the tasks of patrolling, intelligence and investigation as well as taking part in executing orders of arrests, searches and seizures. The Attorney General\'s Office (PGR) took the tasks of elaborating a map of priorities and provide the tools for information exchange in real-time to facilitate detentions. The PGR will also be present in the 48 local prosecution offices to seize property and take down drug-processing labs. In May 2007, the operations were extended to lesser crimes. The Federal Police, formed by the Federal Agency of Investigation, were to provide 510 officers to participate in tactical analysis, crime investigation, regional security and special operations.
## 2007
### The arrest of The \"Cop Killer\" {#the_arrest_of_the_cop_killer}
On April 3, The leader of a band of kidnappers Víctor Magno Escobar Luna (a.k.a. \"El Matapolicías\", \"Cop killer\") was apprehended, he was thought to have had links with the state police for at least ten years. He is also thought to have been a member of the state police for a few years.
### General Hospital shootout {#general_hospital_shootout}
On April 18, 2007, a band of criminals entered the General Hospital of Tijuana, took hostages and tried to free a mafia boss that was being treated in the hospital. The liberation was unsuccessful, the criminals exchanged fire with the local police and Army units and were later intercepted but not apprehended by the state and federal police. Three people were reported dead after the shooting and five people apprehended later.
### Other encounters {#other_encounters}
On August 27, police officers found three headless bodies in a rubbish dump in Tijuana, killed by drug cartels.
### Disarmament of local police {#disarmament_of_local_police}
On December 29, the entire police force in the town of Playas de Rosarito, Baja California, are disarmed from their weapons after suspicion of collaborating with drug cartels.
### 2007 Results
The federal forces took away the weapons of the local police officers giving an official explanation of doing a fingerprint-check on them. During this time crime increased 40% to 50% since police officers were left unarmed. Kidnappings decreased from six to two compared to 2006. Federal police officers have also been caught receiving bribes. Deaths by firearm dropped from only 27 in January 2006 to 23 in January 2007. Local police departments also reported increases of 400% of crime between minors.
In May 2007, after the disappointment of the population, President Felipe Calderón asked the public to be patient and declared that it may not be in his administration when the results of these operations will be seen.
## 2008 {#section_1}
On 28 January, army personnel from the Army\'s 5th special forces battalion and 2nd Motorized Cavalry Regiment succeeded in the arrest of Alfredo Araujo Avila a.k.a. *El Popeye* in Tijuana. Alfredo Avila is known to be one of the most active assassins from the 1980s to the early 1990s of the Tijuana Cartel in the states of Sinaloa and Baja California.
On April 26, 15 gunmen from the Tijuana Cartel were killed in a gunbattle against rivals.
On May 18, In the city of Playas de Rosarito, Baja California, the 28th Infantry Battalion received a tip that men were unloading packages from a boat to three vehicles, immediately the army were dispatched to the area. Upon arriving the Air Recon team confirmed the report. Realizing they\'ve been caught the men dispersed the area but were apprehended, 11 suspects were arrested along with 2 tons of marijuana.
### Eduardo Arellano Félix {#eduardo_arellano_félix}
On October 26, Federal Police supported by special forces from 5th Special Forces Battalion capture drug lord Eduardo Arellano Félix a.k.a. \"The Doctor\" after a shootout in Tijuana.
| 730 |
Operation Baja California
| 0 |
11,109,082 |
# Operation Baja California
## 2009 {#section_2}
On October 3, the government ordered 300 Marines and Federal Police forces as \"immediate response\" to Tijuana, BC. the move comes after a serious number of attacks on Municipal Police officers.
## 2010 {#section_3}
- January 12 - Federal Police forces captured Tijuana drug lord Teodoro García Simental a.k.a. \"El Teo\" in his home in La Paz, Baja California Sur. Later on that day he was transported to Mexico City.
- January 16 - Due to concerns of the increase of violence by the capture of *El Teo*, 1,000 military personnel both army and marines were sent to the most violent areas of Tijuana by the request of Baja California Governor José Guadalupe Osuna Millán.
*Note: (From April 16 to 30 State Preventive Police anti - drug operations are listed below)*
- April 16 - Mexicali, In the *Colonias* of Carranza and Naranjos, six people who belong to the Sinaloa Cartel are arrested. 125.8 kilos of cocaine, 17.6 kilos of \"ICE\", assault rifles, rifle magazines and 25 vehicles were seized.
- April 27 - Tijuana, In The *Colonia* of Lomas de la Presa four suspects were arrested who were in possession of 112 kilos of marijuana.
- April 28 - Tijuana, In the *Colonias* of Gas and Anexas, three people who are assumed members of the Tijuana Cartel and who were under the command of Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano were arrested. 2 assault rifles, 124 rifle magazines, 700 grams of \"crystal\", and 490 grams of marijuana were seized.
- April 29 - In Mexicali in the *Colonia* of Alamitos, one known drug trafficker name *Jorge Aaron Samanduras Hernandez*, 24 years old was arrested in possession of \$110,000, 9 pistols, and 297 pistol magazines.
- April 30 - Baja California\'s State Preventive Police (PEP) arrested 5 individual\'s that are link to the Sinaloa Cartel, after raiding a tire garage in Mexicali. Close to a ton of marijuana, 1 grenade launcher, 1 M2 Browning machine gun, various machine guns and rifle magazines were also seized during the operation.
- June 8 - Mexican army troops arrested two Arellano Felix cartel members in the municipality of Comondú. Inés Zamudio Beltrán & Obed Güereña Arvizu are assumed to be Tijuana Cartel lieutenants of that municipality. Ines Zamudio Beltran is said to have links to the family of the municipality\'s Mayor Joel Villegas Ibarra. He was freed a month later.
## 2011 {#section_4}
- November 7 - Mexican army troops arrested Juan Francisco Sillas Rocha, Sillas Rochas was considered as the lieutenant of Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano.
## 2012 {#section_5}
- April 27 - Baja California\'s State Preventive Police (PEP) arrested Octavio Leal Hernandez (El Chapito) a close lieutenant of Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano.
- July 3 - Mexican army troops arrested Julio Cesar Salas Quiñonez, Salas Quiñonez was considered as the lieutenant of Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano.
## 2023 {#section_6}
On July 13, 2023, a nearly 20 year investigation against dozens of Tijuana Cartel defendants concluded when former cartel hitman Juan Francisco Sillas Rocha pled guilty to three charges, including conspiracy to commit murder, in a U.S. federal court in Fargo, North Dakota
| 526 |
Operation Baja California
| 1 |
11,109,086 |
# World Highwire Championships
## The 1st World Highwire Championships {#the_1st_world_highwire_championships}
Held May 3--5, 2007 in Seoul, Korea during the city\'s annual Hi Seoul Festival, the competition is a test of balance, agility, concentration and, more specifically, speed. Competitors race individually across a thin cable, 30-mm thick, which is stretched one-km long over the Han River. The Cable was designed by the UK engineers Tony Gee & Partners.
Of the 18 highwire walkers competing, 16 successfully completed the walk, earning the distinction of co-owning the Guinness World Record for longest skywalk.
Two competitors were disqualified for non-completion of the walk. One, Wang Hui of China, tired halfway through and jumped into the water a few metres below him where a rescue boat was waiting while another, Alexey Marchenko of Russia, made a misstep just 100 metres from the end and fell about 10 metres. Both were wet but uninjured and jovial.
One competitor, Jorge Arturo Ojeda, fell halfway through the walk dropping his balance pole. He was able to regain his footing after being brought a new pole and still completed the walk finishing with the 7th best time.
## Final results {#final_results}
Pos. Name Country Time
------ -------------------------- --------------- --------------
1 Abudusataer Wujiabudula China 0:11:22.49
2 Alan Martinez Colombia 0:11:30.54
3 Jade Kindar-Martin United States 0:11:35.54
4 Adili Wuxiuer China 0:11:53.93
5 Bekhzod Tashkenbaev Uzbekistan 0:13:02.20
6 Laszlo Simet Hungary 0:14:22.45
7 Jorge Arturo Ojeda Ecuador 0:14:50.41
8 Pedro Carrillo United States 0:17:05.09
9 Wontae Kwon South Korea 0:17:06.77
10 Tsutomu Okamoto Japan 0:17:34.86
11 Valery Svezhov Russia 0:22:45.00
12 Ayixiguli Maimaitimin China 0:31.40.58
13 Yana Kazanbaeva Russia 0:35:23.42
14 Olga Simet Hungary 0:35:49.73
15 Daisuke Japan 0:41:23
| 279 |
World Highwire Championships
| 0 |
11,109,113 |
# Middleburg Academy
**Middleburg Academy** ( formerly Notre Dame Academy, a girl\'s Catholic boarding school, until it went coed in the 1990\'s, it then became a day school with an enrollment of approximately 150, until it was purchased by Middleburg Academy) Middleburg Academy was a co-educational, nonsectarian, independent secondary school, set on a historic campus of more than 95 acre in Middleburg, Virginia. On June 17, 2020 Middleburg Academy announced its full closure.
## Background
Middleburg Academy was founded in 1965. Originally a girls boarding school, in 1990 it became a co-educational day school. In 2000, the school was purchased by the Board of Trustees and in 2009 became a fully independent, nonsectarian school. It closed in June 2020.
## Education and extracurriculars {#education_and_extracurriculars}
The school was open to students of all faiths who were seeking an independent, co-educational, college preparatory high school in the Northern Virginia area. Of the twenty-seven full-time members of faculty, seventeen held one or more advanced degrees, with five holding PhDs. Advanced placement (AP) courses were offered in all academic disciplines.
Students participated in a variety of clubs and organizations, such as Green Club, Spirit Club, Yearbook, Student Council, and the Varsity Club. All students were required to have been accepted into one four-year accredited college, pass all classes in their senior year, and fulfill an annual mandatory twenty-five hour community service prerequisite in order to graduate.
Each student was assigned to an Advisory group, which was a group of ten to twelve students and one faculty member which met twice a week. The faculty member acted as a liaison to parents for information about upcoming school activities and as a first point of contact when students needed guidance.
## Athletics
More than 90% of Middleburg Academy Students participated in athletics. The school offered a variety of athletics, including basketball, field hockey, soccer, lacrosse, cross-country, baseball, golf, volleyball, swimming, and tennis teams. There was a no-cut sports policy, allowing for all of the students to be a member of a sports team
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