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# Eitting
**Eitting** is a municipality in the district of Erding in Bavaria in Germany
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# Chicago, Danville and Vincennes Railroad (Indiana Division)
The **Indiana Division** or **Coal Branch** of the Chicago, Danville and Vincennes Railroad (also known as the **Pumpkin Vine Railroad**) carried coal from mines south of Covington, Indiana, in the 1870s.
## Construction and operation {#construction_and_operation}
The branch began at Bismarck in Vermilion County, Illinois, and ran southeast across neighboring Warren County, Indiana. It crossed the Wabash River near the river town of Baltimore, then continued southeast to Covington in Fountain County, and then a few miles further south to the coal mines near Snoddy\'s Mill in the Coal Creek area. These mines were operated by Phelps and Company, and by McClelland and Company. The area was known as Stringtown because it consisted of a series of small settlements; this name is still used locally. Construction began in the second week of June 1872. By August, the portion that ran from the mines north to Covington was completed. The remainder was finished by July 1873.
The line covered a total distance of about 25 mi and transported coal for several years in the 1870s. Two trains ran to and from the mines each day. The trip from Bismarck to the coal mines took about 2 hours and 15 minutes, making the average speed about 5.5 mph; there were four stations along the way, including Sumner (Johnsonville), Taylor (or Taylor\'s Switch), a gravel pit, and Covington.
<File:CD&V> Railroad Indiana Division timetable (1875).png\|1875 timetable <File:CD&V> Railroad Indiana Division timetable (1876).png\|1876 timetable
## Johnsonville
Sumner Station was located in Warren County near the intersection of this new line with the existing Wabash Railroad. At this point, the Wabash Railroad ran from northeast to southwest, and the new line ran from northwest to southeast. Local landowner G. W. Johnson saw an opportunity and established the town of Johnsonville at this intersection. A post office opened there in 1875.
## Riot and closure {#riot_and_closure}
In December 1877, a murder took place in Stringtown, and although the culprit was convicted, problems increased between the 90 black and 225 white miners. The following April, five black miners were killed; at the trial in June, fourteen miners were indicted, but were acquitted due to lack of evidence that they were involved, and a riot began. A telegram was sent to Governor James D. Williams, who sent the Wabash Guards to restore order. Fifty shots were fired and four men were killed.
The railroad itself had problems with bankruptcy and strikes; according to an 1881 history, an injunction was to be filed against the railroad, but the presiding judge was away, and \"as a result the road was torn up and never rebuilt\". In 1877, the Chicago, Danville and Vincennes Railroad, along with two other railroads, was consolidated into the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad. The portion of the line that ran from Covington to Bismarck was closed on June 15, 1879, and the tracks were taken up in 1880.
Coal continued to be mined at Stringtown in the 1880s and was taken north to Covington, then on to Danville via the Indiana, Bloomington and Western Railway. The labor problems at the mine affected its production, and by 1888 the remainder of the line had been taken up. This was the end of the Pumpkin Vine Railroad.
## Unfinished portion {#unfinished_portion}
The plan had called for this line to continue south from Covington and Snoddy\'s Mill, into Parke County and past Montezuma, then southeast to Brazil in Clay County. Construction on this portion of the line started, and by 1873, the railroad grade had entered Parke County from the south, moving north along the Raccoon Creek. Some truss bridges were built, but this part of the line was never completed.
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# Chicago, Danville and Vincennes Railroad (Indiana Division)
## Present day {#present_day}
There are still several places along the former route where traces of the grade can be seen, and in a few wooded areas small sections of the grade are virtually untouched (though of course grass-covered and with no ties or rails). Portions of the route are visible on satellite images
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# Bryan McSheffrey
**Bryan Gerald McSheffrey** (born September 25, 1952) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward. He was drafted in the second round, 19th overall, by the Vancouver Canucks in the 1972 NHL Amateur Draft. He played in the National Hockey League with the Canucks and Buffalo Sabres between 1972 and 1974.
In his NHL career, McSheffrey appeared in 90 games. He scored thirteen goals and added seven assists. He finished his professional career by playing two seasons in the Netherlands, where he scored 58 goals and added 66 assists in 38 games with HYS Intervam
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# Keith Ellis (musician)
**Keith Ian Ellis** (19 March 1946 -- 12 December 1978) was an English bass player. He was born in Matlock, Derbyshire. He is known for his associations with The Koobas, The Misunderstood and Juicy Lucy. He was also a member of Van der Graaf Generator from 1968 to 1969. Ellis worked with Mike Patto and Ollie Halsall\'s band Boxer from 1975 until late 1976 when the original line-up split.
Ellis died in Darmstadt, Germany in 1978, whilst on tour with Iron Butterfly. No cause of death was determined, although the music journalist Ralph Heibutzki reported in a 2011 edition of *Ugly Things* that he was the victim of an accidental drug overdose. He left behind a widow, Deborah.
The song \"Not For Keith\" on the album *pH7* by Peter Hammill, (1979) was a tribute to Ellis
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# Car door
thumb\|Exterior side of car door on a 1986 Ford Taurus
A **car door** is a type of door opening, typically hinged on its front edge, but sometimes attached by other mechanisms such as tracks, for entering and exiting a vehicle. Doors most often integrate side windows for visibility from inside the car and can be locked to secure the vehicle.
Car doors may be manually operated or with power assist supplied by the vehicle. **Powered doors** or **power doors** may be found on minivans, luxury vehicles, or modified cars.
## General design {#general_design}
Car doors are designed to facilitate ingress and egress by car passengers.
Unlike other types of doors, the exterior side of the vehicle door contrasts in its design and finish from its interior side (the interior part is typically equipped with a **door card** (in British English) or a **door panel** (in American English) that has decorative and functional features.
The exterior side of the door is designed of steel or other material like the rest of the vehicle\'s exterior. In addition, its decorative appearance, typically colored with a design, is intended to match with the rest of the vehicle\'s exterior, the central purpose being to add to the overall aesthetic appeal of the vehicle exterior.
A vehicle typically has two types of doors: front doors and rear doors. Loosely related are: vehicle hoods and vehicle trunk lids. There are also doors known as a \"hatch\" (see \"door categorization\" below).
## Parts
- Door card
- Door handle
- Door switch
- Glass window
- Pillar
- Power door locks, which can work on a remote system
- Interior storage compartment
### Door locks and latches {#door_locks_and_latches}
Most vehicle doors are secured closed to the vehicle body with latches that may be locked to prevent unauthorized access from the exterior. There are a variety of car door locking systems. Door locks may be manually, or automatically operated, and may be centrally or individually operated. Also, they may be operated by remote control, with the transmitter often integrated into the main vehicle access and a key for the ignition.
Additionally, rear passenger doors are frequently fitted with child safety locks to prevent children from exiting the vehicle unless the door is opened from the exterior. These are also frequently used on police cars, to prevent suspect criminals from escaping whilst in police custody.
Vehicle door latches on practically all vehicles today are usually operated by use of a handle which requires the user to *pull*, *lift*, or *tug*---with some force towards themselves---rather than *push*. There is a reason for this. As late as the 1970s, some vehicles used exposed push buttons to operate the door latch, such as certain Opel models. The unfortunate side effect of this design was that external objects which touched a vehicle during a high-speed spinout could trigger the latch; the door would pop open and centrifugal force would eject any unrestrained vehicle occupants. A death that occurred exactly that way led to the landmark legal case of *Daly v. General Motors Corp.*, [20 Cal. 3d 725](http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C3/20C3d725.htm) (1978), in which the Supreme Court of California merged strict product liability with comparative fault. The court affirmed the right of General Motors to introduce evidence that decedent Kirk Daly flew out of his Opel not only because the door popped open, but because he was intoxicated and not wearing a seat belt---but in the same opinion, reversed and remanded for retrial because the jury had not been instructed on the then-rapidly developing doctrine of comparative fault and there was a high risk that the jury may have improperly applied the doctrine of contributory negligence to treat such inflammatory evidence of the decedent\'s negligence as a complete defense.
### Door switch {#door_switch}
Door switches are simple on/off mechanisms connected to the interior light (dome light), and may also be connected to a warning light, speaker, or other devices, to inform the driver when the door is not closed. The door light is standard equipment on all cars. In American cars from the 1950s-1990s, they had buzzers or \"door dingers\" that sounded, along with the check light, whenever any door is open.
### Windows
Most vehicle doors have windows, and most of these may be opened to various extents. Most car door windows retract downwards into the body of the doors and are opened either with a manual crank, or switchable electrical motor (electric car windows other than the driver\'s window can usually be controlled at both the door itself and centrally by an additional control at the driver\'s position). In the past, certain retracting windows were operated by direct (up or down) pressure, and were held in the up position by friction instead of by an internal lift mechanism.
Other cars, particularly older US-manufactured vans, have hinged windows with a folded lever mechanism to push and hold the window out from its closed position.
### Door brakes or stays {#door_brakes_or_stays}
Vehicle doors often include brakes, or \'stays\', that slow the door down just before it closes, and also prevent the door from opening further than its design specification. The current trend is to have a three-stage door brake.
Door brakes exist because the doors on the first vehicles were heavy, so they had to be pushed hard to make them close. Soon after, automotive manufacturers managed to construct lighter doors, but users were used to closing doors with significant force; therefore doors could become damaged. Door brakes were then introduced to slow down the door just before the door closed to prevent damage; these soon became standard.
## Hatchback doors and number of doors designation {#hatchback_doors_and_number_of_doors_designation}
Hatchback and estate or station wagon vehicles are typically described as \'three-door\' or \'five-door\' models in Europe and some other parts of the world. In the case of saloons or sedans and coupés, the boot/trunk lid is not counted as a door by definition because it is for a separate storage compartment - these cars are marketed as \'two-door\' or \'four-door\'. In Europe, the American-style labeling is occasionally used.
Doors that are for passenger egress are counted in North American markets. The openings used for cargo access are generally described by their function - such as hatch, tailgate, or liftgate - depending on the vehicle design. For example, a \"two-door hatchback\" will have two side doors for passengers and a rear opening to the cargo area. Similarly, a station wagon or SUV can have four-doors since the opening to the cargo area via the rear tailgate or a hatch is not counted as a door.
Passenger cars will typically have two-doors (such as coupes) or four-doors (such as sedans).
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# Car door
## \"Doored\" or \"door checked\" {#doored_or_door_checked}
Some cyclists refer to colliding with an open car door as being \"doored\" or \"door checked\". This usually happens when the cyclist is riding alongside a row of parallel-parked cars, and a driver suddenly opens his or her door immediately in front of the cyclist without first looking to see if it is safe to do so.
## Types
There are many different types of vehicle doors, including the following:
### Conventional
A conventional door, also known as a regular door is hinged at the front-facing edge of the door, and so allows the door to swing outward from the body of the car. These doors are relatively safe, in that if they are opened during forward motion of the vehicle, the wind resistance will work against the opening door, and will effectively force its closure.
### Suicide
A suicide door is hinged on its trailing edge. The term \"suicide door\" was coined due to the potential for the door to fly open when the latch was released while the car was in motion.
### Scissor
Scissor doors rotate vertically upward and are hinged at or near the end of the windshield. They are used in Lamborghinis, Alfa Romeos, and other brands.
### Butterfly
Butterfly doors are similar to scissor doors, but while scissor doors move up, butterfly doors also move outwards, which makes for easier entry/exit, and saves space.
### Gull-wing {#gull_wing}
Gull-wing doors are hinged on their uppermost edge, at the roof rather than the side. They are so named because, when opened, the doors evoke the image of a seagull opening its wings.
### Swan
Swan doors operate in a similar way to conventional car doors, but they open at an upward angle to helps to clear curbs, especially on lower sports cars.
### Sliding
Sliding doors open by sliding horizontally or vertically, whereby the door is either mounted on or suspended from a track. They are commonly used on the sides of minivans, leisure activity vehicles, light commercial vehicles, minibuses, and some buses as this allows a large opening for equipment to be loaded and unloaded without obstructing access.
### Canopy
A canopy door sits on top of a car and lifts up in some way, to provide access for passengers. It is similar to an aircraft canopy. There are no set standards to canopies, so they can be hinged at the front, side or back - although hinging at the front is most common. Canopy doors are rarely used on production cars, but are frequently used on the \'closed\' variants of Le Mans Prototype endurance race cars. They are also sometimes used on concept cars.
## Vehicle regulations {#vehicle_regulations}
Various countries have their own regulations for vehicle doors.
Global Technical Regulation No. 1, Door locks, is one of the few global regulations. Various countries are members of these regulations, for instance, Australia, Canada, European Union, Japan, Russia, and the United States. China and India are not members.
Another international doors regulation is regulation #11: door latches and door retention components. Application of this requirement is done for instance by the European Union, Russia, Japan, New Zealand and Egypt
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# An Gof
**An Gof** was a militant Cornish nationalist group suspected of a series of attacks in the 1980s. The name was also used by a group in 2007.
The organisation\'s name is Cornish for \"The Smith\", and takes its name from the trade of Michael An Gof, a leader of the Cornish Rebellion of 1497.
## 1980s
On 9 December 1980, a group calling itself An Gof 1980 exploded a bomb at the courthouse in St Austell, leaving material damage and claiming the attack via anonymous call to a local newspaper. In January 1981, they claimed responsibility for a fire at a Penzance hairdressers (the business was mistaken for the Bristol and West Building Society).
Later in the decade, An Gof claimed responsibility for a number of fires, including one at the Zodiac Bingo Hall in Redruth. They also claimed responsibility for an attempted explosion at Beacon Village Hall in Camborne and placing broken glass under the sand at Portreath Beach in 1984, \"to deter tourists\". Some commentators believed the group were claiming unrelated acts as their own or an attempt to tarnish the image of the Cornish nationalists.
## 2000s {#s_1}
A group claiming to be An Gof stated on 12 March 2007 that it wanted to destroy all English flags in Cornwall. A statement made by a spokesman for the group was faxed to the Cornish Branch of the Celtic League by an unknown person who withheld their telephone number and reads as follows:
> Out of respect for many of the decent and honourable Cornish people present today, we have asked our membership to remain inactive. We are aware that reputations were placed on the line by moderate Cornish Nationals who have been subject of death threats from the far right as well as threats of action by the police. However, we wish to make this point very clear: any attempts from hereon to fly the hated and oppressive Flag of St. George of England which we know as the blood banner in this our Country will result in direct action by our organization. For those who question our motives, we refer them to the events of 1497 and 1549 and the years of English Imperialistic repression which has followed. We shall not show the tolerance of those standing Vigil today and our action will be to remove and burn the flags of the English which may cause peripheral damage. An Gof 1497.
In March 2007 a group claiming to be the resurrected \"An Gof\" committed several acts of vandalism, including spraying anti-English graffiti on buildings and slashing English flags in gardens. These actions were condemned by the Cornish nationalist political party Mebyon Kernow, who appealed to the group to \"work for Cornwall through other positive means\".
This was followed on 13 June 2007 by a declaration from a new group called the Cornish National Liberation Army, which claimed to have formed due to a merger of An Gof and the Cornish Liberation Army, and declared the restaurants in Cornwall owned by Jamie Oliver and Rick Stein to be targets for terrorist action and enemies of the Cornish people. A 36-year-old man was arrested in connection with the threats
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# Najee Mustafaa
**Najee Mustafaa**, birth name **Reggie Rutland**, (born June 20, 1964) is an American former professional football player who played safety for seven seasons for the Minnesota Vikings, Cleveland Browns, and Oakland Raiders. He was a fourth round draft selection by the Vikings in the 1987 NFL Draft. He played collegiately for the Georgia Tech football team. He set the Vikings\' franchise record for longest interception return (97 yards) in 1991 and the Browns\' franchise record for the longest interception return (97 yards) in 1993, though both records have since been broken
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# Khwaja Du Koh
**Khwaja Du Koh** is a town and the center of Khwaja Du Koh District, Jowzjan Province, Afghanistan. It is situated few km northwest of the city of Sheberghan and 1.6 km northeast from the main Andkhoy-Sheberghan road. It is located at 36.8158 N 65.6178 E at 306 m altitude at the edge of Karakum Desert
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# Z Battery
A **Z Battery** was a short range anti-aircraft weapon system, launching 3 in diameter rockets from ground-based single and multiple launchers, for the air defence of Great Britain in the Second World War. The rocket motors were later adapted with a new warhead for air-to-ground use as the RP-3.
## Development
The solid-fuel 3 inch rocket used by the Z Batteries was known as the UP-3 (Unrotated Projectile) and had been developed in the late 1930s by the Projectile Development Establishment at Fort Halstead in Kent under the direction of Alwyn Crow. The naval weapon had been enthusiastically backed by Winston Churchill when he was First Lord of the Admiralty at the outbreak of war. By June 1940, Churchill was Prime Minister and he requested \"large supplies of \[rocket\] projectors\" for the anti-aircraft defence of the mainland. The development of British rockets was under the control of Professor Frederick Lindemann and he enthusiastically backed Churchill\'s suggestion.
The naval weapon was intended to bring down low-flying aircraft with a trailing wire, at the end of which was an explosive mine; the land-based system was intended to have a high explosive warhead, detonated by a specially designed photoelectric (PE) proximity fuse. The rocket was propelled by special solvent-free cordite, which was initially manufactured at ROF Bishopton in Scotland; in December 1940, a new propellant factory was commissioned at Ranskill, which was in production by the start of 1942. By August 1940, more than 7,000 rocket projectors were available to Anti-Aircraft Command but the output of rockets lagged and by April only 18,600 had been made, of which Anti-Aircraft Command was allocated 8,400, preference being granted to the Admiralty; the command was only able to operate 840 launchers with ten rockets apiece.
In October 1940, an experimental Z Battery became operational at Cardiff in South Wales under the command of Major Duncan Sandys, Churchill\'s son-in-law. Trials against a radio-controlled Queen Bee target aircraft were successful, although the Director of Artillery at the Ministry of Supply suspected that the results were \"fixed\". Despite this Churchill and Lindemann drove the project forward and by 1942, 2.4 million rockets were being produced annually.
## Service
The first Z Batteries were equipped with a single-rocket launcher, the **Projector, 3-inch, Mark 1**. It was soon found that the rockets did not perform as accurately as the trials had suggested and that the proximity fuses were rarely effective. Salvo-fire was introduced and projectors capable of firing an ever-larger number of rockets were developed. The **Projector, 3-inch, No 2, Mk 1** was a twin launcher and the **No 4 Mk 1 and Mk 2** fired ripples of 36 rockets.
On Sunday 18 August during the Battle of Britain, in a surprise attack on RAF Kenley by Dornier Do 17 bombers, AC2 David Roberts brought down one of the two attacking aircraft that were destroyed, using the RAF\'s newest anti-aircraft weapon, a line of twenty-five rockets that deployed a barrage of 500 ft cables suspended on parachutes. This weapon, the naval version of the Z Barrage, was an example of the motley of weapons issued to the RAF in the early war years. The other Dornier 17 was shot down by Corporal John Miller of the Scots Guards, using a Lewis gun; both men were awarded the Military Medal.
From early 1942, the manning of Z Batteries began to be transferred to the Home Guard, as the equipment was comparatively simple to operate and the rounds were lighter. The age limit for Home Guards to work on Z Batteries was 60, whereas it was 40 for those posted to conventional anti-aircraft guns and coast defence batteries, because of the heavier ammunition.
## Ground attack version {#ground_attack_version}
The No 2 and No 4 projectors were used in the North African Campaign, mounted on converted QF 3-inch 20 cwt gun trailers. The emergency use of a No 4 projector against an Axis infantry attack in that theatre provided the inspiration for the No 8 Projector, better known as the Land Mattress, a surface-to-surface rocket system, used by the Canadian Army in 1945. The UP-3 rocket was also developed into the RP-3 air-to-ground anti-tank rocket
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# Jeff Fuller (safety)
Jeff Fuller}} `{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use American English|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox NFL biography
| name = Jeff Fuller
| number = 49
| position = [[Safety (gridiron football position)|Safety]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|8|8}}
| birth_place = [[Dallas, Texas]], U.S.
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 2
| weight_lb = 216
| high_school = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt High School (Texas)|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] <br> (Dallas, Texas)
| college = [[Texas A&M Aggies football|Texas A&M]]
| draftyear = 1984
| draftround = 5
| draftpick = 139
| pastteams =
* [[San Francisco 49ers]] ({{NFL Year|1984|1989}})
| highlights =
* 3× [[Super Bowl champion]] ([[Super Bowl XIX|XIX]], [[Super Bowl XXIII|XXIII]], [[Super Bowl XXIV|XXIV]])
| statlabel1 = [[Quarterback sack|Sacks]]
| statvalue1 = 9.0
| statlabel2 = [[Interception]]s
| statvalue2 = 10
| statlabel3 = [[Fumble]] recoveries
| statvalue3 = 5
| pfr = FullJe20
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Jeffery Avery Fuller** (born August 8, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a safety for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1984 to 1989. He played college football for the Texas A&M Aggies. He won three Super Bowls as a member of the 49ers.
Fuller suffered a career-ending spinal injury in October 1989 against the New England Patriots at Stanford Stadium. The game was played at Stanford University due to the Loma Prieta earthquake that damaged Candlestick Park. Hall of Fame safety Ronnie Lott stated that Jeff Fuller was one of the hardest hitting safeties in the NFL. While he is able to walk, he is no longer able to use one of his arms.
Fuller\'s son, Jeffrey Fuller, played in the Canadian Football League
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# Savage Man Savage Beast
***Ultime grida dalla savana**\'\' (`{{literal translation|'''''Final Cry from the Savanna'''''}}`{=mediawiki}), also known as by its English title***Savage Man Savage Beast**\'\', is a 1975 Italian mondo documentary film co-produced, co-written, co-edited and co-directed by Antonio Climati and Mario Morra. Filmed all around the world, its central theme focuses on hunting and the interaction between man and animal. Like many mondo films, the filmmakers claim to document real, bizarre and violent behavior and customs, although some scenes were actually staged. It is narrated by the Italian actor and popular dubber Giuseppe Rinaldi and the text was written by Italian novelist Alberto Moravia.`{{fact|date=July 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
This was the first film of Climati\'s and Morra\'s Savage Trilogy, which also includes *Savana violenta* (*This Violent World*) and *Dolce e selvaggio* (*Sweet and Savage*). Arguably the most notorious film of the trilogy, *Ultime grida dalla savana* became influential in exploitation cinema by use of cinematographic techniques that were repeated in numerous subsequent Mondo films. Two scenes in particular, a lion attack on a tourist in Namibia and the murder of an indigenous man by a group of mercenaries in South America, have gained notoriety as genuine footage of human death. The film also sparked a rivalry between the team of Climati and Morra and the brothers Alfredo and Angelo Castiglioni. These two teams became the forerunners of the second generation of mondo cinema.
## Synopsis
The film is a depiction of various scenes, usually violent or bizarre, that somehow relate to hunting. Each scenario is presented one after the other with little regard for narrative continuity. The opening scene introduces a Patagonian hunter who hunts stags to survive. The opening credits play over as he chases after a stag, which he ultimately shoots, kills, and beheads. Afterwards, one of the numerous scenes of anti-hunting gatherings is shown, this one in Cape Cod. The attention quickly shifts to wildlife hunting, where a monkey is killed by a leopard, and then a squirrel monkey by an anaconda. The theme changes again to the social hunt of wild game in Australia and Africa. Aborigines hunt kangaroos and other large marsupials with spears and giant bats with boomerangs. Indigenous tribes of Africa hunt large game, including antelope, buffalo, and elephants, in the savanna. Religious ceremonies are also shown, where the African hunters proceed to suck fresh blood from the entrails of an antelope, and the Australian aborigines symbolically bury their prey in dust to placate the spirits of the animals. Lastly, two brothers are arrested after partaking in a form of ritual post-mortem cannibalism of three of their relatives to acquire the hunting skills of the dead.
Other hunting traditions then follow, again rooted in religion. The warriors of the Kuru tribe in Africa commit a sacred act in which they copulate with the ground in belief that it will make the Earth fertile and produce animals for the hunt, and a stag hunt in France, rooted in ancient pagan beliefs of the Gauls, is blessed by a mass before the hunt takes place, during which the hunters and dogs chase and ultimately kill a fleeing stag. In a fox hunt, the Wild Fox Association sabotages the hunting efforts by serving wine laced with a laxative to the hunters and distracting the dogs with an Afghan hound in heat. Their efforts are then connected to species conservation, and to exemplify that hunters are truly concerned in wildlife conservation, Argentine hunters capture an Andean condor to sell to a zoo. A collage of other conservation efforts is shown, including the tagging of white rhinoceroses, grizzly bears and elephants, which are shot with morphine darts. Argentinian deer and elephant seals are physically subdued and marked. Tourists on Africans safaris then come to view the conservation efforts, which the narrator claims to have seemingly negated the animals\' violent instincts. This deception is demonstrated with the mauling of a tourist named Pit Dernitz by lions.
Another anti-hunting demonstration becomes the film\'s focus, this time on the Isle of Wight. Nudity and intercourse are practiced freely amongst the demonstrators, and this is contrasted with ancient hunter-gathering groups, who had strict rules concerning nudity. The narrator argues that once hunting had left this group of people, so did their rules toward nudity. Also highlighted is the contradiction that though this people are against hunting, thousands of farm-raised animals had to die to support them. The focus changes to Humboldt penguins, which cannot hunt because of polluted waters, and thus seem detached and without focus. This effect is compared to modern day Eskimos, who no longer hunt since the discovery of oil in their homeland and have fallen into depression and melancholy. To reverse the process, several groups of men go out and revive their hunting ways. Reflected in this is a montage of gun ownership, which the film relates to feelings of masculinity, followed by shots of illegal elephant poaching from Africa. To offset the dwindling number of game due to poaching, warriors from the Lobi tribe celebrate the \"Ceremony of Life\", in which they masturbate with ceremonial rods and pour the product into the river, hoping the animals will drink the semen and multiply. Attention shifts to large electronic probes in the Peruvian savanna used to measure the winds of El Niño for optimal fishing conditions. Fishing birds are also electronically tagged so the prime fishing areas can be located based on the birds\' fishing habits. This fish frenzy in South America is reflected in the salmon run in Alaska, where kodiak bears hunt and fight for prey.
An examination of a hunting tradition in northern Europe follows, where falcons assist humans in hunting by catching wild game, such as rabbits and pheasants. Further collaboration with man and animal is highlighted, this time with cheetahs. To demonstrate the cheetah\'s speed and effectiveness, a chase between a group of cheetahs and ostriches is arranged, in which the birds are hunted down and killed. The next animal collaborators are dogs, which hunt wild boar in Patagonia and a puma which has attacked a herd of sheep and a shepherd. In cities, however, stray dogs are the ones hunted by dog catchers, which the narrator claims demonstrates that the hunt is still active, but the prey has changed. Indios also use dogs to hunt monkeys, but their efforts are compared to mercenaries hunting the Indios themselves to clear them from their native land for development. In one such instance, mercenaries retaliate against a death of a workman by hunting down a group of Indios, one of whom they torture, castrate and murder. Various scenes of wildlife are then shown, after which orangutans are hunted to be sold to zoos. The film then ends with the coexistence of man and animal between Erik Zimen, an ecologist, and wolves, the group of animals he wishes to save.
## Production
### Direction
As their former cinematographer, Climati drew influence from the Mondo films of Gualtiero Jacopetti and Franco Prosperi. The *cinéma vérité* styled camera work used in *Ultime grida dalla savana* was previously used in *Africa addio* in a scene in which the film crew is nearly killed during an uprising in newly independent Ethiopia. The inclusion of lingering Technicolor shots and violence towards animals is also a feature of Jacopetti\'s *Mondo cane* series. Some scenes were also directly lifted from *Africa addio* and reused in *Ultime grida dalla savana.* David Kerekes and David Slater, authors of *Killing for Culture: An Illustrated History of Death Film from Mondo to Snuff*, also note that, \"*Savage Man Savage Beast* is a slight return to the more encyclopaedic world view of mondo cinema which was prevalent in the 60s,\" demonstrating Climati\'s early roots in Mondo cinema.
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# Savage Man Savage Beast
## Production
### Music
The songs and musical score used in the film were composed and written by Carlo Savina and Gilbert Kaplan. The songs were sung by Kaplan and Ann Collin. The music resembles Riz Ortolani\'s score from *Africa addio*, as most tracks are of a light and upbeat nature, particularly during the opening and closing credits. The arrangement of music to enhance atmosphere and create comic effect also mimics the compositions in *Africa addio*.
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# Savage Man Savage Beast
## Reaction
The film was released in Italy on 24 October 1975, and internationally in 1976. The film fared well in Asia; in 1976, *Ultime grida dalla savana* was outgrossed in Hong Kong only by *Jaws*. In Japan, it was the second highest-grossing foreign film with theatrical rentals of 1.75 billion Yen, behind only *King Kong*. Despite this, reception to the film from mainstream movie critics is almost completely negative, although it is well accepted by critics in exploitation film circles: Mark Goodall calls the film a \"remarkable, pseudo-philosophical mondo examination of hunting fixated on the cyclical, the (inter)relationship of the hunter and the hunted\", and Kerekes & Slater also comment that it was, \"The success of *Savage Man\... Savage Beast* \[that\] inaugurated the \'savage\' trilogy.\"
### Criticism
The content of the film, particularly the graphic violence and human death, has been criticized as too explicit and exploitative. Robert Firsching of Allmovie states: `{{Blockquote|The reason for the film's notoriety, however, is a collection of grainy 16 mm images depicting the horrific round-up, mutilation, castration, and slaughter of a group of tribesmen by white mercenaries. As appalling and revolting a sequence as ever depicted in a documentary film, the massacre footage marked something of a turning point in the development of the mondo subgenre, which moved increasingly toward snuff-like collections of death and mutilation.<ref name="AllMovie" />}}`{=mediawiki} *Time Out Film Guide* made similar criticisms of the film\'s content, calling it \"\[a\] bloody, blatantly exploitative mess of a movie\", and says it is \"just another opportunity to gawp at raw scenes of sex and (more especially) violence\". Due to its graphic content, the film was also used by James Ferman at the British Academy of Film and Television Arts as an example of the need for film censorship.
The inclusion of several staged or scripted scenes has made the film a target for critical condemnation. Numerous scenes have been proven fake, including the anti-fox hunting campaign involving the fictional \"Wild Fox Association\" and the murder of the indigenous men by mercenaries. During another wildlife rally, the fabrication of the scene is apparent with the presence of Italian porn star Ilona Staller. The lion attack on Pit Dernitz is also suspected of being a fabrication by film historians.
Although staged footage has been included since the early history of Mondo cinema, these scenes are nonetheless targets for critical abashment. Kerekes and Slater call the anti-fox hunt sequence \"self-parody\", and Goodall labels the same scene as \"ludicrous\". The staged scenes of human death have also been criticized for being more exploitative than educational. Aside from his criticism of the film\'s staged footage, Goodall also points out the reuse of sequences of African tribal hunting and poaching from *Africa addio* as a flaw of the film.
## Controversy
Due to its graphic content, *Ultime grida dalla savana* has encountered censorship issues with certain countries\' film boards. In Australia, the Office of Film and Literature Classification (OFLC) banned both an uncut and cut version of the film in 1976. An appeal filed later that year was denied. Ten years later, the home video distributor Palace Video brought the same cut print before the film board and it received an R18+ rating. The cuts include segments from the lion attack, the torture and murder of the indigenous man by mercenaries, the death of a fox by a pack of hounds, and the death of a stag by a hunter in the opening scene.
The film faced similar censorship problems for its theatrical release in the United Kingdom. In 1976, nearly 10 minutes were cut before it was passed with an X-rating by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC). Various scenes of animal cruelty, a race between cheetahs and ostriches, the lion attack, and the mercenaries\' hunt of Amazonian natives were all cut from the British release. The scenes of animal cruelty were targeted by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) to be cut from the film, specifically the hunt and disembowelment of a puma. Also in 1976, the Valtion elokuvatarkastamo, the Finnish film classification board, banned the film in Finland in its entirety for the inclusion of scenes of genuine human death.
In Italy, the film was only rated ages 14+.
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# Savage Man Savage Beast
## Influence
The release of *Ultime grida dalla savana* initiated a rivalry between Climati and Morra and two other Italian Mondo film makers, Angelo and Alfredo Castiglioni. These two filmmaking teams became the frontrunners of the Mondo genre in the late seventies and early eighties. The Castiglionis had made two previous Mondo films, *Africa segreta* and *Africa ama*, before the release of *Ultime grida dalla savana*. They later released three additional films: *Magia nuda* in 1975, *Addio ultimo uomo* in 1978, *Africa dolce e selvaggio* in 1982. Climati and Morra made two follow-up films to *Ultime grida dalla savana*. The first followup, *Savana violenta*, also known as *Savage Man Savage Beast no. 2*, was released in 1976. *Savana violenta* was slightly less graphic in its depiction of violence. The last film, *Dolce e selvaggio*, was released in 1983 and consisted partly of outtakes and recycled footage from Climati and Morra\'s two previous films. Each subsequent release by the two parties would attempt to outperform the previous films with more explicit and shocking content.
The scenes of human death, which were shot in a manner that resembled an observational documentary, became influential in exploitation cinema, as several subsequent films would use similar filming techniques to lend certain scenes a sense of increased realism. The Mondo film *Addio ultimo uomo*, directed by the brothers Angelo and Alfredo Castiglioni, includes a scene of \"amateur footage\" that mimics the scene in which mercenaries hunt natives in *Ultime grida dalla savana*. This scene, in which an African bushman is captured, tortured, and castrated by a rival tribe, has also been proven staged. Again in 1978, the death film *Faces of Death* included fabricated \"amateur footage\" that is a reenactment of the death of Pit Dernitz, replacing lions with a bear. Firsching and Goodall also note that *Ultime grida dalla savana* was a transitional film within the genre, as it, \"provided a vital link between the \'classic\' shockumentaries of the early-mid 1960s and the much crueller mondos of the mid 1970s and beyond.\" Pit Dernitz\'s supposed death from being mauled by lions was featured later in *Traces of Death.*
Director Ruggero Deodato also used this camera style prolifically in his film *Cannibal Holocaust*, in which a group of filmmakers goes missing after they head into the South American rain forest to make a documentary on local cannibal tribes. In the film, only the team\'s footage is recovered, which is all shot in the *cinéma vérité* style that resembles the \"amateur footage\" in *Ultime grida dalla savana*. The footage from *Cannibal Holocaust* proved so realistic that Deodato was arrested for making a snuff film. Charges were ultimately dropped when he produced the supposedly slain actors for the courts
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# 2001 Grand National
{{ external media \| float = right \| width = 275px \| video1 = [Replay of the 2001 Grand National in full](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCqSyu2V3To) Racing TV, YouTube }} The **2001 Grand National** (officially known as the **Martell Grand National** for sponsorship reasons) was the 154th official running of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 7 April 2001. It went ahead as planned, despite the cancellation of the 2001 Cheltenham Festival, caused by the foot-and-mouth disease crisis.
The steeplechase was won by a distance by 33/1 shot Red Marauder, ridden by jockey Richard Guest, in a time of over 11 minutes. The winner was also trained by his jockey and owned by Norman Mason, in whose name the training licence was held, with Guest as his assistant, though Guest did all the training at his base in Crook, County Durham and ran in the trainer\'s colours of red with a blue hoop, three blue hoops on the sleeves and a red and blue hooped cap.
The field was limited to a maximum of 40 competitors, of which only two completed the course without mishap (two others were re-mounted to complete) and the race was run in heavy going. It was notable for an unusually high number of falls, including ten at the first Canal Turn, caused by a riderless horse running across the fence, and it came in for criticism in some quarters, believing that the conditions were too wet and muddy. However, supporters of the race were quick to point out that the slow pace and bottomless ground benefitted the race as there were no injuries sustained to any horse or rider.
## Background
The 2001 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease had led to the Cheltenham Festival and many other fixtures being abandoned before the Grand National meeting. However, the National got the go-ahead from racing officials. On the day, the race went ahead despite adverse weather, with high winds and an extremely heavy going.
Jockey Paul Flynn was the subject of a frantic search when Mick Fitzgerald was forced to stand down as rider of Esprit De Cotte less than two hours before the race. When Flynn did not respond to calls and texts to his mobile phone, two Tannoy announcements were sent out around the course for him to report to the weighing room. When he still did not respond an urgent message was sent out over the BBC via its live coverage of the build-up of the race. Flynn, who had never before ridden in a National, could not be located in time and the ride instead went to Tom Doyle. Flynn never got another chance to ride in the race.
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# 2001 Grand National
## Leading contenders {#leading_contenders}
**Edmond** was the winner of the 1999 Welsh National and was made 10/1 joint-favourite on the horse\'s preference for soft ground. He ran prominently at the head of the field for most of the first circuit and was still leading when he fell into the ditch at The Chair, catapulting rider Richard Johnson over the fence.
**Moral Support** was also supported to joint-favouritism on the back of a preference for soft ground and a good showing in the Welsh National four months prior. Partnered by Noel Fehily, he was towards the rear of the field when caught in a pile-up at the Canal Turn on the first circuit and brought to a standstill.
**Inis Cara** was the third joint-favourite but was backed purely on the basis of being a mudlark. His form lacked that of the other two joint-favourites however as he had failed to make a serious impression in any of his six previous races. His jockey Robert Widger was hoping to emulate his great-uncle who won the race over a century before, but the partnership was severed by a heavy fall at the fourth fence.
**Beau** was the 12/1 mount of two-time winning jockey Carl Llewellyn and had won the Whitbread Gold Cup, a respected Aintree trial, by a distance in 1999. His form in 2000 had been less impressive and his heavy weight handicap was also considered a tough ask, but the horse was coping well with it during the race and was leading the only four runners left in the race when an awkward jump at the 19th fence put his reins over his head. Jockey Llewellyn fought to try to save the situation but, without steering, was unseated at the next fence. The rider desperately chased his mount to the next fence in a bid to remount and possibly claim third place, but was unable to do so.
**Mely Moss** was sent off at 14/1, having finished second in the race the previous year, despite it being his only run of the season. He was again kept off the racecourse until Aintree and partnered by Norman Williamson, but they were unable to avoid the melee at the Canal Turn.
Papillon beat Mely Moss to win the previous year\'s National and this, coupled with his trainer risking a foot-and-mouth quarantine to bring him to Aintree, saw him well supported at 14/1. His partner in victory, Ruby Walsh again took the ride and they avoided the carnage on the first circuit to be among the only seven still continuing when a loose horse took them out at the 19th fence. Walsh remounted and hacked around the remainder of the course with the remounted Blowing Wind before being left behind at the final flight to be the last of four to complete.
The eventual winner, **Red Marauder**, was freely available as an each-way chance at 33/1 after disappointingly falling at Becher\'s Brook on the first circuit the previous year. Another fall at Haydock before the National had punters feeling that the horse was not a safe enough jumper.
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# 2001 Grand National
## Racecard
No Colours Horse Age Handicap (st-lb) SP Jockey Trainer
---- --------- ------------------------ ----- ------------------ --------- ------------------- ----------------------
1 Beau (IRE) 8 11-10 12/1 Carl Llewelyn Nigel Twiston-Davies
2 Papillon (IRE) 10 11-05 14/1 Ruby Walsh Ted Walsh
3 Earthmover (IRE) 10 11-02 22/1 Joe Tizzard Paul Nicholls
4 Merry People (IRE) 13 11-02 66/1 Garrett Cotter John Queally
5 Tresor De Mai (FR) 7 11-02 66/1 Rodi Greene Martin Pipe
6 General Wolfe 12 11-00 50/1 Brian Crowley Venetia Williams
7 The Last Fling (IRE) 11 10-12 20/1 Seamus Durack Sue Smith
8 Hanakham (IRE) 12 10-11 100/1 Barry Geraghty Donald McCain
9 Addington Boy (IRE) 13 10-11 33/1 John McNamara Ferdy Murphy
10 Red Marauder 11 10-11 33/1 Richard Guest Norman Mason
11 Djeddah (FR) 10 10-11 33/1 Thierry Doumen Francois Doumen
12 Strong Tel (IRE) 11 10-11 33/1 David Casey Martin Pipe
13 Unsinkable Boxer (IRE) 12 10-10 66/1 Dean Gallagher Robert Alner
14 Blowing Wind (FR) 8 10-09 16/1 Tony McCoy Martin Pipe
15 Moral Support (IRE) 9 10-09 10/1 JF Noel Fehily Charlie Mann
16 Northern Starlight 10 10-07 50/1 Tom Scudamore Martin Pipe
17 Noble Lord 8 10-05 25/1 Jimmy McCarthy Richard Phillips
18 Amberleigh House (IRE) 9 10-05 150/1 Warren Marston Ginger McCain
19 Exit Swinger (FR) 6 10-05 50/1 Chris Maude Martin Pipe
20 Mely Moss (FR) 10 10-05 14/1 Norman Williamson Charles Egerton
21 Dark Stranger (IRE) 10 10-03 25/1 Kieron Kelly Martin Pipe
22 Listen Timmy (NZ) 11 10-03 100/1 Tony Dobbin Alan King
23 Inis Cara (IRE) 9 10-03 10/1 JF Robert Widger Venetia Williams
24 Edmond (FR) 9 10-01 10/1 JF Richard Johnson Henry Daly
25 You\'re Agoodun 9 10-01 28/1 Robert Wakley Martin Pipe
26 No Retreat (NZ) 7 10-02 100/1 Jason Maguire Steve Brookshaw
27 Smarty (IRE) 8 10-00 16/1 Timmy Murphy Mark Pitman
28 Hollybank Buck (IRE) 11 10-00 20/1 Francis Flood Tony Martin
29 Moondigua (IRE) 9 10-00 100/1 Shay Barry Martin Pipe
30 Village King (IRE) 8 10-00 25/1 Jim Culloty Philip Hobbs
31 Spanish Main (IRE) 7 10-00 25/1 Jamie Goldstein Nigel Twiston-Davies
32 Esprit De Cotte (FR) 9 10-00 33/1 Tom Doyle Nicky Henderson
33 Lance Armstrong (IRE) 11 10-02 50/1 Andrew Thornton Robert Alner
34 Kaki Crazy (FR) 6 10-00 66/1 Rodney Farrant Martin Pipe
35 Feels Like Gold (IRE) 13 10-00 50/1 Brian Harding Nicky Richards
36 Paddy\'s Return (IRE) 9 10-00 16/1 Adrian Maguire Ferdy Murphy
37 Brave Highlander (IRE) 13 10-00 33/1 Philip Hide Josh Gifford
38 Art Prince (IRE) 11 10-00 150/1 Jim Crowley Martin Pipe
39 Mister One 10 10-00 50/1 Mark Bradburne Colin Tizzard
40 Supreme Charm (IRE) 9 10-00 33/1 Robert Thornton Kim Bailey
- Great Britain unless stated.
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# 2001 Grand National
## The race {#the_race}
The heavy conditions contributed greatly to the horses that fell during the race; eight had already fallen by the third fence. One of the horses that fell in the opening stages, Paddy\'s Return, carried on as a loose horse and caused pandemonium at the Canal Turn, where he brought down several nearby runners. Ten horses were lost at the Turn overall, including Moral Support, one of the favourites, and future winner Amberleigh House. No Retreat, who was one of the rank outsiders, was also carried out at the Turn but managed to retake the fence and continued over a fence behind the rest of the remaining runners.
Only 15 horses remained after the Turn, and then 13 going onto the racecourse proper for the first time. At the 13th, Noble Lord fell, leaving only 12 to tackle The Chair, the large standside jump. This year it claimed three horses including joint-favourite Edmond, each-way shot Supreme Charm and largely unfancied Moondigua. Listen Timmy made a major mistake, recovered, but was pulled up immediately after the fence. No Retreat, who was completely tailed off at the time was eventually pulled up by jockey Jason Maguire before the start of the second circuit. As the field left for the second circuit, only seven horses remained: Red Marauder, Papillon, Beau, Blowing Wind, Brave Highlander, Unsinkable Boxer, and Smarty, with Lance Armstrong, who remounted, around half a mile behind.
Approaching the 19th, a couple of loose horses veered across the ditch, similar to what had happened earlier at the Canal Turn, and hampered Papillon, Blowing Wind and Brave Highlander, resulting in their refusals. Unsinkable Boxer also refused at the big ditch independently. This left three. The leader of the trio and top weight, Beau, unseated jockey Llewellyn at the 20th fence after his reins broke. Two fences back, Tony McCoy remounted Blowing Wind and Ruby Walsh remounted Papillon. McCoy later said, \"I looked up at the big screen and saw there were only two horses still racing. I shouted to Ruby \[Walsh\], \'Come on, let\'s get back up\'\". Blowing Wind and Papillon both continued the course to take third and fourth place respectively.
Going into the last few fences Smarty had a lead over Red Marauder. However, by the second-last, Guest on Red Marauder had drawn level with Smarty, and ultimately won by a distance. A mud-covered Guest celebrated crossing the finish line in the slowest Grand National winning time for over 100 years. It was the first time since Ben Nevis won in 1980 that just four horses finished the race, and the first time since 1967 that there were only two unhampered finishers when the largely unnoticed Packed Home successfully negotiated the infamous 23rd fence pile up behind Foinavon to complete unhindered.
## Finishing order {#finishing_order}
Position Number Name Jockey Age Weight (st, lb) Starting price Distance
---------- -------- -------------- --------------- ----- ----------------- ---------------- ------------------
**1st** 10 Red Marauder Richard Guest 11 10-11 33/1 A distance
**2nd** 27 Smarty Timmy Murphy 8 10-0 16/1 A distance
**3rd** 14 Blowing Wind Tony McCoy 8 10-9 16/1 A distance
**4th** 2 Papillon Ruby Walsh 10 11-4 14/1 Last to complete
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# 2001 Grand National
## Non-finishers {#non_finishers}
Fence Number Name Jockey Age Weight (st-lb.) Starting price Fate
--------------------------- -------- -------------------- ------------------- ----- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------------------
**20th** 1 Beau Carl Llewellyn 8 11-10 12/1 Unseated rider
**19th** (open ditch) 13 Unsinkable Boxer Dean Gallagher 12 10-10 66/1 Refused
**19th** (open ditch) 37 Brave Highlander Philip Hide 13 10-0 33/1 Refused
**16th** (water jump) 26 No Retreat Jason Maguire 8 10-1 100/1 Pulled up
**16th** (water jump) 22 Listen Timmy Tony Dobbin 12 10-3 100/1 Pulled up
**15th** (The Chair) 24 Edmond Richard Johnson 9 10-1 10/1 JF Fell
**15th** (The Chair) 40 Supreme Charm Robert Thornton 9 9-8 33/1 Unseated Rider
**15th** (The Chair) 29 Moondigua Shay Barry 9 9-12 100/1 Refused and Unseated Rider
**13th** 17 Noble Lord Jimmy McCarthy 8 10-5 25/1 Fell
**11th** 32 Esprit De Cotte Tom Doyle 9 9-11 33/1 Refused and Unseated rider
**9th** (Valentine\'s) 39 Mister One Leslie Jefford 10 9-8 50/1 Unseated rider
**8th** (Canal Turn) 18 Amberleigh House Warren Marston 9 10-5 150/1 Brought down
**8th** (Canal Turn) 21 Dark Stranger Kieran Kelly 10 10-3 25/1 Refused
**8th** (Canal Turn) 6 General Wolfe Brian Crowley 12 11-0 50/1 Unseated Rider
**8th** (Canal Turn) 30 Village King Jim Culloty 8 9-12 25/1 Brought down
**8th** (Canal Turn) 20 Mely Moss Norman Williamson 10 10-5 14/1 Brought down
**8th** (Canal Turn) 25 You\'re Agoodun Rupert Wakeley 9 10-1 28/1 Brought down
**8th** (Canal Turn) 35 Feels Like Gold Brian Harding 13 9-10 50/1 Refused
**8th** (Canal Turn) 15 Moral Support Noel Fehily 9 10-9 10/1 JF Refused
**8th** (Canal Turn) 11 Djeddah Thierry Doumen 13 10-11 33/1 Unseated Rider
**8th** (Canal Turn) 33 Lance Armstrong Andrew Thornton 11 9-11 50/1 Refused
**7th** (Foinavon) 4 Merry People Gareth Cotter 13 9-8 66/1 Unseated Rider
**6th** (Becher\'s Brook) 19 Exit Swinger Chris Maude 6 10-5 50/1 Fell
**6th** (Becher\'s Brook) 16 Northern Starlight Tom Scudamore 10 10-7 50/1 Unseated rider
**6th** (Becher\'s Brook) 12 Strong Tel David Casey 11 10-11 33/1 Fell
**5th** 7 The Last Fling Seamus Durack 11 10-12 20/1 Unseated rider
**4th** 3 Earthmover Joe Tizzard 10 11-2 22/1 Unseated rider
**4th** 23 Inis Cara Robert Widger 9 10-3 10/1 JF Fell
**3rd** 28 Hollybank Buck Fran Flood 11 9-13 20/1 Fell
**3rd** 34 Kaki Crazy Rodney Farrant 6 9-11 66/1 Fell
**3rd** 36 Paddy\'s Return Adrian Maguire 9 9-9 16/1 Unseated rider
**2nd** 9 Addington Boy John P. McNamara 13 10-11 33/1 Unseated Rider
**2nd** 5 Tresor De Mai Rodi Greene 7 11-2 66/1 Fell
**2nd** 8 Hanakham Barry Geraghty 12 10-11 100/1 Fell
**1st** 38 Art Prince Jim Crowley 11 9-8 150/1 Fell
**1st** 31 Spanish Main Jamie Goldstein 7 9-11 25/1 Unseated Rider
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# 2001 Grand National
## Jockeys
Twice former winner Carl Llewellyn was the most experienced rider in the weighing room, weighing out for a Grand National for the 11th time, including the void race of 1993, and unusually was the only rider in the field with ten rides under his belt. In addition there was also a higher-than-average number of rookies in the weighing room, though the ability of all 12 riders making their debut could not be questioned or offered as having any effect on the carnage that followed in the race. Noel Fehily carried the best chance of a winning debut but was among those knocked out of the race at the Canal Turn pile-up. Indeed, none of the 12 debutants completed the first circuit, Jason Maguire going the farthest when pulling his mount up at the water jump. The remainder of the group included Tom Doyle, drafted in when Mick Fitzgerald was injured, John McNamara, Brian Crowley, Shay Barry, Fran Flood and Leslie Jefford. The remainder of the group was made up of Tom Scudamore, whose father and grandfather had both previously taken part in the race, the latter winning in 1959, and a trio of riders whose only ride in the race this proved to be for different circumstances; Jim Crowley, who went on to become Champion Jockey on the flat in 2016, Jamie Goldstein who missed the ride on the eventual winner the following year when suffering a broken leg weeks before the race, and Kieran Kelly who was killed racing in Ireland in 2003.
## Controversy
There were numerous suggestions in the press that the race should not have been run due to the conditions. *Racing Post* journalist and lead presenter of *Channel 4 Racing*, Alastair Down, wrote: \"You can wash the mud off the jockeys\' silks, but not the stain off the race\", under a front page headline: Gutless, Witless and Utterly Reckless. John Maxse, spokesman of the Jockey Club, said: \"It was fairly shocking, uncomfortable viewing\".
However, many in racing leapt to Aintree\'s defence, as it was loose horses that had caused most problems. Despite more than 30 of the 40 horses either falling or being brought down, all of the horses and jockeys were fine afterwards and no major injuries were sustained.
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# 2001 Grand National
## Media coverage {#media_coverage}
The BBC retained the rights to broadcast the race live on terrestrial television in the United Kingdom as they had done every year since 1960. BBC One\'s Saturday afternoon sports show *Grandstand* covered the race as a Grand National special, which began at 12:45pm BST and was presented by Sue Barker and Clare Balding. This consisted of race build-up, with previews of the main contenders, interviews with connections of the runners, and celebrity spectators, as well as nostalgic segments from the history of the race, while Angus Loughran provided regular updates on the betting market.
In addition to the race itself the programme also broadcast live coverage of three other races on the Aintree card --- the Cordon Bleu Handicap Hurdle, the Martell Maghull Novices Steeplechase and the Martell Aintree Hurdle, none of which were run over the Grand National course. The commentator for these races was Jim McGrath, who also called home the winner of the National where he was joined by a commentary team of John Hanmer and Tony O\'Hehir (however O\'Hehir played no part in the commentary of the race as rain caused a power failure at his commentary position at Becher\'s Brook). Hanmer, whose role was to commentate on the runners over the first four fences and the last three along the Canal side of the course took over and continued commentary of both circuits from fences one to 12 and 17 to 28. McGrath continued his normal commentary of the race as on the racecourse proper.
48 cameras were used to film the action, including inside two jockeys\' caps and some inside fences. The majority of these shots were used in a detailed post-race re-run with Richard Pitman, Peter Scudamore and Mick Fitzgerald. The BBC\'s coverage was also syndicated across the world for live coverage in China, the United States, Canada and large parts of Europe and Asia for an estimated global viewing audience of 650 million people during the eleven minutes of the race itself.`{{dubious|date=May 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
BBC Radio covered the race for the 59th time since its first broadcast in 1927 and was part of its *Five Live Sports* broadcast hosted by Mark Pougatch. The radio commentary team was headed by Peter Bromley who had announced that this would be his last commentary of the National, his first having been in 1960. He was joined by Lee McKenzie, Cornelius Lysaght and Dave Smith.
The race was also streamed live on the Internet using BBC pictures to an undisclosed audience
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# Brad Miller (ice hockey)
**Brad Miller** (born July 23, 1969) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played 82 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Buffalo Sabres, Ottawa Senators, and Calgary Flames between 1988 and 1993. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1988 to 2000, was spent in the minor leagues.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Miller played major junior hockey with the Regina Pats of the Western Hockey League (WHL). He played with the Pats from 1985 to 1989 as a defenceman. He scored 29 goals and registered 133 points in 233 games in the WHL.
Miller was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the second round, 22nd overall, in the 1987 NHL entry draft. He joined the Sabres\' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Rochester Americans, during the 1987--88 season. The next season he split between the Sabres, Americans and Pats. Miller made his NHL debut during the 1988--89 season in a 4--2 loss to the Toronto Maple Leafs on October 19, 1988. He played seven games with the Sabres, going scoreless. The 1989--90 season saw Miller spend the majority in the AHL with the Americans, making only one appearance with Buffalo on March 3, 1990, in a 3--3 tie with the Quebec Nordiques. Miller once again split the 1990--91 season between the Americans and the Sabres. In the 1991--92 season Miller made the Sabres out of training camp and played in 42 games, registering his first NHL point on October 16, 1991, assisting on a goal by Dave Snuggerud in a 5--1 loss to the Montreal Canadiens. Miller scored his first NHL goal on November 29 against Mike Richter of the New York Rangers in a 5--4 loss. However, Miller was sent back to the AHL in February 1992 after playing in 42 games, scoring the one goal and five points.
Miller was left unprotected by the Sabres in the 1992 NHL expansion draft and was selected by the Ottawa Senators. Miller made his Senators debut on October 12, 1992 in a 6--3 loss to the Boston Bruins. Miller spent some time on the left wing with the Senators but after Ottawa signed defenceman Gord Dineen, Miller was assigned to their AHL affiliate, the New Haven Senators, in January 1993. He finished with no points in eleven games with Ottawa and one goal and ten points in 41 games for New Haven. On February 26, 1993, Miller was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs for a ninth-round pick in the 1993 NHL entry draft. The Maple Leafs immediately assigned him to their AHL affiliate, the St. John\'s Maple Leafs. and he finished the season there.
Prior to the 1993 training camp, Miller was traded by the Maple Leafs to the Calgary Flames on September 3, 1993 along with winger Jeff Perry for winger Todd Gillingham and defenceman Paul Holden. Miller made the Flames team out of training camp for the 1993--94 season and made his Calgary debut on October 10, 1993, in a 5--1 victory over the Vancouver Canucks. Miller registered his first point as a Flame in the game, assisting on Paul Ranheim\'s third period goal. He played his final game in the NHL by accident on November 15, 1993, against the Winnipeg Jets. The Flames intended to dress defenceman Kevin Wortman for the game, however, the coach of the Jets, John Paddock, noticed that Wortman\'s name was not on the game card, but Miller\'s was. Wortman was forced from the game for the error, and Miller played in the Flames\' 7--2 victory. Miller was scratched for the next game against the Dallas Stars on November 21 before being sent on a two-week conditioning stint to the Flames\' AHL affiliate, the Saint John Flames on November 25. However, Miller never played another game in the NHL. At the end of the season, Miller became an unrestricted free agent.
For the 1994--95 season Miller signed with the expansion Minnesota Moose of the International Hockey League (IHL). He returned to the Moose for the 1995--96 season but was traded to the Atlanta Knights for future considerations on January 23, 1996. Miller suffered a shoulder injury that kept him out of the lineup from February into March. He also played a single game for the Utah Grizzlies that season.
Miller spent the 1996--97 season with the Quebec Rafales of the IHL. He was traded to the San Antonio Dragons along with defenceman David Barrozino for centre Michel Mongeau on August 21, 1997. He also played for the Utah Grizzlies again that season. For the 1998--99 season Miller played with the Las Vegas Thunder, where he was also named captain. He was fined by the league on December 29 for punching a player from the Minnesota Moose while on the bench. Miller played his final season with the Utah Grizzlies, signing with the team on September 18, 1999.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
After retiring from hockey, Miller joined Emcon Services, a road maintenance company in Alberta, Canada. He is married with two children, a son and daughter. His son, Braden, played major junior hockey with the Moose Jaw Warriors of the WHL.
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# Brad Miller (ice hockey)
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ------------------------- -------- ---- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1985--86 Regina Pats WHL 71 2
1986--87 Regina Pats WHL 67 10
1987--88 Regina Pats WHL 61 9
1987--88 Rochester Americans AHL 3 0
1988--89 Regina Pats WHL 34 8
1988--89 Rochester Americans AHL 3 0
1988--89 Buffalo Sabres NHL 7 0
1989--90 Rochester Americans AHL 60 2
1989--90 Buffalo Sabres NHL 1 0
1990--91 Rochester Americans AHL 49 0
1990--91 Buffalo Sabres NHL 13 0
1991--92 Rochester Americans AHL 27 0
1991--92 Buffalo Sabres NHL 42 1
1992--93 New Haven Senators AHL 41 1
1992--93 Ottawa Senators NHL 11 0
1992--93 St
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# Fay Kanin
**Fay Kanin** (née **Mitchell**; May 9, 1917`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}March 27, 2013) was an American screenwriter, playwright and producer. Kanin was president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from 1979 to 1983.
## Biography
Born **Fay Mitchell** in New York City to David and Bessie (née Kaiser) Mitchell, she was raised in Elmira, New York, where she won the New York State Spelling Championship at twelve and was presented with a silver cup by then Governor Franklin Roosevelt. She was encouraged to write for money by supplying small items to the *Elmira Star Gazette*. She was Jewish.
In high school she wrote and produced a children\'s radio show; then on full scholarship, she attended the private, all-female Elmira College where she divided her studies between writing and acting as well as editing the yearbook. Fay\'s mother took her daughter to visit her grandmother in the Bronx, and it was there that she became devoted to the theater when she saw a matinée of *Idiot\'s Delight* starring Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne.
### Hollywood
Kanin longed to move to Los Angeles to get into pictures and her parents indulged her. Her father moved to California first to secure a job, then she and her mother packed everything and followed by train. Kanin spent her senior year at the University of Southern California where she became active in college radio. After graduating with a bachelor\'s degree, she wangled an interview with Sam Marx who thought she was much too young to hire; but her next interview was with story editor Bob Sparks at RKO who sent her to producer Al Lewis, who then hired her as a story editor at \$75 a week. RKO released Lewis, but Sparks kept Fay on as scriptreader to write one-page summaries for \$25 a week. Kanin proceeded to teach herself everything she could about the movie industry at RKO\'s expense. During the lunch hour, she talked to anyone she happened to find -- whether they were art directors, editors, or cinematographers.
### Michael Kanin {#michael_kanin}
There was a small theater at the studio where contract players put on plays. While Kanin was acting in Irwin Shaw\'s *Bury the Dead*, she came to the attention of Michael Kanin, who had just been hired as a writer in the B unit. Michael was trained as an artist and had turned to commercial art and painting scenery for burlesque houses to help support his parents during the Great Depression. They were introduced by a mutual friend, and Michael practically asked Kanin to marry him right then and there, but it took her a little while to come around to the idea.
The Kanins rented a house in Malibu for their honeymoon, and after buying *The New Yorker* short story by A. J. Liebling about a boarding house for boxers, spent the next six months writing its 1942 adaptation, *Sunday Punch*. They knew they were on the track to a partnership when MGM bought the screenplay.
> \"We would make a story outline together with rather detailed descriptions of the scenes. Then we divided up the writing, each taking the scenes we felt strongly about. Then one or the other of us would put it all together into a single draft. We did find a common voice, though we had different strengths. As an artist, Michael brought a great visual sense to the process. I was a people person who loved the characters and the dialogue. Through the collaboration, we learned a lot from each other and about each other. But the time came when I felt as if we were together 48 hours a day. Writing with someone else always requires some degree of compromise, as does marriage. When it came down to the question of which would survive, the marriage or the writing partnership, it was a pretty easy decision. But I remember that it was a challenge convincing the powers that be that we had been successful writers individually and would be again. We were hyphenated in people\'s minds: Fay-and-Michael Kanin. To again become Fay Kanin and Michael Kanin took some doing.\"
Michael took a job working with Ring Lardner Jr. to work on the Tracy / Hepburn project *Woman of the Year* (1942), based on an original story by his brother Garson Kanin. Fay Kanin wrote the play, *Goodbye, My Fancy*, (originally titled *Most Likely to Succeed*) which was produced on Broadway by Michael. The play told the story of a female congressional representative renewing past loves. Countering existing gender roles, the play made a bold statement about women and their place outside the home. The play was a Broadway smash and starred Madeleine Carroll, Conrad Nagel, and Shirley Booth, and was eventually filmed by Vincent Sherman in 1951 with Joan Crawford and Robert Young.
During World War II, Kanin came up with an idea to promote women\'s participation in the war effort, and presented the idea for *A Woman\'s Angle* radio show to the heads of NBC Radio for which Kanin would write the scripts and do the network commentary. Along those lines, she contributed to the story *Blondie for Victory*, one of the low-budget series based on the popular comic strip, where Blondie organizes Housewives of America to perform homefront wartime duties much to the dismay of Dagwood. Kanin even made an acting appearance in *A Double Life* (1947), co-written by her brother-in-law Garson Kanin and his wife, actress Ruth Gordon.
### *Teacher\'s Pet* {#teachers_pet}
The Kanins wrote *My Pal Gus* (1952) in which Richard Widmark becomes a good father and falls in love with Joanne Dru, the Elizabeth Taylor film *Rhapsody* (1954) and *The Opposite Sex* (1956), a musical remake of *The Women*. But it was the Oscar-nominated script for *Teacher\'s Pet* (1958) for which they are best remembered, a film about a self-made newspaper editor Clark Gable who has a love-hate relationship with journalism teacher Doris Day. The film almost did not get made since the Kanins were not under any studio contract, and having shopped the script around without attracting any interest, it was only after a rewrite inspired by Garson Kanin\'s *Born Yesterday* that producer Bill Perlberg and director George Seaton purchased it.
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# Fay Kanin
## Biography
### Blacklist
It was while the couple were on holiday in Europe that the Kanins learned they had been blacklisted by the HUAC.
> \"What they had against us was that I had taken classes at the Actors Lab in Hollywood where some of the teachers were from the Group Theater and therefore suspect, and we had been members of the Hollywood Writers Mobilization, an organization in support of World War II to which almost all of Hollywood\'s writers belonged. It was ridiculous, but it was very real, and there was nothing we could do about it. We took a larger mortgage on the house and started writing a play, but we didn\'t work in films for almost two years.\"
They were unable to find work again until director Charles Vidor insisted that MGM hire the couple for *Rhapsody* in 1953.
### *Rashomon*
In 1959 the couple adapted Akira Kurosawa\'s *Rashomon* for the Broadway play of the same name; with a further adaptation for the screen, in Martin Ritts *The Outrage*.
### Television
In the early 1970s, Kanin began solo writing in earnest with *Heat of Anger*, about a strong, older woman lawyer played by Susan Hayward and a younger male lawyer. At first, Kanin was put off by the lack of an immediate reaction from an audience, but once she realized that more people had seen it in one night than would have seen it in theaters if it played for a year, she was hooked and wrote five more films for television.
*Tell Me Where it Hurts* started from a small newspaper article about a group of women in Queens who got together to just talk. The film starred Maureen Stapleton and won two Emmys. The following year, she wrote and co-produced *Hustling* based on Gail Sheehy\'s non-fiction book. The film was about a prostitute recounting her life to a reporter, and starred Jill Clayburgh and Lee Remick, respectively. For weeks, Kanin interviewed working girls at the Midtown North police station, and after the film aired, she received letters complimenting her on how fairly she had treated them.
The television movie *Friendly Fire* was seen by an estimated 60 million people in 1979. Written and co-produced by Kanin, it starred Carol Burnett as a mother who challenges the military\'s \"official story\" of how her son died in Vietnam. The non-fiction book by C. D. B. Bryan was about the Mullen family and their discovery that their son had been accidentally killed by American troops. Kanin spent five months secluded with Bryan\'s research tapes adapting the book, and *Friendly Fire* won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama or Comedy Special that year.
In 1978, Kanin and Lillian Gallo, the producer of *Hustling*, partnered to form a joint production company, becoming one of the early female production teams in Hollywood. Their company produced *Fun and Games* for Valerie Harper, a tale of sexual harassment and gender discrimination in the workplace. For Norman Lear, Kanin wrote *Heartsounds*, which starred Mary Tyler Moore and James Garner as a couple coping with heart disease.
### *Grind*
In 1975, Universal Studio producers asked Kanin for a screenplay about a bi-racial burlesque theater in 1933 Chicago. Nothing came of it, but in 1985 Kanin adapted her unproduced screenplay for the stage. The result was *Grind*. Directed by Hal Prince with choreography by Lester Wilson, the cast included Ben Vereen as a song-and-dance man, Stubby Kaye as a slapstick comic, and Leilani Jones as a stripper named Satin. The production was a disaster; the show lost its entire \$4.75 million investment, and Prince and three other members of the creative team were suspended by the Dramatists Guild of America for signing a \"substandard\" contract.
### Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences {#academy_of_motion_picture_arts_and_sciences}
Kanin was elected president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1979, and served four terms until 1983. She was its second female president, following in the footsteps of earlier president Bette Davis, who left after only one month. She has also served as the president of the Screen Branch of the Writers Guild of America and as Chair of the National Film Preservation Board of the Library of Congress, an officer of the Writers Guild Foundation, a member of the Board of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and a member of the board of directors of the American Film Institute.
Fay Kanin was the vice president of the Academy\'s 1999--2000 Board of Trustees, and a member of the steering committee of the Caucus for Producers, Writers and Directors, which formed in 1974, and of the National Film Preservation Board in Washington, D.C. She served on the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Board of Governors from 2007--08.
### National Student Film Institute {#national_student_film_institute}
During the 1980s and 1990s Kanin served on the advisory board of the National Student Film Institute.
## Filmography
- *Sunday Punch* (1942, screenplay, story)
- *Blondie for Victory* (1942, story)
- *Goodbye, My Fancy* (1951, based on her 1948 play)
- *My Pal Gus* (1952, original screenplay)
- *Rhapsody* (1954, screenplay)
- *The Opposite Sex* (1956, screenplay)
- *Teacher\'s Pet* (1958, screenplay)
- *Rashomon* (1959, adaptation)
- *The Right Approach* (1961, screenplay)
- *Play of the Week: Rashomon* (1961, teleplay adaptation)
- *Congiura dei dieci, La* (1962, screenplay)
- *The Outrage* (1964, adaptation)
- *Heat of Anger* (1972, teleplay)
- *Tell Me Where It Hurts* (1974, teleplay)
- *Hustling* (1975, teleplay, associate producer)
- *Friendly Fire* (1979, teleplay, co-producer)
- *Fun and Games* (1980, TV producer)
- *Heartsounds* (1984, teleplay, producer)
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# Fay Kanin
## Stage productions {#stage_productions}
- *Goodbye, My Fancy* (1948)
- *His and Hers* (1954) with Michael Kanin
- *Rashomon* (1959) with Michael Kanin
- *The Gay Life* (1961) with Michael Kanin (later retitled as *The High Life*)
- *Grind* (1985)
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref.
------ --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- -------- ------
1958 Academy Awards Best Story and Screenplay -- Written Directly for the Screen *Teacher\'s Pet*
1992 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Board of the Governors Award
1975 Edgar Allan Poe Awards Best Television Feature or Miniseries *Hustling*
1979 Humanitas Prize 90 Minute or Longer Network or Syndicated Television *Friendly Fire*
2003 Kieser Award
1974 Primetime Emmy Awards Best Writing in Drama -- Original Teleplay *Tell Me Where It Hurts*
Writer of the Year -- Special
1975 Outstanding Writing in a Special Program -- Drama or Comedy -- Original Teleplay *Hustling*
1979 Outstanding Drama or Comedy Special *Friendly Fire*
Outstanding Writing in a Limited Series or a Special
1985 Outstanding Drama/Comedy Special *Heartsounds*
1998 Producers Guild of America Awards Hall of Fame -- Television Programs *Friendly Fire*
1985 Tony Awards Best Book of a Musical *Grind*
1980 Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards Crystal Award
1958 Writers Guild of America Awards Best Written American Comedy *Teacher\'s Pet*
1975 Valentine Davies Award
1980 Morgan Cox Award
2005 Edmund H
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# Pete Mangurian
**Peter K. Mangurian** (born June 17, 1955) is an American football coach and former player. He was formerly the tight ends coach for the Tampa Bay Vipers of the XFL and Offensive line coach for the San Antonio Brahmas. Mangurian has been a longtime assistant coach in the National Football League (NFL) as a tight end coach, offensive line coach, and offensive coordinator. He has coached in two Super Bowls and two Pro Bowls and numerous playoff appearances during his tenure as an NFL coach. Mangurian also was the head football coach at Cornell University from 1998 to 2000 and at Columbia University from 2012 to 2014.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Mangurian attended Louisiana State University from 1975 to 1978, where he played football as a defensive tackle. He was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### College
Mangurian began his coaching career as the assistant offensive line coach at Southern Methodist University in 1979 through 1980. In 1981, he spent one season at New Mexico State University as their offensive line coach. He then moved to Stanford University as their offensive line coach in 1982 and 1983 before returning to his alma mater, Louisiana State University, as their offensive line coach from 1984 to 1987. LSU went to four Bowl games during his time in Baton Rouge. Mangurian returned to the college ranks from 1998--2000 as Head Coach of Cornell University. He later returned to the Ivy League as Head Coach of Columbia University in December 2011.
### NFL
Mangurian was hired by head coach Dan Reeves of the Denver Broncos in 1988 and served as the team\'s tight ends/H-backs coach until before the 1991 season, when he was promoted to the offensive line position. He coached in Super Bowl XXIV against the San Francisco 49ers. He also coached in the Pro Bowl in 1991. Mangurian followed Reeves to the New York Giants in 1993 as their offensive line coach. He was with the Giants for four years as their offensive line coach. Mangurian again followed Reeves as his offensive line coach, this time to the Atlanta Falcons. However, after one season, Mangurian left the Falcons to become head coach at Cornell. In 2001, Mangurian returned to Reeves staff in Atlanta as offensive line coach, and was promoted to offensive coordinator for the 2003 season. The New England Patriots hired him as their tight end coach in 2005. He was with the Patriots for four years and coached in Super Bowl XLII against the Giants. He then went on to coach the offensive line for Tampa Bay for two years.
### XFL
In 2019, Mangurian became the tight ends coach for the Tampa Bay Vipers of the XFL under Marc Trestman. Mangurian was officially hired by the San Antonio Brahmas on September 13, 2022
Mangurian retired following the 2023 XFL season after the departure of Head Coach Hines Ward.
## Head coaching record {#head_coaching_record}
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Mangurian and his wife Amy have three children, Lauren, Katie and Will
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# Phani Sarma
**Phani Sarma** (1910--1970) was an Indian theatre actor, playwright, film actor and director. Beginning as a stage actor, he appeared in the first film ever made in Assamese cinema, *Joymati*, in 1935. Sarma was conferred with the title \"Natasurya\" for his contribution towards Assamese drama.
He acted in and directed *Siraj* in 1948 and *Piyoli Phukan* in 1955.
## Film career {#film_career}
In 1933 Phani Sarma starred in the first Assamese film, *Joymati,* directed by Jyoti Prasad Agarwala. Sarma went on the star in Agarwalla\'s second picture *Indramalati*.
In 1955 he directed and starred in *Piyoli Phukan*, also playing the film\'s protagonist Pioli Phukan. His last film was *Ito Sito Bahuto* in 1963 where he appeared as an actor rather than taking the director\'s helm.
## Playwright work {#playwright_work}
Inspired by his own experiences as an actor and the death of his son whilst stage acting, Phani Sarma wrote the social drama *Kiya*, a tale of an artist entertained other people with very little compensation from society. Sarma again addressed issues of isolation and corruption in his later drama Nag-Pas. However he often incorporated humour into such dramas, and the drama Kola-Bazar, he incorporated elements of comedy with more serious issues of social injustice and inequality.
Sarma also translated J. B. Priestley\'s famous drama *An Inspector Calls* into the Assamese language
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# Spelaeorchestia
***Spelaeorchestia koloana**\'\', the**Kaua`{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}i cave amphipod**or****{{okina}}uku noho ana***\'\' in Hawaiian, is a cave-dwelling crustacean only found on the Hawaiian island of Kaua`{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}i. It is eyeless and measures 7 - long. It is only known from 10 populations, and eats decaying plant matter and other decomposing material.
The Kaua`{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}i cave amphipod is endemic to the caves on Kaua`{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}i, Hawaii. Its main predator is the Kaua`{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}i cave wolf spider *Adelocosa anops*, another endemic of the Kaua`{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}i cave. It is listed as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act, and on the IUCN Red List
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# Quevedo (Madrid Metro)
**Quevedo** `{{IPA|es|keˈβeðo|}}`{=mediawiki} is a station of Line 2 of the Madrid Metro. It is named after Francisco de Quevedo, a Spanish writer.
## History
The station was opened on 9 October 1929 on Line 2
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# Kota, Chhattisgarh
**Kota** is a town and a *nagar panchayat* in Bilaspur district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh.
## Geography
Kota is located at 22.3 N 82.03 E. It has an average elevation of 330 metres (1082 feet).
## Demographics
India census, Kota had a population of 15,020. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Kota had an average literacy rate of 66%: male literacy was 76% and female literacy was 55%. 16% of the local population was under 6 years of age
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# Luke Morgan
**Luke Morgan** is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera *Hollyoaks*, played by Gary Lucy. He was introduced by the show\'s creator Phil Redmond as part of the Morgan family, and made his first appearance on 25 March 1999. The character was involved in a male rape storyline, which was branded \"groundbreaking\" and met with controversy. Lucy opted to leave the role in 2001 after two years, although he returned for two episodes in August 2002. The character\'s reintroduction was announced on 21 May 2017 and he returned on 24 July. Lucy took a break from the series in 2018 to appear in a play. The character made a few brief appearances throughout 2019 before he returned permanently in August. Luke was killed off in 2022, with his final scenes airing on 9 June 2022. He returned briefly in 2023 as a vision to his former fiancée Cindy Cunningham (Stephanie Waring).
## Development
### Characterisation
The Mirror described him as \"sullen face but loveable\". Luke has been described as a \"heart-throb\" and a \"hunk\" by the *Daily Record*.
### Male rape {#male_rape}
Luke was bullied by Mark Gibbs and his friends for a while due to a football team rivalry. When Luke finally stood up to him Mark was incensed and he and his friends beat Luke up badly. When Luke tried to fight back, Mark raped Luke to belittle and devastate him. *Hollyoaks* creator Phil Redmond defended criticism and said the storyline \"aimed to tackle one of the last great social taboos responsibly\". In the lead up to the attack producers worked closely with rape-related support groups to help make the storyline as realistic as possible. On the storyline Lucy said \"When they first told me about the storyline I was dubious as to whether or not I should take it. Firstly because I was so young and secondly it hadn\'t been touched before so no-one knew how the public and press would take it. After thinking about it and doing research behind it I thought it was definitely a subject worth approaching. So we did it and reaped the rewards. I feel very lucky.\" On why she wanted to tackle the subject series producer Jo Hallows said \"The message is about banishing taboos -- telling people it\'s OK to talk and there are people who can help. If this episode helps one person it will have been a worthwhile exercise.\" Keith Greenaway, coordinator of Central Birmingham Victim Support welcomed the decision saying \"we can show victims it is not something to be ashamed of and it wasn\'t their fault\".
Hallows directed the episode and later recalled the episode meant a lot to her. Hallows told Wendy Granditer from *Inside Soap* that production originally worried that Lucy would not be able to cope with tackling such a difficult storyline. She reasoned that Lucy had not previously been given such a \"heavy\" story. Hallows admitted she was wrong because Lucy \"did fantastically well\" and noted his success at the British Soap Awards. Following the end of the storyline, Luke began to struggle with depression, which led to the character attempting suicide.
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# Luke Morgan
## Development
### Reintroduction and break {#reintroduction_and_break}
On 21 May 2017, it was reported that Lucy had agreed to reprise the role after an absence of fifteen years and had signed an eighteen-month contract. A show spokesperson confirmed the news to *Digital Spy* but refused to comment any further. Sarah James (*Digital Spy*) praised the news and said she was looking forward to his return.
Sarah Jayne Dunn was announced to be returning to the serial as Mandy Richardson on 2 June 2017, with speculation that the two returns could be connected. Further details surrounding Luke\'s reintroduction were also announced, with his return scenes scheduled for July 2017. Lucy expressed his joy at reprising the role, commenting that it \"feels like being home\". He added that he is enjoying his storylines and filming with Ashley Taylor Dawson, who appeared alongside Morgan in his original stint as Darren Osborne. On the character, Lucy said, \"There are a lot of things he\'s struggling with. All is not as it seems. He\'s holding it together but as time goes on, he will start to struggle.\"
Executive producer Bryan Kirkwood suggested some storylines to Lucy, which persuaded him to accept the return. The actor also cited Kirkwood\'s enthusiasm and the ability to film with Dunn, Dawson and Nick Pickard (who portrays Tony Hutchinson) as other reasons for his return.
In July 2017, Lucy told Daniel Kilkelly of entertainment website *Digital Spy* that he would be performing in *The Full Monty* from September 2018. He stated that he was unaware how show bosses would fit his break into the character\'s storyline. It was announced on 15 March 2018 that Lucy would take a nine-month break from *Hollyoaks* to star in the tour. Luke will leave at the conclusion of his storyline in mid-2018. Luke departs in September 2018 after Mandy and Darren\'s affair is exposed and Luke was imprisoned for committing GBH. Kirkwood confirmed that Lucy would appear \"intermittently\" following his exit. He told *Digital Spy* that Luke would appear again as part of Mandy and Darren\'s affair storyline as well as part of his son Oliver Morgan\'s (Aedan Duckworth) storylines. Initially Kirkwood could not confirm whether Lucy would return permanently, however, in March 2019, it was confirmed that Lucy would be returning to the role full-time.
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# Luke Morgan
## Storylines
### 1999--2002
Luke arrives with his parents Andy Morgan (Ross Davidson) and Sue Morgan (Eve White), brother Adam Morgan (David Brown), and sisters Beth Morgan (Elizabeth O\'Grady, Kate Baines) and Zara Morgan (Kelly Greenwood). He begins a friendship with Darren Osborne (Ashley Taylor Dawson) and a relationship with Mandy Richardson (Sarah Jayne Dunn). During a game of football, Luke tackles Mark Gibbs (Colin Parry) which ends Mark\'s chances of becoming a professional footballer and leads to Mark resenting Luke and bullying him. When Luke stands up to Mark, he becomes annoyed. One night Mark and two of his friends beats him up, before raping him. Luke remains silent about the rape, afraid of the consequences and his relationship with Mandy deteriorates as a result. They separate and she begins a relationship with Darren, aware it will upset Luke. When he tries to tell Mandy about the rape, she ignores him and tries to punish him for their separation.
Luke becomes depressed and attempts suicide so Adam encourages him to talk to someone and Luke tells his family that he was raped. Sue, Adam and Mandy are supportive, whereas Andy struggles to believe his son. Darren is spiteful towards Luke and believes Luke is gay and lying about the rape. Annoyed at Darren\'s behaviour, Mandy ends their relationship and supports Luke. Sue begins to struggle with the pressure of the rape and begins taking medication. After Mark intimidates him, Luke decides to inform the police he was raped and Mark, along with his two friends, are charged with assault and rape. Believing the family will be disowned by the community, Andy asks Luke to drop the charges and later, Mark harasses Luke and tells him that he won\'t be believed. At the trial, Mark and his friends are found guilty and Mark is sentenced to eight years imprisonment, whereas the friends are sentenced to three years imprisonment.
Luke and Andy\'s relationship becomes estranged and he sells the story of his rape to the press to humiliate Andy. Eventually, they reunite but Luke struggles with Andy and Sue\'s inability to discuss the rape so decides to move out. Luke later expresses an interest in reconciling with Mandy but she decides not to as he is still overcoming the rape and secretly dates Ben Davies (Marcus Patric), Luke\'s close friend. Luke discovers their affair and briefly disowns them. Hoping to move on, Luke begins a relationship with Laura Burns (Lesley Crawford), who is mentally unstable. He begins to believe Laura is using him and is pleased when they separate, although Laura begins to secretly obsess over Mandy.
At a party, Scott Anderson (Daniel Hyde) teases Luke over the rape and with his friends, he chases Luke and pretends to rape him. Luke is traumatised by the attack and breaks down with Adam, admitting that he will not be able to move past the rape. He later tells Adam that he plans on leaving the village to escape his past. Luke is offered a job in Canada as a school football coach, which he accepts. As he prepares to leave, Beth admits that Scott raped her at the party, devastating Luke as he blames himself. After deciding to stay in the village to support Beth, she insists he leave to rebuild his life, which he eventually decides to do. Luke leaves and after he settles in Canada, Beth informs their family of her rape. Luke later returns to the village for his parents\' second wedding. Despite being in a relationship with Adam, Mandy has a fling with Luke after realising they have feelings for each other. Luke offers Mandy the chance to return to Canada with him, but she declines and he returns alone.
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# Luke Morgan
## Storylines
### 2017--2022 {#section_1}
Fifteen years later, Darren spots Luke in a bar near Hollyoaks village and they have lunch together; when Darren disappears momentarily, Luke steals money from his wallet and absconds. Darren tracks Luke down and discovers he is unemployed so offers him a job at his taxi firm, *Daz Cabs*. A drunk Luke later returns home to his partner, who is revealed to be Mandy; she warns him to stop drinking. When Darren discovers Luke drinking alcohol whilst working, he sacks him; they discuss Luke\'s situation and Luke denies being an alcoholic. Darren invites Luke to an AA meeting but he does not arrive as planned. Luke leaves Mandy\'s daughter, Ella Richardson (Erin Palmer), by herself when he goes to buy alcohol and the neighbours call social services. Tony Hutchinson (Nick Pickard) and Mandy return to the house and find social services waiting for them. They take Ella in to care and when Luke returns drunk again, Mandy leaves him.
Five weeks later, Luke returns to the village to see Mandy and he is not drunk. He tries to win her around but she rejects him so he walks away. However he meets Tony\'s wife, Diane (Alex Fletcher), for the first time and she reveals Tony kissed Mandy so Luke heads over to Tony\'s restaurant and has a fight with him. When Darren is released from prison, he discovers Luke is homeless and living out of his car. After Luke emotionally reveals to Darren that he has a drinking problem, Darren moves him in with the Osbornes. After setting into life with the Osbornes, Luke gets a trial at Hollyoaks High as a PE teacher. However, two of his students fight, which causes Luke to have flashbacks to when he was raped by Mark. Just as Luke is about to drink for the first time in over a month, Mac Nightingale (David Easter) causes an explosion in the school building, leaving Darren and Luke trapped and killing Neeta Kaur (Amrit Maghera). As Darren and Luke climb through an air vent, Luke reveals to Darren that he has a secret son and wife. They become trapped when debris blocks the air vents but it eventually gives way, freeing them.
The following month, Mandy decides to give Luke a second chance and they go on a date in Chester. Luke flees after seeing Mark. He then becomes obsessed with Mark, stalking him on social media and trying to arrange a meeting with him to buy his car whilst posing as Nancy Osborne (Jessica Fox). Luke is furious that Mark has a seemingly charmed life, with a wife and two children. He becomes a personal trainer and takes Mark\'s wife, Jenna (Laura Hopper), as a client. She tells Luke that Mark served eight years for a trumped up GBH charge. Fuming, Luke finds out where they live and trashes their house, buy drops Nancy\'s credit card in their home. After seeing Luke at the police station with Nancy, Mark confronts him at the Osborne house. Mark continues to behave as cockily as he did 17 years ago and shows no remorse for what happened. Mark goes to meet Jenna but finds Luke has followed him. Mark\'s demeanour has changed, saying his prison sentence was hell because of what he had done. Luke breaks down and reveals the agony of his life because of the rape, and asks Mark just to acknowledge what he did and apologise. Mark begs Luke not to tell Jenna and that he is not to blame for what has gone wrong in his life. Just then, Jenna overhears and asks what he meant, and Luke reveals what Mark had done to him. Jenna believes him due to Mark\'s silence and storms off, disgusted. Mark tells Luke it was one night and should have been left in the past. Luke responds that it is all his fault.
Mandy and Luke reconcile after she can see how hard he\'s trying to redeem himself, and in the process Mandy proposes. Luke agrees, even though he is already married to Scarlett Morgan (Susie Amy). Luke seeks help from lawyer Sami Maalik (Rishi Nair) to get a divorce from Scarlett, but they are unable to track her down. Luke damages Mandy\'s dress in a bid to delay the wedding, but she finds another dress. On the day of the wedding, Scarlett arrives in the village and confronts Luke, demanding that he give her money. He offers her £500 and a promise to find more money so Scarlett leaves. Luke and Mandy marry, but Luke\'s son, Oliver Morgan (Aedan Duckworth), crashes the wedding reception and reveals that Luke is his father and that he is still married to Scarlett. Luke bonds with Oliver over their shared interest in football. Later, Luke calls Mandy to apologise, unaware that she is sleeping with Darren. Luke\'s alcoholism continues to get worse, leading to the deterioration of his relationship with Mandy and causing him to ignore Ollie\'s attempts to talk to him about the grooming that he is experiencing at the hands of Buster Smith (Nathan Sussex). Luke also almost kills Simone Loveday (Jacqueline Boatswain) while drink driving and she encourages him to seek help after sharing her own experiences with alcohol. However, he is later arrested after being caught drink driving again. In early September 2018, Luke is finally sober and discovers explicit photos of Ollie in the bin. Believing that he has a girlfriend and that she took them, Luke discovers that Oliver has been sexually abused by Buster, but Oliver accidentally tells Luke that his abuser is Scott Drinkwell (Ross Adams). Luke attacks Scott and he is hospitalized. Mercedes McQueen (Jennifer Metcalfe) calls the police off-screen and Luke is arrested and imprisoned for GBH. Luke stands at Buster\'s trial and testifies against Buster, where is found guilty and sentenced to six years imprisonment.
Luke is released later in the year and has a brief fling with Lisa Loveday (Rachel Adedeji) to make Cindy Cunningham (Stephanie Waring) jealous. Luke acts as support when Diane is under the influence that Tony has left her, but he was stabbed and kidnapped by Breda McQueen (Moya Brady). Luke and Cindy start dating and agree to set up a Grand Bazzar in the village. In October, Luke starts drinking again, believing that Cindy and Ollie are ashamed of him. The construction work for the Bazzar comes to a halt after Breda crashes her car into the crane, with Tony in the boot, but nobody notices him. The crane malfunctions and crashes after Luke tampers with the controls whilst drunk. He briefly sees Tony before Breda kidnaps him again.
Cindy faces large fines from the council and demands that Luke pays them. Luke puts his differences aside with Cindy and proposes, which she accepts. On New Years Eve, Ollie witnesses Sid Sumner (Billy Price) buying ketamine and Luke manages to stop him from taking it.
After displaying several health conditions, Luke refers himself to a doctor, where he is formally diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia. Devastated at the diagnosis, he determines to ensure that he gets aspects of his life right. He is able to get Ollie clean from his ketamine addiction, and settles his differences with his mother, Sue before her death. Zara returns to the village after many years, and upon learning of Luke's diagnosis, she moves in with him and Cindy to ensure Luke has additional support.
Over the next few months, Luke's condition begins to deteriorate, with him making reckless conditions, such as spending fundraiser money raised for a dementia-based charity on a holiday for him and Cindy, resulting in them being ostracised by the village and facing a charge of fraud, which is later dropped. Luke and Cindy later have a combined stag do and hen night in Majorca. During this holiday, Luke, Ollie, Darren and Tony are robbed, with Cindy's engagement ring being taken. Desperate to get it back, Luke finds where the robbers are, and upon realising they are not armed, he is able to coerce them into giving Cindy's engagement ring back. During a meal at the mountainside, Luke wanders around the area, beaming that he and Cindy are finally going to get a happily ever after, but due to his dementia clouding his mind, he is unable to realise he is standing to close to the cliff's edge. As Cindy warns him he is too close to the edge, Luke loses his balance and falls off the cliff and into the ocean. Luke is hospitalised and is in a coma; where Cindy keeps a vigil by his bedside. Luke is rushed into surgery after suffering from a collapsed lung, but he has sustained too much damage that the surgery failed, and therefore will eventually die from his injuries. Cindy, Ollie, Zara and Tony say their final goodbyes to Luke on his bedside. Luke then dies with Cindy by his side.
In 2023 Cindy suffers a bipolar episode after stopping taking her medication and has visions of Luke.
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# Luke Morgan
## Reception
For his portrayal of Luke, Lucy was awarded \"Best Newcomer\" at the 2000 British Soap Awards. This award is the first award won by the soap at the British Soap Awards. The trial was nominated for \"Most Dramatic Storyline\" at the 2001 *Inside Soap* Awards. A BBC columnist included Luke\'s rape storyline in their article about controversial issues portrayed through soap opera. Daily Record praised the storyline saying Lucy\'s was \"great at portraying Luke\'s harrowing ordeal\". The story even attracted the attention of *Coronation Street* actress Julie Goodyear, best known for portraying Bet Lynch, who opined that it \"was portrayed with the right amount of sensitivity\".
An *All About Soap* writer included Luke\'s male rape plot in their list of \"top ten taboos\" storyline list. They assessed that it was one of the \"taboos which have bravely been broken by soaps.\" A writer from MSN described his rape storyline as \"groundbreaking\" material. But the storyline received criticism from *Watchdog* and some churches. A reporter from Virgin Media branded it \"devastating and frightening\" and placed it on their \"soap\'s scariest storylines\" list. Gareth McLean of the *Radio Times* listed the male rape plot amongst \"the top five soap scandals -- ever\" and added that \"with fewer than one in ten male rapes reported, the storyline was praised for raising awareness, but also criticised for doing so in a soap aimed at teenagers\". In addition a BBC reporter noted that Lucy\'s portrayal garnered praise from a performance which \"showed him retreating from the situation and eventually attempting suicide\" and adjusting to life after the trial. Elizabeth Joyce of the *Shropshire Star* said that Luke was a \"genuinely memorable\" and \"decent character\", who still holds \"a place in the heart of many a late-twentysomething\".
An *Inside Soap* columnist included Luke\'s rape in a feature, highlighting memorable moments in 2000. They noted the story accumulated criticism from viewers who found the scenes \"too upsetting\"
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# Germán Robles
**Germán Horacio Robles San Agustín** (March 20, 1929 -- November 21, 2015) was a Spanish actor who came to Mexico when he was 17, after the Spanish civil war.
In Mexican cinema, he is best known for his amazing characterization of vampires in many cult movies, especially in *El Vampiro*. He is said to have influenced Christopher Lee's performance in his vampire films. Another well known performance is his dubbing the voice of KITT in the Latin American broadcast of *Knight Rider*.
## Family
Germán was the son of the painter Germán Horacio and the grandchild of Pachín de Melás.
He married Ana María Vásquez.
## Filmography
- Dr. Tom Horton Sr. in *Dias de Nuestras Vidas* (1965-1994) (voiceover for Macdonald Carey)
- Henry Blake in M\*A\*S\*H\* (1970) (voiceover for Roger Bowen)
- KITT in *El Auto Fantástico* (1982-1986)
- Dr. Peter Silberman in *Terminator* (1984) (voiceover for Earl Boen)
- Henry Blake in *M\*A\*S\*H\** (1984-1987) (voiceover for McLean Stevenson)
- Professor Embry in *Robotech: La Película* (1986)
- Sherman T. Potter in M\*A\*S\*H\* (1987-1995) (voiceover for Harry Morgan)
- Dr. Peter Silberman in Terminator 2: El Juicio Final (1991) (voiceover for Earl Boen)
- Velarmino in *Amor de nadie* (1990)
- Lionel Racer in *Meteoro* (1993-1994)
- Lionel Racer in *Meteoro: La Película* (1993)
- M. Bison in *Street Fighter II V* (1994-1995)
- Sherman T. Potter in *AfterMASH* (1995-1997) (voiceover for Harry Morgan)
- Capitan Galimos in *Dangaioh* (1996)
- Rasputin in *Anastasia* (1997) (voiceover for Christopher Lloyd)
- Manny in *A Bug\'s Life* (1998) (voiceover for Jonathan Harris)
- General Grievous in *Star Wars: Clone Wars* (2003-2004)
- Dr
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# J. B. Brown (cornerback)
**James Harold Brown** (born January 5, 1967) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback for 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the Miami Dolphins, Pittsburgh Steelers, Arizona Cardinals, and Detroit Lions. He played college football for the Maryland Terrapins.
## Early years {#early_years}
The only son of a Washington, D.C., police officer, Brown attended DeMatha Catholic High School and then went to University of Maryland, College Park and played defensive back. He was coached by Bobby Ross and Joe Krivak. Brown played in the 1985 Cherry Bowl. The University of Maryland was part of the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1985.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Miami Dolphins {#miami_dolphins}
Brown was selected by the Miami Dolphins in the 12th round (315th overall) of the 1989 NFL draft. His first year contract was about \$65,000 in 1989. He was coached by Don Shula and played for Miami for eight years. Shula cut three other cornerbacks---rookie David Holmes, his fourth-round pick, and veterans Don McNeal and Bobby Watkins--but Brown made the team. In 1992, Brown played in the 1992 AFC Championship but Miami lost to the Buffalo Bills. In 1994, Brown started all 16 games and had 71 tackles and three interceptions. Brown was the starter for many years in Miami, but lost his job in 1996 to Calvin Jackson and to open the salary cap.
### Pittsburgh Steelers {#pittsburgh_steelers}
In 1997, the Pittsburgh Steelers picked up Brown, and he played one season for them. Coached by Bill Cowher to an 11-5-0 record, they finished first in AFC Central Division. The Steelers traded Brown August 28, 1998, to the Arizona Cardinals.
### Arizona Cardinals {#arizona_cardinals}
Brown played one year for the Arizona Cardinals, coached by Vince Tobin, finishing second in NFC East Division. The Cardinals won the NFC Wild Card game against (Cowboys) 20-7 despite being called the greatest fluke teams of all time because they went 9-7 despite getting outscored by their opponents 378--325.`{{Circular reference|date=September 2015}}`{=mediawiki}
### Detroit Lions {#detroit_lions}
Brown signed with the Detroit Lions July 19, 1999, when Bobby Ross was the head coach and the following year under Gary Moeller. He finished his playing career with the 30 tackles in 16 games for the Lions.
## Life after football {#life_after_football}
Brown is the director of sports performance and training for Grassroots Football League.
In 2013, the National Football League started The Legends Community. Brown is the Northeast Coordinator Legend Ambassador to lead the outreach.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Brown is married to Renee, and they have four children
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# Skryje (Rakovník District)
**Skryje** is a municipality and village in Rakovník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. The historic centre of the village is well preserved and is protected as a village monument zone.
## Etymology
The word *skryj* denoted a person who was hiding or who was hiding something. The name Skryje denoted the village where such people lived.
## Geography
Skryje is located about 15 km south of Rakovník and 40 km west of Prague. The northern part of the municipal territory lies in the Plasy Uplands, the southern part lies in the Křivoklát Highlands. The highest point is the hill Vlastec at 612 m above sea level. The municipality is situated on the right bank of the Berounka River. The entire municipality is located within the Křivoklátsko Protected Landscape Area.
## History
The first written mention of Skryje is from 1239, when it was owned by the Kladruby Abbey. From 1375 to 1601, the village was owned by various lower nobility. From 1601 until the abolition of manorialism, Skryje was part of the Křivoklát estate.
## Demographics
## Transport
There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.
## Sights
Skryje is known for paleontological and geological research. The first mention of the collection of local fossils comes from 1832. The village became famous when French geologist Joachim Barrande discovered rich fossil deposits of trilobites in the close surroundings of the village, when he was surveying the terrain for a horse-pulled railway.
Today there is the Monument to Joachim Barrand, which is a small museum with paleontological and geological exposition. Part of the museum is dedicated to a country life at the turn of 19th and 20th century in Skryje and its surroundings.
There is also an educational trail dedicated to fossil sites and creatures whose fossils have been found here. It is still possible to find fossils in several places.
The Church of Saint Michael the Archangel was first mentioned in 1350, already as a parish church. The current Baroque building dates from 1713
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# Gene Lang (American football)
**Gene Eric Lang** (born March 15, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played seven seasons for the Denver Broncos and the Atlanta Falcons. He attended Louisiana State University, where he played college football for the LSU Tigers and earned All-SEC honors as a freshman. He had 20 total touchdowns in his professional career: 11 rushing and nine receiving. He is perhaps best known for his role in the 1986 AFC Championship Game as his great recovery of a kickoff set up what is known in NFL lore as "The Drive". Lang lives in Denver, Colorado, and owns a mortgage lending business
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# Michael Kanin
**Michael Kanin** (February 1, 1910 -- March 12, 1993) was an American director, producer, playwright and screenwriter who shared an Academy Award with Ring Lardner Jr. for writing the Katharine Hepburn-Spencer Tracy film comedy *Woman of the Year* (1942).
Born in Rochester, New York, his first job was writing and acting in Catskills resort shows with his brother Garson Kanin. In 1939, he was signed to a screenwriting contract at RKO. He married RKO co-worker Fay Mitchell in 1940, and collaborated with her on many projects including the Broadway play *Goodbye, My Fancy* (1948), the western *The Outrage* (1964), based on the Japanese film *Rashomon* (1950). The couple received an Academy Award nomination for *Teacher\'s Pet* (1958)
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# Isocitric acid
**Isocitric acid** is a structural isomer of citric acid. Since citric acid and isocitric acid are structural isomers, they share similar physical and chemical properties. Due to these similar properties, it is difficult to separate the isomers. Salts and esters of isocitric acid are known as **isocitrates**. The isocitrate anion is a substrate of the citric acid cycle. Isocitrate is formed from citrate with the help of the enzyme aconitase, and is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase.
Isocitric acid is commonly used as a marker to detect the authenticity and quality of fruit products, most often citrus juices. In authentic orange juice, for example, the ratio of citric acid to D-isocitric acid is usually less than 130. An isocitric acid value higher than this may be indicative of fruit juice adulteration.
Isocitric acid has largely been used as a biochemical agent due to limited amounts. However, isocitric acid has been shown to have pharmaceutical and therapeutic effects. Isocitric acid has been shown to effectively treat iron deficient anemia. Additionally, isocitric acid could be used to treat Parkinson\'s disease. *Yarrowia lipolytica* can be used to produce isocitric acid and is inexpensive compared to other methods. Furthermore, other methods produce unequal amounts of citric acid to isocitric acid ratio, mostly producing citric acid. Use of *Yarrowia lipolytica* produces a better yield, making equal amounts of citric acid to isocitric acid
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# Oxalosuccinic acid
**Oxalosuccinic acid** is a substrate of the citric acid cycle. It is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase. Salts and esters of oxalosuccinic acid are known as **oxalosuccinates**.
Oxalosuccinic acid/oxalosuccinate is an unstable 6-carbon intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It\'s a keto acid, formed during the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, which is catalyzed by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. Isocitrate is first oxidized by coenzyme NAD+ to form oxalosuccinic acid/oxalosuccinate. Oxalosuccinic acid is both an alpha-keto and a beta-keto acid (an unstable compound) and it is the beta-ketoic property that allows the loss of carbon dioxide in the enzymatic reaction in conversion to the five-carbon molecule 2-oxoglutarate
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# Rick Ungar
**Richard** \"**Rick**\" **Ungar** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʌ|ŋ|g|ər}}`{=mediawiki}; born November 4, 1950) is an American film producer and radio host. He is the host of *The Rick Ungar Show*, a two hour political and news commentary radio show. Ungar is also the editor-in-chief of The Daily Centrist website. Previously, Ungar was the co-host of *Steele & Ungar* on SiriusXM\'s P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM) channel, and was a political commentary contributor to Forbes.com, Newsmax TV, and *Forbes on Fox*. Earlier, Ungar was a Hollywood writer and producer in television, particularly in the animation industry.
## Career
Ungar became president of Marvel Productions in 1991, with added responsibility in December 1992, for New World Family Filmworks and New World Action Animation. He created and worked on *Biker Mice from Mars*, which began its first run in the United States and the United Kingdom in 1993. In fall 1993, *Biker Mice from Mars* was launched in syndication then carried by UPN. After a short stint as Marvel Entertainment CEO, Ungar returned to oversee newly renamed New World Animation in November 1993. In August 1995, Ungar became president, first-run and animated programing of New World Entertainment.
Ungar in September 1998 was hired as chairman and CEO of Bohbot Kids Network. In November 1999, Ungar was hired by Marvel Enterprises as president of the Marvel Character Group, its IP and marketing group.
Ungar returned to producing by setting up Brentwood Television Funnies (BTF). Through Brentwood, he produced the all new *Biker Mice from Mars*, which launched in the UK and Finland in 2006 to great ratings and followed by Italy and the United States in 2008. However, its high ratings were not long lasting, as it didn\'t live up to the original series from the 90s and fans reaction was mostly negative; in spite of that, the episode *Here Come the Judge* won a daytime Emmy award for the show and voice-over Jim Ward, who voiced all four faces of the Crusher.
In May 2010, Ungar was hired as head writer and executive producer for 41 Entertainment, Allen Bohbot's new animation company.
### News commentary career {#news_commentary_career}
Rick Ungar was a senior political contributor to Forbes. com from September 1. 2010 to January 14, 2016.
Ungar appeared as a contributor on *Forbes on Fox* from 2012--2014.
Beginning in January 2014 and until October 2016, Ungar fulfilled a number of on air roles at Newsmax TV, including as the Co-Host of *The Daily Wrap*.
Ungar was the co-host of *Steele & Ungar* on SiriusXM\'s P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM) channel, which aired from March 22, 2014 to June 29, 2018.
In early 2019, Ungar launched The Daily Centrist website, where he serves as Editor In Chief.
On March 4, 2019, Ungar began hosting *The Rick Ungar Show*, weeknights 6 p.m. -- 8 p.m. ET, and can be heard on affiliate radio stations and podcast.
## Producer credits {#producer_credits}
### Television
- *X-Men* (1992--1993)
- *Biker Mice from Mars* (1993--1996)
- *Iron Man* (1994)
- *Fantastic Four* (1994)
- *The Incredible Hulk* (1996--1997)
- *Roswell Conspiracies: Aliens, Myths and Legends* (1997--1999)
- *Mutant X* (2001)
- *Spider-Man: The New Animated Series* (2003)
- *X-Men: Evolution* (2000--2003)
- *Legend of the Dragon* (2005--2008)
- *Zorro: Generation Z* (2006)
- *Biker Mice from Mars* (2006--2007)
- *Dork Hunters from Outer Space* (2008)
- *Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures* (2013--2015)
### Film
- *P.J
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# Alfred Anderson (American football)
**Alfred Anthony Anderson** (born August 4, 1961) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for eight seasons in the National Football League (NFL).
Anderson was born and raised in Waco, Texas and played scholastically at Richfield High School. He played college football for the Baylor Bears, where, as a senior, he was honored by *Football News* as a second-team All-American.
Anderson was selected in the third round of the 1984 NFL draft by the Minnesota Vikings, and spent his entire career with them
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# Magome Togoshi
is a Japanese video game composer for visual novel studios. He began work as a music arranger in 1999, where he started working for the visual novel studio Key under VisualArt\'s to produce music for *Kanon*. Between then and 2006, Togoshi composed music for four more titles by Key, along with other games produced by game brands also under VisualArt\'s. In October 2006, Togoshi resigned from Key and VisualArt\'s. He continues working with other visual novel developers.
## Career
Magome Togoshi began working as a music arranger for music in visual novels starting with Key\'s first title *Kanon* in 1999. He was first credited with the arrangement on the remix album *Anemoscope* released in June 1999. Following this, Togoshi composed music for Key\'s second game *Air* in 2000. Following the success of *Air* and the game\'s soundtrack, Togoshi became a well-known composer to visual novel enthusiasts. Production for Key\'s next game *Clannad* began in 2001 and while the game was still in production, Togoshi composed music for other brands under VisualArt\'s, which Key is attached under. These include the now-defunct Words brand with their game *Sakura no Ki Shita de* released in 2002, and Bonbee!\'s *Alma: Zutto Soba ni\...* released in 2003.
In 2004 when *Clannad* was finally released, Togoshi also composed music for two games by Giant Panda---*Oshikake Princess*, and *Maiden Halo*. That same year, Togoshi composed nearly the entire soundtrack for Key\'s fourth game *Planetarian: The Reverie of a Little Planet*. The following year in 2005, Togoshi composed music for *Tomoyo After: It\'s a Wonderful Life*, Key\'s fifth title. In 2006, he once again helped Giant Panda with the music for their game *Futari de Hitotsu no Koigokoro*, along with Key\'s sixth title *Little Busters!*. Music that Togoshi either arranged or composed for Key titles was published on Key\'s record label Key Sounds Label. In October 2006 with *Little Busters!* still in the production, Togoshi resigned from Key and VisualArt\'s. Following this, Togoshi worked on the music for ALcot\'s visual novel *FairChild* released in 2007. The ending theme for the 2008 visual novel *5* by Ram was arranged by Togoshi
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# New York Sharks
The **New York Sharks** were a women\'s American football team that was based in New York City. Their final season in 2018 was played as a member team of the Women\'s Football Alliance (WFA). They were the longest running and most winning team in women\'s football history with the honor of having a signed football in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
## Staff
Management staff
- Owner -- Andra Douglas
- CFO, Social Media Mgr, former VP of Operations - Dana Sparling
- General manager -- Tia Hopkins
- VP - Crystal Turpin
The final 2018 season coaching staff:
- Head coach -- Fabian Alesandro
- Defensive coordinator -- Kyle Copeland
- Receivers Coach - Alan Walls
- O-Line Coach - Yatia Hopkins
- Defensive Backs Coach - Toni Salvatore
- Quality Control - Pat Brown
- Quarterbacks Coach - Fabian Baez
## History
### First full-contact game {#first_full_contact_game}
The New Yorks Sharks originally started as a women\'s flag football team called the Long Island Sharks ran by Jacqueline Colon. They played in international tournaments and were national champions.
In 1999, the Women\'s Professional Football League (WPFL) was formed. It consisted of two teams, the Minnesota Vixens and the Lake Michigan Minx. They traveled the country playing each other on what was called the \"No Limits\" Tour. They had heard about the success of the Long Island Sharks and challenged them to a full contact, tackle football game.
Jacqueline Colon accepted the challenge and with two months to prepare, converted her flag football team to a tackle football team. On Saturday, December 11, 1999, the Minnesota Vixens came to New York to take on the Sharks. The Vixens were favored having played 4 games already, having a 2--2 record.
The Sharks were coached by former New York Jet Bobby Jackson. Before 300 fans on a windy day at Mitchel Field, Long Island Sharks surprised Minnesota, defeating them 12--6. The Sharks recorded two touchdown passes by quarterback Val Halesworth. One score was on a long pass to Natalie Jufer that led to a 71-yard touchdown. The other score was an 18-yard pass to Valerie Monaco.
### Independent Women\'s Football League {#independent_womens_football_league}
The Sharks played their home games at the Aviator Sports Complex at Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, New York. They played an 8-game regular season schedule.
### Future
From 2014 to 2015, the Sharks played in the Independent Women\'s Football League. From 2016 to 2018, the Sharks were a member team in the Women\'s Football Alliance (WFA). In 2018 the team was sold and became the New York Wolves.
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# New York Sharks
## Season-by-season {#season_by_season}
(not including Long Island Sharks flag football seasons) `{{Start NFL SBS}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| colspan=\"6\" align=\"center\" \| **New York Sharks (No Limits Barnstorming)** \|- \|1999 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| \-- \|\| Won Exhibition Game (Minnesota) \|- \| colspan=\"6\" align=\"center\" \| **New York Sharks (WPFL)** \|- \|2000 \|\| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 2nd NC East \|\| Lost National Conference Qualifier (New England) \|- \| colspan=\"6\" align=\"center\" \| **New York Sharks (Independent)** \|- \|2001 \|\| 6 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| \-- \|\| \-- \|- \| colspan=\"6\" align=\"center\" \| **New York Sharks (IWFL)** \|- \|2002 \|\| 7 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1st East \|\| **Won IWFL Championship (Austin)** \|- \|2003 \|\| 8 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1st EC Mid Atlantic \|\| Won Eastern Conference Championship (Bay State)\
Lost IWFL Championship (Sacramento) \|- \|2004 \|\| 8 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1st EC Mid Atlantic \|\| Won Eastern Conference Wildcard (Chicago)\
Won Eastern Conference Championship (Tampa Bay)\
Lost IWFL Championship (Sacramento) \|- \|2005 \|\| 10 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1st EC Mid Atlantic \|\| Won Eastern Conference Wildcard (Southern Maine)\
Lost Eastern Conference Championship (Atlanta) \|- \|2006 \|\| 8 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1st EC Mid Atlantic \|\| Won Eastern Conference Wildcard (Miami)\
Lost Eastern Conference Championship (Atlanta) \|- \|2007 \|\| 6 \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 1st EC North Atlantic \|\| Won Eastern Conference Wildcard (Manchester)\
Lost Eastern Conference Championship (Atlanta) \|- \|2008 \|\| 6 \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 2nd Tier I EC North Atlantic \|\| \-- \|- \|2009 \|\| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 3rd Tier I EC North Atlantic \|\| \-- \|- \|2010 \|\| 7 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 2nd Tier I EC Northeast \|\| Lost Northeast Division Championship (Boston) \|- \| colspan=\"6\" align=\"center\" \| **New York Sharks (WFA)** \|- \|2011 \|\| 5 \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 2nd NC North \|\| \-- \|- \|2012 \|\| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 2nd NC Division 2 \|\| Won National Conference Wildcard (Keystone)\
Lost National Conference Quarterfinal (Boston) \|- !Totals \|\| 92 \|\| 27 \|\| 0 \|colspan=\"2\"\| (including playoffs) `{{s-end}}`{=mediawiki}
\* = current standing
## 2012 roster
+-------------------------+
| New York Sharks roster |
+=========================+
| **Quarterback** |
| |
| - Karen Mulligan |
| |
| **Running backs** |
| |
| - Gabrielle Nazaire |
| |
| - Isabella Bluhm |
| |
| - Janea Wilkerson |
| |
| **Wide receivers** |
| |
| - *Alissa Anderson* |
| |
| - *Erika Cottle* |
| |
| - Charonn Sutton |
| |
| - *Danielle Myers* |
| |
| - Melodie Abrook (TE) |
| |
| - Lauren Pringle |
| |
| - Laura Baden |
| |
| - Anaïs Sumnicht |
+-------------------------+
| |
+-------------------------+
## 2009
### Season schedule {#season_schedule}
Date Opponent Home/Away Result
---------- ------------------------ ----------- ------------
April 11 New York Nemesis Away Won 21-7
April 25 Boston Militia Home Lost 7-21
May 2 Philadelphia Firebirds Away Won 33-14
May 9 Connecticut Crushers Home Won 40-7
May 16 D.C. Divas Home Lost 7-21
May 30 New England Intensity Away Won 44-0
June 6 D.C. Divas Away Lost 18-34
June 13 Pittsburgh Passion Home Lost 33-34
## 2010 {#section_1}
### Season schedule {#season_schedule_1}
Date Opponent Home/Away Result
---------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------- -----------
April 10 Philadelphia Firebirds Away Won 64-0
April 17 D.C. Divas Home Won 19-13
April 24 Connecticut Crushers Home Won 65-14
May 1 Jersey Justice Away Won 50-8
May 8 Pittsburgh Passion Home Won 12-8
May 15 Boston Militia Away Lost 0-31
May 22 Baltimore Nighthawks Home Won 38-6
June 5 Pittsburgh Passion Away Won 27-10
June 12 Boston Militia (Northeast Division Championship) Away Lost 6-25
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# New York Sharks
## 2011 {#section_2}
### Standings
### Season schedule {#season_schedule_2}
Date Opponent Home/Away Result
---------- ----------------------------- ----------- ------------
April 2 Philadelphia Liberty Belles Away Won 34-20
April 16 Boston Militia Away Lost 7-28
April 30 New England Nightmare Home Won 48-12
May 7 Northeastern Nitro Home Won 27-21
May 21 Boston Militia Home Lost 6-43
June 4 New England Nightmare Away Won 28-8
June 11 Northeastern Nitro Away Won 46-7
June 18 D.C. Divas Home Lost 16-38
## 2012 {#section_3}
### Standings {#standings_1}
### Season schedule {#season_schedule_3}
Date Opponent Home/Away Result
---------- ----------------------------- ----------- -------------
April 14 Boston Militia Away Lost 6-64
April 21 Maine Lynx Away Won 6-0\*\*
April 28 D.C. Divas Away Lost 12-41
May 5 Philadelphia Liberty Belles Home Won 25-8
May 12 D.C
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# Anthony Toney
**Anthony Toney** (born September 23, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for five seasons with the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Texas A&M Aggies and was selected by the Eagles in the second round of the 1986 NFL draft
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# Puerto Ricans in World War II
Puerto Ricans and people of Puerto Rican descent have participated as members of the United States Armed Forces in the American Civil War and in every conflict which the United States has been involved since World War I. In World War II, more than 65,000 Puerto Rican service members served in the war effort, including the guarding of U.S. military installations in the Caribbean and combat operations in the European and Pacific theatres.
Puerto Rico was annexed by the United States in accordance to the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, ratified on December 10, 1898, as consequence of the Spanish--American War. U.S. Citizenship was imposed upon Puerto Ricans as a result of the 1917 Jones-Shafroth Act (the Puerto Rican House of Delegates rejected US citizenship) and were expected to serve in the military. When an Imperial Japanese Navy carrier fleet launched an unexpected attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Puerto Ricans were required to bear arms in defense of the United States.
During World War II, it is estimated by the Department of Defense that 65,034 Puerto Ricans served in the U.S. military. Most of the soldiers from the island served in either the 65th Infantry Regiment or the Puerto Rico National Guard. As the induction of Puerto Ricans into the armed forces increased many were assigned to units in the Panama Canal Zone and the British West Indies to replace the continental troops serving in regular Army units. Those who resided in the mainland of the United States were assigned to regular units of the military. They were often subject to the racial discrimination that was widespread in the United States at the time.
Puerto Rican women who served had their options restricted to nursing or administrative positions. In World War II some of the island\'s men played active roles as commanders in the military. The military did not keep statistics with regard to the total number of Hispanics who served in the regular units of the Armed Forces, only of those who served in Puerto Rican units; therefore, it is impossible to determine the exact number of Puerto Ricans who served in World War II.
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# Puerto Ricans in World War II
## Lead-up to World War II {#lead_up_to_world_war_ii}
Before the United States entered World War II Puerto Ricans were already fighting on European soil in the Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started following an attempted *coup d\'état* committed by parts of the army, led by the Nationalist General Francisco Franco, against the government of the Second Spanish Republic. Puerto Ricans fought on behalf of both of the factions involved, the \"Nationalists\" as members of the Spanish Army and the \"Loyalists\" (Republicans) as members of the Abraham Lincoln International Brigade.
Among the Puerto Ricans who fought alongside General Franco on behalf of the Nationalists was General Manuel Goded Llopis (1882--1936), a high-ranking officer in the Spanish Army. Llopis, who was born in San Juan, was named Chief of Staff of the Spanish Army of Africa, after his victories in the Rif War, took the Balearic Islands and by order of Franco, suppressed the rebellion of Asturias. Llopis was sent to lead the fight against the Anarchists in Catalonia, but his troops were outnumbered. He was captured and was sentenced to die by firing squad. Among the many Puerto Ricans who fought on behalf of the Second Spanish Republic as members of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, was Lieutenant Carmelo Delgado Delgado (1913--1937), a leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party from Guayama who upon the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War was in Spain in pursuit of his law degree. Delgado was an anti-fascist who believed that the Spanish Nationalists were traitors. He fought in the Battle of Madrid, but was captured and was sentenced to die by firing squad on April 29, 1937; he was amongst the first US citizens to die in that conflict.
In 1937, Japan invaded China and in September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. In October 1940, the 295th and 296th Infantry Regiments of the Puerto Rican National Guard, founded by Major General Luis R. Esteves, were called into Federal Active Service and assigned to the Puerto Rican Department in accordance with the existing War Plan Orange. During that period of time, Puerto Rico\'s economy was suffering from the consequences of the Great Depression, and unemployment was widespread. Unemployment was one of the reasons that some Puerto Ricans chose to join the Armed Forces.
Most of these men were trained in Camp Las Casas in Santurce, Puerto Rico, and were assigned to the 65th Infantry Regiment, a segregated unit made up mostly of White Puerto Ricans. The rumors of war spread, and the involvement of the United States was believed to be a question of time. The 65th Infantry was ordered to intensify its maneuvers, many of which were carried out at Punta Salinas near the town of Salinas in Puerto Rico. Those who were assigned to the 295th and 296th regiments of the Puerto Rican National Guard received their training at Camp Tortuguero near the town of Vega Baja.
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# Puerto Ricans in World War II
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
There weren\'t any Puerto Rican military related fatalities when the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service attacked Pearl Harbor. However, there was one civilian Puerto Rican fatality. Daniel LaVerne was a Puerto Rican amateur boxer who was working at Pearl Harbor\'s Red Hill underground fuel tank construction project when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. He died as a result of the injuries which he received during the attack. His name is listed among the 2,338 Americans killed or mortally wounded on December 7, 1941, in the Remembrance Exhibit in the back lawn of the USS Arizona Memorial Visitor Center at Pearl Harbor.
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the entry of the U.S. into the war, the Puerto Ricans living on the island and on the U.S. mainland began to fill the ranks of the four major branches of the Armed Forces. Some volunteered for patriotic reasons, some joined in need of employment, and others were drafted. Some families had multiple members join the Armed Forces. Seven brothers of the Medina family known as \"The fighting Medinas\", fought in the war. They came from Rio Grande, Puerto Rico and Brooklyn, New York. In some cases Puerto Ricans were subject to the racial discrimination which at that time was widespread in the United States. In 1943, there were approximately 17,000 Puerto Ricans under arms, including the 65th Infantry Regiment and the Puerto Rico National Guard. The Puerto Rican units were stationed either in Puerto Rico or in the Virgin Islands.
On December 8, 1941, when Japanese planes attacked the U.S. military installations in the Philippines, Col. Virgilio N. Cordero was the Battalion Commander of the 31st Infantry Regiment. The 31st Infantry covered the withdrawal of American and Philippine forces to the Bataan Peninsula and fought for four months, despite the fact that no help could come in from the outside after much of the United States Pacific Fleet was destroyed at Pearl Harbor and mid-ocean bases at Guam and Wake Island were lost.
Cordero was named Regimental Commander of the 52nd Infantry Regiment of the new Filipino Army, thus becoming the first Puerto Rican to command a Filipino Army regiment. The Bataan Defense Force surrendered on April 9, 1942, and Cordero and his men underwent torture and humiliation during the Bataan Death March and nearly four years of captivity. Cordero was one of nearly 1,600 members of the 31st Infantry who were taken as prisoners. Half of these men perished while prisoners of the Japanese forces. Cordero gained his freedom when the Allied troops defeated the Japanese in 1945.
France\'s possessions in the Caribbean began to protest against the Vichy government in France, a government backed by the Germans who invaded France. The island of Martinique was on the verge of civil war. The United States organized a joint Army--Marine Corps task force, which included the 295th Infantry (minus one battalion) and the 78th Engineer Battalion, both from Puerto Rico for the occupation of Martinique. The use of these infantry units was put on hold because Martinique\'s local government decided to turn over control of the colonies to the French Committee of National Liberation. A small detachment of insular troops from Puerto Rico was sent to Cuba in late March as a guard for Batista Field. In 1943, the 65th Infantry was sent to Panama to protect the Pacific and the Atlantic sides of the isthmus. An increase in the Puerto Rican induction program was immediately authorized and continental troops such as the 762nd, 766th, and the 891st Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalions, were replaced by Puerto Ricans in Panama. They also replaced troops in bases on British West Indies as well, to the extent permitted by the availability of trained Puerto Rican units. The 295th Infantry Regiment followed the 65th Infantry in 1944, departing from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to the Panama Canal Zone. Among those who served with the 295th Regiment in the Panama Canal Zone was a young Second Lieutenant by the name of Carlos Betances Ramírez, who would later become the only Puerto Rican to command a Battalion in the Korean War. On November 25, 1943, Colonel Antulio Segarra, proceeded Col. John R. Menclenhall as Commander of the 65th Infantry, thus becoming the first Puerto Rican Regular Army officer to command a Regular Army regiment.
In January 1944, the 65th Infantry embarked for Jackson Barracks in New Orleans and later to Fort Eustis in Newport News, Virginia, in preparation for overseas deployment to North Africa. For some Puerto Ricans, this would be the first time that they were away from their homeland. Being away from their homeland for the first time would serve as an inspiration for the compositions of two Puerto Ricans Boleros; \"En mi viejo San Juan\" (In my Old San Juan) by Noel Estrada and \"Despedida\" (My Good-bye), a farewell song written by Pedro Flores and interpreted by Daniel Santos. Once in North Africa, the Regiment underwent further training at Casablanca. By April 29, 1944, the Regiment had landed in Italy and moved on to Corsica. On September 22, 1944, the 65th Infantry landed in France and was committed to action on the Maritime Alps at Peira Cava. On December 13, 1944, the 65th Infantry, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Juan César Cordero Dávila, relieved the 2nd Battalion of the 442nd Infantry Regiment, a Regiment which was made up of Japanese Americans under the command of Col. Virgil R. Miller, a native of Puerto Rico. The 3rd Battalion fought against and defeated Germany\'s 34th Infantry Division\'s 107th Infantry Regiment. There were 47 battle casualties, including Private Sergio Sanchez-Sanchez and Sergeant Angel Martinez from the town of Sabana Grande, who became the first two Puerto Ricans to be killed in combat action from the 65th Infantry as a result of a German assault on Company \"L\". On March 18, 1945, the regiment was sent to the District of Mannheim and assigned to military occupation duties. Twenty-three (23) soldiers of the regiment were killed in action.
On January 12, 1944, the 296th Infantry Regiment departed from Puerto Rico to the Panama Canal Zone. In April 1945, the unit returned to Puerto Rico and soon after was sent to Honolulu, Hawaii. The 296th arrived on June 25, 1945 and was attached to the Central Pacific Base Command at Kahuku Air Base. Lieutenant Colonel Gilberto Jose Marxuach, \"The Father of the San Juan Civil Defense\", was the commander of the 1114th Artillery and the 1558th Engineers Company\'s. `{{external media
| float = center
| audio1 = {{YouTube|D-r5tmaNgIo|Noel Estrada's "En mi viejo San Juan"}}
| audio2 = {{YouTube|VSb1o0eXs0Q|Pedro Flores' "Despedida"}} interpreted by [[Daniel Santos (singer)|Daniel Santos]]
}}`{=mediawiki} Puerto Ricans who were fluent in English or who resided on the mainland were assigned to regular Army units. Such was the case of Sgt. First Class Louis Ramirez, who was assigned to the 102nd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized, which landed at Normandy on D-Day (Battle of Normandy), June 6, and advanced into France during the Battle of Saint-Malo, where they were met by enemy tanks, bombs, and soldiers. PFC Fernando Pagan was also a Puerto Rican who resided on the mainland; he was assigned to unit Company A, 293 Combat Engineering Battalion, which arrived in Normandy on June 10. Others, like Frank Bonilla, were assigned to the 290th Infantry Regiment, 75th Infantry Division, which later fought in the front lines at the Battle of the Bulge. Bonilla was the recipient of the Silver Star and Purple Heart medals for his actions in combat. One Puerto Rican who earned a Bronze Star in the Battle of the Bulge was PFC Joseph A. Unanue, whose father was the founder of Goya Foods. Unanue had trained for armored infantry, and went to the European Theater as a gunner in A company, 63rd Armored Infantry Battalion, 11th Armored Division. His company landed in France in December 1944, just before the Battle of the Bulge. PFC Santos Deliz was assigned to Battery D, 216 AAA, a gun battalion, and sent to Africa in 1943 to join the Third Army. According to Deliz, General Patton demanded the best from all under him, including cooks and kitchen hands. Deliz, who earned a Bronze Star Medal, once recounted an experience which he had with General Patton: `{{quote box|Patton went in to inspect and he scolded me because I had rations over the amount I should've had. The rations were food the GIs didn't want, so instead of dumping it, I sometimes gave it to the people who were around there.<ref>{{cite web
|access-date=2007-03-18
|url=http://utopia.utexas.edu/explore/latino/narratives/4delizsantos.html
|title=Santos Deliz
|author=Chris Nay
|work=U.S. Latino & Latina WWII Oral History Project
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919134210/http://utopia.utexas.edu/explore/latino/narratives/4delizsantos.html
|archive-date=2006-09-19
}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
It was during this conflict that CWO2 Joseph B. Aviles Sr., a member of the United States Coast Guard and the first Hispanic-American to be promoted to Chief Petty Officer, received a war-time promotion to Chief Warrant Officer (November 27, 1944), thus becoming the first Hispanic American to reach that level as well. Aviles, who served in the United States Navy as Chief Gunner\'s Mate in World War I, spent most of the war at St. Augustine, Florida training recruits.
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# Puerto Ricans in World War II
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Homefront
In 1939, a survey was conducted of possible air base sites. It was determined that Punta Borinquen was the best site for a major air base. Later that year, Major Karl S. Axtater assumed command of what was to become \"Borinquen Army Air Field\". The first squadron based at Borinquen Field was the 27th Bombardment Squadron, consisting of nine B-18A Bolo medium bombers. In 1940, the air echelon of the 25th Bombardment Group (14 B-18A aircraft and two A-17 aircraft) arrived at the base from Langley Field.
During World War II, the following squadrons were assigned to the airfield:
- Headquarters, 13th Composite Wing, 1 November 1940 -- 6 January 1941; 1 May-25 October 1941
- Headquarters, 25th Bombardment Group, 1 November 1940 -- 1 November 1942; 5 October 1943 -- 24 March 1944
: 417th Bombardment Squadron, 21 November 1939 -- 13 April 1942 (B-18 Bolo)
: 10th Bombardment Squadron, 1 November 1940 -- 1 November 1942 (B-18 Bolo)
: 12th Bombardment Squadron, 1 November 1940 -- 8 November 1941 (B-18 Bolo)
: 35th Bombardment Squadron, 31 Oct -- 11 November 1941 (B-18 Bolo)
- 44th Bombardment Squadron (40th Bombardment Group) 1 April 1941 -- 16 June 1942 (B-18 Bolo)
- 20th Troop Carrier Squadron (Panama Air Depot) June 1942 -- July 1943 (C-47 Skytrain)
- 4th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (72d Reconnaissance Group) 27 October 1943 -- 21 May 1945; 5 October 1945 -- 20 August 1946
- Antilles Air Command, 1 Mar -- 25 August 1946
: As: Antilles Air Division, 12 January 1948 -- 22 January 1949
- 24th Composite Wing, 25 August 1946 -- 28 June 1948
In 1940, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt ordered the construction of a naval base in the Atlantic similar to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The site was meant to provide anchorage, docking, repair facilities, fuel, and supplies for 60% of the Atlantic Fleet. The naval base, which was named U.S. Naval Station Roosevelt Roads' became the largest naval installation in the world in land mass and was meant to be the Pearl Harbor of the Atlantic, however with the defeat of Germany, the United States concentrated all of their efforts to the war in the Pacific. In May 2003, after six decades of existence, the base was officially shut down by the U.S. Navy.
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# Puerto Ricans in World War II
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Highly decorated combatants {#highly_decorated_combatants}
Three Puerto Ricans were awarded Distinguished Service Cross. The Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) is the second highest military decoration of the United States Army, awarded for extreme gallantry and risk of life in actual combat with an armed enemy force. The first Puerto Rican recipient of said award was PFC Joseph R. Martínez. He was followed by PFC. Luis F. Castro and Private Anibal Irrizarry.
PFC Joseph (José) R. Martínez born in San Germán, Puerto Rico destroyed a German Infantry unit and tank in Tunis by providing heavy artillery fire, saving his platoon from being attacked in the process. He received the Distinguished Service Cross from General George S. Patton, thus becoming the first Puerto Rican recipient of said military decoration. His citation reads as follow: `{{quote box|"The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Joseph R. Martinez, Private First Class, U.S. Army, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy in action against enemy forces in March 1943. Private First Class Martinez's intrepid actions, personal bravery and zealous devotion to duty exemplify the highest traditions of the military forces of the United States and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army."<ref name="DSCC"/>}}`{=mediawiki} Private First Class Luis F. Castro, born in Orocovis, Puerto Rico, was assigned to 47th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division. PFC. Castro\'s platoon was about to be overrun by enemy German forces, when he decided to stay in the rear flank and cover his men\'s retreat by providing firepower killing 15 of the enemy in the process.
Private Anibal Irizarry born in Puerto Rico, was assigned to Co. L, 18th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Regiment. Private Irizarry single-handedly destroyed two enemy machine gun nests and captured eight enemy soldiers.
Agustín Ramos Calero was one of many Puerto Ricans who distinguished themselves in combat. Calero\'s company was in the vicinity of Colmar, France, and engaged in combat against a squad of German soldiers in what is known as the Battle of Colmar Pocket. Calero attacked the squad, killing ten of them and capturing 21 shortly before being wounded himself. Following these events, he was nicknamed \"One-Man Army\" by his comrades. A Silver Star was among the 22 decorations and medals which he was awarded from the US Army for his actions during World War II, thus becoming the most decorated Hispanic soldier in all of the United States during that war.
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# Puerto Ricans in World War II
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### United States Army Air Forces {#united_states_army_air_forces}
Puerto Ricans also served in the United States Army Air Forces. In 1944, Puerto Rican aviators were sent to the Tuskegee Army Air Field in Tuskegee, Alabama to train the famed 99th Fighter Squadron of the Tuskegee Airmen. The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African-American military aviators in the United States armed forces. Puerto Ricans were also involved in clerical positions with the Tuskegee unit. Among the Puerto Ricans who helped make the Tuskegee experiment a successful one were T/Sgt. Pablo Diaz Albortt, an NCO (Non Commissioned Officer) in charge of the Special Service Office, and Eugene Calderon, who was assigned to the \"Red Tail\" unit, as the Company Clerk. By the end of the war, the Tuskegee Airmen were credited with 112 Luftwaffe aircraft shot down, a patrol boat run aground by machine-gun fire, and destruction of numerous fuel dumps, trucks and trains.
Puerto Ricans distinguished themselves in aerial combat as well. This was the case of then-Captains Mihiel \"Mike\" Gilormini and Alberto A. Nido, Lieutenants José Antonio Muñiz and César Luis González and airman T/Sgt. Clement Resto. Captain Mihiel \"Mike\" Gilormini served in the Royal Air Force and in the Army Air Force during World War II. He was a flight commander whose last combat mission was attacking the airfield at Milano, Italy. His last flight in Italy gave air cover for General George Marshall\'s visit to Pisa. He was the recipient of the Silver Star Medal, the Air Medal with four clusters, and the Distinguished Flying Cross 5 times. Gilormini later became the Founder of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard and retired as Brigadier General.
Captain Alberto A. Nido served in the Royal Canadian Air Force, the Royal Air Force and in the United States Army Air Forces during the war. He flew missions as a bomber pilot for the RCAF and as a Supermarine Spitfire fighter pilot for the RAF. As member of the RAF, he belonged to 67th Reconnaissance Squadron who participated in 275 combat missions. Nido later transferred to the USAAF\'s 67th Fighter Group as a P-51 Mustang fighter pilot. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross with four oak leaf clusters and the Air Medal with four oak leaf clusters. Nido co-founded the Puerto Rico Air National Guard and, as Gilormini, retired a Brigadier General.
Lieutenant José Antonio Muñiz served with distinction in the China-Burma-India Theater. During his tour of duty he flew 20 combat missions against the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force and shot down a Mitsubishi A6M Zero. In 1960, Muñiz was flying a formation of F-86s celebrating the 4th of July festivities in Puerto Rico and upon take off his airplane flamed out and crashed. In 1963, the Air National Guard Base, at the San Juan International airport in Puerto Rico, was renamed \"Muñiz Air National Guard Base\" in his honor.
2nd Lieutenant César Luis González, a co-pilot of a C-47, was the first Puerto Rican pilot in the United States Army Air Forces. He was one of the initial participants of the invasion of Sicily on July 10, 1943 also known as Operation Husky. During the invasion of Sicily, he flew on two night missions, the first on July 9, where his mission was to release paratroops of 82nd Airborne Division on the area of Gela and the second on July 11, when he dropped reinforcements in the area. His unit was awarded a \"DUC\" for carrying out this second mission in spite of bad weather and heavy attack by enemy ground and naval forces. González died on November 22, 1943, when his plane crashed during training off the end of the runway at Castelvetrano. He was posthumously promoted to First Lieutenant.
T/Sgt. Clement Resto served with the 303rd Bomb Group and participated in numerous bombing raids over Germany. During a bombing mission over Düren, Germany, Resto\'s plane, a B-17 Flying Fortress, was shot down. He was captured by the Gestapo and sent to Stalag XVII-B where he spent the rest of the war as a prisoner of war. Resto, who lost an eye during his last mission, was awarded a Purple Heart, a POW Medal, and an Air Medal with one battle star after he was liberated from captivity.
In 1945, when Kwajalein of the Marshall Islands was secured by the U.S. forces, Sergeant Fernando Bernacett was among the Marines who were sent to guard various essential military installations. Bernacett, a combat veteran of the Battle of Midway, guarded the airport and prisoners of war as well as the atomic bomb as it made its way for Japan.
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# Puerto Ricans in World War II
## Women in the military {#women_in_the_military}
When the United States entered World War II, Puerto Rican nurses volunteered for service but were not accepted into the Army or Navy Nurse Corps.
In 1944, the Army sent recruiters to the island to recruit no more than 200 women for the Women\'s Army Corps (WAC). Over 1,000 applications were received for the unit which was to be composed of only 200 women. The Puerto Rican WAC unit, Company 6, 2nd Battalion, 21st Regiment of the Women\'s Army Auxiliary Corps, a segregated Hispanic unit, was assigned to the New York Port of Embarkation, after their basic training at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. They were assigned to work in military offices which planned the shipment of troops around the world. Among them was PFC Carmen García Rosado, who in 2006, authored and published a book titled \"LAS WACS-Participacion de la Mujer Boricua en la Segunda Guerra Mundial\" (The WACs-The participation of the Puerto Rican women in the Second World War), the first book to document the experiences of the first 200 Puerto Rican women who participated in said conflict.
That same year the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) decided to accept Puerto Rican nurses so that Army hospitals would not have to deal with the language barriers. Thirteen women submitted applications, were interviewed, underwent physical examinations, and were accepted into the ANC. Eight of these nurses were assigned to the Army Post at San Juan, where they were valued for their bilingual abilities. Five nurses were assigned to work at the hospital at Camp Tortuguero, Puerto Rico. Among them was Second Lieutenant Carmen Lozano Dumler, who became one of the first Puerto Rican female military officers.
Not all the women served as nurses: some women served in administrative duties in the mainland or near combat zones. Such was the case of Technician Fourth Grade Carmen Contreras-Bozak who belonged to the 149th Women\'s Army Auxiliary Corps. The 149th Women\'s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) Post Headquarters Company was the first WAAC Company to go overseas, setting sail from New York Harbor for Europe in January 1943. The unit arrived in Northern Africa on January 27, 1943 and rendered overseas duties in Algiers within General Dwight D. Eisenhower\'s theater headquarters, T/4. Carmen Contreras-Bozak, a member of this unit, was the first Hispanic to serve in the U.S. Women\'s Army Corps as an interpreter and in numerous administrative positions.
Another was Lieutenant Junior Grade Maria Rodriguez Denton, the first woman from Puerto Rico who became an officer in the United States Navy as member of the WAVES. The Navy assigned LTJG Denton as a library assistant at the Cable and Censorship Office in New York City. It was LTJG Denton who forwarded the news (through channels) to President Harry S. Truman that the war had ended.
Some Puerto Rican women became notable in other fields outside of the military. Among them Sylvia Rexach -- a composer of boleros, Marie Teresa Rios -- an author, and Julita Ross -- singer.
Sylvia Rexach, dropped-out of the University of Puerto Rico in 1942 and joined the United States Army as a member of the WACS where she served as an office clerk. She served until 1945, when she was honorably discharged. Marie Teresa Rios was a Puerto Rican writer who also served in World War II. Rios, mother of Medal of Honor recipient, Capt. Humbert Roque Versace and author of *The Fifteenth Pelican* which was the basis for the popular 1960s television sitcom \"The Flying Nun\", drove Army trucks and buses. She also served as a pilot for the Civil Air Patrol. Rios Versace wrote and edited for various newspapers around the world, including places such as Guam, Germany, Wisconsin, and South Dakota, and publications such the Armed Forces *Star & Stripes* and *Gannett*. During World War II, Julita Ross entertained the troops with her voice in \"USO shows\" (United Service Organizations).
Another notable example was Carmen Vazquez Rivera. Originally a Second Lieutenant during World War II, Vazquez was another early Puerto Rican female officer of the United States Army and served in both World War II and the Korean War, where she was promoted to First Lieutenant while serving with the U.S. Air Force. She was also known for being the wife of Puerto Rican politician, lawyer, medical doctor, and scholar Leopoldo Figueroa. Later in life, she received renewed recognition as a centenarian and was awarded the League of United Latin American Citizens Presidential Medal of Freedom and honored by the United States Congress.
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# Puerto Ricans in World War II
## Puerto Rican commanders {#puerto_rican_commanders}
In addition to Lieutenant Colonel Juan Cesar Cordero Davila, nine Puerto Ricans who graduated from the United States Naval Academy and the United States Military Academy served in command positions in the Army, Navy, and the Marine Corps. They were: Lieutenant General Pedro Augusto del Valle, USMC, the first Hispanic to reach the rank of General in the Marine Corps; Rear Admiral Frederick Lois Riefkohl, USN, the first Puerto Rican to graduate from the Naval Academy and recipient of the Navy Cross; Rear Admiral Jose M. Cabanillas, USN, who was the Executive Officer of `{{USS|Texas|BB-35|6}}`{=mediawiki} which participated in the invasions of North Africa and Normandy (D-Day); Rear Admiral Edmund Ernest Garcia, USN, commander of the destroyer `{{USS|Sloat|DE-245|6}}`{=mediawiki} who saw action in the invasions of Africa, Sicily, and France; Admiral Horacio Rivero Jr., USN, who was the first Hispanic to become a four-star Admiral; Captain Marion Frederic Ramirez de Arellano, USN, the first Hispanic submarine commander, who commanded `{{USS|Balao|SS-285|6}}`{=mediawiki} and is credited with sinking two Japanese ships; Rear Admiral Rafael Celestino Benítez, USN, a highly decorated submarine commander who was the recipient of two Silver Star Medals; Colonel Virgilio N. Cordero Jr., USA, recipient of three Silver Star Medals and a Bronze Star Medal, Battalion Commander of the 31st Infantry Regiment on December 8, 1941, when Japanese planes attacked the U.S. military installations in the Philippines. Colonel Virgil R. Miller, USA, Regimental Commander of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team; and Colonel Jaime Sabater Sr., USMC, Class of 1927.
- Lieutenant General Pedro del Valle, USMC, a highly decorated Marine, played a key role in the Guadalcanal Campaign and the Battle of Guam and became the Commanding General of the First Marine Division. Del Valle played an instrumental role in the defeat of the Japanese forces in Okinawa and was in charge of the reorganization of Okinawa.
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- Rear Admiral Frederick Lois Riefkohl, USN, was the captain of `{{USS|Vincennes|CA-44|6}}`{=mediawiki}, which was assigned to the Fire Support Group, LOVE (with Transport Group XRAY) under the command of Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner\'s Task Force TARE (Amphibious Force) during the landing in the Solomon Islands on August 7, 1942.
- Prior to World War II, Rear Admiral Jose M. Cabanillas, USN, served aboard various cruisers, destroyers, and submarines. In 1942, upon the outbreak of World War II, he was assigned Executive Officer of USS *Texas*. *Texas* participated in the invasion of North Africa by destroying an ammunition dump near Port Lyautey. Cabanillas also participated in the invasion of Normandy on D-Day.
- Rear Admiral Edmund Ernest García, USN, was the commander of the destroyer USS *Sloat* and saw action in the invasions of North Africa, Sicily, and France.
- Admiral Horacio Rivero Jr., USN, served aboard `{{USS|San Juan|CL-54}}`{=mediawiki} and was involved in providing artillery cover for Marines landing on Guadalcanal, the Marshall Islands, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. For his service, he was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Combat \"V.\"
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- Captain Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano, USN, the first Hispanic submarine commanding officer, was a submarine commander in the Navy who was awarded two Silver Star Medals, the Legion of Merit, and a Bronze Star Medal for his actions against the Imperial Japanese Navy. Not only is he credited with the sinking of at least two Japanese ships, but he also led the rescue of the lives of numerous downed Navy pilots.
- Rear Admiral Rafael Celestino Benítez, USN, who was at the time a Lieutenant Commander, saw action aboard submarines and on various occasions weathered depth charge attacks. For his actions, he was awarded the Silver and Bronze Star Medals. Benitez would later play an important role in the first American undersea spy mission of the Cold War as commander of the submarine `{{USS|Cochino|SS-345|6}}`{=mediawiki} in what became known as the \"Cochino Incident\".
- Colonel Virgilio N. Cordero Jr., USA, was the Battalion Commander of the 31st Infantry Regiment on December 8, 1941, when Japanese planes attacked the U.S. military installations in the Philippines. The Bataan Defense Force surrendered on April 9, 1942 and Cordero and his men underwent brutal torture and humiliation during the Bataan Death March and nearly four years of captivity. Cordero was one of nearly 1,600 members of the 31st Infantry who were taken as prisoners. Half of these men perished while prisoners of the Japanese forces. Cordero gained his freedom when the Allied troops defeated the Japanese in 1945, and he returned to the United States. Cordero, who retired with the rank of Brigadier General, wrote about his experiences as a prisoner of war and what he went through during the Bataan Death March. He authored *My Experiences during the War with Japan*, which was published in 1950. In 1957, he authored a revised Spanish version titled *Bataan y la Marcha de la Muerte*; Volume 7 of *Colección Vida e Historia*,
- Colonel Virgil R. Miller, USA, born in San Germán, Puerto Rico, was the Regimental Commander of the 442d Regimental Combat Team, a unit which was composed of \"Nisei\" (second generation Americans of Japanese descent), during World War II. He led the 442nd in its rescue of the Lost Texas Battalion of the 36th Infantry Division, in the forests of the Vosges Mountains in northeastern France.
- Colonel Jaime Sabater Sr., USMC, commanded the 1st Battalion 9th Marines during the Bougainville amphibious operations.
Sabater also participated in the Battle of Guam (July 21, 1944- August 10, 1944) as Executive officer of the 9th Marines. He was wounded in action on July 21, 1944 and awarded the Purple Heart.
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# Puerto Ricans in World War II
## Discrimination
During World War II, the United States Army was segregated. Puerto Ricans who resided on the mainland and who were fluent in English served alongside their \"White\" counterparts and \"Black\" Puerto Ricans were assigned to units made up mostly of African Americans. Puerto Ricans from the island served in Puerto Rico\'s segregated units, like the 65th Infantry and the Puerto Rico National Guard\'s 295th and 296th regiments. Racial discrimination practiced against Hispanic Americans, including Puerto Ricans on the United States\' east coast and Mexican Americans in California and the Southwest, was widespread. Some Puerto Ricans who served in regular Army units were witnesses to the racial discrimination of the day. In an interview, PFC Raul Rios Rodriguez said that during his basic training at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, he had encountered a strict drill instructor who was particularly harsh on the Hispanic and black soldiers in his unit. He stated that he remains resentful of the discriminatory treatment that Latino and black soldiers received during basic training: \"We were all soldiers; we were all risking our lives for the United States. That should have never been done, never.\" Rios Rodriguez was shipped to Le Havre, France, assigned to guard bridges and supply depots in France and Germany with the 18th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division.
Another soldier, PFC Felix López-Santos was drafted into the Army and sent to Fort Dix in New Jersey for training. López -Santos went to Milne Bay and then to the small island of Woodlark, both in New Guinea, where he was in the communications department using telephone wires to communicate to the troops during the war. In an interview, López-Santos stated that in North Carolina he witnessed some forms of racial discrimination, but never experienced it for himself. He stated: \"I remember seeing some colored people refused service at a restaurant, I believe that I was not discriminated against because of my blue eyes and fair complexion.\"
According to Carmen García Rosado, one of the hardships which Puerto Rican women in the military were subject to was the social and racial discrimination which at the time was rampant in the United States against the Latino community.
### Human experimentation {#human_experimentation}
Puerto Rican soldiers were also subject to human experimentation by the United States Armed Forces. On Panama\'s San Jose Island, Puerto Rican soldiers were exposed to mustard gas to see if they reacted differently than their \"white\" counterparts. According to Susan L. Smith of the University of Alberta, the researchers were searching for evidence of race-based differences in the responses of the human body to mustard gas exposure.
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# Puerto Ricans in World War II
## Post World War II {#post_world_war_ii}
The American participation in the Second World War came to an end in Europe on May 8, 1945, when the western Allies celebrated \"V-E Day\" (Victory in Europe Day) upon Germany\'s surrender, and in the Asian theater on August 14, 1945 \"V-J Day\" (Victory over Japan Day) when the Japanese surrendered by signing the Japanese Instrument of Surrender.
On October 27, 1945, the 65th Infantry, which had participated in the battles of Naples--Fogis, Rome--Arno, central Europe, and of the Rhineland, sailed home from France. Arriving at Puerto Rico on November 9, 1945, they were received by the local population as national heroes and given a victorious reception at the Military Terminal of Camp Buchanan.
According to the book \"Historia Militar De Puerto Rico\" (Military history of Puerto Rico), by historian Col. Hector Andres Negroni, the men of the 65th Infantry were awarded the following military decorations:
Award Name Total
------- -------------- -------
O8 Silver Star 2
O8 Bronze Star 22
O8 Purple Heart 90
: **65th Infantry Regiment\
Individual Awards in World War II**
The 295th Regiment returned on February 20, 1946 from the Panama Canal Zone, and the 296th Regiment on March 6. Both regiments were awarded the American Theatre streamer and the Pacific Theatre streamer. They were inactivated that same year.
Many of the men and women who were discharged after the war returned to their civilian jobs or made use of the educational benefits of the G.I. Bill. Others, such as Major General Juan César Cordero Dávila, Colonel Carlos Betances Ramírez, Sergeant First Class Agustín Ramos Calero, and Master Sergeant Pedro Rodriguez, continued in the military as career soldiers and went on to serve in the Korean War.
Some of the Puerto Ricans from the mainland who had not completed their full active duty in the military service were reassigned to the 65th Infantry in Puerto Rico. According to remarks made by Frank Bonilla in an interview, he discovered that there was a divide among the soldiers. The Puerto Ricans who had emigrated to the mainland were seen as \"American Joes\" while Puerto Ricans from the island considered themselves \"pure\" Puerto Ricans. Bonilla at first thought the soldiers were being disrespectful to the United States, especially since they stood at attention whenever \"La Borinqueña\", the Puerto Rican anthem, was played and not when the United States anthem. Bonilla is quoted as saying:
Bonilla eventually earned a Ph.D. from Harvard and held faculty appointments at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and the City University of New York. He became a major leader in Puerto Rican studies.
According to the 4th Report of the Director of Selective Service of 1948, a total of 51,438 Puerto Ricans served in the Armed Forces during World War II, however the Department of Defense in its report titled \"Number of Puerto Ricans serving in the U.S. Armed Forces during National Emergencies\" stated that the total of Puerto Ricans who served was 65,034 and from that total 2,560 were listed as wounded. These numbers only reflect those who served in Puerto Rican units. However, the total number of Puerto Ricans who served in World War II in other units cannot be determined because the military categorized Hispanics along with whites. The only racial groups for which separate statistics were kept were Blacks and Asians.
The names of the 37 men who are known to have perished in the conflict are engraved in \"El Monumento de la Recordación\" (Memorial Monument) monument which honors the memory of those who have fallen in the defense of the United States. The monument is located in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
## Gallery of people {#gallery_of_people}
<File:Carmen> Lozano Dumler.jpg\|Carmen Dumler <File:Pedro> del Valle.jpg\|Pedro de Valle <File:Carmen> Conteras Bozak.jpg\|Carmen Conteras-Bozak <File:Cesar> Luis Gonzalez.jpg\|César Luis González <File:JosephBAviles.jpg%7CJoseph> B. Aviles Sr. <File:Cabanillas.jpg%7CJose> M. Cabanillas <File:Carmen> Garcia Rosado 001.jpg\|Carmen Garcia Rosado <File:GilbertoMarxuach.JPG%7CGilberto> José Marxuach <File:Virgil> R. Miller.jpg\|Virgil R. Miller <File:Alberto> A. Nido jpg..jpg\|Alberto A. Nido <File:Rear> Admiral R.C. Benitez.jpg\|Rafael Celestino Benítez <File:Rear> Admiral Edmund Ernest Garcia (1926).jpg\|Edmund Ernest García <File:Horacio> Rivero Jr.jpg\|Horacio Rivero Jr. <File:Denton.jpg%7CMaria> Rodriguez Denton <File:Fernando> Bernacett
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# James Sharp (mayor)
**James Sharp** (18 November 1843 -- 7 May 1904) was the sixth mayor of Salt Lake City, serving from 1884 to 1886. For several years, Sharp was also a member of the University of Utah board of regents. He was that university\'s chancellor from 1882 to 1883.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Sharp was born in Falkirk, Stirlingshire, Scotland on 18 November 1843. He was the son of John Sharp, a leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who was also a director of the Union Pacific Railroad. Sharp came to America in 1848 settling in St. Louis. In 1850 he journeyed to Salt Lake City. In 1862, he served under the command of Lot Smith during the Utah War. Sharp succeeded as director of Union Pacific Railroad after his father. In 1876, he was elected to the Utah territorial legislature and was the speaker of the House of Representatives from 1884 to 1886. Sharp was elected as mayor in 1884 and served until 1886
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# Heath Sherman
**Heath B. Sherman** (born March 27, 1967) is an American former professional football running back in the National Football League (NFL) for five seasons for the Philadelphia Eagles. He played college football at Texas A&I University and was selected in the sixth round of the 1989 NFL draft
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# Takashi Iizuka (game designer)
(born March 16, 1970) is a Japanese video game director, producer, designer and screenwriter. Since 2008, Iizuka has been the vice president of product development for the *Sonic the Hedgehog* series at Sega, as well as the head of Sonic Team, although he has been working on games in the Sonic series since 1992.
## Career
When he joined Sega in 1992, Iizuka assisted in debugging *Sonic the Hedgehog 2* as part of his job training. Afterwards, Iizuka\'s boss at the time asked him if he would like to work on *Sonic the Hedgehog 3*. Iizuka agreed and relocated to the United States to work on the game\'s level design. Later, he helped supervise Traveller\'s Tales with the development of *Sonic R*. He was also the lead designer for *Nights into Dreams*, and director for *Sonic Adventure*.
In 1999, he and a small part of Sonic Team moved to San Francisco to establish Sonic Team USA (later renamed Sega Studio USA), in order to gain feedback from the western market. Over in the U.S. his team worked on the international release of *Sonic Adventure*. Afterward, his team started to develop their own games, where he was the director and lead designer for *Sonic Adventure 2*, *Sonic Heroes*, *Shadow the Hedgehog*, and *Nights: Journey of Dreams*. In an effort to further broaden Sonic\'s appeal to western markets, Iizuka gave western developer, Backbone Entertainment, a shot at developing Sonic titles (*Sonic Rivals* and *Sonic Rivals 2*) under his team\'s supervision for the PlayStation Portable console.
In 2008, Sega\'s American division, Sega Studio USA, was absorbed back into Sonic Team Japan, making Iizuka the producer for the *Sonic* series at Sonic Team and the head of the company as well. In 2016, Iizuka relocated to Los Angeles to become the VP of Product Development at Sega of America, while retaining his title as the head of Sonic Team.
In 2022, it was revealed that Iizuka designed a game named *Devi & Pii* for the Sega Genesis in 1992, but it was never released. It would finally be released on October 27, 2022, for the Sega Genesis Mini 2, however.
## Legacy
Game journalist from *Wired* described Takashi Iizuka as a difficult man to read, as he tends to slip into corporate speak especially when discussing mixed reception of *Sonic* games. His long time colleague and composer, Tomoko Sasaki, however described him as someone who \"offered a different and fresh, almost unpredictable, way of thinking\" and got along well with him from the very start
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# Carrington, New South Wales
**Carrington** is a suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, and is named after Lord Carrington, governor of New South Wales in 1887 when the area was proclaimed a municipality.
Carrington had a population of almost 2,000 in 2016.
## Origins
Carrington was known by Aboriginal people as the place of the mud crab \"wuna-r tee\". Early land use by Aboriginals was for fishing and gathering oysters and mud crabs. During the settlement of 1804, it was referred to as Chapman\'s Island and considered as a site for a gaol.
Carrington is a testament to the white settlers\' need to reshape the environment. Originally, the island was underwater at high tide and was slowly built up by ships dumping ballast and other reclamation work, which eventually saw the island grow out of the mud.
Carrington emerged as a residential suburb in the 1860s when many people moved to the island to escape the dirt and noise of the city or were forced off Honeysuckle Point as a result of land reclamation for port purposes. Early access to the island was by rowboat or punt across Throsby creek or on the Onebygamba express, a two-horse coach. There was also a footbridge from Honeysuckle at one point. Carrington was rich and progressive despite its relatively small size and was one of the few areas of Crown land close to Newcastle, the rest of the land in the area was owned by large companies or private individuals. Carrington was systematically sold off as it became more valuable.
In 1887 Carrington was constituted as a Municipality and the first council meeting was held on 1 June 1888. By 1900, the population was 2200, and Carrington had developed as a working class suburb and had a fearsome reputation. In the 1920s, steelworkers moved into the area, taking advantage of the proximity to the fledgling BHP works.
The Carrington Pump House, pictured, supplied power to a series of cranes which operated along \'The Dyke\' loading ships with coal and other freight. This is probably the most significant surviving building from Newcastle\'s nineteenth century industrial past. These cranes were of the latest technology, built by Armstrong Whitworth in Newcastle upon Tyne.
The Great Depression hit Carrington with a vengeance. In 1933 Carrington had up to 58% of wage earners either unemployed or in part-time employ. A shanty town called \"Texas\" sprung up during the depression and provided shelter for many homeless and unemployed. It got the name Texas due to the fact that land used to be used for stables.
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# Carrington, New South Wales
## Street Names {#street_names}
Most streets throughout the suburb are named after prominent pre-federation administrators, politicians and monarchs:
### Queen of Australia {#queen_of_australia}
The following streets are named after former Queens of Australia:
- Elizabeth St, Elizabeth II (renamed from William St for 1954 Royal Tour of Australia
- Victoria St, Victoria
### Governor of New South Wales {#governor_of_new_south_wales}
The following streets are named after former Governors of New South Wales:
- Young St, Sir John Young
- Gipps St, Sir George Gipps
- Bourke St, Sir Richard Bourke
- Darling St, Sir Ralph Darling
- Fitzroy St, Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy
- Denison St, Sir William Denison
### Chief Justice of New South Wales {#chief_justice_of_new_south_wales}
The following streets are named after former Chief Justices of New South Wales:
- Forbes St, Sir Francis Forbes
- Hargrave St, Sir John Hargrave (Supreme Court Judge only)
### Premier of New South Wales {#premier_of_new_south_wales}
The following streets are named after former Premiers of New South Wales:
- Cowper St, Sir Charles Cowper
- Parker St, Sir Henry Parker
- Robertson St, Sir John Robertson
### Politicians
- Arnold St, William Arnold
- Darvall St, Sir John Darvall
- Garrett St, Thomas Garrett
- Smart St, Thomas Smart
- Wilson St, Bowie Wilson (previously Little Dension St)
### Carrington Council {#carrington_council}
- Booth St, Edward Booth, Alderman of Carrington Council
- Coe St, H.N. Coe, Last Mayor of Carrington Council
- Doran St, James Doran, Mayor of Carrington Council
- Howden St, John Howden, Early settler & developer
- Marsden St, George Marsden, Mayor of Carrington Council
- Mathieson St, Alexander Mathieson, Mayor of Carrington Council (previously Little Gipps St)
- McCann St, Robert McCann, Mayor of Carrington Council
- Rodgers St, James Stuart Rodgers, Mayor of Carrington Council (previously Little Young St)
- Scott St, David Scott, Mayor of Carrington Council & Member of Parliament for Newcastle (previously Little Bourke St)
## Today
Carrington is a mixed residential, commercial and industrial development that is physically separated from other suburbs. It is close to the harbour and central business district, services the Port and as such has expensive housing. It is accessible by Cowper Street bridge over Throsby Creek.
## Population
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 1,929 people in Carrington.
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 7.2% of the population.
- 85.2% of people were born in Australia and 90.4% of people only spoke English at home.
- The most common responses for religion were No Religion 43.1%, Catholic 18.4% and Anglican 16.3%.
## Heritage listings {#heritage_listings}
Carrington has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
- 106 Bourke Street: Carrington Pump House
## Gallery
<File:Carrington_Council_Chambers.JPG%7CCarrington> council chambers, built in 1888 and now in use as a community centre. <File:Carrington_Council_Chambers1.JPG%7CCarrington> council chambers, built in 1888 <File:Newcastle_Port_Corporation.jpg%7CSign> outside the entrance of Newcastle Port Corporation. In the background is the ruins of Carrington Power station <File:Carrington> grain storage silos.jpg\|Grain storage silos, Carrington port district, Newcastle, New South Wales
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# Cheb Airfield
**Cheb Airfield** (*Letiště Cheb*; ICAO: LKCB) is an airport in Cheb in the Czech Republic. It is the oldest airport in the country.
## History
The aerodrome was built during the World War I to serve needs of the Austro-Hungarian Army. In 1918, when Czechoslovakia was created, it was the only working airfield in the country. The first airplanes for the newly formed Czechoslovakian Army were obtained from here. Later, the army set up a pilot training center next to the airfield.
During World War II Germans built a large aircraft factory (Eger Flugzeugwerke GmbH) next to the airfield. The factory repaired and produced parts Heinkel He 111, Heinkel He 177, Heinkel He 219 and Messerschmitt Me 262. American bombing at the end of war destroyed the aerodrome and the factory, with one of the military airfield\'s circular concrete dispersal areas at its periphery being the \"final resting place\" for the He 177 V101 four-engined prototype heavy bomber, apparently wrecked there at the war\'s close.
At the airfield is also located the VOR/DME station (call sign OKG).
The airfield was reopened 19 August 2010 as public domestic aerodrome and operational availability is VFR DAY. The original concrete runway 06/24 is repaired in the length of 1000 m and width of 18 m. The grass runway 05/23 is 1000 m long and 25 m wide.
## Literature
- Luděk Matějíček: *Chebská křídla* (*Wings from Cheb*), 2006, `{{ISBN|80-86808-27-0}}`{=mediawiki}. Extended second edition published in 2013
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# Punjab State Carrom Association
The **Punjab State Carrom Association** (PSCA) is the Punjab, India state sport federation for the indigenous game of carrom, and is a state affiliate of the All India Carrom Federation (AICF), India\'s national branch of the International Carrom Federation (ICF). The PSCA was formed during 1996--97 in Sirhind, Punjab, Northern India. There were ten district associations affiliated with PSCA of which the Tarn Taran and Amritsar associations are the largest. The PSCA\'s headquarters are in Mohali, Punjab. Till November 2022, The association has organized 5 State championships and 1 National championship.
## Officials
The PSCA has elected officers, including (as of 2018):
- President: Col. CS Bawa
- Executive President: Harjeet Singh
- Vice-president/Joint Secretary: Gurdeep Singh
- General Secretary: Gurinder Singh (Mohali); also a Joint Secretary of the North Zone Carrom Association (NZCA), an officer of two of the district PSCA affiliates, and a well-known tournament player
- Treasurer: SK Viz
## Affiliated district associations {#affiliated_district_associations}
### Amritsar District Carrom Association {#amritsar_district_carrom_association}
ADCA affiliated with the PSCA on 14 February 2007. Because of the formation of new district called Tarn Taran, the officials of the ADCA shifted to the new Tarn Taran District Carrom Association, as the result of a meeting. ADCA was reformed subsequently, with new officers:
- Khalsa Gurbachan Singh -- Patron in Chief
- Jaswant Singh -- President
- Gurdev Singh -- General Secretary
- Simranjit Singh -- Treasurer
### Mohali District Carrom Association {#mohali_district_carrom_association}
The largest number of players in national tournaments to date were MDCA members. Officers include:
- Gurinder Singh -- General Secretary (also General Secretary of PSCA, and officer of GTBSC)
MDCA players were champs at the state level and performed well in many nationals. It included Harpreet Singh, Amarpreet Singh Johal, Taranpreet Pahwa and Sukhpreet Kaur, among others.
### Tarn Taran District Carrom Association {#tarn_taran_district_carrom_association}
TTDCA(also Called TDCA) was formed in 2007 from ADCA, when Tarn Taran was declared as its own district that year, and the ADCA officers moved into the same positions in the TDCA. Its officials include:
- Balwinder Singh - General Secretary (also Vice-president of the PSCA)
- Rajinder Sharma - Committee Member
- Shanti Sharma - Committee Member
Longstanding TDCA player and coach Reeta Rani held 6th rank in the Youth National tournament held in at Alibag, Maharashtra. Other Notable players from TDCA includes Bholu Kapoor, Germanjeet Kaur, and Ramanpreet Kaur, among others.
### Fatehgarh Sahib District Carrom Association (FSDCA) {#fatehgarh_sahib_district_carrom_association_fsdca}
FSDCA was formed in 1997. This association also conducted First Punjab State Carrom Championship. Notable players include Gurvinder Singh, Jatinder Pal Singh Batra, Harjatinder Singh, Vikrat Sharma.
### Sangrur District Carrom Association (SDCA) {#sangrur_district_carrom_association_sdca}
SDCA was formed in 2000. Heena Habib, Shahbaz Habib, Shamim Ahmed, Ammen Habib aka Payal Khan, Rubal Khan are notable players of the said association.
### Patiala District Carrom Association (PDCA) {#patiala_district_carrom_association_pdca}
PDCA was made in year 2000. This association conducted seventh north zone carrom tournament. Harsimrat Singh is notable player of said association
### Other associations {#other_associations}
Following were other associations which remain inactive:
- Faridkot District Carrom Association (FDCA)
- Hoshiarpur District Carrom Association (HDCA)
- Jalandhar District Carrom Association (JDCA)
- Ropar District Carrom Association (RPCA)
## Carrom Clubs under PSCA {#carrom_clubs_under_psca}
### Guru Tegh Bahadur Sports Club {#guru_tegh_bahadur_sports_club}
The GTBSC was a Mohali District carrom club based at Mohali. This club was formed in 2006. This was first ever Carrom club in Mohali for said sport. The club was directly associated with the PSCA, rather than the Mohali District Carrom Association (MDCA), despite its location. The officers include:
- Mr. S.K. Viz - President
- Gurinder Singh (also General Secretary, PSCA and MHDC) - General Secretary and incoming President
- Mr. P. Singh Arora - Treasurer
- Mr. Sarabjit Singh - Committee Member
Carrom players of the GTBSC won top positions in state-level Carrom championships and performed well in several national tournaments. Apart from Carrom, the club was also active in table tennis, volleyball, and chess.
- This club is currently inactive.
| 670 |
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| 0 |
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# Punjab State Carrom Association
## Work and achievements {#work_and_achievements}
- The PSCA had organised two open state championships, one with FSDCA at Sirhind in August 2000, and he other with ADCA at Khadoor Sahib in 2002. PSCA General Secretary Gurinder Singh played an important role in the tournaments as an organizer. The tournaments were successful and helped raise local public interest in carrom. PSCA Vice-president Balwinder Singh also played an important role as an organizer in the second state championship even though he was ill at the time.
- A senior national and inter state Carrom championship was organized jointly by the PSCA and the Chandigarh Carrom Association (CCA), at Jalandhar, Punjab, under the auspices of the AICF, on 2 September--7, 2000, with PSCA General Secretary Gurinder Singh acting as Deputy Championship Director. This was also a great success for the PSCA. Twenty-six states and thirteen institutions participated in the event. Krishnan K. Sharma (President, ICF), Sarabjit Singh (President, AICF), S.K. Sharma (General Secretary, AICF) and many others congratulated PSCA and CCA for jointly undertaking the prestigious event.
- The PSCA conducted the Seventh North Zone Carrom Championship, at Vir Hakikat Rai Public Cchool, Patiala from 26 January--28, 2007. Punjab champions Heena Habib and Sukhpreet Kaur were subsequently selected to participate in the All India Zonal Tournament.
- The PSCA has also helped with multi-sport tournaments featuring carrom, held in Punjab.
## Outstanding Players of PSCA {#outstanding_players_of_psca}
### Men
#### Harpreet Singh {#harpreet_singh}
- Winner -- Sub Junior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
- Stood 5th -- Junior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
- Runner up -- Junior -- 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
- Second Runner up -- Senior -- 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
- Runner Up - Team Championship -- 1st Punjab School State Carrom Championship.
- Winner -- Individual Event - 1st Punjab School State Carrom Championship.
- Scholarship from NSI Patiala for winning in sub junior event in 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
#### Amarpreet Singh {#amarpreet_singh}
- Second Runner Up -- Sub Junior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
- Winner -- Sub Junior -- 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
- Runner Up - Team Championship -- 1st Punjab School State Carrom Championship.
- Second Runner Up -- Individual Event - 1st Punjab School State Carrom Championship.
- Scholarship from NSI Patiala for winning in sub junior event in 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
#### Shahbaz Habib {#shahbaz_habib}
- Runner Up -- Senior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
- Winner -- Senior -- 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
#### Saurabh Sharma {#saurabh_sharma}
- Winner -- Junior -- 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
- Winner -- Senior -- 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
- Left the PSCA and now playing from Haryana State Carrom Association.
#### Shamim Ahmed {#shamim_ahmed}
- Second Runner up -- senior -- 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
#### Gurvinder Singh {#gurvinder_singh}
- Runner up -- Junior -- 1st Punjab State Carrom Championship 2000
- Winner -- Junior -- 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
### Women
#### Heena Habib {#heena_habib}
- Runner Up -- Senior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
- Winner -- Senior -- 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
- Second Runner up in 1st north zone Carrom tournament.
#### Sukhpreet Kaur {#sukhpreet_kaur}
- Winner -- Sub Junior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
- Winner -- Sub Junior -- 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
- Runner up -- junior -- 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
- Runner up -- Senior -- 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
- Winner -- Individual Event - 1st Punjab School State Carrom Championship.
- 6th Rank in 1st North Zone carrom Championship
- 1st Scholarship from NSI Patiala for winning in sub junior event in 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
- 2nd Scholarship from NSI Patiala for winning in sub junior event in 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
#### Bholu Kapoor {#bholu_kapoor}
- Winner -- Junior - 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
- Scholarship from NSI Patiala for winning in junior event in 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
#### Reeta Rani {#reeta_rani}
- Second Runner up -- Senior -- 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
- 6th in Youth National Championship at Alibagh.
#### Payal kha Aka Ammen {#payal_kha_aka_ammen}
- Runner Up -- Sub Junior -- 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
- Runner Up -- Sub Junior -- 2nd Punjab state Carrom championship 2002.
#### Rubal Khan {#rubal_khan}
- Second Runner Up -- Senior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
#### Bhavneet Kaur {#bhavneet_kaur}
- Winner -- Junior - 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000.
- Winner -- Senior -- 1st Punjab state Carrom championship 2000
| 802 |
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| 1 |
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# The Saga of Mayflower May
***The Saga of Mayflower May*** is Marissa Nadler\'s second full-length studio album, released in 2005 on US label Eclipse Records, and distributed later that year in Europe by British label Beautiful Happiness. The album followed the breakup of her relationship with her previous collaborator, Myles Baer. She explained, \"Heartbreak was like water to a plant for my songwriting. I hate to say it was one of the times where I was feeling the most manic and the most inspired\".
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Marissa Nadler.
1. \"Under an Old Umbrella\" -- 4:13
2. \"The Little Famous Song\" -- 3:14
3. \"Mr. John Lee (Velveteen Rose)\" - 3:34
4. \"Damsels in the Dark\" - 1:37
5. \"Lily, Henry, and the Willow Trees\" - 2:45
6. \"Yellow Lights\" - 2:54
7. \"Old Love Haunts Me in the Morning\" - 3:07
8. \"My Little Lark\" - 2:54
9. \"In the Time of the Lorry Low\" - 3:04
10. \"Calico\" - 3:30
11. \"Horses and Their Kin\" - 4:30
## Credits
### Musicians
- Marissa Nadler - guitar, vocals, 12-string guitar, background vocals.
- Brian McTear - Hammond organ on \"Mr. John Lee\", \"Yellow Lights\" and \"My Little Lark\"
- Nick Castro - tin whistle on \"The Little Famous Song\", piano on \"Old Love Haunts Me in the Morning\"
### Production
- Recorded at Miner Street/Cycle Sound Studios, Philadelphia, PA
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# Oulad Tidrarin
The **Oulad Tidrarin** (*Awlād Tīdrārīn*) is a Sahrawi tribe of Arab origin. They speak Hassaniya Arabic. They are Muslims, belonging to the Maliki school of Sunni Islam. They live mainly in Western Sahara but also in Morocco and Mauritania.
The Oulad Tidrarin settled the Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro areas of Northwest Africa, their original home. Many live in the Cape Bojador and the coastline of the south of Morocco, some on the coast of Saguia el-Hamra and some branches live in the south and east of Mauritania. There are some members of the Uladsliman and Lidadsa in subgroups in Mali.
## Etymology
The name Tidrarin is Berber and means \'mountain dweller\'. It is the diminutive form of `{{Transliteration|ber|idrarin}}`{=mediawiki} (\"mountains\").
## History
The Oulad Tidrarin are said to be founded by Hannin whose alias was Tidrarin (the mountain dweller). Hannin may have lived in the 15th century and was originally from the Adrar in Mauritania but was taken to what is today Western Sahara after being captured by a ghazi. Ali, the great-great grandson of Hannin, is said to be the ancestor of most of the fractions of the tribes. Furthermore, seven of the Oulad Tidrarin\'s fractions descend from Sidi Ahmed Bou Ghambor who was an important and powerful chief at the end of the 17th century and beginning of the 18th during the Oulad Tidrarin\'s zenith.
The tribe entered a period of decline in the 18th century and eventually they were forced to pay the horma to the Oulad Delim becoming their tributaries. Only the Ahel Taleb Ali avoided this. They were reduced from a zawaya tribe to the status of a znaga tribe and were not allowed to bear arms.
In 1888, they rebelled against the Oulad Delim and in retaliation the Oulad Delim killed 22 Tidrarinis at Tah. This caused many Tidrarinis to seek refuge and migrate to Morocco. Eventually, other tribes like the Reguibat who sided the Oulad Tidrarin and the Ait Lahcen of the Tekna who joined the Oulad Delim joined the war. However, the Reguibat made peace with the Oulad Delim which led to more of the Oulad Tidrarin migrating to Morocco and the ones who remained being forced to pay tribute to the Oulad Delim.
Because of the imposed Spanish peace, the Oulad Tidrarin were freed from the horma and prospered comparatively to the Oulad Delim. In 1950, they owned more camels than the Oulad Delim and by the 1970s, they were mainly sedentary like other Sahrawi tribes. According to the 1974 Spanish census, they mainly lived in Laayoune, Dakhla and Boujdour.
## Subdivisions
The Oulad Tidrarin are made up of 10 fractions:
- Ahel Taleb Ali
- Oulad Moussa - They were one of the fractions that descended from Sidi Bou Ghambor and when the Oulad Tidrarin were forced to pay the horma to the Oulad Delim, they paid the horma to the Loudeikat fraction of the Oulad Delim.
- Oulad Ali
- Laboubat
- El-Faaris
- Lahseinat/El-Haseinat
- Oulad Souleiman
- Ahel Esteila
- Ahel Hadj
- Lidadsa
The Lidadsa and the El-Haseinat were adopted into the tribe so they do not descend from Ali, the great-great-grandson of Hannin (Tidrarin).
## Religious activism {#religious_activism}
The tribe has established centres for the spread of Islamic culture, particularly along the Atlantic coast region. They have received recognition from the Moroccan sultans for their work in this area
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# Boris Grakov
**Boris Nikolayevich Grakov** (*Борис Николаевич Граков*) (`{{OldStyleDate|December 13|1899|December 1}}`{=mediawiki}, in Onega -- September 14, 1970, in Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian archaeologist, who specialized in Scythian and Sarmatian archeology, classical philology, and ancient epigraphy.
Grakov was graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology division of Moscow State University in 1922. He began performing excavations near the Volga river and the Ural Mountains in 1925 and, as of 1937, in Ukraine. He was awarded a Doctor of Science degree in history in 1939, after which he became a professor at the university.
Grakov systematized the huge amount of existing information on ceramic stamps of Ancient Greece and created the full catalog of such ceramic stamps from the Northern Black Sea region. During 1938-41 and 1944-52, he excavated Kamenskoe Gorodishche near Nikopol. This was a large center of the Bronze Age and Iron Age culture of Scythians.
He resolved issues that existed about Scythian ethnic geography and about the social structure and industries of Scythians and Sarmatians. He identified the main milestones within the sixth to fourth century BC Sarmatian culture in the regions of Volga and Ural. In particular, between 1945 and 1947, he proposed the four-phase periodization scheme for history and culture of Sarmatian tribes in those regions.
Grakov was an important mentor to Anna Melyukova, who became his collaborator on researching and publishing material on the Scythians, and upon his death, who succeeded him as the head of the department of Scythology at Moscow State University.
Grakov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour and various medals
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# Lewis Tillman (American football)
**Lewis Darnell Tillman** (born April 16, 1966) is an American former professional football running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played for seven seasons for the New York Giants and the Chicago Bears. He played college football at Jackson State University and was selected in the fourth round of the 1989 NFL draft.
On January 31, 2012, it was announced that Tillman would be the new running backs coach for the Texas Southern Tigers.
## NFL Running Back 7yrs {#nfl_running_back_7yrs}
- New York Giants 5 years (1989--1993)
- Chicago Bears 2 years (1994--1995)
- Tillman was drafted in the 4th round in 1989 by the NY Giants.
- He spent five years as a running back and special teams player for the Giants.
- He also was part the NY Giants Super Bowl Championship team in 1991.
- He spent two seasons with the Chicago Bears where he was the leading rusher in 1994.
- Prior to the NFL, Tillman enjoyed a great career at Jackson State University where he broke Walter Payton\'s school career rushing record with 3,989 yards.
- He was a two-time Kodak All-American and Walter Camp All-American.
- In addition to being named the SWAC Offensive Player of the Year in 1987, he won the MVP award in both the East-West Shrine and Blue-Gray All-Star games.
- Since retiring from the NFL, Tillman has coached for 18 years on the high school and collegiate level
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# John Marshall (guitarist)
**John Marshall** (born January 4, 1962) is an American musician, best known as a former guitarist for the heavy metal band Metal Church (1986--1996, 1998--2001). He was the guitar tech for Metallica\'s lead guitarist Kirk Hammett. Marshall also became the fill-in rhythm guitarist for Metallica\'s James Hetfield on two occasions when Hetfield was injured. First in 1986 (while still performing his duties as guitar tech) while Hetfield\'s wrist was broken, and again in 1992 when Hetfield was recovering from burn injuries. Marshall joined the band onstage for a performance of \"Sad but True\" during Metallica\'s four-day 30th anniversary concert in December 2011 at the Fillmore in San Francisco. He also briefly played in progressive thrash metal band Blind Illusion (which also featured Les Claypool and Larry LaLonde of Primus).
Marshall stands 6 ft. Marshall also has Type 1 diabetes.
As of 2010, Marshall also worked for Mesa/Boogie Amplification, being an employee since 1995. He currently works in the company\'s R&D department, and was the lead designer for Mesa Rectifier \"Reborn\" series, which was released in 2010
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# Ron Rivers
**Ron Rivers** (born November 13, 1971) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for six seasons with the Detroit Lions and Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). Rivers played college football for the Fresno State Bulldogs, rushing for 3,473 yards and 28 touchdowns in three seasons, with an average of over 6 yards per carry. He also caught 56 passes for 558 yards and another touchdown, and returned 19 kickoffs for 357 yards. Rivers went on to play six seasons in the NFL, recording 1,490 all-purpose yards and 4 touchdowns.
Rivers\' son, Ronnie Rivers, also attended California State University, Fresno, where he broke his father\'s school record for touchdowns (52) and recorded 5,028 all-purpose yards. After going undrafted in 2022, Ronnie Rivers signed as a free agent with the Arizona Cardinals
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# Shanxi Coking Company
**Shanxi Coking Co., Ltd.** (SCC) is a publicly traded coke manufacturing conglomerate in China. The company was listed on Shanghai Stock Exchange.
In 2015 Shanxi Coking had sold 3.25 million tons of coke, 233.9 thousand tons of methanol, 62.4 thousand tons of carbon black, 91.9 thousand tons of asphalt and 14.9 thousand tons of coking toluene (`{{zh|s=焦化甲苯}}`{=mediawiki}). The listed company also had a massive related deal with its largest shareholder Shanxi Coking Coal Group, which purchased `{{CNY|link=yes|2.1 [[1,000,000,000|billion]]}}`{=mediawiki} of coal from the company in 2015.
## History
**Shanxi Coking Co., Ltd.** was incorporated on 23 October 1995 as company limited by shares, as a subsidiary of Shanxi Coking Group (`{{zh|s=山西焦化集团}}`{=mediawiki}). On 8 August 1996, the shares of the company started to float on Shanghai Stock Exchange. In 2001 the parent company merged with other companies to form Shanxi Coking Coal Group (`{{zh|s=山西焦煤集团}}`{=mediawiki}). In 2005 Shanxi Coking Group sold 24.19% stake of the listed company to Xishan Coal and Electricity Power (`{{zh|s=西山煤电股份}}`{=mediawiki}) another listed company and subsidiary of Shanxi Coking Coal Group for `{{CNY|link=yes|260 million}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{CNY|4.87}}`{=mediawiki} per share). After the deal Shanxi Coking Group owned 34.15% stake and Xishan Coal & Electricity Power owned 24.19% stake. After several capital increases, Shanxi Coking Group owned 14.22% stake and Xishan Coal & Electricity Power owned 11.50% stake only.
A backdoor listing of 49% equity stake in Huajin Energy (`{{zh|s=山西中煤华晋能源有限责任公司}}`{=mediawiki}) was announced in April 2016 by issuing new shares and cash to acquire from Shanxi Coking Group. The rest of the stake was owned by another listed company (and competitor) China Coal Energy. After the deal, Shanxi Coking Coal Group would owned 47.87% stake of the listed company via wholly owned subsidiary Shanxi Coking Group and 5.27% stake via subsidiary Xishan Coal and Electricity Power.
According to China Coal Energy, Huajin Energy produced 9.95 million tonnes of coal in 2015, accounted for 10.4% total production mass of China Coal Energy.
## Shareholders
As of 31 December 2015, Shanxi Coking Group owned 14.22% stake as the largest shareholder. It was followed by Xishan Coal and Electricity Power (11.50%), both subsidiary of Shanxi Coking Coal Group
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# Plasmodium hegneri
***Plasmodium hegneri*** is a parasite of the genus *Plasmodium* subgenus *Papernaia*.
Like all *Plasmodium* species *P. hegneri* has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.
## Description
The parasite was first described by Manwell and Kuntz in 1966.
It is related to the following species
*Plasmodium asanum*\
*Plasmodium circumflexum*\
*Plasmodium durae*\
*Plasmodium fallax*\
*Plasmodium formosanum*\
*Plasmodium gabaldoni*\
*Plasmodium lophrae*\
*Plasmodium lophrae*\
*Plasmodium pediocetti*\
*Plasmodium pinotti*\
*Plasmodium polare*
## Geographical occurrence {#geographical_occurrence}
This species was originally isolated in Taiwan but is likely to be much more widespread.
## Clinical features and host pathology {#clinical_features_and_host_pathology}
This species infects the common or European teal (*Anas crecca*)
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# Lia (Japanese singer)
**Lia** (born December 20; also stylized in all caps as **LIA**) is a Japanese singer and songwriter. Lia recorded \"Tori no Uta\" for Key\'s 2000 visual novel *Air*, which was reused in its 2005 anime adaptation and became influential in popular culture. She additionally recorded two other tracks for the visual novel, which were commercially successful.
Lia has continued to work with Key by performing songs for their 2004 visual novel *Clannad* and its 2008 anime adaptation, *Clannad After Story*, the 2005 adult visual novel *Tomoyo After: It\'s a Wonderful Life*, as well as the opening themes for Key\'s original anime series *Angel Beats!* in 2010 and *Charlotte* in 2015. Her other songs used in anime include *RF Online* and *Initial D Fourth Stage*.
In 2012, the Vocaloid software IA was released, which sampled Lia\'s voice and earned a large fanbase.
## Career
Lia graduated from the Berklee College of Music. Afterwards, she lived in Los Angeles and recorded demo tapes with the help of a friend. Originally asked to help translate between the recording staff and the studio, Visual Arts asked Lia if she could fill in for an absent vocalist. Lia recorded her first song \"Tori no Uta\" at Paramount Studio.
Lia was a member of Japanese techno/trance music production group I\'ve Sound from 2001 to 2003, where she performed \"Disintegration\" in the *Disintegration* compilation album. She signed with Key Sounds Label in 2001, and Pony Canyon in 2004. Lia produced four albums in the happy hardcore genre; these albums have her name in all capital letters.
Lia performed the opening and ending themes of two of Key\'s visual novels---*Air* and *Tomoyo After: It\'s a Wonderful Life*---as well as the opening themes for Key\'s two original anime series---*Angel Beats!* and *Charlotte*. She performed the theme song for the MMORPG *RF Online* entitled \"The Force of Love\". Lia has also performed some Eurobeat songs for the anime series *Initial D Fourth Stage* entitled \"All Around\" and \"Sky High\" under the Avex Trax label. To celebrate her 20th anniversary as an artist, she released a compilation album titled *Lia 20th Best* on November 25, 2020.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Lia is fluent in English and Japanese. On July 1, 2009, Lia announced on her blog that she was married and pregnant. She gave birth to a daughter on January 31, 2010. On June 27, 2013, Lia gave birth to her second child, a son. She has been living in Hong Kong since 2014.
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# Lia (Japanese singer)
## Discography
### Singles
1. \"Natsukage / Nostalgia\" (December 24, 2001)
2. \"Shift: Sedai no Mukō\" (December 29, 2001)
3. \"I\'m Feeling\" (July 1, 2003) -- Analog single
4. \"Birthday Song, Requiem\" (June 25, 2004)
5. \"Spica/Hanabi/Moon\" (June 25, 2004)
6. \"Kimi no Yoin: Tōi no Sora no Shita de\" (March 24, 2005)
7. \"Tori no Uta / Farewell Song\" (May 23, 2006) -- Analog single
- Opening/ending themes of *Air*
8. \"Pride: Try to Fight!\" (June 21, 2006)
- The title song was used as an ending theme of *Crash B-Daman*
9. \"Over the Future\" (November 22, 2006)
- \"Over the Future\" was used as an ending theme of *Crash B-Daman*
10. \"Doll / Human\" (January 30, 2008) -- Single with Aoi Tada **#54 on Oricon**
- \"Doll\" and \"Human\" were used as ending themes for *Gunslinger Girl -Il Teatrino-*
11. \"Toki o Kizamu Uta / Torch\" (November 14, 2008) **#13 on Oricon**
- Opening/ending themes of the *Clannad After Story* anime series
12. \"My Soul, Your Beats! / Brave Song\" (May 26, 2010) -- Single with Aoi Tada **#3 on Oricon**
- Performed \"My Soul, Your Beats!\", which was used as the opening theme to the *Angel Beats!* anime series
13. \"Ashita Tenki ni Naare\" (July 21, 2010)
- Title song was used as the first ending theme for *Daimajin Kanon* and \"Aruite Kaerō\" was used for the second ending theme
14. \"Kizunairo\" (October 27, 2010) **#6 on Oricon**
- Opening theme for the *Fortune Arterial* anime series
15. \"Justitia\"
- Opening theme for the *Wizard Barristers* anime series
16. \"Daze / Days\" (June 18, 2014)
- Performed \"Days\", which was used as the ending theme for the *Mekakucity Actors* anime series
17. \"Heartily Song\" (April 1, 2015)
- Opening theme for the *Angel Beats! -1st beat-* visual novel
18. \"Bravely You / Yakeochinai Tsubasa\" (August 26, 2015) -- Single with Aoi Tada **#4 on Oricon**
- Performed \"Bravely You\", which was used as the opening theme to the *Charlotte* anime series
### Albums
#### Original albums {#original_albums}
1. *Prismatic*, Released June 25, 2004
2. *Colors of life*, Released May 25, 2005
3. *Gift*, Released December 29, 2005
4. *Dearly*, Released November 1, 2006
5. *Collection Album Vol.1 \[Diamond Days\]*, Released September 19, 2007
6. *Collection Album Vol.2 \[Crystal Voice\]*, Released October 17, 2007
7. *New Moon*, Released September 2, 2008
8. *Key+Lia Best 2001--2010*, Released June 24, 2011
#### Happy hardcore albums {#happy_hardcore_albums}
1. *enigmatic LIA*, Released September 22, 2005
2. *enigmatic LIA 2*, Released February 16, 2007
3. *Collection Album \[Spectrum Rays\]*, Released October 17, 2007
4. *enigmatic LIA 3 -worldwide collection-*, Released April 1, 2009
5. *enigmatic LIA 4 -Anthemical Keyworlds- & -Anthemnia L\'s core-*, Released June 22, 2011
### Other songs {#other_songs}
- \"Akai Yakusoku\" (*Fortune Arterial* visual novel ending theme)
- \"Aozora\" (*Air* insert song)
- \"All Around\" / \"Sky High\" (*Initial D 4th Stage* insert songs)
- \"Ana\" (*Clannad* insert song)
- \"Yakusoku\" (*Clannad film* image song)
- \"Light colors\" (Opening theme of *Tomoyo After: It\'s a Wonderful Life*)
- \"Life is like a Melody\" (Ending theme of *Tomoyo After*)
- \"Last regrets -acoustic version-\" (featured on the *Kanon* arrange album *Recollections*)
- \"The Force of Love\" (Theme song for MMORPG *RF Online*)
- \"Girls Can Rock\" / \"Feel Like A Girl\" (*School Rumble: Second Term* insert songs)
- \"Horizon\" (featured in *Beatmania IIDX 11: IIDX RED*, produced by Kosuke Saito aka kors k)
- \"Saya\'s Song\" (*Little Busters! Ecstasy* insert song)
- \"Tazunebito\" (*Hoshiuta* opening theme)
- \"Hoshikuzu no Kizuna\" (*Hoshiuta: Starlight Serenade* opening theme)
- \"Mado Kara Mieru\" (*Calling All Dawns*)
- \"Asu ni Mukatte, Get Dream!\" (*Crash B-Daman* first ending theme)
- \"I scream Chocolatl\" (Team Nekokan feat
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# Montagnac-d'Auberoche
**Montagnac-d\'Auberoche** (`{{IPA|fr|mɔ̃taɲak dobʁɔʃ}}`{=mediawiki}; *Montanhac d\'Aubaròcha*) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. The village is situated on a hill near the river Auvézère, 19 km east of Périgueux
| 35 |
Montagnac-d'Auberoche
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10,124,522 |
# Songs III: Bird on the Water
***Songs III: Bird on the Water*** is Marissa Nadler\'s third full-length studio album, released in March 2007 on Peacefrog Records. It was distributed in the US and Canada in August 2007 by New York City-based Kemado Records.
## Reception
The album was nominated for Best Americana Record of the Year at the 2007 PLUG Awards; Nadler was also nominated as Best Female Artist. After the album, Nadler also won \"Outstanding Singer-Songwriter of the Year\" at the 2008 Boston Music Awards, with three nominations altogether.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Diamond Heart\" -- 3:47
2. \"Dying Breed\" -- 3:38
3. \"Mexican Summer\" - 5:27
4. \"Thinking of You\" - 3:36
5. \"Silvia\" - 5:40
6. \"Bird on Your Grave\" - 5:02
7. \"Rachel\" - 4:20
8. \"Feathers\" - 3:59
9. \"Famous Blue Raincoat\" - 4:23
10. \"My Love and I\" - 3:32
11. \"Leather Made Shoes\" - 4:42
The US release of this album included a digital bonus EP with the following tracks:
1. \"Conjuring Spirit Worlds\" - 5:00
2. \"Daisy & Violet\" - 3:41
3. \"Honey Bear\" - 3:25
4. \"Cortez the Killer\" - 3:57
## Singles
- \"Diamond Heart\"/\"Leather Made Shoes\" (May 2006)
- \"Diamond Heart\"/\"Dying Breed\" (February 2007)
- \"Bird on Your Grave\" (music video only) (October 2007)
## Credits
### Album
- Marissa Nadler - vocals, guitar, background vocals
- Greg Weeks - synthesiser, acid leads, vocals
- Helena Espvall - cello
- Orion Rigel Dommisse - synthesiser
- Jesse Sparhawk - mandolin, harp
- Otto Hauser - percussion
**All songs written by Marissa Nadler, except:**
- \"Famous Blue Raincoat,\" written by Leonard Cohen.
- \"Cortez the Killer,\" written by Neil Young.
### Production
- Recorded by Greg Weeks at Hexham Head Studio, Philadelphia, PA.
- Produced by Greg Weeks and Marissa Nadler
- Mastered by Mandy Parnell at [Electric Mastering](http://www.electricmastering.com), London
- Design by [David Lovelock - formerly stuidospecial](https://davidlovelock.com). Inside photograph by Socrates Mitsios
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# Ysgol Tre-Gib
**Ysgol Tre-Gib** was a bilingual, English language / Welsh language comprehensive school for pupils aged 11 yrs to 18 years based in Ffairfach, Llandeilo in Carmarthenshire, Wales, bordering on the Brecon Beacons National Park.
The school served a large catchment area from Llandovery to the north to Ammanford to the south.
Some famous rugby union players attended this school, including Luke Charteris, who later played for Bath.
Plans were afoot to merge Ysgol Tre-Gib with Llandovery\'s Ysgol Pantycelyn, with the new school being called Ysgol Dyffryn Tywi. However, there was opposition to the closure of Llandovery\'s main school. The new school is called Ysgol Bro Dinefwr, and all pupils moved to the new campus in September 2016
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# List of Joking Apart episodes
*Joking Apart* is a BBC Television sitcom. The show was produced by Andre Ptaszynski for the independent production company Pola Jones and screened on BBC Two. All twelve episodes from the two series were written by Steven Moffat and directed by Bob Spiers. The pilot was transmitted as part of its *Comic Asides* series of pilot shows on 12 July 1991. The first episode of the series was transmitted on 7 January 1993, and the final transmitted on 7 February 1995.
The show is about the rise and fall of a relationship, juxtaposing a couple, Mark (Robert Bathurst) and Becky (Fiona Gillies), who meet and fall in love before getting separated and finally divorced. The show is semi-autobiographical; it was inspired by the then-recent separation of Moffat and his first wife. Some of the first series followed a non-linear dual structure, contrasting the rise of the relationship with the separation. Other episodes were ensemble farces, predominantly including the couple\'s friends Robert (Paul Raffield) and Tracy (Tracie Bennett). Paul Mark Elliott also appeared as Trevor, Becky\'s lover.
Scheduling problems led to low viewing figures. However, it scored highly on the Appreciation Index and accrued a loyal fanbase. One fan acquired the home video rights from the BBC and released both series on his own DVD label.
## Series overview {#series_overview}
`{{Series overview
| color0S = #FA98C0
| link0S = List of Joking Apart episodes#Pilot (1991)
| linkT0S = Pilot
| start0S = {{Start date|1991|7|12|df=y}}
| color1 = #FFFC72
| link1 = List of Joking Apart episodes#Series 1 (1993)
| episodes1 = 6
| start1 = {{Start date|1993|1|7|df=y}}
| end1 = {{End date|1993|2|11|df=y}}
| color2 = #2134FF
| link2 = List of Joking Apart episodes#Series 2 (1995)
| episodes2 = 6
| start2 = {{Start date|1995|1|3|df=y}}
| end2 = {{End date|1995|2|7|df=y}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
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# List of Joking Apart episodes
## Episodes
### Pilot (1991) {#pilot_1991}
The pilot, directed by John Kilby, was filmed at Pebble Mill in Birmingham on 9--10 August 1990. It was transmitted on BBC2 as part of its *Comic Asides* series of pilot shows on 12 July 1991. It is included on the bonus disc on the second series DVD release.
The stand-up sequences were shot against a black background. Although this made it clearer that they were not \"real\", Moffat thought that it looked odd, and \"hell to look at\". The same script used for the pilot, with minor changes, was reshot by Bob Spiers for the first episode of the series proper. Some footage, such as Mark and Becky\'s first meeting at the funeral, leading to episode one\'s shared director credit between Spiers and Kilby.
### Series 1 (1993) {#series_1_1993}
The first series has been broadcast twice on BBC Two, first in early 1993. It was repeated in early spring 1994 to lead directly into the transmission of the second series, which was scheduled to be broadcast from June 1994. `{{Episode table |background=#FFFC72 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=UK |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|Title=Episode 1
|DirectedBy=[[Bob Spiers]] and John Kilby
|WrittenBy=[[Steven Moffat]]
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1993|1|7|df=y}}
|ShortSummary=Sitcom writer Mark Taylor accidentally attends a funeral, where he meets Becky. The narrative jumps forward to their married life, in which they have a healthy sexual relationship. However, Becky becomes annoyed at his constant jokes, his sarcasm towards her friends, and how he fails to recognise that their relationship is deteriorating. He has noticed that some of her belongings are no longer in the flat. As she arrives home one evening, unaware that her friends are hiding there for a surprise birthday party, Becky tells Mark that she wants a divorce. He gets her to admit that she is being unfaithful to him, before the party guests, who have overheard everything, leave.
|LineColor=FFFC72
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|Title=Episode 2
|DirectedBy=Bob Spiers
|WrittenBy=Steven Moffat
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1993|1|14|df=y}}
|ShortSummary=Robert and Tracy return to check on Mark following his wife's departure. The three recall the circumstances in which they had first met. A flashback shows Becky and Mark's first date. Mark manages to get attached by his wrist to one half of a set of handcuffs before they go out, and has to eat one-handed through the meal. They return to Becky's flat and while Becky is getting ready to join him in bed, Mark strips down to his [[boxer shorts]] and decides to disguise his earlier carelessness by handcuffing himself to the bedframe. Robert and Tracy call on Becky unexpectedly, and Becky claims Mark is mending her bedroom radiator; but Mark is unable to free himself before they enter the bedroom to help.<br />Moffat used a similar scenario for the ''Coupling'' episode "The Freckle, the Key, and the Couple who Weren't"<ref>{{cite episode |title=The Freckle, the Key, and the Couple who Weren't |series=Coupling |credits=wr. Steven Moffat, dir. Martin Dennis |network=BBC Two |airdate=2002-10-21 |season=3 |number=5}}</ref> and reveals in its audio commentary that it is based on a situation with one of his ex-girlfriends.<ref>Moffat, Steven; Davenport, Jack, "The Freckle, the Key, and the Couple who Weren't" ''Coupling'' Series 3, DVD audio commentary.</ref>
|LineColor=FFFC72
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|Title=Episode 3
|DirectedBy=Bob Spiers
|WrittenBy=Steven Moffat
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1993|1|21|df=y}}
|ShortSummary=Mark arrives at Robert and Tracy's house for dinner on the wrong night. The couple are instead expecting Becky and her new boyfriend Trevor. They spend the evening trying to keep Mark and Trevor apart, each initially not knowing that the other is also there. At one stage, hopeful of reconciliation, Mark assumes that his friends are trying to smooth things over between Becky and himself.
|LineColor=FFFC72
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|Title=Episode 4
|DirectedBy=Bob Spiers
|WrittenBy=Steven Moffat
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1993|1|28|df=y}}
|ShortSummary=One of Mark's friends advises him to sleep with a blonde to console himself after (brunette) Becky had rejected his marriage proposals. He does so, but as she is leaving the next morning his date discusses their night together while he is leaving a message on Becky's [[answering machine]]. Becky then turns up to talk about their relationship. Desperate to prevent Becky from hearing the message, he goes to her flat to change the tape, but finds Tracy staying there and has to tell her what has happened; she tries to help him, leading to further difficulties.
|LineColor=FFFC72
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|Title=Episode 5
|DirectedBy=Bob Spiers
|WrittenBy=Steven Moffat
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1993|2|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary=After Mark attempts to return Robert's "[[mobile phone|portable telephone]]", he sleeps with Tracy at her home. Before he can leave, Becky and Robert arrive at the house; Mark hides in the bedroom and the ''en suite'' bathroom. Trevor also eventually arrives. After they end up speaking to each other on the phone from adjacent rooms, Robert eventually realises what has happened and threatens to shoot Mark. The episode concludes with Robert and Tracy's, and Becky and Trevor's relationships in jeopardy.<br />This episode makes extensive use of what Moffat labels "techno-farce", which uses technology, predominantly telephones, to facilitate the farcical situations.<ref name="1.5comm">Moffat, Steven, ''Joking Apart'' Series 1, Episode 5, DVD audio commentary</ref> Moffat considers this episode the best of the show.<ref name="1.5comm"/> Discussing the series as a whole, he feels that the story ends after this episode.<ref name="2.6comm">Moffat, Steven, ''Joking Apart'', Series 2, Episode 6 DVD audio commentary</ref>
|LineColor=FFFC72
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|Title=Episode 6
|DirectedBy=Bob Spiers
|WrittenBy=Steven Moffat
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1993|2|11|df=y}}
|ShortSummary=Mark takes a drunken woman back to his flat. Then Tracy arrives, claiming to be in love with Mark. Becky arrives and claims to want a serious talk. Mark manages to keep all three women apart, but Trevor and Robert then also turn up together and demanding answers. The series ends with Becky and Trevor, and Robert and Tracy reconciling their relationships, and Mark being left alone.
|LineColor=FFFC72
}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
### Series 2 (1995) {#series_2_1995}
The format was changed for this series, with the dual timelines and much of the flashbacks dropped for a more linear narrative. Moffat felt that the relationship had already been sufficiently established in the first series so there was little point going back to the start.
Robert and Tracy are given more stories than in the first series. Their main story arc begins in the third episode when Robert is caught by all of the main characters and his parents in a maid\'s outfit being spanked by a prostitute. The couple temporarily separate while Robert experiments with cross-dressing, but they are reunited by the end of the series
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# Aco Đukanović
**Aleksandar \"Aco\" Đukanović** (`{{lang-cnr-Cyrl|Александар "Ацо" Ђукановић}}`{=mediawiki}; born 1965) is a Montenegrin businessman, widely considered to be one of the richest and most powerful individuals in the country, along with Brano Mićunović, Vesko Barović, Dragan Brković and others from the Montenegrin nouveau riche class that emerged during the 1990s following the break-up of SFR Yugoslavia. All of Aco Đukanović\'s wealth and influence were achieved during his older brother Milo Đukanović\'s rule in Montenegro as Prime Minister and President of the Republic (1991--2006) and currently as the ruling political party\'s (DPS) president and prime minister again (2006--present).
## Life
### Early activities {#early_activities}
Aco Đukanović\'s early business activity during the 1990s was folk concert booking, promotion and organizing through his first company Maraton.
### 2000s
On June 4, 2000, Aco Đukanović and Pajo Jabučanin attacked LSCG activist Zoran \"Feki\" Kljajić in the lobby of Hotel Crna Gora (now Hilton Podgorica in Podgorica. Kljajić ended up with severe injuries for which he underwent emergency surgery. Jabučanin and Đukanović were detained by police after Đukanović confirmed he was involved in the incident. The case against Đukanović dragged in the courts for years before being acquitted in December 2004. On appeal, the re-trial was ordered, but in 2007 on the very first session of the re-trial the court concluded that the suit against Đukanović is too old.
His current company, Monte Nova, is a prominent and well known Montenegrin business. According to an annual report by the Central Bank of Montenegro in 2006, Monte Nova was the fourth most profitable company in Montenegro (most profitable among the companies with domestic ownership) with a profit of €8.1 million in that year. In November 2006, Monte Nova acquired Nikšićka banka.
Đukanović also held stake in Crnogorska komercijalna banka, which he sold to Hungarian OTP Bank for €10 million.
In January 2007, he bought 75% stake in Montenegrin urbanism authority for €2.7 million.
Around the same time he bought the documentation for the third mobile operator licence in Montenegro (now m:tel) but ended up not placing an official bid, and the license went to Telekom Srbija
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# Drosophila C virus
***Drosophila* C virus** (DCV) belongs to the genus *Cripavirus* and was previously thought to be a member of the virus family *Picornaviridae*; it has since been classified as belonging to the *Dicistroviridae*. It is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus of approximately 9300 nucleotides and it contains two open reading frames. The virus particles are 30 nm in diameter and are made up of approximately 30% of RNA and 70% protein. The virus capsid is composed of three major polypeptides and two minor polypeptides.
*Drosophila* C virus was first discovered in the early 1970s in a French strain of *Drosophila melanogaster*, but can also infect other *Drosophila* species in laboratory settings. The virus is transmitted by feeding and affects survival. However, experimental evidence has shown that when injected into adult flies the virus is pathogenic as it causes the adult flies to die within 3--4 days. Antiviral RNAi has been shown to be an important host defence against DCV, and DCV encodes a viral suppressor of RNAi that sequesters double-stranded RNA to prevent antiviral RNAi targeting the virus. *Drosophila* that are infected with *Drosophila* C virus develop more quickly, the females have a greater number of ovarioles than uninfected flies. Whilst based on this evidence it has been suggested DCV is a beneficial virus, this ignores the fact that the virus kills flies in only a few days (so total fitness in infected flies is still reduced), and any changes in development time or ovariole number likely represent a host life history shift (parasite-induced fecundity compensation). Further support for host fecundity compensation following DCV infection comes from work showing that this response varies with fly genetic background, with some fly lines showing increased fecundity following infection, while others show a fecundity reduction. Infection with *Drosophila* C virus can also increase the mortality rate within a *Drosophila* population
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# Yankuang Energy Group
**Yankuang Energy Group Company Limited** (`{{zh|s=兖矿能源集团股份有限公司|t=兗礦能源集團股份有限公司}}`{=mediawiki}), formerly known as **Yanzhou Coal Mining Company Limited** (`{{zh|s=兖州煤业股份有限公司|t=兗州煤業股份有限公司}}`{=mediawiki}), is a Chinese energy company engaged in coal and potash mining, chemical production, power generation, and logistics. It is majority-owned by Shandong Energy Group.
## History
The company was established in 1997 as Yanzhou Coal Mining Company Limited. In December 2021, it changed its name to Yankuang Energy Group Company Limited to reflect a broader energy portfolio beyond coal.
## Operations
Yankuang Energy operates in several sectors:
- **Coal mining**: Engaged in underground and open-cut mining, preparation, and sale of coal.
- **Potash mining**: In 2024, the company invested in Highfield Resources to develop the Muga potash project in Spain and acquired the Southey potash project in Canada through its subsidiary Yancoal Canada Resources.
- **Chemical production**: Produces methanol, ethylene glycol, acetic acid, and other chemical products.
- **Power generation**: Provides electricity and heat supply services.
- **Logistics**: Offers railway transportation services.
## Carbon footprint {#carbon_footprint}
Yankuang Energy reported total CO₂e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for 31 December 2020 at 9,883 kilotonnes, a 64% increase year-over-year
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# 2001 Japanese House of Councillors election
House of Councillors elections were held in Japan on 29 July 2001. They were the first national elections since Junichiro Koizumi became Prime Minister after Yoshiro Mori resigned in April 2001. The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and its election allies, were the major winner, provided Koizumi a strong mandates to move forward with his reform policies. The ruling coalition performed well, and regain their majority in the House of Councillors.
## Background
The electoral reform enacted in 2000 became effective for the first time. The number of Councillors per election was reduced by five, by two in the nationwide proportional representation and by one each in Okayama, Kumamoto and Miyazaki. In addition, preference voting was introduced. Instead of a party name, voters could now write the name of a single PR candidate on the ballot. The vote then counts for the party as well as the candidate; the total number of votes for a party list or its candidates determines the number of PR seats a party receives while the candidate votes determine who takes those seats for the party.
As a result of the party realignments of the 1990s, several two-member districts were represented by two Councillors from the same party before the 2001 election. Some of these Councillors lost the official nomination of their party (e.g. in Niigata), others retired (Hokkaidō, Tochigi). Most of these district split seats between ruling coalition and opposition again, in the case of both incumbents seeking re-election resulting in one of the two losing their seat (Nagano, Shizuoka).
## Results
### Proportional representation results {#proportional_representation_results}
The 2001 election was the first to use an open list system (非拘束名簿式) to elect proportional representation seats in the House. Under this system, voters may vote for either a political party or a specific candidate. The proportional seats are distributed among the parties by D\'Hondt method according to their overall proportional votes, including candidate votes. The ranking of candidates on each party list is then determined by the candidate votes.
The results for the major parties were as follows (decimals omitted):
1. Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) (LDP): 21,114,727 (party: 14,925,437, candidates: 6,189,290), 38.6%, 20 seats
2. Democratic Party (DPJ): 8,990,524 (party: 6,082,694, candidates: 2,907,830), 16.4%, 8 seats
3. New Komeito (NK): 8,187,804 (party: 1,865,797, candidates: 6,322,007), 15.0%, 8 seats
4. Japan Communist Party (JCP): 4,329,210 (party: 4,065,047, candidates: 264,163), 7.9%, 4 seats
5. Liberal Party (LP): 4,227,148 (party: 3,642,884, candidates: 584,264), 7.7%, 4 seats
6. Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDP): 3,628,635 (party: 2,298,104, candidates: 1,330,531), 6.6%, 3 seats
7. Conservative Party of Japan (CP): 1,275,002 (party: 609,382, candidates: 665,620), 2.3%, 1 seat
8. Other parties (aggregate): 2.988.442, 5.5%, no seat
The final ranking of PR candidates and their individual vote counts were as follows:
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| 1\. Yoichi Masuzoe (LDP) 1,588,262 | 13\. Seiko Hashimoto (LDP) | 25\. Masahide Ota (SDP) | 37\. Michio Sato (DPJ) |
| | | | |
| 2\. Kenji Koso (LDP) 478,985 | 14\. Hidemasa Otsuji (LDP) | 26\. Hideki Wakabayashi (DPJ) | 38\. Chikage Ogi (CP) |
| | | | |
| 3\. Kyosen Ohashi (DPJ) 412,087 | 15\. Shuji Ikeguchi (DPJ) | 27\. Kayoko Shimizu (LDP) | 39\. Akiko Santo (LDP) |
| | | | |
| 4\. Kanae Yamamoto (NK) 1,287,549 | 16\. Kiyohiko Toyama (NK) | 28\. Takao Watanabe (NK) | 40\. Seiji Mataichi (SDP) |
| | | | |
| 5\. Atsushi Onita (LDP) 460,421 | 17\. Keizo Takemi (LDP) | 29\. Keishiro Fukushima (LDP) | 41\. Akio Koizumi (LDP) |
| | | | |
| 6\. Kiyoko Ono (LDP) 295,613 | 18\. Shin Sakurai (LDP) | 30\. Takeshi Kondo (LDP) | 42\. Junichi Fukumoto (NK) |
| | | | |
| 7\. Masashi Fujiwara (DPJ) 259,576 | 19\. Toshihiro Asahi (DPJ) | 31\. Mototaka Ito (DPJ) | 43\. Mieko Kamimoto (DPJ) |
| | | | |
| 8\. Tomoko Kami (JCP) 56,999 | 20\. Hideyo Fudesaka (JCP) | 32\. Satoshi Inoue (JCP) | 44\. Haruko Arimura (LDP) |
| | | | |
| 9\. Takeo Nishioka (LP) 121,617 | 21\. Hideaki Tamura (LP) | 33\. Tadashi Hirono (LP) | 45\. Haruko Yoshikawa (JCP) |
| | | | |
| 10\. Kuniomi Iwai (LDP) 278,521 | 22\. Yukio Danmoto (LDP) | 34\. Tsuneo Morimoto (LDP) | 46\. Yasuhiro Oe (LP) |
| | | | |
| 11\. Kentaro Koba (NK) | 23\. Shozo Kusakawa (NK) | 35\. Yuichiro Uozumi (NK) | 47\. So Nakahara (LDP) |
| | | | |
| 12\. Yoko Tajima (SDP) | 24\. Hirohide Uozumi (LDP) | 36\. Motoyuki Fujii (LDP) | 48\. Shuichi Kato (NK) |
+------------------------------------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------------------------+
### Prefectural races {#prefectural_races}
**Elected candidates in bold**
Compiled from JANJAN\'s \"The Senkyo\" and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications official election results.
*Notes:*
- *All incumbents not running for re-election in their prefectural electoral district are counted as retirements even if they ran in the nationwide proportional representation.*
- *In a multi-member district, there is no difference between Councillors elected with the highest and lower vote shares. Yet, \"top tōsen\", i.e. being elected with the highest vote, is considered a special achievement and thus noted where changed from the previous election for the same class of Councillors (1995).*
- *In the results column, independents are counted towards the party they joined in the first Diet session after the election
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# Sir Edward Knatchbull, 4th Baronet
**Sir Edward Knatchbull, 4th Baronet** (c. 1674 -- 3 April 1730) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons of England from 1702 to 1705 and in the House of Commons of Great Britain variously between 1713 and 1730.
## Biography
Knatchbull was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Knatchbull, 3rd Baronet and his wife Mary Dering, daughter of Sir Edward Dering, 2nd Baronet.
In 1702, Knatchbull was elected Member of Parliament for Rochester and held the seat to 1705. In 1712, he succeeded his father in the baronetcy. In 1713, he was elected MP for Kent and represented the constituency until 1715. He was elected MP for Kent again in 1722 and held the seat until 1727. In the following year, he was returned for Lostwithiel, a seat he held until his death on 3 April 1730.
Knatchbull married Alice Wyndham, daughter of Colonel John Wyndham and sister of Thomas Wyndham, 1st Baron Wyndham before 1698. They had eight children, three daughters and five sons. Knatchbull died at Golden Square in Middlesex and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his oldest son Sir Wyndham Knatchbull-Wyndham, 6th Baronet. His second son Edward sat in the Irish House of Commons and became later the 7th Baronet
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# Antonio Rivera Cabezas
**Antonio Rivera Cabezas** (died May 8, 1851) was a Liberal Central American lawyer and politician. From July 10, 1823, to October 4, 1823, he was a member of the first executive triumvirate that governed the Federal Republic of Central America. From March 9, 1830, to February 10, 1831, he was head of state of Guatemala.
Rivera was a cadet in the militia, a position reserved for the sons of noble families. He became a lawyer during the Spanish colonial period.
Rivera held many political positions. He was a provincial deputy under the Spanish. He was also a supporter of independence from Spain and one of the signers of the declaration of independence on September 15, 1821. He was a deputy to the first Central American constituent congress. After annexation of Central America to Mexico, he was a deputy to the Mexican congress. He was a member of the governing triumvirate of the federation in 1823, political chief of the department of Guatemala in 1824, secretary of finance of the federation in 1835, and a district judge in 1832 and 1837.
As a member of the triumvirate, on July 1, 1823, he signed the declaration of independence of Central America from Spain, Mexico, and all other countries.
He was also an author of several satirical works on popular economics.
From March 9, 1830, when the Assembly removed Doctor Pedro Molina, to February 10, 1831, Rivera was head of state of Guatemala, within the federation. During his administration, the country enjoyed a period of peace. He worked to reestablish schools that had been destroyed during the wars of independence and introduced new schools in Chiquimula. He also founded a school in Guatemala City and another in Quetzaltenango, and introduced the Lancastrian Method.
He ordered a census to be held. He tried to improve the administration of justice and created the Division of Departmental Roads (*Dirección de Caminos Departamentales*), which still exists today. However, due to the continuous defamations of his Conservative opponents, he resigned his office in 1831.
When the Conservatives took power, he was going to be shot, but the intervention of several friends saved his life. He went into exile in Chiapas. When he tried to return through Honduras he was arrested at Jocotán, Chiquimula and accused of conspiracy. He managed to take refuge in El Salvador, where he was allied with Doctor Pedro Molina.
He died in 1851. He was buried with little ceremony
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# But it rained
\"**But It Rained**\" is a major hit from the popular Indian rock band, Parikrama. The song is inspired by kidnappings in the Kashmir valley, specifically an article published in a magazine about relatives of kidnapped people waiting with hope for them to return, even as many months have passed without any trace of them
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# Connecting Link
The **Connecting Link** program is a provincial subsidy provided to municipalities to assist with road construction, maintenance and repairs in the Canadian province of Ontario. Roads which are designated as *connecting links* form the portions of provincial highways through built-up communities which are not owned by the Ministry of Transportation (MTO). Connecting links are governed by several regulations, including section 144, subsection 31.1 of the Highway Traffic Act and section 21 of the Public Transportation and Highway Improvement Act. While the road is under local control and can be modified to their needs, extensions and traffic signals require the approval of the MTO to be constructed.
The Connecting Link program was established in 1927. Today, 355.4 km of roadway in 77 municipalities are maintained under the program. These links cross 70 bridges also maintained under the program.
In return for that particular road being downloaded, the town or county receives money and assistance in maintaining it, and is able to still sign and list it as a provincial highway, though not all connecting links are signed as provincial highways. Some connecting links (typically in cases of municipal streets urbanized before the provincial highway system was established), however, were never provincial-maintained highways at all, but rather local streets or even county or regional roads that the town, city, county, or region has assistance in maintaining.
During the large-scale downloading of many provincial highways in 1997, many connecting links were repealed when their parent highways were decommissioned. However, in some cases, where a highway terminated in a city, only the connecting links through the urbanized areas were repealed, while the rest of the highway remained under provincial jurisdiction. An example of this was Highway 10 through Mississauga and Brampton. In one unique case, Highway 11A, the entire highway was decommissioned as a result of it being a connecting link for its full length.
Most connecting links are busy municipal or county roads that were once provincial highways, and are designated by small yellow squares or diamonds with the text \"C/L\" or \"CL\" on them at their start and end termini. These are similar to, but not always related to 7000-series highways.
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# Connecting Link
## Current links {#current_links}
The following table lists the current connecting links in the province by highway.
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Highway | Municipality (community) | Local street name(s) | Length |
+=========+=====================================+==================================================================+========+
| | Aylmer | Talbot Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Windsor | Huron Church Road | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Haldimand (Cayuga) | Talbot Road | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Haldimand (Dunnville) | Broad Street\ | |
| | | George Street\ | |
| | | Main Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Haldimand (Jarvis) | Talbot Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Norfolk (Delhi) | King Street\ | |
| | | James Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Norfolk (Simcoe) | Queensway East\ | |
| | | Queensway West | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Central Huron (Clinton) | Victoria Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | South Huron (Exeter) | Main Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Lucan Biddulph (Lucan) | Main Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | London | Wonderland Road (from 401 Interchange to Sunningdale Road)\ | |
| | | Sunningdale Road (from Wonderland Road to Richmond Street)\ | |
| | | Richmond Street (from Sunningdale Road to northern city limits) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | South Bruce Peninsula (Wiarton) | Berford Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Chatsworth | Garafraxa Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | West Grey (Durham) | Garafraxa Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Haldimand (Hagersville) | Main Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Haldimand (Jarvis) | Main Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Centre Wellington (Fergus) | St. David Street\ | |
| | | Tower Street\ | |
| | | Bridge Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Guelph | Woolwich Street\ | |
| | | Woodlawn Road. | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Wellington North (Arthur) | Smith Street\ | |
| | | George Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Wellington North (Mount Forest) | Main Street\ | |
| | | Market Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | NEMI (Little Current) | Meredith Street East\ | |
| | | Manitowaning Road | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Espanola | Centre Avenue | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Owen Sound | Highways 6/10\ | |
| | | 9th Avenue East | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Owen Sound | Highways 6/21\ | |
| | | 10th Avenue West | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Halton Hills (Acton) | Queen Street\ | |
| | | Young Street\ | |
| | | Mill Street\ | |
| | | Main Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Halton Hills (Georgetown) | Guelph Street\ | |
| | | Main Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Stratford | Erie Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Guelph | Woodlawn Road\ | |
| | | Wellington Street\ | |
| | | Wyndham Street\ | |
| | | York Road | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Marmora and Lake | Matthew Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Havelock-Belmont-Methuen (Havelock) | Ottawa Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Kawartha Lakes (Omemee) | King Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Stratford | Ontario Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Central Huron (Clinton) | Huron Street\ | |
| | | Ontario Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Goderich | Toronto Street\ | |
| | | Huron Road\ | |
| | | Elgin Avenue | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Huron East (Seaforth) | Goderich Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Stratford | Huron Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | West Perth (Mitchell) | Ontario Road\ | |
| | | Huron Road | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | South Bruce (Mildmay) | Elora Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Minto (Clifford) | Elora Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Minto (Harriston) | Elora Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Shelburne | Owen Sound Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Grey Highlands (Markdale) | Toronto Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Grey Highlands (Flesherton) | Sydenham Street\ | |
| | | Toronto Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Shelburne | Main Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Hearst | Front Street (west of Sixth Street) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Kapuskasing | Government Road (Clear Lake Road westerly to Bonnieview Road) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Fort Frances | Scott Street\ | |
| | | Rainy River Colonization Road\ | |
| | | Mill Road | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Rainy River | Atwood Avenue | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Fort Frances | Kings Highway\ | |
| | | Rainy River Colonization Road\ | |
| | | Third Avenue\ | |
| | | Central Avenue\ | |
| | | Church Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Smiths Falls | Lombard Street\ | |
| | | Beckwith Street\ | |
| | | Elmsley Street\ | |
| | | Cornelia Street\ | |
| | | Union Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Blind River | Causley Street (west of Lot 11/12 Concession 1 Stricker) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Sault Ste. Marie | Trunk Road\ | |
| | | Black Road\ | |
| | | Second Line East\ | |
| | | Great Northern Road | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | West Nipissing (Sturgeon Falls) | Front Street (west of Coursol Road) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Dryden | Government Road\ | |
| | | Grand Trunk Avenue | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Tillsonburg | Broadway Street\ | |
| | | Oxford Street\ | |
| | | Simcoe Street\ | |
| | | Vienna Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Saugeen Shores (Port Elgin) | Goderich Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Saugeen Shores (Southampton) | Albert Street\ | |
| | | Railway Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Goderich | Victoria Street\ | |
| | | Bayfield Road\ | |
| | | Britannia Road | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Lambton Shores (Forest) | Main Street\ | |
| | | King Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Lambton Shores (Grand Bend) | Ontario Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | North Perth (Listowel) | Main Street\ | |
| | | Wallace Avenue | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | West Perth (Mitchell) | Blanshard Road\ | |
| | | Saint George Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Minto (Harriston) | Arthur Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Brantford | King George Road | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Norfolk (Simcoe) | Norfolk Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Barrie | Bayfield Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Clearview (Stayner) | King Street\ | |
| | | Main Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Collingwood | Lakeshore Street\ | |
| | | Front Street\ | |
| | | First Street\ | |
| | | Huron Street\ | |
| | | Hume Street\ | |
| | | Pretty River Parkway | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | The Blue Mountains (Thornbury) | Arthur Street\ | |
| | | King Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Meaford | Sykes Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Owen Sound | Highway 26\ | |
| | | 16th Street East | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Bancroft | Monck Road\ | |
| | | Bridge Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Loyalist Township (Bath) | Main Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Prince Edward (Picton) | Main Street\ | |
| | | Bridge Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Champlain (Vankleek Hill) | High Street\ | |
| | | Queen Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Hawkesbury | McGill Street\ | |
| | | Main Street East\ | |
| | | John Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Tweed (Tweed) | Bridgewater Road\ | |
| | | Victoria Street\ | |
| | | Georgetown Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Chatham-Kent (Chatham) | Grand Avenue East\ | |
| | | Saint Clair Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Chatham-Kent (Wallaceburg) | Dufferin Avenue\ | |
| | | McNaughton Avenue\ | |
| | | Murray Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Bonnechere Valley (Eganville) | Bridge Street\ | |
| | | Queen Street\ | |
| | | Patrick Street Alice Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Bonnechere Valley (Eganville) | Bonnechere Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Pembroke | Pembroke Street East\ | |
| | | McKay Street River Road\ | |
| | | Muskrat Drive\ | |
| | | Olympic Drive | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Bonnechere Valley (Eganville) | Bonnechere Street\ | |
| | | Cobden Road | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Madawaska Valley (Barry\'s Bay) | Opeongo Road | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Renfrew | O\'Brien Street\ | |
| | | Coumbes Street\ | |
| | | Raglan Street\ | |
| | | Stewart Street (Highway 60 only)\ | |
| | | Lisgar Avenue (Highway 132 only)\ | |
| | | Munro Avenue (Highway 132 only) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Bancroft | Mill Street\ | |
| | | Hastings Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Belleville | North Front Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Centre Hastings (Madoc) | Russell Street\ | |
| | | St. Lawrence Street\ | |
| | | Durham Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Prince Edward (Bloomfield) | Stanley Street Main Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | North Bay | Trout Lake Road (Highways 11/17 east to Lee\'s Road) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | West Nipissing (Sturgeon Falls) | Ottawa Street (north of Highway 17) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Kirkland Lake | Government Road (east of Goldthorpe Drive) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Innisfil (Cookstown) | Queen Street\ | |
| | | Church Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | New Tecumseth (Alliston) | Young Street\ | |
| | | King Street\ | |
| | | Victoria Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Shelburne | Main Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Minto (Harriston) | Arthur Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Wellington North (Mount Forest) | Queen Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Wawa (Michipicoten) | Mission Road\ | |
| | | Main Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Timmins (Porcupine) | Harold Avenue (west of former railway crossing in Porcupine)\ | |
| | | Algonquin Boulevard\ | |
| | | Riverside Drive (east to Kamiskotia Road) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Black River-Matheson | Fourth Avenue | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Elliot Lake | Highway 108 (Esten Drive South north past Timber Road) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Dysart et al | Sunnyside Street\ | |
| | | Maple Street\ | |
| | | Mountain Street\ | |
| | | Pine Street | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Thessalon | Wharncliffe Road (north of Highway 17) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Cornwall | Brookdale Avenue | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Cornwall | Route to Seaway International Bridge | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Niagara (Niagara Falls) | From Stanley Avenue to Rainbow Bridge | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Burk\'s Falls | From South Limit of Burk\'s Falls to Ryerson Crescent | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Powassan (Trout Creek) | From junction of Highway 522B, southerly to Barrett St | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Mattawa | First Street and Main Street (east of Highway 17) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | NEMI (Little Current) | Meredith Street (Highway 6 to Worthington Street)\ | |
| | | Worthington Street (south of Meredith Street) | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Sault Ste. Marie | Second Line West from Great Northern Road westerly | |
+---------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | Sault Ste
| 1,965 |
Connecting Link
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10,124,611 |
# China Coal Energy
**China Coal Energy Co., Ltd.** (`{{zh|s=中国中煤能源股份有限公司|p=zhōngguó zhōng méi néngyuán gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī}}`{=mediawiki}), is a publicly traded company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. It is involved in mining coal and processing coal products.
Since 2021, Wang Shudong serves as the company\'s chairman.
On 16 December 2006, it was listed in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange as H share. `{{fact span|text=On 12 March 2007,|date=October 2016}}`{=mediawiki} China Coal joined Hang Seng China Enterprises Index Constitute Stock. On 7 September 2007, China Coal announced that it would issue A-share in the Shanghai Stock Exchange. It was listed in the Shanghai Stock Exchange in February 2008
| 112 |
China Coal Energy
| 0 |
10,124,619 |
# Nepathya
**Nepathya** (*नेपथ्य*, also spelled as **Nepathaya**) is a Nepalese folk rock band that was formed in the early 1990s. Nepathya was formed by Deepak Rana, Bhim Poon and Amrit Gurung while studying in Kathmandu, Nepal. The band has enjoyed both commercial and critical success. Nepathya are known for their contemporary songs with strong ties to indigenous music and lyrics using dialects from rural Nepal.
During their musical career, Nepathya has toured countries like UK, the US, Australia, Japan, Israel, Germany, Finland, India and many more.
## Amrit Gurung {#amrit_gurung}
The only active founding member of the band is its lead vocalist and primary songwriter, Amrit Gurung. Gurung was born in 1968 and raised in the small village of Mulpani, near Pokhara. He claims his iconic glasses were given to him by one of his aunts, who was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi.
In 2010, Gurung returned to Mulpani, and currently inhabits a small farm there. Since 2020, he has recorded no music.
## Nepathya at Wembley Arena {#nepathya_at_wembley_arena}
Nepathya became the first Nepalese band to perform at Wembley Arena, England on August 3, 2013. The concert was jointly presented by Parcha Productions (Nawal Rai and Samir Gurung) and Subsonic Routes. Nepathya\'s Wembley Arena concert remains the largest performance by a Nepali band.
## Members
- Amrit Gurung (Vocalist)
- Dinesh Raj Regmi (Keyboard)
- Subin Shakya (Bass Guitar)
- Dhurba Lama (Drums)
- Niraj Gurung (Lead Guitar)
- Shanti Rayamajhi (Madal)
## Albums
Nepathya has released nine albums to date.
- *Nepathya* -- 1991 (featuring Barashat Ko Mausam)
- *Himal Chuchure* -- 1993 (featuring Chekyo Chekyo, Euta Chitthi)
- *Min Pachas Ma* -- 1995 (featuring Jomsom Bazar Ma, Chari Maryo Shisai Ko Goli Le)
- *Shringar* -- 1997 (featuring Saruma Rani, Yarling, Yatra)
- *Resham* -- 2001 (featuring Resham, Yo Zindagani)
- *Bhedako Oon Jasto* -- 2003 (featuring -- Bhedako Oon Jasto, Sa Karnali, Taalko Pani, Samsajhaima)
- *Ghatana* -- 2005 (featuring -- Ghatana)
- *Mero Desh* -- 2009 (featuring -- Rato Ra Chandra Surya, Kasaile Sodhe, Aama, Mero Desh)
- *Aina Jhyal* -- 2010 (featuring -- Siranma Photo Cha, Jogale Huncha Bhet, Salaijyo)
## Style and lyrical themes {#style_and_lyrical_themes}
Nepathya\'s early work was influenced by folk-pop music, but their sound became more rock-inspired over time. Their lyrics also shifted focus from peace and spirituality to Nepalese politics. The album *Ghatana* was released during the country\'s civil war as a call for peace in Nepal
| 407 |
Nepathya
| 0 |
10,124,627 |
# Mallemin
The **mallemin** (also **maalemine**, **muallemin** etc.; derived from a plural of the Arabic word *mu\`allim*, meaning approximately \"sir\" or \"teacher\") were a professional caste of blacksmiths and metalworkers within Hassaniya Arab society, Mauritania, southern Morocco and Western Sahara. They held a low place on the social ladder, but their services were used by all tribes
| 57 |
Mallemin
| 0 |
10,124,637 |
# John Carter Brown Library
**The John Carter Brown Library** is an independently funded research library of history and the humanities on the campus of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. The library\'s rare book, manuscript, and map collections encompass a variety of topics related to the history of European exploration and colonization of the New World until circa 1825. The library was the first independent private library placed within the context of a university campus in the United States.
## History
The John Carter Brown Library began as the private collection of John Carter Brown. Beginning in 1845, Brown began traveling throughout Europe in search of books and materials related European exploration and colonization of the New World. Brown acquired a number of rare books from prominent libraries, including those of Henri Ternaux-Compans and Maximilian I of Mexico.
After John Carter Brown\'s death, his wife Sophia Augusta Brown continued collecting with the advisement of John Russell Bartlett and Rush Hawkins. During his lifetime, John Nicholas Brown, son of John Nicholas, continued to expand the collection. Prior to his 1900 death, the collection was kept in a special fireproof library within the Brown family residence. In accordance with his will, the trustees of Brown\'s estate established the collection, together with a building to house it, at a permanent site on the campus of Brown University. Per an agreement reached between the executors and the university, the library is owned by the University Corporation but maintains \"its own separate and special housing\" and is \"kept separate and distinct from any other Library.\"
### The building {#the_building}
The Library is housed in a Beaux-Arts style building on Brown\'s main green, designed by the architects Shepley, Rutan, and Coolidge, and completed in 1904. The building was expanded in 1990, with funds provided by New Jersey financier and philanthropist Finn M. W. Caspersen. The four-story annex, designed by the Washington, D.C., architects Hartman-Cox, was named the \"Caspersen Building\" in honor of Caspersen\'s parents.
<File:The> John Carter Brown Library (Brown Alumni Monthly).jpg\|An illustration of the building published in 1902 <File:John> Carter Brown Library MacMillan Reading Room.jpg\|Interior of the MacMillan Reading Room at the John Carter Brown Library <File:John> Carter Brown Library dusk.jpg\|The John Carter Brown Library in 2020
| 373 |
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| 0 |
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# John Carter Brown Library
## Scope and holdings {#scope_and_holdings}
The collection of the John Carter Brown Library consists of more than 50,000 books written about both North and South America until roughly the end of the colonial era in the Americas, as well as around 16,000 specialized reference books providing supplementary information about the Library\'s holdings. The Library also holds a major collection of prints, manuscripts, and maps of the New World.
The collection of the John Carter Brown Library begins chronologically with fifteenth-century editions of Columbus\'s celebrated \"letter\" to the Spanish court announcing the discovery of lands to the west. The Library houses one of the largest collections of books printed in British North America before 1800, the world\'s most complete collection of Mexican works printed before 1600, the largest collection of printed works relating to Brazil before 1820, a collection of printed sources for the study of early Canada and the Caribbean, nearly three-quarters of all known imprints in the Native languages of North and South America from the colonial period, and the largest collection of political pamphlets produced at the time of the American revolution.Collection highlights include the best preserved of eleven extant copies of Bay Psalm Book, the first book printed in British North America, a Shakespeare First Folio, leaves from the Gutenberg Bible, a copy of the first Bible printed in British North America, one of four surviving copies of Benjamin Franklin\'s *A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain,* one of two copies of the hand-illustrated *Tovar Codex*, an important 16th-century source on Aztec culture, and a copy of *Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana*, the first dictionary published in the New World.
The Library also holds many important maps and prints relating to the New World. These maps include one of the first printed attempts to depict America in cartographic form (the so-called Stevens-Brown map, a prototype of the 1513 Ptolemy Orbis Typus); the first printed map of Hernán Cortés's Mexico City, built on the ruins of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán; the earliest known printed plan of a European settlement in what is now the United States (a plan of Fort Caroline built by Huguenot settlers in 1565 near present-day Jacksonville, Florida); and one of the earliest maps to show the French exploration of the Mississippi River, attributed to Louis Joliet.
In 2012, a group of Brown undergraduates and scholars deciphered an encoded essay in the hand of Roger Williams, scrawled in the marginalia of a book within the Library\'s holdings. This essay, thought to be Williams\'s last, concerns a theological debate on the nature of baptism and Indian conversion.
## The Archive of Early American Images {#the_archive_of_early_american_images}
[The Archive of Early American Images](https://jcblibrary.org/collection/digital-images) is drawn from the holdings of the John Carter Brown Library. The AEAI assists scholars in their quest for contemporary images to illustrate their research findings and to facilitate the study of historical images in their own right and in proper context. It is a unique resource for picture researchers, documentary filmmakers, and others looking for material for commercial use. Many of these American images come from books printed in the early modern period that have never been reproduced before.
As of August 2014, the database---which also includes a Map Collection, Political Cartoon Collection, and John Russell Bartlett Boundary Commission Collection---had about 11,270 images and is still growing. Images in this database are accompanied by extensive bibliographical and descriptive information and come from books in most European, and some Indigenous, languages from before c. 1825.
## Librarians
Karin Wulf is the current Beatrice and Julio Mario Santo Domingo Director and Librarian of the library. Neil Safier was the Director and Librarian of the John Carter Brown Library from 2013 until 2021. Safier was preceded by: Edward L. Widmer (2006--2012); Norman Fiering (1983--2006); Thomas R. Adams (1958--1982); Lawrence C. Wroth (1924--1957); Worthington C. Ford (1917--1922); Champlin Burrage (1916); George Parker Winship (1895--1915)
| 654 |
John Carter Brown Library
| 1 |
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# Kargaly
`{{about||the river|Kargaly (river)}}`{=mediawiki} **Kargaly** is a copper mining-metallurgical district in the southern Urals of Russia. Prehistoric sites in Kargaly form a large and unique complex, especially when compared to neighboring metal production centers or the more distant ancient centers that emerged on the vast territory of the northern half of the Eurasian continent or supercontinent during the 5th to 2nd millennia BCE\[1-8\].
## Location
"Kargaly" is derived from the name of a small river known as Kargalka in the Ural \"big\" river basin \[fig. 2\]. The Kargaly district is situated in the southern Ural Mountains, within the borders of the Orenburg Administrative Region of the Russian Federation. Kargaly is located in the northern zone of the Great Eurasian steppe (the Eurasian Steppe Belt)\[9, 10\]. The Kargaly deposits are surrounded by typical steppe land cover, consisting of grasslands containing only an occasional small forest consisting of willow, alder, birch, and aspen trees near springs and deep ravines. More substantial forests occur 200--250 km northeast of Kargaly, where they form part of the mountainous-taiga zone of the southern Urals.
The Kargaly ore deposits cover a large, oval territory about 50 by 10 km in area. This group of deposits is oriented northwest to southeast. The two main outlying groups of mines in Kargaly both occur in the southeast corner of the ore field, at N 52\' 16,186 / E 54\' 36, 980 and N 52\' 11, 114 / E 55\' 14,848 . (52°16.186\'N 54°36.980\'E and 52°11.114\'N 55°14.848\'E)
## General information {#general_information}
Kargaly embraces an extremely vast territory (nearly 500 km sq) characterized by copper mineralization. In terms of geology, the center belongs to the category of extensive ore fields. The discovery and subsequent frequent extractions of ores at Kargaly occurred either near the end of the fourth millennium ВСЕ or at the turn of the third millennium ВСЕ (Early Bronze Age). By the second millennium ВСЕ (Late Bronze Age) this production center had reached its peak in productivity. There are an extremely large number of working mines at Kargaly, with a wide chronological range including from ancient times all the way up to the 18th to 19th centuries. The grounds contain up to 35,000 superficial manifestations, such as shafts, drifts, open casts, etc. \[fig. 3\]
The total length of underground headings was likely to have been several hundreds of kilometers \[fig. 4, 5\].
During the Bronze Age, the sinkings and headings of mines were a maximum of 40--42 m deep. By the New Age (18--19 cent.) they had reached as much as 80--90 m deep. The total amount of sandstone, crag and marl, and other wastes extracted from the surface measured nearly 100--120 million cubic meters, equivalent to a weight up to 250 million tons.
Kargaly is exceptionally rich in archaeological remains from ancient mines and metal production. So far, more than twenty settlements dated to the second millennium ВСЕ and three grave cemeteries with Early and Late Bronze Age burials have been discovered. In addition, traces of the beginnings of the copper production industry in 18th-century Russia are widespread in Kargaly.
The volume of extracted copper ores (malachite and azurite) from the Bronze Age is amazingly large and can be quantified by a wide approximation ranging from two to five million tons.
Within Kargaly alone, a large amount of copper ore was smelted during the Bronze Age, its total weight estimated at between 55,000 and 120,000 tons.
Copper of Kargaly origin was distributed during Bronze Age over a vast territory within the steppe and forest-steppe of Eastern Europe. The maximum territory of its distribution was nearly one million km^2^. During the New Age, the Kargaly complex had a significant impact on the industrial development of Russia. Approximately one quarter of all Russian Empire copper was smelted in the middle of the 18th century from Kargaly ores. Before the Crimean War (1853--1856) Kargaly copper was also exported as far west as England and France.
## Mineral Ore Characteristics {#mineral_ore_characteristics}
Kargaly belongs to the class of deposits situated in sandstone and slate. These large deposits and insignificant ore locations form a long and wide north-south strip of approximately two thousand km. in width, stretching alongside the western outlying regions of the Ural Mountains. Kargaly is located in the southern part of this vast territory. The ore-bearing strata, consisting mainly of crag and sandstone, very often contain the remains of trees of the Perm geological period. Kargaly\'s giant pocket is the richest load of copper minerals in the vast Ural zone adjacent to copper-bearing sandstone. The ores occur at different depths, beginning with outcroppings of surface deposits, easily noticeable on the sides of ravines, and ending with those situated 80--90 m deep. The ore-bearing streams are scattered among the sandstone and clue rocks, sometimes appearing as short and broken veins. The size of the ore pockets and pods differs, from several centimeters to ten or more meters in length. Disordered and random distribution of these ore seats must have caused chaotic searches for these deposits by miners in the ancient Bronze Age, as it did for much later miners in the 18th and 19th centuries.
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| 0 |
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