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# 2002–03 Australian region cyclone season
## Seasonal summary {#seasonal_summary}
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`from:01/03/2003 till:31/03/2003 text:March`\
`from:01/04/2003 till:30/04/2003 text:April`\
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The season began on 1 November 2002 and ended on 30 April 2003, while the regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a *tropical cyclone year* from 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2003. Eight cyclones entered or formed in the Australian region, which was below the 1970--71 to 2001--02 average of 13 per season. There was a major shift in tropical cyclone activity from the Australian region to the South Pacific, because of a moderate El Niño event. Only two cyclones occurred between 125°E and 150°E, which is east of Australia, and six formed between 150°E and 160°E. All of the tropical cyclone developed during Madden--Julian oscillation (MJO) pulses or Equatorial Rossby (ER) pulses. Overall, the tropical cyclones of this season resulted in 60 deaths and slightly less than \$12 million in damage.
Activity began in December 2002, when Tropical Cyclone 07S entered the Australian region from the southwestern Indian Ocean basin on 27 December. In January, an unnamed tropical cyclone existed for more than three weeks over the Arafura Sea, Northern Territory, and Western Australia. The basin became more active in February, with South Pacific Cyclone Beni entering the area on 1 February. This was followed by the development of Fiona on 3 February and Graham on 24 February; both formed north of Western Australia. Two tropical cyclones -- Harriet and Erica -- both originated on 1 March; the former developed northwest of Western Australia and the latter formed east of Queensland. About a week later, 8 March, Cyclone Craig developed near the coast of Northern Territory. The strongest tropical system of the season, Cyclone Inigo, originated over the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia on 30 March. At peak intensity, Inigo had a minimum barometric pressure of 900 mbar, making the most intense tropical cyclone in the Australian region on record, tied with Cyclone Gwenda in 1999. Activity remained dormant until the development of Cyclone Epi on 5 June, which dissipated on the following day.
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# 2002–03 Australian region cyclone season
## Systems
### Tropical Cyclone 01U {#tropical_cyclone_01u}
A tropical low developed over the Arafura Sea on 4 January and strengthened into a tropical cyclone before passing near Elcho Island, Northern Territory. The storm then made landfall in Arnhem Land on 5 January. At 09:00 UTC, the system peaked with winds of 95 km/h. It meandered over Northern Territory and the Gulf of Carpentaria for a few weeks. The system remained inland until moving offshore Kimberley on 21 January. A deep trough generated wind shear, which inhibited significant intensification. However, deep convection began to develop late on 24 January as it approached the north coast of Western Australia. Around 0300 UTC on 25 January, the storm made landfall near Port Hedland with winds of 65 km/h. The system quickly weakened and dissipated by 12:00 UTC.
Gale-force winds caused damage vegetation, trees, vehicles, and buildings in Elcho Island, Gapuwiyak, Maningrida, and Ramingining. Wind-driven waves at the mouth of the Rose River inundated workshops near Numbulwar. Torrential rains fell in the Roper--McArthur River district, peaking at 880 mm at Wollogorang. A temporary evacuation occurred along the Waterhouse River at Beswick. Other rivers that overflowed inundated portions of highways such as the Carpentaria Highway and Tablelands Highway. After regenerating into a tropical cyclone, the storm brought up to 146.6 mm of rainfall in a 24-hour period in the Port Hedland area. This caused the Yule River to overflow its banks, which flooded the North-West Highway. Operationally, the storm was thought to have been two separate systems and to have remained below tropical cyclone intensity.
### Tropical Cyclone Beni {#tropical_cyclone_beni}
Beni originated from the South Pacific region in late January and its remnants crossed into the Australian region by 1 February. Upon reaching the Coral Sea, the remnants of Beni slowly began to redevelop. After strong convective bands formed, Brisbane TCWC initiated gale warnings. Located offshore Queensland on 4 February, the remnants of Beni regenerated into a tropical cyclone. However, strong vertical wind shear caused Beni to dissipated on 5 February, while situated offshore of Queensland near the city of Mackay.
Heavy rainfall accompanied Beni and its remnants, reaching 500 mm near Gladstone. One person drowned due to the flooding rains. Runoff on the Fitzroy River caused by Cyclone Beni resulted in a moderate flood with an estimated return period of four years at Rockhampton. The cyclone\'s heavy rains helped ease drought problems in Queensland. Nine shires in Central Queensland were declared disaster areas. Additionally, strong winds left power outages in Agnes Water and 1770. Overall, Beni resulted in damages of at least A\$10 million (US\$6 million) in Queensland.
### Tropical Low Isha {#tropical_low_isha}
### Severe Tropical Cyclone Fiona {#severe_tropical_cyclone_fiona}
An area of convection began developing into a tropical low on 3 February, while located about 970 km north of Karratha, Western Australia. Poorly-defined convection was noted as well as good outflow and a weak circulation. The system drifted westward with minimal development until late on 4 February, when satellite imagery showed increasing convection near the center. Subsequently, the JTWC issued a TCFA for the system. With the developing low located in an environment of weak to moderate wind shear, TCWC Perth issued a warning. At 0700 UTC on 5 February, Perth named the system *Fiona*. The JTWC issued their first advisory on Fiona about five hours later. Fiona strengthened steadily and reached tropical cyclone intensity at 0600 UTC on 6 February. Continuing to intensify, TCWC Perth upgraded the storm to severe tropical cyclone status early on 7 February.
Early on 8 February, an eye became embedded within partial concentric convective bands. Later that day, TCWC Perth reported a peak intensity of 175 km/h at 1000 UTC. Shortly thereafter, the storm began weakening as dry air increased. By 1000 UTC on 9 February, TCWC Perth reduced the intensity of Fiona to 170 km/h. Deep convection weakened somewhat and the eye had become cloud-filled. Although the eye briefly redeveloped, water vapor imagery showed cooler and drier air entering the southern portion of the storm. Fiona began to turn southwestward as it neared the 90°E longitude. By late 12 February, Fiona weakened below gale force intensity. Moving steadily southward, it then re-curved south-southeastward along the 91°E. With the storm rapidly weakening, JTWC issued their final warning early on 13 February and Perth followed suit four hours later. The remnants of Fiona moved into the Great Australian Bight, leading to significant amounts of rainfall. The Eyre Peninsula and Adelaide recorded more rain in 24 hours than they had in 2002 and 2001 combined. The New South Wales saw major flooding events in towns such as Tamworth. Flooding also closed the Pacific Highway. Over 100 houses along the Gold Coast were damaged due to the torrential rains.
### Tropical Cyclone Graham {#tropical_cyclone_graham}
In late February, an area of convection situated inland for roughly a week emerged over open waters along the northern coast of Australia. A tropical low formed on 24 February, and developed a banding feature by 25 February. Despite strong wind shear, the BOM began issuing warnings while the low was located several hundred kilometers north-northeast of Port Hedland. The disturbance was initially nearly stationary. At 0700 UTC on 27 February, the JTWC designated the storm as Tropical Cyclone Graham. According to the JTWC, the storm had intensified late on 28 February, though the BOM noted the slight weakening of the storm. Graham reached its peak intensity that day with winds of 95 km/h, while nearing the coast. The storm made landfall at Eighty Mile Beach, Western Australia at 1400 UTC on 28 February. Graham weakened and dissipated on 1 March.
The storm dropped rainfall in Western Australia, with 175 mm recorded at Telfer. The heavy rain caused flooding and road closures, and swelled a river passing through Fitzroy Crossing, though the river only topped its banks slightly. In nearby Blue Bush Creek, two men drowned as their group of people attempted to cross floodwaters. Both men were rescued, though one died before emergency services arrived. In addition to the flooding, a number of trees were downed.
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# 2002–03 Australian region cyclone season
## Systems
### Tropical Cyclone Harriet {#tropical_cyclone_harriet}
A tropical low developed southwest of Christmas Island on 28 February. Perth TCWC issued a TWO on 1 March, which indicated an eastward-moving 1005 mb low. At 0600 UTC on 2 March, the JTWC initiated warnings on Tropical Cyclone 21S, estimating winds of 65 km/h. The system maintained a well-defined circulation, although deep convection diminished somewhat on 2 March. Later that day, Perth began issuing gale warnings on the low as it was expected to develop into a tropical cyclone. Moving eastward, convection increased near the center, though dry air inhibited much development. At 0400 UTC on 4 March, the TCWC Perth named the system Tropical Cyclone Harriet.
On 5 March, JTWC briefly decreased the intensity of Harriett to 55 km/h, as deep convection diminished, probably due to persistent dry air. By late on 5 March, convection increased in coverage. Based on this, TCWC Perth upped their intensity to 80 km/h. Late on 5 March, Harriet moved slowly southward and curved west-southwestward. Although convection fluctuated, the cyclone maintained its intensity. After deep convection decreased slightly, the JTWC lowered the intensity of Harriett to 65 km/h. However, TCWC Perth suggested otherwise and on 8 March, Harriet peaked with winds of 100 km/h, while located over 480 km north-northwest of Carnarvon. Early on 9 March, JTWC issued their final advisory on Harriet. The storm became extratropical at 1000 UTC on 9 March, while located about 580 km west-northwest of Carnarvon. Strong winds from Harriet contributed to a large bushfire near Walpole, Western Australia.
### Severe Tropical Cyclone Erica {#severe_tropical_cyclone_erica}
A monsoon trough strengthened into a tropical low on 1 March. The low then significantly organized and was named Erica on 4 March, just offshore Queensland. Early on 5 March, the JTWC began classifying the system as Tropical Cyclone 22S. Moving slowly southeastward and then northward under the influence of a weak mid-level ridge to the east, Erica attained 10-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h. However, Erica soon weakened due to strong wind shear. On 7 March, the cyclone degenerated into a tropical low. After the remnants curved eastward and then southeastward, wind shear abated and became favorable for tropical cyclogenesis. As a result, the low regenerated into a tropical cyclone. After attaining the equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir--Simpson hurricane wind scale, Erica entered the South Pacific basin on 12 March.
Severe Tropical Cyclone Erica was a powerful cyclone that severely affected New Caledonia and was considered the worst to affect the country since Cyclone Beti in 1996. Early in its existence while just offshore Queensland, the predecessor to Erica brought strong winds to the coast. Several trees were uprooted, and others were defoliated. Power lines were also damaged.
### Tropical Cyclone Craig {#tropical_cyclone_craig}
TCWC Darwin began monitoring a tropical low that developed west of Darwin on 5 March. Early on 8 March, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 24S. At 0300 UTC on 9 March, the storm became Tropical Cyclone Craig, while situated northwest of Cape Fourcroy. The storm deepened and drifted eastward and then southeastward. On 10 March, Craig made landfall on Melville Island with winds of 95 km/h. Upon emerging into the Van Diemen Gulf on 10 March, Craig peaked with sustained winds of 100 km/h. Craig struck the Coburg Peninsula and began to slowly weaken inland. The storm reached the Gulf of Carpentaria on 11 March, where it accelerated southeastward. On 12 March at 0600 UTC, the cyclone made landfall south of Kowanyama. After moving inland, the storm quickly weakened and dissipated later that day.
In advance of the storm, tropical cyclone advisories were issued for communities between Weipa and Mornington Island. The government of the Tiwi Islands evacuated some residents to shelters. In the Darwin area, certain schools were closed temporarily as a precaution. Impact from Craig was generally minor. At Ramingining, 164 mm of rain fell in just 24 hours. Storm surge ran 2 to on Goulburn Island and the Cobourg Peninsula, while tides were estimated at 1.5 m at Nhulunbuy. Strong winds at Maningrida and Kowanyama downed numerous trees, with one striking a house in the latter. Craig inflicted minor damage to small craft in the northwestern Gulf of Carpentaria. Throughout the region, roads were cut by the cyclone.
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# 2002–03 Australian region cyclone season
## Systems
### Severe Tropical Cyclone Inigo {#severe_tropical_cyclone_inigo}
An area of disturbed weather was located within the near-equatorial trough near Papua New Guinea in late March. Despite easterly wind shear, a tropical low developed on 30 March, shortly before crossing the island of Flores. Decreasing wind shear allowed the low to strengthen into a tropical cyclone while crossing the Savu Sea on 1 April. Later that day, the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 26S. On 2 April, BOM classified the low as Tropical Cyclone Inigo. An eye feature gradually organized as winds increased to 130 km/h early on 3 April. As a result, the BOM began classifying Inigo as a severe tropical cyclone. Later on 3 April, low wind shear and strong divergence allowed the cyclone to undergo rapid intensification as the eye became well-defined.
At 0600 UTC 4 April, Inigo peaked with sustained winds of 240 km/h, according to BOM. Based on the pressure-wind relationship, it was estimated that Inigo reached a minimum barometric pressure of 900 mbar. Thus, the storm tied with Cyclone Gwenda as the most intense tropical cyclone in the Australian cyclone region. Simultaneously, JTWC indicated the Inigo peaked with sustained winds of 260 km/h. However, later on 4 April, increasing wind shear began to weaken Inigo. On the following day, the eye became cloud-filled and by 7 April, Inigo weakened to Category 2 status. Inigo made landfall in the Pilbara region of Western Australia on 8 April with winds of 75 km/h. The circulation dissipated within 12 hours after moving ashore.
The precursor tropical disturbance dropped heavy rainfall in eastern Indonesia. In Kupang on West Timor, the system destroyed hundreds of homes and large fields of corn, bean, and rice crop. Heavy damage was reported near Ende, where flooding and mudslides destroyed 20 houses and destroyed the roads connecting to East Flores. In Ende, a total of 294 animals were killed. In East Flores Regency in eastern Flores Island, the system left 75 destroyed houses, along with 77 severely damaged and a further 56 receiving light damage. Damage in Indonesia totaled less than \$6 million, and 102 injuries were reported. In addition, 58 fatalities were reported. In Australia, the storm dropped 128 mm of rain in 80 minutes.
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# 2002–03 Australian region cyclone season
## Systems
### Tropical Cyclone Epi {#tropical_cyclone_epi}
In early June, an area of fairly persistent convection stretched from Papua New Guinea to just north of Fiji. Around 0630 UTC on 5 June, Epi developed near Woodlack Island, unusually close to the Equator. Initially, the storm appeared to be undergoing rapid deepening, prompting the JTWC to issue a TCFA. However, strong wind shear caused the system to quickly become less organized and the TCFA was soon cancelled. A very short lived cyclone, a Papua New Guinea warning during the late morning hour of 5 June placed Epi\'s center about 130 km northeast of Woodlack Island. Never recognized as a tropical cyclone by the JTWC, the third and final warning was issued later that day after winds fell below gale force.
### Other systems {#other_systems}
Tropical Cyclone 07S developed in the southwestern Indian Ocean on 25 December, while located about 1345 km west-northwest of Cocos Islands. It initially drifted southwest and then turned eastward on 27 December. Around this time, 07S entered Perth\'s Area Of Responsibility (AOR). The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimated that 07S peaked with 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 55 km/h and a minimum barometric pressure of 1006 mbar.{{#tag:ref\|Maximum sustained wind data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) are in 1-minute intervals, while the other agencies such as the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) use 10-minute intervals\|group=\"nb\"}} The storm drifted erratically and by 1800 UTC on 28 December, the JTWC issued its final warning on 07S, while situated about 465 km west-northwest of Cocos Islands. However, TCWC Perth continued Tropical Weather Outlooks (TWOs) on the system until 3 January.
## Storm names {#storm_names}
**TCWC Perth**
- Fiona
- Graham
- Harriet
- Inigo
**TCWC Darwin**
- Craig
**TCWC Brisbane**
- Erica
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# 2002–03 Australian region cyclone season
## Season effects {#season_effects}
This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 2002--03 Australian region cyclone season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s)--denoted by bold location names -- damages, and death totals. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2003 USD
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# 1851 Research Fellowship
The **1851 Research Fellowship** is a scheme conducted by the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 to annually award a three-year research scholarship to approximately eight \"young scientists or engineers of exceptional promise\". The fellowship is open to all nationalities and fields of science, including physical or biological sciences, mathematics, applied science, and any branch of engineering. The fellowship can be held anywhere in the United Kingdom.
Several other fellowships are also awarded by the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851, including the Research Fellowship in the Built Environment, Industrial Fellowships and the Research Fellowship in Design.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
The research fellowship known as the **1851 Exhibition Scholarship**, has been awarded to numerous scientists and engineers over the years, many of whom have become leaders in their fields.
Award recipients include:
- Herbert E. Watson, Ramsey Professor in Chemical Engineering at University College London
- Charles Glover Barkla, English physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1917.
- Noel Benson, a research geologist and academic
- Homi J. Bhabha, \"father\" of India\'s nuclear programme
- Sydney Brenner, British biologist/geneticist and winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- Eric Burhop, Australian physicist
- Kelvin Campbell, South African / English urban designer, originator of \'Massive Small Theory\'
- Roger Cashmore, English physicist
- James Chadwick, English physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics
- Hans Thacher Clarke, English-born biochemist who distinguished himself as University professor and Kodak researcher in the United States
- John Cockcroft, English physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics
- John Cornforth, Australian chemist and winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry
- Paul Dirac, English physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics
- Austin Burton Edwards, Australian geologist
- Alice Laura Embleton (1876--1960), biologist, zoologist and suffragist.
- Charles Goodeve, Canadian chemist
- Brian Grieve, Australian botanist
- George Harker, Australian scientist
- Rita Harradence, (later Rita Cornforth) Australian chemist
- Peter Higgs, British physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics
- Edwin Sherbon Hills, Australian geologist
- Fred Hoyle, British astronomer noted primarily for the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis and coining the term \"Big Bang\"
- Aaron Klug, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- Yamuna Krishnan, Indian-American chemist, winner of the Infosys Prize
- June Lascelles, Australian microbiologist
- Geoff Malcolm, New Zealand physical chemist
- Leslie Martin, Australian physicist
- Harrie Massey, Australian physicist
- Thomas E. Nevin, Irish physicist
- Mark Oliphant, Australian physicist
- Cormac O\'Ceallaigh, Irish physicist
- J. R
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# Fitzpatrick scale
The **Fitzpatrick scale** (also **Fitzpatrick skin typing test**; or **Fitzpatrick phototyping scale**) is a numerical classification schema for human skin color. It was developed in 1975 by American dermatologist Thomas B. Fitzpatrick as a way to estimate the response of different types of skin to ultraviolet (UV) light. It was initially developed on the basis of skin color to measure the correct dose of UVA for PUVA therapy, and when the initial testing based only on hair and eye color resulted in too high UVA doses for some, it was altered to be based on the patient\'s reports of how their skin responds to the sun; it was also extended to a wider range of skin types. The Fitzpatrick scale remains a recognized tool for dermatological research into human skin pigmentation.
The following table shows the six categories of the Fitzpatrick scale in relation to the 36 categories of the older von Luschan scale:
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | von Luschan | Fitzpatrick | Monk | Characteristics |
+=============+=============+=============+=============+===========================================================================================================+
| | 1 | I | 1 | Always burns, never tans (palest; freckles); very light or white, \"Celtic\" type |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 2 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 3 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 4 | | 2 | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 5 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 6 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 7 | II | 3 | Usually burns, tans minimally (light colored but darker than pale); light or light-skinned European |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 8 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 9 | | 4 | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 10 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 11 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 12 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 13 | | 5 | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 14 | III | | Sometimes mild burn, tans uniformly (golden honey or olive); light intermediate, or dark-skinned European |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 15 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 16 | | 6 | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 17 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 18 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 19 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 20 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 21 | IV | 7 | Burns minimally, always tans well (moderate brown); dark intermediate or \"olive skin\" |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 22 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 23 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 24 | | 8 | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 25 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 26 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 27 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 28 | V | 9 | Very rarely burns, tans very easily (dark brown); dark or \"brown\" type |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 29 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 30 | | 10 | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 31 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 32 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 33 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 34 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 35 | VI | | Never burns (deeply pigmented dark brown to darkest brown); very dark or \"black\" type |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 36 | | | |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## Emoji modifiers {#emoji_modifiers}
The Fitzpatrick scale is also the basis of skin color in emoji, with five modifiers according to the Fitzpatrick scale (types `{{Serif|I}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{Serif|II}}`{=mediawiki} merged).
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# Fitzpatrick scale
## Eurocentric bias {#eurocentric_bias}
The Fitzpatrick scale has been criticized for its Eurocentric bias and insufficient representation of global skin color diversity. The scale originally was developed for classifying \"white skin\" in response to solar radiation, and initially included only four categories focused on white skin, with \"brown\" and \"black\" skin types (V and VI) added as an afterthought.
The scale\'s methodology, relying on self-reporting of skin color, sunburn, and sun tanning response, fails to capture the broad spectrum of skin reflectance. Studies demonstrate that European populations have the narrowest skin color variation, whereas groups categorized as \'brown\' or \'black\' exhibit a much wider range.
The efficacy of the Fitzpatrick scale even among white-skinned individuals has been argued to be questionable, since studies such as that on a Dutch student population have found it inadequate for categorizing, challenging its appropriateness for investigating the relationship between sunburn tendency and tanning ability.
The Fitzpatrick scale\'s Eurocentric orientation and its limitations in accurately representing global skin color diversity, along with similar biases in classifying other phenotypic traits, have been argued to require more inclusive and scientifically valid categorizations in dermatological and genetic research
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# ProCare
**ProCare** was a service offered by Apple Computer for use at Apple retail stores providing enhanced access to services from the Genius Bar. ProCare had an annual membership fee of US\$99 for use with up to three Apple computers. Among the services included with membership were scheduling of Genius Bar reservations up to 14 days in advance (vs. 3 days for non-members) and faster turnaround times for in-store repairs. ProCare membership also included personalized setup of new machines, a yearly \'tune-up\' and \'backup consultation\'.
ProCare previously included individualized training and instruction on a variety of topics relating to Apple computers and software, but as of May 2, 2007, this was spun off as a separate training service called One to One.
On March 3, 2011, the ProCare service was superseded by **Joint Venture** from Apple
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# 2002–03 South Pacific cyclone season
The **2002--03 South Pacific cyclone season** was the most active and longest tropical cyclone season since 1997--98, with ten tropical cyclones occurring within the South Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W. The season started earlier than normal, with two systems developing before the official start of the season on November 1, 2002, while the final system dissipated on June 9, 2003, after the season had officially ended on April 30. During the season, tropical cyclones were officially monitored by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) in Nadi, Fiji and the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres in Brisbane, Australia and Wellington, New Zealand. The United States Armed Forces through the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), also monitored the basin and issued unofficial warnings for American interests. RSMC Nadi attaches a number and an F suffix to tropical disturbances that occur within the basin, while the JTWC designates significant tropical cyclones with a number and a P suffix. RSMC Nadi, TCWC Wellington and TCWC Brisbane all use the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale and estimate windspeeds over a ten-minute period, while the JTWC estimates sustained winds over a one-minute period, which are subsequently compared to the Saffir--Simpson Hurricane Scale (SSHS).
The season began with Tropical Depression 17F on July 3, several months prior to the official start of the season. In late December, the strongest cyclone of the season, Cyclone Zoe severely affected many islands in the South Pacific, particularly the island of Tikopia. Zoe remained the strongest cyclone recorded in the Southern Hemisphere until Winston surpassed. Shortly after, in mid-January, Cyclone Ami struck Fiji as a Category 3 cyclone, where it caused US\$51.2 million in damage.{{#tag:ref\|All monetary figures are in 2003 values.\|group=\"nb\"\|name=\"Money\"}} Cyclone Erica caused considerable damage to New Caledonia as a Category 4 cyclone, causing numerous power outages. The final storm of the season, Cyclone Gina, formed well outside the bounds of the conventional tropical cyclone season, existing entirely in the month of June and causing some damage to Tikopia. As a result of tropical cyclones in the 2002--03 season, US\$67.2 million in damages was caused, along with 20 fatalities.
\_\_TOC\_\_
## Seasonal forecasts {#seasonal_forecasts}
+---------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+
| Source/Record | Tropical\ | Severe\ |
| | Cyclones | Tropical Cyclones |
+=================================+===============+===================+
| Average (1970--71 --- 2001--02) | 8.7 | 4.1 |
+---------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+
| Record high activity: | 1997--98: 16 | 1982--83: 10 |
+---------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+
| Record low activity: | 1994--95: 2 | 1994--95: 0 |
+---------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+
| Activity during this season: | 10 | 7 |
+---------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+
: **Climatological season statistics**
During November 2002, New Zealand\'s National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research predicted that there would be an eastwards shift in activity during the season, with more tropical cyclones than normal expected to the east of the date line, due to well established weak to moderate El Niño conditions. As a result, the island nations of Wallis and Futuna, Niue, Samoa, Tokelau, and the Southern Cook Islands were predicted to experience a higher than average number of tropical cyclones. The Solomon Islands, Fiji, Tuvalu, Tonga, French Polynesia, New Zealand and the Northern Cook Islands were predicted to experience an average number of tropical cyclones, while Southern Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and New Caledonia were predicted to experience a reduced number of tropical cyclones. In January 2003, NIWA issued an updated outlook, listing the Northern Cook Islands and French Polynesia as areas predicted to experience an above average number of tropical cyclones. In contrast, Vanuatu was predicted to experience below average cyclone activity. The Solomon Islands and Tonga were now predicted to experience a reduced number of tropical cyclones, with all other countries expected to face the same risk as the November outlook.
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## Seasonal summary {#seasonal_summary}
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`from:01/01/2003 till:31/01/2003 text:January`\
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After three seasons of below average cyclone activity, the 2002--03 season was slightly above average, featuring ten cyclones and seven severe tropical cyclones. One of the cyclones, Cyclone Erica, originated from the Australian region but later moved into the South Pacific, where it impacted New Caledonia. Throughout the season, a moderately warm El Niño--Southern Oscillation (ENSO) generated a shift of cyclone activity away from Australia and towards the open waters of the southern Pacific. As a result, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) between November 2002 and June 2003 was negative, averaging -7.2. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Pacific were above average; for most of the tropical regions, SSTs were above 29 °C (84 °F). At various times, Madden--Julian oscillation (MJO) pulses increased convective activity and thus cyclone development in the basin. Five pulses of the MJO and Equatorial Rossby waves (ER) were responsible for most of the cyclone activity during the season. Cyclone Zoe, the strongest cyclone of the season, was the only cyclone with no connection to any identified MJO or ER wave. By April, an easterly trade wind anomaly took place, signifying the end of the El Niño pattern that had persisted for much of the year.
Over the course of the season, cyclones were active for a total of 40 days, and severe tropical cyclones were active for a total of 19 days, both above average. A total of five tropical disturbances formed during 2002, of which two were cyclones. The first disturbance of the season, Tropical Depression 17F,{{#tag:ref\|Tropical Depression 17F was assigned the designation 17F rather than 01F by RSMC Nadi.\|group=\"nb\"\|name=\"17F\"}} along with another depression, 01F, formed well before the start of the cyclone season on July 3 and October 21 respectively. Cyclone Yolande was the first cyclone of the season, forming on November 29, but did not impact any land masses. In December, two disturbances formed, Tropical Depression 03F and Cyclone Zoe. The latter was the season\'s strongest cyclone and the strongest cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, affecting areas of the Solomon Islands.
In the first half of 2003, thirteen disturbances formed, of which eight developed into tropical cyclones; six intensified further and became severe tropical cyclones. January 2003 featured four disturbances and three cyclones. Cyclones Ami and Beni were both severe tropical cyclones, with the first extensively impacting Fiji. The month of February was less active compared to January; only two disturbances formed, Cyclone Dovi and Tropical Disturbance 10F, although Dovi would become a Category 5 cyclone on the Australian cyclone scale. March was slightly more active than February; the month featured three tropical depressions and two severe tropical cyclones, Cyclone Erica and Cyclone Eseta, although Erica originally formed west of 160°E. After an easterly wind anomaly arose in April, cyclone activity was suppressed during the month, totalling three tropical disturbances and one cyclone. In June, Cyclone Gina formed as a result of a strong ER wave and later became a severe tropical cyclone, well after the end of the season. Its dissipation on June 9 marked the end of the cyclone season.
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# 2002–03 South Pacific cyclone season
## Systems
### Tropical Cyclone Yolande {#tropical_cyclone_yolande}
Cyclone Yolande developed on November 29 from a broad area of thunderstorms embedded within a monsoonal trough, originating from a westerly wind burst associated with El Niño conditions; the same area of disturbed weather would later generate Typhoon Pongsona on December 2. At the time, the tropical depression was moving towards the southeast, but strong wind shear displaced the cyclone\'s strongest winds and convection northeast of its circulation center. Convective activity fluctuated under strong diurnal temperature variation. After moving into an area of less wind shear, the system was able to organize and develop good outflow currents. This was reflected with a slight drop in minimum barometric pressure down to 995 mbar. As a result, at 2255 UTC on December 4, the depression attained cyclone status and was given the name Yolande, east of Tonga. After being named, Cyclone Yolande began to accelerate into an area of strong wind shear, and convection became increasingly displaced from the center of circulation. By 1200 UTC on December 5, the convection was already sheared 160 km from the northwest of the circulation center, and as such the cyclone was downgraded to depression status. By this time, Yolande had completed a transition into an extratropical cyclone, after interacting with a baroclinic zone to the southwest. Yolande\'s extratropical remnants continued to track towards the southeast before dissipating entirely on December 11, 2700 km to the southeast of Papeete, French Polynesia. As a result of remaining at sea, Yolande only caused minimal damage.
### Severe Tropical Cyclone Zoe {#severe_tropical_cyclone_zoe}
Severe Tropical Cyclone Zoe was the second-most intense tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere in recorded history,`{{TCWC Wellington BT}}`{=mediawiki} severely affecting areas of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Cyclone Zoe developed from the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) on January 23, east of Tuvalu. Initially developing slowly as a tropical depression, the predecessor to Zoe moved toward the west-southwest under the influence of a high-pressure area. However, the storm entered an area of very favorable cyclone conditions. After reaching cyclone strength on December 25, rapid intensification ensued. By the next day, Zoe had already strengthened to a severe tropical cyclone. On December 27, Zoe attained wind speeds equivalent to Category 5 status on both the Australian and Saffir--Simpson hurricane scales. An upper-level trough of low pressure forced Zoe towards the southwest, moving into the vicinity of the Solomon Islands. The next day, Zoe intensified to a record low barometric pressure of 890 mbar, with winds of 290 km/h. However, conditions would deteriorate, and the cyclone would consequently weaken. By January 1, the storm had already degenerated into an extratropical cyclone, and its remnants dissipated just three days later.
Cyclone Zoe severely impacted the islands of the Solomon island chain, particularly the islands of Tikopia and Anuta. In Anuta, agricultural activities were disrupted. Various fruit trees and crops, especially in gardens on the island\'s hills, were destroyed by high winds and heavy rain. In addition, communications with other islands were disrupted. The impact on Tikopia was much greater; agricultural productivity on the island was said to have been wiped out. Fruit trees were estimated only to begin producing fruit again at least two years after Zoe\'s impact. Topsoil was left dry by the cyclone, preventing any immediate replacement of lost crops.
### Severe Tropical Cyclone Ami {#severe_tropical_cyclone_ami}
Severe Tropical Cyclone Ami was one of the worst cyclones ever to affect Fiji. Cyclone Ami developed from a low-pressure area east of Tuvalu on January 12. The storm moved slowly towards the southwest early in its existence. Influenced by an upper-level trough, Ami slowed down and began moving towards the south and then southeast. The cyclone attained severe tropical cyclone intensity on January 13. Ami made its first landfall at Vanua Levu, before subsequently making another landfall on Taveuni. Ami reached peak intensity as an equivalent Category 3 cyclone on the Australian cyclone scale on January 14. Accelerating to the southeast, the cyclone began to cross over cool sea surface temperatures and encountered wind shear. Ami transitioned into an extratropical cyclone the day after.
Cyclone Ami severely impacted parts of Fiji, mainly through flooding. Numerous landslides and power outages were caused by the heavy rains. The damage was particularly severe in Labasa, where the entire city was inundated. Sugar cane production decreased by 15%, and other crops also suffered heavily. In Tonga, damage was not as severe, but two ships were grounded. Ami caused F\$104.4 million (US\$51.2 million) in damages and 14 deaths, primarily on Fiji. Following the deaths and damage, the name \"Ami\" was later retired.
### Severe Tropical Cyclone Beni {#severe_tropical_cyclone_beni}
Severe Tropical Cyclone Beni was an intense tropical cyclone that affected areas of the southern Pacific Ocean, particularly in New Caledonia. It developed from a tropical disturbance on January 20 south of the Solomon Islands, and at first moved slowly towards the west. On January 25, the disturbance gained enough strength and organization to be named Beni. It quickly made a clockwise loop, maintaining its intensity, and later headed south. After fluctuating in intensity, Beni entered more conducive conditions and began to strengthen, this time heading southeast. Traveling between Vanuatu and New Caledonia, Beni reached its peak intensity as a Category 5 tropical cyclone on January 29, the highest rating on the Australian cyclone scale, with winds of 235 km/h. It only maintained this intensity for a short time before an increase in wind shear and less favorable conditions induced its weakening. After nearing Vanuatu, a strengthening ridge forced Beni towards the southwest, away from Vanuatu. The cyclone made its closest approach to the island of New Caledonia on January 30, but only as a marginal Category 1 cyclone. Continuing to weaken under strong wind shear, Beni was downgraded to a tropical depression the same day. After crossing New Caledonia, Beni exited the South Pacific basin and entered the Australian region.
During Beni\'s existence, parts of the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and Queensland were affected by the storm. The cyclone caused flooding and a food shortage in the Solomon Islands. An estimated 2,000 people were evacuated as a result. Rough seas and storm surge, as well as strong gusts, were the primary effects of Beni on Vanuatu and New Caledonia. New Caledonia was hit by power outages, and Vanuatu mainly suffered beach erosion.
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# 2002–03 South Pacific cyclone season
## Systems
### Tropical Cyclone Cilla {#tropical_cyclone_cilla}
Cyclone Cilla affected several islands in the South Pacific. The cyclone developed from a monsoon trough on January 26 northwest of Fiji, and initially moved to the east in conditions unfavourable for cyclones. After wind shear lessened, Cilla reached its peak intensity on January 28, attaining maximum winds of 75 km/h sustained over 10 minutes. After slightly weakening, Cilla was able to intensify again to match this intensity on January 29. Strong vertical wind shear conditions then returned, and Cilla transitioned into an extratropical cyclone.
Cilla dropped heavy rainfall over islands along its path. As a depression the storm dropped rain over Fiji, which had already been effected by Cyclone Ami just two weeks earlier. Damage in Tonga was mostly limited to vegetation and fruit trees; damage to infrastructure was relatively minor. Rain also fell on American Samoa, although no damage was reported.`{{Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima}}`{=mediawiki} After the season, the name \"Cilla\" was retired.
### Severe Tropical Cyclone Dovi {#severe_tropical_cyclone_dovi}
Cyclone Dovi developed on February 5 from an area of circulation within the SPCZ near the northern Cook Islands. Dovi therefore saw favourable conditions throughout much of its existence. Due to a mid--level ridge to the east, the cyclone progressed on a southward track. Dovi eventually steered to the southwest, and continued to intensify steadily after fluctuating due to diurnal temperature variations, becoming a Category 1 equivalent on the Saffir--Simpson hurricane scale on February 8. An anticyclone positioned to the west of the system moved closer to Dovi, providing an improved environment. After developing an eye later that day, Dovi attained its maximum wind speeds of 205 km/h sustained over 10 minutes. The cyclone then again steered towards the south, encountering high wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures. As a result, Dovi quickly weakened as its convection was displaced. While its outflow in its western and southern quadrants remained favorable, elsewhere outflow was deteriorating. On February 10, Dovi\'s minimum barometric pressure was 980 mbar as it moved south-southeast at 11 km/h. The weakening Dovi became an extratropical cyclone on February 11. The remnants continued drifting southwest; the Meteorological Service of New Zealand in Wellington stopped issuing information on it on February 13.
Despite its close proximity to islands along its path, Dovi caused only minimal damage. Oceanic swells and storm surge were felt in some coastal areas. Strong winds were reported in the southern Cook Islands and Niue. Damage to banana plantations on Palmerston Island was reported, but Dovi caused no fatalities.
### Severe Tropical Cyclone Eseta {#severe_tropical_cyclone_eseta}
Cyclone Eseta developed on March 10 from an area of disturbed weather that originated in the vicinity of Vanuatu. At the time the cyclone was in very favourable conditions, in an area with warm sea--surface temperatures, low wind shear, and with development enhanced by an MJO pulse traversing the area at the time. After convection began to wrap around the center of circulation, the low--pressure area was named *Eseta*. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began issuing warnings on Eseta at 1200 UTC on March 10; Eseta had a minimum pressure of 995 mbar at the time. As the cyclone was on the western periphery of a mid--level ridge, it moved in a south-southeastwardly direction, initially at 13 km/h. It then intensified quickly, and the next day developed a ragged eye. As it began to curve around the mid--level ridge, its forward speed increased to 21 km/h. Favorable conditions continued on March 12, and Eseta underwent rapid intensification, with its barometric pressure falling 40 mbar to a minimum of 930 mbar. Wind speeds increased to 185 km/h sustained for 10 minutes. However, the cyclone only maintained this intensity for 12 hours before entering an area of strong vertical wind shear. It continued to accelerate in forward speed, but shower activity became elongated and the eye dissipated. The next day, Eseta had a forward speed of 55 km/h. As a result, the cyclone lost tropical characteristics on March 14. The JTWC issued its last warning on Eseta at 0000 UTC on March 4 as it became extratropical. Eseta was absorbed by a front the next day.
Although Eseta was well offshore of any islands in the Pacific, rains and wind caused some damage. Western regions of Fiji reported heavy rain and flooding as the cyclone passed to its south. As a weakening cyclone, Eseta passed over the Tongan island of Eua, destroying fruit trees and kava crops. No deaths were reported due to Eseta.
### Severe Tropical Cyclone Erica {#severe_tropical_cyclone_erica}
Severe Tropical Cyclone Erica was a powerful cyclone considered the worst to affect New Caledonia since Cyclone Beti. It developed from a monsoonal trough on March 4 just off Queensland in the Australian cyclone region. Once it entered the South Pacific cyclone region on March 12, Erica steadily intensified in a favourable environment, reaching peak intensity on March 13 as a Category 4 equivalent on the Saffir--Simpson Hurricane Scale. On that day Erica paralleled the coast of New Caledonia, before making landfall on the southern end of the island at L\'Île-des-Pins. At the same time the cyclone entered an area with strong wind shear and thus began to weaken. After passing the island, an extratropical transition began, weakening the cyclone as it moved southeast. On March 15, Erica completed its transition into an extratropical cyclone and fully dissipated the next day.
Cyclone Erica severely impacted the island nation of New Caledonia, causing intense winds and heavy rain. An estimated 892 families were affected by the cyclone on the island, and two people were killed. As many as 60% of people on the west coast lost power. On March 17 only seventeen of the sixty-six secondary schools on the island were functioning. After the storm it was feared that the existing dengue fever epidemic on the island would spread. Erica caused US\$15 million in damages, primarily on New Caledonia.
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# 2002–03 South Pacific cyclone season
## Systems
### Tropical Cyclone Fili {#tropical_cyclone_fili}
Cyclone Fili formed on April 13 from an area of convection northeast of Fiji. As marginal windshear abated, the disturbance began to organise, and cyclonic rotation was noted. A tropical upper tropospheric trough to the southwest helped enhance upper-level divergence in the system. RSMC Nadi began issuing warnings at 0000 UTC on April 14. Despite forecasts that Fili would merge with an extratropical cyclone, overnight convective organisation improved. Dvorak satellite estimates gave a rating of 3.0, implying winds of 85 km/h. The JTWC issued their only warning on Fili at 0600 UTC on April 14. RSMC Nadi named the storm *Fili* at 1800 UTC on the same day, east-southeast of Tongatapu. At the time, Fili was travelling southeast at 35 km/h. During the day a nearby upper-level trough helped accelerate Fili southeast and then southward. However, Fili quickly lost tropical characteristics under intense wind shear, becoming an extratropical cyclone the next day and merging with a cold front by 1200 UTC on March 15. No damage was reported as a result of Fili due to its distance from land masses.
### Severe Tropical Cyclone Gina {#severe_tropical_cyclone_gina}
A westward-moving tropical disturbance persisted northeast of Vanuatu, with persistent convection extending toward the Solomon Islands. On June 4, both the JTWC and RSMC Nadi classified the system as a tropical depression. With a ridge to the south, it moved to the west-southwest, quickly intensifying into Tropical Storm Gina by June 5 about 970 km east-southeast of Honiara. By 0000 UTC on June 7, the JTWC upgraded Gina to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, after an eye became evident on satellite images. Interaction with the nearby remnants of Tropical Cyclone Epi caused convection to decrease. On June 7, FMS reported that Gina attained peak intensity as a low-end Category 3 tropical cyclone on the Australian intensity scale, with winds of 140 km/h. The JTWC recorded winds of 170 km/h. A compact cyclone with a well-defined eye, Gina encountered stronger wind shear and cooler waters. After turning southeast and then east-southeast in response to a rapidly approaching trough, Gina quickly deteriorated as the convection became displaced from the centre. By June 9, the centre became uncertain as Gina stalled to the west-northwest of Port Vila. Winds diminished below gale force the next day.
Gina struck the island of Tikopia that had already sustained catastrophic damage from Cyclone Zoe less than two months previously. The storm brought high winds and torrential rains that triggered landslides. Dozens of homes were damaged and many areas newly re-planted after Cyclone Zoe were devastated again. The impacts of Gina reportedly set back recovery efforts by nearly six months. A total of 112 newly built houses and 128 newly built kitchens were severely damaged, and another 37 homes sustained minor damage. The newly planted winter crop was lost due to sea spray, and 143 bags of rice, given as relief supplies after Cyclone Zoe, were lost. Following the storm, additional relief supplies and food were rushed to residents to ensure their safety. These consisted of local foods, sago and mesh wiring, worth \$14,400. A ship carrying five people became stranded in the Coral Sea during the storm when their engine failed on June 7. A mayday signal was put out by the captain but rough seas produced by the storm hampered rescue efforts. The five were safely rescued later that day, but two more people were discovered to be missing.
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# 2002–03 South Pacific cyclone season
## Systems
### Other systems {#other_systems}
During the opening days of the tropical cyclone year 2002--03, a westerly wind burst occurred and lead to the formation of Typhoon Chataan and Tropical Depression 17F. The system was first noted as a tropical depression during July 3, while it was located about 800 km to the northwest of Honiara in the Solomon Islands of Guadalcanal. Over the next couple of days the system moved westwards before it was last noted during July 5. During October 21, Tropical Disturbance 01F developed about 410 km to the northwest of Port Vila, Vanuatu. It moved southeast and developed into a poorly organised tropical depression. It remained disorganized and accelerated towards the southeast, and was last noted by RSMC Nadi at 1800 UTC on October 22. On December 10, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 03F had developed within a trough of low pressure, about 635 km to the northeast of Pago-Pago on the American Samoan island of Tutuila. The depression drifted towards the south, and was classified as a tropical depression the next day. Further development of the depression was prevented by dry air wrapping into the system and vertical windshear displacing convection. The depression was no longer monitored by RSMC Nadi on December 15 after it had become sheared, but it was briefly referred to as a \"weak tropical depression\" on December 19 and 20.
On January 30, the poorly organised Tropical Disturbance 08F developed within a convergence zone about 325 km to the northeast of Apia on the Samoan island of Upolu. Over the next few days the system remained weak and poorly organized, and was classified as a tropical depression during February 5. The depression then moved westwards, before dissipating on February 9. Tropical Disturbance 10F developed on February 15, about 170 km to the north of the Fijian Dependency of Rotuma Island. The system was poorly defined and disorganised, while convection surrounding the system was mostly confined to the southern and eastern flanks of the low level circulation. Over the next few days the disturbance remained weak and was last noted during February 21, while nestled within the Solomon Islands. On March 6, Tropical Depression 11F developed under an upper trough of low pressure about 220 km to the northeast of Nadi, Fiji. Convection surrounding the depression was displaced to the north of the low level circulation center. The depression remained weak over the next couple of days, and was last noted during March 8. A fairly disorganized tropical disturbance developed during April 6, within a monsoonal convergence zone, about 236 km to the northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu. It was initially located within an area of weak vertical windshear, but was expected to move into an area of stronger vertical windshear over the following 24 hours and gradually become extratropical. During the next day, as the disturbance moved southwards, it was assigned the designation 14F, before it was dropped by RSMC Nadi during April 8, as convection surrounding the system became sheared and displaced. On April 13, Tropical Disturbance 15F developed within a monsoon trough, about 355 km to the southeast of Apia, Samoa. The system moved towards the south, with convection surrounding it poorly organised, and displaced to the north of the depression\'s low level circulation centre. The depression was then last noted, during the next day as Tropical Depression 16F developed into Tropical Cyclone Fili
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# 2004 Ronde van Nederland
{{ Infobox cycling season \| name = 2004 Ronde van Nederland \| edition = 44 \| competition = Ronde van Nederland \| image = \| image_caption = \| image_alt = \| dates = August 24-28, 2004 \| location = Oudenbosch to Sittard-Geleen \| rounds = 6 \| individual_champion = `{{flagicon|Netherlands}}`{=mediawiki} Erik Dekker \| individual_champion_team = \| male_individual_champion = \| male_individual_champion_team = \| female_individual_champion = \| female_individual_champion_team = \| teams_champion = \| nations_champion =
\| previous = 2003 \| next = 2005 Eneco Tour }} These are the results for the 44th edition of the **Ronde van Nederland** cycling race, which was held from August 24 to August 28, 2004. The race started in Oudenbosch and finished in Sittard-Geleen. It was won by Holland\'s Erik Dekker. It was the last edition of the event, which was renamed Eneco Tour for the UCI ProTour.
## Stages
### 24-08-2004: Oudenbosch-Hoorn, 205 km {#oudenbosch_hoorn_205_km}
RANK FIRST STAGE - TIME TRIAL TEAM TIME
------ -------------------------- ---------------------- --------------
1\. US Postal Service **04:34.50**
2\. Fassa Bortolo **---**
3\. Quick Step-Davitamon **---**
### 25-08-2004: Bolsward-Nijverdal, 182.5 km {#bolsward_nijverdal_182.5_km}
RANK SECOND STAGE TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ------------------------ --------------
1\. US Postal Service **04:11.36**
2\. Phonak Hearing Systems **---**
3\. Lotto-Domo **---**
### 26-08-2004: Kleve-Goch, 86.2 km {#kleve_goch_86.2_km}
RANK THIRD STAGE TEAM TIME
------ ------------- --------------- --------------
1\. Fassa Bortolo **01:58:53**
2\. Team CSC **---**
3\. Lampre **---**
### 26-08-2004: Goch-Goch, 22.2 km {#goch_goch_22.2_km}
RANK FOURTH STAGE - TIME TRIAL TEAM TIME
------ --------------------------- ------------------- --------------
1\. US Postal Service **00:26:03**
2\. Rabobank **+ 0.09**
3\. US Postal Service **---**
### 27-08-2004: Düsseldorf (Ger)-Sittard/Geleen, 221.9 km {#düsseldorf_ger_sittardgeleen_221.9_km}
RANK FIFTH STAGE TEAM TIME
------ ------------- ------------------------- --------------
1\. Lotto-Domo **05:10:28**
2\. Landbouwkrediet-Colnago **+ 1.06**
3\. Lampre **+ 1.43**
### 28-08-2004: Sittard/Geleen-Landgraaf, 197.7 km {#sittardgeleen_landgraaf_197.7_km}
RANK SIXTH STAGE TEAM TIME
------ ------------- ---------- --------------
1\. Rabobank **04:58:16**
2\. Rabobank **---**
3\. Team CSC **---**
## Final classification {#final_classification}
RANK FIRST STAGE TEAM TIME
------ ------------- ------------------------ --------------
1\. Rabobank **21:21:52**
2\. US Postal Service **+ 0.01**
3\. Rabobank **+ 0.04**
4\. Chocolade Jacques **+ 0.20**
5\. Team CSC **+ 0.21**
6\. Team CSC **+ 0.34**
7\. T-Mobile Team **+ 0.35**
8\. Phonak Hearing Systems **+ 0.44**
9\. Quick Step-Davitamon **---**
10\. Lampre **+ 0
| 378 |
2004 Ronde van Nederland
| 0 |
11,065,562 |
# Tõnija
**Tõnija** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 43.
Tõnija village was first mentioned in 1453 as *Toneyegell*.
## Gallery
<File:Tõnija> märts 2007 002.jpg\|The only apartment building in the village <File:Tonija.2011> 028
| 50 |
Tõnija
| 0 |
11,065,600 |
# Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters
The **Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters** (DIA HQ) is the main operating center of the Defense Intelligence Agency. It is located on the premises of Joint Base Anacostia--Bolling in Washington, D.C.
## Overview
DIA Headquarters (sometimes called the Defense Intelligence Analysis Center or DIAC) opened in 1983 and became operational in 1984. and designed by SmithGroupJJR to consolidate DIA activities in the Washington, D.C., area. In 2005, the agency opened the Headquarters Expansion, also designed by SmithGroupJJR, which allowed for more DIA personnel to serve under one roof than ever before. It simultaneously housed the Office of the Director of National Intelligence from 2005 until 2008, when the DNI\'s own facility was opened at Liberty Crossing in McLean, Virginia.
Under DIA HQ is also the headquarters of the co-located United States Strategic Command\'s Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (JFCC-ISR). DIA HQ also includes the DIA Memorial Wall, which commemorates 21 Defense Intelligence Agency employees who have died in the service of the agency and of the United States. Additionally, the facility houses a memorial honoring seven employees who died in the attacks of September 11, 2001 at the Pentagon, the Torch Bearers Wall, which recognizes employees\' exceptional contributions to the agency's mission, and the DIA Museum, which chronicles the history of the agency along with associated historical artifacts.
Currently, approximately 30% of DIA\'s workforce serves in the Headquarters and most of DIA\'s work is performed there.
In addition to DIA Headquarters, agency employees may also be detailed to US embassies as part of the Defense Attaché System, Ft. Detrick (Frederick, MD) for NCMI, Redstone Arsenal (Huntsville, AL) for MSIC, military combatant command headquarters, and several other locations
| 285 |
Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters
| 0 |
11,065,623 |
# Nemopteridae
**Nemopteridae**, the **spoonwings**, are a family of neuropteran insects. They are also called **thread-winged antlions**. They are found in the Ethiopian, Palearctic, Australasian and Neotropical realms but absent in North America (though a fossil has been found in Colorado).
Their flight is delicate and they have a circling flight to avoid walls when they are trapped indoors. The long streamer is conspicuous when the insects are flying and these are the elongated and spatulate hindwings.
The larvae are predators feeding on small insects including ants. The adults feed on nectar and pollen.
Male nemopterids have a bulla on the wing usually along the margin or wing base that is used to disperse pheromone.
## Taxonomy
There are two distinct subfamilies in the family Nemopteridae:
- Subfamily Crocinae, mostly nocturnal and crepuscular species with often a narrow habitat preference. They are found in arid desert zones and have a wide distribution along the southern fringes of the west Palearctic and Western Asia, as well as in dry Neotropical, Afrotropical, and Australian areas.
:\**Afghanocroce*
:\**Amerocroce*
:\**Anacroce*
:\**Apocroce*
:\**Austrocroce*
:\**Carnarviana*
:\**Concroce*
:\* `{{Extinct}}`{=mediawiki}*Cretocroce* Lu *et al*. 2019 -- Cenomanian Burmese amber, Myanmar
:\**Croce*
:\**Dielocroce*
:\**Josandreva*
:\**Laurhervasia*
:\**Moranida*
:\**Necrophylus*
:\**Pterocroce*
:\**Pastranaia*
:\**Thysanocroce*
:\**Tjederia*
:\**Veurise*
- Subfamily Nemopterinae -- diurnal, with a greater diversity
| 211 |
Nemopteridae
| 0 |
11,065,643 |
# Mexborough Town F.C.
**Mexborough Town Football Club** was an English association football club based in Mexborough, Doncaster, South Yorkshire.
## History
Founded in 1962, the club was the third senior club to originate from the town, following in the footsteps of Mexborough and Mexborough Athletic.
They joined the Yorkshire League in their inaugural season, with a runners-up finish securing promotion from Division Two to the league\'s top flight. They finished runners-up in Division One at the first time of asking, and would enter the FA Cup for the first time the following year. They would again finish as league runners-up in 1969 before finally securing their first Yorkshire League title in 1973. It was around this time that they changed their name to **Mexborough Town Athletic**, and in 1974 they took the decision to enter teams into both the Yorkshire League and the Midland League. This arrangement would only last a year, as the club decided to stay solely in the Midland League.
In 1982 the Yorkshire League and Midland League merged to form the Northern Counties East League (NCEL), and Mexborough were among the founder members of the new competition, being entered into the Premier Division. They were relegated to Division One in 1985 before changing their name back to **Mexborough Town**.
After finishing bottom of the NCEL Division One in 1991, they resigned from the NCEL to join the Central Midlands League, but they would last just two years in this competition before resigning and disbanding
| 249 |
Mexborough Town F.C.
| 0 |
11,065,662 |
# John C. Clark
**John Chamberlain Clark** (January 14, 1793 -- October 25, 1852) was an American lawyer and politician who served four terms as a United States representative from New York from 1827 to 1829 and from 1837 to 1843.
## Biography
Clark was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, on January 14, 1793. He graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1811. Clark then studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Hamilton, New York.
### Political career {#political_career}
In 1818, Clark moved to Bainbridge. A Democratic-Republican, then a Jacksonian and later a Democrat, he served as District Attorney of Chenango County from 1823 to 1827.
### Tenure in Congress {#tenure_in_congress}
In 1826, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives 21 District and he served in the 20th United States Congress, March 4, 1827 to March 3, 1829. He resumed practicing law and in 1836 returned to the U.S. House, again representing the 21st District. He began his term as a Democrat, but switched to the Whig Party in 1837 because he favored continuation of the Second Bank of the United States rather than the independent Treasury favored by President Martin Van Buren and the Democrats. Clark was re-elected to Congress as a Whig in 1838 and 1840, ultimately serving in the 25th, 26th, and 27th Congresses (March 4, 1837 -- March 3, 1843).
### Later career and death {#later_career_and_death}
Clark did not run for re-election in 1842, and resumed practicing law. He later moved to Chemung County and became active in the lumber business. Following the Whig victory in the 1848 election for President, Clark was appointed First Auditor of the Treasury and he served from August 2, 1849, to October 31, 1849. He was Solicitor of the United States Treasury from October 31, 1849, until his death.
Clark died in Elmira on October 25, 1852. He was buried at St. Peter\'s Churchyard in Bainbridge
| 323 |
John C. Clark
| 0 |
11,065,673 |
# King's Fire Service Medal
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ The **King\'s Fire Service Medal**, introduced in 1954, is awarded to members of the fire services in the United Kingdom for distinguished service or gallantry. The first person to receive the Kings Fire Service Medal was Christopher James Kemp from West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service whose investiture took place on the morning of 27 September 2023. It was also formerly awarded by Commonwealth countries, most of which now have their own honours systems.
Members of recognised fire brigades were eligible for the *King\'s Police Medal* from its creation in July 1909, with the award renamed the *King\'s Police and Fire Services Medal* in September 1940. In 1954 separate medals were established for the police and the Fire Service, with the *Queen\'s Police Medal* and the *Queen\'s Fire Service Medal* both instituted on 19 May 1954. Recipients from 1969 to 8 September 2022 may use the post-nominal letters "QFSM". Recipients from 8 September 2022 may use the post-nominal letters \"KFSM\".
The award has two categories. The most common is the *King\'s Fire Service Medal for Distinguished Service*. The equivalent medal for gallantry, the *King\'s Fire Service Medal for Gallantry*, can only be awarded posthumously and has, up to 2024, never been awarded, with members of the fire service also eligible for the George Cross, George Medal and the King\'s Gallantry Medal.
There is provision for the forfeiture of the award in the event of a recipient later being convicted of a criminal offence.
## Design
- The medal is silver and 36 millimetres in diameter, with the ribbon suspended from a ring.
- The obverse bears the profile of King Charles III.
- The reverse shows a standing figure with a sword and shield, with an inscription of \"For Distinguished Fire Service\" around the medal\'s edge. The gallantry version has the words \"For Gallantry\" in the exergue.
- The name of the recipient is inscribed on the rim of the medal.
- The 1.38 in wide ribbon is of red with three yellow stripes. The King\'s Fire Service Medal for Gallantry has a single thin dark blue stripe running through the centre of each yellow stripe
| 362 |
King's Fire Service Medal
| 0 |
11,065,774 |
# Cecil Airport
**Cecil Airport** `{{Airport codes|VQQ|KVQQ|VQQ}}`{=mediawiki} is a public airport and commercial spaceport located in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. It is owned by the Jacksonville Aviation Authority and services military aircraft, corporate aircraft, general aviation, and air cargo. The Florida Army National Guard\'s primary Army Aviation Support Facility and the U.S. Coast Guard\'s Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron (HITRON) are also located here, the former operating CH-47 Chinook, UH-60 Blackhawk, UH-72 Lakota and C-12 Huron aircraft, and the latter operating the MH-65C Dolphin helicopter.
The airport has ARFF and structural fire protection provided by Jacksonville Fire/Rescue Station 56. Fire Station 73 (under construction) will be located on the airfield as well and will include ARFF, structural and rescue (ambulance) protection. A back-up, citywide 911 call/training center will also be located at Station 73.
Cecil Airport, commonly known as either \"Cecil\" or \"Cecil Commerce Center\", also houses the FSCJ (Florida State College Jacksonville) aviation course hangar and associated training aircraft. Sunrise Aviation, a flight training school and pilot supplies vendor is the flight training provider for FSCJ\'s aviation program. Facilities operated by major aerospace firms such as Logistic Services International (LSI), Boeing and Flightstar Aircraft Services are also located at Cecil, providing major training, maintenance and overhaul services for a variety of U.S. military aircraft.
In 2010, Cecil Airport became the United States\' eighth licensed commercial spaceport and the first in Florida authorized to fly space vehicles that take off and land horizontally.
The **NZC** identifier was the airport\'s previous FAA identifier when it was Naval Air Station Cecil Field, its former name until its closure as a naval air station in 1999. The **NZC** IATA code is now allocated to Maria Reiche Neuman Airport serving Nazca, Peru `{{airport codes|NZC|SPZA}}`{=mediawiki}.
## History
The airport is located on the site of the former Naval Air Station Cecil Field, which opened in 1941 and closed in 1999 following the 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission decision. Covering a total area of 22,939 acre, it was the largest military base in the Jacksonville area and supported all Atlantic Fleet F/A-18 Hornet strike fighter squadrons and S-3 Viking sea control squadrons.
## Facilities and aircraft {#facilities_and_aircraft}
Cecil Airport covers an area of 6,082 acre and contains four runways and two helipads:
- Runway 18L/36R: 12,503 x, surface: asphalt/concrete
- Runway 18R/36L: 8,002 x, surface: asphalt/concrete
- Runway 9R/27L: 8,003 x, surface: asphalt/concrete
- Runway 9L/27R: 4,439 x, surface: asphalt/concrete
- H1: 70 x, surface: concrete
- H2: 70 x, surface: concrete
For the 12-month period ending February 5, 2018, the airport had 104,361 aircraft operations, an average of 286 per day: 52% military (53,899), 47% general aviation (49,372), \<1% air carrier (744) and \<1% air taxi (346). There were 84 aircraft based at this airport: 69 military, 12 single-engine, 1 multi-engine, 1 jet and 1 helicopter
| 471 |
Cecil Airport
| 0 |
11,065,783 |
# Manifold Destiny (cookbook)
***Manifold Destiny*** is a 1989 cookbook (`{{ISBN|0679723374}}`{=mediawiki}), its updated 1998 edition (`{{ISBN|0375751408}}`{=mediawiki}) and a 2008 update (`{{ISBN|1416596232}}`{=mediawiki}) on the subject of cooking on the surface of a car engine. It was written by Chris Maynard and Bill Scheller, a photographer and a travel writer who were also rally drivers.
The authors claimed inspiration from a trip from Montreal to Boston, where the authors were inspired to keep a package of smoked meat from Schwartz\'s in Montreal hot by placing it in a secure spot on the car\'s engine block, having heard that it was said to be common for truckers to keep cans of soup hot by doing the same thing
| 115 |
Manifold Destiny (cookbook)
| 0 |
11,065,787 |
# List of tlatoque of Tenochtitlan
This is a list of Mesoamerican rulers of the *altepetl* of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City) from its foundation in 1325 until the end of the line of indigenous rulers. From c. 1375 onwards, the rulers of Tenochtitlan were monarchs and used the title *tlatoani*.
From 1427 to 1521, the *tlatoque* of Tenochtitlan were alongside those of the cities Tetzcoco and Tlacopan the leaders of the powerful Triple Alliance, commonly known as the Aztec Empire. The rulers of Tenochtitlan were always pre-eminent and gradually transitioned into the sole rulers of the empire; under either Tizoc (1481--1486) or Ahuitzotl (1486--1502), the *tlatoque* of Tenochtitlan assumed the grander title *huehuetlatoani* (\"supreme *tlatoani*\") to indicate their superiority over the other *tlatoque* in the alliance. The evolution into full autocracy was finished by 1502, when Moctezuma II was elected as *huehuetlatoani* of Tenochtitlan without the traditional input from Tetzcoco and Tlacopan.
In 1521, the Aztec Empire was conquered by the Spaniards under Hernán Cortés and a large number of Mesoamerican allies. Tenochtitlan was destroyed and replaced by Mexico City, though the Spanish colonial authorities continued to appoint *tlatoque* of Tenochtitlan until the office was abolished in 1565.
## Early Tenochtitlan (1325--1375) {#early_tenochtitlan_13251375}
+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession and notes | Life details |
+=================================================+====================================+=====================================+===========================================================================================================================================================================+=======================+
| | Tenoch\ | 1325--1375 (?)\ | Legendary founder of Tenochtitlan; historicity unconfirmed. According to legend, Tenoch was the first human leader of the Mexica, succeeding the Sun god Huītzilōpōchtli. | Next to nothing known |
| | `{{small|''Tenōch''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(50 years?)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
+-------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 265 |
List of tlatoque of Tenochtitlan
| 0 |
11,065,787 |
# List of tlatoque of Tenochtitlan
## Monarchic period (1375--1525) {#monarchic_period_13751525}
The monarchic period of Tenochtitlan extends from the assumption of the title of *tlatoani* by Acamapichtli in 1377 to the death of Cuauhtémoc in 1525, after the arrival of the Spaniards. The accession of Acampapichtli c. 1375 marks the traditional beginning of the Aztec king list. The early Tenochtitlan rulers before Itzcoatl were vassals under the suzerainty of the Tepanecs.
### Pre-imperial *tlatoque* (1375--1427) {#pre_imperial_tlatoque_13751427}
+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession and notes | Life details |
+=================================================+============================================+====================================+=========================================================================================================================================================================================================+=============================================================================================================================+
| | **Acamapichtli**\ | 1375--1390\ | Had matrilineal Toltec ancestry. Oversaw the expansion and development of Tenochtitlan. Assisted his overlord Tezozomoc of Azcapotzalco in making substantial territorial gains throughout Mesoamerica. | 1350--1390\ |
| | `{{small|''Ācamāpichtli''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(15 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{small|(aged 40)}}`{=mediawiki} |
| | | | | |
| | | | | Died of natural causes |
+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Huitzilihuitl**\ | 1391--1414\ | Son of Acamapichtli (1375--1390). Conquered lands on behalf of his Tepanec overlords. The Mexica people as a whole were transformed into a more militarized people in the time of Huitzilihuitil. | ? -- 1410 |
| | `{{small|''Huītzilihhuitl''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(23 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Died of natural causes |
+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Chimalpopoca**\ | 1415--1427\ | Son of Acamapichtli (1375--1390). Devoted much of his reign to building projects and urban development. Considered the first Mexican martyr. | ? -- 1427 |
| | `{{small|''Chīmalpopōca''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(18 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Became embroiled in Tepanec succession conflicts, supported the wrong side and was imprisoned. Hanged himself in captivity. |
+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Xihuitl Temoc**\ | 1427\ | Son of Chimalpopoca (1415--1427). Young at the time of his accession. | ? -- 1427 |
| | `{{small|''Xīhuitl Tēmoc''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(60 days)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Unclear fate; perhaps killed in battle or murdered by a relative |
+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
### Aztec Empire (1427--1521) {#aztec_empire_14271521}
+-------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession and notes | Life details |
+=================================================+====================================================+====================================+=================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+=========================================================================================================================================+
| | **Itzcoatl**\ | 1427--1440\ | Son of Acamapichtli (1375--1390) and a slave. Defeated and killed the Tepanec ruler Maxtla and created the Triple Alliance alongside the rulers of the cities Tetzcoco and Tlacopan. | ? -- 1440 |
| | `{{small|''Itzcōhuātl''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(13 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Died of natural causes |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Moctezuma I**\ | 1440--1466\ | Son of Huitzilihuitl (1391--1414). Though his reign was plagued by an unusual number of natural disasters, Moctezuma I oversaw an age of impressive construction works and far-ranging conquests. Began the flower wars. | ? -- 1466 |
| | `{{small|''Motēuczōma Ilhuicamīna''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(26 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Died of natural causes |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Atotoztli**\ | 1466--1472\ | Daughter of Moctezuma I (1440--1466). Suggested by two later documents to have served as *tlatoani* in her own right between the reigns of Moctezuma I and Axayacatl. | ? -- 1472 (?) |
| | `{{small|''Atotoztli''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(6 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Died of natural causes |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Axayacatl**\ | 1472--1481\ | Grandson of Itzcoatl (1427--1440). A famous warrior-king, Axayacatl continued to work on construction works and expand the empire. | 1450/1451--1481\ |
| | `{{small|''Āxāyacatl''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(9 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{small|(aged 30/31)}}`{=mediawiki} |
| | | | | |
| | | | | Died of illness |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Tizoc**\ | 1481--1486\ | Grandson of Itzcoatl (1427--1440). Succeeded his brother Axayacatl. Although he was sickly, Tizoc oversaw the expansion and beautification of Tenochtitlan and the establishment of Aztec outposts far from central imperial territory. | ? -- 1486 |
| | `{{small|''Tīzocic''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(5 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Possibly poisoned |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Ahuitzotl**\ | 1486--1502\ | Grandson of Itzcoatl (1427--1440). The elder brother of his two immediate predecessors, Ahuitzotl was a strong and militaristic ruler, expanding the empire further and ordering unprecedently large numbers of ritual human sacrifices. | ? -- 1502 |
| | `{{small|''Āhuitzotl''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(16 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Killed in a flood of Tenochtitlan |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Moctezuma II**\ | 1502--1520\ | Son of Axayacatl (1472--1481). Oversaw a period of centralization and strengthening of the Aztec Empire. Disciplined and highly successful ruler before he made contact with the Spaniards in 1519, whereafter the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began. | 1466--1520\ |
| | `{{small|''Motēuczōma Xōcoyōtl''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(18 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{small|(aged 53–54)}}`{=mediawiki} |
| | | | | |
| | | | | Several accounts exist; possibly strangled by the Spaniards or struck in the head during a speech by rock thrown by one of his subjects |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Cuitláhuac**\ | 1520\ | Son of Axayacatl (1472--1481). Commander of the Aztec armed forces at the time of Moctezuma\'s death and quickly elected as *tlatoani*. Fought bravely to expel the Spaniards from Tenochtitlan. | ? -- December 1520 |
| | `{{small|''Cuitlāhuac''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(80 days)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Died of smallpox |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Cuauhtémoc**\ | 1520--1525\ | Grandson of Ahuitzotl (1486--1502). Elected as *tlatoani* after Cuitláhuac\'s death. Killed several of Moctezuma II\'s children to safeguard his right to the throne. Led fierce resistance against the Spaniards but was captured and defeated in 1521. Retained position and title under Spanish rule but held in custody. Seen as a national hero in Mexico. | 1502 -- 28 February 1525\ |
| | `{{small|''Cuāuhtēmoc''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(5 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{small|(aged 23)}}`{=mediawiki} |
| | | | | |
| | | | | Charged with plotting and hanged by Hernán Cortés |
+-------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 968 |
List of tlatoque of Tenochtitlan
| 1 |
11,065,787 |
# List of tlatoque of Tenochtitlan
## Colonial period (1525--1565) {#colonial_period_15251565}
The Spanish colonial authorities continued to appoint *tlatoque* of Tenochtitlan for several decades after the conquest.
### *Cuauhtlatoque* (1525--1536) {#cuauhtlatoque_15251536}
The initial rulers of Tenochtitlan installed by the Spaniards were not part of the nobility and did not go through the traditional investiture ceremonies. As a result, they were not regarded as legitimate *tlatoani* by the local populace. Instead, they were titled as *cuauhtlatoani*, a term that literally meant \"eagle ruler\" and in pre-conquest times served to designate a non-dynastic interim ruler appointed when necessary. Hernán Cortés and the Spaniards initially preferred such less legitimate rulers, possibly as a way of ensuring that the colonial authorities would be able to maintain control.
Though the *cuauhtlatoque* appointed by the Spaniards were not legitimate dynastic rulers, they were noted in later chronicles as governing as if they were *tlatoani*. Codices made after the time of the *cuauhtlatoque* differ in how they are treated; some emphasize their illegitimacy as a rupture in the dynastic sequence whereas others do not comment on their lack of relation to previous rulers and instead depict them in the exact same way, as if they were genuine *tlatoque*.
+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession and notes | Life details |
+=================================================+========================================================+============================================+======================================================================================================================================================================================================================+==========================================================================+
| | **Tlacotzin**\ | 1525 / 1525--1526\ | Appointed by Hernan Cortés. Previously served as cihuacoatl (a senior political office). Appears to have worked alongside the Spaniards for some time since he enjoyed a privileged position before his appointment. | ? -- 1525/1526 |
| | `{{small|Juan Velázquez ''Tlacotzin''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(less than a year)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Died of disease on the way to Tenochtitlan; never took power in the city |
+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Motelchiuhtzin**\ | 1525/1526--1530/1531\ | Commoner from Tenochtitlan and a distinguished military captain. Swiftly appointed by Hernan Cortés after Tlacotzin\'s death. | ? -- 1530/1531 |
| | `{{small|Andrés de Tapia ''Motelchiuh''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(5 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Killed by an arrow during a battle with Colhuacan |
+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Xochiquentzin**\ | 1532--1536\ | Commoner who had previously served as calpixqui (a minor political office). | ? -- 1536 |
| | `{{small|Pablo ''Xochiquentzin''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(4 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Died of natural causes |
+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 393 |
List of tlatoque of Tenochtitlan
| 2 |
11,065,787 |
# List of tlatoque of Tenochtitlan
## Colonial period (1525--1565) {#colonial_period_15251565}
### Resumption of dynastic rule (1538--1565) {#resumption_of_dynastic_rule_15381565}
The royal line of *tlatoque* was restored in 1538. The decision to restore dynastic rule was probably made by the Spanish viceroy Antonio de Mendoza (1535--1550) to preserve the veneer of legitimacy of Spanish rule. Since the Spaniards mainly wished local native rulers to be responsible, pay tribute and be legitimate in the eyes of the people they ruled, the *tlatoani* were from that point onwards most often appointed after being elected and suggested by the native Nahua nobility.
+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Succession and notes | Life details |
+=================================================+=============================================================================+====================================+==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+============================================================================+
| | **Huanitzin**\ | 1538--1541\ | Grandson of Axayacatl (1472--1481). Appointed by the Spaniards due to being well-liked by the Nahua people and being able to speak Spanish; his accession marked the restoration of the royal line. Regarded as a distinguished Mexica ruler of the colonial period. | ? -- 1541 |
| | `{{small|Diego de Alvarado ''Huanitzin''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(3 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Died of natural causes |
+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Tehuetzquititzin**\ | 1541--1554\ | Grandson of Tizoc (1481--1486). Appointed by the Spanish viceroy on the suggestion of the Nahua nobility. Well-liked by his subjects. His reign was marked by a devastating epidemic in the 1540s. Worked to defend the resources of his community and the wealth of his family from his colonial overlords. | ? -- 1554 |
| | `{{small|Diego de San Francisco ''Tehuetzquititzin''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(14 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Died of natural causes |
+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Cecetzin**\ | 1557--1562\ | Son of Huanitzin (1538--1541). Appointed by the Spanish viceroy on the suggestion of the Nahua nobility. The reason for the lengthy interregnum preceding his accession is unknown. | ? -- 1562 |
| | `{{small|Cristóbal de Guzmán ''Cecetzin''}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(5 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Died of natural causes |
+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | **Cipac**\ | 1563--1565\ | Grandson of Ahuitzotl (1486--1502). The last *tlatoani*. Appointed by the Spanish viceroy on the suggestion of the Nahua nobility. His tenure as *tlatoani* was plagued by legal issues and disagreements on taxes with the colonial authorities. | ? -- December 1565 |
| | `{{small|Luis de Santa María ''Cipac'' (''Nanacacipactzin'')}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(2 years)}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | | | Died due to health issues brought on by his stressful tenure as *tlatoani* |
+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
After 1565, the governors of Tenochtitlan ceased to be appointed under the principle of hereditary succession and ceased to be referred to as *tlatoani*. This change was partly a result of experiences with Spanish election principles making the denizens of Tenochtitlan view hereditary descent as less important for legitimacy. From the death of Cipac in 1565 until 1812, Tenochtitlan was instead placed under the control of Spanish-appointed governors; these governors continued to be of indigenous or mixed descent and many were descendants of Aztec nobility, though not of the royal dynasty
| 513 |
List of tlatoque of Tenochtitlan
| 3 |
11,065,788 |
# Adri van Houwelingen
**Adriaan (\"Adri\") van Houwelingen** (born 27 October 1953 in Heesselt, Gelderland) is a retired road bicycle racer from the Netherlands, who was a professional rider from 1978 to 1987. He won the 18th stage at the 1982 Tour de France and the 1983 Ronde van Nederland. He also competed in the team time trial event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
His younger brother Jan was also a professional cyclist. He is now a directeur sportif with Team Rabobank
| 82 |
Adri van Houwelingen
| 0 |
11,065,793 |
# Sajida Alvi
**Sajida S. Alvi** (born 1941) is an academic of Pakistani origin in Canada. She is a historian of Islam in South Asia and was the inaugural appointment to the chair in Urdu Language and Culture at the Institute of Islamic Studies from September 1987 until her retirement in June 2010.
## Life
Alvi moved to Canada in January 1967 as a Post-doctoral Fellow at the University of Toronto. She accepted a teaching position at the Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, Montreal, in 1972; she taught there for five years and then moved to the University of Minnesota in 1977. After receiving tenure and promotion at the University of Minnesota, she returned to McGill University in 1986.
She is the first appointee to an endowed Chair in Urdu Language and Culture (funded by the Government of Pakistan, Department of Multiculturalism, Government of Canada and McGill University), and is a Professor of Indo-Islamic History at McGill University.
Alvi has lectured in Canada and the United States on Islam, aspects of Islamic civilization, and women\'s issues, and works with the Canadian Council of Muslim Women regarding women\'s issues. She also worked various Boards of Education in Ontario to support and enhance the instruction of heritage languages programs with special reference to Urdu with funding from the Department of Multiculturalism.
## Works
Amongst Sajida Alvi\'s contributions her efforts to make Mughal sources more accessible has won her scholastic acclaim; these include her critical edition of Aurangzeb\'s history, *Mir'at al-'Alam: History of Emperor Awangzeb Alamgir* (2 vols); and her translation and edition of a mirror for princes from the reign of the Mughal emperor Jahangir *Advice on the Art of Governance: An Indo-Islamic Mirror for Princes* (Mau'izah-i Jahangiri) of Muhammad Baqir Najm-i Sani.
She has contributed chapters and brief notes to the *Encyclopaedia of Islam*, *Encyclopædia Iranica*, *The Muslim Almanac: A Reference Work on the History, Faith, Culture, and People of Islam*, *Encyclopaedia of the Modern Islamic World*, and *Encyclopaedia of Religion*. Her current two-volume research project in progress is: "Khanqah and Madrasah and Chishtiyya Sufis: Agents of Social Change and Spiritual Rejuvenation in the British Punjab (1750-1850)."
## Educator
She directed and edited a pioneering Urdu Instructional Materials Development Project. With the team of 10 members and 5 Boards of Education in Ontario Province, Alvi developed first set of books for junior and senior kindergarten and grade one, *Urdu for Children: Book One* (4 volumes plus set of two audiocassettes) in 1997. The second set of books in the series for grades two and three, *Urdu for Children: Book Two* (7 volumes and a set of two CDs) was published in October 2004. This project was sponsored and funded by the Canadian Government, and Urdu texts and related materials were published by the McGill-Queen's University Press.
On the hijab, Alvi undertook another major project at the request of the Canadian Council of Muslim Women, and completed it in collaboration with two colleagues from Concordia University as co-editors and contributors along with some graduate students. It culminated in the publication of *Muslim Veil in North America: Issues and Debates* in 2003.
| 520 |
Sajida Alvi
| 0 |
11,065,793 |
# Sajida Alvi
## Works {#works_1}
- Muhammad Bakhtawar Khan. *Mir\'at al-'Alam: History of Emperor Awangzeb 'Alamgir (Political History), vol. 1*. Edited by Sajida S. Alvi. Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, University of Punjab, 1979.
- Idem.*Mir\'at al-'Alam: History of Emperor Awangzeb 'Alamgir (The Biographies of the 'ulama\', Sufis, Calligraphers and Poets), Vol. II*. Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, University of Punjab, 1979.
- \"Muhammad Bakhtawar Khan (d. 1685),\" an historian of Mughal emperor Awrangzeb. Encycolopaedia Iranica, New York, 1988, vol. 3, 541--42.
- \"The Historians of Awangzeb: A Comparative Study of Three Primary Sources.\" Essays on Islamic Civilization Presented to Niyazi Berkes, D.P. Little, ed., (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1976), 57--73.
- \"Tarikh-i Husayniyah: An Unknown Source for the History of Awadh.\" Der Islam Hamburg, West Germany, 58,1(1981): 136--146.
- *Advice on the Art of Governance: An Indo-Islamic Mirror for Princes (Mau'izahi Jahangiri) of Muhammad Baqir Najmi Sani Persian Text with Introduction, Translation, and Notes*. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.
### Articles
- \"Mazhar-i Shahjahani and the Mughal Province of Sind: A Discourse on Political Ethics.\" *Islam and Indian Regions, Texts*, Beitrage zur Sudasienforschung Sudasien-Institut Universitat Heidelberg, 145, Anna.L. Dallapiccola and Stephanie Z. Lallemant, eds. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart, 1993. Vol. 1, 239--258.
- \"Shi'ism in India During Jahangir\'s Reign: Some Reflections.\" Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society Karachi, Pakistan, 27, 1(1979): 39--65.
- \"Religion and State During the Reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1605-27): Nonjuristical Perspectives.\" Studia Islamica, Paris, France, 69(1989): 95-119.
- \"Qazi Sana\'-Allah Panipati, An Eighteenth-Century Indian Sufi-'Alim: A Study of His Writings in Their Sociopolitical Context.\" *Islamic Studies Presented to Charles J. Adams*, W. Hallaq and D. Little, eds., (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991), 11--25.
- \"The *Mujaddid* and *Tajdid* Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview.\" Journal of Turkish Studies, 18 (1994): 1-15.
- \"Islam in South Asia.\" The Muslim Almanac: A Reference Work on the History, Faith, Culture, and Peoples of Islam, Azim Nanji, ed. Gale Research Inc., 1995, 55--72.
- \"Foreword,\" Islam: Its Roots and Wings, A Primer, V. S. Behiery and A. M. Guenther. Canadian Council of Muslim Women: 2000, i-ix.
- \"The Naqshbandi Mujaddidi Sufi Order's Ascendancy in Central Asia Through the Eyes of its Masters and Disciples (1010s-1200s/1600s-1800s)\". *Reason and Inspiration in Islam: Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism in Muslim Thought, essays in Honour of Hermann Landolt*, Todd Lawson, ed., (London: I. B. Tauris, 2005), 418--431.
- *The Muslim Veil in North America: Issues and Debates*, co-edited with Homa Hoodfar and Sheila McDonough. Toronto: Women\'s Press, 2003.
- "Unpacking the symbolism of the Muslim Veil," co-authored with Sheila McDonough, Ecumenism (Women of Faith in the World\'s Religion), No. 115, September (1994).
- "Muslim Women and Society," (comprises an introduction and editing of two excerpts taken from Fatima Mernissi\'s The Forgotten Queens of Islam, and Ruth Moore\'s Ph.D. dissertation, "Women and Warriors@in An Anthology of Islamic Studies, Howard M. Federspiel, ed. (Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies, 1996), vol. 2, 235-285.
- "Evidence, Inheritance, "Hudud": Introduction and Comparative Perspective\" in the Proceedings, International Conference on Islamic Laws and Women in the Modern World\>/cite\>,1996. (Islamabad n. d.): 96--97, 129--132, 147--149, 165.
- "Career Development of Women in Indonesian Society: A Study of Highly Successful Career Women," co-authored with Sabir Alvi, in Women in Indonesian Society: Access, Empowerment, Opportunity: Conference Proceedings, Jakarta, Indonesia. (Yogyakarta: 2002), 111--133.
- "The Canadian Council of Muslim Women: A Chapter in the History of Muslim Women in Canada," co-authored with Sheila McDonough, The Muslim World, nos. 1&2 (Spring 2002): 79--98.
- "Muslim Women and Islamic Religious Tradition: A Historical Overview and Contemporary Issues," The Muslim Veil in North America: Issues and Debates, co-edited with Homa Hoodfar and Sheila McDonough, (Toronto, Canadian Scholar\'s Press, 2003), 145--180.
- "Buzurg Alavi's Writings from Prison." The Muslim World. Hartford Seminary Foundation, 67,3(1977): 205 222. Reprinted in Critical Perspectives on the Literature of Iran, Thomas M. Ricks, ed., and compiler (Washington, D. C., Three Continents Press, 1984), 274 291.
- "Urdu Literature from Prison: Some Reflections on the Writings of Pakistani Prisoners of War in India." Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan. Lahore, Pakistan, 19, 3(1982): 43 54.
### Pedagogy and Textbooks {#pedagogy_and_textbooks}
- *Urdu for Children: Book One, Junior and Senior Kindergarten & Grade One*, comprising (Two textbooks, Teacher\'s Manual, Workbook & two Audio cassettes), editor and project director, McGill-Queen\'s University Press, 1997.
- *Urdu for Children: Book Two, Grades Two and Three* comprising (Two textbooks), Let\'s Read Urdu, 2 volumes, Teacher\'s Manual, Workbooks, 2 volumes & two CDs, editor and project director, McGill-Queen\'s University Press, 2004
| 759 |
Sajida Alvi
| 1 |
11,065,845 |
# Jan van Houwelingen (cyclist)
**Jan van Houwelingen** (born 12 January 1955 in Heesselt, Gelderland) is a retired road bicycle racer from the Netherlands, who was a professional rider from 1979 to 1987. His older brother Adri (born 1953) was also a professional cyclist in the 1980s. In 1978, Van Houwelingen was a member of the team that won the team time trial at the 1978 UCI Road World Championships
| 70 |
Jan van Houwelingen (cyclist)
| 0 |
11,065,880 |
# Acratocnus
***Acratocnus*** is an extinct genus of Caribbean sloths that were found on Cuba, Hispaniola (today the Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Puerto Rico during the Late Pleistocene and early-mid Holocene.
## Taxonomy
The genus was first described by American paleontologist Harold Elmer Anthony in 1916 based on the species *A. odontrigonus*, which was found in cave deposits in Puerto Rico. *Acratocnus antillensis* was first described by William Diller Matthew in 1931. The species was identified based on fossil remains found in various locations in Cuba, including the paleontological deposit Las Llanadas, Sancti Spíritus Province. *Acratocnus ye* was first described by Ross D. E. MacPhee, Jennifer L. White, and Charles A. Woods in 2000. The species was identified based on fossil remains found in various locations in Haiti, including the type locality at Trouing Vape\`Deron, Plain Formon, Département du Sud. The holotype specimen, UF170533, consists of a skull and mandible. *Acratocnus simorhynchus* was first described in 2002. The species was identified based on fossil remains found in Cueva del Perezoso, located in Jaragua National Park, Pedernales Province, Dominican Republic. The holotype, catalogued as ALF 7194, includes an unusually well-preserved skull, mandible, and post-cranial elements.
Like all of the Antillean sloths, *Acratocnus* was formerly thought on the basis of morphological evidence to be a member of the family Megalonychidae, which was also thought to include *Choloepus*, the two-toed tree sloths. Recent molecular evidence has clarified that Caribbean sloths represent a separate basal branch of the sloth radiation, now placed in the family Megalocnidae.
## Description
*Acratocnus ye* and *A. odontrigonus* have been estimated to weigh approximately 15 kg, while *A. antillensis* is estimated to be somewhat smaller at around 10 kg. All species of *Acratocnus* were somewhat larger than living tree sloths, though small in comparison to mainland ground sloths. The skulls of *Acratocnus* are markedly domed along their sagittal crests. The skull of *A. antillensis* is distinguished from other species within the genus *Acratocnus* by its prominent palatine foramina and a short, pointed symphyseal spout. The skull of *A. simorhynchus* is distinguished by its prominent frontal sinuses, resulting in a foreshortened snout. The species also exhibits a pronounced medio-lateral flare of the rostrum, a short symphyseal spout, and deep mandibular corpus. The skull of *A. ye* is distinguished by its flattened nose, giving it a \"snub nosed\" look.
## Ecology
Species of *Acratocnus* inhabited forested environments. The various species are though to have been semi-arboreal, having spent some of their time in trees and some on the ground, with their hooked claws being used both for climbing and terrestrial foraging.
## Extinction
The various species of Caribbean sloths are thought to have become extinct following human arrival to the Caribbean during the mid-Holocene around 6,000 years ago based on the timing of the last radiocarbon dates of Caribbean sloths. Several radiocarbon dates of *A. antiliensis* on Cuba support the presence of the species on the island up until human arrival. Remains of Caribbean sloths have been found in a number of archaeological sites suggesting that they may have been consumed by the earliest inhabitants of the Caribbean, although evidence of hunting is inconclusive
| 524 |
Acratocnus
| 0 |
11,065,885 |
# Tõnismägi
**Tõnismägi** (Estonian for *\"St. Anthony\'s Hill\"*) is a 36-metre high hillock adjacent to Toompea hill in Tallinn, Estonia.
From 1945 to 1996 the central portion of the hillock was called **Liberators\' Square** (*Vabastajate väljak*). The place became internationally known in 2007 when the Estonian government relocated a Soviet war memorial known as the Bronze Soldier. **Tõnismäe** (genitive of *Tõnismägi*) is also a subdistrict (*asum*) in the district of Kesklinn (Town Centre) with a population of 1,404 (`{{as of|2014|01|01}}`{=mediawiki}).
## History
According to archaeological excavations, an oak forest grew on the hillock and its surrounding area in the first millennium. The hill has been dug lower several times during the centuries, thus leaving less material to be found by excavations, but some researchers believe that the area has been inhabited since the 12th or 13th century. First mention of Tõnismägi in writing is from 1348, when the town council of Tallinn gave the area to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
The history of Tõnismägi has always been related to religion. The oak forest was probably a sacred place for Estonians, but before year 1348, a chapel for St. Anthony was built on the hill, accompanied by a cemetery. The chapel and cemetery were probably destroyed around 1570--1571 or 1577 during the Livonian War. After the Livonian War several streets were built in the area.
In 1670, the first Kaarli Church (Charles\'s Church) was built here, named after the Swedish king Charles XI. The wooden church was for Estonians and local Finns. That church was burned down during the Great Northern War in August 1710. The short-lived second church was built in the 19th century, but was torn down when the third Kaarli church was built in 1870.
On 25 September 1944, remains of two Soviet soldiers were buried at the center of the hill. Additional remains were reburied there in April 1945. After the burial of the Red Army soldiers on Tõnismägi the square was named Liberators\' Square on 12 June 1945. A memorial monument was ordered from architect Arnold Alas and unveiled on 22 September 1947, its central part being a bronze statue by sculptor Enn Roos. In 1964, an eternal flame was added. In April 2007, the statue was relocated from Tõnismägi to the cemetery of the Estonian Defence Forces and a reburial process initiated. *(See Bronze Soldier of Tallinn.)*
## Gallery
Tallinn asv2022-04 img12 StCharles Church.jpg\|The third Kaarli church Tallinn Tonismae2
| 406 |
Tõnismägi
| 0 |
11,065,895 |
# Carol Parc Hotel
The **Carol Parc Hotel** in Bucharest, Romania, is a five star hotel near historical Carol Park. Opened in 2007, it contains one of the largest Murano crystal chandeliers in the world, stretching over four stories tall. Several celebrities have stayed there, including foreign dignitaries, singer Beyoncé Knowles, Deep Purple, Angela Gheorghiu, and Enrique Iglesias.
The hotel is located in the heart of Bucharest, on Aleea Suter Str. near the historical Carol Park. It is located on one of the city\'s highest geographic locations, Filaret Hill (named after a late 18th-century metropolitan bishop of the region). The cul-de-sac is named after Suter, a German architect who helped in the planning of the park and parts of the neighborhood, including the symmetrically built Suter street. *Aleea* is Romanian for \"alley.\"
## Press coverage and awards {#press_coverage_and_awards}
*Newsweek* included the hotel in its \"Best of Romania\" article, later following up with an exclusive in which the \"extravagant services\" are detailed.
Peter Imre, a Romanian restaurant critic, compared the hotel and its POEM Restaurant to the luxurious venues of the Interbellum Era, saying that \"Sitting here, you expect King Carol and Queen Elisabeta to enter at any time.\".
The building also received an award for \"Best Renovation/Restoration Project in 2007\" from the Romanian Architects Association.
## History
The hotel comprises two buildings of which the more than one-hundred-year-old main building is built in \"Brâncovenesc style\". Initially built in 1906 for a prominent architect, socialite and friend of King Carol I, the property was later sold to a Greek banker who owned the property until it was nationalized.
During the Communist period the building was nationalized and served as the headquarters for a number of communist party institutions, including ICRAL, the former housing authority (*ICRAL* in Romanian stands for \"întreprindere de Constructii, Reparatii si Administrare Locativa\").
The renovation and conversion cost close to 6 million Euros according to Romanian newspapers. This investment represents nearly twice the per room amount invested by other five star hotels in Bucharest
| 336 |
Carol Parc Hotel
| 0 |
11,065,920 |
# 1999 World Junior Figure Skating Championships
The **1999 World Junior Figure Skating Championships** were held in Zagreb, Croatia between November 21 and 29, 1998. Younger figure skaters competed for the title of World Junior Champion. Due to the large number of participants, the men\'s and ladies\' qualifying groups were split into groups A and B.
It was the last World Junior Figure Skating Championships to be held in the fall. After the 1999 Championships (which were called such even though they took place in the fall of 1998), the event was moved to the spring
| 96 |
1999 World Junior Figure Skating Championships
| 0 |
11,065,941 |
# Mycobacterium neworleansense
***Mycobacterium neworleansense*** is a member of the *Mycobacterium fortuitum* third biovariant complex
| 15 |
Mycobacterium neworleansense
| 0 |
11,065,947 |
# Väljaküla, Saaremaa Parish
**Väljaküla** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 23
| 29 |
Väljaküla, Saaremaa Parish
| 0 |
11,065,952 |
# Croesyceiliog A.F.C.
**Croesyceiliog Association Football Club** is a football club playing in Croesyceiliog, Cwmbran, Wales. They currently play in the `{{Welsh football updater|Croesyc}}`{=mediawiki}. The club was formed in 1964 as a youth team for pupils of Croesyceiliog School. It later entered a senior team in the Newport and District Football League and reached the Welsh Football League for the first time in 2004.
## History
Croesyceiliog was formed in 1964 by pupils at Croesyceiliog School after they reached an agreement with the school for the use of its sporting facilities. The club was initially formed as a youth team and joined the under-18 division of the Newport and District Football League the same year and later merged with Cwmbran Wanderers. The team entered a team in the senior league for the first time the following season, joining Division 2B of the Newport and District League. For the 1967--68 season, the league launched the Premier Division, of which Croesyceiliog became a founder member.
The club won the First Division of the Gwent County League during the 2001--02 season but were not promoted. The team achieved the feat again two seasons later and were subsequently promoted to the Welsh Football League for the first time in the club\'s history after finishing the campaign unbeaten. Croesyceiliog enjoyed early success in the Welsh Football League, winning consecutive promotions in its first two season to reach the First Division. The club suffered relegation to the Second Division in the 2008--09 season.
The 23/24 season became the clubs most successful season in its history. All senior teams were champions of their respective leagues with both the Reserves and Youth achieving league and cup doubles. The 1st team dominating the Gwent Premier, going on a 21 game unbeaten run with their star striker Owen Llewellyn scoring 40 league goals and the team over 100. The Reserves had a much tighter battle but still ended up winning the league by 9 points and securing the Vibez Senior Bowl 3-2 in a memorable game against their neighbours Croesyceiliog Athletic. The youth league came down to two teams fighting it out for the title with Croesyceiliog placing one hand on the trophy following a key 4-1 away win over 2nd placed Newport Corries with a few games remaining. The team scored 89 goals in only 14 matches with striker Jay Pelopida contributing 39 of those. As with the Reserves the Youth won the \'Youth Cup\' with a dominant 6-2 display in the final.
For the first time in its history Croesyceiliog won 5 trophies in a single season with all 3 teams contributing to that landmark season.
During the club\'s history, four players have gone on to play professionally in the English Football League: Terry Cooper, Andy Dibble, Glyn Garner and Christian Doidge.
## Honours
- Welsh Football League Division Two
- Runners-up: 2005--06
- Welsh Football League Division Three
- Runners-up: 2004--05
- Gwent County League
- Division One -- Champions: 2001--02, 2003--04
- Premier - Champions: 2023--24
- Monmouthshire/Gwent Senior Cup
- Winners (4): 1985--86, 1986--87, 2002--03, 2006--07
- Monmouthshire/Gwent Amateur Cup
- Winners (2): 1975--76, 2003--04
- [Vibez Dennis Herbert Senior Bowl](https://www.newport-afl.co.uk/index.htm)
- Winners: 2023--24
- Gwent Premier Youth League
- Champions: 2023--24
- Gwent Premier Youth Cup
- Winners: 2023--24
- [Newport and District Premier Y](https://www.newport-afl.co.uk/index.htm)
- Champions 2023-24
## Club Officials {#club_officials}
Position Name
-------------------------- ----------------------------------------
**Chairman**
**Secretary**
**Vice Chairman**
**Commercial Manager**
**Treasurer** Stuart Brown & Sharon Williams
**Safeguarding Officer** Paul Brown
**Committee Member** Alan Jones, Ceri Gwilliam, Ian Howells
**Committee Member** Stephen Culleton, Kate Culleton
| 592 |
Croesyceiliog A.F.C.
| 0 |
11,065,952 |
# Croesyceiliog A.F.C.
## Ground
The club is based at Woodland Road in Croesyceiliog, Cwmbran
| 15 |
Croesyceiliog A.F.C.
| 1 |
11,065,954 |
# Polkagris
**Polkagris** (plural: *polkagrisar*) is a Swedish stick candy that was invented in 1859 by Amalia Eriksson in the town of Gränna, Sweden. It remains a well-known albeit old-fashioned candy in Sweden, often sold at fairs, Christmas markets, and the like. It is still closely associated with Gränna. The traditional polkagris candy stick is white and red, and is peppermint-flavoured.
**Genuine Polkagris** has had a protected geographical indication since 21 July 2022 by EU and Livsmedelverket, which must therefore be manufactured in Gränna to be called genuine Polkagris.
## Etymology
The name \"polkagris\" literally means \"polka pig\".
\"Polka\" in the candy\'s name refers to a lively Slavic swirling dance, polka, which was still a novelty when the polkagris was invented. The dance originated in the middle of the 19th century and is still a common genre in Swedish folk dance and folk music. It may recall the way a traditional polkagris is made, twisting red and white sugar dough ribbons.
\"Gris\" means \"pig\", and was at that time used as an expression for candy.
## History
Polkagris is a special candy stick type which was invented in Gränna 1859 by Amalia Eriksson (1824--1923), a poor 35-year-old widow. Amalia needed to support herself and her family, when her husband died. Amalia Eriksson got the town council\'s permission to open a bakery to make pastries and peppermint rocks, and opened a shop in Gränna. She kept the recipe secret and it was only revealed upon her death.
The candy is made of sugar dough which is boiled, kneaded on a marble baking table, pulled, and twisted by hand to the right size. The candies contain peppermint, sugar, water, and a very small amount of vinegar, and are sold in about 20 stores in the town.
The candies come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors, but the classical version is a straight, peppermint-flavored stick colored in red and white. The recipe has been included in Swedish cookbooks.
The town of Gränna has only 2,500 residents, but its convenient location off one of the most traveled highways in Sweden attracts over a million visitors per year, many of them drawn by the famous candy, which has been a tradition for more than 150 years.
The first store making polkagrisar outside of Gränna opened in the summer of 2011, on Lilla Nygatan 10 in the Old town of Stockholm.
In 2016, polkagris made its debut in the US in the small town of Solvang, California. It is made by hand in small batches at the [Swedish Candy Factory](http://www.swedishcandyfactory.com).
## Championships and records {#championships_and_records}
In recent years, Gränna has arranged an annual world championship in polkagris making as a tourist event. The candy is handmade, and the perfect polkagris should weigh exactly 50 grams. The championship is held every year on 25 July, outdoors, at the Lake Vättern\'s shore.
A number of polkagris-related records have been registered for the Guinness Book of World Records. The world\'s longest polkagris (1989) was 287.7 m long; the highest polkagris (1993) was 8.67 m; the world\'s heaviest polkagris stick (2003) was 2158.7 kg
| 516 |
Polkagris
| 0 |
11,065,959 |
# Väkra
**Väkra** is an uninhabited village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa
| 18 |
Väkra
| 0 |
11,065,966 |
# Cambrian United F.C.
**Cambrian United F.C.** (formerly Cambrian and Clydach Vale B.G.C.) is a Welsh football club based in Clydach Vale in the Rhondda Valley. The club was founded in 1965 as Cambrian United and, after playing their football in the South Wales Amateur League for a number of years, they joined the Welsh Football League in 2005. A merger between Cambrian United and Clydach Vale Boys and Girls Club led to the current club. The side have risen through the divisions by finishing in promotion positions in Divisions Three and Two in successive seasons and are currently members of the `{{Welsh football updater|CambCly}}`{=mediawiki}.
## History
Cambrian & Clydach Vale was originally formed in 1965 as Cambrian United and was named after the local coal mine, Cambrian Colliery. In its formative years, the club played in the Rhondda & District League before joining the South Wales Corinthian League in 1972. In 1980, Cambrian United merged with Clydach Vale Boys and Girls Club but the merger proved disappointing as the club were nearly relegated out of the renamed South Wales Amateur League. The two clubs subsequently split.
In 1992, Cambrian United returned to the First Division of the South Wales Amateur League after winning the Second Division title. By the end of the decade, the club was regularly competitive at the top of the First Division, missing out on winning the league title during the 2000--01 season after being deducted six points. Cambrian United and Clydach Vale Boys and Girls Club merged for a second time in 2002 to become Cambrian & Clydach Vale Boys and Girls Club and the venture proved more successful. In its third year, the club won the First Division of the South Wales Amateur League and were promoted to the Welsh Football League.
In its first two seasons in the Welsh Football League, the club won consecutive promotions to reach the First Division by the 2007--08 season. The side has remained in the division for over a decade since. Former England manager Terry Venables, whose mother was from the Clydach Vale area, served as an honorary chairman of the club in the 2010s.
The club reached the final of the 2018--19 Welsh League Cup, beating several Welsh Premier League teams during the competition, including defending league and cup champions The New Saints. In the final, Cambrian lost 2--0 to Cardiff Metropolitan University at Jenner Park.
Ahead of the 2024--25 season, the club renamed back to Cambrian United
| 412 |
Cambrian United F.C.
| 0 |
11,065,973 |
# Võrsna
**Võrsna** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 6.
Journalist and writer Aleksander Antson (1899--1945) was born in Võrsna
| 37 |
Võrsna
| 0 |
11,065,975 |
# Another Body Murdered
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| 23 |
Another Body Murdered
| 0 |
11,065,981 |
# Vilidu
**Vilidu** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 9
| 27 |
Vilidu
| 0 |
11,065,986 |
# Steven Hayward (writer)
**Steven Hayward** is a Canadian novelist and short story writer.
Born in Toronto, Hayward attended the University of Toronto and York University. His first book, *Buddha Stevens and Other Stories*, won the 2001 Upper Canada Writer\'s Craft Award; prior to that, the individual stories that would eventually make up this collection were nominated for the Pushcart and Journey prizes, won awards at the University of Greensboro, the University of Arkansas, and the University of Toronto, and had appeared in *The Iowa Review*, *Writ*, *Exile*, *The Southwestern Review*, *Fiddlehead* and *Canadian Fiction Magazine*.
Amazon.ca describes *Buddha Stevens and Other Stories* as an \"intelligent, funny, and engaging volume of postmodern fictions deals with the essential elements of life: love, sex, age, and death.\" The review goes on to say, \"Unlike many postmodernists, however, Hayward sticks to very traditional plots and never hides his characters beneath layers of coy obscurity, proving that it is possible to tell a memorable story through an unusual, playful structure.\"
Hayward holds a doctorate from York University in Shakespeare and Literary Theory. He taught from 2001 to 2008 at John Carroll University and currently is a professor of English at Colorado College and teaches on creative writing and fiction.
His first novel, *The Secret Mitzvah of Lucio Burke* was published in Canada in February 2005. The Italian translation won the Grinzane Cavour Prize for debut fiction in January 2006.
He has published nonfiction on film, literary theory, Renaissance drama, Canadian literature and *The Sopranos*.
He is a member of the Cleveland East Side Writers group
| 261 |
Steven Hayward (writer)
| 0 |
11,065,993 |
# Veeriku, Saare County
**Veeriku** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 41
| 29 |
Veeriku, Saare County
| 0 |
11,065,999 |
# Walter Long (British Army officer)
Brigadier-General **Walter Long**, CMG, DSO (26 July 1879 -- 28 January 1917) was a British soldier.
## Background
The eldest son of the 1st Viscount Long and his wife Lady Dorothy (Doreen) Boyle, he was baptized 11 September 1879 at St John\'s Church, West Ashton, Trowbridge, Wiltshire.
## Military career {#military_career}
Educated at Harrow, he joined the Royal Scots Greys as a second lieutenant on 20 May 1899. In November of that year he went with his regiment to South Africa to serve in the Second Boer War, where he took part in the ride under Sir John French to the relief of Kimberley, Northern Cape, and was badly wounded at Dronfield. On return to duty he was appointed ADC to General Sir Bruce Hamilton, and promoted lieutenant on 10 July 1900. He served throughout the campaign, and was promoted to captain on 23 April 1902. The war formally ended in early June 1902, but Long stayed in South Africa until late November, when he left on the *SS Carisbrook Castle*. He was mentioned in dispatches several times while in South Africa (including the Final Despatch by Lord Kitchener dated 23 June 1902), and for his service there gained the Distinguished Service Order (DSO), the Queen\'s South Africa Medal and the King\'s South Africa Medal, each with two clasps.
When he returned to England, he was made ADC to Sir Harry Scobell commanding the First Cavalry Brigade at Aldershot. Long resigned this appointment in order to return to his regiment. After serving with his regiment for some years, he went to India as additional ADC to General Sir Garrett O\'Moore Creagh, and afterwards he went to Canada to serve as ADC to the Duke of Connaught.
Long spent the early part of World War I in France, and took part in the Battle of Mons, after which he was made a Brigadier General. After fighting at the Somme in July 1916 he was highly commended by the commander of his division, General Bridges, who wrote of him that his services were invaluable, and his \'cheery laugh was worth a battalion\'.
He was mentioned in dispatches several times by Lord French and also Sir Douglas Haig, and was given a CMG. Shortly before his death he was given a brevet lieutenant-colonelcy.
Long was a champion light-weight boxer while at Harrow, and for two years middle-weight champion in the British Army.
## Family
He married on 17 December 1910 in London, Sibell Vanden Bempde-Johnstone OBE, granddaughter of Baron Derwent. There was one son from this marriage, Walter, who succeeded his grandfather as 2nd Viscount Long.
## Death
Brigadier General Long was killed in action at Hébuterne, France on 28 January 1917, aged 37. King George sent a telegram to his father expressing his heartfelt sympathy, regretting that his army had lost one of its promising young generals. He is buried at the Couin British Cemetery, France. His widow remarried on 25 April 1921 to Ralph Glyn, 1st Baron Glyn. She died in 1958
| 507 |
Walter Long (British Army officer)
| 0 |
11,066,000 |
# Vanalõve
**Vanalõve** (also **Vana-Lõve**) is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 9
| 29 |
Vanalõve
| 0 |
11,066,005 |
# Undimäe
**Undimäe** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, located on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 14
| 28 |
Undimäe
| 0 |
11,066,010 |
# Turja
**Turja** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 50
| 27 |
Turja
| 0 |
11,066,018 |
# Dubai British School
**Dubai British School** is an international school offering a British education to students aged three to eighteen, located in The Springs, Emirates Hills, Dubai. The school is managed by Taaleem, one of largest education providers in Middle East.
The school was established in 2005, and is open to students from Foundation 1 to Year 13.
## Curriculum
The school offers the National Curriculum for England, following the Early Years Foundation Stage curriculum, enhanced by WOW Learning in Primary and a wide variety of GCSE, BTEC and A-Level courses from Year 10 to Year 13.
## Student achievement {#student_achievement}
The school consistently surpasses national averages in the UK for A-level and GCSE exam results. The A-level and BTEC students go on to attend top universities worldwide, including University of Cambridge, Johns Hopkins University, King\'s College London and University of Tokyo.
## Rating and accreditation {#rating_and_accreditation}
DBS\' performance is rated Outstanding by the KHDA\'s Dubai School Inspection Bureau (DSIB) and by British School Overseas (BSO). The school is also fully accredited by the Council of International Schools (CIS).
## Facilities
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------ ------------------------- ----------------------------------
STEAM Garden Primary & Secondary Music Rooms Tennis & Netball Courts Foundation Outdoor Classroom
2 Libraries Sports Hall Health Centre Counseling Room
Art Studio & Ceramics Room Peripatetic Rooms for Individual Music Lessons Extended Learning Rooms Cafeteria/cafe
Science Labs Multi-Purpose Astroturf Pitch Sixth Form Common Room Indoor and Outdoor Dining Areas
Performing Arts Theatre and studio Swimming Pool Sixth Form Study Room Foundation & Primary Playgrounds
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------ ------------------------- ----------------------------------
## Extra-curricular activities {#extra_curricular_activities}
Beyond the taught curriculum, students are strongly encouraged to participate in the wide range of activities offered. These ECAs are a vital part of the learning experiences and most of the ECA programme is run by staff and is free-of-charge. Outside agencies are used for some specialist activities. The school ECAs provided includes football, swimming, cricket, rugby, arts and Crafts, yoga, karate, tennis, basketball, primary choir, drama, games, Duke of Edinburgh and F1.
## The Duke of Edinburgh Award {#the_duke_of_edinburgh_award}
The Duke of Edinburgh\'s Award (The International Award for Young People) is designed to expand the horizons of those who participate in it. The majority of eligible year groups take part, helping students understand the importance of community, teamwork and perseverance. In past years, the expeditions have included desert walks, mountain climbing and trips to Vietnam, Thailand and Mauritius
| 399 |
Dubai British School
| 0 |
11,066,023 |
# Levy Gerzberg
**Levy Gerzberg** (*לוי גרצברג*; born 1945) is an Israeli-American businessman and inventor, known for co-founding Zoran Corporation. Zoran pioneered directly and via acquisitions the design and marketing of system on a chip (SoC) technology and devices which operate many consumer electronic products. These include Digital Cameras, DVD Players, DVRs, HDTV sets, set-top boxes, Home Theaters, Printers, Digital Tuners, and more.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Israel, he attended the Technion, Israel\'s Institute of Technology, earning a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and a master's degree in medical electronics. He moved to the United States in 1972 and earned a Ph.D in electrical engineering from Stanford University. He was a doctoral student of integrated circuitry pioneer James D. Meindl.
## Career
He began his career as an associate director of Stanford's Electronics Laboratory. In 1981, he co-founded Zoran Corporation in Silicon Valley. Zoran is the Hebrew word for silicon. The founders conceived of integrating the digital signal processing (DSP) components of electronic system on a single silicon chip that would later be known as (SoC). The company initially created silicon chips and software for medical, industrial and military markets. Recognizing the new digital age, Gerzberg switched to designing chips and software for consumer electronics. The company's first consumer product was a credit-card sized digital camera SoC that was used in the world's first fully digital camera, Fujifilm's FUJIX DS-1P. The technology was later used by many manufacturers, including Kodak, Konica, Minolta, Nikon, Pentax, Samsung, Sony, Olympus, and others. Under Gerzberg's leadership, the company created digital camera technology, which features became mainstream, such as displaying high-resolution photos from a digital camera on an HDTV via an HDMI connection, direct printing from a camera to a printer without a personal computer, image and video stabilization, lens distortion correction, and integrating advanced camera technology on mobile devices. Gerzberg led company efforts to create SoCs including those that standardized Dolby digital audio in DVD players as well as movie and home theater systems, and more. The company was involved with digital video, audio, television, cameras, and printing as well as set-top boxes. Under Gerzberg\'s leadership, Zoran created the successful processor for DVD players and other gadgets with about 35% market share. Its Camera on a Chip (COACH) line of digital camera processors was also popular.
Zoran\'s headquarters were in Silicon Valley, CA and had development and marketing centers in the U.S., China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom. Gerzberg was President and CEO of Zoran from 1981 to 1985. He served as Executive Vice President and CTO from 1985 to 1987. Gerzberg was President and CEO From 1988 until 2011. The company went public in 1995, the stock traded on the NASDAQ (ZRAN). Semiconductor maker CSR on Nasdaq and on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) purchased Zoran in 2011.
Gerzberg holds 10 U.S. Patents, and Zoran's inventions have accounted for more than 1,000 patents. He authored or co-authored more than 50 technical papers about the design of integrated circuits, device physics and fabrication, digital signal processing and related applications.
Gerzberg founded the Liora and Levy Gerzberg Family Foundation which contributes to a variety of healthcare and educational causes. He is a trustee of the Consumer Technology Association Foundation and is on the Board of the American Friends of the Rambam Medical Center. Gerzberg served two-terms on the CEA Board of Industry Leaders.
An avid open-water swimmer, Gerzberg founded the "Swim From the Heart" swim meet in Haifa, Israel that raises money to support research to treat Sudden Cardiac Death in Children. He also has swum from Alcatraz Island to San Francisco dozens of times, frequently raising money for children's charities.
## Awards
In 2003, Gerzberg was named Northern California's "Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year" in the semiconductor category. In 2004, he received the California Israel Chamber of Commerce International Partnership Award. In 2007 he was elected to a seat on the Board of Industry Leaders of the Consumer Electronics Association. In 2014, he was inducted to the Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame
| 679 |
Levy Gerzberg
| 0 |
11,066,026 |
# Valjala
**Valjala** (*Wolde*) is a small borough (*alevik*) in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 410.
The Valjala St. Martin\'s Church lies in centre of Valjala and is the oldest stone church in Estonia. Ruins of Valjala Stronghold are about 700 meters south from Valjala
| 56 |
Valjala
| 0 |
11,066,037 |
# Siiksaare
**Siiksaare** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 Census, the settlement\'s population was 26
| 27 |
Siiksaare
| 0 |
11,066,045 |
# Sakla, Saare County
**Sakla** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 88.
## Gallery
<File:Sakla> klubi.IMGP6504.JPG\|Sakla society centre <File:Sakla> raamatukogu.IMGP6499
| 37 |
Sakla, Saare County
| 0 |
11,066,061 |
# Röösa
**Röösa** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 12
| 27 |
Röösa
| 0 |
11,066,064 |
# 1998 NHK Trophy
The **1998 NHK Trophy** was the final event of six in the 1998--99 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating. It was held at the Makomanai Ice Arena in Sapporo on December 2--6. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men\'s singles, ladies\' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 1998--99 Grand Prix Final.
## Results
### Men
Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS
------- ------------------- -------- ------ ---- ----
**1** Evgeni Plushenko 1.5 1 1
**2** Takeshi Honda 3.5 3 2
**3** Li Chengjiang 4.0 2 3
4 Andrejs Vlascenko 7.5 5 5
5 Evgeny Pliuta 8.0 4 6
6 Emanuel Sandhu 10.0 12 4
7 Stanick Jeannette 11.5 9 7
8 Roman Skorniakov 11.5 7 8
9 Yamato Tamura 12.0 6 9
10 Derrick Delmore 15.0 10 10
11 Yuri Litvinov 15.0 8 11
12 Naoki Shigematsu 17.5 11 12
### Ladies
Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS
------- ------------------- -------- ------ ---- ----
**1** Tatiana Malinina 2.5 3 1
**2** Irina Slutskaya 3.0 2 2
**3** Fumie Suguri 5.5 5 3
4 Elena Liashenko 5.5 1 5
5 Vanessa Gusmeroli 6.0 4 4
6 Yulia Vorobieva 9.5 7 6
7 Eva-Maria Fitze 10.0 6 7
8 Shizuka Arakawa 12.0 8 8
9 Hanae Yokoya 15.5 9 9
10 Keyla Ohs 15.5 11 10
11 Elena Ivanova 16.0 10 11
WD Angela Nikodinov 12
### Pairs
Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS
------- --------------------------------------- -------- ----- ---- ----
**1** Elena Berezhnaya / Anton Sikharulidze 1.5 1 1
**2** Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo 3.5 3 2
**3** Jamie Salé / David Pelletier 5.0 4 3
4 Danielle Hartsell / Steve Hartsell 5.0 2 4
5 Maria Petrova / Alexei Tikhonov 8.0 6 5
6 Marina Khalturina / Andrei Kroukov 8.5 5 6
WD Nadia Micalleff / Bruno Marcotte 7
### Ice dancing {#ice_dancing}
Rank Name Nation TFP CD OD FD
------- --------------------------------------- -------- ------ ---- ---- ----
**1** Marina Anissina / Gwendal Peizerat 2.0 1 1 1
**2** Irina Lobacheva / Ilia Averbukh 4.0 2 2 2
**3** Margarita Drobiazko / Povilas Vanagas 6.0 3 3 3
4 Kati Winkler / René Lohse 8.0 4 4 4
5 Tatiana Navka / Roman Kostomarov 10.0 5 5 5
6 Megan Wing / Aaron Lowe 12.0 6 6 6
7 Eve Chalom / Mathew Gates 14.0 7 7 7
8 Charlotte Clements / Gary Shortland 16.0 8 8 8
9 Rie Arikawa / Kenji Miyamoto 18.4 10 9 9
10 Nozomi Watanabe / Akiyuki Kido 19
| 425 |
1998 NHK Trophy
| 0 |
11,066,067 |
# Laevaranna
**Laevaranna** (until 2017 **Rannaküla**) is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 5.
Small islet Pihanasv in the Kõiguste Bay (part of the Gulf of Riga) belongs to Laevaranna village
| 47 |
Laevaranna
| 0 |
11,066,073 |
# Holden 48-215
The **Holden 48-215** is a mid-size sedan which was produced by the Australian automaker Holden between November 1948 and October 1953. A coupe utility derivative, coded as the 50-2106 and marketed as the Holden Coupe Utility, was produced from January 1951.
The 48-215 was the first model from General Motors in Australia to bear the Holden name. In mainstream parlance, the official name of \"Holden 48-215\" was eschewed in favour of the shortened \"Holden\" designation. Following the replacement of the first Holden, the 48-215 gained the unofficial nickname of **Holden FX**. This designation was first used in the Drawing Office at GM-H in 1952 as an unofficial means of distinguishing between early 48-215 vehicles with front suspension using lever-action shock absorbers, and those with the new telescopic shock absorber front suspension introduced in 1953 - the term \"FX\" was pencilled onto a parts list for the new suspension components. The title \"FX\" later came into use in used car advertisements to describe models with the later suspension, first being used by Melbourne dealer Reg Smith Motors in two advertisements in the 10 February 1960 issue of *The Age*. Use of the term \"FX\" gradually spread to cover all 48-215 and 50-2106 vehicles, although the term has never been used by Holden in any official manner.
The design was originally conceived in the United States by Chevrolet, but was not used because it was deemed too small for the U.S. market as it developed after the war. Instead the design became the basis of only the 48-215 model. Its American origins are quite apparent, as it closely resembles Chevrolets of the period that did make it to production, particularly the Fleetline Aerosedan and the second generation Deluxe. Development of the 48-215 began in 1944.
| 296 |
Holden 48-215
| 0 |
11,066,073 |
# Holden 48-215
## Five prototypes {#five_prototypes}
Three prototypes were built by hand in 1946 by American and Australian engineers at the General Motors workshop in Detroit. Months of durability and performance testing were undergone in the US before the three prototypes were shipped to Australia. Prototype number one was first registered (as a Chevrolet) in Victoria as JP-480 on 12 February 1947. It survives as part of the National Museum of Australia collection. Prototypes two and three were registered at the same time as JP-481 and JP-482.
A further two prototypes were built in Australia; the first was registered as KJ-400. Owned by Australian businessman Peter Briggs between 1980 and 2013, the car\'s value was estimated to be worth over `{{AUD|1 million}}`{=mediawiki} when it was put up for auction in the Motorclassica auction Melbourne, in October 2013. The second Australian-built prototype was registered as KY-442. All five prototypes were registered as Chevrolets.
Only two were used for photographic purposes. They were:
- Prototype No.1, JP-480, dark colour---Seine Blue (not Cadillac Blue)
- Prototype No.4, KY-442, light colour---Gawler Cream.
In the absence of an established supplier base in Australia for auto-making, new forging facilities had to be set up for producing crankshafts and a new foundry was set up for major castings. In order to hasten the project to production some simplifications were incorporated. There were no direction indicators, there was no provision for heating or demisting, and at the rear there was only a single, centrally positioned, tail lamp. Because of the mild climate in most of the populated areas of the country, it was found possible to save weight and cost by using a relatively small 6-volt 11-plate battery. Interior trim was minimised: weight reduction was pursued \"with great vigour\" and, in view of the 2247 lb weight in \"running trim\", a success.
## Ten pilot cars {#ten_pilot_cars}
### 1948 timeline
- April, the production plant at Woodville, South Australia, begins tooling up to make the bodies. These would be identical to the prototypes. (Body number one, painted black, did not become pilot car number one). Also work begins on the engine assembly line at Fishermans Bend.
- 1 September, the decision is made to call the car *Holden.*
- 25 September, engine number 1001 is started up.
- 30 September, pilot car number one is completed in the evening. (There was no celebration, as GMH did not designate this vehicle as *No. 1 Holden*---it came to be known as *Old Number One*).
- 19 October, pilot car number one is registered as MG-501.
### Production overview {#production_overview}
All four Holden colours were represented:
Pilot car No. Colour Serial No. Engine No. Registration No.
--------------- ----------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------------
1 Gawler Cream (Body No. six) 8-1001-M 1001 MG-501
2 Black 8-1002-M 1002 MG-502
3 Black 8-1003-M 1003 MG-503
4 Black 8-1004-M 1004 MG-504
5 Black 8-1005-M 1005 MG-505
6 Seine Blue 8-1006-M 1006 MG-506
7 Convoy Grey 8-1007-M 1007 MG-507
8 Black 8-1008-M 1008 MG-508
9 Black 8-1009-M 1009 MG-509
10 Black 8-1010-M 1010 MG-510
These ten cars were used for testing. Three of them went to the Engineering Department, five went to Manufacturing, one went to the General Sales Manager, and one went to the managing director, H.E. Bettle.
## Volume production {#volume_production}
When all departments were satisfied with the car, volume production began. The race was now on to ensure Holden dealers in all states had cars on their showroom floors before unveiling day. Black bodies dominated the early roll-out but GMH made sure that each capital city also received examples of cream, blue, and grey. Ultimately, 68 Holdens were distributed to the capital cities before unveiling day.
On Sunday, 21 November, an Open Day was held to exhibit the entire factory (including the high-security design rooms) and the car itself. But this special preview was not for the public or the dealers---it was for the Fishermans Bend employees and their families (GMH estimated that 12,000 guests attended). There were partly assembled cars at various stages along the assembly line as well as finished cars for the guests to inspect.
The official launch for Victorian dealers was held at the Oriental Hotel in Melbourne on Friday, 26 November.
| 702 |
Holden 48-215
| 1 |
11,066,073 |
# Holden 48-215
## Unveiling
The official unveiling by Prime Minister Ben Chifley commenced at 2:30 pm on Monday, 29 November 1948, in the Fishermans Bend Social Hall. The 400 guests applauded when silver curtains parted to reveal a cream Holden, in a black velvet setting and sparkling under spotlights, as an orchestra played Brahms\' Waltz in A-flat. The celebrations at the plant were attended by 1,200 official guests. The Holden was released for sale to the public at Port Melbourne, Victoria. The car was marketed simply as the *Holden*, without a model name. It had a 2171 cc cast-iron straight six engine which produced 60 hp, connected to a three-speed manual transmission. It managed the 0 - sprint in 18.7 or 27.7 seconds. Sources differ. It also had a dust proof body, and a small 37 ft turning circle.
The 50-2106 coupe utility, based on the 48-215 sedan, was released in January 1951 and in July 1953 the Holden \"Business Sedan\", essentially a taxi version of the 48-215, was added to the range. Originally referred to as the 48-215-257, the Business Sedan was renamed 48-217. The 48-215 and 50-2106 models were replaced by the Holden FJ series in 1953.
<File:The> First Holden.jpg\|The first Holden 48-215 sedan off the production line. <File:Holden> 48 215 advertisement 01.jpg\|Front cover of the sales brochure for the Holden 48-215. The car was marketed simply as the \"Holden\". <File:1951-1953> Holden 50-2106 01.jpg\|Holden 50-2106 Coupé Utility <File:Queensland> launch of the Holden 48-215 at Eagers Motors, Brisbane, 1948
| 251 |
Holden 48-215
| 2 |
11,066,078 |
# 2003 Ronde van Nederland
These are the results for the 43rd edition of the **Ronde van Nederland** cycling race, which was held from August 19 to August 23, 2003. The race started in Middelburg and finished in Landgraaf.
## Stages
### 19-08-2003: Middelburg-Rotterdam, 180 km {#middelburg_rotterdam_180_km}
RANK FIRST STAGE TEAM TIME
------ ------------- --------------- --------------
1\. Fassa Bortolo **04:09.41**
2\. Team Telekom **---**
3\. Lotto-Domo **---**
### 20-08-2003: Apeldoorn-Nijkerk, 190 km {#apeldoorn_nijkerk_190_km}
RANK SECOND STAGE TEAM TIME
------ -------------- --------------- --------------
1\. Fassa Bortolo **04:20.01**
2\. Team Telekom **---**
3\. Fassa Bortolo **---**
### 21-08-2003: Coevorden-Denekamp, 86 km {#coevorden_denekamp_86_km}
RANK THIRD STAGE TEAM TIME
------ ------------- -------------- --------------
1\. Team Telekom **01:52:02**
2\. Lotto-Domo **---**
3\. FDJeux.com **---**
### 21-08-2003: Nordhorn-Denekamp, 23 km {#nordhorn_denekamp_23_km}
RANK FOURTH STAGE - TIME TRIAL TEAM TIME
------ --------------------------- ------------------- --------------
1\. US Postal Service **00:27:25**
2\. US Postal Service **+ 0.08**
3\. Fassa Bortolo **+ 0.09**
### 22-08-2003: Kleve-Sittard, 195 km {#kleve_sittard_195_km}
RANK FIFTH STAGE TEAM TIME
------ ------------- ----------------- --------------
1\. BankGiroloterij **04:33:10**
2\. Fassa Bortolo **+ 0.11**
3\. Team Telekom **---**
### 23-08-2003: Sittard/Geleen-Landgraaf, 215 km {#sittardgeleen_landgraaf_215_km}
RANK SIXTH STAGE TEAM TIME
------ ------------- ----------------- --------------
1\. FDJeux.com **05:19:20**
2\. Rabobank **---**
3\. O.N.C.E.-Eroski **---**
## Final classification {#final_classification}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ------------------- --------------
1\. US Postal Service **20:41:48**
2\. FDJeux.com **+ 0.25**
3\. De Nardi-Colpack **+ 0.34**
4\. Fassa Bortolo **+ 0.37**
5\. O.N.C.E.-Eroski **+ 0.44**
6\. Rabobank **+ 0.47**
7\. Rabobank **+ 1.03**
8\. Rabobank **+ 1.11**
9\. BankGiroloterij **+ 1.17**
10\. US Postal Service **+ 1
| 262 |
2003 Ronde van Nederland
| 0 |
11,066,081 |
# Rahu, Estonia
**Rahu** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 23
| 28 |
Rahu, Estonia
| 0 |
11,066,098 |
# Põlluküla, Saaremaa Parish
**Põlluküla** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 21
| 29 |
Põlluküla, Saaremaa Parish
| 0 |
11,066,103 |
# Oessaare
**Oessaare** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 15
| 27 |
Oessaare
| 0 |
11,066,108 |
# Tahmašši
**Tahmašši**, or *Takhmašši*, and also known by his hypocoristicon or pet name: **Tahmaya**, or *Atahmaya* was an Egyptian official to pharaoh in the 1350 BC Amarna letters correspondence. His name comes from: \'Ptah-mes\', meaning Ptah-Born, or *\"Born of Ptah\"*.
Tahmašši\'s name is used in 4 Amarna letters as follows-(EA for \'el Amarna\'):
:#EA 265--Tahmaya, Tahmaya
:#EA 303--Tahmašši
:#EA 316--Tahmaya
:#EA 364--Atahmaya---See Ayyab of Aštartu-(Tell-Ashtara)
## The letters {#the_letters}
### EA 265: *\"A gift acknowledged\"* {#ea_265_a_gift_acknowledged}
Letter two of three letters by Tagi of Ginti, (Gintikirmil).
: **\"To the king, my lord: Message of Tagi, your servant. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord. My own man I sent along with \[ \... \] to see the face of the king, my lord. \[And\] the king, my lord, \[s\]ent a***present***to me in the care of *Tahmaya*, and *Tahmaya* gave (me) a gold goblet and 1\[2 se\]ts of linen garments. For the information \[of the kin\]g, my lord.** -EA 265, lines 1-15 (\~complete)
### EA 303: *\"Careful listening\"* {#ea_303_careful_listening}
Letter three of five letters by Šubandu, a mayor in Palestine.
: **\"To the king, my lord, my god, my Sun, the Sun from the sky: Message of Šubandu, your servant, and the dirt at your feet, the groom of your horses. I prostrate myself, on the stomach and on the back, at the feet of the king, my lord, the Sun from the sky, 7 times and 7 times. I have heard \[a\]ll the words of the king, my \[lord\], the Sun from the \[s\]ky, and I am indeed \[g\]uarding the place \[of the kin\]g where I am. I have listened \[t\]o *Tahmašši* \[ve\]ry carefully.** -EA 303, lines 1-21 (complete)
### EA 316: *\"Postscript to the royal scribe\"* {#ea_316_postscript_to_the_royal_scribe}
Letter three of three letters by Pu-Ba\'lu to pharaoh, mayor of Yursa:
: **\"\[To the kin\]g, m\[y\] lord, \[my\] god, my Sun fr\[o\]m the s\[ky: Mess\]age of *\[\[Pu-Ba\'lu\|Pu-B\[a\]\'lu\]\]*, your servant and the dirt at your feet, the \[gr\]oom of your horses. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, my god, my Sun from the sky, 7 times and \[7\] times, on the back and on the stomach. I am indeed guarding the pla\[ce of the kin\]g carefully. And who is the dog that would \[***ne\]gl\[ec\]t \[the comma\]nd of***the king? I am indeed obeying the orders of \[***Ta\]hm\[ay\]a***, the commissioner of the king.**
: **To the scribe of \[***my lord***: Me\]ssage of Pu-Ba\'lu. I fal\[l\] at your feet. There was nothing in my h\[ou\]se when I \[en\]ter\[ed\] it, and so I have not sent a caravan to you. I am now preparing a fine caravan for you
| 441 |
Tahmašši
| 0 |
11,066,116 |
# Valjala-Nurme
**Valjala-Nurme** (Nurme until 2017) is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 11
| 30 |
Valjala-Nurme
| 0 |
11,066,129 |
# Männiku, Saare County
**Männiku** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 7
| 29 |
Männiku, Saare County
| 0 |
11,066,140 |
# Lööne
**Lööne** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 28.
Lööne Manor is located in the village
| 34 |
Lööne
| 0 |
11,066,141 |
# Acronis Secure Zone
**Acronis Secure Zone** is a hard disk partition type created and used by Acronis True Image as a backup storage target.
## Overview
Backup applications typically use network storage for storing backup archives, but this can be problematic when such resources are not available. Acronis designed a solution to this problem by carving off part of the local disk as a proprietary partition, which they refer to as Acronis Secure Zone. Since this partition is accessibly only by True Image and Backup & Recovery, it functions as a backup target safe from malware, user files, or other uses or corruption. Acronis True Image can manage only one Acronis Secure Zone per computer but can restore data off others (e.g., when a portable hard drive is connected).
## Technical Details {#technical_details}
Although the Acronis Secure Zone has its own partition type, it is actually just a rebadged FAT32 partition labeled **ACRONIS SZ**, with \"partition type\" code set to `{{samp|0xBC}}`{=mediawiki}. Knowing these requirements, one can manually create and/or manage existing Acronis Secure Zone using any partition manager. Since the Acronis Secure Zone is just a modified FAT32 partition type, it is possible to gain direct access to this partition by changing its partition type code to `{{samp|0x0B}}`{=mediawiki} (FAT32 LBA).
Acronis True Image is designed to self-manage the backup archives stored to the Acronis Secure Zone. As such, all backup files are stored with autogenerated names in the root folder. If there is not enough free space for the next backup file, Acronis True Image will delete the oldest image set (base+incremental/differential files) in order to create space for the new files.
## Original Equipment Manufacturer Secure Zone {#original_equipment_manufacturer_secure_zone}
[OEM versions of True Image](https://web.archive.org/web/20090204173714/http://www.acronis.com/oem/products/pc/) are designed to use a special \"Original Equipment Manufacturer secure zone\", which is technically the same as a regular Acronis Secure Zone, but uses a partition type of `0xBB`, and typically contains only a single image file with the \"factory default\" operating system and application configuration set forth by the manufacturer
| 336 |
Acronis Secure Zone
| 0 |
11,066,143 |
# Bart Voskamp
**Bertus (\"Bart\") Voskamp** (born 6 June 1968 in Wageningen, Gelderland) is a retired road bicycle racer from the Netherlands, who was a professional rider from 1993 to 2005. He competed in five Tours de France. He also competed in the team time trial at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
In the 1997 Tour de France, on stage 19, Bart Voskamp crossed the finish line first, just before Jens Heppner. However, both cyclists were disqualified for touching each other during the sprint, so the victory went to former third place Mario Traversoni
| 93 |
Bart Voskamp
| 0 |
11,066,153 |
# Kõriska
**Kõriska** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 21
| 27 |
Kõriska
| 0 |
11,066,156 |
# Weidmannsche Buchhandlung
**Weidmannsche Buchhandlung** is a German book publisher established in 1680 that remained independent until it was acquired by Verlag Georg Olms in 1983.
## History
Weidmannsche Buchhandlung was established in 1680 in Frankfurt by Moritz Georg Weidmann (1658--1693), who moved to Leipzig in 1681. Johann Ludwig Gleditsch, brother of Johann Friedrich Gleditsch, married Weidmann\'s widow in 1694 and built up the business of the house, while training the younger Moritz Georg Weidmann (1686--1743) to take over the business. Gleditsch published authors such as Wieland, Gellert, Lessing, Lavater and Heyne. The most significant achievement of the Gleditsch brothers was to persuade the leading Dutch booksellers to send their works to the Leipzig fair instead of to Frankfurt.
Weidmannsche Buchhandlung continued to publish in Leipzig until 1854, reaching its height under Philipp Erasmus Reich, called the \"nation\'s bookseller\".
The firm moved to Berlin in 1854, and continued publishing in Berlin, Dublin and Zürich under the Reimer publishing family. In 1983 the firm was taken over by Verlag Georg Olms. Books printed in Berlin bore the Latin imprimatur \"apud Weidmannos, Berolini\".
## Leadership
The publishing house was led by:
- Moritz Georg Weidmann (1680--1693)
- Johann Ludwig Gleditsch (1694--1717)
- Moritz Georg Weidmann (1713/1717--1743)
- Philipp Erasmus Reich (1746--1787)
- Georg Andreas Reimer (1822--1832)
- Karl Reimer and Salomon Hirzel (1830--1852/1858)
- Hans Reimer d. Ä. (1865--1887)
- Paul Parey und Ernst Vollert (1888--1928)
- Hans Reimer d.J
| 238 |
Weidmannsche Buchhandlung
| 0 |
11,066,160 |
# Kõnnu, Saaremaa Parish
**Kõnnu** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. In 2011, the settlement\'s population was 41
| 26 |
Kõnnu, Saaremaa Parish
| 0 |
11,066,166 |
# Kungla, Saaremaa Parish
**Kungla** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia. it is located on the southern coast of Saaremaa island by the Gulf of Riga. As of the 2011 census, the village\'s population was 39.
In 2011, the first public harbour in Saaremaa Parish was opened in Kungla village
| 53 |
Kungla, Saaremaa Parish
| 0 |
11,066,176 |
# Kuiste
**Kuiste** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 17
| 27 |
Kuiste
| 0 |
11,066,181 |
# Koksi
**Koksi** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 19
| 27 |
Koksi
| 0 |
11,066,193 |
# Valjala-Kogula
**Valjala-Kogula** (**Kogula** until 2017) is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 8
| 30 |
Valjala-Kogula
| 0 |
11,066,213 |
# Kalli, Saare County
**Kalli** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 24
| 29 |
Kalli, Saare County
| 0 |
11,066,239 |
# Retford Town F.C.
**Retford Town F.C.** was a football club based in Northern Counties East League, Nottinghamshire, England.
## History
Retford Town F.C. joined the Yorkshire League in 1949 and won the Second Division title in their first season, winning promotion to the top flight. Though league runners-up in 1952, they were relegated back to Division Two in 1956. A year later they won promotion back again, and in 1959 won the Yorkshire League title.
They were elected to the Midland League in 1961, and finished as runners-up of that competition in their first season, their highest ever league finish. They remained in the Midland League until 1980, when they dropped out of the competition. They played in several local leagues before joining the Northern Counties East League in 1984. They won the Division Two South title at the first attempt but folded at the end of the following season
| 151 |
Retford Town F.C.
| 0 |
11,066,242 |
# Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score
An annual award for **Best Achievement in Music - Original Score** is presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to the best Canadian original score for the previous year. Prior to 2012, the award was presented as part of the Genie Awards; since 2012 it has been presented as part of the expanded Canadian Screen Awards.
## 1970s
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| Year | Nominee | Film | Ref |
+===========================+========================================================================+=====================================================================+=====+
| 1970\ | | | |
| 22nd Canadian Film Awards | | | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Harry Freedman** | ***The Act of the Heart*** | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1971\ | | | |
| 23rd Canadian Film Awards | | | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Jean Cousineau** | ***Mon oncle Antoine*** | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1972\ | | | |
| 24th Canadian Film Awards | | | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Pierre F. Brault** | ***The True Nature of Bernadette (La vraie nature de Bernadette)*** | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1973\ | | | |
| 25th Canadian Film Awards | | | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Willie Lamothe, Tristan Hansinger, Chick Peabody, Peter Van Ginkel** | ***The Death of a Lumberjack (La mort d\'un bûcheron)*** | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1974 | | | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | *No award presented* | | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1975\ | | | |
| 26th Canadian Film Awards | | | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Nick Whitehead** | ***Lions for Breakfast*** | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1976\ | | | |
| 27th Canadian Film Awards | | | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Lewis Furey** | ***Normande (La tête de Normande St-Onge)*** | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1977\ | | | |
| 28th Canadian Film Awards | | | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Paul Hoffert** | ***Outrageous!*** | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1978\ | | | |
| 29th Canadian Film Awards | | | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Oscar Peterson** | ***The Silent Partner*** | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Paul Zaza, Jim Caverhill** | ***Three Card Monte*** | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Paul Hoffert | *The Third Walker* | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Maurice Marshall | *Marie-Anne* | |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 368 |
Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score
| 0 |
11,066,242 |
# Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score
## 1980s {#s_1}
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| Year | Nominee | Film | Ref |
+===================+====================================+======================================================+=====+
| 1980\ | | | |
| 1st Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Carl Zittrer, Paul Zaza** | ***Murder By Decree*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Hagood Hardy | *Jack London\'s Klondike Fever* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Paul Hoffert | *Wild Horse Hank* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Alain Leroux | *It Rained All Night the Day I Left* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Howard Shore | *The Brood* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1981\ | | | |
| 2nd Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Art Philips** | ***The Lucky Star*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Matthew McCauley | *Middle Age Crazy* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | John Mills-Cockell | *Terror Train* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Kenneth Wannberg | *Tribute* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1982\ | | | |
| 3rd Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Claude Denjean, Stéphane Venne** | ***The Plouffe Family (Les Plouffe)*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jean Cousineau | *Happy Memories (Les Beaux souvenirs)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Micky Erbe, Maribeth Solomon | *Ticket to Heaven* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Bo Harwood, Lance Rubin | *Happy Birthday to Me* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1983\ | | | |
| 4th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Michael Conway Baker** | ***The Grey Fox*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jonathan Goldsmith | *Visiting Hours* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Maribeth Solomon, Micky Erbe | *Threshold* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1984\ | | | |
| 5th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Lewis Furey** | ***Maria Chapdelaine*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michael Conway Baker | *Deserters* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Joël Bienvenue | *Au clair de la lune* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Karl Kobylansky | *Dead Wrong* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | André Vincelli | *A 20th Century Chocolate Cake* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1985\ | | | |
| 6th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **François Dompierre** | ***Mario*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | J. Douglas Dodd, Michael Oczko | *Walls* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Germain Gauthier | *The Dog Who Stopped the War (La Guerre des tuques)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | François Lanctôt | *Sonatine* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Betty Lazebnik | *Reno and the Doc* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Paul Zaza | *Isaac Littlefeathers* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1986\ | | | |
| 7th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **François Dompierre** | ***The Alley Cat (Le Matou)*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Lewis Furey | *Night Magic* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Lewis Furey | *The Peanut Butter Solution* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Philippe Sarde | *Joshua Then and Now* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1987\ | | | |
| 8th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Michael Conway Baker** | ***John and the Missus*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Marie Bernard, Richard Grégoire | *Exit* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Marvin Dolgay | *The Blue Man* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1988\ | | | |
| 9th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Jean Corriveau** | ***Night Zoo (Un Zoo la nuit)*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mychael Danna | *Family Viewing* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Tim McCauley | *Blue City Slammers* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1989\ | | | |
| 10th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Howard Shore** | ***Dead Ringers*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Aaron Davis, Billy Bryans | *Office Party* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | François Dompierre | *The Revolving Doors (Les Portes tournantes)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Richard Grégoire | *The Heat Line (La ligne de chaleur)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Osvaldo Montes | *Straight for the Heart (À corps perdu)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Maribeth Solomon, Micky Erbe | *Milk and Honey* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 685 |
Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score
| 1 |
11,066,242 |
# Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score
## 1990s {#s_2}
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| Year | Nominee | Film | Ref |
+===================+================================================+================================================+=====+
| 1990\ | | | |
| 11th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Yves Laferrière** | ***Jesus of Montreal (Jésus de Montréal)*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jeff Danna, Mychael Danna | *Cold Comfort* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mychael Danna | *Speaking Parts* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Milan Kymlicka | *Babar: The Movie* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Lawrence Schragge | *Palais Royale* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1991\ | | | |
| 12th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Jean Corriveau** | ***The Savage Woman (La Demoiselle sauvage)*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Marie Bernard | *Love Crazy (Amoureux fou)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Georges Delerue | *Black Robe* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jonathan Goldsmith | *Diplomatic Immunity* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mark Korven | *White Room* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1992\ | | | |
| 13th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Richard Grégoire** | ***Being at Home with Claude*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michael Becker | *Solitaire* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Graeme Coleman | *North of Pittsburgh* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Pierre Desrochers | *The Saracen Woman (La Sarrasine)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Howard Shore | *Naked Lunch* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1993\ | | | |
| 14th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Simon Kendall** | ***Cadillac Girls*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Todd Boekelheide | *Digger* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Pierre Desrochers | *Women in Love (Les Amoureuses)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mark Korven | *The Grocer\'s Wife* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Yves Laferrière | *The Sex of the Stars (Le Sexe des étoiles)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1994\ | | | |
| 15th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Mychael Danna** | ***Exotica*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | George Blondheim | *Whale Music* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mark Korven | *Henry & Verlin* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Milan Kymlicka | *A Hero\'s Life (La Vie d\'un héros)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Milan Kymlicka | *Matusalem* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1995\ | | | |
| 16th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Milan Kymlicka** | ***Margaret\'s Museum*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Serge Arcuri, Luc Aubry | *Black List (Liste noire)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Aaron Davis, John Lang | *Rude* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Richard Grégoire | *Water Child (L\'Enfant d\'eau)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mark Korven | *The Michelle Apartments* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1996\ | | | |
| 17th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Mark Korven** | ***Curtis\'s Charm*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Richard Rodney Bennett | *Swann* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Normand Corbeil | *Screamers* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mychael Danna | *Lilies* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Ron Sures | *Joe\'s So Mean to Josephine* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1997\ | | | |
| 18th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Mychael Danna** | ***The Sweet Hereafter*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | François Dompierre | *The Ideal Man (L\'Homme idéal)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Serge Laforest, Gaëtan Gravel | *Night of the Flood (La nuit du déluge)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Robert Marcel Lepage | *The Human Plant (La Plante humaine)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Don MacDonald | *Kissed* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1998\ | | | |
| 19th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **John Corigliano** | ***The Red Violin*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mychael Danna | *Regeneration* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jonathan Goldsmith | *Such a Long Journey* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mark Korven | *Cube* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Alexina Louie, Alex Pauk | *Last Night* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1999\ | | | |
| 20th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Mychael Danna** | ***Felicia\'s Journey*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | John Wesley Chisholm, Michael Diabo, John Roby | *Beefcake* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Nick Dyer, Eric Cadesky | *Extraordinary Visitor* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jono Grant | *Jacob Two Two Meets the Hooded Fang* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Maurice Jarre | *Sunshine* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 743 |
Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score
| 2 |
11,066,242 |
# Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score
## 2000s {#s_3}
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| Year | Nominee | Film | Ref |
+===================+============================================================+=====================================================================+=====+
| 2000\ | | | |
| 21st Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Patric Caird** | ***Here\'s to Life!*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Normand Corbeil | *The Art of War* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Aaron Davis, John Lang | *Love Come Down* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | François Dompierre | *Laura Cadieux II (Laura Cadieux\...la suite)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Alan Reeves | *To Walk with Lions* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2001\ | | | |
| 22nd Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Chris Crilly** | ***Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Alexander Balanescu | *Eisenstein* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Bertrand Chénier | *Tar Angel (L\'Ange de goudron)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Pierre Duchesne | *A Girl at the Window (Une jeune fille à la fenêtre)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Andrew Zealley, Don Pyle | *The Law of Enclosures* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2002\ | | | |
| 23rd Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Mychael Danna** | ***Ararat*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Chris Ainscough | *Suddenly Naked* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michel Cusson | *The Collector (Le Collectionneur)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Glenn Morley | *Duct Tape Forever* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Zbigniew Preisner | *Between Strangers* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2003\ | | | |
| 24th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Christopher Dedrick** | ***The Saddest Music in the World*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michel Cusson | *Séraphin: Heart of Stone (Séraphin: un homme et son péché)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mychael Danna | *The Snow Walker* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Richard Grassby-Lewis, Jon Hassell, Bob Locke, Tim Norfolk | *Owning Mahowny* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Sandy Moore | *The Wild Dogs* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2004\ | | | |
| 25th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Terry Frewer** | ***Head in the Clouds*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Benoit Charest | *The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michel Corriveau | *The Last Tunnel (Le Dernier tunnel)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Pierre Duchesne | *Looking for Alexander (Mémoires affectives)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Charles Papasoff | *So the Moon Rises (La lune viendra d\'elle-même)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2005\ | | | |
| 26th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Mychael Danna** | ***Water*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mychael Danna | *Where the Truth Lies* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Longo Hai, Geoff Bennett, Ben Johannesen | *Sabah* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Éric Pfalzgraf | *Manners of Dying* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Byron Wong | *Lie With Me* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2006\ | | | |
| 27th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Jean Robitaille** | ***Without Her (Sans elle)*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Normand Corbeil | *Cheech* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michel Cusson | *The Rocket (Maurice Richard)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Pierre Desrochers | *The Secret Life of Happy People (La Vie secrète des gens heureux)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Hilmar Orn Hilmarsson | *Beowulf & Grendel* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2007\ | | | |
| 28th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Howard Shore** | ***Eastern Promises*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | David Hirschfelder | *Shake Hands with the Devil* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Steve London | *That Beautiful Somewhere* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Don MacDonald | *Fido* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Ryûichi Sakamoto | *Silk* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2008\ | | | |
| 29th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **John McCarthy** | ***The Stone Angel*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Normand Corbeil | *Emotional Arithmetic* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Laurent Eyquem | *Mommy Is at the Hairdresser\'s (Maman est chez le coiffeur)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Nikos Kypourgos | *Fugitive Pieces* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Robert Marcel Lepage | *The Necessities of Life (Ce qu\'il faut pour vivre)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2009\ | | | |
| 30th Genie Awards | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Normand Corbeil** | ***The Master Key (Grande Ourse: La Clé des possibles)*** | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Benoît Charest | *Polytechnique* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Bertrand Chénier | *Love and Savagery* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Christian Clermont | *5150 Elm\'s Way (5150, rue des Ormes)* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Ben Mink | *Fifty Dead Men Walking* | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 798 |
Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score
| 3 |
11,066,242 |
# Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score
## 2010s {#s_4}
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| Year | Nominee | Film | Ref |
+============================+===============================================+========================================================+=====+
| 2010\ | | | |
| 31st Genie Awards | | | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Pasquale Catalano** | ***Barney\'s Version*** | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Brendan Canning | *Trigger* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jonathan Goldsmith | *High Life* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Keegan Jessamy, Bryce Mitchell | *At Home by Myself\...With You* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Sook-Yin Lee, Buck 65, Adam Litovitz | *Year of the Carnivore* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2011\ | | | |
| 32nd Genie Awards | | | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Howard Shore** | ***A Dangerous Method*** | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Ramachandra Borcar | *Suspicions (Jaloux)* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Mychael Danna | *The Whistleblower* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Martin Léon | *Monsieur Lazhar* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Philip Miller | *The Bang Bang Club* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2012\ | | | |
| 1st Canadian Screen Awards | | | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Howard Shore** | ***Cosmopolis*** | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Benoit Charest | *Mars and April (Mars et Avril)* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Noia | *Laurence Anyways* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Don Rooke, Hugh Marsh, Michelle Willis | *Still Mine* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | E. C. Woodley | *Antiviral* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2013\ | | | |
| 2nd Canadian Screen Awards | | | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Danny Bensi, Saunder Jurriaans** | ***Enemy*** | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Ramachandra Borcar | *Rock Paper Scissors (Roche papier ciseaux)* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michel Cusson | *The Storm Within (Rouge sang)* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Kim Gaboury, Michel Cusson | *Maïna* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Gabriel Yared | *Tom at the Farm (Tom à la ferme)* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2014\ | | | |
| 3rd Canadian Screen Awards | | | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Howard Shore** | ***Maps to the Stars*** | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Patrice Dubuc, Gaëtan Gravel | *Meetings with a Young Poet* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Patrick Lavoie | *Henri Henri* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Dan Mangan, Jesse Zubot | *Hector and the Search for Happiness* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jeffrey Morrow | *Cast No Shadow* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2015\ | | | |
| 4th Canadian Screen Awards | | | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Michael Brook** | ***Brooklyn*** | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michel Corriveau | *Anna* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | François Dompierre | *The Passion of Augustine (La Passion d\'Augustine)* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Chris Gestrin | *Songs She Wrote About People She Knows* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Stephen Rennicks | *Room* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2016\ | | | |
| 5th Canadian Screen Awards | | | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Todor Kobakov, Steve London, David Braid** | ***Born to Be Blue*** | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Alain Mayrand | *Numb* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Taymaz Saba | *Window Horses* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Michael White | *Hevn (Revenge)* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Jesse Zubot | *Two Lovers and a Bear* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2017\ | | | |
| 6th Canadian Screen Awards | | | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Mychael Danna, Jeff Danna** | ***The Breadwinner*** | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Viviane Audet, Robin-Joël Cool, Alexis Martin | *Cross My Heart (Les Rois mongols)* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Pierre-Philippe Côté | *Ravenous (Les Affamés)* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Ben Fox | *Never Steady, Never Still* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Terry Riley, Gyan Riley | *Hochelaga, Land of Souls (Hochelaga terre des âmes)* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2018\ | | | |
| 7th Canadian Screen Awards | | | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Alaska B** | ***Through Black Spruce*** | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Olivier Alary | *Allure* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Philippe Brault | *The Fireflies Are Gone (La disparition des lucioles)* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Naren Chandavarkar, Benedict Taylor | *Black Kite* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Yves Gourmeur | *The Hummingbird Project* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 2019\ | | | |
| 8th Canadian Screen Awards | | | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | **Howard Shore** | ***The Song of Names*** | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Robert Carli | *Lie Exposed* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Peter Chapman | *Riot Girls* | |
+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| | Ian LeFeuvre, Stephen Krecklo | *James vs
| 764 |
Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score
| 4 |
11,066,254 |
# Dark Challenge
***Dark Challenge*** is the fifth book in the paranormal romance series Dark Series by American author Christine Feehan. It is the first book in a trilogy written within the Dark Series, and it starts several months after the events in *Dark Magic*.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Julian Savage, the twin brother of Aidan (*Dark Gold*), is sent to warn a young singer, Desari, that she and her band have come under suspicion by a fanatical vampire hunting society. Believing this to be his last task to his Prince, Mikhail, Julian was prepared to greet the dawn and his own destruction. However, upon hearing the singer\'s hauntingly beautiful voice, he was mesmerized. The colours he hadn\'t seen in over eight hundred years were now vivid and bright. Julian instantly knew he had found his lifemate because of his ability to see in colour, accompanied by the return of emotions.
While he revels in his discovery, gunfire rings out on stage. Julian rushes in to find three of the band members, including Desari, lying amongst blood-spattered instruments. To save her life, Julian heals her wounds and provides her with a large volume of his blood, while performing the ritual to bind Desari to him. Weak from blood loss, he is surprised by a huge panther. To counter the attack, he in turn shape-shifts into a large, golden leopard. The two cats seemed evenly matched until the arrival of two more leopards. With these unfavourable odds, Julian makes good on his escape, deciding to hunt down the assassins. To his puzzlement, he finds all six of the humans slaughtered in a Carpathian fashion. Julian gathers the bodies, reduces them to ashes and scatters them into the ocean in an effort to throw off the vampire hunting society.
As Julian courts Desari, he and Desari\'s older brother, Darius, test each other\'s strengths. Meanwhile, Julian\'s lifelong enemy hunts his lifemate. In light of a common goal, the two Carpathian men strike an uneasy truce to destroy the vampire
| 336 |
Dark Challenge
| 0 |
11,066,258 |
# Jeroen Blijlevens
**Jeroen Johannes Hendrikus Blijlevens** (born 29 December 1971) is a retired road bicycle racer from the Netherlands, who was a professional rider from 1994 to 2004. He most recently worked as a directeur sportif for UCI Women\'s WorldTeam `{{UCI team code|LIV|2020}}`{=mediawiki}, and has also worked as a cycling co-commentator at Eurosport Netherlands.
Nicknamed *Jerommeke*, he was one of Holland\'s leading sprinters in the 1990s, claiming a total of 11 stage victories across the three Grand Tours (Tour de France, Vuelta a España and Giro d\'Italia). He won a total number of 74 races in his professional career.
## Biography
Blijlevens was born in Gilze en Rijen, North Brabant in 1971, as a son of a shoe sales man. In 1990, he won his first race as an amateur. He scored nineteen victories as an amateur, and at the end of 1993 was signed by Cees Priem for `{{UCI team code|TVM|1994}}`{=mediawiki}. Blijlevens showed good results in his first years, and in 1995 was selected to ride the Tour de France, where he won the fifth stage. Blijlevens, not a good climber, left the race before the Alps.
In 1996, Blijlevens again won a stage in the Tour de France. In 1997, he finished second to Erik Zabel in the sixth stage of the Tour de France, but when the jury disqualified Zabel for irregular sprinting, the victory was given to Blijlevens. In 1998 Blijlevens won the fourth stage of the Tour. That Tour was full of doping allegations, also towards the TVM team, and as soon as the race had passed the French-Swiss border, Blijlevens left the race, as a protest against the treatments by the French police.
In 1999, Blijlevens wore the pink jersey as leader of the general classification in the Giro d\'Italia, after winning the third stage. After the events of 1998, the TVM team was excluded from the 1999 Tour de France. The cyclists of TVM started a legal procedure to force the Tour organisers to invite them, but failed. At the end of that year, Blijlevens left TVM for `{{UCI team code|POL|2000}}`{=mediawiki}.
In 2000, Blijlevens invested in his climbing-abilities, but this did not work out as planned, and Blijlevens was not as successful as before. He failed to win a stage in the Tour de France, and was even disqualified after finishing the last stage for seeking out and assaulting Bobby Julich. When Polti stopped as a sponsor at the end of the year, Blijlevens signed for `{{UCI team code|LOT|2001}}`{=mediawiki} for 2001.
In 2001, Blijlevens rode the Giro d\'Italia, where the Italian police raided his team\'s hotel, but no forbidden products were found. As a protest against this treatment, the cyclists refused to start the eighteenth stage.
At the end of 2001, Blijlevens could not find a new team, and made plans to ride as an amateur again, but finally he signed a contract for one year at `{{UCI team code|DFF|2002}}`{=mediawiki}. Blijlevens rode for a low base salary, with bonuses for victories. After a year full of injuries, Blijlevens was not given a contract for 2003, and switched to the `{{UCI team code|BankGiroLoterij|2003}}`{=mediawiki} team.
After his retirement at the end of 2004, Blijlevens made plans to break the speed record on a bicycle, but failed to do so.
### Doping
In June 2013 he became sports director of the new `{{UCI team code|BEL|2013a}}`{=mediawiki} team, and as part of a Dutch nationwide doping inquiry signed a statement saying he had never used doping. In July he was named in a French Senate report as one of many cyclists who had tested positive for EPO during retesting of samples from the 1998 Tour de France, Blijlevens then confessed that he had used EPO since 1997, and that he had lied in the investigation because he wanted to keep his job
| 635 |
Jeroen Blijlevens
| 0 |
11,066,262 |
# Kalju, Saare County
**Kalju** (also known as *Kaljuküla*) is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 27.
There\'s an old wooden Pahna schoolhouse from 1877 located in Kalju village
| 45 |
Kalju, Saare County
| 0 |
11,066,277 |
# Jööri
**Jööri** (*Jöhr*) is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 28.
From 1977 to 1997, the village bore the name of Jõõri. There\'s a village museum that has been operating since 1998, and the local music festival Jööri Folk has been held annually since 2004
| 62 |
Jööri
| 0 |
11,066,295 |
# Melangyna viridiceps
***Melangyna viridiceps*** is an Australian hoverfly, known as the **common hover fly**.
## Description
It is one of the two most common hoverflies in Australia, alongside *Simosyrphus grandicornis*, with which it has often been confused, but can be distinguished by its all black thorax.
## Feeding
The adult flies feed on pollen and nectar which they gather from flowers, while the larvae feed on aphids.
## Distribution
It is found widely across Eastern Australia.
Some sources indicate that the species is also present in New Zealand, either on the Kermadec Islands only, or on both the Kermadecs and the mainland. Most recent sources, however, do not record this species as being present outside of Australia. Miller\'s 1921 mention for the Kermadec was found to be a misidentification for *Simosyrphus grandicornis*, and Macfarlane *et al.* failed to cite specimens or published reports for their claim of the species\' presence in the Kermadec
| 154 |
Melangyna viridiceps
| 0 |
11,066,296 |
# Jõelepa
**Jõelepa** (*Jöggilep*) is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 39
| 28 |
Jõelepa
| 0 |
11,066,301 |
# Anime club
An **anime club** is an organization that meets to discuss, show, and promote anime in a local community setting and can also focus on broadening Japanese cultural understanding. Anime clubs are increasingly found at universities and high schools. Organizers may also use public meeting spaces such as a library or a government center. Many anime club attendees identify themselves as otaku. Although the core of anime club attendees are in their twenties, there are generally no age requirements. Adults in their fifties and sixties and teenagers also attend.
## Activities
Anime club meetings can occur on a weekly or monthly basis. In addition to viewing anime, clubs engage in other activities such as viewing anime music videos, reading manga, karaoke and cosplaying. Many clubs host online forums to further foster community interaction, and feature a library to lend books and manga to members. Participants of an anime club often are also involved in volunteering and organization of local anime conventions.
Dependent on the scope of the club, activities can also have a broader range, to include playing of table top games such as shogi, go, and mahjong. Outside activities include saké tasting and visits to cultural events such as National Cherry Blossom Festival or a kendo demonstration.`{{Fact|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
## Anime showings {#anime_showings}
Typically anime clubs exhibit shows in their original Japanese language track with English subtitles. Dependent upon policy of the club, anime fansubs, official subtitling, or localized dubs can be shown.
Larger clubs can have multiple viewing rooms. Usually one room features localized anime and the other fansubs. The fansub room can also be known as the \'divx\' room, named after the popular video codec.
Due to the long running and episodic nature of some anime, exhibition is scheduled in blocks with breaks. Often, a twenty six episode series will be screened over the period of several months.
There are also informal policies in some club circles regarding the total length of a viewed show. For example, Bleach and InuYasha run for 366 and 167 (or 191 with the Inuyasha: The Final Act) episodes respectively. At this length, a club may be perpetually showing episodes, effectively depriving another show of that spot. Additionally, it may be difficult for new members of the club to follow or become interested in a storyline that has already progressed far.
## Public exhibition {#public_exhibition}
When gathering in a public place to show licensed media, written permission from the domestic rights holder is required. This is known as Public Performance Rights or exhibition rights.
North American anime licensors, such as Funimation and Bandai Entertainment have established programs to help facilitate public screenings of their licensed content at anime clubs
| 448 |
Anime club
| 0 |
11,066,304 |
# Jursi
**Jursi** (*Jurs*) is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 16
| 28 |
Jursi
| 0 |
11,066,316 |
# Valjala-Ariste
**Valjala-Ariste** (**Ariste** until 2017) (*Harris*) is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement\'s population was 17.
Estonian poet and publicist Bernhard Viiding was born in the village
| 42 |
Valjala-Ariste
| 0 |
11,066,321 |
# Li Kenong
**Li Kenong** (`{{zh|s=李克农}}`{=mediawiki}; 1899--1962) was a Chinese general and politician, one of the creators of the security and intelligence apparatus of both the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People\'s Liberation Army. Notably, he served as Director of the Central Investigation Department, Deputy Chief of the PLA General Staff Department and Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and was awarded the rank of General in 1955.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Chaohu, Anhui, in 1899 during the Qing dynasty, Li was also known as Li Zetian and Li Leizhong. He became the deputy editor of the *Anqing Guomin Shibao* (National People\'s Daily) in 1926, entering the CCP in 1927. In this same period Li became a local propaganda leader for the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) in the same locality, and performed local coordination for the Northern Expedition. After the CCP\'s break with the KMT in April 1927, Li travelled to Shanghai in 1928 to do newspaper work for the communists on the *Tieshenche Bao* and the *Laobaixing Bao* newspapers.
## Secret agent under Zhou Enlai {#secret_agent_under_zhou_enlai}
Li was an early agent of Zhou Enlai, via the Communist intelligence agency, \"*Teke*\". Along with fellow agents Qian Zhuangfei and Hu Di, Zhou often referred to Li as one of \"the three most distinguished intelligence workers of the Party\". Under Zhou\'s direction Li joined the KMT secret police as a mole by the end of 1929. Li was soon placed in charge of investigating Communist activities, and was provided with carefully selected information about the activities of parties hostile to the KMT. The information provided to Li was carefully controlled by Zhou Enlai. Li also reported to Zhou on the plans of Chiang Kai-shek.
Beginning in 1929, under the direct order of Zhou Enlai, Li Kenong used a fake name, Li Zetian, when working inside the KMT in Shanghai. Li\'s work inside the KMT specialized in radio communications and cryptography. Li excelled in his work and was promoted to the section head at Shanghai. Throughout his career as a Communist mole Li took pains to pass all information of interest to the Communists.
In late April 1931, Gu Shunzhang, Zhou\'s chief aide in security affairs, was arrested in Wuhan. After his capture, Gu was subjected to heavy torture. Gu had strong connections with the Shanghai mafia and had shallow communist convictions. In order to save himself, Gu informed the KMT about covert CCP organizations in Wuhan, leading police to arrest and execution of over ten leading Communist leaders in the city. Gu then informed his captors that he would only inform the KMT about CCP activities in Shanghai if he could give the information directly to Chiang Kai-shek. The two-day transfer of Gu to Shanghai gave CCP intelligence two days to rescue most of their agents.
On April 25, 1931, Qian Zhuangfei, another one of Zhou\'s agents planted in the Nationalist intelligence agency headquartered at Nanjing, who was directly under Li\'s control, saw the message from Wuhan announcing Gu\'s capture. Qian held the message from distribution while he sent his son-in-law from Nanjing to notify Li in Shanghai. Li immediately attempted to inform CCP leaders of Gu\'s capture, but was not able to contact the officer in charge of CCP intelligence, Chen Geng. Li decided to break protocol instructing agents not to contact their liaisons outside of established times. Li went to look for Chen in numerous places and eventually found him, reporting the capture of Gu.
Li and Chen informed Zhou Enlai, who arranged an emergency evacuation of as many CCP members as possible from their hiding places in Shanghai. Hundreds of Zhou\'s agents were thus saved, but not all. Li\'s open attempts to contact Gu and Zhou destroyed his \"cover\", and marked the end of Li Kenong\'s ability to serve as a clandestine member of the KMT secret police. Following his work in Shanghai, Li fled to Mao Zedong\'s base in Jiangxi.
Li was later appointed the head of the CCP\'s Jiangxi Protection Branch (*Zhengzhi Baowei Fenju*), executive director (*Zhixing Buzhang*) of Political Protection for the Chinese Soviet, and Chief of the Red Army Political Protection Bureau. Upon arrival in Shaanxi at the end of the Long March, Li became the chief of the International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party. In 1936, after the Xi\'an Incident, he was appointed as Secretary in charge of the CCP delegation based there. During the Xi\'an Incident, Li served for the first time as a principal negotiator, roles that he would repeat later on in Panmunjom (1952--3) and Geneva (1954).
## Second Sino-Japanese War {#second_sino_japanese_war}
Upon the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Li was appointed head of the Eighth Route Army offices in Shanghai, Nanjing, and Guilin. He also became the CCP Central Committee Yangtze Bureau Secretary, and an assistant to Zhou Enlai. After the relationship between the CCP and KMT worsened following the 1941 New Fourth Army Incident, Communist delegations in Nationalist controlled regions were ordered to return to Yan\'an. Li Kenong faced the difficult task of taking all of the important documents and intelligence gathered back to a Communist base without the documents being confiscated by the Kuomintang secret police. Li accomplished this successfully by letting his team ride with a KMT military convoy along the way. Li personally rode in the very same car used by the Nationalist army commander, and completed the journey without any losses. After his successful return to Yan\'an, Li became the deputy director of the CCP Central Department of Social Affairs, under Kang Sheng. In 1942 he became the deputy director of the CCP Central Intelligence Department, the staff and leadership of which partially overlapped with those of the SAD. One of the primary tasks of Li and his fellow intelligence officers was to do business with local warlords, so that the supplies needed in Communist rear areas, especially medicine, could be obtained.
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# Li Kenong
## Chinese Civil War {#chinese_civil_war}
In 1945, Li was placed in charge of the CCP delegation office in Beiping (later known as Beijing), and was concurrently appointed head of the Central Military Commission Intelligence Department and deputy director of the SAD, under Kang Sheng. In 1947 Li became a member of the Central Committee\'s Rear Area Commission.
During the Chinese Civil War, Li Kenong continued to personally take charge of decoding intelligence. Agents under Li\'s direction achieved great success with planting moles inside the numerous KMT forces and agencies. Because of Li\'s work, KMT messages were deciphered and read by Communist commanders, sometimes before being sent to KMT army commanders on the battlefield.
On August 9, 1949, the SAD was formally abolished: after the establishment of the PRC on October 1, 1949, the SAD\'s internal security and domestic counter-intelligence work was assigned to the Ministry of Public Security, headed by General Luo Ruiqing. Li Kenong continued to serve as head of a reconstituted political and military intelligence apparatus, following instructions from Mao indicating that \"Li Kenong will look after Li Kenong\'s business.\" Li became Secretary of the Central Committee\'s Intelligence Commission, a Deputy Foreign Minister, and Director of the General Intelligence Department.
## After 1949 {#after_1949}
After the establishment of the People\'s Republic of China, Li was appointed Director of the **Liaison Department** attached to the General Intelligence Department of the Central Military Commission, thus overseeing foreign intelligence. In July 1951, Li represented the People\'s Republic of China at the Panmunjom Peace Talks in Korea as the leader of the joint PRC-North Korean delegation. In 1953 Li was appointed as a Deputy Chief of Staff in the People\'s Liberation Army. In 1954 Li became a member of the Chinese government\'s delegation to the Geneva Talks.
In 1955 Li was made Colonel-General in the PLA and Director of the CCP Central Investigation Department, which consolidated all Chinese foreign intelligence efforts into one central department. In recognition of his long service, in 1956 Li was elected to full membership of the CCP Central Committee.
## Death
Li suffered a debilitating stroke in October 1959. After his stroke, Li was not seen in public again, except for once in 1960. Li Kenong died on February 9, 1962
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# Muara Karang
**Muara Karang** is a residential complex in Pluit, North Jakarta. Most of the inhabitants are Chinese Indonesians, who also run many Hokkien restaurants. In recent times, the settlement has attracted Chinese immigrants of many other origins. The area also gained a growing reputation as a casual dining location, due to the numerous new food outlets opened every year, resulting in a highly competitive market.
The area is also home to PLTU Muara Karang, a 1000 MegaWatt steam-powered power plant that provides approximately 60% of Jakarta\'s energy requirements.
Mega Mall (now called Pluit Village) is currently the main shopping mall with Carrefour as the anchor store. This mall originally had cell phone shops, restaurants, a cinema, furniture shops, and convention halls. Since 2008 it has undergone intensive partial renovation and is slated to reopen in 2009. The mall seems to focus on attracting high-profile branded tenants to it vicinity.
The latest addition to the area is the CBD Pluit, a huge mall, apartment building, department store, office complex and shops. Completed in 2009, it opens as Mall Emporium Pluit.
It is currently unknown whether Pluit Junction has the same owner/developer as CBD Pluit
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