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During that time she had some training under the Winter Soldier, and the pair even had a short romance. Each Black Widow is deployed with false memories to help ensure her loyalty. Romanova eventually discovers this, including the fact that she had never, as she had believed, been a ballerina. She further discovers that the Red Room is still active as "2R". The KGB arranged a marriage between Natasha and the renowned Soviet test pilot Alexei Shostakov. However, when the Soviet government decided to make Shostakov into their new operative, the Red Guardian, he is told that he can have no further contact with his wife.
Natasha is told that he died and is trained as a secret agent separately. The Avengers Romanova grew up to serve as a femme fatale. She was assigned to assist Boris Turgenov in the assassination of Professor Anton Vanko for defecting from the Soviet Union, which served as her first mission in the United States. Natasha and Turgenov infiltrated Stark Industries as part of the plan. She attempted to manipulate information from American defense contractor Tony Stark, and inevitably confronted his superhero alter ego, Iron Man. The pair then battled Iron Man, and Turgenov stole and wore the Crimson Dynamo suit.
Vanko sacrificed himself to save Iron Man, killing Turgenov in the process, using an unstable experimental laser light pistol. Romanova later meets the criminal archer Hawkeye and sets him against Iron Man, and later helped Hawkeye battle Iron Man. Later, Natasha again attempted to get Hawkeye to help her destroy Iron Man. The pair almost succeeded, but when Black Widow was injured, Hawkeye retreated to get her to safety. During this period, Romanova was attempting to defect from the Soviet Union and began falling in love with Hawkeye, weakening her loyalty to her country. When her employers learned the truth, the KGB had her gunned down, sending her to a hospital, convincing Hawkeye to go straight and seek membership in the Avengers.
The Red Room kidnapped and brainwashed her again, and with the Swordsman and the first Power Man, she battled the Avengers. She eventually broke free from her psychological conditioning (with the help of Hawkeye), and successfully defected, having further adventures with Spider-Man, with Hawkeye, and with Daredevil. She ultimately joins the Avengers as a costumed heroine herself. S.H.I.E.L.D. and Daredevil Upon Nick Fury's request, she begins freelancing as an agent of the international espionage group S.H.I.E.L.D. She is sent on a secret S.H.I.E.L.D. mission to China by Nick Fury. There, with the Avengers, she battles Col. Ling, Gen. Brushov, and her ex-husband the Red Guardian.
For a time, as writer Les Daniels noted in a contemporaneous study in 1971, She investigates a plot by Egghead, the Puppet Master and the Mad Thinker to blackmail the US government using a laser-firing satellite. During her romantic involvement with Matt Murdock in San Francisco, she operates as an independent superhero alongside Murdock's alter ego, Daredevil. There she tries unsuccessfully to find a new career for herself as a fashion designer. Eventually, her relationship with Murdock stagnates, and after briefly working with Avengers finally breaks up with Murdock, fearing that playing "sidekick" is sublimating her identity.
During a HYDRA attempt to take over S.H.I.E.L.D., she is tortured to such an extent that she regresses back to an old cover identity of schoolteacher Nancy Rushman, but she is recovered by Spider-Man in time to help Nick Fury and Shang-Chi work out what had happened and restore her memory, with "Nancy" developing an attraction to Spider-Man before her memory is restored during the final fight against Madam Viper, Boomerang and the Silver Samurai. She later returns to Matt Murdock's life to find he is romantically involved with another woman, Heather Glenn, prompting her to leave New York. Natasha ultimately realizes that Matt still only thinks of her in platonic terms, and elects to restrain herself from any advances.
The Champions After their breakup, the Widow moves to Los Angeles and becomes leader of the newly created and short-lived super team known as The Champions, consisting of her, Ghost Rider (Johnny Blaze), Hercules (with whom she has a brief romance), and former X-Men Angel and Iceman. Her friends usually call her "Natasha", the informal version of "Natalia". She has sometimes chosen the last-name alias "Romanoff". She has hinted to be a descendant of the deposed House of Romanov and a relation to Nicholas II of Russia. 21st century Natasha crosses Daredevil's (Matt Murdock) path again when he attempts to slay an infant he believes to be the Anti-Christ while under the influence of mind-altering drugs.
After Daredevil's one-time love, Karen Page, dies protecting the child, Natasha reconciles with Murdock, revealing she still loves him, but noting that he is too full of anger to commit to a relationship with her. Natasha is challenged by Yelena Belova, a graduate from the training program through which Natasha herself was taught the espionage trade, who is the first to ever surpass Natasha's marks and considers herself the rightful successor to the "Black Widow" mantle. Natasha refers to her as "little one" and "rooskaya (meaning "Russian"), and encourages her to discover her individuality rather than live in blind service, asking her "why be Black Widow, when you can be Yelena Belova?"
After several confrontations, Natasha subjects Yelena to intense psychological manipulation and suffering in order to teach her the reality of the espionage business, and an angry but disillusioned Yelena eventually returns home and temporarily quits being a spy. Although Matt Murdock is appalled by the cruelty of Natasha's treatment of Yelena, Nick Fury describes the action as Natasha's attempt at saving Yelena's life. After bringing the Avengers and the Thunderbolts together to overcome Count Nefaria, Natasha supported Daredevil's short-lived efforts to form a new super-team to capture the Punisher, originally believed to be Nick Fury's murderer. Despite recruitment endeavors, however, this vigilante group folded shortly after she and her teammate Dagger fought an army of renegade S.H.I.E.L.D.
androids; ironically, she soon afterward worked with both Daredevil and Punisher against the European crime syndicate managed by the Brothers Grace. Months later, her pursuit of war criminal Anatoly Krylenko led to a clash with Hawkeye, whose pessimism regarding heroic activities now rivaled her own. Shortly after the Scarlet Witch's insanity seemingly killed Hawkeye, and again disbanded the Avengers, Natasha, weary of espionage and adventure, travelled to Arizona but was targeted. Andrea discovers that other women had been trained in the Black Widow Program, and all are now being hunted down and killed by the North Institute on behalf of the corporation Gynacon.
Natasha's investigations led her back to Russia, where she was appalled to learn the previously unimagined extent of her past manipulation, and she discovered the Widows were being hunted because Gynacon, having purchased Russian biotechnology from Red Room's successor agency 2R, wanted all prior users of the technology dead. Natasha finds and kills the mastermind of the Black Widow murders: Ian McMasters, Gynacon's aging CEO, who intended to use part of their genetic structure to create a new chemical weapon. After killing McMasters, she clashed with operatives of multiple governments to help Sally Anne Carter, a girl Natasha had befriended in her investigations, whom she rescued with help from Daredevil and Yelena Belova.
She soon returned the favor for Daredevil by reluctantly working with Elektra Natchios to protect his new wife, Milla Donovan, from the FBI and others, although Yelena proved beyond help when she agreed to be transformed into the new Super-Adaptoid by A.I.M. and HYDRA. Civil War/Initiative During the Superhero Civil War, Natasha becomes a supporter of the Superhuman Registration Act and a member of the taskforce led by Iron Man. Afterward, the registered Natasha joins the reconstituted Avengers. S.H.I.E.L.D. director Nick Fury is presumed killed, and deputy director Maria Hill incapacitated, so Natasha assumes temporary command of S.H.I.E.L.D. as the highest-ranking agent present.
Later, Tony Stark assigns Natasha to convey the late Captain America's shield to a secure location, but is intercepted by her former lover, Bucky Barnes, the Winter Soldier, who steals the shield. Natasha and the Falcon then rescue Barnes from the Red Skull's minions, and bring him to the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier, where Stark convinces Bucky to become the new Captain America. Afterward, Natasha accompanies Bucky as his partner for a brief time until she is called back by S.H.I.E.L.D. She later rejoins him and Falcon for the final confrontation with the Red Skull, helping to rescue Sharon Carter. She and Bucky have restarted their relationship.
She later plays an important role in the capture of Hercules. However, due to her respect of the Greek god, she let him go. Soon Natasha, along with the rest of the Avengers, gets involved in the current Skrull invasion. Afterwards, she stayed as Bucky's partner. She also assists former director Maria Hill in delivering a special form of data to Bucky. Thunderbolts Norman Osborn discovered Yelena Belova breaking into an abandoned S.H.I.E.L.D. facility, and offered her the position of field leader of the new Thunderbolts. On her first mission, she and Ant-Man take control of Air Force One with the Goblin, Doc Samson, and the new President aboard.
It was suggested she faked her apparent death (as the Adaptoid) but it is never explained how. A conversation with the Ghost implies that Yelena is working as a mole for someone else and that she may even be someone else disguised as Yelena. She is later seen talking privately through a comm-link to Nick Fury. Osborn orders Yelena to lead the current Thunderbolts to kill former Thunderbolt, Songbird. Fury orders "Yelena" to rescue and retrieve Songbird, for the information she might possess about Osborn and his operations. Yelena finds Songbird, and reveals to her that she was really Natasha Romanova in disguise.
She tries delivering Songbird to Fury, but the Thunderbolts have also followed them. The trio are captured as Osborn reveals he had been impersonating Fury in messages all along to set Natasha up in order to strengthen the Thunderbolts and lead him to Fury. She and Songbird are brought to be executed but manage to escape when Ant-Man, Headsmen and Paladin turn on the rest of the Thunderbolts and let them go. Heroic Age At the start of the "Heroic Age," Natasha is recruited by Steve Rogers into a new black-ops wing of the Avengers, dubbed the Secret Avengers. She travels to Dubai with her new teammate, Valkyrie, where they steal a dangerous artifact which the Beast then studies, noting that it seems like a distant cousin of the Serpent Crown.
In the story "Coppelia", she encounters a teenage clone of herself, code named "Tiny Dancer", whom she rescues from an arms dealer. Fear Itself During the "Fear Itself" storyline, Black Widow and Peregrine are sent on a mission to free hostages being held in a Marseille cathedral by Rapido. He and a group of mercenaries are trying to exploit the panic over the events in Paris to steal France's nuclear arsenal. Ends of the Earth During the "Ends of the Earth" storyline, involving one of Doctor Octopus' schemes, Natasha is one of only three heroes left standing after the defeat of the Avengers by the Sinister Six, joining Silver Sable and Spider-Man to track the Six (albeit because she was closest to Sable's cloaked ship after the Avengers were defeated rather than for her prowess).
She is later contacted by the Titanium Man to warn her and her allies about Doctor Octopus' attempt to rally other villains against Spider-Man. She is knocked out along with Hawkeye by Iron Man during a battle against the Avengers when they were temporarily under Octavius' remote control. Secret Wars During the incursion event between Earth-616 and Earth-1610, Natasha is involved in the final battle between the Marvel Universe's superheroes and the Ultimate Universe's Children of Tomorrow. She pilots a ship holding a handpicked few to restart humanity after the universe ends, copiloted by Jessica Drew. Her ship is shot down during the battle though, and she is killed in the ensuing explosion.
As the evacuation of Earth-616 begins in light of the fact that Earth-1610 is about to come crashing down as part of the "Last Days" storyline, Black Widow is seen standing atop a building with Captain America who gives her a list of people to save and bring aboard the lifeboat. As she tells Sam she can't save them all, Sam explains it's Natasha's job to assist in the effort to save as many people as possible before Earth as they know it is destroyed. As she leaves, her mind transitions to Cold War Russia, where a young Natasha (here called Natalia) speaks with two Russian functionaries in the infamous "Red Room".
She is given her first mission: travel to Cuba and locate a family called the Comienzas, who are at risk from Raúl Castro's regime and who may have information of vital importance to Russia. She is told to rendezvous with another agent, her classmate Marina, and befriend the family under the guise of a Russian businesswoman. Natasha assures them of her competency and leaves. When one of the officers questions her youth, the other assures him, "she's a killer. She will not disappoint." Natasha meets Marina in Cuba and the two friends catch up before meeting with the Comienzas that night at a local bar.
Using her talent for deception, she casually and politely convinces the husband and wife that she's seeking inside information to help her import various goods into the country. The Comienzas explain they can't reveal said information, prompting Natasha to later explain to Marina that the family might need "a little push". Not too soon she effectively began terrorizing the family into desperation. First, she plants an American flag on their doorstep to mimic someone accusing them of defecting to the United States. Later after meeting with one of the Russian officers from the Red Room to report her progress, she detonated a car bomb outside their home when the first attempt didn't make them "nearly desperate enough".
Following the car bomb explosion, Natasha declares the family is indeed desperate enough to reproach for information. Before letting Natasha go, the officer announces she has one additional task before her mission is over: Marina has become too much enamored with her civilian guise, and is now a security risk. Natasha will have to eliminate her. Flipping to the present, Black Widow is saving as many people as she can, but she quickly flashbacks to Havana. Natasha and her then Red Room partner Marina are trying to help a family defect. Natasha's orders are simple: Kill the parents and make it public.
When Natasha asks if she should kill the child too, her boss looks horrified that she would be so OK with that and tells her no. Having no problem following orders she sets up a meet and using a sniper rifle she takes out the pair without blinking. Next she shoots Marina's boyfriend then Marina herself. Next she shoots Marina's cat. Flipping back to the present, Black Widow is back saving people from the incursion as the reason that triggered Natasha's flashback is revealed ... a man she saved is holding his cat. This dark, heartless side of the Black Widow shows why she is trying so hard to do good today.
Secret Empire During the "Secret Empire" storyline, Black Widow appears as a member of the underground resistance at the time when most of the United States has been taken over by Hydra and Captain America who was brainwashed by Red Skull's clone using the powers of the sentient Cosmic Cube Kobik into believing that he was a Hydra sleeper agent. While Hawkeye assembles a strike force of Hercules and Quicksilver to find the Cosmic Cube fragments, Black Widow sets off to kill Rogers herself reasoning that even if Rick's theory is true, the man Rogers was would prefer to die than be used in this manner.
She finds herself followed by the Champions as she establishes her version of the Red Room. While preparing to shoot Captain America with a sniper rifle, she rushes to prevent Miles Morales from killing him as predicted by Ulysses, and is struck by his shield, breaking her neck and killing her. Despite the return of the real Steve Rogers and the downfall of Hydra, Natasha's death, along with other casualties, remains. Clone of Natalia Romanova However, while observing a dictator who recently rose to power due to his support of Hydra, Bucky witnesses the man being assassinated in such a manner that he believes only Natasha could have pulled off the kill and believes he sees the Black Widow (actually Yelena Belova) depart from her chosen vantage point.
It was later discovered that a series of clones of the original Black Widow had been produced by the Black Widow Ops Program following her death. Its member Ursa Major bribed Epsilon Red to let him add the current memories of the deceased Natalia Romanova to one such clone while secretly disposing of the bad programming. The Black Widow Ops Program tasked the clone into taking out the remnants of Hydra and S.H.I.E.L.D. She revealed herself to Winter Soldier and Hawkeye while also killing Orphan Maker. To keep them from interfering, the Black Widow clone locked Winter Soldier and Hawkeye in a safe room within the Red Room.
The Black Widow clone rose to the ranks of the Red Room while secretly persuading the recruits to turn against their masters. When Winter Soldier and Hawkeye arrived at the Red Room, the Black Widow clone dropped her cover where she began to kill her superiors, liberate the recruits and destroy all the clones and Epsilon Red. When the authorities arrived, The Black Widow clone, adopting the name Natasha Romanoff, left the Red Room, where she left a note for Hawkeye to stop following her and for Winter Soldier to join her in ending the Red Room. During the "Infinity Countdown" storyline, the Black Widow clone traced a dead drop signal left by a revived Wolverine in Madripoor.
She discovered that Wolverine had left the Space Infinity Gem in her care. The Black Widow clone meets up with Doctor Strange who wants to dispose of the Space Stone. Doctor Strange did not want to take it as he knows what would happen if they are in the same proximity. She is among the Infinity Gem holders who are contacted by Doctor Strange stating that they need to reform the Infinity Watch in order to safeguard the Infinity Gems from such calamities like Thanos. Captain America had Black Widow's clone infiltrate Roxxon as an ex-S.H.I.E.L.D.
operative-turned-contractor named Angel to spy on Roxxon and keep an eye on Weapon H. As Angel, she accompanied Weapon H and his assigned team to Weirdworld up to the point where Morgan le Fay of Earth-15238 exposed her identity to Weapon H. After getting out of the wreckage of the Roxxon Research Outpost, Black Widow reveals to Blake that she was sent to get the Roxxon group out of Weirdworld. Dr. Carrie Espinoza and the Roxxon soldiers with her salvage a Weirdworld Adamantine Crystal filled with Morgan le Fay's mystic energies which Dr. Esponoza states to Black Widow and Blake that it can power all of New York for 10 years.
As the group arrives near the Inaku village, they witness Weapon H fighting Korg as Black Widow is contacted by Sonia Sung from Roxxon's headquarters. Black Widow tries to help Sonia get through to Weapon H until Dario Agger arrives. Black Widow is among those that are evacuated through the portal. Powers and abilities Black Widow has been enhanced by biotechnology that makes her body resistant to aging and disease and heals above the human rate; as well as psychological conditioning that suppresses her memory of true events as opposed to implanted ones of the past without the aid of specially designed system suppressant drugs.
The white blood cells in her body are efficient enough to fight off any microbe, foreign body and others from her body, keeping her healthy and immune to most, if not all infections, diseases and disorders. Her agility is greater than that of an Olympic gold medalist. She can coordinate her body with balance, flexibility, and dexterity easily. Romanova has a gifted intellect. She displays an uncanny affinity for psychological manipulation and can mask her real emotions perfectly. Like Steve Rogers, she possesses the ability to quickly process multiple information streams (such as threat assessment) and rapidly respond to changing tactical situations.
Black Widow is a world-class athlete, gymnast, acrobat, aerialist capable of numerous complex maneuvers and feats, expert martial artist (including jiu jitsu, aikido, boxing, judo, karate, savate, ninjutsu, various styles of kung fu and kenpo, as well as the Russian martial art sambo), marksman and weapons specialist as well as having extensive espionage training. She is also an accomplished ballerina. Romanova is an expert tactician. She is a very effective strategist, tactician, and field commander. She has led the Avengers and even S.H.I.E.L.D. on one occasion. Equipment Black Widow uses a variety of equipment invented by Soviet scientists and technicians, with later improvements by S.H.I.E.L.D.
scientists and technicians. She usually wears distinctively shaped bracelets which fire the Widow's Bite electro-static energy blasts that can deliver charges up to 30,000 volts, as well as "Widow's Line" grappling hooks, tear gas pellets, and a new element introduced during her ongoing series during the "Kiss or Kill" arc called the "Widow's Kiss"—an aerosol instant knock-out gas she has modified. She wears a belt of metallic discs; some are disc-charges containing plastic explosives, while others have been shown to be compartments for housing other equipment. Her costume consists of synthetic stretch fabric equipped with micro-suction cups on fingers and feet, enabling her to adhere to walls and ceilings.
In the 2006 "Homecoming" mini-series, she was seen using knives, unarmed combat, and various firearms, but she has since begun using her bracelets again. While in disguise as Yelena Belova, when infiltrating the then Osborn-sanctioned Thunderbolts during "Dark Reign", she used a specialized multi-lens goggle/head-carapace that demonstrated various technical abilities enhancing vision and communication. Later, she has used a modified gun based on her Widow's Bite wrist cartridge, during her adventures alongside the new Captain America. Supporting characters Other versions In other media Television Black Widow was to be paired with Daredevil in a proposed live-action 1975 series created by and starring Angie Bowie as Black Widow with Ben Carruthers as Daredevil.
However, the series never got past the development stage as no studio would take on the project. Black Widow appeared in the Iron Man portion of The Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Margaret Griffin. Black Widow appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode "Deadly is the Black Widow's Bite", voiced by Lena Headey. Black Widow appeared in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Vanessa Marshall. Black Widow appears in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, voiced by Ashleigh Ball. Black Widow appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Laura Bailey. Black Widow appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload, voiced by Laura Bailey.
Black Widow appears in Ultimate Spider-Man: Web Warriors, with Laura Bailey reprising the role. She appears in the episodes "Avenging Spider-Man, Part 1 and 2" and "Contest of Champions, Part 2". Black Widow appears in the anime series, Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers. Agent Carter features Dottie Underwood (Bridget Regan), a 1946 precursor to Black Widow who is an operative of Leviathan. Black Widow appears in the television special Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Avengers Reassembled, voiced again by Laura Bailey. Black Widow appears in the Spider-Man episode "Spider-Island" Part 2, voiced again by Laura Bailey. Black Widow appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda, voiced again by Laura Bailey.
Black Widow appears in Marvel Future Avengers, voiced by Mayumi Asano in Japanese and Laura Bailey in English. Film In 2004, Lionsgate Entertainment announced that a Black Widow motion picture, featuring the Natasha Romanova version, was in the script stage by screenwriter-director David Hayter. Lionsgate subsequently dropped the project. The Ultimate version of Black Widow appears in the Ultimate Avengers animated direct-to-video movie and its sequel, Ultimate Avengers 2, voiced by Olivia d'Abo. Scarlett Johansson portrays Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Johansson made her debut appearance in Iron Man 2. She was cast after a scheduling conflict forced Emily Blunt to drop out of the part.
Johansson reprised the role in The Avengers (2012), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), a cameo in a post-credits scene of Captain Marvel (2019), and Avengers: Endgame (2019). Feige indicated interest in doing a solo Black Widow film in September 2010 and in February 2014, development work had begun on it, with Jac Schaeffer and Ned Benson hired to write the script. In July 2018, Cate Shortland was hired to direct. Johansson will also be a producer on the film. Previously, director Neil Marshall had expressed interest in directing the film.
Black Widow appears in the 2013 direct-to-video animated film Iron Man: Rise of Technovore, voiced by Clare Grant. Black Widow teams up with the Punisher in the animated film Avengers Confidential: Black Widow & Punisher, voiced by Jennifer Carpenter. Video games Black Widow appears in the 2004 Punisher video game. She appears in one level as a non-playable character (NPC) who fights alongside the Punisher. Black Widow was voiced by Saffron Henderson. Black Widow appears in the video game Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by Nika Futterman. She is an exclusive character in the PlayStation Portable (PSP) version, and in all other versions of the game as a non-playable character; a sub-plot in the game has various heroes investigating the possibility that she is a traitor, although Fury later confirms that she was just conducting a discreet investigation into Doctor Doom's plans.
A mod available for the PC version of the game unlocks her as a playable character. Black Widow appears in Spider-Man: Web of Shadows, voiced by Salli Saffioti. Nika Futterman reprises her role in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, appearing as a boss if the player chooses to fight for the anti-Registration side. Black Widow appears in the Iron Man 2 video game, voiced by Catherine Campion. Black Widow appears as a playable character in the Marvel Super Hero Squad: The Infinity Gauntlet video game, voiced by Grey DeLisle. Black Widow is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Laura Bailey.
Black Widow is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance. Black Widow appears as a Heroes vs Heralds card in Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3. If Hawkeye defeats Street Fighter's Crimson Viper, he'll say, "Black Widow you ain't." Black Widow is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions, and was granted to every player for participation in the Ultron tie-in quests. Black Widow appears as a playable character in the 2012 fighting game Marvel Avengers: Battle for Earth. Black Widow is available as downloadable content for the game LittleBigPlanet as part of "Marvel Costume Kit 5".
Black Widow is featured on the A-Force table in Zen Pinball 2, as part of the "Women of Power" DLC pack. Black Widow is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Heroes, voiced by Julianne Buescher. Black Widow is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes voiced by Laura Bailey. She serves as one of the main story characters. Black Widow is a playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics. Black Widow appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes and Disney Infinity 3.0, again voiced by Laura Bailey. Five variants of Black Widow appear in the mobile game Marvel Puzzle Quest, the most recent of which being added to the game in May 2018.
Black Widow appears as a playable character in the mobile game Marvel: Future Fight. Black Widow is a playable character in Lego Marvel's Avengers, voiced by Scarlett Johansson. A teenage version of Black Widow appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy, voiced by Alison Brie. Black Widow appears as a downloadable character in Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite, voiced by Laura Bailey. Black Widow appears as a playable character in Marvel Powers United VR, again voiced by Laura Bailey. Black Widow appears as a playable character in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced again by Laura Bailey.
Black Widow will be a playable character in the 2020 Avengers game, voiced again by Laura Bailey. Motion comics Black Widow appears in the Spider-Woman motion comics voiced by JoEllen Anklam. During this appearance she is masquerading as Yelena Belova. Live performances Black Widow appears in Marvel Universe: LIVE! as a member of the Avengers. Former motorcycle racer Louise Forsley has portrayed the character as of 2015. Novels There are two Black Widow books in the Black Widow YA series, by Margaret Stohl. Black Widow: Forever Red (2015) Black Widow: Red Vengeance (2016) Black Widow appears in the prose novel adaptation of the event comic The Death of Captain America.
Black Widow appears in the prose novel adaptation of the event comic Civil War. Black Widow appears in Avengers: Everybody Wants To Rule The World which is a tie-in to Avengers: Age of Ultron. Reception The Black Widow was ranked as the 176th greatest comic book character in Wizard magazine. IGN also ranked her as the 74th greatest comic book character stating that wherever conspiracy and treachery are afoot, you can expect the Black Widow to appear to save the day, and as #42 on their list of the "Top 50 Avengers". She was ranked 31st in Comics Buyer's Guide's "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.
Collected editions See also List of Russian superheroes List of Marvel Comics superhero debuts References External links Black Widow at Marvel.com Richard Morgan on Black Widow in an interview by Francesco Troccoli, August 2008 "Richard K. Morgan Talks Marvel's Black Widow", Comic Book Resources, November 16, 2004 Black Widow at Comics2Film Natasha Romanova at the Marvel Directory Natasha Romanova at Don Markstein's Toonopedia Category:Avengers (comics) characters Category:Black Widow (Marvel Comics) Category:Characters created by Don Heck Category:Characters created by Stan Lee Category:Comics about women Category:Comics characters introduced in 1964 Category:Female characters in comics Category:Female characters in film Category:Fictional aikidoka Category:Fictional ballet dancers Category:Fictional characters with slowed aging Category:Fictional female assassins Category:Fictional female martial artists Category:Fictional female secret agents and spies Category:Fictional immigrants to the United States Category:Fictional judoka Category:Fictional karateka Category:Fictional KGB agents Category:Fictional Ninjutsu practitioners Category:Fictional orphans Category:Fictional savateurs Category:Fictional Soviet people Category:Fictional special forces personnel Category:Fictional women soldiers and warriors Category:Marvel Comics female superheroes Category:Marvel Comics superheroes Category:Marvel Comics martial artists Category:Marvel Comics titles Category:Marvel vs. Capcom fighters Category:Russian superheroes Category:S.H.I.E.L.D.
agents Category:Superhero film characters
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder. Urination results in urine being excreted from the body through the urethra. Cellular metabolism generates many by-products that are rich in nitrogen and must be cleared from the bloodstream, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine. These by-products are expelled from the body during urination, which is the primary method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body. A urinalysis can detect nitrogenous wastes of the mammalian body. Urine has a role in the earth's nitrogen cycle.
In balanced ecosystems, urine fertilizes the soil and thus helps plants to grow. Therefore, urine can be used as a fertilizer. Some animals use it to mark their territories. Historically, aged or fermented urine (known as lant) was also used for gunpowder production, household cleaning, tanning of leather and dyeing of textiles. Human urine and feces are collectively referred to as human waste or human excreta, and are managed via sanitation systems. Livestock urine and feces also require proper management if the livestock population density is high. Physiology Most animals have excretory systems for elimination of soluble toxic wastes. In humans, soluble wastes are excreted primarily by the urinary system and, to a lesser extent in terms of urea, removed by perspiration.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The system produces urine by a process of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion. The kidneys extract the soluble wastes from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugars, and a variety of other compounds. The resulting urine contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, including toxins. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureter, bladder, and finally the urethra before passing from the body. Duration Research looking at the duration of urination in a range of mammal species found that nine larger species urinated for 21 ± 13 seconds irrespective of body size.
Smaller species, including rodents and bats, cannot produce steady streams and instead urinate with a series of drops. Characteristics Quantity Average urine production in adult humans is around 1.4 L of urine per person per day with a normal range of 0.6 to 2.6 L per person per day, produced in around 6 to 8 urinations per day depending on state of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and the individual's health. Producing too much or too little urine needs medical attention. Polyuria is a condition of excessive production of urine (> 2.5 L/day), oliguria when < 400 mL are produced, and anuria being < 100 mL per day.
Constituents About 91-96% of urine consists of water. Urine also contains an assortment of inorganic salts and organic compounds, including proteins, hormones, and a wide range of metabolites, varying by what is introduced into the body. The total solids in urine are on average 59 g per person per day. Organic matter makes up between 65% and 85% of urine dry solids, with volatile solids comprising 75–85% of total solids. Urea is the largest constituent of the solids, constituting more than 50% of the total. On an elemental level, human urine contains 6.87 g/L carbon, 8.12 g/L nitrogen, 8.25 g/L oxygen, and 1.51 g/L hydrogen.
The exact proportions vary with individuals and with factors such as diet and health. In healthy persons, urine contains very little protein and an excess is suggestive of illness. Color Urine varies in appearance, depending principally upon a body's level of hydration, as well as other factors. Normal urine is a transparent solution ranging from colorless to amber but is usually a pale yellow. In the urine of a healthy individual, the color comes primarily from the presence of urobilin. Urobilin is a final waste product resulting from the breakdown of heme from hemoglobin during the destruction of aging blood cells.
Colorless urine indicates over-hydration, generally preferable to dehydration (though it can remove essential salts from the body). Colorless urine in drug tests can suggest an attempt to avoid detection of illicit drugs in the bloodstream through over-hydration. Dark yellow urine is often indicative of dehydration. Yellowing/light orange may be caused by removal of excess B vitamins from the bloodstream. Certain medications such as rifampin and phenazopyridine can cause orange urine. Bloody urine is termed hematuria, a symptom of a wide variety of medical conditions. Dark orange to brown urine can be a symptom of jaundice, rhabdomyolysis, or Gilbert's syndrome. Black or dark-colored urine is referred to as melanuria and may be caused by a melanoma or non-melanin acute intermittent porphyria.
Pinkish urine can result from the consumption of beets. Greenish urine can result from the consumption of asparagus or foods or beverages with green dyes. Reddish or brown urine may be caused by porphyria (not to be confused with the harmless, temporary pink or reddish tint caused by beeturia). Blue urine can be caused by the ingestion of methylene blue (e.g., in medications) or foods or beverages with blue dyes. Blue urine stains can be caused by blue diaper syndrome. Purple urine may be due to purple urine bag syndrome. Odor Sometime after leaving the body, urine may acquire a strong "fish-like" odor because of contamination with bacteria that break down urea into ammonia.
This odor is not present in fresh urine of healthy individuals; its presence may be a sign of a urinary tract infection. The odor of normal human urine can reflect what has been consumed or specific diseases. For example, an individual with diabetes mellitus may present a sweetened urine odor. This can be due to kidney diseases as well, such as kidney stones. Eating asparagus can cause a strong odor reminiscent of the vegetable caused by the body's breakdown of asparagusic acid. Likewise consumption of saffron, alcohol, coffee, tuna fish, and onion can result in telltale scents. Particularly spicy foods can have a similar effect, as their compounds pass through the kidneys without being fully broken down before exiting the body.
Turbidity Turbid (cloudy) urine may be a symptom of a bacterial infection, but can also be caused by crystallization of salts such as calcium phosphate. pH The pH normally is within the range of 5.5 to 7 with an average of 6.2. In persons with hyperuricosuria, acidic urine can contribute to the formation of stones of uric acid in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. Urine pH can be monitored by a physician or at home. A diet which is high in protein from meat and dairy, as well as alcohol consumption can reduce urine pH, whilst potassium and organic acids, such as from diets high in fruit and vegetables, can increase the pH and make it more alkaline.
Some drugs also can increase urine pH, including acetazolamide, potassium citrate, and sodium bicarbonate. Cranberries, popularly thought to decrease the pH of urine, have actually been shown not to acidify urine. Drugs that can decrease urine pH include ammonium chloride, chlorothiazide diuretics, and methenamine mandelate. Density Human urine has a specific gravity of 1.003–1.035. Any deviations may be associated with urinary disorders. Hazards Healthy urine is not toxic. However, it contains compounds eliminated by the body as undesirable, and can be irritating to skin and eyes. With suitable processing, it is possible to extract potable water from urine. Bacteria and pathogens Urine is not sterile, not even in the bladder.
Earlier studies, with less sophisticated analytical techniques, had found that urine was sterile until it reached the urethra. In the urethra, epithelial cells lining the urethra are colonized by facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rod and cocci bacteria. Examination for medical purposes Many physicians in ancient history resorted to the inspection and examination of the urine of their patients. Hermogenes wrote about the color and other attributes of urine as indicators of certain diseases. Abdul Malik Ibn Habib of Andalusia d.862 AD, mentions numerous reports of urine examination throughout the Umayyad empire. Diabetes mellitus got its name because the urine is plentiful and sweet.
The name uroscopy refers to any visual examination of the urine, including microscopy, although it often refers to the aforementioned prescientific or protoscientific forms of urine examination. Clinical urine tests today duly note the gross color, turbidity, and odor of urine but also include urinalysis, which chemically analyzes the urine and quantifies its constituents. A culture of the urine is performed when a urinary tract infection is suspected, as bacteria in the urine are unusual otherwise. A microscopic examination of the urine may be helpful to identify organic or inorganic substrates and help in the diagnosis. The color and volume of urine can be reliable indicators of hydration level.
Clear and copious urine is generally a sign of adequate hydration. Dark urine is a sign of dehydration. The exception occurs when diuretics are consumed, in which case urine can be clear and copious and the person still be dehydrated. Uses Source of medications Urine contains proteins and other substances that are useful for medical therapy and are ingredients in many prescription drugs (e.g., Ureacin, Urecholine, Urowave). Urine from postmenopausal women is rich in gonadotropins that can yield follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone for fertility therapy. One such commercial product is Pergonal. Urine from pregnant women contains enough human chorionic gonadotropins for commercial extraction and purification to produce hCG medication.
Pregnant mare urine is the source of estrogens, namely Premarin. Urine also contains antibodies, which can be used in diagnostic antibody tests for a range of pathogens, including HIV-1. Urine can also be used to produce urokinase, which is used clinically as a thrombolytic agent. Fertilizer Urine contains large quantities of nitrogen (mostly as urea), as well as reasonable quantities of dissolved potassium. The exact composition of nutrients in urine varies with diet, in particular nitrogen content in urine is related to the quantity of protein in the diet. A high protein diet results in high urea levels in urine.
Urine is very high in nitrogen (can be over 10% in a high-protein diet), low in phosphorus (1%), and moderate in potassium (2-3%). Urine typically contributes 70% of the nitrogen and more than half of the potassium found in urban wastewater flows, while making up less than 1% of the overall volume. If urine is to be separated and collected for use as a fertiliser in agriculture, then the easiest method of doing so is with sanitation systems that utilise waterless urinals, urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) or urine diversion flush toilets. Undiluted urine can chemically burn the leaves or roots of some plants, particularly if the soil moisture content is low, therefore it is usually applied diluted with water.
When diluted with water (at a 1:5 ratio for container-grown annual crops with fresh growing medium each season or a 1:8 ratio for more general use), it can be applied directly to soil as a fertilizer. The fertilization effect of urine has been found to be comparable to that of commercial nitrogen fertilizers. Concentrations of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, commonly found in sewage sludge, are much lower in urine. Urine can also be used safely as a source of nitrogen in carbon-rich compost. The health risks of using urine as a natural source of agricultural fertilizer are generally regarded as negligible, especially when dispersed in the soil rather than on the part of the plant that is consumed.
Urine can even be distributed via perforated hoses buried some 10 cm under the surface of the soil among our crop plants, thus minimizing risk of odors, loss of nutrients, or transmission of pathogens. Cleaning Given that the urea in urine breaks down into ammonia, urine has been used for cleaning. In pre-industrial times, urine was used – in the form of lant or aged urine – as a cleaning fluid. Urine was also used for whitening teeth in Ancient Rome. Gunpowder Urine was used before the development of a chemical industry in the manufacture of gunpowder. Urine, a nitrogen source, was used to moisten straw or other organic material, which was kept moist and allowed to rot for several months to over a year.
The resulting salts were washed from the heap with water, which was evaporated to allow collection of crude saltpeter crystals, that were usually refined before being used in making gunpowder. Survival uses The US Army Field Manual advises against drinking urine for survival. These guides explain that drinking urine tends to worsen rather than relieve dehydration due to the salts in it, and that urine should not be consumed in a survival situation, even when there is no other fluid available. In hot weather survival situations, where other sources of water are not available, soaking cloth (a shirt for example) in urine and putting it on the head can help cool the body.
During World War I, Germans experimented with numerous poisonous gases as weapons. After the first German chlorine gas attacks, Allied troops were supplied with masks of cotton pads that had been soaked in urine. It was believed that the ammonia in the pad neutralized the chlorine. These pads were held over the face until the soldiers could escape from the poisonous fumes, although it is now known that chlorine gas reacts with urine to produce toxic fumes (see chlorine and use of poison gas in World War I). The Vickers machine gun, used by the British Army during World War I, required water for cooling when fired so soldiers would resort to urine if water was unavailable.
Urban legend states that urine works well against jellyfish stings. This scenario has appeared many times in popular culture including in the Friends episode "The One With the Jellyfish", an early episode of Survivor, as well as the films The Real Cancun (2003), The Heartbreak Kid (2007) and The Paperboy (2012). However, at best it is ineffective, and in some cases this treatment may make the injury worse. Textiles Urine has often been used as a mordant to help prepare textiles, especially wool, for dyeing. In the Scottish Highlands and Hebrides, the process of "waulking" (fulling) woven wool is preceded by soaking in urine, preferably infantile.
History Ancient Romans used fermented human urine (in the form of lant) to cleanse grease stains from clothing. The emperor Nero instituted a tax () on the urine industry, continued by his successor, Vespasian. The Latin saying Pecunia non olet (money doesn't smell) is attributed to Vespasian – said to have been his reply to a complaint from his son about the unpleasant nature of the tax. Vespasian's name is still attached to public urinals in France (vespasiennes), Italy (vespasiani), and Romania (vespasiene). Alchemists spent much time trying to extract gold from urine, which led to discoveries such as white phosphorus by German alchemist Hennig Brand when distilling fermented urine in 1669.
In 1773 the French chemist Hilaire Rouelle discovered the organic compound urea by boiling urine dry. Society and culture Language The English word urine (, ) comes from the Latin urina (-ae, f.), which is cognate with ancient words in various Indo-European languages that concern water, liquid, diving, rain, and urination. The onomatopoetic term piss was the usual word for urination before the 14th century and is now considered vulgar. Urinate was at first used mostly in medical contexts. Piss is also used in such colloquialisms as to piss off, piss poor, and the slang expression pissing down to mean heavy rain.
Euphemisms and expressions used between parents and children (such as wee, pee, and many others) have long existed. Lant is a word for aged urine, originating from the Old English word hland referring to urine in general. See also Drinking urine (urophagia) Ureotelic Urine therapy Urolagnia, an attraction to urine References External links Urinanalysis at the University of Utah Eccles Health Sciences Library Urine Chemistry at drugs.com Category:Urine Category:Animal physiology Category:Body fluids Category:Sanitation
Elsinoë mangiferae, common name Mango Scab, is also known Denticularia mangiferae or Sphaceloma mangiferae (anamorph). It is an ascomycete plant pathogen native to tropical regions and specific for survival on only one host, the mango. Originally described in 1943 from Florida and Cuba specimens, this pathogen has since spread worldwide and is becoming a pathogen of great concern for the mango industries in Australia and India. The species was first described formally in 1946. Hosts and Symptoms Elsinoë mangiferae produces symptoms superficially similar to anthracnose infections, which are also common on mango. The disease initially presents as small dark brown or gray spots on the underside of leaves or fruit.
These spots enlarge and darken over time, developing a velvety or cracked texture in the center of the lesion. The main lifestyle difference between these two is that anthracnose infections are caused by saprotrophic fungi, while E. mangiferae is exclusively a biotrophic pathogen. With severe infections, fruit drop and defoliation may occur, and surviving fruit and plants suffer scarring that reduce their commercial value. The symptoms of mango scab vary depending on the factors such as the part of the plant that is affected, age of tissue, inoculum potential, water and mineral nutrition. Also, only young tissue is prone to infection.
Such as that fruit is no longer prone to infection once it reaches about half size. The appearance of symptoms is dependent on the free water availability when the tissue is at susceptible stages. Few of the symptoms can be mistakenly confused with insect injury or infection from other disease like mango anthracnose. Confirmation of the presence of mango scab requires microscopic examination of material from fruit, stems or leaves, and culture of the organism. Culture will only be successful from lesions on young plant material. This can only be done by a qualified plant pathologist. Fruit The most distinct symptoms are on the fruit.
Fruits will have small black lesions form on young fruit and heavily affected fruits falls off. Fruits can develop into light brown scar and sometimes irregular large scars when lesions join up. Stem, Flower and Fruit Stalk Common symptom on stem is the mass of grey oval to elliptical lesions that are around 1–2 mm in diameter. If the environment is dry, the lesion can turn black in color and small in diameter. These lesions might appear like anthracnose lesions. Leaves Usual symptoms on leaves are brown spots with edge lesions, as well as elongated dark lesions on the lower surface and main veins under the leaves.
In wet conditions, numerous tiny brown lesions and holes may form on young leaves that can lead to their defoliation Environment Germination of E. mangiferae spores requires a period of moist conditions and free water. The pathogen only infects young tissue, especially newly set fruit. The spores are primarily spread by rain dispersal, over short distances, but heavy rains and irrigation, as well as moisture inclusive microclimate (low ground, etc.) promote conidiation and spread over larger areas. Management Control is mainly attempted via regular protective application of copper fungicides, specifically copper hydroxide and copper oxychloride. Increased application schedules are recommended in moist climates and seasons.
Benomyl, the systemic benzimidazole fungicide, has also been used as a means to control mango scab infection, but has been out of production since 2001. Reduction of inoculum is also essential for control of this disease. Due to its saprotrophic lifestyle, inoculum can survive on fallen leaves and dead twigs long term, which necessitates the removal or destruction of dead plant material to prevent disease spread. Mango scab is not as common in mango trees because the same fungicide sprayed on the trees for the prevention of the Anthracnose fungus will prevent mango scab from forming. Cultural control - Remove or destroy infected plant material that can survive in soil material to prevent infection.
It is helpful to prune away old infected stems to reduce the levels of infection. Chemical control Copper fungicides based sprays (oxychloride, hydroxide or oxide) needs to be applied as soon as the flowers start to emerge and continue to spray until the fruit has set until half size. Usually two to three week intervals till fruit is half size and weekly sprays after in order to protect that fruit from infection. Wet climate conditions increase the risk of developing and spreading a fungus infection. More frequent applications of the fungicide is needed when these conditions occur since rain can decrease the effectiveness of the treatment.
Disease Cycle Elsinoe mangiferae produces brownish ascocarps in the host epidermis. Globular asci are dispersed in ascocarps, and contain 1-8 hyaline ascocarps. Host tissues are not most susceptible when young, and they usually decrease in susceptibility as they mature. Rainy weather promotes sporulation of the fungus. One common vectors of mango scab is water splashes from nearby Whether or not conidia and ascospores are infectious is not known. References Category:Elsinoë Category:Fungi described in 1946 Category:Fungal tree pathogens and diseases Category:Mango tree diseases
The fifteenth season of the American police procedural drama NCIS premiered on September 26, 2017, in the same time slot as in the previous seasons, Tuesdays at 8 PM. The season premiere was watched by 17.42 million viewers, picking up two months after Gibbs and McGee were last seen fighting a group of rebels in Paraguay and focused on the aftermath of those events. The season concluded on May 22, 2018 and contained 24 episodes. NCIS revolves around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, which conducts criminal investigations involving the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps.
Maria Bello joins the cast as Dr. Jacqueline "Jack" Sloane, NCIS Senior Resident Agent and operational psychologist (episodes 4–24). After 15 years of playing Abby Sciuto, Pauley Perrette left the show in episode 22 - "Two Steps Back." CBS renewed NCIS for both seasons fourteen and fifteen on Monday, February 29, 2016.
Cast Main Mark Harmon as Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Supervisory Special Agent Pauley Perrette as Abigail Sciuto, Forensic Scientist Sean Murray as Timothy McGee, Senior Field Agent Wilmer Valderrama as Nicholas "Nick" Torres, Special Agent Emily Wickersham as Eleanor "Ellie" Bishop, Special Agent Brian Dietzen as Dr. Jimmy Palmer, Assistant Medical Examiner Duane Henry as Clayton Reeves, SIS Senior Officer Rocky Carroll as Leon Vance, Director David McCallum as , Chief Medical Examiner Maria Bello as Dr. Jacqueline "Jack" Sloane, Supervisory Special Agent, Operational Psychologist Recurring Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, Former FBI Senior Special Agent Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo Sr. (Tony DiNozzo's father) Jack Conley as Danny Sportelli, Metro P.D.
Detective Sergeant Margo Harshman as Delilah Fielding-McGee, Department of Defense intelligence analyst (McGee's wife) French Stewart as Paul Triff, imprisoned serial killer Laura San Giacomo as Dr. Grace Confalone Marco Sanchez as Alejandro Rivera Pej Vahdat as Nigel Hakim, British Humanitarian Kent Shocknek as Guy Ross, ZNN News Anchor Sumalee Montano as Nicole Taggart, NCIS Special Agent Diona Reasonover as Kasie Hines, Forensic Scientist attached to NCIS Naomi Grace as Kyla Vance (Leon Vance's Daughter) Hilliary Ward as Jessica Shaeffer, Defense Attorney Guest appearances Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts, JAG Captain from Falls Church Muse Watson as Mike Franks, deceased Senior Special Agent for NCIS (Gibbs' old boss) Drew Carey as John Ross, retired Marine Sergeant Kevin Pollak as Albert Hathaway, convicted Investment Advisor Dan Lauria as Morgan Cade, Emergency Room Guard Trevor Donovan as Thomas Buckner, Navy Commander Susan Blakely as Cadence Darwin, Ducky's friend Gwendoline Yeo as NCIS Special Agent Joanna Wright Jake Busey as Whit Dexter, Radio Host Mike Wolfe as himself Don Lake as Phillip Brooks, Navy Captain Peter Jason as Robert King, Biological Weapons Specialist Production The series was renewed for fourteenth and fifteenth seasons by CBS on Monday, February 29, 2016.
It was announced that Jennifer Esposito, who portrayed NCIS agent Alexandra Quinn, had departed and would be replaced by Maria Bello as Agent Jackie Sloane — a new series regular, beginning with episode 15:5. Bello inked a three-year deal to remain with the show through until the end of its seventeenth season. Production began in July 2017 with the rest of cast members returning. Showrunners Frank Cardea and George Schenck (in their first full season at the helm) wanted to focus Season 15 around a "good mystery and more stand-alone episodes than two or three-parters." However, they noted that they wouldn't shy away from multi-part episodes if the story was deemed worth it.
As to Quinn's departure, Special Agent Torres (Wilmer Valderrama) stated in 15:1 ("House Divided") that Quinn is now on leave taking care of her mother; this coincides with a running story-arc her character had maintained for some time. The specific turnover point between Quinn & Sloane's characters occurs at the end of 15:4, when Bello's character premieres. In another central casting announcement, TV Line reported on October 4, 2017, that founding NCIS actress Pauley Perrette would be leaving the role of "Abby Sciuto" after the conclusion of season fifteen. Perrette's final episode was episode 22, which aired on May 8, 2018.
Also, in this episode, Duane Henry (Clayton Reeves) was written off the show. NCIS was renewed for a sixteenth season on April 13, 2018, following a deal with Mark Harmon to return for an additional two years. Episodes Reception Season 15 was praised for its sharp cases and bringing new life into characters and series, with Matt Carter of CarterMatt.com citing "the arrival of Maria Bello and the creative direction of the new showrunners; this has been the best season overall since season 10" as chief reasons for this revival. Sara Netzley of Entertainment Weekly said, in reference to the positive changes, "now here's the show we’ve enjoyed for years", noting that it was "dark and twisty", giving it an 'A' rating.
It received both a fresh critic and audience rating on Rotten Tomatoes, as well as scoring an 8.9 average rating on TV.com, and an 8.1 rating on IMDb,—both significant upticks from the previous season. Season 15 of NCIS was CBS's most watched and highest rated drama on their network for another year. Whilst being the most watched drama nationally, beating NBC's megahit This Is Us and ABC's The Good Doctor, it also finished as the sixth most watched television program overall for 2017–2018 season. Home media A DVD and Blu-ray of the fifteenth season of NCIS was announced for August 21, 2018.
Ratings References Category:2017 American television seasons Category:2018 American television seasons NCIS 15
Microsoft Surface is a series of touchscreen-based personal computers and interactive whiteboards designed and developed by Microsoft, running the Microsoft Windows operating system. The devices are manufactured by original equipment manufacturers, including Pegatron, and are designed to be premium devices that set examples to Windows OEMs. It comprises 7 generations of hybrid tablets, 2-in-1 detachable notebooks, a convertible desktop all-in-one, an interactive whiteboard, and various accessories all with unique form factors. The majority of the Surface lineup features Intel processors and are compatible with Microsoft's Windows 10 operating system. Devices The Surface family features eight main lines of devices: The Surface line of hybrid tablets, with optional detachable keyboard accessories, and optional stylus pen.
The latest model, the Surface Go, uses an Intel Pentium Gold 4415Y SoC processor. The Surface Pro is a line of hybrid tablets, with similar, optional detachable keyboard accessories and optional stylus pen. The 2 latest models are the Surface Pro 7, which has a 10th generation Intel Core series processor, and the Surface Pro X, which has the Microsoft SQ1 ARM SoC (a custom version of the Snapdragon 8cx.) The Surface Laptop, a notebook with a 13.5-inch or 15-inch non-detachable touchscreen. The original device runs Windows 10 S by default; however, it can be upgraded to Windows 10 Pro.
Starting with the Surface Laptop 2, the regular Home and Pro editions are used. The Surface Book, a notebook with a detachable tablet screen. The base is configurable with or without discrete graphics and an independently operable tablet screen, on which the optional stylus pen functions. The stylus pen is sold separately from the latest Surface Book model. The Surface Studio, a 28-inch all-in-one desktop that adjusts into a digital drafting table with stylus and on-screen Surface Dial support. The Surface Hub, a touch screen interactive whiteboard designed for collaboration. The Surface Neo, an upcoming dual-screen touch screen device of which both screens are 9 inches running on Windows 10X.
The Surface Duo, an upcoming dual-screen touch screen device of which both screens are 5.6 inches and can be used as a phone that runs Android. History Microsoft first announced Surface at an event on June 18, 2012, presented by former CEO Steve Ballmer in Milk Studios Los Angeles. Surface was the first major initiative by Microsoft to integrate its Windows operating system with its own hardware, and is the first PC designed and distributed solely by Microsoft. The first Surface device in the Surface line, was marketed as "Surface for Windows RT" at the time was and was announced by Steven Sinofsky, former President of Windows and Windows Live.
The second Surface line, based on the Intel architecture was spearheaded with Surface Pro, marketed as "Surface for Windows 8 Pro" at the time, and was demoed by Michael Angiulo, a corporate VP. Sinofsky initially stated that pricing for the first Surface would be comparable to other ARM devices and pricing for Surface Pro would be comparable to current ultrabooks. Later, Ballmer noted the "sweet spot" for the bulk of the PC market was $300 to $800. Microsoft revealed the pricing and began accepting preorders for the 2012 Surface tablet, on October 16, 2012 "for delivery by 10/26". The device was launched alongside the general availability of Windows 8 on October 26, 2012.
Surface Pro became available the following year on February 9, 2013. The devices were initially available only at Microsoft Stores retail and online, but availability was later expanded into other vendors. In November 2012, Ballmer described the distribution approach to Surface as "modest" and on November 29 of that year, Microsoft revealed the pricing for the 64 GB and 128 GB versions of Surface with Windows 8 Pro. The tablet would go on sale on February 9, 2013, in the United States and Canada. A launch event was set to be held on February 8, 2013, but was cancelled at the last minute due to the February 2013 nor'easter.
The 128GB version of the tablet sold out on the same day as its release. Though there was less demand for the 64GB version because of the much smaller available storage capacity, supplies of the lower cost unit were almost as tight. On September 23, 2013, Microsoft announced the Surface 2 and Surface Pro 2, which feature hardware and software updates from the original. The Surface 2 launched October 22, 2013, alongside the Surface Pro 2, four days after the general availability of Windows 8.1. Later, Microsoft launched a variation of the Surface 2 with LTE connectivity for the AT&T network on March 18, 2014.
Microsoft then announced the redesigned Surface Pro 3 on May 20, 2014, which went on sale on June 20, 2014. The following year, on March 30, 2015, it announced the Surface 3, a more compact version of the Surface Pro 3. On September 8, 2015, Microsoft announced the "Surface Enterprise Initiative", a partnership between Accenture, Avanade, Dell Inc., and HP, to "enable more customers to enjoy the benefits of Windows 10." As part of the partnership, Dell will resell Surface Pro products through its business and enterprise channels, and offer its existing enterprise services (including Pro Support, warranty, and Configuration and Deployment) for Surface Pro devices it sells.
Microsoft announced the next generation Surface Pro 4 and the all new Surface Book, a hybrid laptop, at Microsoft October 2015 Event in New York on October 10, 2015. Microsoft began shipping Surface Hub devices on March 25, 2016. In June 2016, Microsoft confirmed production of the Surface 3 would stop in December of that year. No replacement product has been announced. Reports suggest this may be a consequence of Intel discontinuing the Broxton iteration of the Atom processor. On October 26, 2016 at Microsoft's event, a Surface Studio and Surface Book with Performance Base was announced. A wheel accessory, the Surface Dial, was announced as well, and became available on November 10, 2016.
Immediately following the announcement of the Surface Laptop at the #MicrosoftEDU event on May 2, 2017, and the Microsoft Build 2017 developer conference, Microsoft announced the fifth-generation Surface Pro at a special event in Shanghai on May 23, 2017. On October 17, 2017, Microsoft announced Surface Book 2 adding a 15 in model to the line, and updating internal components. On May 15, 2018, Microsoft announced the Surface Hub 2, featuring a new rotating hinge and the ability to link multiple Hubs together. In June 2018, Microsoft announced the Surface Go, a $400 Surface tablet with a 10-inch screen and 64 or 128 GB of storage.
On October the 2nd 2019, Microsoft announced the Surface Pro 7, Surface Laptop 3 and the Surface Pro X to all be released that month. The Surface Pro 7 does away with the USB-A port along with specification upgrades and the Surface Laptop 3 also comes in with specification upgrades and a new 15 inch model, and a variant of the 15 inch model that runs on AMD. The Surface Pro X is Microsoft's attempt to try to have a Surface device that runs again on Windows, which runs on a chip designed in cooperation with Qualcomm called the Microsoft SQ1.
It has the same form factor as the Surface Pro 7, but the bezels have been reduced and the device is slightly thinner. As all ARM Windows devices do, the Surface Pro X supports a sim card or an e-sim to allow customers to be always connected. As of the release of the Surface Pro X there is a translation layer which enables x86 32bit applications to run on the device, and it can run native ARM applications, but does not support x86 64 bit applications, however this is in the works. On October the 2nd 2019 Microsoft also gave a few teasers for products that they are working on, the Surface Neo, which is a dual screen Microsoft tablet that looks to be running Windows 10X and also announced the Microsoft Surface Duo, which is a dual screen mobile phone that runs android.