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Presidents Sadat and Mubarak After the 1967 disaster, two field armies, the Second Army and the Third Army, both stationed on the Suez, were established. The armed forces also fought in the 1969–1970 War of Attrition against Israeli positions especially in the Sinai. The October War of 1973 began with a massive and successful Egyptian crossing of the Suez Canal. After crossing the cease-fire lines, Egyptian forces advanced virtually unopposed into the Sinai Peninsula. The Syrians coordinated their attack on the Golan Heights to coincide with the Egyptian offensive and initially made threatening gains into Israeli-held territory. As Egyptian president Anwar Sadat began to worry about Syria's fortunes, he believed that capturing two strategic mountain passes located deeper in the Sinai would make his position stronger during the negotiations.
He therefore ordered the Egyptians to go back on the offensive, but the attack was quickly repulsed. The Israelis then counterattacked at the juncture of the Second and Third Armies, crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt, and began slowly advancing southward and westward in over a week of heavy fighting which inflicted heavy casualties on both sides. On October 22 a United Nations-brokered ceasefire quickly unraveled, with each side blaming the other for the breach. By October 24, the Israelis had improved their positions considerably and completed their encirclement of Egypt's Third Army and the city of Suez. This development led to tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.
As a result, a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on October 25 to end the war. At the conclusion of hostilities, Israeli forces were just from Damascus and from Cairo. Despite being decisively beaten in battle, Egypt claimed victory in the October War because its military objective of capturing a foothold of Sinai was achieved. In 1977 the army fought in the Libyan-Egyptian War. By early July 1977, the two divisions deployed to the Libyan border had been raised to full strength and were dug in. They were bolstered by several commando battalions and support units, while a third division stationed near Cairo and other commandos were ready to relocate on short notice.
A total of over 40,000 troops were deployed to the border during the war. The army had an estimated strength of 320,000 in 1989. About 180,000 of these were conscripts. Beyond the Second Army and Third Army in the east, most of the remaining troops were stationed in the Nile Delta region, around the upper Nile, and along the Libyan border. These troops were organised into eight military districts, later reduced to five major regions. Commando and airborne units were stationed near Cairo under central control but could be transferred quickly to one of the field armies if needed. District commanders, who generally held the rank of major general, maintained liaison with governors and other civil authorities on matters of domestic security.
Decision making in the army continued to be highly centralized during the 1980s. Officers below brigade level rarely made tactical decisions and required the approval of higher-ranking authorities before they modified any operations. Senior army officers were aware of this situation and began taking steps to encourage initiative at the lower levels of command. A shortage of well-trained enlisted personnel became a serious problem for the army as it adopted increasingly complex weapons systems. Observers estimated in 1986 that 75 percent of all conscripts were illiterate when they entered the military. 1990s and after Since the 1980s the army has built closer and closer ties with the United States, as evidenced in the bi-annual Operation Bright Star exercises.
This cooperation eased integration of the Egyptian Army into the Gulf War coalition of 1990–91, during which the Egyptian II Corps under Major General Salah Halabi, with 3rd Mechanized Division and 4th Armoured Division, fought as part of the Arab Joint Forces Command North. The deployed force performed appallingly. It was unable to move up the first attack time after a request from overall commander U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf; halted after 'desultory' Iraqi artillery fire; continued to move so slowly that on the morning of the third day of the war, still had not taken their first day's objectives; and could not reorient themselves in order to take up an invitation to join a ceremonial joint Arab entry into Kuwait City until Schwarzkopf was able to get Hosni Mubarak to give a direct order to the Egyptian commander to do so.
The Army conducted Exercise Badr '96 in 1996 in the Sinai. The virtual enemy during the exercise was Israel. Egypt conducted several Badr exercises again in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2014. The exercises in the Sinai were part of a larger exercise that involved 35,000 men in total. Up until the end of the Cold War, Egyptian military participation in UN peacekeeping operations had been restricted to a battalion with ONUC in the Congo. The Egyptians appear to have arrived by September 1960, but left by early 1961 after a dispute about the UN's role. But after 1991, many more United Nations Military Observers and troops were dispatched, alongside police in some cases.
Military observers served in Western Sahara (MINURSO), Angola (UNAVEM II), the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in the former Yugoslavia, Somalia, Mozambique, Georgia, Macedonia, Eastern Slavonia, UNMOP (Prevlaka), and Sierra Leone. UN official sources say Egypt participated in UNCRO, but Berman and Sams, citing official Egyptian sources at the Egyptian Delegation to the United Nations, say this is incorrect. Troops were dispatched to UNPROFOR (a battalion of 410 men), UNOSOM II in Somalia, the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA) (328 troops in June 1999), and MONUC (15 troops in 2004). The Egyptian contribution in the Congo expanded significantly after 2004; in 2013, an Egyptian battalion was part of the mission, with at least a company stationed at the Kavumu airfield in South Kivu.
Today conscripts without a college degree serve three years as enlisted soldiers. Conscripts with a General Secondary School degree serve two years as enlisted soldiers. Conscripts with a college degree serve 14 months as enlisted or 27 months as a reserve officer. On 31 January 2011, during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, Israeli media reported that the 9th, 2nd, and 7th Divisions of the Army had been ordered into Cairo to help restore order. On March 25, 2020, it was reported that two army generals, Shafea Dawoud and Khaled Shaltout, had died from the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Egypt, and at least 550 officers and soldiers had been infected with the virus.
Structure The Egyptian Military Operations Authority, governed by the Ministry of Defense, is headquartered in Cairo. The Egyptian Armed Forces' Chief of Staff's office is in Cairo. He is the Chief of Staff of the Army, as well as the Navy and Air Forces, although the latter two typically report to the Ministry of Defense. Oriented towards the Sinai Peninsula and based just west of the Canal are the Second Army and the Third Army Egypt).
Central Military Region HQ Heliopolis, Greater Cairo Field HQ, Heliopolis, Central Military Region Field HQ, El Qanater, Central Military Region Sub-Field HQ, Tanta, Central Military Region Sub-Field HQ, Zagazig, Central Military Region Field HQ, Qom Ushim, El Fayum, Central Military Region Field HQ, Beni Suef, Central Military Region Northern Military Region HQ Alexandria Field HQ, Alexandria, Northern Military Region Sub-Field HQ, Abou Qir, Northern Military Region Sub-Field HQ, Mariout, Northern Military Region Field HQ, Rashid, Northern Military Region Field HQ, Damietta, Northern Military Region Unified Command of the Area East of the Canal HQ Suez Field HQ, Port Said, Northern Suez Canal Military Region Field HQ, Ismaelia, Central Suez Canal Military Region Field HQ, El Mansoura, El Daqahliya, Eastern Delta Military Region Field HQ, El Suez, Southern Suez Canal Military Region Field HQ, Cairo-Suez Highway Military Region Field HQ, Hurghada, Red Sea Military Region Western Military Region HQ Mersa Matruh Field HQ, Sidi Barrani, Western Military Region Field HQ, Marsa Matrouh, Western Military Region Field HQ, Sallum, Western Military Region Southern Military Region HQ Assiut Field HQ, El Minya, Southern Military Region Field HQ, Qena, Southern Military Region Field HQ, Sohag, Southern Military Region Field HQ, Aswan, Southern Military Region Administrative corps and branches Administratively, army corps and branches include the Egyptian Armored Corps; the Infantry/mechanised forces; the Artillery Corps; the Egyptian Airborne Corps, the Sa'ka Forces - the Egyptian special forces; the Reconnaissance Corps; the Signal Corps and Electronic Warfare forces; the Engineering Corps; the Medical Corps, whose field units' status in the early 2020s is unconfirmed; the Supply Corps, which may be the same organisation as the Quartermaster Corps; the Military Police Corps; the Chemical Warfare Corps; and tactical missile (longer range surface-to-surface missile forces), which may be part of the Artillery Corps.
The Republican Guard's armoured forces are closely associated with the army. In addition, the Border Guard/Frontier Corps is also affiliated with the armed forces. The Armed Forces Medical Service Department operates over forty hospital facilities across Egypt. Cairo’s Kobry Bridge complex of Multiple military hospitals (opened 2011; new additions planned through 2019), is part of an ongoing effort by the Egyptian Army to offer cutting-edge treatment and patient care. The facility has 840 beds spread between major surgery, respiratory disease, and emergency units. Smaller specialized centers in dental, cardiac, and ophthalmological care account for an additional 205 beds. Egypt’s Military Medical Academy was founded in 1979 with the purpose of educating and training medical officers in all branches of Egypt’s armed forces.
The facility is located on Ihsan Abdul Quddus Street in Cairo. It is associated with the Armed Forces Medical College, founded in 1827. This was the Middle East’s first modern school of medicine and was a product of Egypt’s newly established Military Department of Health during the administration of Muhammad Ali Pasha. Ranks and insignia Commissioned officers Enlisted Uniform The Egyptian Army utilizes a British style ceremonial outfit, with desert camouflage implemented in 2012. Identification between the different branches of the Egyptian Army depended on the insignia on the upper left shoulder of the uniform, and also the color of the beret.
The Airborne, Thunderbolt, and Republican Guard units each utilize their own camouflaged uniforms. Camouflage Suit Equipment Egypt's varied army weapons inventory complicates logistical support for the army. National policy since the 1970s has included the creation of a domestic arms industry (including the Arab Organization for Industrialization) capable of indigenous maintenance and upgrades to existing equipment, with the ultimate aim of Egyptian production of major ground systems. In 1984 Egypt received permission to build an M-1 Abrams factory, and M-1 production commenced in 1992. Prior to this, large acquisitions had included nearly 700 M-60A1 main battle tanks from the US from March 1990, as well as nearly 500 Hellfire anti-tank guided missiles.
Today, the Egyptian Army uses a variety of weapon systems and vehicles from United States, Russia, and other national suppliers. See also Egyptian Military museum List of Battles of Egypt Central Security Forces List of countries by number of active troops Notes References Macmunn, George Fletcher; Falls, Cyril Bentham [three separate volumes, different publishing dates]. Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine; History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Further reading Steve Rothwell, Military Ally or Liability, The Egyptian Army 1936-42, accessed February 2009 Egypt Category:Military of Egypt
The triune brain is a model of the evolution of the vertebrate forebrain and behavior, proposed by the American physician and neuroscientist Paul D. MacLean. MacLean originally formulated his model in the 1960s and propounded it at length in his 1990 book The Triune Brain in Evolution. The triune brain consists of the reptilian complex, the paleomammalian complex (limbic system), and the neomammalian complex (neocortex), viewed each as independently conscious, and as structures sequentially added to the forebrain in the course of evolution. However, this hypothesis is no longer espoused by the majority of comparative neuroscientists in the post-2000 era.
The triune brain hypothesis became familiar to a broad popular audience through Carl Sagan's Pulitzer prize winning 1977 book The Dragons of Eden. The theory has been embraced by some psychiatrists and at least one leading affective neuroscience researcher. Reptilian complex The reptilian complex, also known as the R-complex or "reptilian brain" was the name MacLean gave to the basal ganglia, structures derived from the floor of the forebrain during development. The term derives from the idea that comparative neuroanatomists once believed that the forebrains of reptiles and birds were dominated by these structures. MacLean proposed that the reptilian complex was responsible for species-typical instinctual behaviours involved in aggression, dominance, territoriality, and ritual displays.
Paleomammalian complex The paleomammalian brain consists of the septum, amygdalae, hypothalamus, hippocampal complex, and cingulate cortex. MacLean first introduced the term "limbic system" to refer to this set of interconnected brain structures in a paper in 1952. MacLean's recognition of the limbic system as a major functional system in the brain was widely accepted among neuroscientists, and is generally regarded as his most important contribution to the field. MacLean maintained that the structures of the limbic system arose early in mammalian evolution (hence "paleomammalian") and were responsible for the motivation and emotion involved in feeding, reproductive behaviour, and parental behaviour.
Neomammalian complex The neomammalian complex consists of the cerebral neocortex, a structure found uniquely in higher mammals, and especially humans. MacLean regarded its addition as the most recent step in the evolution of the mammalian brain, conferring the ability for language, abstraction, planning, and perception. Status of the model MacLean originally formulated the triune brain hypothesis in the 1960s, drawing on comparative neuroanatomical work done by Ludwig Edinger, Elizabeth C. Crosby and Charles Judson Herrick early in the twentieth century. The 1980s saw a rebirth of interest in comparative neuroanatomy, motivated in part by the availability of a variety of new neuroanatomical techniques for charting the circuitry of animal brains.
Subsequent findings have refined the traditional neuroanatomical ideas upon which MacLean based his hypothesis. For example, the basal ganglia (structures derived from the floor of the forebrain and making up MacLean's reptilian complex) were shown to take up a much smaller portion of the forebrains of reptiles and birds (together called sauropsids) than previously supposed, and to exist in amphibians and fish as well as mammals and sauropsids. Because the basal ganglia are found in the forebrains of all modern vertebrates, they most likely date to the common evolutionary ancestor of the vertebrates, more than 500 million years ago, rather than to the origin of reptiles.
Some recent behavioral studies do not support the traditional view of sauropsid behavior as stereotyped and ritualistic (as in MacLean's reptilian complex). Birds have been shown to possess highly sophisticated cognitive abilities, such as the toolmaking of the New Caledonian crow and the language-like categorization abilities of the grey parrot. Structures of the limbic system, which MacLean proposed arose in early mammals, have now been shown to exist across a range of modern vertebrates. The "paleomammalian" trait of parental care of offspring is widespread in birds and occurs in some fishes as well. Thus, like the basal ganglia, the evolution of these systems presumably dates to a common vertebrate ancestor.
Finally, recent studies based on paleontological data or comparative anatomical evidence strongly suggest that the neocortex was already present in the earliest emerging mammals. In addition, although non-mammals do not have a neocortex in the true sense (that is, a structure comprising part of the forebrain roof, or pallium, consisting of six characteristic layers of neurons), they possess pallial regions, and some parts of the pallium are considered homologous to the mammalian neocortex. While these areas lack the characteristic six neocortical layers, birds and reptiles generally possess three layers in the dorsal pallium (the homolog of the mammalian neocortex). The telencephalon of birds and mammals makes neuroanatomical connections with other telecencephalic structures like those made by neocortex.
It mediates similar functions such as perception, learning and memory, decision making, motor control, conceptual thinking. Lay interest The triune model of the mammalian brain is seen as an oversimplified organizing theme by some in the field of comparative neuroscience. It continues to hold public interest because of its simplicity. While inaccurate in many respects as an explanation for brain activity, structure and evolution, it remains one of very few approximations of the truth we have to work with: the "neocortex" represents that cluster of brain structures involved in advanced cognition, including planning, modeling and simulation; the "limbic brain" refers to those brain structures, wherever located, associated with social and nurturing behaviors, mutual reciprocity, and other behaviors and affects that arose during the age of the mammals; and the "reptilian brain" refers to those brain structures related to territoriality, ritual behavior and other "reptile" behaviors.
The simple explanatory value makes this approximation engaging and may be a useful level of complexity for high-school students to begin engaging with brain research. Howard Bloom, in his book The Lucifer Principle, references the concept of the triune brain in his explanations of certain aspects of human behavior. Arthur Koestler made MacLean's concept of the triune brain the centerpiece of much of his later work, notably The Ghost in the Machine. English novelist Julian Barnes quotes MacLean on the triune brain in the foreword to his 1982 novel Before She Met Me. Peter A. Levine uses the triune brain concept in his book Waking the Tiger to explain his somatic experiencing approach to healing trauma.
Glynda-Lee Hoffmann, in her book The Secret Dowry of Eve, Women's Role in the Development of Consciousness, references the triune theory explored by MacLean and goes one step further. Her theory about human behavior, and the problems we create with that behavior, distinguishes the prefrontal cortex as uniquely different from the rest of the neocortex. The prefrontal cortex, with its agenda of integration, is the part of the brain that can get the other parts to work together for the good of the individual. In many humans the reptilian cortex (agenda: territory and reproduction [in humans that translates to power and sex]) is out of control and the amygdala stokes the fear that leads to more bad behavior.
The prefrontal cortex is the key to our future if we can harness its power. References Further reading Category:Neuroscience Category:Biology theories Category:Obsolete scientific theories
Randalls Island and Wards Island are conjoined islands, collectively called Randalls and Wards Islands, in the New York City borough of Manhattan, separated from most of Manhattan by the Harlem River, from Queens by the East River and Hell Gate, and from the Bronx by the Bronx Kill. The two islands were formerly separated, with Randalls Island to the north of Wards Island. The channel between them, Little Hell Gate, was infilled by the early 1960s. A third, smaller island, Sunken Meadow Island, was located east of Randalls Island and was connected to it in 1955. The island had a population of 1,648 living on in 2010.
Most of the island is parkland, spanning a total of , and managed by Randall's Island Park Alliance. The park offers athletic fields, a driving range, greenways, playgrounds and picnic grounds. The island also has a history of being used for asylums, hospitals, and cemeteries, and is currently home to several public facilities, including two psychiatric hospitals, a state police station, a fire academy, a wastewater treatment plant, and several homeless shelters. Outside of these institutions, there is no residential housing for the general public on the island. The island is crossed by the Triborough and Hell Gate bridges.
The island can be reached by the Triborough Bridge; the Wards Island Bridge, which serves pedestrians and bicyclists and links the island to East Harlem in Manhattan; or by the Randalls Island Connector, a pedestrian and cycling bridge crossing the Bronx Kill and connecting to the Port Morris neighborhood of the Bronx. Randalls Island is the home of three music festivals: Governors Ball Music Festival, Panorama Music Festival, and Electric Zoo Festival. History Colonial era Native Americans called Wards Island Tenkenas which translated to "Wild Lands" or "uninhabited place", whereas Randalls Island was called Minnehanonck. The islands were acquired by Wouter Van Twiller, Director General of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, in July 1637.
The island's first European names were Great Barent Island (Wards) and Little Barent Island (Randalls) after a Danish cowherd named Barent Jansen Blom. Both islands' names changed several times. At times Randalls was known as "Buchanan's Island" and "Great Barn Island", both of which were likely corruptions of Great Barent Island. Captain John Montresor, an engineer with the British army, purchased Randalls Island in 1772. He renamed it Montresor's Island and lived on it with his wife until the Revolutionary War forced him to deploy. During the Revolutionary War, both islands hosted military posts for the British military. The British used his island to launch amphibious attacks on Manhattan, and Montresor's house there was burned in 1777.
He resigned his commission and returned to England in 1778, but retained ownership of the island until the British evacuated the city in 1783 and it was confiscated. Both islands gained their current names from new owners after the war. In November 1784, Jonathan Randell (or Randel) bought Randalls Island, while Jaspar Ward and Bartholomew Ward, sons of judge Stephen Ward, bought Wards. Nineteenth century Although a small population had lived on Wards since as early as the 17th century, the Ward brothers developed the island more heavily by building a cotton mill and in 1807 building the first bridge to cross the East River.
The wooden drawbridge connected the island with Manhattan at 114th Street, and was paid for by Bartholomew Ward and Philip Milledolar. The bridge lasted until 1821, when it was destroyed in a storm. After the destruction of the bridge, Wards island was largely abandoned until 1840. Jonathan Randel's heirs sold Randalls to the city in 1835 for $60,000. In the mid-19th century, both Randalls and Wards Islands, like nearby Blackwell's Island, became home to a variety of social facilities. Randalls housed an orphanage, poor house, burial ground for the poor, "idiot" asylum, homeopathic hospital and rest home for Civil War veterans, and was also site of the New York House of Refuge, a reform school completed in 1854 for juvenile delinquents or juveniles adjudicated as vagrants.
Between 1840 and 1930, Wards island was used for: Burial of hundreds of thousands of bodies relocated from the Madison Square and Bryant Park graveyards The State Emigrant Refuge, a hospital for sick and destitute immigrants, opened in 1847, the biggest hospital complex in the world during the 1850s The New York City Asylum for the Insane, opened around 1863 Manhattan Psychiatric Center (incorporating the Asylum for the Insane), operated by New York State when it took over the immigration and asylum buildings in 1899. With 4,400 patients, it was the largest psychiatric institution in the world. The 1920 census notes that the hospital had a total of 6,045 patients.
It later became the Manhattan Psychiatric Center. Infill operations When the Triborough Bridge opened in 1936, it spurred the conversion of both islands to parkland. At the time, Little Hell Gate separated Randalls and Wards Islands. Around the late 1930s, Little Hell Gate began to be narrowed using infill to make room for an expansion of the parks. By the early 1960s, the islands were connected. There was also formerly another small island, Sunken Meadow Island, to the east of Randalls Island. It was infilled starting in 1955 when the city allowed construction companies to dump debris in between the islands for free.
The former island is now part of Sunken Meadow. The Sunken Meadow section of the Randalls Island Park, which was essentially completed by 1965, comprises and contains ball fields. Sunken Meadow also contains the infilled portion of Little Hell Gate. Scylla Point In 1984, the point at the southeastern tip of the island was officially designated "Negro Point", based on the unofficial usage of riverboat workers. The United States Geological Survey and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration used that name. It still appears on charts of the area today. In 2001 the Parks Commissioner Henry Stern, upon learning of the name, thought it was offensive.
He changed the name to "Scylla Point" and paired it with Charybdis Playground in Astoria Park; the two features are on opposite sides of Hell Gate, just as the mythological monsters of Scylla and Charybdis were on opposite sides of the Strait of Messina. Despite the name change Negro Point is still used by tug captains and mates as they sail past the area. Parks Proposals to add parks to the islands were made as early as 1916, but park development was truly kicked off by the 1930 Metropolitan Conference of Parks, which recommended transforming them into recreational parks. Randalls Island Park is operated by the Randall's Island Park Alliance (RIPA), a public-private partnership founded in 1992 as the Island Sports Foundation.
Randalls Island Park Alliance works with the City and local communities to provide sports venues, cultural events and environmental exploration. RIPA runs free youth programs at the Park, bringing thousands of children to the Park annually for a range of sports and environmental-education activities. Youth programs include public school field trips to the park’s urban farm and saltmarsh, environmental and garden tours and workshops, and various outdoor arts and crafts programs. In addition, RIPA hosts Randalls Island Kids camp, a free six-week-long summer camp for children from community organizations in East Harlem and the South Bronx. Programming for the general public includes movies nights in the park, historical and environmental tours, outdoor yoga, and large festivals, including the Cherry Blossom and music festivals.
Randalls Island Park contains over 8 miles of pedestrian and bike pathways, the majority of which run along the scenic waterfront perimeter of the island. With connections to all three boroughs, the island acts as a non-vehicular route for traveling between Manhattan, the Bronx, and Queens. Connection to the South Bronx Greenway is planned, with additional waterfront pathway sections, a naturalized "living shoreline," and further environmental restoration. Greenway segments are part of the East Coast Greenway, a 3,000 mile long trail system connecting Maine to Florida. A renovated golf center opened in 2008. The new $500,000 renovation has a two-tier indoor/outdoor, 82-stall driving range, of landing area, a 36-hole mini-golf course, grass tees, a short game area with sand bunker, PGA instructors, and 9 batting cages.
Then, a tennis center opened in Randalls Island Park in July 2009. It features 20 courts, 10 har-tru and 10 rubberized hard (5 indoor), along with a cafe, pro shop, fitness facilities and locker rooms. From May–October, 10 courts are reserved for NYC Parks Tennis Permit holders during the daylight hours. In the winter, all 15 outdoor courts are bubbled for use by club members. The center is also the home to the John McEnroe Tennis Academy and was home to the New York Sportimes of World TeamTennis until the team relocated to San Diego in 2014. Finally, in May 2010, RIPA and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation completed the construction of over 60 athletic fields to support a greater variety of sports, including football, lacrosse, field hockey, and rugby among the sports already played at the Park, soccer, baseball and softball.
Randalls Island Park has the most athletic fields of any single New York City park. Three natural environments, two saltmarsh and a freshwater wetland, have been established on the island. Through the process of excavating over of debris, installing clean sand, and planting native marsh grasses, of saltmarsh has been created surrounding the Little Hell Gate Inlet on the western edge of the Island. Just across from the Little Hell Gate saltmarsh, of freshwater wetlands were also established. In addition, the park is home to hundreds of birds, making it a destination for bird and nature enthusiasts. After the removal of almost of debris and fill, the freshwater wetland site was planted with native herbaceous, shrub, and tree species, such as switchgrass, aster, dogwood, and oak.
In addition, the restoration projects play a crucial role in an park-wide filtration system that collects storm water from the adjacent sports fields, pathways and paved areas and channels it through the Wetlands, where the new plants naturally filter pollutants before reaching the East River. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation approved a $1 million contract with Natural Currents Energy Services to generate renewable energy in the park. The project was expected to produce of solar, wind, and tidal energy to power the island's facilities. The project was planned to include a solar-powered marine research and information kiosk that would have been open to visitors of the island, and was hoped to have been completed in September 2012.
Little Hell Gate Little Hell Gate was originally a natural waterway separating Randalls Island and Wards Island. The east end of Little Hell Gate opened into the Hell Gate passage of the East River, opposite Astoria, Queens. The west end of Little Hell Gate met the Harlem River across from East 116th Street, Manhattan. At the Hell Gate Bridge, Little Hell Gate was over 1000 feet (300 m) wide. Currents were swift. After the Triborough Bridge opened in 1936, it spurred the conversion of both islands to parkland. Soon thereafter, the city began filling in most of the passage between the two islands, in order to expand and connect the two parks.
The inlet was filled in by the 1960s. What is now called "Little Hell Gate Inlet" is the western end of what used to be Little Hell Gate, however, few traces of the eastern end of Little Hell Gate still remain: an indentation in the shoreline on the East River side indicates the former east entrance to that waterway. Today, parkland and part of the New York City Fire Department Academy (see below) occupy that area. Infrastructure and facilities Facilities Icahn Stadium: The Icahn Stadium features an Olympic Track, meeting International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) standards, used for track and field training and competitions.
Bordering the Harlem River and visible from East Harlem, the stadium accommodates a variety of meets for public and private youth groups, and is available for public "Open Run" nights. Adjacent to the track is a synthetic turf field used for soccer and rugby. The first stadium built on the island was the Downing Stadium, a WPA project. Upon its opening on July 11, 1936, 15,000 attendees witnessed Jesse Owens compete in the Men's Olympic Trials. [20][21] Downing Stadium also hosted the Women's Olympic Trials in 1964. [22] It was the site of an international soccer friendly in which England defeated the USA, 10–0, on May 27, 1964.
[23] In 1960, the owners of Ebbets Field donated 500 stadium lights to Downing Stadium. The lights came from the old stadium, which was being torn down. [24]Downing Stadium was demolished in 2002, and replaced by the Icahn Stadium, which opened in April, 2005. [25] It was designed by architect Ricardo Zurita, who was also involved with the master planning of the park development. [26] On May 31, 2008, Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt broke the world record for the men's 100-meter dash at the Fourth Annual Reebok Grand Prix with a "lightning" speed time of 9.72 seconds. [27] Sports Fields: Randalls Island Park has 60+ fields, making up approximately 40% of all athletic fields in Manhattan.
Field permitting is administered through the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, and priority in field space is given to public schools and organizations from the local community. In addition, fields are used by various private youth and adult sports groups for training and competitions. Hospitals: The island is home to the Manhattan Psychiatric Center and the Kirby Forensic Psychiatric Center, both operated by the state Office of Mental Health. The Kirby Center houses the criminally insane, and is patrolled by the New York State Office of Mental Health Police. Shelters: The island is home to the Charles Gay Assessment Shelter (1 Keener Building), Schwartz Men's Shelter and the Clarke Thomas Next Step Employment Center, all run by the New York City Department of Homeless Services and are patrolled by the New York City Department of Homeless Services Police.
Police: The New York State Police have a station on the island, Troop NYC. It provides investigative services such as Bureau of Criminal Investigation, Narcotics Enforcement Unit, Organized Crime Track Force, and Special Investigations Unit, and also provides support to state police operations in New York City, such as state police troopers patrolling the state-run Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, the governors office, and parade details. Fire academy: The New York City Fire Department operates a training academy on Randalls Island. The academy's facilities include classrooms, a water supply tank, a subway tunnel with tracks and two subway cars, a training course for engine drivers, a helicopter pad, a replica ship, and multiple buildings designed to simulate the different types of building construction encountered within the city limits.
New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol academy The New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol operates a training academy on Randalls Island. Training encompasses physical fitness, ethics, customer service, criminal procedure and penal law, parks rules and regulations, summons writing, verbal Judo, traffic control, NYC Parks & Urban Park Ranger history, animal rescue (domestic/wildlife), Ranger duties, ice rescue training, CPR and first aid, unarmed self-defense training and baton (PR-24) certification. Water treatment: A wastewater treatment plant is located on the island, the , operated by the New York City Department of Environmental Protection. The plant started operations in 1937, serves a population of over one million in the western Bronx and east side of Manhattan and has a capacity of per day.
Bridges In 1917, the Hell Gate Bridge, a railroad bridge, was built across both islands, running from Queens to the Bronx. The bridge was first thought of in the early 1900s, as a plan to link New York and the Pennsylvania Railroad with New England and the New Haven Railroad. The bridge is considered to be extremely sturdy; it would be the last New York City bridge to collapse if humans disappeared, taking at least a millennium to do so, according to the February 2005 issue of Discover magazine, while most other bridges would fall in about 300 years. In 1936, the islands were connected to the rest of the city by the Triborough Bridge, the hub of which crossed the islands.
The American Society of Civil Engineers designated the Triborough Bridge Project as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1986. On November 19, 2008, the Triborough Bridge was officially renamed after Robert F. Kennedy at the request of the Kennedy family. To manage the bridge (and eventually all tolled New York City water crossings), the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority erected an art deco head building, the former base of Robert Moses; the building still stands on the island. In 1937, the islands were connected by a bridge over Little Hell Gate, obviating the need for a ferry to Wards Island.
There were two bridges that appear to have been known as Little Hell Gate Bridge – an early 20th-century rail bridge on the approach to Hell Gate Bridge, and a later, lower steel arch road bridge across Little Hell Gate. The northern approach viaduct to the Hell Gate Bridge included an inverted bowstring truss bridge, with four long spans, across Little Hell Gate. Although the majority of Little Hell Gate has been filled in, this bridge still exists. Some time after the rail bridge was built, a long, 3 span, steel arch road bridge, designed by George Washington Bridge-engineer Othmar Ammann, was also built across Little Hell Gate, just a short distance to the northwest of the rail bridge.
The Little Hell Gate bridge was rendered obsolete when the Little Hell Gate was filled, and a service road was built alongside the deteriorating bridge. Efforts were made in the mid-1990s to preserve the bridge in the face of plans by the New York City Department of Transportation to demolish it. They were unsuccessful, and the bridge was replaced with a simple service road. In 1937, plans were developed by Robert Moses to construct a pedestrian bridge across the Harlem River from East Harlem, a bridge which would provide Manhattan residents with easy access to the new Wards Island's Park.
However, actual construction of this Wards Island Bridge, also known as the 103rd Street Footbridge, did not begin until 1949. Designed by Othmar Hermann Ammann and built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the footbridge was originally known as the Harlem River Pedestrian Bridge. This bridge opened to pedestrians on May 18, 1951 and was completed at a cost of $2.1 million. It gives access to Wards Island Park from East Harlem, which has few public green spaces. In November 2015, a ground-level footbridge over the Bronx Kill, called the Randalls Island Connector, opened, forming the second link from Randalls Island to the Bronx.
Construction of this bridge was proposed in 2006, but did not begin until 2013. See also List of New York City parks Notes and references Footnotes References Further reading External links Randall's Island Park Alliance History of Randall's Island History of Wards Island Map from 1885 showing Little Hell Gate Category:Neighborhoods in Manhattan Category:History of Manhattan Category:Islands of Manhattan Category:Islands of the East River Category:Harlem River
This is a list of Jewish winners and nominees of Academy Awards. It includes ethnic Jews and those who converted to Judaism. Best Actor in a Leading Role Best Actress in a Leading Role Best Actor in a Supporting Role Best Actress in a Supporting Role Best Animated Feature Best Assistant Director Note: Defunct category. Best Cinematography Best Costume Design Best Dance Direction Note: Defunct category. Best Director Best Documentary Feature Best Documentary (Short Subject) Best Film Editing Best International Feature Film The Academy Award for Best International Feature Film is awarded to countries, not individuals. This list contains Jewish directors of nominated films, who typically accept the award on behalf of their country.
Best Makeup and Hairstyling Best Music, Original Score Best Music, Original Song Best Picture Best Production Design Best Animated Short Film Best Live Action Short Film Best Sound Best Story Note: Defunct category. Best Visual Effects Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay) Best Writing (Original Screenplay) Special awards References General Specific Category:Academy Awards Jewish Jewish Jewish Academy Awards Academy Awards Academy Awards Academy Award winners and nominees
Tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate is a salt with the formula NBu4PF6. It is a white powder that is used as an electrolyte in nonaqueous electrochemistry. It is highly soluble in polar organic solvents such as acetone and acetonitrile. The salt consists of a positively charged tetrabutylammonium, a quaternary ammonia cation and a weakly basic hexafluorophosphate anion. These species are chemically inert, which allows the salt to serve as an inert electrolyte over a wide potential range. Given the sensitivity of electrochemical experiments, this salt is usually further purified, e.g., by recrystallization from aqueous or absolute ethanol. References Category:Quaternary ammonium compounds Category:Hexafluorophosphates
Sichuan pepper () is a spice from the Sichuan cuisine of China's southwestern Sichuan Province. It has a unique aroma and flavor that is neither hot like chili peppers nor pungent like black pepper. Instead, it has slight lemony overtones and creates a tingly numbness in the mouth due to hydroxy-α-sanshool. It is commonly used in Sichuanese dishes such as mapo doufu and Chongqing hot pot, and is often added together with chili peppers to create a flavor known in Mandarin as málà (; "numb-spiciness"). Despite its name, Sichuan pepper is not closely related to either black pepper or the chili pepper.
It comes from the seeds of at least two species of small trees in the global genus Zanthoxylum (colloquially known as "prickly ash") in the family Rutaceae, which includes citrus and rue. The husk or hull (pericarp) around the seeds may be used whole, especially in Sichuan cuisine, and the finely ground powder is one of the ingredients for five-spice powder. Related species are used in the cuisines of Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, Thailand, the Konkani and Kumaoni people of India, and the Toba Batak of Indonesia. Names The Sichuan pepper is known in Chinese as huā jiāo. A lesser-used name is shān jiāo (), not to be confused with Tasmanian mountain pepper, which is also the root of the Japanese .
Confusingly, the Korean sancho () refers to a different if related species (Z. schinifolium), while Z. piperitum is known as chopi (). The name hua jiao in a strict sense refers to the northern China peppercorn, Z. bungeanum, according to the common consensus in current scholarly literature. However, hua jiao is also the generic term in commerce for all such viable spices harvested from the genus. This includes Z. simulans (Hance), identified by a taxonomical authorities as the yě huā jiāo (, "wild peppercorn"), though elsewhere given as chuān jiāo (, "Sichuan pepper"), leading to the tendency to regard this as the bona fide "Sichuan pepper".
While the exact flavor and composition of different species from the genus Zanthoxylum vary, most share the same essential characteristics. So while the terms "Sichuan pepper" and sanshō may refer specifically to Z. simulans and Z. piperitum, respectively, the two are commonly used interchangeably. The Indian subcontinent uses a number of varieties of Sichuan pepper. In Konkani, it is known as tephal or tirphal. In Nepali, Z. alatum is known as timur () or timbur, while in Tibetan, it is known as yer ma () and in Bhutan as thingye. It is also called current mirchi commonly. In Indonesia's North Sumatra province, around Lake Toba, Z. acanthopodium is known as andaliman in the Batak Toba language and tuba in the Batak Karo language.
In America, names such as "Szechwan pepper", "Chinese pepper", "Japanese pepper", "aniseed pepper", "spice pepper", "Chinese prickly-ash", "fagara," "sansho", "Nepal pepper", "Indonesian lemon pepper", and others are used, sometimes referring to specific species within this group, since this plant is not well known enough in the West to have an established name. Some brands also use the English description "dehydrated prickly ash", since the Sichuan pepper and Japanese sansho are from related plants that are sometimes called prickly ash because of their thorns (though purveyors in the US do sell the native prickly ash species Z. americanum because it is recognized as a folk remedy).
In Kachin State of Myanmar, the Jinghpaw people widely use it in traditional cuisine. It is known as ma chyang among them. Its leaves are served as one of ingredients in cooking soups. In the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, it is known as dambaray or dambara and is mostly used in street foods. Culinary uses Sichuan pepper's unique aroma and flavour is not hot or pungent like black, white, or chili peppers. Instead, it has slight lemony overtones and creates a tingly numbness in the mouth (caused by its 3% of hydroxy alpha sanshool). According to Harold McGee in On Food and Cooking, they are not simply pungent; "they produce a strange, tingling, buzzing, numbing sensation that is something like the effect of carbonated drinks or of a mild electric current (touching the terminals of a nine-volt battery to the tongue).
Sanshools appear to act on several different kinds of nerve endings at once, induce sensitivity to touch and cold in nerves that are ordinarily nonsensitive, and so perhaps cause a kind of general neurological confusion." Recipes often suggest lightly toasting the tiny seed pods, then crushing them before adding them to food. Only the husks are used; the shiny black seeds are discarded or ignored as they have a very gritty, sand-like texture. The spice is generally added at the last moment. Star anise and ginger are often used with it in spicy Sichuan cuisine. It has an alkaline pH and a numbing effect on the lips when eaten in larger doses.
Ma la sauce (; literally "numbing and spicy"), common in Sichuan cooking, is a combination of Sichuan pepper and chili pepper, and it is a key ingredient in má là hot pot, the Sichuan version of the traditional Chinese dish. It is also a common flavouring in Sichuan baked goods such as sweetened cakes and biscuits. Beijing microbrewery Great Leap Brewing uses Sichuan peppercorns, offset by honey, as a flavouring adjunct in its Honey Ma Blonde. Sichuan pepper is also available as an oil (, marketed as either "Sichuan pepper oil", "Bunge prickly ash oil", or "huajiao oil"). In this form, it is best used in stir-fry noodle dishes without hot spices.
The recipe may include ginger oil and brown sugar cooked with a base of noodles and vegetables, then adding rice vinegar and Sichuan pepper oil after cooking. Hua jiao yan () is a mixture of salt and Sichuan pepper, toasted and browned in a wok, and served as a condiment to accompany chicken, duck, and pork dishes. The peppercorns can also be lightly fried to make a spicy oil with various uses. In Indonesian Batak cuisine, andaliman (a relative of Sichuan pepper, Z. acanthopodium) is ground and mixed with chilies and seasonings into a green sambal tinombur or chili paste, to accompany grilled pork, carp, and other regional specialties.
Arsik, a Batak dish from the Tapanuli region, uses andaliman as spice. Sichuan pepper is one of the few spices important for Nepali, Northeast Indian, Tibetan, and Bhutanese cookery of the Himalayas because few spices can be grown there. One Himalayan specialty is the momo, a dumpling stuffed with vegetables, cottage cheese, or minced yak meat, water buffalo meat, or pork and flavoured with Sichuan pepper, garlic, ginger, and onion, served with tomato and Sichuan pepper-based gravy. Nepalese-style noodles are steamed and served dry, together with a fiery Sichuan pepper sauce. In Korean cuisine, two species are used: Z. piperitum and Z. schinifolium.
The pepper is ground and commonly accompanies fish soups such as chueo-tang or maeun-tang. Phytochemistry Important aromatic compounds of various Zanthoxylum species include: Zanthoxylum fagara (Central & Southern Africa, South America) — alkaloids, coumarins (Phytochemistry, 27, 3933, 1988) Zanthoxylum simulans (Taiwan) — Mostly beta-myrcene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, Z-beta-ocimene (J. Agri. & Food Chem., 44, 1096, 1996) Zanthoxylum armatum (Nepal) — linalool (50%), limonene, methyl cinnamate, cineole Zanthoxylum rhetsa (India) — Sabinene, limonene, pinenes, para-cymene, terpinenes, 4-terpineol, alpha-terpineol. (Zeitschrift f. Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -forschung A, 206, 228, 1998) Zanthoxylum piperitum (Japan [leaves]) — citronellal, citronellol, Z-3-hexenal (Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 61, 491, 1997) Zanthoxylum acanthopodium (Indonesia) — citronellal, limonene U.S. import ban From 1968 to 2005, the United States Food and Drug Administration banned the importation of Sichuan peppercorns because they were found to be capable of carrying citrus canker (as the tree is in the same family, Rutaceae, as the genus Citrus).
This bacterial disease, which is very difficult to control, could potentially harm the foliage and fruit of citrus crops in the U.S. It was never an issue of harm in human consumption. The import ban was only loosely enforced until 2002. In 2005, the USDA and FDA lifted the ban, provided the peppercorns are heated for ten minutes to around to kill any canker bacteria before import. As of 2007, the USDA no longer requires dried fruit to be subjected to heat treatment in order to be allowed to enter the US. Taking into account that the peppercorn is normally shipped and used dried, this change effectively means that there is no longer an active import ban on the peppercorns.
References Sources PDF External links Gernot Katzer's spice pages Recipes Sichuan Bang Bang Chicken Sichuan Crispy Beef (Dry-fried Beef, Gan Bian Niu Rou Si) Chengdu Chicken Stir-fry How to Make Five-spice Powder BBC Food recipes Category:Medicinal plants Category:Zanthoxylum Category:Sichuan cuisine Category:Chinese condiments Category:Peppers Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
Strømme syndrome is a very rare autosomal recessive genetic condition characterised by intestinal atresia (in which part of the intestine is missing), eye abnormalities and microcephaly. The intestinal atresia is of the "apple-peel" type, in which the remaining intestine is twisted around its main artery. The front third of the eye is typically underdeveloped, and there is usually moderate developmental delay. Less common features include an atrial septal defect, increased muscle tone or skeletal abnormalities. Physical features may include short stature, large, low-set ears, a small jaw, a large mouth, epicanthic folds or fine, sparse hair. The syndrome is caused by mutations in both copies of the CENPF gene, which codes for centromere protein F. This protein is involved in cell division, in which it forms part of a disc-shaped protein complex known as a kinetochore.
CENPF also has a role in orienting long, cylindrical structures called microtubules to form thin cell protrusions called cilia, which send and receive signals to trigger cell division, migration or differentiation. Mutations in the gene result in slower cell division and some embryonic developmental processes being disrupted or not completed, and the syndrome can be classified as a ciliopathy. The syndrome is typically diagnosed based on the symptoms, but genetic testing provides a full confirmation. Treatment centres around the symptoms. The intestinal atresia is usually surgically correctable in infancy with anastomosis. The prognosis is not yet certain. Those who have survived birth and infancy (the majority) have continued to live through childhood and adolescence, but a large minority with the most severe cases have died before or shortly after birth.
The prevalence is not yet known. , around 13 individuals had been diagnosed. The syndrome was first identified based on symptoms in two siblings by Norwegian paediatrician Petter Strømme and his associates in 1993. It was named after him in a 2008 study describing another patient. In 2015, mutations in CENPF were first identified as pathogenic, and a 2016 genetic analysis of Strømme's original two siblings found that both had mutations in both of their copies of CENPF, establishing it as the cause of the syndrome. Signs and symptoms The most common symptoms of Strømme syndrome are intestinal atresia, eye abnormalities and microcephaly.
However, the syndrome has a wide range of severity that generally runs in the family it presents in, ranging from only mild learning disability and microcephaly with no other features in some families to death in utero with severe kidney, heart, eye, skeletal, brain and intestinal malformations in others. The variable severity is usually due to the presence or absence in each family of mutations in other genes with similar functions to CENPF. Intestinal Individuals with Strømme syndrome are typically born with intestinal atresia, in which parts of the intestine are narrow or missing, leading to neonatal bowel obstruction that must be operated on.
The intestinal atresia is of the "apple-peel" type, an uncommon type in which the remaining portion of the intestine is found twisted around its main artery, and this usually affects the jejunum. Often, much of the bowel is missing in this form of atresia. There can sometimes also be intestinal malrotation. At least two individuals with the syndrome in literature have avoided intestinal atresia, one of which had a sibling with the same mutations who did not. In two siblings who did not survive to term, the intestinal atresia (which also included duodenal atresia) and malrotation were more severe. Eyes The eyes are often smaller and underdeveloped, usually more severely in one eye than the other.
This can manifest as a coloboma (hole) in the iris, cataracts, opacity of the cornea (leukoma), sclerocornea (in which the white of the eye blends into the cornea), a small cornea (microcornea) and synechia (in which the iris adheres to the cornea or lens). This underdevelopment of the front of the eye, known as anterior segment dysgenesis (which includes Peters' anomaly), can lead to an increased risk of glaucoma from high intraocular pressure, due to impaired eye fluid drainage, though this hadn't been reported in any of the affected individuals . There may also be crossing of the eyes (esotropia), and less commonly there may be twisted retinal blood vessels or optic nerve hypoplasia.
The eye anomalies can result in an inability to focus (astigmatism) as well as amblyopia, in which the brain begins to fail to process input from the weaker eye during childhood. Neurological Those affected with the syndrome usually have microcephaly. A large minority also have pachygyria (fewer ridges in the brain) or lissencephaly (shallower ridges). Developmental delay is usually present. It has usually been moderate-to-severe, but in some cases it has been mild. A few of those affected have had increased muscle tone. One individual had cortical heterotopia, which is a sign of impaired neuronal cell migration during neural development.
Agenesis or hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and cerebellum have been found in at least one living affected individual and several who did not survive to term. Hydrocephalus occurred in one living individual 9 months after birth and in four who did not survive to term. Hydrocephalus was also observed in zebrafish whose CENPF genes were experimentally knocked out. Cerebellar hypoplasia in association with hydrocephalus is called Dandy–Walker malformation and is found in a number of other ciliopathies, sometimes together with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Physical features Physical features are variable but usually include short stature, large, low-set ears, a high nasal bridge, a small jaw and a large mouth.
Some of those affected have had epicanthal folds or fine, sparse hair. One individual was born with a skin tag on the left cheek. Four affected individuals who did not survive to term had cleft palate. Heart A minority of those affected have been born with an atrial septal defect, a type of congenital heart defect. One affected individual had a ventricular septal defect and neonatal peripheral oedema in the legs. Two individuals who did not survive to term had a patent foramen ovale, a specific type of atrial septal defect, as well as reduced heart muscle tissue (myocardium) and abnormally small heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes).
Skeletal One affected individual had hip dysplasia, leading to dislocation, and another had metopic craniosynostosis, leading to a metopic ridge. Two individuals who did not survive to term had polydactyly of the thumb (preaxial polydactyly), flattened vertebrae (platyspondyly) and a rare chest wall malformation called a sternal cleft. Kidneys One living individual had underdeveloped and malformed kidneys, and two siblings who did not survive to term had underdeveloped kidneys and ureters, leading to a build-up of urine called hydronephrosis. Blood One affected person had a reduced number of platelets (thrombocytopaenia) in infancy, requiring transfusion. Platelets are cellular fragments formed from protrusions on megakaryocytes that enable blood clotting.
Blood symptoms have not yet been reported in any other affected individuals. Cause Strømme syndrome is caused by mutations in both copies of the CENPF gene, located on the long arm of chromosome 1. CENPF codes for centromere protein F. Centromere proteins are involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division. This is through forming part of kinetochores, which are disc-shaped protein complexes that allow the centromeres of chromosomes (in the dividing form, known as chromatids) to attach to microtubules in the cell (forming what is called the spindle apparatus). This allows the microtubules to pull the chromosomes apart in the process of dividing the cell.
Mutations in this gene lead to impaired cell division during early development. Mitosis has been found to take longer when CENPF is mutated. Microtubules are protein structures that are part of the cytoskeleton and are necessary for cells to have diverse, complex shapes and migratory ability. They are made by the centrosome, which contains a pair of cylindrical centrioles at right-angles to each other. Before division, CENPF localises at the end of one of the centrioles (the mother centriole) in order to orient microtubules correctly to form thin cellular projections called cilia. Most cilia are primary cilia, which are involved in cell signalling, sending and receiving signals to trigger cell migration, division or differentiation.
Mutations in CENPF disrupt this ability to form cilia; cilia have been found to be fewer in number and shorter when CENPF is mutated. Strømme syndrome therefore falls under the classification of diseases known as ciliopathies. Mutations that have been identified in CENPF have been mostly nonsense mutations, which result in the protein being cut short and usually non-functional as a result, but frameshift and splice-site mutations have also been identified. Several of the nonsense mutations that have led to this syndrome have been in exon 12 of the gene (out of 20), but mutations in other exons have been identified.
Severity and symptoms of the syndrome have been variable regardless of the type of mutation but generally consistent within families, suggesting the severity may depend on the presence of mutations in other genes that perform similar functions to or otherwise interact with or affect CENPF (a phenomenon known as epistasis). It has been suggested that an interaction between CENPF and NDE1, which causes microlissencephaly when mutated, is related to the microcephaly in Strømme syndrome. Diagnosis Diagnosis is typically achieved by observation of symptoms, however genetic testing provides a full confirmation. The microcephaly, intestinal atresia and some of the eye abnormalities are observable on prenatal ultrasound.
Brain MRI scans can reveal any brain anomalies that could be associated with the syndrome. Methods of genetic detection include whole exome sequencing and panel testing, which involves sequencing a selection of potential genes involved. Sanger sequencing can confirm the nature of the mutation. Once a family has been identified as being carriers for mutated CENPF genes, prenatal diagnosis and preimplantation genetic diagnosis can be offered for future conceptions. Treatment Treatment targets the symptoms. The intestinal atresia is usually surgically correctable in infancy with anastomosis, however no eye surgery had been reported . Van Bever et al. recommended monitoring patients for glaucoma.
Prognosis The prognosis is not yet certain. The majority of those affected have survived birth and infancy, and these individuals have continued to live through childhood and adolescence. However, a large minority with the most severe presentations have died before birth or shortly after. The oldest known people with the syndrome, Strømme's original two siblings, who had a mild-to-moderate presentation, were in their twenties and in employment . Epidemiology The prevalence of the syndrome is not yet known. , around 13 individuals had been diagnosed. History The condition was first identified in 1993, when Norwegian paediatrician Petter Strømme and his associates observed two infant siblings with microcephaly and eye abnormalities alongside apple-peel intestinal atresia at Rogaland Central Hospital in Stavanger, Norway.
They proposed that it constituted a new syndrome. Later studies by Slee and Goldblatt (1996), Shanske et al. (2002), Bellini et al. (2002) and others observed other patients with similar symptoms who appeared to have the syndrome. In 2008, Van Bever et al. proposed that the syndrome be named after Strømme, after encountering another patient who seemed to have the syndrome. In 2015, Waters et al. conducted a genetic analysis on a British family in which four foetuses had miscarried with symptoms of a ciliopathy. They found that the foetuses had mutations in both copies of CENPF. They subsequently analysed a cohort of 1,000 individuals with microcephaly and found that one of them, a girl, had mutations in both of her copies of CENPF.
Her learning delay was mild-to-moderate, and she did not have any other issues with her bodily systems. This confirmed that mutations in CENPF are pathogenic for the first time. In 2016, Filges et al. followed up with Strømme's original two siblings and found using whole exome sequencing that they both had mutations in both of their copies of CENPF, establishing mutations in CENPF as the cause of Strømme syndrome. Notable cases In May 2017, Ruby Ardolf (born 2004), from Minnesota, United States and diagnosed with Strømme syndrome, appeared in an Instagram video answering questions from her mother Angela which went viral, gaining over 500,000 views in a week.
Angela manages a website, online store and YouTube channel for her daughter, with over 100,000 subscribers . See also Ciliopathy Seckel syndrome References External links Category:Ciliopathy Category:Rare syndromes Category:Syndromes affecting the eyes Category:Syndromes affecting the kidneys Category:Syndromes affecting the gastrointestinal tract Category:Syndromes affecting head size Category:Syndromes affecting the heart
All True Man is the fourth studio album by American recording artist Alexander O'Neal. The album was a success in the UK, peaking at #2, though sales did not reach the levels of his previous album, Hearsay. On release, the album was received favourably by the majority of music critics. it went on to peak at #49 on the Billboard 200 and reached #3 on Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album's title single reached #5 on the R&B chart and #43 on the pop chart. The album launched four charting singles in the UK. "All True Man" peaked at #18 on the UK Singles Chart; "What Is This Thing Called Love?"
peaked at #53; "Shame on Me" peaked at #71; "Sentimental" at #53. The album was certified gold by the RIAA in 1992. In the UK, it was also certified gold by the BPI. Critical reception In a retrospective review, Alex Henderson of AllMusic gave the album three out of five stars and wrote that "The production is slick and high-tech; the vocals are the essence of earthy soulfulness. All True Man isn't O'Neal's best or most essential Tabu/Epic release; novices, in fact, would be better off starting out with his self-titled debut album of 1985." adding that "Nonetheless, this is a respectable, satisfying effort that the singer's hardcore fans will appreciate."
Track listing Personnel Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. "Time Is Running Out" Jimmy Jam - keyboards, synthesizer, drum programming, rhythm & vocal arrangements Terry Lewis - rhythm & vocal arrangements, backing vocals Lisa Keith - backing vocals "The Yoke (G.U.O.T.R.)"
Jimmy Jam - keyboards, synthesizer, drum programming, rhythm & vocal arrangements Terry Lewis - rhythm & vocal arrangements, backing vocals prof t. - rap, backing vocals Lisa Keith - backing vocals Joey Elias - backing vocals "Every Time I Get Up" Lance Alexander - drum programming, sampling, keyboards, piano, rhythm & vocal arrangements, programming vocals, programming, sequencing, additional vocals prof. T. - vocal arrangements, backing vocals Terry Lewis - vocal arrangements, programming vocals, backing vocals, additional vocals Karyn White - backing vocals Andre Shepard - backing vocals Ann Nesby - backing vocals Marie Graham - backing vocals "Somebody (Changed Your Mind)" Jimmy Jam - keyboards, synthesizer, drum programming, rhythm & vocal arrangements Terry Lewis - rhythm & vocal arrangements, backing vocals Karyn White - backing vocals Andre Shepard - backing vocals "Midnight Run" Denzil Foster - keyboards, drum programming Thomas Elroy - keyboards, drum programming Maxine Jones - backing vocals Samuelle - backing vocals "Used" Jellybean Johnson - all guitars, drums, synthesizer, rhythm & vocal arrangements Chance Howard - keyboards, synthesizer Jimmy Jam - keyboards Jim Demgen - computer programming Lisa Keith - vocal arrangements, backing vocals prof. t. - backing vocals "All True Man" Jimmy Jam - keyboards, synthesizer, drum programming, rhythm & vocal arrangements Terry Lewis - percussion, rhythm & vocal arrangements, backing vocals Karyn White - backing vocals "Sentimental" Jimmy Jam - acoustic piano, keyboards, synthesizer, drum programming, rhythm & vocal arrangements Terry Lewis - rhythm & vocal arrangements, backing vocals Lee Blaskey - string arrangements Susie Allard - strings Mynra Rian - strings Joanna Shelton - strings Carolyn Daws - strings Mary Bahr - strings Lea Foli - strings Julia Persilz - strings Hyacinthe Tlucek - strings Maricia Peck - strings Jeanne Ekhold - strings Luara Sewell - strings Rudolph Lekhter - strings Karyn White - backing vocals Lisa Keith - backing vocals "What Is This Thing Called Love?"
Jimmy Jam - acoustic piano, keyboards, synthesizer, drum programming, rhythm & vocal arrangements Terry Lewis - rhythm & vocal arrangements, backing vocals Lee Blaskey - string arrangements Susie Allard - strings Mynra Rian - strings Joanna Shelton - strings Carolyn Daws - strings Mary Bahr - strings Lea Foli - strings Julia Persilz - strings Hyacinthe Tlucek - strings Maricia Peck - strings Jeanne Ekhold - strings Luara Sewell - strings Rudolph Lekhter - strings Lisa Keith - backing vocals "The Morning After" Jimmy Jam - keyboards, synthesizer, drum programming, rhythm & vocal arrangements Terry Lewis - rhythm & vocal arrangements Lisa Keith - backing vocals Troy Thomson - backing vocals "Hang On" Lance Alexander - keyboards, drum programming, persuasion, rhythm & vocal arrangements, programming vocals, programming & sequencing Jesse Johnson - guitars Terry Lewis - programming vocals, programming & sequencing, backing vocals prof. t. - rhythm & vocal arrangements, programming vocals, programming & sequencing, backing vocals Karyn White - backing vocals Shame On Me Chance Howard - keyboards Jimmy Jam - rhythm & vocal arrangements Terry Lewis - rhythm & vocal arrangements Charts Certifications References External links Category:Alexander O'Neal albums Category:1991 albums Category:Tabu Records albums Category:Albums produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Kirza () is a type of artificial leather based on the multi-layer textile fabric, modified by membrane-like substances, produced mainly in the Soviet Union and Russia. The surface of kirza imitates pig leather. The material is mainly used in production of military boots, where it is a cheap and effective replacement for natural leather. It is also used in production of the belts for machinery and automobiles. Sometimes, English dictionaries translate кирза as kersey. It is not quite correct, since kersey is a material of natural origin known from the Middle Ages, though it is kersey that was used for production of first kirza.
According to a popular legend, the name kirza is an acronym for Kirovskiy zavod (Kirov factory), a factory producing artificial leather located near Kirov, but the actual name of the factory was Iskozh (an acronym for "iskusstvennaya kozha" - artificial leather), so the legend is just an example of folk etymology. The basic technology of getting a boots leather alternative was invented in 1904 by Mikhail Pomortsev who used a mixture of egg yolk, rosin and paraffin wax to impregnate kersey. The new material received several awards in Russia and abroad, but was not used due to leather boots manufacturers' lobby.
Though being much needed in the army after the Russian revolution, it remained relatively expensive for Soviet Russia until the invention of synthetic latex in the early 1930s to replace the impregnating mixture used initially. In 1939, Aleksandr Khomutov, the chief engineer of Kozhimit synthetic leather factory in Moscow, and his fellow engineer Ivan Plotnikov developed the new kirza that was named Kirza SK. Its mass production began during the Winter War of the Soviet Union against Finland. Initially the material proved to be unfit for winter conditions, and its production was halted. However, very soon the technology was improved and the mass production was resumed in the autumn and winter of 1941 during the German invasion of Soviet Union, since the large numbers of footwear were badly needed for the Red Army.
For the invention of the new kirza production technology, Aleksandr Khomutov, Ivan Plotnikov and seven other specialist was awarded the Stalin Prize of the 2nd degree on 10 April 1942. Since that time kirza has been continuously produced in the Soviet Union and then Russia, as well as in some other countries. Basically the technology hasn't changed much since 1941. About 85% of kirza produced in Russia goes for military boots (including the modern combat boots). Most of the modern kirza boots are produced from a combination of 85% kirza and 15% of specially prepared natural leather (the so-called yuft or Russia leather).
About 150 million pairs of kirza footwear has been produced up to this time. References Category:Footwear Category:Technical fabrics Category:Artificial leather Category:Soviet Army Category:Soviet inventions
Women in the Second World War took on many different roles during the War, including as combatants and workers on the home front. The Second World War involved global conflict on an unprecedented scale; the absolute urgency of mobilizing the entire population made the expansion of the role of women inevitable, although the particular roles varied from country to country. Millions of women of various ages died as a result of the war. World patterns Several hundred thousand women served in combat roles, especially in anti-aircraft units. The Soviet Union, for example, integrated women directly into their army units. The United States, by comparison, elected not to use women in combat because public opinion would not tolerate it.