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According to rector Christos Kittas, police officers did not ask for university immunity to be lifted so that they could gain access to the faculty. Clashes continued in the area which was closed to traffic and where hundreds of demonstrators remained for an hour. There were repeated police charges and several arrests were made. Some 60 persons were arrested with several demonstrators severely injured in clashes with police. Between those arrested were fourteen lawyers, who said that they had nothing to do with the protest, also several people sustained minor injuries and one was hospitalized. Afterwards the influential Journalists' Union of the Athens Daily Newspapers (ESIEA) protested to the Ministry for the Interior and Public Order about "the brutal attacks and beatings" to which reporters and camera crews had been subjected by some riot police units.
"There may have been excesses to be condemned, we are looking into the issue, but the police did their job," Minister for the Interior and Public Order Prokopis Pavlopoulos told Greek television. Later that evening, hundreds of demonstrators gathered outside the capital's central police headquarters on Alexandras Avenue, leading to some tense scuffles with officers. But the crowd had dispersed by late night, according to police who did not report any additional problems. Protests were carried on Thursday, 15 January, policemen labor unionists also took part in the demonstrations "to condemn the violent phenomena, from wherever they come, and to state categorically that social problems are not solved by repressive measures".
Veteran politician Manolis Glezos who took part in the protest, attributed police violence to the obedience of police forces to the executive power and not the judiciary. On Friday, 16 January some of the lawyers arrested on Friday's demonstration in Athens, filed suits against police officers accusing them for breach of duty, attempted bodily harm and unnecessarily exposing of people to tear gas. On Saturday, 17 January a demonstration was held in Larissa, where more than three thousand people protested against the anti-terrorism act and requested the withdrawal of the charges and the release of four jailed students, who were arrested during the demonstrations of December 2008.
Larissa was the only city where the act was applied last month when twenty five teenagers were arrested. At the same time protesters of a separate rally also in Larissa destroyed bank cameras and wrote slogans on walls, churches and supermarkets. Background and causes The shooting happened during a period where the Greek society faced a variety of difficulties in the midst of a worldwide economic slump. In a survey conducted shortly after the events for the Greek newspaper Kathimerini, 60% of the respondents considered them to be part of a wider "social uprising". Many people were concerned with corruption scandals, most of which involved mishandling of public money, the spread of poverty, the increasing rate of unemployment amongst young graduates and the slowing economy as the effects of the global economic crisis began to show.
The local student community—which formed the main body of protesters—had also been in significant turmoil since 2006, being opposed to a series of proposed laws regarding the reform of the country's education system. Many of the student demonstrations in relation to these laws in early 2007 turned violent and resulted in clashes with the police, though the perpetrators of the incidents of violence and vandalism, then as in December 2008, should not be necessarily identified with the students. As in many other countries, young people are faced with expensive studies and are especially affected by unemployment. However, in terms of unemployment Greece is comparable with France, Germany, or Portugal; has a lower unemployment than Spain or Slovakia; and has more unemployment than Italy, Bulgaria, or Cyprus.
Similarly, young people also represent a declining demographic group, compared to baby boomers, resulting in a weaker impact of the youth vote in political life, though this is also not particular to Greece. International Monetary Fund Managing Director, Dominique Strauss-Kahn warned that there was a risk of social unrest spreading unless the financial sector shared wealth more evenly. Greece had recently proposed to go through with €28 bn of cash injections to its banking system while at the same time leaving medicine suppliers unpaid. Regarding the possibility that economic inequality has been a factor, Greece has a Gini Index of income inequality of 34.3 (where a lower number represents a more egalitarian society in terms of distribution of wealth), comparable with that of France and Ireland; less equitable than Germany, Bulgaria, or Ukraine; and more equitable than Italy, the UK, or Turkey.
Additionally Greece scores a 4.6 on Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index which is used to gauge corruption in a state. This makes Greece comparable with Italy, Poland, or Turkey; more corrupt than France, the UK, or Cyprus; and less corrupt than Albania, Bulgaria, or Romania. Greece also suffers from one of the highest levels of public debt in the EU, with foreign debt valued at 93.9% of projected 2008 GDP and 16% of revenue in 2009 projected to go towards servicing this debt. First commemoration of the shooting incident On Saturday, 5 December 2009 a large crowd gathered at the place where Grigoropoulos was shot, ahead of Sunday's scheduled demonstration, with no reported clashes.
However, Police had detained 160 people following minor clashes in central Athens. Police, also, made a preemptive raid on an anarchist hangout in Keratsini near Piraeus on Saturday night detaining 22 people, including Italian, Spanish and Albanian citizens. They discovered some 200 empty bottles they believe were going to be used to make Molotov cocktails, two jerry cans of fuel, two hammers, three sledgehammers, three helmets, 13 gas masks and a stun grenade. They also seized a computer. Two of the people arrested were the son and daughter of Panhellenic Socialist Movement MP and deputy parliamentary speaker Grigoris Niotis. "I have total faith in Greek justice.
Just as I have faith in my children, who are adults," said Niotis. On Sunday, 6 December 2009 on 11.30 pm A memorial gathering, at the cemetery where 15-year-old Alexandros Grigoropoulos is buried, took place in the presence of his family and was attended by hundreds of people including the Greek Minister of Education. Later that day, several thousand demonstrators marched in central Athens and other cities across Greece and Europe to commemorate the death of 15-year-old Alexandros Grigoropoulos at about.
However the protest in Athens was followed by scenes reminiscent of those that followed Grigoropoulos's death, as several hundred protesters remained holed up in the grounds of the University of Athens and the city's Law School and used the two institutions as their bases, they clashed from roughly 6 pm and for about three hours with thousands of police who had been deployed in the city center to ensure that the anniversary of the killing of Alexis Grigoropoulos passed as peacefully as possible. Authorities said 134 people were detained for public order offenses in Athens and 80 in the northern city of Thessaloniki, where a similar demonstration also ended in violence, with youths throwing petrol bombs at police and setting fire to cars.
At least five protesters and 16 police officers were injured during the clashes. Including one female demonstrator, who was severely injured by a policeman when he struck her with his motorbike. The rector of the University of Athens, Christos Kittas, was hospitalized after protesters stormed into his office. Kittas was struck on the head and was taken to the Ippocrateio Hospital, where doctors placed him in intensive care, saying that he had suffered a heart ischemia. According to the witness of two contributors of the magazine, Occupied London, the director leaving the area had no blood on his head, and the story of his heart attack was fabricated as a "pretext for a full-on attack on the academic asylum".
The series of protests and riots continued months later with the May 2010 Greek protests. Reactions Domestic response The Greek government condemned the shooting. Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis wrote a letter to the student's family, stating that "In these difficult moments please accept my condolences for the unfair loss of your son. Like all Greeks I am deeply saddened. I know that nothing can relieve your pain." He continued on to write that "the state will see to it that such a tragedy does not happen again." On a nationally broadcast statement, he also vowed to end the "dangerous" extremist-inspired riots that have hit the country: The unacceptable and dangerous events cannot and will not be tolerated, the extremist elements who exploited the tragedy ... by showing that their only goal was to spread violence.
The state will protect its citizens and society ... It is the least of the tributes we owe Alexandros. On 8 December he declared that he had ordered the finance ministry to offer "quick and full compensation" to Greek people whose buildings have been damaged in the riots. President Karolos Papoulias sent condolences in a telegram, while Interior minister Prokopis Pavlopoulos expressed "deep sorrow". The police, who claimed that an investigation was underway into the "isolated" incident, also apologized. Athens Mayor Nikitas Kaklamanis has expressed his condolences for the death of the 15-year-old boy, adding that festive events for Christmas in Syntagma Square will be suspended until further notice.
Moreover, he assured the owners of damaged shops that they will be aided in restoring their damages, adding that he will propose the Municipal Committee be acquitted of municipal duties for 2009. The Communist Party of Greece (KKE) attributed the killing of 15-year-old Alexandros Grigoropoulos to the result of escalating authoritarianism, reinforcement of the suppression mechanisms and their action, the network of reactionary laws and the "Euro-terror laws" created by the governments of ND and PASOK. The KKE has stated that the riots and the destruction is the work of foreign agents acting as provocateurs. The leader of the KKE, Aleka Papariga, called for organized struggle against the main politics that it will be well guarded against suspicious command centers.
Meanwhile, the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) spoke of a cruel murder. The Panhellenic Socialist Movement issued an announcement holding the police responsible for the incident and stated that people "must answer the government's policies en masse and peacefully," while the Hellenic Federation of University Teachers' Associations (POSDEP) called a three-day strike, condemning the killing of the teenager. From Moscow, where he attended Patriarch Alexy II's funeral, Archbishop Ieronymos II of Athens called on everyone to face the crisis and the problems ahead with co-operation and not with destruction. Also in an interview on 13 December, the Archbishop added that the "youths are not enraged for no reason" and stated his belief that the effects of the global economic crisis coupled with the large unemployment rate are the causes of this violent outburst.
On 10 December, Prime Minister Karamanlis announced 7 governmental measures to aid the large number of Greek businesses that were damaged by the rioters, also aiding businesses that are undamaged. The Prime Minister stated that the commercial world of the country faced the destructive mania and the raw violence of extremist groups. "The government", he said, "will ensure the sentiment of public safety and support all damaged businesses. The General Federation of Professional Tradesmen and Traders of Greece saluted the measures and agreed with the direction that the measures were headed in. On 12 December, Vice-Minister of the Interior Panagiotis Chinofotis, as a political leader of the Greek Police, said that he felt that he had to ask for forgiveness for the shooting incident and the resulting death of Alexandros Grigoropoulos, since neither the defendant nor the defendant's lawyer did so.
On 16 December, Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis speaking to New Democracy (Greece)'s parliamentary group, condemned the killing of the 15-year-old by the policeman, while calling for all parties to isolate rioters. He also acknowledged that "Long-unresolved problems, such as the lack of meritocracy, corruption in everyday life and a sense of social injustice disappoint young people". Karamanlis said income-tax cuts will go ahead. But he warned against high expectations, saying Greece will spend €12 billion, about 5% of GDP, just to service its national debt. "Our top priority is to support those hurt the most ... (but) this debt is a huge burden that reduces the government's flexibility at this critical time".
International response and demonstrations abroad Argentina: In Argentina 50 students show their protests. On 13 December a small group of students gathered outside the Greek embassy in Buenos Aires to express their solidarity and to condemn the shooting of Alexandros Grigoropoulos. Australia: Australia warned tourists of possible violent demonstrations. On 13 December a small group of protesters gathered outside the Greek consulate in Melbourne to express their solidarity and to condemn the shooting of Alexandros Grigoropoulos. The building of the consulate was also defaced with graffiti earlier that week. Austria: Approximately 1200 demonstrators protested outside the Greek embassy in Vienna.
Belgium: Two protests took place, a peaceful demonstrations in front of the Permanent Greek Representation to the European Communities in Brussels with around 120 demonstrators, 9 were arrested afterward and a violent demonstration which took place in Ghent where a small group of around 15 protesters attacked banks, shops, several undercover police officers and a camera crew, 19 people were arrested, all released after a few hours, without further prosecution. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Demonstrations took place in front of Greek embassy in Sarajevo by students of University of Sarajevo. Bulgaria: Protests took place in front of the Greek embassy in Sofia.
Canada:In Vancouver, anarchists broke the windows and tagged a bank in solidarity with the rioters. In Montreal, a rally in solidarity with the rioters is held in front of the Greek consulate on 16 December. China: China expressed concern about the safety of its nationals living in Greece. Cyprus: Riots, demonstrations and clashes also spread to Cyprus. The riots began around midday on 8 December 2008 in the capital Nicosia and the western city of Paphos. In Paphos, student protesters gathered around the city's town hall and the police headquarters where they began verbally abusing the Cypriot police. The protesters also starting throwing rocks at the building, injuring at least one police officer.
These violent clashes were met with the arrest of two students. In the city of Larnaca, hundreds of students gathered at the police headquarters where they engaged in demonstrations and "scuffles" in response to the events in Athens. On 10 December, Cyprus Airways cancelled a number of flights to both mainland Greece and islands, including to Athens, Thessaloniki and Heraklion, due to the outbreak of strikes by air traffic controllers and other airport workers. Denmark: 63 people were arrested in Copenhagen when their protests in support of the Greek rioters allegedly turned violent. France: Protesters entered the Greek consulate in Paris, France.
The symbolic occupation was peaceful. 3000 demonstrators also gathered outside the Greek embassy in Paris and scuffled with police before partly blocking the Champs-Élysées, the most prestigious avenue in Paris. In Bordeaux, a city in the south of the country, demonstrators set cars alight outside the Greek consulate and wrote graffiti about a coming 'insurrection'. Germany: On the night of 7 December 2008 and during the following week, spontaneous demonstrations of solidarity took place in numerous German cities, both by left-wing groups of Greek university students studying abroad and local leftist activists. In the first week after the incident, the German Indymedia network had reported demonstrations in 26 German cities, with participation ranging from a few dozen to several hundred people, among the biggest being Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne, Hanover, Bremen, Leipzig, Dresden, and Nuremberg.
On 8 December 2008, a group of demonstrators occupied the Greek consulate in Berlin: 240 people pushed their way into the lobby of the consulate at Wittenbergplatz in western Berlin at around 9:40 am local time. One of the demonstrators told the Deutsche Presse-Agentur that the demonstration was in protest against a Greek state that was responsible for the death of the teenager. The occupation ultimately ended peacefully. On 12 December more than 1500 demonstrators protested the death of Alexandros Grigoropoulos in Berlin, according to the German police. On 20 December German riot police confronted an estimated 950 protesters in Hamburg who were expressing their sympathy for student protesters in Greece by marching under the banner of "Solidarity is a weapon."
The German police reported that the protest actions were broken up after they escalated to rioting. Ireland: Over two dozen people in the capital city, Dublin, picketed the Greek embassy in protest at the shooting and in solidarity with the protests. A second solidarity event was held after the call-out for international solidarity from those partaking in the events in Greece. Activists from the Workers Solidarity Movement, along with members of the Greek community in Ireland and individual activists, marched to the Greek embassy from St Stephen's Green with banners proclaiming 'RESIST THE POLICE: MURDERERS IN UNIFORM' 'OUR LIVES DO NOT BELONG TO THE STATE' and 'REMEMBER THE DEAD – FIGHT LIKE HELL FOR THE LIVING' The activists marched down a main-road behind these banners, at the height of the Christmas shopping period.
The embassy had been attacked at some stage before the demonstration, and its front walls were covered in red paint. Two windows were also broken in the attack. When the rally arrived it was addressed by a Greek anarchist living in Ireland. Italy: Related graffiti were found in Turin near the Greek consulate. Many activists demonstrated in front of the Greek consulate in Bologna. (Again one year later on 11 December 2009 during a students demonstration red paint was thrown against military police in front of the Greek consulate in Bologna) Demonstrations took place also in Florence and in front of the Hellenic Institute for Byzantine Studies in Venice.
In Rome, demonstrators burned a garbage bin and threw fire crackers and rocks at police cars trying to stop them from reaching the Greek embassy. Luxembourg: Around thirty protesters marched through Luxembourg's city centre on Saturday 20 December 2008 afternoon to show solidarity with young people in Greece. The group assembled at 15:30 in the Place Guillaume and followed a route through the city centre to the Greek Embassy. Although the group disrupted traffic at times, the police reported no disturbances. the group dispersed around 6 pm. Portugal: Some demonstrations were held in the city of Lisbon and Amadora, on 20 December, the international day of solidarity with Greece.
North Macedonia: Around 20 activists gathered in front of the Greek embassy in a peaceful protest in support of the Greek demonstrators. Protests were taken in front of the Greek Embassy in Skopje on 14 December and at the main square of Skopje on 18 December. Romania: Around 20 people protested in front of the Greek Consulate in Bucharest. Three were detained. The protest included a die-in. Russia: The Greek embassy in Moscow was targeted by firebombers. As a result, the Russian police increased security measures around the embassy. On 13 December about 30 activists of "Left Front" participated in a demonstration of solidarity.
Approximately 15 people were arrested. Serbia: In Serbia, there was an attack on the Greek embassy, where several molotovs were thrown through windows and interior and exterior walls were vandalised in support for the Greek protesters. Six protesters were arrested and tried for "vandalism and terrorism". All of them received 6-month sentences, but were later acquitted because of a lack of evidence against them. Spain: In Spain, 11 demonstrators were arrested and several policemen injured in clashes in Madrid and Barcelona. Attacks on a police station and a bank by Spanish youths in Madrid and Barcelona also fueled concern about copy-cat protests.
In Seville, a relatively small concentration of people in front of a police station was announced for 10 December, in the evening, since the day before, turning into a spontaneous demonstration of over 100 people through the streets. Slogans were chanted denouncing the repressive role of the police and State, labelled as "assassin", "violent", "repressor" and "terrorist", as well as for solidarity with Alexandros Grigoropoulos and Greek riots. Sweden: In Stockholm, approximately 50 demonstrators protested the killing of Alexandros Grigoropoulos outside the Greek embassy. Switzerland: In Zurich, approximately 120 demonstrators protested the killing of Alexandros Grigoropoulos and police violence and expressed their support to the demonstrators in Greece.
Netherlands: Solidarity demonstrations took place in The Hague, Amsterdam, Nijmegen and Leiden. Approximately 200 demonstrators took part in each of these largely peaceful demonstrations. Turkey: A dozen left-wing demonstrators daubed red paint on the Greek consulate in Istanbul. Also a large demonstration was organised on 11 December by the EMEP. Anarchists attacked to the Greek consulate building with red paint and broke into the building. United Kingdom: Britain warned tourists of possibly violent demonstrations. On 8 December 2008 in London, up to a hundred protesters clashed with police after trying to storm the Greek embassy in London. A group of anarchist demonstrators tore down the Greek flag from the building in Holland Park and set it on fire.
The police had been called to deal with "about 30" young protesters that seemed to be mostly students. Two protests were held in Edinburgh, on 8 and 10 December, both involving protest marches up to Castle Street. United States: On 10 December, the Greek consulate in New York was defaced with black graffiti, and a rock was thrown at one of the windows. On 11 December 50 people in Olympia, the capital of the state of Washington, marched in solidarity with the Greek revolt. Bank windows were smashed, resulting in one arrest. On 17 December, students at The New School in New York City occupied a university building, demanding the resignation of several members of the administration and greater power in university administration, both in solidarity with the Greek students and in protest of the current economy.
The students stated that they were inspired by and stood in solidarity with the civil unrest in Greece. In San Francisco, a protest ended in five arrests after protesters attacked businesses at Westfield Mall. In St. Louis, Missouri six people were arrested at a protest that blocked traffic. In Boston, Massachusetts, there was a solidarity demonstration outside the Greek consulate. In Providence, Rhode Island, about thirty people marched through the streets in a funeral procession in solidarity with the uprising in Greece as well as against the war in Gaza.
Criticism Criticism of the Government On 10 December the Communist Party of Greece's Central Committee released a written statement where they said that "an effort is being made by the bourgeoisie state, the ND government to utilise the blind violence of the hooded people, which we are witnessing mainly through the television channels, to check the swelling wave of discontent and popular intervention that is developing." On 12 December, PASOK leader George Papandreou speaking before his party's political council members blamed the ruling New Democracy government for the recent violent street protests in Athens and other parts of the country.
He held the government solely responsible for everything taking place in the country, stated that "the government itself is the problem" and called for early elections so that, the Greek people will be able to provide a clear mandate. On the same day, MP Adonis Georgiades of the Popular Orthodox Rally accused the political leadership of the Greek police for giving orders to the riot police not to intervene effectively to stop the riots at their initial stage. Also Popular Orthodox Rally proposed a project that anyone hooded should be arrested, to stop university asylum, ban protests and review the role of the army, in order to stop the riots.
In a meeting with police labor unionists, Alekos Alavanos the parliamentary leader of the Coalition of the Radical Left criticised the government for using the riot police as their own "army", he also, asked for an inter-party committee to examine the responsibilities and rights of the Greek police, whereas Alexis Tsipras, current president of the Coalition of the Radical Left, declared that the situation is indeed very grim and that the Greek government needs to find solutions for the actual causes of this "new social phenomenon". Criticism of the Coalition of the Radical Left Aleka Papariga, Secretary General of the Communist Party of Greece, called the leadership of the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) to "stop patting the hooded rioters on the back".
Georgios Karatzaferis, president of the Popular Orthodox Rally, also stated that "there are some political powers that are serious, and some that pat them on the back...". Alexis Tsipras, SYRIZA president, replied "we don't pat them on the back, and we don't take the role of the state's prosecutor either". He attacked the Communist Party, describing it as a conservative power that is disturbed when the youth spontaneously storm the streets. He also stated that the young people of the country have reached a deadlock, and this deadlock and their problems force them to the streets. Nikos Konstantopoulos, former SYRIZA chairman, spoke to a local radio station and criticised the present party leadership for not condemning the riots directly.
On Thursday 11th, Georgios Karatzaferis referred to a press release of the newspaper "Adesmeutos Typos" which, he claimed, had an MP of the Coalition supporting "the terrorism" instead of condemning the riots. Alekos Alavanos replied that, "Some have lost sense of what they say and what antidemocratic consequences their sayings might bring". On Friday 12th, in the parliament, MPs of both ruling New Democracy and the PASOK opposition criticised SYRIZA for not condemning the riots, and for Alexis Tsipras's statement that "the struggle must be moved in the schools". On Sunday 15th, Alexis Tsipras current president of SYRIZA called an unscheduled press conference where he dismissed criticism and decried what he called "slanderous" statements against the recent protests, he also added that "Synaspismos and its affiliated Parliamentary group, SYRIZA, are in an ideological conflict with the hooded gangs, because violence brings forth violence and leads to an impasse".
Criticism of the media 'Breaking news' bulletins and other mass media accounts of the shooting reported that an unprovoked attack had taken place against the police, favoring a narrative of 'riots in Exarcheia' that sidelined or trivialized the death of Alexandros Grigoropoulos. However, the existence of eyewitness video footage of the event and its circulation along with other alternative accounts on social media, changed the predominant perception from one of an (anarchist) attack against police officers in the 'notorious' neighborhood of Exarcheia to one of a 'rogue' policeman killing a kid. Nevertheless, media coverage uncritically reproduced the initial police report and persisted in promoting a flawed scenario of the events when the 'awkward facts' were clear to most people.
On 9 December, a photographer working for the newspaper Eleftheros Typos, who had taken on 7 December some snap-shots of a policeman targeting protesters with his gun, was fired, as the paper's editor claimed he was responsible for the leakage of the photos in the Internet. The photographer claimed the photos were not any more in his possession in the time of the leak, said that the editor was unwilling to publish them and denounced his sack as an attempt of political censorship, while left-wing newspapers and websites noted the editor's pro-government stance during the riots. The same newspaper received harsh criticism for misquoting Isocrates in its front page of 10 December.
On 13 December, the Greek National Council of Radio and Television alerted all radio and television stations throughout the country that they should be careful in how they broadcast the news about the riots. The Council informed the stations mainly of the necessity of not showing scenes of extreme violence (in ways that might be interpreted as encouraging extreme anti-social behavior), to avoid acting as if they were judicial authorities, and to avoid showing in public documents and other elements that might be the subject of legal proceedings. The Council noted that "there is danger of breaking the broadcasting laws by the way of presenting the latest events."
Financial consequences for the Greek economy After the first days of demonstrations and the presentation of the 2009 state budget that predicted solid economic growth in spite of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the spread of the Greek 10-year Government bonds had, by 12 December 2008, widened to 230 basis points against the corresponding German Government bonds (Bundesanleihen), a level that represents the highest level for the past nine years and the highest since the country entered the eurozone. This had an immediate effect on the cost of financing for Greece's government; these costs rose considerably as a higher yield had to be paid on any bonds it sold.
In addition, and given the credit crisis prevalent at the time, this curtailed its ability to issue bonds at all since investors were more risk averse than normal. Additionally, on Wednesday, 17 December 2008, the credit rating agency Moody's declared it would put Greece's credit rating, already the lowest in the Eurozone at A1, off positive outlook if political and economic instability continued. See also 1981 England riots 1992 Los Angeles riots 2001 Argentina riots 2005 civil unrest in France 2006 Dublin riots 2006 youth protests in France 2011 England riots 2013 protests in Turkey 2014 Ferguson unrest Anarchism in Greece References Further reading Gerodimos, Roman (2015).
The Ideology of Far Left Populism in Greece: Blame, Victimhood and Revenge in the Discourse of Greek Anarchists. Political Studies, 63(3), 608–625. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9248.12079 Kornetis, Kostis (2010). No More Heroes? Rejection and Reverberation of the Past in the 2008 Events in Greece. Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 28(2), 173–197. DOI: 10.1353/mgs.2010.0420 Vasilaki, Rosa (2017). We are an image from the future'. Reading back the Athens 2008 riots. Acta Scientiarum. Education, 39(2), 153–161. DOI: 10.4025/actascieduc.v39i2.34851 Revolt and Crisis in Greece, BOOK The Crisis before the Crisis: Violence and Urban Neolibrelisation in Athens Terminating the spatial contract: A commentary on Greece. By Antonis Vradis.
Critical Legal Thinking, 3 July 2012. External links From the Greek Streets The Occupied London Blog with updates from the riots and since then Chronology of the riots (Greek language) We Are An Image From the Future: The Greek Revolt of December 2008, edited by Void Network Matthew Asprey's 2011 novella Sonny's Guerrillas (set during the 2008 Athens riots). Boston Globe "The Big Picture" blog's 2008 Greek riots photo reportage Riots Greece Category:Exarcheia Category:Modern history of Athens Category:History of Greece since 1974 Category:Protests in Greece Category:Protests in the European Union Category:Political riots Category:Politics of Greece Category:Riots and civil disorder in Greece Category:Anarchism in Greece
The Number 23 is a 2007 American thriller film written by Fernley Phillips and directed by Joel Schumacher. Jim Carrey stars as a man who becomes obsessed with the 23 enigma once he reads about it in a strange book that seemingly mirrors his own life. The film was released in the United States on February 23, 2007. This is the second film to pair Schumacher and Carrey, the first being Batman Forever. The film grossed $77.6 million, and has an approval rating of 8% on Rotten Tomatoes. Plot Walter Sparrow is an animal control officer married to Agatha; they have a son, Robin.
At a bookstore, Agatha begins looking at a book titled The Number 23 written by Topsy Kretts. She later gives Walter the book as a birthday present. Walter starts reading the book, noticing odd similarities between himself and the main character, a detective who refers to himself as "Fingerling." Mirroring the detective, Walter becomes obsessed with the 23 enigma, the idea that all incidents and events are directly connected to the number 23, or to some number connected to 23. When he tries to warn Agatha about the number, she tells him he is crazy. Walter's obsession leads him to believe that the book has secret insights into his own life.
When he reads that Fingerling murders his girlfriend, Walter begins having dreams about murdering Agatha. Agatha refers him to her friend, Isaac French, who suggests Walter find the book's author if he wants answers. Walter's search leads him to discover the murder of Laura Tollins. Now believing the book to be a veiled confession, Walter searches for her killer. Evidence found at a psychiatric hospital reveals Walter in fact is Topsy Kretts, having written the book as a way to rid himself of the guilt he felt over murdering Tollins. He was never suspected of the crime, and a man named Kyle Flinch was convicted and imprisoned instead.
Walter had dated Tollins 13 years earlier, but she left him for Flinch. Walter stabbed Tollins to death in a jealous rage and left the scene of the crime, moments before Flinch arrived and touched the knife, implicating himself in the murder. Wracked with guilt, Walter decided to kill himself and began writing a suicide note, but found that he could not stop writing; the note ultimately became the book. He survived his suicide attempt, but the resulting head trauma left him with amnesia. Fearing he will hurt his family, he leaves home and moves to the same hotel in which he had attempted suicide.
Agatha finds Walter at the hotel and assures him that he is no longer the person he was when he wrote the book. He insists that he is a killer and tells Agatha to leave before he kills her, too. He leaves the hotel and runs into the street, where he nearly allows himself to be run over by a bus. Walter steps out of the way at the last minute when he realizes his son is watching. Walter turns himself in to the police and awaits sentencing, having been told that the judge will likely go easy on him.
A funeral procession takes place in front of Tollins' grave, where it is implied her body has finally been laid to rest, as Flinch observes, a free man. Cast Jim Carrey as Walter Sparrow/Fingerling Paul Butcher as Young Walter Sparrow/Fingerling Virginia Madsen as Agatha Pink-Sparrow/Fabrizia Logan Lerman as Robin Sparrow Danny Huston as Isaac French/Dr. Miles Phoenix Rhona Mitra as Laura Tollins Bud Cort (uncredited) as Dr. Leary Chris Lajoie as Benton Mark Pellegrino as Kyle Flinch Lynn Collins as Suicide Blonde/Mrs. Dobkins/Young Fingerling's Mother Michelle Arthur as Sybil Ed Lauter as Father Sebastian Corey Stoll as Sergeant Burns Reception The film has an approval rating of 8% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 189 reviews; the average rating is 3.49/10.
The site's consensus reads: "Jim Carrey has been sharp in a number of non-comedic roles, but this lurid, overheated, and self serious potboiler is not one of them. The Number 23 is clumsy, unengaging, and mostly confusing." Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B-" on scale of A+ to F. Of the few critics who liked the film, Richard Roeper and critic George Pennachio of KABC-TV in Los Angeles stand out, as they gave the film a "2 thumbs up" rating on the television show Ebert & Roeper (Pennachio was standing in for Roger Ebert due to Ebert's illness).
However, Michael Phillips, filling in for Ebert on the Worst of 2007 show (aired January 12, 2008) put The Number 23 at No. 7 in his list of the worst (Roeper did not include it in his list). Peter Travers of Rolling Stone declared the film the year's worst star vehicle on his list of the Worst Movies of 2007, while Colm Andrew of the Manx Independent said the film "delivers a rambling, confusing narrative with only a few stylistic elements thrown in". The film was nominated for two Teen Choice Awards. For his performance, Carrey was nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor at the 28th Golden Raspberry Awards, but lost to Eddie Murphy for Norbit.
Box office On its opening weekend, The Number 23 took in $14,602,867, coming in behind Ghost Riders second weekend. After five weeks of release, the film grossed $35,193,167 at the domestic box office and $42,373,648 overseas, for a worldwide total of $77,566,815. The film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23, 2007, and opened on #3, behind Charlotte's Web and Hot Fuzz. Home media The film was released on Region 1 DVD on July 24, 2007; the release contains both the theatrical version and an extended version, which runs an additional four minutes. Special features include deleted scenes, such as a much more abstract alternate opening and an alternate ending that gives a few more details about Walter's prison sentence and hints at the possibility that the son could be subject to the same obsessions as his father.
The disc also includes interviews with mathematicians, psychologists, and numerologists. The DVD shows the film over a set of 23 chapters. As of August 24, 2007, The Number 23 has generated $27.7 million from DVD rental grosses. This is the last DVD under the Infinifilm library. See also 23 (film) Retrograde amnesia References External links Category:2007 films Category:2000s mystery films Category:2000s psychological thriller films Category:American films Category:American mystery thriller films Category:American psychological thriller films Category:English-language films Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators Category:Films about amnesia Category:Films about suicide Category:Films scored by Harry Gregson-Williams Category:Films directed by Joel Schumacher Category:Superstitions about numbers
Puncture may refer to: a flat tyre in British English (US English "flat tire" or just "flat") a wound caused by such objects as nails or needles Lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap Puncture (band), an English punk band Puncturing, in coding theory, is the process of removing some of the bits in a data stream Puncture (film), a 2011 American film starring Chris Evans See also Punctuation Period (disambiguation) de:Punktion la:Punctio hu:Szúrcsapolás
Xylocopa sulcatipes is a large Arabian carpenter bee. These multivoltine bees are known to take part in social nesting and cooperative nesting. These metasocial carpenter bees nest in thin dead branches. One or more cooperating females build many brood cells. They have been extensively studied in Saudi Arabia and Israel. Taxonomy and phylogeny X. sulcatipes is part of subfamily Xylocopinae within the hymenopteran family Apidae. Xylocopinae is divided into four tribes: Allodapini, Ceratinini, Xylocopini, and Manueliini. The genus Xylocopa, composed of large carpenter bees, consists of about 469 species in 31-51 subgenera. These species are distributed across the world. X. sulcatipes is part of the subgenus Ctenoxylocopa.
Description and identification X. sulcatipes differs from other Arabian carpenter bees. Females are distinguishable by the presence of black pubescence -short matted hairs - on the face and the back side of the mesosoma.The mesoscutellum, or female middle body shield,does not extend over the metanotum, or middle thorax. Finally, the apical margin, the lower part of the abdomen, is rounded, as opposed to squared off. Lastly, they have a plate on their pygidium, their lowermost abdominal section. Males are covered in a dark to black pubescence, with the exception of the face. The middle section, at the back, is mostly light or pale.
The first metasomal tergum, or back, with subhorizontal dorsal surface rounds into the anterior surface. X. sulcatipes eggs measure around 11 mm in length and 2.2 mm in diameter. Adults are approximately 22 mm in length. Distribution and habitat X. sulcatipes is a large Arabian carpenter bee. X. sulcatipes species has been found in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Israel, Egypt, and Transcaspia. X. sulcatipes are known to nest in cane or thin-branch nests. They use plants that are native to a particular region in order to build their nests; therefore, materials for nesting may vary. X. sulcatipes nests utilize dead branches, sticks, dead flowering stalks of Ferula spp., or other suitable soft, wooden, tubular objects, abandoned by human beings.
The holes for their nest entrances are approximately 1.2 cm wide and the tunnels range from 1.2-1.6 cm wide. The tunnels are at least 12 cm long. The method in which X. sulcatipes construct their nests may vary. The female bee may cut a hole along the side of the nesting material, enter it, and then make the nest along the grain in one or both directions. They normally dig into substrate that needs little or no digging. Another way X. sulcatipes constructs its nest is by cutting into a pre-existing cut surface or broken cross-section. They will use this to gain entry into the substrate.
After the structure of the nest has been formed, females linearly layer the walls with pollen and nectar and then put an egg into the food mass. Finally, the nest is sealed off. The location of nests may vary from dead branches on the ground or cut wood that was hung above the ground; however, they are normally found in partially shaded areas. Colony cycle The nesting season starts early in the spring when males are looking for females to mate with. Some nests of X. sulcatipes may be matrifilial, where the line of descent is from mother to son.
Other types of nests consist of sisters or unrelated females. Colonies may or may not have reproductive division of labor, which involves some of the reproductive females giving up reproducing in favor of the dominant female. This can occur after oophagy, which results from reproductive competition. Nesting can either be metasocial or solitary. In a metasocial nest, there is more than one generation of bees occupying and cooperating within a nest. In solitary nesting, the founding bee forages, builds cells, lays the eggs, and guards. Normally only one generation of bees live in the nest. Nests can differ in how many female bees live in the nest for extended periods of time.
If the nest only has one female living in it, the offspring of the founding mother take on some duties, such as guarding, after they are born and until they leave. Progeny normally leave about 1–2 weeks after emerging. In other nests, there is more than one female that lives in the nest. In this type of nesting, multiple females either share in the foraging and nest laying, or one female does all the foraging and nest laying, while the other females guard. Ontogeny X. sulcatipes eggs are laid in closed cells that are prepared within 1–3 days. Preparation includes pollen gathering and bee-breading.
When the eggs hatch, the small larva feed on the bee-bread while remaining in the same position. A few days afterwards, the larva begin to move and molt. This second instar takes various positions on the bee-bread. The second molt is followed by deposition of meconia and exhaustion of the bee-bread supply. Next, the pre-pupal stage starts. This stage lasts several days and ends in pupation. The pupae start out white and get darker with time. The gap in hatching between the youngest and oldest bees increases when the nest gets larger. After the bees hatch, they stay in the nest for some time.
While in the nest, the bees do not harm the unhatched bees and are fed by the mother. Once all the bees have hatched, they clear the tunnel of all the broken down partitions and meconia. The mother stays with her offspring until they are independent. Only after this does the mother bee start building new cells. Kin selection X. sulcatipes are known to take part in altruistic behavior. These behaviors may be attributed to guarding, and the concessions received from undisturbed broods. A benefit from partaking in such a behavior where the guards are related to the mother bee is that this increases the bee's indirect fitness when they help kin because that helps propagate some small portion of the bee's genes.
The guarding behavior of X. sulcatipes is similar to that of Xylocopa pubescens. However, unrelated guards don't receive much genetic gain. This is because unrelated workers that help guard do not share any common genes with the queen whom is the breeder, and therefore can't pass on genes they share in common. Seasonal activity In order for X. sulcatipes to partake in flight, they first need to raise their muscular temperature to 37 °C. However, in order to maintain flight activity, these bees need to be at a threshold temperature of around 21 °C. Warmer days in the winter trigger X. sulcatipes to eat more of their food supply.
While these bees don't normally fly around in the winter, the frequency of flights they take during the cold season results from how many warm winter days there are. When the weather starts getting warmer, these bees begin making more flights. During May, night temperatures reach 21 °C so X. sulcatipes can start flying out at dawn, which is earlier than the previous months. Typically, these bees stop flying shortly after sunset. X. sulcatipes nest and lay their eggs in the spring and summer. They are normally not active during the winter months and they partake in minimal activities to sustain life.
During these winter months, the bees fly around in search of nectar on warm days. These little trips give the bees just enough nectar and energy to make more trips on warm days during this cold season. Behavior Territorial behavior Males of the species X. sulcatipes are known to mark and defend their territories by secreting chemicals from their mandibular glands. Chemical analysis has shown that the secretions are composed of p-cresol, guaiacol, and vanillin. Territorial males defend their territories either by identifying intruding males through sight or recognizing the distinct odor the encroaching male emits from its mandibular glands.
If the visitor is a female it is not chased out. Sometimes, however, if a reconstituted pheromonal secretion is treated to the female, it is dealt with as if it were a male and chased out of the territory. Other territorial behaviors include the flight of males from one nest to another, aggregating in a mass around flowering trees where each male defends a small section of the area around the tree. Males will also cruise and defend their own plant or plants. Another behavior includes a massive flight of males flying around the canes that females nest in. Males defend areas around nesting sites and food resources.
The territorial mechanism used depends on what is being defended and the location. For example, if flowers that females feed on are more dispersed and close to their nesting sites, males may defend their own flower or flowers as a strategy. Mating behavior X. sulcatipes males chase after anything that is approximately their own size. If this object happens to be a female, the male will follow the female to the flower she is seeking. He will fly over her with his antennae outstretched above her abdomen. If the female wants to mate, she will spread her wings and release an odor from her mandibular glands.
This secretion is a signal to the male and he continues to hover over her until she leaves the flower. As the female flies off the flower, the male grasps her in the air, and they fly some distance and try to copulate. While copulating, the male is turned 60° to the female. Many times the male will follow the female after copulation. Resource defense polygyny Because males defend areas near nesting or flowering sites, female and/or resource defense polygyny is common. Resource defense polygyny is when males acquire females by taking control of limited resources such as food and nesting sites.
Females can gain access to these resources by mating with the males that defend these territories. Males can copulate with the best mate by defending the best resource because females are more attracted to these better resources. Therefore, the male will mate with multiple females that come to use the resources that the male is defending. Nesting behavior At night, most bees are asleep while some are still active. A common sleeping position for X. sulcatipes is they lay on their dorsum with their face turned upward on top of a pollen slant. A female in the nest will spend much of her time licking the walls of the nest tunnels or the walls where she is about to build a new nest.
Also they will tap the walls of the tunnel with their abdomen, which secretes chemicals. X. sulcatipes have also been found to walk around with their sting-chamber open. This behavior is attributed to having to do with the release of contents from glands that open from the chamber. The secretions coat the walls of the nest with a thin, transparent film. Routinely, only minor cleanings are done in the nest. Major nest cleanings take place during and right after excavation of tunnels. It also takes place after all the offspring have hatched. Pupal skins, broken cell partitions, meconia, and the remains of cells where development has stopped are thrown out.
There is no need to remove defecation from adult bees because this takes place outside the entrance hole or away from the nest. Defense In nest defense, there is competition among conspecific females for nesting sites. As the population of X. sulcatipes increases in a region, competition also increases. This increase in competition results in intensive guarding of nests, especially in the spring and summer when it is prime nesting season. Nest guarding can be against bees of the same species or against those of other species. Parasites Nests of X. sulcatipes have been found to be invaded by termites, in particular nests on Ferula plants in the deserts around Sede-Boqer.
Once the termites get into the nest, they take apart the walls and fill it with refuse. The bees may respond by stopping the digging of tunnels once they have any inclination of termite damage. Predators Other insects may also pose a threat to these bees, e.g., a female praying mantis (Sphodromantis viridis) was observed catching and eating a male X. sulcatipes. Diet X. sulcatipes visits flowers for both pollen and nectar collection. In the Arava Valley, Calotropis procera, Retama raetam, Acacia tortilis, and A. raddianna are native plants most commonly visited by this bee. Depending on the season of the year, certain plants are preferred.
For example, C. procera, only gives nectar to the bees and blooms from March to September, so only during these months do X. sulcatipes visit this plant species. This flower is very popular among the bees. Retama raetam blooms for only a short period of time from March to April. The way this bee species collects nectar is by settling on a flower and inserting its proboscis. X. sulcatipes mixes the nectar and pollen it gathers at irregular intervals and thus, there is great variability in bee bread sizes. This leads to different adult bee sizes. Interactions with humans Plant species cultivated for human consumption are commonly visited by X. sulcatipes for their nectar and pollen.In the Arava Valley, these include Cassia spp., Lucaena glauca, Solanum elaeagnifolium, and Vitex agnus-castus.
References sulcatipes Category:Insects described in 1970
DMF may refer to: Science and technology Chemistry Dimethylformamide, a common solvent Dimethyl fumarate, a small molecule anti-inflammatory human medicine 2,5-Dimethylfuran, a liquid biofuel Computing Distribution Media Format, the computer floppy disk format DivX Media Format, the media container format Death Master File, a document listing deaths in the US Medicine Decay-missing-filled index for assessing dental caries prevalence as well as dental treatment needs among populations Drug Master File, a document in the pharmaceutical industry Other technology Digital microfluidics, a fluid handling technique Dual-mass flywheel, a rotating mechanical device Other uses Danish Musicians' Union, a Danish trade union Defensive midfielder, in association football
Bruce Schneier (; born January 15, 1963) is an American cryptographer, computer security professional, privacy specialist and writer. Schneier is a fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School, and a program fellow at the New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute. He worked for IBM since they acquired Resilient Systems where Schneier was CTO until he left at the end of June 2019. Schneier is currently employed at Inrupt, Inc. in Boston, MA. He is the author of several books on general security topics, computer security and cryptography. Schneier is also a contributing writer for The Guardian news organization.
Early life Bruce Schneier is the son of Martin Schneier, a Brooklyn Supreme Court judge. He grew up in the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, attending P.S. 139 and Hunter High School. After receiving a physics bachelor's degree from the University of Rochester in 1984, he went to American University in Washington, D.C. and got his master's degree in computer science in 1988. He was awarded an honorary Ph.D from the University of Westminster in London, England in November 2011. The award was made by the Department of Electronics and Computer Science in recognition of Schneier's 'hard work and contribution to industry and public life'.
Schneier was a founder and chief technology officer of Counterpane Internet Security (now BT Managed Security Solutions). Writings on computer security and general security In 1994, Schneier published Applied Cryptography, which details the design, use, and implementation of cryptographic algorithms. In 2010 he published Cryptography Engineering, which is focused more on how to use cryptography in real systems and less on its internal design. He has also written books on security for a broader audience. In 2000, Schneier published Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World; in 2003, Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World; in 2012, Liars and Outliers: Enabling the Trust that Society Needs to Thrive; and in 2015, Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World.
Schneier writes a freely available monthly Internet newsletter on computer and other security issues, Crypto-Gram, as well as a security weblog, Schneier on Security. The blog focuses on the latest threats, and his own thoughts. The weblog started out as a way to publish essays before they appeared in Crypto-Gram, making it possible for others to comment on them while the stories were still current, but over time the newsletter became a monthly email version of the blog, re-edited and re-organized. Schneier is frequently quoted in the press on computer and other security issues, pointing out flaws in security and cryptographic implementations ranging from biometrics to airline security after the September 11 attacks.
Schneier revealed on his blog that in the December 2004 issue of the SIGCSE Bulletin, three Pakistani academics, Khawaja Amer Hayat, Umar Waqar Anis, and S. Tauseef-ur-Rehman, from the International Islamic University in Islamabad, Pakistan, plagiarized an article written by Schneier and got it published. The same academics subsequently plagiarized another article by Ville Hallivuori on "Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) security" as well. Schneier complained to the editors of the periodical, which generated a minor controversy. The editor of the SIGCSE Bulletin removed the paper from their website and demanded official letters of admission and apology. Schneier noted on his blog that International Islamic University personnel had requested him "to close comments in this blog entry"; Schneier refused to close comments on the blog, but he did delete posts which he deemed "incoherent or hostile".
Viewpoints Blockchain Schneier warns about misplaced trust in blockchain and the lack of use cases, calling Blockchain a solution in search of a problem. "What blockchain does is shift some of the trust in people and institutions to trust in technology. You need to trust the cryptography, the protocols, the software, the computers and the network. And you need to trust them absolutely, because they’re often single points of failure." He goes on to say that cryptocurrencies are useless and are only used by speculators looking for quick riches. Cryptography To Schneier, peer review and expert analysis are important for the security of cryptographic systems.
Mathematical cryptography is usually not the weakest link in a security chain; effective security requires that cryptography be combined with other things. The term Schneier's law was coined by Cory Doctorow in a 2004 speech. The law is phrased as: He attributes this to Bruce Schneier, who wrote in 1998: "Anyone, from the most clueless amateur to the best cryptographer, can create an algorithm that he himself can't break. It's not even hard. What is hard is creating an algorithm that no one else can break, even after years of analysis." Similar sentiments had been expressed by others before.
In The Codebreakers, David Kahn states: "Few false ideas have more firmly gripped the minds of so many intelligent men than the one that, if they just tried, they could invent a cipher that no one could break", and in "A Few Words On Secret Writing", in July 1841, Edgar Allan Poe had stated: "Few persons can be made to believe that it is not quite an easy thing to invent a method of secret writing which shall baffle investigation. Yet it may be roundly asserted that human ingenuity cannot concoct a cipher which human ingenuity cannot resolve." Digital rights management Schneier is critical of digital rights management (DRM) and has said that it allows a vendor to increase lock-in.
Proper implementation of control-based security for the user via trusted computing is very difficult, and security is not the same thing as control. Full disclosure Schneier is a proponent of full disclosure, i.e. making security issues public. Homeland security Schneier has said that homeland security money should be spent on intelligence, investigation, and emergency response. Defending against the broad threat of terrorism is generally better than focusing on specific potential terrorist plots. According to Schneier, analysis of intelligence data is difficult but is one of the better ways to deal with global terrorism. Human intelligence has advantages over automated and computerized analysis, and increasing the amount of intelligence data that is gathered does not help to improve the analysis process.
Agencies that were designed around fighting the Cold War may have a culture that inhibits the sharing of information; the practice of sharing information is more important and less of a security threat in itself when dealing with more decentralized and poorly funded adversaries such as al Qaeda. Regarding PETN—the explosive that has become terrorists' weapon of choice—Schneier has written that only swabs and dogs can detect it. He also believes that changes to airport security since 11 September 2001 have done more harm than good and he defeated Kip Hawley, former head of the Transportation Security Administration, in an Economist online debate by 87% to 13% regarding the issue.
He is widely credited with coining the term "security theater" to describe some such changes. As a Fellow of Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Schneier is exploring the intersection of security, technology, and people, with an emphasis on power. Movie plot threat "Movie-plot threat" is a term Schneier coined that refers to very specific and dramatic terrorist attack scenarios, reminiscent of the behavior of terrorists in movies, rather than what terrorists actually do in the real world. Security measures created to protect against movie plot threats do not provide a higher level of real security, because such preparation only pays off if terrorists choose that one particular avenue of attack, which may not even be feasible.
Real-world terrorists would also be likely to notice the highly specific security measures, and simply attack in some other way. The specificity of movie plot threats gives them power in the public imagination, however, so even extremely unrealistic "security theater" countermeasures may receive strong support from the public and legislators. Among many other examples of movie plot threats, Schneier described banning baby carriers from subways, for fear that they may contain explosives. Starting in April 2006, Schneier has had an annual contest to create the most fantastic movie-plot threat. System design Schneier has criticized security approaches that try to prevent any malicious incursion, instead arguing that designing systems to fail well is more important.
The designer of a system should not underestimate the capabilities of an attacker, as technology may make it possible in the future to do things that are not possible at the present. Under Kerckhoffs's Principle, the need for one or more parts of a cryptographic system to remain secret increases the fragility of the system; whether details about a system should be obscured depends upon the availability of persons who can make use of the information for beneficial uses versus the potential for attackers to misuse the information. Other writing Schneier and Karen Cooper were nominated in 2000 for the Hugo Award, in the category of Best Related Book, for their Minicon 34 Restaurant Guide, a work originally published for the Minneapolis science fiction convention Minicon which gained a readership internationally in science fiction fandom for its wit and good humor.
Cryptographic algorithms Schneier has been involved in the creation of many cryptographic algorithms. Publications Schneier, Bruce. Applied Cryptography, John Wiley & Sons, 1994. Schneier, Bruce. Protect Your Macintosh, Peachpit Press, 1994. Schneier, Bruce. E-Mail Security, John Wiley & Sons, 1995. Schneier, Bruce. Applied Cryptography, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. Schneier, Bruce; Kelsey, John; Whiting, Doug; Wagner, David; Hall, Chris; Ferguson, Niels. The Twofish Encryption Algorithm, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. Schneier, Bruce; Banisar, David. The Electronic Privacy Papers, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Schneier, Bruce. Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World, John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
Schneier, Bruce. Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World, Copernicus Books, 2003. Ferguson, Niels; Schneier, Bruce. Practical Cryptography, John Wiley & Sons, 2003. Schneier, Bruce. Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World, John Wiley & Sons, 2004. Schneier, Bruce. Schneier on Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Ferguson, Niels; Schneier, Bruce; Kohno, Tadayoshi. Cryptography Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Schneier, Bruce. Liars and Outliers: Enabling the Trust that Society Needs to Thrive, John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Schneier, Bruce. Carry On: Sound Advice from Schneier on Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2013. Schneier, Bruce.
Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World, W. W. Norton & Company, 2015. Schneier, Bruce. Click Here to Kill Everybody: Security and Survival in a Hyper-connected World, W. W. Norton & Company, 2018. Cooper, Karen; Schneier, Bruce. "Minicon 34 Restaurant Guide", Rune Press, 1999. Activism Schneier is a board member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
See also Attack tree Failing badly Snake oil (cryptography) Alice and Bob References External links Personal website, Schneier.com Bruce Schneier's books, Schneier.com/books.html Profile of Bruce Schneier in Politico Magazine "Glenn Greenwald's Encryption Guru," by Alex Carp, March 16, 2014 Talking security with Bruce Almighty Schneier at the 2009 RSA conference, video with Schneier participating on the Cryptographer's Panel, April 21, 2009, Moscone Center, San Francisco Bruce Schneier on Real Law Radio, Bruce talks with Bob DiCello on the legal news talk radio program, Real Law Radio, about the case involving a Philadelphia school that allegedly spied on its students via the webcam on their computers (Podcasts/Saturday February 27, 2010).
Bruce Schneier at Google, 19 June 2013. Schneier discusses various aspects of Internet computing and global geo-politics including trust, power relations, control, cooperative systems, ethics, laws, and security technologies. (55 minutes) Bruce Schneier interviewed on The WELL by Jon Lebkowsky, August 2012 Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:American cryptographers Category:American technology writers Category:Berkman Fellows Category:American Jews Category:American University alumni Category:University of Rochester alumni Category:People associated with computer security Category:Modern cryptographers Category:Cypherpunks Category:Privacy activists Category:American chief technology officers Category:Hunter College High School alumni Category:Writers about computer security Category:Writers from New York City Category:Writers from Minneapolis Category:Wired (magazine) people
Shadow Health is an educational software developer of learning environments termed Digital Clinical Experiences™ (DCEs). Founded in Gainesville, Florida in 2011, Shadow Health offers web-based clinical learning environments for masters, bachelors, and associate degree students and faculty in the fields of nursing and healthcare. The Shadow Health DCE is used in universities across the United States and Canada. As a learning management system, each DCE provides educators with administration, documentation and tracking functions to measure student clinical competence and clinical reasoning. Students navigate the digital clinical experience gaining confidence, developing clinical skills and learning how to effectively interact with patients within a safe environment.
Through the Shadow Health DCE, students engage with Digital Standardized Patients™ to perform patient exams, practice documentation and develop clinical reasoning skills. Upon completion of each virtual patient examination, students are prompted to reflect on their experiences and compare them against an expert's notes. Shadow Health's premier DSP is Tina Jones. According to a health educator at Drexel University, "what truly makes Shadow Health unique, however, is that Tina acts like a real patient by responding to how she is treated, approached or the type of questions she is asked by the student practitioner" The Shadow Health work environment includes cross-functional teams using agile management.
Shadow Health is a graduate of The Innovation Hub, a local incubator hub opened in 2011. "Hub tenants have created more than 760 jobs and drawn more than $50 million in private investment funds" Having been named as one of the 2014 Florida Companies to watch, Shadow Health continues to expand with moves to larger office spaces in both 2012 and again December 2015. References Category:Companies based in Gainesville, Florida Category:Companies established in 2011 Category:Medical software Category:Educational software companies
Ag-gag laws are anti-whistleblower laws that apply within the agriculture industry. Popularized by Mark Bittman in an April 2011 The New York Times column (but used long before then by advocates), the term ag-gag typically refers to state laws in the United States of America that forbid undercover filming or photography of activity on farms without the consent of their owner—particularly targeting whistleblowers of animal rights abuses at these facilities. Although these laws originated in the United States, they have also begun to appear elsewhere, such as in Australia and France. Some of these laws, such as the failed proposal in Pennsylvania, have a wider scope and could be used to criminalize actions by activists in other industries.
Supporters of ag-gag laws have argued that they serve to protect the agriculture industry from the negative repercussions of exposés by whistleblowers. The proliferation of ag-gag laws has been criticized by various groups, arguing that the laws are intended primarily to censor animal rights abuses by the agriculture industry from the public, create a chilling effect in reporting these violations, and violate the right to freedom of speech. A number of U.S. ag-gag laws have been overturned as violations of the First Amendment to the U.S. constitution. Background Ag-gag laws emerged in the early 1990s in response to underground activists with the Animal Liberation Front movement.