"""Formal Power Series"""

from __future__ import print_function, division

from collections import defaultdict

from sympy import oo, zoo, nan
from sympy.core.expr import Expr
from sympy.core.add import Add
from sympy.core.mul import Mul
from sympy.core.function import Derivative, Function
from sympy.core.singleton import S
from sympy.core.sympify import sympify
from sympy.core.symbol import Wild, Dummy, symbols, Symbol
from sympy.core.relational import Eq
from sympy.core.numbers import Rational
from sympy.core.compatibility import iterable
from sympy.sets.sets import Interval
from sympy.functions.combinatorial.factorials import binomial, factorial, rf
from sympy.functions.elementary.piecewise import Piecewise
from sympy.functions.elementary.integers import floor, frac, ceiling
from sympy.functions.elementary.miscellaneous import Min, Max
from sympy.series.sequences import sequence
from sympy.series.series_class import SeriesBase
from sympy.series.order import Order
from sympy.series.limits import Limit


def rational_algorithm(f, x, k, order=4, full=False):
    """Rational algorithm for computing
    formula of coefficients of Formal Power Series
    of a function.

    Applicable when f(x) or some derivative of f(x)
    is a rational function in x.

    :func:`rational_algorithm` uses :func:`apart` function for partial fraction
    decomposition. :func:`apart` by default uses 'undetermined coefficients
    method'. By setting ``full=True``, 'Bronstein's algorithm' can be used
    instead.

    Looks for derivative of a function up to 4'th order (by default).
    This can be overriden using order option.

    Returns
    =======

    formula : Expr
    ind : Expr
        Independent terms.
    order : int

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import log, atan, I
    >>> from sympy.series.formal import rational_algorithm as ra
    >>> from sympy.abc import x, k

    >>> ra(1 / (1 - x), x, k)
    (1, 0, 0)
    >>> ra(log(1 + x), x, k)
    (-(-1)**(-k)/k, 0, 1)

    >>> ra(atan(x), x, k, full=True)
    ((-I*(-I)**(-k)/2 + I*I**(-k)/2)/k, 0, 1)

    Notes
    =====

    By setting ``full=True``, range of admissible functions to be solved using
    ``rational_algorithm`` can be increased. This option should be used
    carefully as it can signifcantly slow down the computation as ``doit`` is
    performed on the :class:`RootSum` object returned by the ``apart`` function.
    Use ``full=False`` whenever possible.

    See Also
    ========

    sympy.polys.partfrac.apart

    References
    ==========

    .. [1] Formal Power Series - Dominik Gruntz, Wolfram Koepf
    .. [2] Power Series in Computer Algebra - Wolfram Koepf
    """
    from sympy.polys import RootSum, apart
    from sympy.integrals import integrate

    diff = f
    ds = []  # list of diff

    for i in range(order + 1):
        if i:
            diff = diff.diff(x)

        if diff.is_rational_function(x):
            coeff, sep = S.Zero, S.Zero

            terms = apart(diff, x, full=full)
            if terms.has(RootSum):
                terms = terms.doit()

            for t in Add.make_args(terms):
                num, den = t.as_numer_denom()
                if not den.has(x):
                    sep += t
                else:
                    if isinstance(den, Mul):
                        # m*(n*x - a)**j -> (n*x - a)**j
                        ind = den.as_independent(x)
                        den = ind[1]
                        num /= ind[0]

                    # (n*x - a)**j -> (x - b)
                    den, j = den.as_base_exp()
                    a, xterm = den.as_coeff_add(x)

                    # term -> m/x**n
                    if not a:
                        sep += t
                        continue

                    xc = xterm[0].coeff(x)
                    a /= -xc
                    num /= xc**j

                    ak = ((-1)**j * num *
                          binomial(j + k - 1, k).rewrite(factorial) /
                          a**(j + k))
                    coeff += ak

            # Hacky, better way?
            if coeff is S.Zero:
                return None
            if (coeff.has(x) or coeff.has(zoo) or coeff.has(oo) or
                    coeff.has(nan)):
                return None

            for j in range(i):
                coeff = (coeff / (k + j + 1))
                sep = integrate(sep, x)
                sep += (ds.pop() - sep).limit(x, 0)  # constant of integration
            return (coeff.subs(k, k - i), sep, i)

        else:
            ds.append(diff)

    return None


def rational_independent(terms, x):
    """Returns a list of all the rationally independent terms.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import sin, cos
    >>> from sympy.series.formal import rational_independent
    >>> from sympy.abc import x

    >>> rational_independent([cos(x), sin(x)], x)
    [cos(x), sin(x)]
    >>> rational_independent([x**2, sin(x), x*sin(x), x**3], x)
    [x**3 + x**2, x*sin(x) + sin(x)]
    """
    if not terms:
        return []

    ind = terms[0:1]

    for t in terms[1:]:
        n = t.as_independent(x)[1]
        for i, term in enumerate(ind):
            d = term.as_independent(x)[1]
            q = (n / d).cancel()
            if q.is_rational_function(x):
                ind[i] += t
                break
        else:
            ind.append(t)
    return ind


def simpleDE(f, x, g, order=4):
    """Generates simple DE.

    DE is of the form

    .. math::
        f^k(x) + \sum\limits_{j=0}^{k-1} A_j f^j(x) = 0

    where :math:`A_j` should be rational function in x.

    Generates DE's upto order 4 (default). DE's can also have free parameters.

    By increasing order, higher order DE's can be found.

    Yields a tuple of (DE, order).
    """
    from sympy.solvers.solveset import linsolve

    a = symbols('a:%d' % (order))

    def _makeDE(k):
        eq = f.diff(x, k) + Add(*[a[i]*f.diff(x, i) for i in range(0, k)])
        DE = g(x).diff(x, k) + Add(*[a[i]*g(x).diff(x, i) for i in range(0, k)])
        return eq, DE

    eq, DE = _makeDE(order)

    found = False
    for k in range(1, order + 1):
        eq, DE = _makeDE(k)
        eq = eq.expand()
        terms = eq.as_ordered_terms()
        ind = rational_independent(terms, x)
        if found or len(ind) == k:
            sol = dict(zip(a, (i for s in linsolve(ind, a[:k]) for i in s)))
            if sol:
                found = True
                DE = DE.subs(sol)
            DE = DE.as_numer_denom()[0]
            DE = DE.factor().as_coeff_mul(Derivative)[1][0]
            yield DE.collect(Derivative(g(x))), k


def exp_re(DE, r, k):
    """Converts a DE with constant coefficients (explike) into a RE.

    Performs the substitution:

    .. math::
        f^j(x) \\to r(k + j)

    Normalises the terms so that lowest order of a term is always r(k).

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import Function, Derivative
    >>> from sympy.series.formal import exp_re
    >>> from sympy.abc import x, k
    >>> f, r = Function('f'), Function('r')

    >>> exp_re(-f(x) + Derivative(f(x)), r, k)
    -r(k) + r(k + 1)
    >>> exp_re(Derivative(f(x), x) + Derivative(f(x), x, x), r, k)
    r(k) + r(k + 1)

    See Also
    ========

    sympy.series.formal.hyper_re
    """
    RE = S.Zero

    g = DE.atoms(Function).pop()

    mini = None
    for t in Add.make_args(DE):
        coeff, d = t.as_independent(g)
        if isinstance(d, Derivative):
            j = len(d.args) - 1
        else:
            j = 0
        if mini is None or j < mini:
            mini = j
        RE += coeff * r(k + j)
    if mini:
        RE = RE.subs(k, k - mini)
    return RE


def hyper_re(DE, r, k):
    """Converts a DE into a RE.

    Performs the substitution:

    .. math::
        x^l f^j(x) \\to (k + 1 - l)_j . a_{k + j - l}

    Normalises the terms so that lowest order of a term is always r(k).

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import Function, Derivative
    >>> from sympy.series.formal import hyper_re
    >>> from sympy.abc import x, k
    >>> f, r = Function('f'), Function('r')

    >>> hyper_re(-f(x) + Derivative(f(x)), r, k)
    (k + 1)*r(k + 1) - r(k)
    >>> hyper_re(-x*f(x) + Derivative(f(x), x, x), r, k)
    (k + 2)*(k + 3)*r(k + 3) - r(k)

    See Also
    ========

    sympy.series.formal.exp_re
    """
    RE = S.Zero

    g = DE.atoms(Function).pop()
    x = g.atoms(Symbol).pop()

    mini = None
    for t in Add.make_args(DE.expand()):
        coeff, d = t.as_independent(g)
        c, v = coeff.as_independent(x)
        l = v.as_coeff_exponent(x)[1]
        if isinstance(d, Derivative):
            j = len(d.args[1:])
        else:
            j = 0
        RE += c * rf(k + 1 - l, j) * r(k + j - l)
        if mini is None or j - l < mini:
            mini = j - l

    RE = RE.subs(k, k - mini)

    m = Wild('m')
    return RE.collect(r(k + m))


def _transformation_a(f, x, P, Q, k, m, shift):
    f *= x**(-shift)
    P = P.subs(k, k + shift)
    Q = Q.subs(k, k + shift)
    return f, P, Q, m


def _transformation_c(f, x, P, Q, k, m, scale):
    f = f.subs(x, x**scale)
    P = P.subs(k, k / scale)
    Q = Q.subs(k, k / scale)
    m *= scale
    return f, P, Q, m


def _transformation_e(f, x, P, Q, k, m):
    f = f.diff(x)
    P = P.subs(k, k + 1) * (k + m + 1)
    Q = Q.subs(k, k + 1) * (k + 1)
    return f, P, Q, m


def _apply_shift(sol, shift):
    return [(res, cond + shift) for res, cond in sol]


def _apply_scale(sol, scale):
    return [(res, cond / scale) for res, cond in sol]


def _apply_integrate(sol, x, k):
    return [(res / ((cond + 1)*(cond.as_coeff_Add()[1].coeff(k))), cond + 1)
            for res, cond in sol]


def _compute_formula(f, x, P, Q, k, m, k_max):
    """Computes the formula for f."""
    from sympy.polys import roots

    sol = []
    for i in range(k_max + 1, k_max + m + 1):
        r = f.diff(x, i).limit(x, 0) / factorial(i)
        if r is S.Zero:
            continue

        kterm = m*k + i
        res = r

        p = P.subs(k, kterm)
        q = Q.subs(k, kterm)
        c1 = p.subs(k, 1/k).leadterm(k)[0]
        c2 = q.subs(k, 1/k).leadterm(k)[0]
        res *= (-c1 / c2)**k

        for r, mul in roots(p, k).items():
            res *= rf(-r, k)**mul
        for r, mul in roots(q, k).items():
            res /= rf(-r, k)**mul

        sol.append((res, kterm))

    return sol


def _rsolve_hypergeometric(f, x, P, Q, k, m):
    """Recursive wrapper to rsolve_hypergeometric.

    Returns a Tuple of (formula, series independent terms,
    maximum power of x in independent terms) if successful
    otherwise ``None``.

    See :func:`rsolve_hypergeometric` for details.
    """
    from sympy.polys import lcm, roots
    from sympy.integrals import integrate

    # tranformation - c
    proots, qroots = roots(P, k), roots(Q, k)
    all_roots = dict(proots)
    all_roots.update(qroots)
    scale = lcm([r.as_numer_denom()[1] for r, t in all_roots.items()
                 if r.is_rational])
    f, P, Q, m = _transformation_c(f, x, P, Q, k, m, scale)

    # transformation - a
    qroots = roots(Q, k)
    if qroots:
        k_min = Min(*qroots.keys())
    else:
        k_min = S.Zero
    shift = k_min + m
    f, P, Q, m = _transformation_a(f, x, P, Q, k, m, shift)

    l = (x*f).limit(x, 0)
    if not isinstance(l, Limit) and l != 0:  # Ideally should only be l != 0
        return None

    qroots = roots(Q, k)
    if qroots:
        k_max = Max(*qroots.keys())
    else:
        k_max = S.Zero

    ind, mp = S.Zero, -oo
    for i in range(k_max + m + 1):
        r = f.diff(x, i).limit(x, 0) / factorial(i)
        if r.is_finite is False:
            old_f = f
            f, P, Q, m = _transformation_a(f, x, P, Q, k, m, i)
            f, P, Q, m = _transformation_e(f, x, P, Q, k, m)
            sol, ind, mp = _rsolve_hypergeometric(f, x, P, Q, k, m)
            sol = _apply_integrate(sol, x, k)
            sol = _apply_shift(sol, i)
            ind = integrate(ind, x)
            ind += (old_f - ind).limit(x, 0)  # constant of integration
            mp += 1
            return sol, ind, mp
        elif r:
            ind += r*x**(i + shift)
            pow_x = Rational((i + shift), scale)
            if pow_x > mp:
                mp = pow_x  # maximum power of x
    ind = ind.subs(x, x**(1/scale))

    sol = _compute_formula(f, x, P, Q, k, m, k_max)
    sol = _apply_shift(sol, shift)
    sol = _apply_scale(sol, scale)

    return sol, ind, mp


def rsolve_hypergeometric(f, x, P, Q, k, m):
    """Solves RE of hypergeometric type.

    Attempts to solve RE of the form

    Q(k)*a(k + m) - P(k)*a(k)

    Transformations that preserve Hypergeometric type:

        a. x**n*f(x): b(k + m) = R(k - n)*b(k)
        b. f(A*x): b(k + m) = A**m*R(k)*b(k)
        c. f(x**n): b(k + n*m) = R(k/n)*b(k)
        d. f(x**(1/m)): b(k + 1) = R(k*m)*b(k)
        e. f'(x): b(k + m) = ((k + m + 1)/(k + 1))*R(k + 1)*b(k)

    Some of these transformations have been used to solve the RE.

    Returns
    =======

    formula : Expr
    ind : Expr
        Independent terms.
    order : int

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import exp, ln, S
    >>> from sympy.series.formal import rsolve_hypergeometric as rh
    >>> from sympy.abc import x, k

    >>> rh(exp(x), x, -S.One, (k + 1), k, 1)
    (Piecewise((1/(factorial(k)), Eq(Mod(k, 1), 0)), (0, True)), 1, 1)

    >>> rh(ln(1 + x), x, k**2, k*(k + 1), k, 1)
    (Piecewise(((-1)**(k - 1)*factorial(k - 1)/RisingFactorial(2, k - 1),
     Eq(Mod(k, 1), 0)), (0, True)), x, 2)

    References
    ==========

    .. [1] Formal Power Series - Dominik Gruntz, Wolfram Koepf
    .. [2] Power Series in Computer Algebra - Wolfram Koepf
    """
    result = _rsolve_hypergeometric(f, x, P, Q, k, m)

    if result is None:
        return None

    sol_list, ind, mp = result

    sol_dict = defaultdict(lambda: S.Zero)
    for res, cond in sol_list:
        j, mk = cond.as_coeff_Add()
        c = mk.coeff(k)

        if j.is_integer is False:
            res *= x**frac(j)
            j = floor(j)

        res = res.subs(k, (k - j) / c)
        cond = Eq(k % c, j % c)
        sol_dict[cond] += res  # Group together formula for same conditions

    sol = []
    for cond, res in sol_dict.items():
        sol.append((res, cond))
    sol.append((S.Zero, True))
    sol = Piecewise(*sol)

    if mp is -oo:
        s = S.Zero
    elif mp.is_integer is False:
        s = ceiling(mp)
    else:
        s = mp + 1

    #  save all the terms of
    #  form 1/x**k in ind
    if s < 0:
        ind += sum(sequence(sol * x**k, (k, s, -1)))
        s = S.Zero

    return (sol, ind, s)


def _solve_hyper_RE(f, x, RE, g, k):
    """See docstring of :func:`rsolve_hypergeometric` for details."""
    terms = Add.make_args(RE)

    if len(terms) == 2:
        gs = list(RE.atoms(Function))
        P, Q = map(RE.coeff, gs)
        m = gs[1].args[0] - gs[0].args[0]
        if m < 0:
            P, Q = Q, P
            m = abs(m)
        return rsolve_hypergeometric(f, x, P, Q, k, m)


def _solve_explike_DE(f, x, DE, g, k):
    """Solves DE with constant coefficients."""
    from sympy.solvers import rsolve

    for t in Add.make_args(DE):
        coeff, d = t.as_independent(g)
        if coeff.free_symbols:
            return

    RE = exp_re(DE, g, k)

    init = {}
    for i in range(len(Add.make_args(RE))):
        if i:
            f = f.diff(x)
        init[g(k).subs(k, i)] = f.limit(x, 0)

    sol = rsolve(RE, g(k), init)

    if sol:
        return (sol / factorial(k), S.Zero, S.Zero)


def _solve_simple(f, x, DE, g, k):
    """Converts DE into RE and solves using :func:`rsolve`."""
    from sympy.solvers import rsolve

    RE = hyper_re(DE, g, k)

    init = {}
    for i in range(len(Add.make_args(RE))):
        if i:
            f = f.diff(x)
        init[g(k).subs(k, i)] = f.limit(x, 0) / factorial(i)

    sol = rsolve(RE, g(k), init)

    if sol:
        return (sol, S.Zero, S.Zero)


def _transform_explike_DE(DE, g, x, order, syms):
    """Converts DE with free parameters into DE with constant coefficients."""
    from sympy.solvers.solveset import linsolve

    eq = []
    highest_coeff = DE.coeff(Derivative(g(x), x, order))
    for i in range(order):
        coeff = DE.coeff(Derivative(g(x), x, i))
        coeff = (coeff / highest_coeff).expand().collect(x)
        for t in Add.make_args(coeff):
            eq.append(t)
    temp = []
    for e in eq:
        if e.has(x):
            break
        elif e.has(Symbol):
            temp.append(e)
    else:
        eq = temp
    if eq:
        sol = dict(zip(syms, (i for s in linsolve(eq, list(syms)) for i in s)))
        if sol:
            DE = DE.subs(sol)
            DE = DE.factor().as_coeff_mul(Derivative)[1][0]
            DE = DE.collect(Derivative(g(x)))
    return DE


def _transform_DE_RE(DE, g, k, order, syms):
    """Converts DE with free parameters into RE of hypergeometric type."""
    from sympy.solvers.solveset import linsolve

    RE = hyper_re(DE, g, k)

    eq = []
    for i in range(1, order):
        coeff = RE.coeff(g(k + i))
        eq.append(coeff)
    sol = dict(zip(syms, (i for s in linsolve(eq, list(syms)) for i in s)))
    if sol:
        m = Wild('m')
        RE = RE.subs(sol)
        RE = RE.factor().as_numer_denom()[0].collect(g(k + m))
        RE = RE.as_coeff_mul(g)[1][0]
        for i in range(order):  # smallest order should be g(k)
            if RE.coeff(g(k + i)) and i:
                RE = RE.subs(k, k - i)
                break
    return RE


def solve_de(f, x, DE, order, g, k):
    """Solves the DE.

    Tries to solve DE by either converting into a RE containing two terms or
    converting into a DE having constant coefficients.

    Returns
    =======

    formula : Expr
    ind : Expr
        Independent terms.
    order : int

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import Derivative as D
    >>> from sympy import exp, ln
    >>> from sympy.series.formal import solve_de
    >>> from sympy.abc import x, k, f

    >>> solve_de(exp(x), x, D(f(x), x) - f(x), 1, f, k)
    (Piecewise((1/(factorial(k)), Eq(Mod(k, 1), 0)), (0, True)), 1, 1)

    >>> solve_de(ln(1 + x), x, (x + 1)*D(f(x), x, 2) + D(f(x)), 2, f, k)
    (Piecewise(((-1)**(k - 1)*factorial(k - 1)/RisingFactorial(2, k - 1),
     Eq(Mod(k, 1), 0)), (0, True)), x, 2)
    """
    sol = None
    syms = DE.free_symbols.difference(set([g, x]))

    if syms:
        RE = _transform_DE_RE(DE, g, k, order, syms)
    else:
        RE = hyper_re(DE, g, k)
    if not RE.free_symbols.difference(set([k])):
        sol = _solve_hyper_RE(f, x, RE, g, k)

    if sol:
        return sol

    if syms:
        DE = _transform_explike_DE(DE, g, x, order, syms)
    if not DE.free_symbols.difference(set([x])):
        sol = _solve_explike_DE(f, x, DE, g, k)

    if sol:
        return sol


def hyper_algorithm(f, x, k, order=4):
    """Hypergeometric algorithm for computing Formal Power Series.

    Steps:
        * Generates DE
        * Convert the DE into RE
        * Solves the RE

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import exp, ln
    >>> from sympy.series.formal import hyper_algorithm

    >>> from sympy.abc import x, k

    >>> hyper_algorithm(exp(x), x, k)
    (Piecewise((1/(factorial(k)), Eq(Mod(k, 1), 0)), (0, True)), 1, 1)

    >>> hyper_algorithm(ln(1 + x), x, k)
    (Piecewise(((-1)**(k - 1)*factorial(k - 1)/RisingFactorial(2, k - 1),
     Eq(Mod(k, 1), 0)), (0, True)), x, 2)

    See Also
    ========

    sympy.series.formal.simpleDE
    sympy.series.formal.solve_de
    """
    g = Function('g')

    des = []  # list of DE's
    sol = None
    for DE, i in simpleDE(f, x, g, order):
        if DE is not None:
            sol = solve_de(f, x, DE, i, g, k)
        if sol:
            return sol
        if not DE.free_symbols.difference(set([x])):
            des.append(DE)

    # If nothing works
    # Try plain rsolve
    for DE in des:
        sol = _solve_simple(f, x, DE, g, k)
        if sol:
            return sol


def _compute_fps(f, x, x0, dir, hyper, order, rational, full):
    """Recursive wrapper to compute fps.

    See :func:`compute_fps` for details.
    """
    if x0 in [S.Infinity, -S.Infinity]:
        dir = S.One if x0 is S.Infinity else -S.One
        temp = f.subs(x, 1/x)
        result = _compute_fps(temp, x, 0, dir, hyper, order, rational, full)
        if result is None:
            return None
        return (result[0], result[1].subs(x, 1/x), result[2].subs(x, 1/x))
    elif x0 or dir == -S.One:
        if dir == -S.One:
            rep = -x + x0
            rep2 = -x
            rep2b = x0
        else:
            rep = x + x0
            rep2 = x
            rep2b = -x0
        temp = f.subs(x, rep)
        result = _compute_fps(temp, x, 0, S.One, hyper, order, rational, full)
        if result is None:
            return None
        return (result[0], result[1].subs(x, rep2 + rep2b),
                result[2].subs(x, rep2 + rep2b))

    if f.is_polynomial(x):
        return None

    #  Break instances of Add
    #  this allows application of different
    #  algorithms on different terms increasing the
    #  range of admissible functions.
    if isinstance(f, Add):
        result = False
        ak = sequence(S.Zero, (0, oo))
        ind, xk = S.Zero, None
        for t in Add.make_args(f):
            res = _compute_fps(t, x, 0, S.One, hyper, order, rational, full)
            if res:
                if not result:
                    result = True
                    xk = res[1]
                if res[0].start > ak.start:
                    seq = ak
                    s, f = ak.start, res[0].start
                else:
                    seq = res[0]
                    s, f = res[0].start, ak.start
                save = Add(*[z[0]*z[1] for z in zip(seq[0:(f - s)], xk[s:f])])
                ak += res[0]
                ind += res[2] + save
            else:
                ind += t
        if result:
            return ak, xk, ind
        return None

    result = None

    # from here on it's x0=0 and dir=1 handling
    k = Dummy('k')
    if rational:
        result = rational_algorithm(f, x, k, order, full)

    if result is None and hyper:
        result = hyper_algorithm(f, x, k, order)

    if result is None:
        return None

    ak = sequence(result[0], (k, result[2], oo))
    xk = sequence(x**k, (k, 0, oo))
    ind = result[1]

    return ak, xk, ind


def compute_fps(f, x, x0=0, dir=1, hyper=True, order=4, rational=True,
                full=False):
    """Computes the formula for Formal Power Series of a function.

    Tries to compute the formula by applying the following techniques
    (in order):

    * rational_algorithm
    * Hypergeomitric algorithm

    Parameters
    ==========

    x : Symbol
    x0 : number, optional
        Point to perform series expansion about. Default is 0.
    dir : {1, -1, '+', '-'}, optional
        If dir is 1 or '+' the series is calculated from the right and
        for -1 or '-' the series is calculated from the left. For smooth
        functions this flag will not alter the results. Default is 1.
    hyper : {True, False}, optional
        Set hyper to False to skip the hypergeometric algorithm.
        By default it is set to False.
    order : int, optional
        Order of the derivative of ``f``, Default is 4.
    rational : {True, False}, optional
        Set rational to False to skip rational algorithm. By default it is set
        to True.
    full : {True, False}, optional
        Set full to True to increase the range of rational algorithm.
        See :func:`rational_algorithm` for details. By default it is set to
        False.

    Returns
    =======

    ak : sequence
        Sequence of coefficients.
    xk : sequence
        Sequence of powers of x.
    ind : Expr
        Independent terms.
    mul : Pow
        Common terms.

    See Also
    ========

    sympy.series.formal.rational_algorithm
    sympy.series.formal.hyper_algorithm
    """
    f = sympify(f)
    x = sympify(x)

    if not f.has(x):
        return None

    x0 = sympify(x0)

    if dir == '+':
        dir = S.One
    elif dir == '-':
        dir = -S.One
    elif dir not in [S.One, -S.One]:
        raise ValueError("Dir must be '+' or '-'")
    else:
        dir = sympify(dir)

    return _compute_fps(f, x, x0, dir, hyper, order, rational, full)


class FormalPowerSeries(SeriesBase):
    """Represents Formal Power Series of a function.

    No computation is performed. This class should only to be used to represent
    a series. No checks are performed.

    For computing a series use :func:`fps`.

    See Also
    ========

    sympy.series.formal.fps
    """
    def __new__(cls, *args):
        args = map(sympify, args)
        return Expr.__new__(cls, *args)

    @property
    def function(self):
        return self.args[0]

    @property
    def x(self):
        return self.args[1]

    @property
    def x0(self):
        return self.args[2]

    @property
    def dir(self):
        return self.args[3]

    @property
    def ak(self):
        return self.args[4][0]

    @property
    def xk(self):
        return self.args[4][1]

    @property
    def ind(self):
        return self.args[4][2]

    @property
    def interval(self):
        return Interval(0, oo)

    @property
    def start(self):
        return self.interval.inf

    @property
    def stop(self):
        return self.interval.sup

    @property
    def length(self):
        return oo

    @property
    def infinite(self):
        """Returns an infinite representation of the series"""
        from sympy.concrete import Sum
        ak, xk = self.ak, self.xk
        k = ak.variables[0]
        inf_sum = Sum(ak.formula * xk.formula, (k, ak.start, ak.stop))

        return self.ind + inf_sum

    def _get_pow_x(self, term):
        """Returns the power of x in a term."""
        xterm, pow_x = term.as_independent(self.x)[1].as_base_exp()
        if not xterm.has(self.x):
            return S.Zero
        return pow_x

    def polynomial(self, n=6):
        """Truncated series as polynomial.

        Returns series sexpansion of ``f`` upto order ``O(x**n)``
        as a polynomial(without ``O`` term).
        """
        terms = []
        for i, t in enumerate(self):
            xp = self._get_pow_x(t)
            if xp >= n:
                break
            elif xp.is_integer is True and i == n + 1:
                break
            elif t is not S.Zero:
                terms.append(t)

        return Add(*terms)

    def truncate(self, n=6):
        """Truncated series.

        Returns truncated series expansion of f upto
        order ``O(x**n)``.

        If n is ``None``, returns an infinite iterator.
        """
        if n is None:
            return iter(self)

        x, x0 = self.x, self.x0
        pt_xk = self.xk.coeff(n)
        if x0 is S.NegativeInfinity:
            x0 = S.Infinity

        return self.polynomial(n) + Order(pt_xk, (x, x0))

    def _eval_term(self, pt):
        try:
            pt_xk = self.xk.coeff(pt)
            pt_ak = self.ak.coeff(pt).simplify()  # Simplify the coefficients
        except IndexError:
            term = S.Zero
        else:
            term = (pt_ak * pt_xk)

        if self.ind:
            ind = S.Zero
            for t in Add.make_args(self.ind):
                pow_x = self._get_pow_x(t)
                if pt == 0 and pow_x < 1:
                    ind += t
                elif pow_x >= pt and pow_x < pt + 1:
                    ind += t
            term += ind

        return term.collect(self.x)

    def _eval_subs(self, old, new):
        x = self.x
        if old.has(x):
            return self

    def _eval_as_leading_term(self, x):
        for t in self:
            if t is not S.Zero:
                return t

    def _eval_derivative(self, x):
        f = self.function.diff(x)
        ind = self.ind.diff(x)

        pow_xk = self._get_pow_x(self.xk.formula)
        ak = self.ak
        k = ak.variables[0]
        if ak.formula.has(x):
            form = []
            for e, c in ak.formula.args:
                temp = S.Zero
                for t in Add.make_args(e):
                    pow_x = self._get_pow_x(t)
                    temp += t * (pow_xk + pow_x)
                form.append((temp, c))
            form = Piecewise(*form)
            ak = sequence(form.subs(k, k + 1), (k, ak.start - 1, ak.stop))
        else:
            ak = sequence((ak.formula * pow_xk).subs(k, k + 1),
                          (k, ak.start - 1, ak.stop))

        return self.func(f, self.x, self.x0, self.dir, (ak, self.xk, ind))

    def integrate(self, x=None):
        """Integrate Formal Power Series.

        Examples
        ========

        >>> from sympy import fps, sin
        >>> from sympy.abc import x
        >>> f = fps(sin(x))
        >>> f.integrate(x).truncate()
        -1 + x**2/2 - x**4/24 + O(x**6)
        >>> f.integrate((x, 0, 1))
        -cos(1) + 1
        """
        from sympy.integrals import integrate

        if x is None:
            x = self.x
        elif iterable(x):
            return integrate(self.function, x)

        f = integrate(self.function, x)
        ind = integrate(self.ind, x)
        ind += (f - ind).limit(x, 0)  # constant of integration

        pow_xk = self._get_pow_x(self.xk.formula)
        ak = self.ak
        k = ak.variables[0]
        if ak.formula.has(x):
            form = []
            for e, c in ak.formula.args:
                temp = S.Zero
                for t in Add.make_args(e):
                    pow_x = self._get_pow_x(t)
                    temp += t / (pow_xk + pow_x + 1)
                form.append((temp, c))
            form = Piecewise(*form)
            ak = sequence(form.subs(k, k - 1), (k, ak.start + 1, ak.stop))
        else:
            ak = sequence((ak.formula / (pow_xk + 1)).subs(k, k - 1),
                          (k, ak.start + 1, ak.stop))

        return self.func(f, self.x, self.x0, self.dir, (ak, self.xk, ind))

    def __add__(self, other):
        other = sympify(other)

        if isinstance(other, FormalPowerSeries):
            if self.dir != other.dir:
                raise ValueError("Both series should be calculated from the"
                                 " same direction.")
            elif self.x0 != other.x0:
                raise ValueError("Both series should be calculated about the"
                                 " same point.")

            x, y = self.x, other.x
            f = self.function + other.function.subs(y, x)

            if self.x not in f.free_symbols:
                return f

            ak = self.ak + other.ak
            if self.ak.start > other.ak.start:
                seq = other.ak
                s, e = other.ak.start, self.ak.start
            else:
                seq = self.ak
                s, e = self.ak.start, other.ak.start
            save = Add(*[z[0]*z[1] for z in zip(seq[0:(e - s)], self.xk[s:e])])
            ind = self.ind + other.ind + save

            return self.func(f, x, self.x0, self.dir, (ak, self.xk, ind))

        elif not other.has(self.x):
            f = self.function + other
            ind = self.ind + other

            return self.func(f, self.x, self.x0, self.dir,
                             (self.ak, self.xk, ind))

        return Add(self, other)

    def __radd__(self, other):
        return self.__add__(other)

    def __neg__(self):
        return self.func(-self.function, self.x, self.x0, self.dir,
                         (-self.ak, self.xk, -self.ind))

    def __sub__(self, other):
        return self.__add__(-other)

    def __rsub__(self, other):
        return (-self).__add__(other)

    def __mul__(self, other):
        other = sympify(other)

        if other.has(self.x):
            return Mul(self, other)

        f = self.function * other
        ak = self.ak.coeff_mul(other)
        ind = self.ind * other

        return self.func(f, self.x, self.x0, self.dir, (ak, self.xk, ind))

    def __rmul__(self, other):
        return self.__mul__(other)


def fps(f, x=None, x0=0, dir=1, hyper=True, order=4, rational=True, full=False):
    """Generates Formal Power Series of f.

    Returns the formal series expansion of ``f`` around ``x = x0``
    with respect to ``x`` in the form of a ``FormalPowerSeries`` object.

    Formal Power Series is represented using an explicit formula
    computed using different algorithms.

    See :func:`compute_fps` for the more details regarding the computation
    of formula.

    Parameters
    ==========

    x : Symbol, optional
        If x is None and ``f`` is univariate, the univariate symbols will be
        supplied, otherwise an error will be raised.
    x0 : number, optional
        Point to perform series expansion about. Default is 0.
    dir : {1, -1, '+', '-'}, optional
        If dir is 1 or '+' the series is calculated from the right and
        for -1 or '-' the series is calculated from the left. For smooth
        functions this flag will not alter the results. Default is 1.
    hyper : {True, False}, optional
        Set hyper to False to skip the hypergeometric algorithm.
        By default it is set to False.
    order : int, optional
        Order of the derivative of ``f``, Default is 4.
    rational : {True, False}, optional
        Set rational to False to skip rational algorithm. By default it is set
        to True.
    full : {True, False}, optional
        Set full to True to increase the range of rational algorithm.
        See :func:`rational_algorithm` for details. By default it is set to
        False.

    Examples
    ========

    >>> from sympy import fps, O, ln, atan
    >>> from sympy.abc import x

    Rational Functions

    >>> fps(ln(1 + x)).truncate()
    x - x**2/2 + x**3/3 - x**4/4 + x**5/5 + O(x**6)

    >>> fps(atan(x), full=True).truncate()
    x - x**3/3 + x**5/5 + O(x**6)

    See Also
    ========

    sympy.series.formal.FormalPowerSeries
    sympy.series.formal.compute_fps
    """
    f = sympify(f)

    if x is None:
        free = f.free_symbols
        if len(free) == 1:
            x = free.pop()
        elif not free:
            return f
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError("multivariate formal power series")

    result = compute_fps(f, x, x0, dir, hyper, order, rational, full)

    if result is None:
        return f

    return FormalPowerSeries(f, x, x0, dir, result)
