from __future__ import division


from sympy import (acos, acosh, asinh, atan, cos, Derivative, diff, dsolve,
    Dummy, Eq, erf, erfi, exp, Function, I, Integral, LambertW, log, O, pi,
    Rational, RootOf, S, simplify, sin, sqrt, Symbol, tan, asin, sinh,
    Piecewise, symbols, Poly)
from sympy.solvers.ode import (_undetermined_coefficients_match, checkodesol,
    classify_ode, classify_sysode, constant_renumber, constantsimp,
    homogeneous_order, infinitesimals, checkinfsol, checksysodesol)
from sympy.solvers.deutils import ode_order
from sympy.utilities.pytest import XFAIL, skip, raises, slow, ON_TRAVIS

C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10 = symbols('C0:11')
x, y, z = symbols('x:z', real=True)
f = Function('f')
g = Function('g')
h = Function('h')

# Note: the tests below may fail (but still be correct) if ODE solver,
# the integral engine, solve(), or even simplify() changes. Also, in
# differently formatted solutions, the arbitrary constants might not be
# equal.  Using specific hints in tests can help to avoid this.

# Tests of order higher than 1 should run the solutions through
# constant_renumber because it will normalize it (constant_renumber causes
# dsolve() to return different results on different machines)

def test_linear_2eq_order1():
    x, y, z = symbols('x, y, z', function=True)
    k, l, m, n = symbols('k, l, m, n', Integer=True)
    t = Symbol('t')
    x0, y0 = symbols('x0, y0')
    eq1 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 9*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), 12*x(t)))
    sol1 = [Eq(x(t), 9*C1*exp(-6*sqrt(3)*t) + 9*C2*exp(6*sqrt(3)*t)), \
    Eq(y(t), -6*sqrt(3)*C1*exp(-6*sqrt(3)*t) + 6*sqrt(3)*C2*exp(6*sqrt(3)*t))]
    assert dsolve(eq1) == sol1

    eq2 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 2*x(t) + 4*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), 12*x(t) + 41*y(t)))
    sol2 = [Eq(x(t), 4*C1*exp(t*(-sqrt(1713)/2 + 43/2)) + 4*C2*exp(t*(sqrt(1713)/2 + 43/2))), \
    Eq(y(t), C1*(-sqrt(1713)/2 + 39/2)*exp(t*(-sqrt(1713)/2 + 43/2)) + C2*(39/2 + \
    sqrt(1713)/2)*exp(t*(sqrt(1713)/2 + 43/2)))]
    assert dsolve(eq2) == sol2

    eq3 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), x(t) + y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), -2*x(t) + 2*y(t)))
    sol3 = [Eq(x(t), (C1*sin(sqrt(7)*t/2) + C2*cos(sqrt(7)*t/2))*exp(3*t/2)), \
    Eq(y(t), ((C1/2 - sqrt(7)*C2/2)*sin(sqrt(7)*t/2) + (sqrt(7)*C1/2 + C2/2)*cos(sqrt(7)*t/2))*exp(3*t/2))]
    assert dsolve(eq3) == sol3

    eq4 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), x(t) + y(t) + 9), Eq(diff(y(t),t), 2*x(t) + 5*y(t) + 23))
    sol4 = [Eq(x(t), C1*exp(t*(-sqrt(6) + 3)) + C2*exp(t*(sqrt(6) + 3)) - S(22)/3), \
    Eq(y(t), C1*(-sqrt(6) + 2)*exp(t*(-sqrt(6) + 3)) + C2*(2 + sqrt(6))*exp(t*(sqrt(6) + 3)) - S(5)/3)]
    assert dsolve(eq4) == sol4

    eq5 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), x(t) + y(t) + 81), Eq(diff(y(t),t), -2*x(t) + y(t) + 23))
    sol5 = [Eq(x(t), (C1*sin(sqrt(2)*t) + C2*cos(sqrt(2)*t))*exp(t) - S(58)/3), \
    Eq(y(t), (sqrt(2)*C1*cos(sqrt(2)*t) - sqrt(2)*C2*sin(sqrt(2)*t))*exp(t) - S(185)/3)]
    assert dsolve(eq5) == sol5

    eq6 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 5*t*x(t) + 2*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), 2*x(t) + 5*t*y(t)))
    sol6 = [Eq(x(t), (C1*exp(Integral(2, t)) + C2*exp(-Integral(2, t)))*exp(Integral(5*t, t))), \
    Eq(y(t), (C1*exp(Integral(2, t)) - C2*exp(-Integral(2, t)))*exp(Integral(5*t, t)))]
    assert dsolve(eq6) == sol6

    eq7 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 5*t*x(t) + t**2*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), -t**2*x(t) + 5*t*y(t)))
    sol7 = [Eq(x(t), (C1*cos(Integral(t**2, t)) + C2*sin(Integral(t**2, t)))*exp(Integral(5*t, t))), \
    Eq(y(t), (-C1*sin(Integral(t**2, t)) + C2*cos(Integral(t**2, t)))*exp(Integral(5*t, t)))]
    assert dsolve(eq7) == sol7

    eq8 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 5*t*x(t) + t**2*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), -t**2*x(t) + (5*t+9*t**2)*y(t)))
    sol8 = [Eq(x(t), (C1*exp((-sqrt(77)/2 + 9/2)*Integral(t**2, t)) + \
    C2*exp((sqrt(77)/2 + 9/2)*Integral(t**2, t)))*exp(Integral(5*t, t))), \
    Eq(y(t), (C1*(-sqrt(77)/2 + 9/2)*exp((-sqrt(77)/2 + 9/2)*Integral(t**2, t)) + \
    C2*(sqrt(77)/2 + 9/2)*exp((sqrt(77)/2 + 9/2)*Integral(t**2, t)))*exp(Integral(5*t, t)))]
    assert dsolve(eq8) == sol8

    eq10 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 5*t*x(t) + t**2*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), (1-t**2)*x(t) + (5*t+9*t**2)*y(t)))
    sol10 = [Eq(x(t), C1*x0 + C2*x0*Integral(t**2*exp(Integral(5*t, t))*exp(Integral(9*t**2 + 5*t, t))/x0**2, t)), \
    Eq(y(t), C1*y0 + C2(y0*Integral(t**2*exp(Integral(5*t, t))*exp(Integral(9*t**2 + 5*t, t))/x0**2, t) + \
    exp(Integral(5*t, t))*exp(Integral(9*t**2 + 5*t, t))/x0))]
    assert dsolve(eq10) == sol10


def test_linear_2eq_order1_nonhomog_linear():
    e = [Eq(diff(f(x), x), f(x) + g(x) + 5*x),
         Eq(diff(g(x), x), f(x) - g(x))]
    raises(NotImplementedError, lambda: dsolve(e))


def test_linear_2eq_order1_nonhomog():
    # Note: once implemented, add some tests esp. with resonance
    e = [Eq(diff(f(x), x), f(x) + exp(x)),
         Eq(diff(g(x), x), f(x) + g(x) + x*exp(x))]
    raises(NotImplementedError, lambda: dsolve(e))


def test_linear_2eq_order1_type2_degen():
    e = [Eq(diff(f(x), x), f(x) + 5),
         Eq(diff(g(x), x), f(x) + 7)]
    s1 = [Eq(f(x), C2*exp(x) - 5), Eq(g(x), C2*exp(x) - C1 + 2*x - 5)]
    s = dsolve(e)
    assert s == s1
    s = [(l.lhs, l.rhs) for l in s]
    assert e[0].subs(s).doit()
    assert e[1].subs(s).doit()


def test_dsolve_linear_2eq_order1_diag_triangular():
    e = [Eq(diff(f(x), x), f(x)),
         Eq(diff(g(x), x), g(x))]
    s1 = [Eq(f(x), C2*exp(x)), Eq(g(x), C1*exp(x))]
    s = dsolve(e)
    assert s == s1
    s = [(l.lhs, l.rhs) for l in s]
    assert e[0].subs(s).doit()
    assert e[1].subs(s).doit()

    e = [Eq(diff(f(x), x), 2*f(x)),
         Eq(diff(g(x), x), 3*f(x) + 7*g(x))]
    s1 = [Eq(f(x), -5*C1*exp(2*x)),
          Eq(g(x), 3*C1*exp(2*x) + 8*C2*exp(7*x))];
    s = dsolve(e)
    assert s == s1
    s = [(l.lhs, l.rhs) for l in s]
    assert e[0].subs(s).doit()
    assert e[1].subs(s).doit()


@XFAIL
def test_sysode_linear_2eq_order1_type1_D_lt_0():
    e = [Eq(diff(f(x), x), -9*I*f(x) - 4*g(x)),
         Eq(diff(g(x), x), -4*I*g(x))]
    s = dsolve(e)
    s = [(l.lhs, l.rhs) for l in s]
    # bit of a hassle to get these to clean up
    assert (e[0].lhs - e[0].rhs).subs(s).doit().simplify().doit() == 0
    assert (e[1].lhs - e[1].rhs).subs(s).doit().simplify().doit() == 0


@XFAIL
def test_sysode_linear_2eq_order1_type1_D_lt_0_b_eq_0():
    e = [Eq(diff(f(x), x), -9*I*f(x)),
         Eq(diff(g(x), x), -4*I*g(x))]
    s1 = [Eq(f(x), C1*exp(-9*I*x)), Eq(g(x), C2*exp(-4*I*x))]
    s = dsolve(e)
    assert s == s1
    s = [(l.lhs, l.rhs) for l in s]
    assert e[0].subs(s).doit()
    assert e[1].subs(s).doit()


def test_linear_2eq_order2():
    x, y, z = symbols('x, y, z', function=True)
    k, l, m, n = symbols('k, l, m, n', Integer=True)
    t, l = symbols('t, l')
    x0, y0 = symbols('x0, y0')

    eq1 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t,t), 5*x(t) + 43*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t,t), x(t) + 9*y(t)))
    sol1 = [Eq(x(t), 43*C1*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 14*l**2 + 2, 0)) + 43*C2*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 14*l**2 + 2, 1)) + \
    43*C3*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 14*l**2 + 2, 2)) + 43*C4*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 14*l**2 + 2, 3))), \
    Eq(y(t), C1*(RootOf(l**4 - 14*l**2 + 2, 0)**2 - 5)*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 14*l**2 + 2, 0)) + \
    C2*(RootOf(l**4 - 14*l**2 + 2, 1)**2 - 5)*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 14*l**2 + 2, 1)) + \
    C3*(RootOf(l**4 - 14*l**2 + 2, 2)**2 - 5)*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 14*l**2 + 2, 2)) + \
    C4*(RootOf(l**4 - 14*l**2 + 2, 3)**2 - 5)*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 14*l**2 + 2, 3)))]
    assert dsolve(eq1) == sol1

    eq2 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t,t), 8*x(t)+3*y(t)+31), Eq(diff(y(t),t,t), 9*x(t)+7*y(t)+12))
    sol2 = [Eq(x(t), 3*C1*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 15*l**2 + 29, 0)) + 3*C2*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 15*l**2 + 29, 1)) + \
    3*C3*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 15*l**2 + 29, 2)) + 3*C4*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 15*l**2 + 29, 3)) - 181/29), \
    Eq(y(t), C1*(RootOf(l**4 - 15*l**2 + 29, 0)**2 - 8)*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 15*l**2 + 29, 0)) + \
    C2*(RootOf(l**4 - 15*l**2 + 29, 1)**2 - 8)*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 15*l**2 + 29, 1)) + \
    C3*(RootOf(l**4 - 15*l**2 + 29, 2)**2 - 8)*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 15*l**2 + 29, 2)) + \
    C4*(RootOf(l**4 - 15*l**2 + 29, 3)**2 - 8)*exp(t*RootOf(l**4 - 15*l**2 + 29, 3)) + 183/29)]
    assert dsolve(eq2) == sol2

    eq3 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t,t) - 9*diff(y(t),t) + 7*x(t),0), Eq(diff(y(t),t,t) + 9*diff(x(t),t) + 7*y(t),0))
    sol3 = [Eq(x(t), C1*cos(t*(9/2 + sqrt(109)/2)) + C2*sin(t*(9/2 + sqrt(109)/2)) + C3*cos(t*(-sqrt(109)/2 + 9/2)) + \
    C4*sin(t*(-sqrt(109)/2 + 9/2))), Eq(y(t), -C1*sin(t*(9/2 + sqrt(109)/2)) + C2*cos(t*(9/2 + sqrt(109)/2)) - \
    C3*sin(t*(-sqrt(109)/2 + 9/2)) + C4*cos(t*(-sqrt(109)/2 + 9/2)))]
    assert dsolve(eq3) == sol3

    eq4 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t,t), 9*t*diff(y(t),t)-9*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t,t),7*t*diff(x(t),t)-7*x(t)))
    sol4 = [Eq(x(t), C3*t + t*Integral((9*C1*exp(3*sqrt(7)*t**2/2) + 9*C2*exp(-3*sqrt(7)*t**2/2))/t**2, t)), \
    Eq(y(t), C4*t + t*Integral((3*sqrt(7)*C1*exp(3*sqrt(7)*t**2/2) - 3*sqrt(7)*C2*exp(-3*sqrt(7)*t**2/2))/t**2, t))]
    assert dsolve(eq4) == sol4

    eq5 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t,t), (log(t)+t**2)*diff(x(t),t)+(log(t)+t**2)*3*diff(y(t),t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t,t), \
    (log(t)+t**2)*2*diff(x(t),t)+(log(t)+t**2)*9*diff(y(t),t)))
    sol5 = [Eq(x(t), -sqrt(22)*(C1*Integral(exp((-sqrt(22) + 5)*Integral(t**2 + log(t), t)), t) + C2 - \
    C3*Integral(exp((sqrt(22) + 5)*Integral(t**2 + log(t), t)), t) - C4 - \
    (sqrt(22) + 5)*(C1*Integral(exp((-sqrt(22) + 5)*Integral(t**2 + log(t), t)), t) + C2) + \
    (-sqrt(22) + 5)*(C3*Integral(exp((sqrt(22) + 5)*Integral(t**2 + log(t), t)), t) + C4))/88), \
    Eq(y(t), -sqrt(22)*(C1*Integral(exp((-sqrt(22) + 5)*Integral(t**2 + log(t), t)), t) + \
    C2 - C3*Integral(exp((sqrt(22) + 5)*Integral(t**2 + log(t), t)), t) - C4)/44)]
    assert dsolve(eq5) == sol5

    eq6 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t,t), log(t)*t*diff(y(t),t) - log(t)*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t,t), log(t)*t*diff(x(t),t) - log(t)*x(t)))
    sol6 = [Eq(x(t), C3*t + t*Integral((C1*exp(Integral(t*log(t), t)) + \
    C2*exp(-Integral(t*log(t), t)))/t**2, t)), Eq(y(t), C4*t + t*Integral((C1*exp(Integral(t*log(t), t)) - \
    C2*exp(-Integral(t*log(t), t)))/t**2, t))]
    assert dsolve(eq6) == sol6

    eq7 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t,t), log(t)*(t*diff(x(t),t) - x(t)) + exp(t)*(t*diff(y(t),t) - y(t))), \
    Eq(diff(y(t),t,t), (t**2)*(t*diff(x(t),t) - x(t)) + (t)*(t*diff(y(t),t) - y(t))))
    sol7 = [Eq(x(t), C3*t + t*Integral((C1*x0 + C2*x0*Integral(t*exp(t)*exp(Integral(t**2, t))*\
    exp(Integral(t*log(t), t))/x0**2, t))/t**2, t)), Eq(y(t), C4*t + t*Integral((C1*y0 + \
    C2(y0*Integral(t*exp(t)*exp(Integral(t**2, t))*exp(Integral(t*log(t), t))/x0**2, t) + \
    exp(Integral(t**2, t))*exp(Integral(t*log(t), t))/x0))/t**2, t))]
    assert dsolve(eq7) == sol7

    eq8 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t,t), t*(4*x(t) + 9*y(t))), Eq(diff(y(t),t,t), t*(12*x(t) - 6*y(t))))
    sol8 = ("[Eq(x(t), -sqrt(133)*((-sqrt(133) - 1)*(C2*(133*t**8/24 - t**3/6 + sqrt(133)*t**3/2 + 1) + "
    "C1*t*(sqrt(133)*t**4/6 - t**3/12 + 1) + O(t**6)) - (-1 + sqrt(133))*(C2*(-sqrt(133)*t**3/6 - t**3/6 + 1) + "
    "C1*t*(-sqrt(133)*t**3/12 - t**3/12 + 1) + O(t**6)) - 4*C2*(133*t**8/24 - t**3/6 + sqrt(133)*t**3/2 + 1) + "
    "4*C2*(-sqrt(133)*t**3/6 - t**3/6 + 1) - 4*C1*t*(sqrt(133)*t**4/6 - t**3/12 + 1) + "
    "4*C1*t*(-sqrt(133)*t**3/12 - t**3/12 + 1) + O(t**6))/3192), Eq(y(t), -sqrt(133)*(-C2*(133*t**8/24 - t**3/6 + "
    "sqrt(133)*t**3/2 + 1) + C2*(-sqrt(133)*t**3/6 - t**3/6 + 1) - C1*t*(sqrt(133)*t**4/6 - t**3/12 + 1) + "
    "C1*t*(-sqrt(133)*t**3/12 - t**3/12 + 1) + O(t**6))/266)]")
    assert str(dsolve(eq8)) == sol8

    eq9 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t,t), t*(4*diff(x(t),t) + 9*diff(y(t),t))), Eq(diff(y(t),t,t), t*(12*diff(x(t),t) - 6*diff(y(t),t))))
    sol9 = [Eq(x(t), -sqrt(133)*(4*C1*Integral(exp((-sqrt(133) - 1)*Integral(t, t)), t) + 4*C2 - \
    4*C3*Integral(exp((-1 + sqrt(133))*Integral(t, t)), t) - 4*C4 - (-1 + sqrt(133))*(C1*Integral(exp((-sqrt(133) - \
    1)*Integral(t, t)), t) + C2) + (-sqrt(133) - 1)*(C3*Integral(exp((-1 + sqrt(133))*Integral(t, t)), t) + \
    C4))/3192), Eq(y(t), -sqrt(133)*(C1*Integral(exp((-sqrt(133) - 1)*Integral(t, t)), t) + C2 - \
    C3*Integral(exp((-1 + sqrt(133))*Integral(t, t)), t) - C4)/266)]
    assert dsolve(eq9) == sol9

    eq10 = (t**2*diff(x(t),t,t) + 3*t*diff(x(t),t) + 4*t*diff(y(t),t) + 12*x(t) + 9*y(t), \
    t**2*diff(y(t),t,t) + 2*t*diff(x(t),t) - 5*t*diff(y(t),t) + 15*x(t) + 8*y(t))
    sol10 = [Eq(x(t), -C1*(-2*sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 13 + 2*sqrt(-284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + \
    4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) - 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + \
    346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))))*exp((-sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + \
    4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))/2 + 1 + sqrt(-284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) - 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)))/2)*log(t)) - \
    C2*(-2*sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + \
    13 - 2*sqrt(-284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) - 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))))*exp((-sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + \
    2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))/2 + 1 - sqrt(-284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + \
    4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) - 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)))/2)*log(t)) - C3*t**(1 + sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1/3))) + 4 + \
    2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))/2 + sqrt(-2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)))/2)*(2*sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 13 + 2*sqrt(-2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)))) - C4*t**(-sqrt(-2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)))/2 + 1 + sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))/2)*(-2*sqrt(-2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))) + 2*sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 13)), Eq(y(t), C1*(-sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + \
    2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 14 + (-sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + \
    2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))/2 + 1 + sqrt(-284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + \
    4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) - 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)))/2)**2 + sqrt(-284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + \
    2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) - 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))))*exp((-sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))/2 + 1 + sqrt(-284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + \
    2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) - 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)))/2)*log(t)) + C2*(-sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + \
    2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 14 - sqrt(-284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + \
    4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) - 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))) + (-sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))/2 + 1 - sqrt(-284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + \
    2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) - 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)))/2)**2)*exp((-sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))/2 + 1 - sqrt(-284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + \
    2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) - 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)))/2)*log(t)) + C3*t**(1 + sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + \
    2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))/2 + sqrt(-2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)))/2)*(sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + sqrt(-2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))) + 14 + (1 + sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))/2 + sqrt(-2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)))/2)**2) + C4*t**(-sqrt(-2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + \
    346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + \
    4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)))/2 + 1 + sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + \
    4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))/2)*(-sqrt(-2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + \
    8 + 346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + \
    4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))) + (-sqrt(-2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3) + 8 + \
    346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 284/sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + \
    4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)))/2 + 1 + sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + \
    4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3))/2)**2 + sqrt(-346/(3*(S(4333)/4 + \
    5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 4 + 2*(S(4333)/4 + 5*sqrt(70771857)/36)**(S(1)/3)) + 14))]
    assert dsolve(eq10) == sol10


def test_linear_3eq_order1():
    x, y, z = symbols('x, y, z', function=True)
    t = Symbol('t')
    eq1 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 21*x(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), 17*x(t)+3*y(t)), Eq(diff(z(t),t), 5*x(t)+7*y(t)+9*z(t)))
    sol1 = [Eq(x(t), C1*exp(21*t)), Eq(y(t), 17*C1*exp(21*t)/18 + C2*exp(3*t)), \
    Eq(z(t), 209*C1*exp(21*t)/216 - 7*C2*exp(3*t)/6 + C3*exp(9*t))]
    assert dsolve(eq1) == sol1

    eq2 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t),3*y(t)-11*z(t)),Eq(diff(y(t),t),7*z(t)-3*x(t)),Eq(diff(z(t),t),11*x(t)-7*y(t)))
    sol2 = [Eq(x(t), 7*C0 + sqrt(179)*C1*cos(sqrt(179)*t) + (77*C1/3 + 130*C2/3)*sin(sqrt(179)*t)), \
    Eq(y(t), 11*C0 + sqrt(179)*C2*cos(sqrt(179)*t) + (-58*C1/3 - 77*C2/3)*sin(sqrt(179)*t)), \
    Eq(z(t), 3*C0 + sqrt(179)*(-7*C1/3 - 11*C2/3)*cos(sqrt(179)*t) + (11*C1 - 7*C2)*sin(sqrt(179)*t))]
    assert dsolve(eq2) == sol2

    eq3 = (Eq(3*diff(x(t),t),4*5*(y(t)-z(t))),Eq(4*diff(y(t),t),3*5*(z(t)-x(t))),Eq(5*diff(z(t),t),3*4*(x(t)-y(t))))
    sol3 = [Eq(x(t), C0 + 5*sqrt(2)*C1*cos(5*sqrt(2)*t) + (12*C1/5 + 164*C2/15)*sin(5*sqrt(2)*t)), \
    Eq(y(t), C0 + 5*sqrt(2)*C2*cos(5*sqrt(2)*t) + (-51*C1/10 - 12*C2/5)*sin(5*sqrt(2)*t)), \
    Eq(z(t), C0 + 5*sqrt(2)*(-9*C1/25 - 16*C2/25)*cos(5*sqrt(2)*t) + (12*C1/5 - 12*C2/5)*sin(5*sqrt(2)*t))]
    assert dsolve(eq3) == sol3

    f = t**3 + log(t)
    g = t**2 + sin(t)
    eq4 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t),(4*f+g)*x(t)-f*y(t)-2*f*z(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t),2*f*x(t)+(f+g)*y(t)-2*f*z(t)), Eq(diff(z(t),t),5*f*x(t)+f*y(t)+(-3*f+g)*z(t)))
    sol4 = [Eq(x(t), (C1*exp(-2*Integral(t**3 + log(t), t)) + C2*(sqrt(3)*sin(sqrt(3)*Integral(t**3 + log(t), t))/6 \
    + cos(sqrt(3)*Integral(t**3 + log(t), t))/2) + C3*(sin(sqrt(3)*Integral(t**3 + log(t), t))/2 - \
    sqrt(3)*cos(sqrt(3)*Integral(t**3 + log(t), t))/6))*exp(Integral(-t**2 - sin(t), t))), Eq(y(t), \
    (C2*(sqrt(3)*sin(sqrt(3)*Integral(t**3 + log(t), t))/6 + cos(sqrt(3)*Integral(t**3 + log(t), t))/2) + \
    C3*(sin(sqrt(3)*Integral(t**3 + log(t), t))/2 - sqrt(3)*cos(sqrt(3)*Integral(t**3 + log(t), t))/6))*\
    exp(Integral(-t**2 - sin(t), t))), Eq(z(t), (C1*exp(-2*Integral(t**3 + log(t), t)) + C2*cos(sqrt(3)*\
    Integral(t**3 + log(t), t)) + C3*sin(sqrt(3)*Integral(t**3 + log(t), t)))*exp(Integral(-t**2 - sin(t), t)))]
    assert dsolve(eq4) == sol4

    eq5 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t),4*x(t) - z(t)),Eq(diff(y(t),t),2*x(t)+2*y(t)-z(t)),Eq(diff(z(t),t),3*x(t)+y(t)))
    sol5 = [Eq(x(t), C1*exp(2*t) + C2*t*exp(2*t) + C2*exp(2*t) + C3*t**2*exp(2*t)/2 + C3*t*exp(2*t) + C3*exp(2*t)), \
    Eq(y(t), C1*exp(2*t) + C2*t*exp(2*t) + C2*exp(2*t) + C3*t**2*exp(2*t)/2 + C3*t*exp(2*t)), \
    Eq(z(t), 2*C1*exp(2*t) + 2*C2*t*exp(2*t) + C2*exp(2*t) + C3*t**2*exp(2*t) + C3*t*exp(2*t) + C3*exp(2*t))]
    assert dsolve(eq5) == sol5

    eq6 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t),4*x(t) - y(t) - 2*z(t)),Eq(diff(y(t),t),2*x(t) + y(t)- 2*z(t)),Eq(diff(z(t),t),5*x(t)-3*z(t)))
    sol6 = [Eq(x(t), C1*exp(2*t) + C2*(-sin(t) + 3*cos(t)) + C3*(3*sin(t) + cos(t))), \
    Eq(y(t), C2*(-sin(t) + 3*cos(t)) + C3*(3*sin(t) + cos(t))), Eq(z(t), C1*exp(2*t) + 5*C2*cos(t) + 5*C3*sin(t))]
    assert dsolve(eq6) == sol6


def test_linear_3eq_order1_nonhomog():
    e = [Eq(diff(f(x), x), -9*f(x) - 4*g(x)),
         Eq(diff(g(x), x), -4*g(x)),
         Eq(diff(h(x), x), h(x) + exp(x))]
    raises(NotImplementedError, lambda: dsolve(e))


@XFAIL
def test_linear_3eq_order1_diagonal():
    # code makes assumptions about coefficients being nonzero, breaks when assumptions are not true
    e = [Eq(diff(f(x), x), f(x)),
         Eq(diff(g(x), x), g(x)),
         Eq(diff(h(x), x), h(x))]
    s1 = [Eq(f(x), C1*exp(x)), Eq(g(x), C2*exp(x)), Eq(h(x), C3*exp(x))]
    s = dsolve(e)
    assert s == s1


def test_nonlinear_2eq_order1():
    x, y, z = symbols('x, y, z', function=True)
    t = Symbol('t')
    eq1 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t),x(t)*y(t)**3), Eq(diff(y(t),t),y(t)**5))
    sol1 = [
        Eq(x(t), C1*exp((-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(-S(1)/4))),
        Eq(y(t), -(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)),
        Eq(x(t), C1*exp(-1/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))),
        Eq(y(t), (-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)),
        Eq(x(t), C1*exp(-I/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))),
        Eq(y(t), -I*(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)),
        Eq(x(t), C1*exp(I/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))),
        Eq(y(t), I*(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))]
    assert dsolve(eq1) == sol1

    eq2 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), exp(3*x(t))*y(t)**3),Eq(diff(y(t),t), y(t)**5))
    sol2 = [
        Eq(x(t), -log(C1 - 3/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))/3),
        Eq(y(t), -(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)),
        Eq(x(t), -log(C1 + 3/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))/3),
        Eq(y(t), (-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)),
        Eq(x(t), -log(C1 + 3*I/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))/3),
        Eq(y(t), -I*(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)),
        Eq(x(t), -log(C1 - 3*I/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))/3),
        Eq(y(t), I*(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))]
    assert dsolve(eq2) == sol2

    eq3 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), y(t)*x(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), x(t)**3))
    tt = S(2)/3
    sol3 = [
        Eq(x(t), 6**tt/(6*(-sinh(sqrt(C1)*(C2 + t)/2)/sqrt(C1))**tt)),
        Eq(y(t), sqrt(C1 + C1/sinh(sqrt(C1)*(C2 + t)/2)**2)/3)]
    assert dsolve(eq3) == sol3

    eq4 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t),x(t)*y(t)*sin(t)**2), Eq(diff(y(t),t),y(t)**2*sin(t)**2))
    sol4 = set([Eq(x(t), -2*exp(C1)/(C2*exp(C1) + t - sin(2*t)/2)), Eq(y(t), -2/(C1 + t - sin(2*t)/2))])
    assert dsolve(eq4) == sol4

    eq5 = (Eq(x(t),t*diff(x(t),t)+diff(x(t),t)*diff(y(t),t)), Eq(y(t),t*diff(y(t),t)+diff(y(t),t)**2))
    sol5 = set([Eq(x(t), C1*C2 + C1*t), Eq(y(t), C2**2 + C2*t)])
    assert dsolve(eq5) == sol5

    eq6 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t),x(t)**2*y(t)**3), Eq(diff(y(t),t),y(t)**5))
    sol6 = [
        Eq(x(t), 1/(C1 - 1/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))),
        Eq(y(t), -(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)),
        Eq(x(t), 1/(C1 + (-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(-S(1)/4))),
        Eq(y(t), (-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)),
        Eq(x(t), 1/(C1 + I/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))),
        Eq(y(t), -I*(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)),
        Eq(x(t), 1/(C1 - I/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))),
        Eq(y(t), I*(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))]
    assert dsolve(eq6) == sol6


def test_checksysodesol():
    x, y, z = symbols('x, y, z', function=True)
    t = Symbol('t')
    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 9*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), 12*x(t)))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), 9*C1*exp(-6*sqrt(3)*t) + 9*C2*exp(6*sqrt(3)*t)), \
    Eq(y(t), -6*sqrt(3)*C1*exp(-6*sqrt(3)*t) + 6*sqrt(3)*C2*exp(6*sqrt(3)*t))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 2*x(t) + 4*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), 12*x(t) + 41*y(t)))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), 4*C1*exp(t*(-sqrt(1713)/2 + S(43)/2)) + 4*C2*exp(t*(sqrt(1713)/2 + \
    S(43)/2))), Eq(y(t), C1*(-sqrt(1713)/2 + S(39)/2)*exp(t*(-sqrt(1713)/2 + \
    S(43)/2)) + C2*(S(39)/2 + sqrt(1713)/2)*exp(t*(sqrt(1713)/2 + S(43)/2)))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), x(t) + y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), -2*x(t) + 2*y(t)))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), (C1*sin(sqrt(7)*t/2) + C2*cos(sqrt(7)*t/2))*exp(3*t/2)), \
    Eq(y(t), ((C1/2 - sqrt(7)*C2/2)*sin(sqrt(7)*t/2) + (sqrt(7)*C1/2 + \
    C2/2)*cos(sqrt(7)*t/2))*exp(3*t/2))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), x(t) + y(t) + 9), Eq(diff(y(t),t), 2*x(t) + 5*y(t) + 23))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), C1*exp(t*(-sqrt(6) + 3)) + C2*exp(t*(sqrt(6) + 3)) - \
    S(22)/3), Eq(y(t), C1*(-sqrt(6) + 2)*exp(t*(-sqrt(6) + 3)) + C2*(2 + \
    sqrt(6))*exp(t*(sqrt(6) + 3)) - S(5)/3)]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), x(t) + y(t) + 81), Eq(diff(y(t),t), -2*x(t) + y(t) + 23))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), (C1*sin(sqrt(2)*t) + C2*cos(sqrt(2)*t))*exp(t) - S(58)/3), \
    Eq(y(t), (sqrt(2)*C1*cos(sqrt(2)*t) - sqrt(2)*C2*sin(sqrt(2)*t))*exp(t) - S(185)/3)]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 5*t*x(t) + 2*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), 2*x(t) + 5*t*y(t)))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), (C1*exp((Integral(2, t).doit())) + C2*exp(-(Integral(2, t)).doit()))*\
    exp((Integral(5*t, t)).doit())), Eq(y(t), (C1*exp((Integral(2, t)).doit()) - \
    C2*exp(-(Integral(2, t)).doit()))*exp((Integral(5*t, t)).doit()))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 5*t*x(t) + t**2*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), -t**2*x(t) + 5*t*y(t)))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), (C1*cos((Integral(t**2, t)).doit()) + C2*sin((Integral(t**2, t)).doit()))*\
    exp((Integral(5*t, t)).doit())), Eq(y(t), (-C1*sin((Integral(t**2, t)).doit()) + \
    C2*cos((Integral(t**2, t)).doit()))*exp((Integral(5*t, t)).doit()))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 5*t*x(t) + t**2*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), -t**2*x(t) + (5*t+9*t**2)*y(t)))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), (C1*exp((-sqrt(77)/2 + S(9)/2)*(Integral(t**2, t)).doit()) + \
    C2*exp((sqrt(77)/2 + S(9)/2)*(Integral(t**2, t)).doit()))*exp((Integral(5*t, t)).doit())), \
    Eq(y(t), (C1*(-sqrt(77)/2 + S(9)/2)*exp((-sqrt(77)/2 + S(9)/2)*(Integral(t**2, t)).doit()) + \
    C2*(sqrt(77)/2 + S(9)/2)*exp((sqrt(77)/2 + S(9)/2)*(Integral(t**2, t)).doit()))*exp((Integral(5*t, t)).doit()))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t,t), 5*x(t) + 43*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t,t), x(t) + 9*y(t)))
    root0 = -sqrt(-sqrt(47) + 7)
    root1 = sqrt(-sqrt(47) + 7)
    root2 = -sqrt(sqrt(47) + 7)
    root3 = sqrt(sqrt(47) + 7)
    sol = [Eq(x(t), 43*C1*exp(t*root0) + 43*C2*exp(t*root1) + 43*C3*exp(t*root2) + 43*C4*exp(t*root3)), \
    Eq(y(t), C1*(root0**2 - 5)*exp(t*root0) + C2*(root1**2 - 5)*exp(t*root1) + \
    C3*(root2**2 - 5)*exp(t*root2) + C4*(root3**2 - 5)*exp(t*root3))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t,t), 8*x(t)+3*y(t)+31), Eq(diff(y(t),t,t), 9*x(t)+7*y(t)+12))
    root0 = -sqrt(-sqrt(109)/2 + S(15)/2)
    root1 = sqrt(-sqrt(109)/2 + S(15)/2)
    root2 = -sqrt(sqrt(109)/2 + S(15)/2)
    root3 = sqrt(sqrt(109)/2 + S(15)/2)
    sol = [Eq(x(t), 3*C1*exp(t*root0) + 3*C2*exp(t*root1) + 3*C3*exp(t*root2) + 3*C4*exp(t*root3) - S(181)/29), \
    Eq(y(t), C1*(root0**2 - 8)*exp(t*root0) + C2*(root1**2 - 8)*exp(t*root1) + \
    C3*(root2**2 - 8)*exp(t*root2) + C4*(root3**2 - 8)*exp(t*root3) + S(183)/29)]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t,t) - 9*diff(y(t),t) + 7*x(t),0), Eq(diff(y(t),t,t) + 9*diff(x(t),t) + 7*y(t),0))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), C1*cos(t*(S(9)/2 + sqrt(109)/2)) + C2*sin(t*(S(9)/2 + sqrt(109)/2)) + \
    C3*cos(t*(-sqrt(109)/2 + S(9)/2)) + C4*sin(t*(-sqrt(109)/2 + S(9)/2))), Eq(y(t), -C1*sin(t*(S(9)/2 + sqrt(109)/2)) \
    + C2*cos(t*(S(9)/2 + sqrt(109)/2)) - C3*sin(t*(-sqrt(109)/2 + S(9)/2)) + C4*cos(t*(-sqrt(109)/2 + S(9)/2)))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t,t), 9*t*diff(y(t),t)-9*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t,t),7*t*diff(x(t),t)-7*x(t)))
    I1 = sqrt(6)*7**(S(1)/4)*sqrt(pi)*erfi(sqrt(6)*7**(S(1)/4)*t/2)/2 - exp(3*sqrt(7)*t**2/2)/t
    I2 = -sqrt(6)*7**(S(1)/4)*sqrt(pi)*erf(sqrt(6)*7**(S(1)/4)*t/2)/2 - exp(-3*sqrt(7)*t**2/2)/t
    sol = [Eq(x(t), C3*t + t*(9*C1*I1 + 9*C2*I2)), Eq(y(t), C4*t + t*(3*sqrt(7)*C1*I1 - 3*sqrt(7)*C2*I2))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 21*x(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), 17*x(t)+3*y(t)), Eq(diff(z(t),t), 5*x(t)+7*y(t)+9*z(t)))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), C1*exp(21*t)), Eq(y(t), 17*C1*exp(21*t)/18 + C2*exp(3*t)), \
    Eq(z(t), 209*C1*exp(21*t)/216 - 7*C2*exp(3*t)/6 + C3*exp(9*t))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t),3*y(t)-11*z(t)),Eq(diff(y(t),t),7*z(t)-3*x(t)),Eq(diff(z(t),t),11*x(t)-7*y(t)))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), 7*C0 + sqrt(179)*C1*cos(sqrt(179)*t) + (77*C1/3 + 130*C2/3)*sin(sqrt(179)*t)), \
    Eq(y(t), 11*C0 + sqrt(179)*C2*cos(sqrt(179)*t) + (-58*C1/3 - 77*C2/3)*sin(sqrt(179)*t)), \
    Eq(z(t), 3*C0 + sqrt(179)*(-7*C1/3 - 11*C2/3)*cos(sqrt(179)*t) + (11*C1 - 7*C2)*sin(sqrt(179)*t))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(3*diff(x(t),t),4*5*(y(t)-z(t))),Eq(4*diff(y(t),t),3*5*(z(t)-x(t))),Eq(5*diff(z(t),t),3*4*(x(t)-y(t))))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), C0 + 5*sqrt(2)*C1*cos(5*sqrt(2)*t) + (12*C1/5 + 164*C2/15)*sin(5*sqrt(2)*t)), \
    Eq(y(t), C0 + 5*sqrt(2)*C2*cos(5*sqrt(2)*t) + (-51*C1/10 - 12*C2/5)*sin(5*sqrt(2)*t)), \
    Eq(z(t), C0 + 5*sqrt(2)*(-9*C1/25 - 16*C2/25)*cos(5*sqrt(2)*t) + (12*C1/5 - 12*C2/5)*sin(5*sqrt(2)*t))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t),4*x(t) - z(t)),Eq(diff(y(t),t),2*x(t)+2*y(t)-z(t)),Eq(diff(z(t),t),3*x(t)+y(t)))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), C1*exp(2*t) + C2*t*exp(2*t) + C2*exp(2*t) + C3*t**2*exp(2*t)/2 + C3*t*exp(2*t) + C3*exp(2*t)), \
    Eq(y(t), C1*exp(2*t) + C2*t*exp(2*t) + C2*exp(2*t) + C3*t**2*exp(2*t)/2 + C3*t*exp(2*t)), \
    Eq(z(t), 2*C1*exp(2*t) + 2*C2*t*exp(2*t) + C2*exp(2*t) + C3*t**2*exp(2*t) + C3*t*exp(2*t) + C3*exp(2*t))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t),4*x(t) - y(t) - 2*z(t)),Eq(diff(y(t),t),2*x(t) + y(t)- 2*z(t)),Eq(diff(z(t),t),5*x(t)-3*z(t)))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), C1*exp(2*t) + C2*(-sin(t) + 3*cos(t)) + C3*(3*sin(t) + cos(t))), \
    Eq(y(t), C2*(-sin(t) + 3*cos(t)) + C3*(3*sin(t) + cos(t))), Eq(z(t), C1*exp(2*t) + 5*C2*cos(t) + 5*C3*sin(t))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t),x(t)*y(t)**3), Eq(diff(y(t),t),y(t)**5))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), C1*exp((-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(-S(1)/4))), Eq(y(t), -(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)), \
    Eq(x(t), C1*exp(-1/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))), Eq(y(t), (-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)), \
    Eq(x(t), C1*exp(-I/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))), Eq(y(t), -I*(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)), \
    Eq(x(t), C1*exp(I/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))), Eq(y(t), I*(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), exp(3*x(t))*y(t)**3),Eq(diff(y(t),t), y(t)**5))
    sol = [Eq(x(t), -log(C1 - 3/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))/3), Eq(y(t), -(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)), \
    Eq(x(t), -log(C1 + 3/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))/3), Eq(y(t), (-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)), \
    Eq(x(t), -log(C1 + 3*I/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))/3), Eq(y(t), -I*(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4)), \
    Eq(x(t), -log(C1 - 3*I/(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))/3), Eq(y(t), I*(-1/(4*C2 + 4*t))**(S(1)/4))]
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])

    eq = (Eq(x(t),t*diff(x(t),t)+diff(x(t),t)*diff(y(t),t)), Eq(y(t),t*diff(y(t),t)+diff(y(t),t)**2))
    sol = set([Eq(x(t), C1*C2 + C1*t), Eq(y(t), C2**2 + C2*t)])
    assert checksysodesol(eq, sol) == (True, [0, 0])


@slow
def test_nonlinear_3eq_order1():
    x, y, z = symbols('x, y, z', function=True)
    t = Symbol('t')
    eq1 = (4*diff(x(t),t) + 2*y(t)*z(t), 3*diff(y(t),t) - z(t)*x(t), 5*diff(z(t),t) - x(t)*y(t))
    sol1 = "[Eq(x(t), Eq(Integral(4/(sqrt(-4*_y**2 - 3*C1 + C2)*sqrt(-4*_y**2 + 5*C1 - C2)), (_y, x(t))), "\
    "C3 + Integral(-sqrt(15)/15, t))), Eq(y(t), Eq(Integral(3/(sqrt(-6*_y**2 - C1 + 5*C2)*sqrt(3*_y**2 + C1 - 4*C2)), "\
    "(_y, y(t))), C3 + Integral(sqrt(5)/10, t))), Eq(z(t), Eq(Integral(5/(sqrt(-10*_y**2 - 3*C1 + C2)*"\
    "sqrt(5*_y**2 + 4*C1 - C2)), (_y, z(t))), C3 + Integral(sqrt(3)/6, t)))]"
    assert str(dsolve(eq1)) == sol1

    eq2 = (4*diff(x(t),t) + 2*y(t)*z(t)*sin(t), 3*diff(y(t),t) - z(t)*x(t)*sin(t), 5*diff(z(t),t) - x(t)*y(t)*sin(t))
    sol2 = "[Eq(x(t), Eq(Integral(3/(sqrt(-6*_y**2 - C1 + 5*C2)*sqrt(3*_y**2 + C1 - 4*C2)), (_y, x(t))), C3 + "\
    "Integral(-sqrt(5)*sin(t)/10, t))), Eq(y(t), Eq(Integral(4/(sqrt(-4*_y**2 - 3*C1 + C2)*sqrt(-4*_y**2 + 5*C1 - C2)), "\
    "(_y, y(t))), C3 + Integral(sqrt(15)*sin(t)/15, t))), Eq(z(t), Eq(Integral(5/(sqrt(-10*_y**2 - 3*C1 + C2)*"\
    "sqrt(5*_y**2 + 4*C1 - C2)), (_y, z(t))), C3 + Integral(-sqrt(3)*sin(t)/6, t)))]"
    assert str(dsolve(eq2)) == sol2


def test_checkodesol():
    # For the most part, checkodesol is well tested in the tests below.
    # These tests only handle cases not checked below.
    raises(ValueError, lambda: checkodesol(f(x, y).diff(x), Eq(f(x, y), x)))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: checkodesol(f(x).diff(x), Eq(f(x, y),
           x), f(x, y)))
    assert checkodesol(f(x).diff(x), Eq(f(x, y), x)) == \
        (False, -f(x).diff(x) + f(x, y).diff(x) - 1)
    assert checkodesol(f(x).diff(x), Eq(f(x), x)) is not True
    assert checkodesol(f(x).diff(x), Eq(f(x), x)) == (False, 1)
    sol1 = Eq(f(x)**5 + 11*f(x) - 2*f(x) + x, 0)
    assert checkodesol(diff(sol1.lhs, x), sol1) == (True, 0)
    assert checkodesol(diff(sol1.lhs, x)*exp(f(x)), sol1) == (True, 0)
    assert checkodesol(diff(sol1.lhs, x, 2), sol1) == (True, 0)
    assert checkodesol(diff(sol1.lhs, x, 2)*exp(f(x)), sol1) == (True, 0)
    assert checkodesol(diff(sol1.lhs, x, 3), sol1) == (True, 0)
    assert checkodesol(diff(sol1.lhs, x, 3)*exp(f(x)), sol1) == (True, 0)
    assert checkodesol(diff(sol1.lhs, x, 3), Eq(f(x), x*log(x))) == \
        (False, 60*x**4*((log(x) + 1)**2 + log(x))*(
        log(x) + 1)*log(x)**2 - 5*x**4*log(x)**4 - 9)
    assert checkodesol(diff(exp(f(x)) + x, x)*x, Eq(exp(f(x)) + x)) == \
        (True, 0)
    assert checkodesol(diff(exp(f(x)) + x, x)*x, Eq(exp(f(x)) + x),
        solve_for_func=False) == (True, 0)
    assert checkodesol(f(x).diff(x, 2), [Eq(f(x), C1 + C2*x),
        Eq(f(x), C2 + C1*x), Eq(f(x), C1*x + C2*x**2)]) == \
        [(True, 0), (True, 0), (False, 2*C2)]
    assert checkodesol(f(x).diff(x, 2), set([Eq(f(x), C1 + C2*x),
        Eq(f(x), C2 + C1*x), Eq(f(x), C1*x + C2*x**2)])) == \
        set([(True, 0), (True, 0), (False, 2*C2)])
    assert checkodesol(f(x).diff(x) - 1/f(x)/2, Eq(f(x)**2, x)) == \
        [(True, 0), (True, 0)]
    assert checkodesol(f(x).diff(x) - f(x), Eq(C1*exp(x), f(x))) == (True, 0)
    # Based on test_1st_homogeneous_coeff_ode2_eq3sol.  Make sure that
    # checkodesol tries back substituting f(x) when it can.
    eq3 = x*exp(f(x)/x) + f(x) - x*f(x).diff(x)
    sol3 = Eq(f(x), log(log(C1/x)**(-x)))
    assert not checkodesol(eq3, sol3)[1].has(f(x))


@slow
def test_dsolve_options():
    eq = x*f(x).diff(x) + f(x)
    a = dsolve(eq, hint='all')
    b = dsolve(eq, hint='all', simplify=False)
    c = dsolve(eq, hint='all_Integral')
    keys = ['1st_exact', '1st_exact_Integral', '1st_homogeneous_coeff_best',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep_Integral',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep_Integral', '1st_linear',
        '1st_linear_Integral', 'almost_linear', 'almost_linear_Integral',
        'best', 'best_hint', 'default', 'lie_group',
        'nth_linear_euler_eq_homogeneous', 'order',
        'separable', 'separable_Integral']
    Integral_keys = ['1st_exact_Integral',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep_Integral',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep_Integral', '1st_linear_Integral',
        'almost_linear_Integral', 'best', 'best_hint', 'default',
        'nth_linear_euler_eq_homogeneous',
        'order', 'separable_Integral']
    assert sorted(a.keys()) == keys
    assert a['order'] == ode_order(eq, f(x))
    assert a['best'] == Eq(f(x), C1/x)
    assert dsolve(eq, hint='best') == Eq(f(x), C1/x)
    assert a['default'] == 'separable'
    assert a['best_hint'] == 'separable'
    assert not a['1st_exact'].has(Integral)
    assert not a['separable'].has(Integral)
    assert not a['1st_homogeneous_coeff_best'].has(Integral)
    assert not a['1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep'].has(Integral)
    assert not a['1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep'].has(Integral)
    assert not a['1st_linear'].has(Integral)
    assert a['1st_linear_Integral'].has(Integral)
    assert a['1st_exact_Integral'].has(Integral)
    assert a['1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep_Integral'].has(Integral)
    assert a['1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep_Integral'].has(Integral)
    assert a['separable_Integral'].has(Integral)
    assert sorted(b.keys()) == keys
    assert b['order'] == ode_order(eq, f(x))
    assert b['best'] == Eq(f(x), C1/x)
    assert dsolve(eq, hint='best', simplify=False) == Eq(f(x), C1/x)
    assert b['default'] == 'separable'
    assert b['best_hint'] == '1st_linear'
    assert a['separable'] != b['separable']
    assert a['1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep'] != \
        b['1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep']
    assert a['1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep'] != \
        b['1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep']
    assert not b['1st_exact'].has(Integral)
    assert not b['separable'].has(Integral)
    assert not b['1st_homogeneous_coeff_best'].has(Integral)
    assert not b['1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep'].has(Integral)
    assert not b['1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep'].has(Integral)
    assert not b['1st_linear'].has(Integral)
    assert b['1st_linear_Integral'].has(Integral)
    assert b['1st_exact_Integral'].has(Integral)
    assert b['1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep_Integral'].has(Integral)
    assert b['1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep_Integral'].has(Integral)
    assert b['separable_Integral'].has(Integral)
    assert sorted(c.keys()) == Integral_keys
    raises(ValueError, lambda: dsolve(eq, hint='notarealhint'))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: dsolve(eq, hint='Liouville'))
    assert dsolve(f(x).diff(x) - 1/f(x)**2, hint='all')['best'] == \
        dsolve(f(x).diff(x) - 1/f(x)**2, hint='best')
    assert dsolve(f(x) + f(x).diff(x) + sin(x).diff(x) + 1, f(x),
                  hint="1st_linear_Integral") == \
        Eq(f(x), (C1 + Integral((-sin(x).diff(x) - 1)*
                exp(Integral(1, x)), x))*exp(-Integral(1, x)))


def test_classify_ode():
    assert classify_ode(f(x).diff(x, 2), f(x)) == \
        ('nth_linear_constant_coeff_homogeneous', 'Liouville',
            '2nd_power_series_ordinary' ,'Liouville_Integral')
    assert classify_ode(f(x), f(x)) == ()
    assert classify_ode(Eq(f(x).diff(x), 0), f(x)) == ('separable',
        '1st_linear', '1st_homogeneous_coeff_best',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep',
        '1st_power_series', 'lie_group',
        'nth_linear_constant_coeff_homogeneous',
        'separable_Integral',
        '1st_linear_Integral',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep_Integral',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep_Integral')
    assert classify_ode(f(x).diff(x)**2, f(x)) == ('lie_group',)
    # issue 4749: f(x) should be cleared from highest derivative before classifying
    a = classify_ode(Eq(f(x).diff(x) + f(x), x), f(x))
    b = classify_ode(f(x).diff(x)*f(x) + f(x)*f(x) - x*f(x), f(x))
    c = classify_ode(f(x).diff(x)/f(x) + f(x)/f(x) - x/f(x), f(x))
    assert a == ('1st_linear',
        'Bernoulli',
        'almost_linear',
        '1st_power_series', "lie_group",
        'nth_linear_constant_coeff_undetermined_coefficients',
        'nth_linear_constant_coeff_variation_of_parameters',
        '1st_linear_Integral',
        'Bernoulli_Integral',
        'almost_linear_Integral',
        'nth_linear_constant_coeff_variation_of_parameters_Integral')
    assert b == c != ()
    assert classify_ode(
        2*x*f(x)*f(x).diff(x) + (1 + x)*f(x)**2 - exp(x), f(x)
    ) == ('Bernoulli', 'almost_linear', 'lie_group',
        'Bernoulli_Integral', 'almost_linear_Integral')
    assert 'Riccati_special_minus2' in \
        classify_ode(2*f(x).diff(x) + f(x)**2 - f(x)/x + 3*x**(-2), f(x))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: classify_ode(x + f(x, y).diff(x).diff(
        y), f(x, y)))
    # issue 5176
    k = Symbol('k')
    assert classify_ode(f(x).diff(x)/(k*f(x) + k*x*f(x)) + 2*f(x)/(k*f(x) +
        k*x*f(x)) + x*f(x).diff(x)/(k*f(x) + k*x*f(x)) + z, f(x)) == \
        ('separable', '1st_exact', '1st_power_series', 'lie_group',
         'separable_Integral', '1st_exact_Integral')
    # preprocessing
    ans = ('separable', '1st_exact', '1st_linear', 'Bernoulli',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_best',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep',
        '1st_power_series', 'lie_group',
        'nth_linear_constant_coeff_undetermined_coefficients',
        'nth_linear_constant_coeff_variation_of_parameters',
        'separable_Integral', '1st_exact_Integral',
        '1st_linear_Integral',
        'Bernoulli_Integral',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep_Integral',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep_Integral',
        'nth_linear_constant_coeff_variation_of_parameters_Integral')
    #     w/o f(x) given
    assert classify_ode(diff(f(x) + x, x) + diff(f(x), x)) == ans
    #     w/ f(x) and prep=True
    assert classify_ode(diff(f(x) + x, x) + diff(f(x), x), f(x),
                        prep=True) == ans

    assert classify_ode(Eq(2*x**3*f(x).diff(x), 0), f(x)) == \
        ('separable', '1st_linear', '1st_power_series', 'lie_group',
         'separable_Integral', '1st_linear_Integral')
    assert classify_ode(Eq(2*f(x)**3*f(x).diff(x), 0), f(x)) == \
        ('separable', '1st_power_series', 'lie_group', 'separable_Integral')


def test_classify_sysode():
    # Here x is assumed to be x(t) and y as y(t) for simplicity.
    # Similarly diff(x,t) and diff(y,y) is assumed to be x1 and y1 respectively.
    k, l, m, n = symbols('k, l, m, n', Integer=True)
    k1, k2, k3, l1, l2, l3, m1, m2, m3 = symbols('k1, k2, k3, l1, l2, l3, m1, m2, m3', Integer=True)
    P, Q, R, p, q, r = symbols('P, Q, R, p, q, r', Function=True)
    P1, P2, P3, Q1, Q2, R1, R2 = symbols('P1, P2, P3, Q1, Q2, R1, R2', function=True)
    x, y, z = symbols('x, y, z', Function=True)
    t = symbols('t')
    x1 = diff(x(t),t) ; y1 = diff(y(t),t) ; z1 = diff(z(t),t)
    x2 = diff(x(t),t,t) ; y2 = diff(y(t),t,t) ; z2 = diff(z(t),t,t)

    eq1 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), 5*t*x(t) + 2*y(t)), Eq(diff(y(t),t), 2*x(t) + 5*t*y(t)))
    sol1 = {'no_of_equation': 2, 'func_coeff': {(0, x(t), 0): -5*t, (1, x(t), 1): 0, (0, x(t), 1): 1, \
    (1, y(t), 0): -5*t, (1, x(t), 0): -2, (0, y(t), 1): 0, (0, y(t), 0): -2, (1, y(t), 1): 1}, \
    'type_of_equation': 'type3', 'func': [x(t), y(t)], 'is_linear': True, 'eq': [-5*t*x(t) - 2*y(t) + \
    Derivative(x(t), t), -5*t*y(t) - 2*x(t) + Derivative(y(t), t)], 'order': {y(t): 1, x(t): 1}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq1) == sol1

    eq2 = (Eq(x2, k*x(t) - l*y1), Eq(y2, l*x1 + k*y(t)))
    sol2 = {'order': {y(t): 2, x(t): 2}, 'type_of_equation': 'type3', 'is_linear': True, 'eq': \
    [-k*x(t) + l*Derivative(y(t), t) + Derivative(x(t), t, t), -k*y(t) - l*Derivative(x(t), t) + \
    Derivative(y(t), t, t)], 'no_of_equation': 2, 'func_coeff': {(0, y(t), 0): 0, (0, x(t), 2): 1, \
    (1, y(t), 1): 0, (1, y(t), 2): 1, (1, x(t), 2): 0, (0, y(t), 2): 0, (0, x(t), 0): -k, (1, x(t), 1): \
    -l, (0, x(t), 1): 0, (0, y(t), 1): l, (1, x(t), 0): 0, (1, y(t), 0): -k}, 'func': [x(t), y(t)]}
    assert classify_sysode(eq2) == sol2

    eq3 = (Eq(x2+4*x1+3*y1+9*x(t)+7*y(t), 11*exp(I*t)), Eq(y2+5*x1+8*y1+3*x(t)+12*y(t), 2*exp(I*t)))
    sol3 = {'no_of_equation': 2, 'func_coeff': {(1, x(t), 2): 0, (0, y(t), 2): 0, (0, x(t), 0): 9, \
    (1, x(t), 1): 5, (0, x(t), 1): 4, (0, y(t), 1): 3, (1, x(t), 0): 3, (1, y(t), 0): 12, (0, y(t), 0): 7, \
    (0, x(t), 2): 1, (1, y(t), 2): 1, (1, y(t), 1): 8}, 'type_of_equation': 'type4', 'func': [x(t), y(t)], \
    'is_linear': True, 'eq': [9*x(t) + 7*y(t) - 11*exp(I*t) + 4*Derivative(x(t), t) + 3*Derivative(y(t), t) + \
    Derivative(x(t), t, t), 3*x(t) + 12*y(t) - 2*exp(I*t) + 5*Derivative(x(t), t) + 8*Derivative(y(t), t) + \
    Derivative(y(t), t, t)], 'order': {y(t): 2, x(t): 2}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq3) == sol3

    eq4 = (Eq((4*t**2 + 7*t + 1)**2*x2, 5*x(t) + 35*y(t)), Eq((4*t**2 + 7*t + 1)**2*y2, x(t) + 9*y(t)))
    sol4 = {'no_of_equation': 2, 'func_coeff': {(1, x(t), 2): 0, (0, y(t), 2): 0, (0, x(t), 0): -5, \
    (1, x(t), 1): 0, (0, x(t), 1): 0, (0, y(t), 1): 0, (1, x(t), 0): -1, (1, y(t), 0): -9, (0, y(t), 0): -35, \
    (0, x(t), 2): 16*t**4 + 56*t**3 + 57*t**2 + 14*t + 1, (1, y(t), 2): 16*t**4 + 56*t**3 + 57*t**2 + 14*t + 1, \
    (1, y(t), 1): 0}, 'type_of_equation': 'type10', 'func': [x(t), y(t)], 'is_linear': True, \
    'eq': [(4*t**2 + 7*t + 1)**2*Derivative(x(t), t, t) - 5*x(t) - 35*y(t), (4*t**2 + 7*t + 1)**2*Derivative(y(t), t, t)\
    - x(t) - 9*y(t)], 'order': {y(t): 2, x(t): 2}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq4) == sol4

    eq5 = (Eq(diff(x(t),t), x(t) + y(t) + 9), Eq(diff(y(t),t), 2*x(t) + 5*y(t) + 23))
    sol5 = {'no_of_equation': 2, 'func_coeff': {(0, x(t), 0): -1, (1, x(t), 1): 0, (0, x(t), 1): 1, (1, y(t), 0): -5, \
    (1, x(t), 0): -2, (0, y(t), 1): 0, (0, y(t), 0): -1, (1, y(t), 1): 1}, 'type_of_equation': 'type2', \
    'func': [x(t), y(t)], 'is_linear': True, 'eq': [-x(t) - y(t) + Derivative(x(t), t) - 9, -2*x(t) - 5*y(t) + \
    Derivative(y(t), t) - 23], 'order': {y(t): 1, x(t): 1}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq5) == sol5

    eq6 = (Eq(x1, exp(k*x(t))*P(x(t),y(t))), Eq(y1,r(y(t))*P(x(t),y(t))))
    sol6 = {'no_of_equation': 2, 'func_coeff': {(0, x(t), 0): 0, (1, x(t), 1): 0, (0, x(t), 1): 1, (1, y(t), 0): 0, \
    (1, x(t), 0): 0, (0, y(t), 1): 0, (0, y(t), 0): 0, (1, y(t), 1): 1}, 'type_of_equation': 'type2', 'func': \
    [x(t), y(t)], 'is_linear': False, 'eq': [-P(x(t), y(t))*exp(k*x(t)) + Derivative(x(t), t), -P(x(t), \
    y(t))*r(y(t)) + Derivative(y(t), t)], 'order': {y(t): 1, x(t): 1}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq6) == sol6

    eq7 = (Eq(x1, x(t)**2+y(t)/x(t)), Eq(y1, x(t)/y(t)))
    sol7 = {'no_of_equation': 2, 'func_coeff': {(0, x(t), 0): 0, (1, x(t), 1): 0, (0, x(t), 1): 1, (1, y(t), 0): 0, \
    (1, x(t), 0): -1/y(t), (0, y(t), 1): 0, (0, y(t), 0): -1/x(t), (1, y(t), 1): 1}, 'type_of_equation': 'type3', \
    'func': [x(t), y(t)], 'is_linear': False, 'eq': [-x(t)**2 + Derivative(x(t), t) - y(t)/x(t), -x(t)/y(t) + \
    Derivative(y(t), t)], 'order': {y(t): 1, x(t): 1}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq7) == sol7

    eq8 = (Eq(x1, P1(x(t))*Q1(y(t))*R(x(t),y(t),t)), Eq(y1, P1(x(t))*Q1(y(t))*R(x(t),y(t),t)))
    sol8 = {'func': [x(t), y(t)], 'is_linear': False, 'type_of_equation': 'type4', 'eq': \
    [-P1(x(t))*Q1(y(t))*R(x(t), y(t), t) + Derivative(x(t), t), -P1(x(t))*Q1(y(t))*R(x(t), y(t), t) + \
    Derivative(y(t), t)], 'func_coeff': {(0, y(t), 1): 0, (1, y(t), 1): 1, (1, x(t), 1): 0, (0, y(t), 0): 0, \
    (1, x(t), 0): 0, (0, x(t), 0): 0, (1, y(t), 0): 0, (0, x(t), 1): 1}, 'order': {y(t): 1, x(t): 1}, 'no_of_equation': 2}
    assert classify_sysode(eq8) == sol8

    eq9 = (Eq(x1,3*y(t)-11*z(t)),Eq(y1,7*z(t)-3*x(t)),Eq(z1,11*x(t)-7*y(t)))
    sol9 = {'no_of_equation': 3, 'func_coeff': {(1, y(t), 0): 0, (2, y(t), 1): 0, (2, z(t), 1): 1, \
    (0, x(t), 0): 0, (2, x(t), 1): 0, (1, x(t), 1): 0, (2, y(t), 0): 7, (0, x(t), 1): 1, (1, z(t), 1): 0, \
    (0, y(t), 1): 0, (1, x(t), 0): 3, (0, z(t), 0): 11, (0, y(t), 0): -3, (1, z(t), 0): -7, (0, z(t), 1): 0, \
    (2, x(t), 0): -11, (2, z(t), 0): 0, (1, y(t), 1): 1}, 'type_of_equation': 'type2', 'func': [x(t), y(t), z(t)], \
    'is_linear': True, 'eq': [-3*y(t) + 11*z(t) + Derivative(x(t), t), 3*x(t) - 7*z(t) + Derivative(y(t), t), \
    -11*x(t) + 7*y(t) + Derivative(z(t), t)], 'order': {z(t): 1, y(t): 1, x(t): 1}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq9) == sol9

    eq10 = (x2 + log(t)*(t*x1 - x(t)) + exp(t)*(t*y1 - y(t)), y2 + (t**2)*(t*x1 - x(t)) + (t)*(t*y1 - y(t)))
    sol10 = {'no_of_equation': 2, 'func_coeff': {(1, x(t), 2): 0, (0, y(t), 2): 0, (0, x(t), 0): -log(t), \
    (1, x(t), 1): t**3, (0, x(t), 1): t*log(t), (0, y(t), 1): t*exp(t), (1, x(t), 0): -t**2, (1, y(t), 0): -t, \
    (0, y(t), 0): -exp(t), (0, x(t), 2): 1, (1, y(t), 2): 1, (1, y(t), 1): t**2}, 'type_of_equation': 'type11', \
    'func': [x(t), y(t)], 'is_linear': True, 'eq': [(t*Derivative(x(t), t) - x(t))*log(t) + (t*Derivative(y(t), t) - \
    y(t))*exp(t) + Derivative(x(t), t, t), t**2*(t*Derivative(x(t), t) - x(t)) + t*(t*Derivative(y(t), t) - y(t)) \
    + Derivative(y(t), t, t)], 'order': {y(t): 2, x(t): 2}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq10) == sol10

    eq11 = (Eq(x1,x(t)*y(t)**3), Eq(y1,y(t)**5))
    sol11 = {'no_of_equation': 2, 'func_coeff': {(0, x(t), 0): -y(t)**3, (1, x(t), 1): 0, (0, x(t), 1): 1, \
    (1, y(t), 0): 0, (1, x(t), 0): 0, (0, y(t), 1): 0, (0, y(t), 0): 0, (1, y(t), 1): 1}, 'type_of_equation': \
    'type1', 'func': [x(t), y(t)], 'is_linear': False, 'eq': [-x(t)*y(t)**3 + Derivative(x(t), t), \
    -y(t)**5 + Derivative(y(t), t)], 'order': {y(t): 1, x(t): 1}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq11) == sol11

    eq12 = (Eq(x1, y(t)), Eq(y1, x(t)))
    sol12 = {'no_of_equation': 2, 'func_coeff': {(0, x(t), 0): 0, (1, x(t), 1): 0, (0, x(t), 1): 1, (1, y(t), 0): 0, \
    (1, x(t), 0): -1, (0, y(t), 1): 0, (0, y(t), 0): -1, (1, y(t), 1): 1}, 'type_of_equation': 'type1', 'func': \
    [x(t), y(t)], 'is_linear': True, 'eq': [-y(t) + Derivative(x(t), t), -x(t) + Derivative(y(t), t)], 'order': {y(t): 1, x(t): 1}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq12) == sol12

    eq13 = (Eq(x1,x(t)*y(t)*sin(t)**2), Eq(y1,y(t)**2*sin(t)**2))
    sol13 = {'no_of_equation': 2, 'func_coeff': {(0, x(t), 0): -y(t)*sin(t)**2, (1, x(t), 1): 0, (0, x(t), 1): 1, \
    (1, y(t), 0): 0, (1, x(t), 0): 0, (0, y(t), 1): 0, (0, y(t), 0): -x(t)*sin(t)**2, (1, y(t), 1): 1}, \
    'type_of_equation': 'type4', 'func': [x(t), y(t)], 'is_linear': False, 'eq': [-x(t)*y(t)*sin(t)**2 + \
    Derivative(x(t), t), -y(t)**2*sin(t)**2 + Derivative(y(t), t)], 'order': {y(t): 1, x(t): 1}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq13) == sol13

    eq14 = (Eq(x1, 21*x(t)), Eq(y1, 17*x(t)+3*y(t)), Eq(z1, 5*x(t)+7*y(t)+9*z(t)))
    sol14 = {'no_of_equation': 3, 'func_coeff': {(1, y(t), 0): -3, (2, y(t), 1): 0, (2, z(t), 1): 1, \
    (0, x(t), 0): -21, (2, x(t), 1): 0, (1, x(t), 1): 0, (2, y(t), 0): -7, (0, x(t), 1): 1, (1, z(t), 1): 0, \
    (0, y(t), 1): 0, (1, x(t), 0): -17, (0, z(t), 0): 0, (0, y(t), 0): 0, (1, z(t), 0): 0, (0, z(t), 1): 0, \
    (2, x(t), 0): -5, (2, z(t), 0): -9, (1, y(t), 1): 1}, 'type_of_equation': 'type1', 'func': [x(t), y(t), z(t)], \
    'is_linear': True, 'eq': [-21*x(t) + Derivative(x(t), t), -17*x(t) - 3*y(t) + Derivative(y(t), t), -5*x(t) - \
    7*y(t) - 9*z(t) + Derivative(z(t), t)], 'order': {z(t): 1, y(t): 1, x(t): 1}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq14) == sol14

    eq15 = (Eq(x1,4*x(t)+5*y(t)+2*z(t)),Eq(y1,x(t)+13*y(t)+9*z(t)),Eq(z1,32*x(t)+41*y(t)+11*z(t)))
    sol15 = {'no_of_equation': 3, 'func_coeff': {(1, y(t), 0): -13, (2, y(t), 1): 0, (2, z(t), 1): 1, \
    (0, x(t), 0): -4, (2, x(t), 1): 0, (1, x(t), 1): 0, (2, y(t), 0): -41, (0, x(t), 1): 1, (1, z(t), 1): 0, \
    (0, y(t), 1): 0, (1, x(t), 0): -1, (0, z(t), 0): -2, (0, y(t), 0): -5, (1, z(t), 0): -9, (0, z(t), 1): 0, \
    (2, x(t), 0): -32, (2, z(t), 0): -11, (1, y(t), 1): 1}, 'type_of_equation': 'type6', 'func': \
    [x(t), y(t), z(t)], 'is_linear': True, 'eq': [-4*x(t) - 5*y(t) - 2*z(t) + Derivative(x(t), t), -x(t) - 13*y(t) - \
    9*z(t) + Derivative(y(t), t), -32*x(t) - 41*y(t) - 11*z(t) + Derivative(z(t), t)], 'order': {z(t): 1, y(t): 1, x(t): 1}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq15) == sol15

    eq16 = (Eq(3*x1,4*5*(y(t)-z(t))),Eq(4*y1,3*5*(z(t)-x(t))),Eq(5*z1,3*4*(x(t)-y(t))))
    sol16 = {'no_of_equation': 3, 'func_coeff': {(1, y(t), 0): 0, (2, y(t), 1): 0, (2, z(t), 1): 5, \
    (0, x(t), 0): 0, (2, x(t), 1): 0, (1, x(t), 1): 0, (2, y(t), 0): 12, (0, x(t), 1): 3, (1, z(t), 1): 0, \
    (0, y(t), 1): 0, (1, x(t), 0): 15, (0, z(t), 0): 20, (0, y(t), 0): -20, (1, z(t), 0): -15, (0, z(t), 1): 0, \
    (2, x(t), 0): -12, (2, z(t), 0): 0, (1, y(t), 1): 4}, 'type_of_equation': 'type3', 'func': [x(t), y(t), z(t)], \
    'is_linear': True, 'eq': [-20*y(t) + 20*z(t) + 3*Derivative(x(t), t), 15*x(t) - 15*z(t) + 4*Derivative(y(t), t), \
    -12*x(t) + 12*y(t) + 5*Derivative(z(t), t)], 'order': {z(t): 1, y(t): 1, x(t): 1}}
    assert classify_sysode(eq16) == sol16


def test_ode_order():
    f = Function('f')
    g = Function('g')
    x = Symbol('x')
    assert ode_order(3*x*exp(f(x)), f(x)) == 0
    assert ode_order(x*diff(f(x), x) + 3*x*f(x) - sin(x)/x, f(x)) == 1
    assert ode_order(x**2*f(x).diff(x, x) + x*diff(f(x), x) - f(x), f(x)) == 2
    assert ode_order(diff(x*exp(f(x)), x, x), f(x)) == 2
    assert ode_order(diff(x*diff(x*exp(f(x)), x, x), x), f(x)) == 3
    assert ode_order(diff(f(x), x, x), g(x)) == 0
    assert ode_order(diff(f(x), x, x)*diff(g(x), x), f(x)) == 2
    assert ode_order(diff(f(x), x, x)*diff(g(x), x), g(x)) == 1
    assert ode_order(diff(x*diff(x*exp(f(x)), x, x), x), g(x)) == 0
    # issue 5835: ode_order has to also work for unevaluated derivatives
    # (ie, without using doit()).
    assert ode_order(Derivative(x*f(x), x), f(x)) == 1
    assert ode_order(x*sin(Derivative(x*f(x)**2, x, x)), f(x)) == 2
    assert ode_order(Derivative(x*Derivative(x*exp(f(x)), x, x), x), g(x)) == 0
    assert ode_order(Derivative(f(x), x, x), g(x)) == 0
    assert ode_order(Derivative(x*exp(f(x)), x, x), f(x)) == 2
    assert ode_order(Derivative(f(x), x, x)*Derivative(g(x), x), g(x)) == 1
    assert ode_order(Derivative(x*Derivative(f(x), x, x), x), f(x)) == 3
    assert ode_order(
        x*sin(Derivative(x*Derivative(f(x), x)**2, x, x)), f(x)) == 3


# In all tests below, checkodesol has the order option set to prevent
# superfluous calls to ode_order(), and the solve_for_func flag set to False
# because dsolve() already tries to solve for the function, unless the
# simplify=False option is set.
def test_old_ode_tests():
    # These are simple tests from the old ode module
    eq1 = Eq(f(x).diff(x), 0)
    eq2 = Eq(3*f(x).diff(x) - 5, 0)
    eq3 = Eq(3*f(x).diff(x), 5)
    eq4 = Eq(9*f(x).diff(x, x) + f(x), 0)
    eq5 = Eq(9*f(x).diff(x, x), f(x))
    # Type: a(x)f'(x)+b(x)*f(x)+c(x)=0
    eq6 = Eq(x**2*f(x).diff(x) + 3*x*f(x) - sin(x)/x, 0)
    eq7 = Eq(f(x).diff(x, x) - 3*diff(f(x), x) + 2*f(x), 0)
    # Type: 2nd order, constant coefficients (two real different roots)
    eq8 = Eq(f(x).diff(x, x) - 4*diff(f(x), x) + 4*f(x), 0)
    # Type: 2nd order, constant coefficients (two real equal roots)
    eq9 = Eq(f(x).diff(x, x) + 2*diff(f(x), x) + 3*f(x), 0)
    # Type: 2nd order, constant coefficients (two complex roots)
    eq10 = Eq(3*f(x).diff(x) - 1, 0)
    eq11 = Eq(x*f(x).diff(x) - 1, 0)
    sol1 = Eq(f(x), C1)
    sol2 = Eq(f(x), C1 + 5*x/3)
    sol3 = Eq(f(x), C1 + 5*x/3)
    sol4 = Eq(f(x), C1*sin(x/3) + C2*cos(x/3))
    sol5 = Eq(f(x), C1*exp(-x/3) + C2*exp(x/3))
    sol6 = Eq(f(x), (C1 - cos(x))/x**3)
    sol7 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*exp(x))*exp(x))
    sol8 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x)*exp(2*x))
    sol9 = Eq(f(x), (C1*sin(x*sqrt(2)) + C2*cos(x*sqrt(2)))*exp(-x))
    sol10 = Eq(f(x), C1 + x/3)
    sol11 = Eq(f(x), C1 + log(x))
    assert dsolve(eq1) == sol1
    assert dsolve(eq1.lhs) == sol1
    assert dsolve(eq2) == sol2
    assert dsolve(eq3) == sol3
    assert dsolve(eq4) == sol4
    assert dsolve(eq5) == sol5
    assert dsolve(eq6) == sol6
    assert dsolve(eq7) == sol7
    assert dsolve(eq8) == sol8
    assert dsolve(eq9) == sol9
    assert dsolve(eq10) == sol10
    assert dsolve(eq11) == sol11
    assert checkodesol(eq1, sol1, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq2, sol2, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq3, sol3, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq4, sol4, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq5, sol5, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq6, sol6, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq7, sol7, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq8, sol8, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq9, sol9, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq10, sol10, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq11, sol11, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


@slow
def test_1st_linear():
    # Type: first order linear form f'(x)+p(x)f(x)=q(x)
    eq = Eq(f(x).diff(x) + x*f(x), x**2)
    sol = Eq(f(x), (C1 + x*exp(x**2/2)
                    - sqrt(2)*sqrt(pi)*erfi(sqrt(2)*x/2)/2)*exp(-x**2/2))
    assert dsolve(eq, hint='1st_linear') == sol
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_Bernoulli():
    # Type: Bernoulli, f'(x) + p(x)*f(x) == q(x)*f(x)**n
    eq = Eq(x*f(x).diff(x) + f(x) - f(x)**2, 0)
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint='Bernoulli')
    assert sol == Eq(f(x), 1/(x*(C1 + 1/x)))
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_Riccati_special_minus2():
    # Type: Riccati special alpha = -2, a*dy/dx + b*y**2 + c*y/x +d/x**2
    eq = 2*f(x).diff(x) + f(x)**2 - f(x)/x + 3*x**(-2)
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint='Riccati_special_minus2')
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_1st_exact1():
    # Type: Exact differential equation, p(x,f) + q(x,f)*f' == 0,
    # where dp/df == dq/dx
    eq1 = sin(x)*cos(f(x)) + cos(x)*sin(f(x))*f(x).diff(x)
    eq2 = (2*x*f(x) + 1)/f(x) + (f(x) - x)/f(x)**2*f(x).diff(x)
    eq3 = 2*x + f(x)*cos(x) + (2*f(x) + sin(x) - sin(f(x)))*f(x).diff(x)
    eq4 = cos(f(x)) - (x*sin(f(x)) - f(x)**2)*f(x).diff(x)
    eq5 = 2*x*f(x) + (x**2 + f(x)**2)*f(x).diff(x)
    sol1 = [Eq(f(x), -acos(C1/cos(x)) + 2*pi), Eq(f(x), acos(C1/cos(x)))]
    sol2 = Eq(f(x), exp(C1 - x**2 + LambertW(-x*exp(-C1 + x**2))))
    sol2b = Eq(log(f(x)) + x/f(x) + x**2, C1)
    sol3 = Eq(f(x)*sin(x) + cos(f(x)) + x**2 + f(x)**2, C1)
    sol4 = Eq(x*cos(f(x)) + f(x)**3/3, C1)
    sol5 = Eq(x**2*f(x) + f(x)**3/3, C1)
    assert dsolve(eq1, f(x), hint='1st_exact') == sol1
    assert dsolve(eq2, f(x), hint='1st_exact') == sol2
    assert dsolve(eq3, f(x), hint='1st_exact') == sol3
    assert dsolve(eq4, hint='1st_exact') == sol4
    assert dsolve(eq5, hint='1st_exact', simplify=False) == sol5
    assert checkodesol(eq1, sol1, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    # issue 5080 blocks the testing of this solution
    #assert checkodesol(eq2, sol2, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq2, sol2b, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq3, sol3, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq4, sol4, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq5, sol5, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


@slow
@XFAIL
def test_1st_exact2():
    """
    This is an exact equation that fails under the exact engine. It is caught
    by first order homogeneous albeit with a much contorted solution.  The
    exact engine fails because of a poorly simplified integral of q(0,y)dy,
    where q is the function multiplying f'.  The solutions should be
    Eq(sqrt(x**2+f(x)**2)**3+y**3, C1).  The equation below is
    equivalent, but it is so complex that checkodesol fails, and takes a long
    time to do so.
    """
    if ON_TRAVIS:
        skip("Too slow for travis.")
    eq = (x*sqrt(x**2 + f(x)**2) - (x**2*f(x)/(f(x) -
          sqrt(x**2 + f(x)**2)))*f(x).diff(x))
    sol = dsolve(eq)
    assert sol == Eq(log(x),
        C1 - 9*sqrt(1 + f(x)**2/x**2)*asinh(f(x)/x)/(-27*f(x)/x +
        27*sqrt(1 + f(x)**2/x**2)) - 9*sqrt(1 + f(x)**2/x**2)*
        log(1 - sqrt(1 + f(x)**2/x**2)*f(x)/x + 2*f(x)**2/x**2)/
        (-27*f(x)/x + 27*sqrt(1 + f(x)**2/x**2)) +
        9*asinh(f(x)/x)*f(x)/(x*(-27*f(x)/x + 27*sqrt(1 + f(x)**2/x**2))) +
        9*f(x)*log(1 - sqrt(1 + f(x)**2/x**2)*f(x)/x + 2*f(x)**2/x**2)/
        (x*(-27*f(x)/x + 27*sqrt(1 + f(x)**2/x**2))))
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_separable1():
    # test_separable1-5 are from Ordinary Differential Equations, Tenenbaum and
    # Pollard, pg. 55
    eq1 = f(x).diff(x) - f(x)
    eq2 = x*f(x).diff(x) - f(x)
    eq3 = f(x).diff(x) + sin(x)
    eq4 = f(x)**2 + 1 - (x**2 + 1)*f(x).diff(x)
    eq5 = f(x).diff(x)/tan(x) - f(x) - 2
    sol1 = Eq(f(x), C1*exp(x))
    sol2 = Eq(f(x), C1*x)
    sol3 = Eq(f(x), C1 + cos(x))
    sol4 = Eq(atan(f(x)), C1 + atan(x))
    sol5 = Eq(f(x), -2 + C1*sqrt(1 + tan(x)**2))
    assert dsolve(eq1, hint='separable') == sol1
    assert dsolve(eq2, hint='separable') == sol2
    assert dsolve(eq3, hint='separable') == sol3
    assert dsolve(eq4, hint='separable', simplify=False) == sol4
    assert dsolve(eq5, hint='separable') == simplify(sol5).expand()
    assert checkodesol(eq1, sol1, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq2, sol2, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq3, sol3, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq4, sol4, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq5, sol5, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_separable2():
    a = Symbol('a')
    eq6 = f(x)*x**2*f(x).diff(x) - f(x)**3 - 2*x**2*f(x).diff(x)
    eq7 = f(x)**2 - 1 - (2*f(x) + x*f(x))*f(x).diff(x)
    eq8 = x*log(x)*f(x).diff(x) + sqrt(1 + f(x)**2)
    eq9 = exp(x + 1)*tan(f(x)) + cos(f(x))*f(x).diff(x)
    eq10 = (x*cos(f(x)) + x**2*sin(f(x))*f(x).diff(x) -
            a**2*sin(f(x))*f(x).diff(x))
    # solve() messes this one up a little bit, so lets test _Integral here
    # We have to test strings with _Integral because y is a dummy variable.
    sol6str = ("Eq(Integral((_y - 2)/_y**3, (_y, f(x))), "
               "C1 + Integral(x**(-2), x))")
    sol7 = Eq(-log(-1 + f(x)**2)/2, C1 - log(2 + x))
    sol8 = Eq(asinh(f(x)), C1 - log(log(x)))
    # integrate cannot handle the integral on the lhs (cos/tan)
    sol9str = ("Eq(Integral(cos(_y)/tan(_y), (_y, f(x))), "
                "C1 + Integral(-E*exp(x), x))")
    sol10 = Eq(-log(-1 + sin(f(x))**2)/2, C1 - log(x**2 - a**2)/2)
    assert str(dsolve(eq6, hint='separable_Integral')) == sol6str
    assert dsolve(eq7, hint='separable', simplify=False) == sol7
    assert dsolve(eq8, hint='separable', simplify=False) == sol8
    assert str(dsolve(eq9, hint='separable_Integral')) == sol9str
    assert dsolve(eq10, hint='separable', simplify=False) == sol10
    assert checkodesol(eq7, sol7, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq8, sol8, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq10, sol10, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_separable3():
    eq11 = f(x).diff(x) - f(x)*tan(x)
    eq12 = (x - 1)*cos(f(x))*f(x).diff(x) - 2*x*sin(f(x))
    eq13 = f(x).diff(x) - f(x)*log(f(x))/tan(x)
    sol11 = Eq(f(x), C1*sqrt(1 + tan(x)**2))
    sol12 = Eq(log(-1 + cos(f(x))**2)/2, C1 + 2*x + 2*log(x - 1))
    sol13 = Eq(log(log(f(x))), C1 + log(cos(x)**2 - 1)/2)
    assert dsolve(eq11, hint='separable') == simplify(sol11)
    assert dsolve(eq12, hint='separable', simplify=False) == sol12
    assert dsolve(eq13, hint='separable', simplify=False) == sol13
    assert checkodesol(eq11, sol11, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq13, sol13, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_separable4():
    # This has a slow integral (1/((1 + y**2)*atan(y))), so we isolate it.
    eq14 = x*f(x).diff(x) + (1 + f(x)**2)*atan(f(x))
    sol14 = Eq(log(atan(f(x))), C1 - log(x))
    assert dsolve(eq14, hint='separable', simplify=False) == sol14
    assert checkodesol(eq14, sol14, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_separable5():
    eq15 = f(x).diff(x) + x*(f(x) + 1)
    eq16 = exp(f(x)**2)*(x**2 + 2*x + 1) + (x*f(x) + f(x))*f(x).diff(x)
    eq17 = f(x).diff(x) + f(x)
    eq18 = sin(x)*cos(2*f(x)) + cos(x)*sin(2*f(x))*f(x).diff(x)
    eq19 = (1 - x)*f(x).diff(x) - x*(f(x) + 1)
    eq20 = f(x)*diff(f(x), x) + x - 3*x*f(x)**2
    eq21 = f(x).diff(x) - exp(x + f(x))
    sol15 = Eq(f(x), -1 + C1*exp(-x**2/2))
    sol16 = Eq(-exp(-f(x)**2)/2, C1 - x - x**2/2)
    sol17 = Eq(f(x), C1*exp(-x))
    sol18 = Eq(-log(-1 + sin(2*f(x))**2)/4, C1 + log(-1 + sin(x)**2)/2)
    sol19 = Eq(f(x), (C1*exp(-x) - x + 1)/(x - 1))
    sol20 = Eq(log(-1 + 3*f(x)**2)/6, C1 + x**2/2)
    sol21 = Eq(-exp(-f(x)), C1 + exp(x))
    assert dsolve(eq15, hint='separable') == sol15
    assert dsolve(eq16, hint='separable', simplify=False) == sol16
    assert dsolve(eq17, hint='separable') == sol17
    assert dsolve(eq18, hint='separable', simplify=False) == sol18
    assert dsolve(eq19, hint='separable') == sol19
    assert dsolve(eq20, hint='separable', simplify=False) == sol20
    assert dsolve(eq21, hint='separable', simplify=False) == sol21
    assert checkodesol(eq15, sol15, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq16, sol16, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq17, sol17, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq18, sol18, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq19, sol19, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq20, sol20, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq21, sol21, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_separable_1_5_checkodesol():
    eq12 = (x - 1)*cos(f(x))*f(x).diff(x) - 2*x*sin(f(x))
    sol12 = Eq(-log(1 - cos(f(x))**2)/2, C1 - 2*x - 2*log(1 - x))
    assert checkodesol(eq12, sol12, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_homogeneous_order():
    assert homogeneous_order(exp(y/x) + tan(y/x), x, y) == 0
    assert homogeneous_order(x**2 + sin(x)*cos(y), x, y) is None
    assert homogeneous_order(x - y - x*sin(y/x), x, y) == 1
    assert homogeneous_order((x*y + sqrt(x**4 + y**4) + x**2*(log(x) - log(y)))/
        (pi*x**Rational(2, 3)*sqrt(y)**3), x, y) == Rational(-1, 6)
    assert homogeneous_order(y/x*cos(y/x) - x/y*sin(y/x) + cos(y/x), x, y) == 0
    assert homogeneous_order(f(x), x, f(x)) == 1
    assert homogeneous_order(f(x)**2, x, f(x)) == 2
    assert homogeneous_order(x*y*z, x, y) == 2
    assert homogeneous_order(x*y*z, x, y, z) == 3
    assert homogeneous_order(x**2*f(x)/sqrt(x**2 + f(x)**2), f(x)) is None
    assert homogeneous_order(f(x, y)**2, x, f(x, y), y) == 2
    assert homogeneous_order(f(x, y)**2, x, f(x), y) is None
    assert homogeneous_order(f(x, y)**2, x, f(x, y)) is None
    assert homogeneous_order(f(y, x)**2, x, y, f(x, y)) is None
    assert homogeneous_order(f(y), f(x), x) is None
    assert homogeneous_order(-f(x)/x + 1/sin(f(x)/ x), f(x), x) == 0
    assert homogeneous_order(log(1/y) + log(x**2), x, y) is None
    assert homogeneous_order(log(1/y) + log(x), x, y) == 0
    assert homogeneous_order(log(x/y), x, y) == 0
    assert homogeneous_order(2*log(1/y) + 2*log(x), x, y) == 0
    a = Symbol('a')
    assert homogeneous_order(a*log(1/y) + a*log(x), x, y) == 0
    assert homogeneous_order(f(x).diff(x), x, y) is None
    assert homogeneous_order(-f(x).diff(x) + x, x, y) is None
    assert homogeneous_order(O(x), x, y) is None
    assert homogeneous_order(x + O(x**2), x, y) is None
    assert homogeneous_order(x**pi, x) == pi
    assert homogeneous_order(x**x, x) is None
    raises(ValueError, lambda: homogeneous_order(x*y))


@slow
def test_1st_homogeneous_coeff_ode():
    # Type: First order homogeneous, y'=f(y/x)
    eq1 = f(x)/x*cos(f(x)/x) - (x/f(x)*sin(f(x)/x) + cos(f(x)/x))*f(x).diff(x)
    eq2 = x*f(x).diff(x) - f(x) - x*sin(f(x)/x)
    eq3 = f(x) + (x*log(f(x)/x) - 2*x)*diff(f(x), x)
    eq4 = 2*f(x)*exp(x/f(x)) + f(x)*f(x).diff(x) - 2*x*exp(x/f(x))*f(x).diff(x)
    eq5 = 2*x**2*f(x) + f(x)**3 + (x*f(x)**2 - 2*x**3)*f(x).diff(x)
    eq6 = x*exp(f(x)/x) - f(x)*sin(f(x)/x) + x*sin(f(x)/x)*f(x).diff(x)
    eq7 = (x + sqrt(f(x)**2 - x*f(x)))*f(x).diff(x) - f(x)
    eq8 = x + f(x) - (x - f(x))*f(x).diff(x)
    sol1 = Eq(log(x), C1 - log(f(x)*sin(f(x)/x)/x))
    sol2 = Eq(log(x), log(C1) + log(cos(f(x)/x) - 1)/2 - log(cos(f(x)/x) + 1)/2)
    sol3 = Eq(f(x), -exp(C1)*LambertW(-x*exp(-C1 + 1)))
    sol4 = Eq(log(f(x)), C1 - 2*exp(x/f(x)))
    sol5 = Eq(f(x), exp(2*C1 + LambertW(-2*x**4*exp(-4*C1))/2)/x)
    sol6 = Eq(log(x),
        C1 + exp(-f(x)/x)*sin(f(x)/x)/2 + exp(-f(x)/x)*cos(f(x)/x)/2)
    sol7 = Eq(log(f(x)), C1 - 2*sqrt(-x/f(x) + 1))
    sol8 = Eq(log(x), C1 - log(sqrt(1 + f(x)**2/x**2)) + atan(f(x)/x))
    assert dsolve(eq1, hint='1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep') == \
        sol1
    # indep_div_dep actually has a simpler solution for eq2,
    # but it runs too slow
    assert dsolve(eq2, hint='1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep',
            simplify=False) == sol2
    assert dsolve(eq3, hint='1st_homogeneous_coeff_best') == sol3
    assert dsolve(eq4, hint='1st_homogeneous_coeff_best') == sol4
    assert dsolve(eq5, hint='1st_homogeneous_coeff_best') == sol5
    assert dsolve(eq6, hint='1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep') == \
        sol6
    assert dsolve(eq7, hint='1st_homogeneous_coeff_best') == sol7
    assert dsolve(eq8, hint='1st_homogeneous_coeff_best') == sol8
    # checks are below


@slow
def test_1st_homogeneous_coeff_ode_check134568():
    # These are the checkodesols from test_homogeneous_coeff_ode().
    eq1 = f(x)/x*cos(f(x)/x) - (x/f(x)*sin(f(x)/x) + cos(f(x)/x))*f(x).diff(x)
    eq3 = f(x) + (x*log(f(x)/x) - 2*x)*diff(f(x), x)
    eq4 = 2*f(x)*exp(x/f(x)) + f(x)*f(x).diff(x) - 2*x*exp(x/f(x))*f(x).diff(x)
    eq5 = 2*x**2*f(x) + f(x)**3 + (x*f(x)**2 - 2*x**3)*f(x).diff(x)
    eq6 = x*exp(f(x)/x) - f(x)*sin(f(x)/x) + x*sin(f(x)/x)*f(x).diff(x)
    eq8 = x + f(x) - (x - f(x))*f(x).diff(x)
    sol1 = Eq(f(x)*sin(f(x)/x), C1)
    sol4 = Eq(log(C1*f(x)) + 2*exp(x/f(x)), 0)
    sol3 = Eq(-f(x)/(1 + log(x/f(x))), C1)
    sol5 = Eq(log(C1*x*sqrt(1/x)*sqrt(f(x))) + x**2/(2*f(x)**2), 0)
    sol6 = Eq(-exp(-f(x)/x)*sin(f(x)/x)/2 + log(C1*x) -
            cos(f(x)/x)*exp(-f(x)/x)/2, 0)
    sol8 = Eq(-atan(f(x)/x) + log(C1*x*sqrt(1 + f(x)**2/x**2)), 0)
    assert checkodesol(eq1, sol1, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq3, sol3, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq4, sol4, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq5, sol5, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq6, sol6, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq8, sol8, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_1st_homogeneous_coeff_ode_check2():
    eq2 = x*f(x).diff(x) - f(x) - x*sin(f(x)/x)
    sol2 = Eq(x/tan(f(x)/(2*x)), C1)
    assert checkodesol(eq2, sol2, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


@XFAIL
def test_1st_homogeneous_coeff_ode_check3():
    skip('This is a known issue.')
    # checker cannot determine that the following expression is zero:
    # (False,
    #   x*(log(exp(-LambertW(C1*x))) +
    #   LambertW(C1*x))*exp(-LambertW(C1*x) + 1))
    # This is blocked by issue 5080.
    eq3 = f(x) + (x*log(f(x)/x) - 2*x)*diff(f(x), x)
    sol3a = Eq(f(x), x*exp(1 - LambertW(C1*x)))
    assert checkodesol(eq3, sol3a, solve_for_func=True)[0]
    # Checker can't verify this form either
    # (False,
    #   C1*(log(C1*LambertW(C2*x)/x) + LambertW(C2*x) - 1)*LambertW(C2*x))
    # It is because a = W(a)*exp(W(a)), so log(a) == log(W(a)) + W(a) and C2 =
    # -E/C1 (which can be verified by solving with simplify=False).
    sol3b = Eq(f(x), C1*LambertW(C2*x))
    assert checkodesol(eq3, sol3b, solve_for_func=True)[0]


def test_1st_homogeneous_coeff_ode_check7():
    eq7 = (x + sqrt(f(x)**2 - x*f(x)))*f(x).diff(x) - f(x)
    sol7 = Eq(log(C1*f(x)) + 2*sqrt(1 - x/f(x)), 0)
    assert checkodesol(eq7, sol7, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_1st_homogeneous_coeff_ode2():
    eq1 = f(x).diff(x) - f(x)/x + 1/sin(f(x)/x)
    eq2 = x**2 + f(x)**2 - 2*x*f(x)*f(x).diff(x)
    eq3 = x*exp(f(x)/x) + f(x) - x*f(x).diff(x)
    sol1 = [Eq(f(x), x*(-acos(C1 + log(x)) + 2*pi)), Eq(f(x), x*acos(C1 + log(x)))]
    sol2 = Eq(log(f(x)), log(C1) + log(x/f(x)) - log(x**2/f(x)**2 - 1))
    sol3 = Eq(f(x), log((1/(C1 - log(x)))**x))
    # specific hints are applied for speed reasons
    assert dsolve(eq1, hint='1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep') == sol1
    assert dsolve(eq2, hint='1st_homogeneous_coeff_best', simplify=False) == sol2
    assert dsolve(eq3, hint='1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep') == sol3
    assert checkodesol(eq1, sol1, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq2, sol2, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    # test for eq3 is in test_1st_homogeneous_coeff_ode2_check3 below


def test_1st_homogeneous_coeff_ode2_check3():
    eq3 = x*exp(f(x)/x) + f(x) - x*f(x).diff(x)
    sol3 = Eq(f(x), log(log(C1/x)**(-x)))
    assert checkodesol(eq3, sol3, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_1st_homogeneous_coeff_ode_check9():
    _u2 = Dummy('u2')
    __a = Dummy('a')
    eq9 = f(x)**2 + (x*sqrt(f(x)**2 - x**2) - x*f(x))*f(x).diff(x)
    sol9 = Eq(-Integral(-1/(-(1 - sqrt(1 - _u2**2))*_u2 + _u2), (_u2, __a,
        x/f(x))) + log(C1*f(x)), 0)
    assert checkodesol(eq9, sol9, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_1st_homogeneous_coeff_ode3():
    # The standard integration engine cannot handle one of the integrals
    # involved (see issue 4551).  meijerg code comes up with an answer, but in
    # unconventional form.
    # checkodesol fails for this equation, so its test is in
    # test_1st_homogeneous_coeff_ode_check9 above. It has to compare string
    # expressions because u2 is a dummy variable.
    eq = f(x)**2 + (x*sqrt(f(x)**2 - x**2) - x*f(x))*f(x).diff(x)
    sol = Eq(log(f(x)), C1 - Piecewise(
            (-acosh(f(x)/x), abs(f(x)**2)/x**2 > 1),
            (I*asin(f(x)/x), True)))
    assert dsolve(eq, hint='1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep') == sol


def test_1st_homogeneous_coeff_corner_case():
    eq1 = f(x).diff(x) - f(x)/x
    c1 = classify_ode(eq1, f(x))
    eq2 = x*f(x).diff(x) - f(x)
    c2 = classify_ode(eq2, f(x))
    sdi = "1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep"
    sid = "1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep"
    assert sid not in c1 and sdi not in c1
    assert sid not in c2 and sdi not in c2


@slow
def test_nth_linear_constant_coeff_homogeneous():
    # From Exercise 20, in Ordinary Differential Equations,
    #                      Tenenbaum and Pollard, pg. 220
    a = Symbol('a', positive=True)
    k = Symbol('k', real=True)
    eq1 = f(x).diff(x, 2) + 2*f(x).diff(x)
    eq2 = f(x).diff(x, 2) - 3*f(x).diff(x) + 2*f(x)
    eq3 = f(x).diff(x, 2) - f(x)
    eq4 = f(x).diff(x, 3) + f(x).diff(x, 2) - 6*f(x).diff(x)
    eq5 = 6*f(x).diff(x, 2) - 11*f(x).diff(x) + 4*f(x)
    eq6 = Eq(f(x).diff(x, 2) + 2*f(x).diff(x) - f(x), 0)
    eq7 = diff(f(x), x, 3) + diff(f(x), x, 2) - 10*diff(f(x), x) - 6*f(x)
    eq8 = f(x).diff(x, 4) - f(x).diff(x, 3) - 4*f(x).diff(x, 2) + \
        4*f(x).diff(x)
    eq9 = f(x).diff(x, 4) + 4*f(x).diff(x, 3) + f(x).diff(x, 2) - \
        4*f(x).diff(x) - 2*f(x)
    eq10 = f(x).diff(x, 4) - a**2*f(x)
    eq11 = f(x).diff(x, 2) - 2*k*f(x).diff(x) - 2*f(x)
    eq12 = f(x).diff(x, 2) + 4*k*f(x).diff(x) - 12*k**2*f(x)
    eq13 = f(x).diff(x, 4)
    eq14 = f(x).diff(x, 2) + 4*f(x).diff(x) + 4*f(x)
    eq15 = 3*f(x).diff(x, 3) + 5*f(x).diff(x, 2) + f(x).diff(x) - f(x)
    eq16 = f(x).diff(x, 3) - 6*f(x).diff(x, 2) + 12*f(x).diff(x) - 8*f(x)
    eq17 = f(x).diff(x, 2) - 2*a*f(x).diff(x) + a**2*f(x)
    eq18 = f(x).diff(x, 4) + 3*f(x).diff(x, 3)
    eq19 = f(x).diff(x, 4) - 2*f(x).diff(x, 2)
    eq20 = f(x).diff(x, 4) + 2*f(x).diff(x, 3) - 11*f(x).diff(x, 2) - \
        12*f(x).diff(x) + 36*f(x)
    eq21 = 36*f(x).diff(x, 4) - 37*f(x).diff(x, 2) + 4*f(x).diff(x) + 5*f(x)
    eq22 = f(x).diff(x, 4) - 8*f(x).diff(x, 2) + 16*f(x)
    eq23 = f(x).diff(x, 2) - 2*f(x).diff(x) + 5*f(x)
    eq24 = f(x).diff(x, 2) - f(x).diff(x) + f(x)
    eq25 = f(x).diff(x, 4) + 5*f(x).diff(x, 2) + 6*f(x)
    eq26 = f(x).diff(x, 2) - 4*f(x).diff(x) + 20*f(x)
    eq27 = f(x).diff(x, 4) + 4*f(x).diff(x, 2) + 4*f(x)
    eq28 = f(x).diff(x, 3) + 8*f(x)
    eq29 = f(x).diff(x, 4) + 4*f(x).diff(x, 2)
    eq30 = f(x).diff(x, 5) + 2*f(x).diff(x, 3) + f(x).diff(x)
    sol1 = Eq(f(x), C1 + C2*exp(-2*x))
    sol2 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*exp(x))*exp(x))
    sol3 = Eq(f(x), C1*exp(x) + C2*exp(-x))
    sol4 = Eq(f(x), C1 + C2*exp(-3*x) + C3*exp(2*x))
    sol5 = Eq(f(x), C1*exp(x/2) + C2*exp(4*x/3))
    sol6 = Eq(f(x), C1*exp(x*(-1 + sqrt(2))) + C2*exp(x*(-sqrt(2) - 1)))
    sol7 = Eq(f(x),
        C1*exp(3*x) + C2*exp(x*(-2 - sqrt(2))) + C3*exp(x*(-2 + sqrt(2))))
    sol8 = Eq(f(x), C1 + C2*exp(x) + C3*exp(-2*x) + C4*exp(2*x))
    sol9 = Eq(f(x),
        C1*exp(x) + C2*exp(-x) + C3*exp(x*(-2 + sqrt(2))) +
        C4*exp(x*(-2 - sqrt(2))))
    sol10 = Eq(f(x),
        C1*sin(x*sqrt(a)) + C2*cos(x*sqrt(a)) + C3*exp(x*sqrt(a)) +
        C4*exp(-x*sqrt(a)))
    sol11 = Eq(f(x),
        C1*exp(x*(k - sqrt(k**2 + 2))) + C2*exp(x*(k + sqrt(k**2 + 2))))
    sol12 = Eq(f(x), C1*exp(-6*k*x) + C2*exp(2*k*x))
    sol13 = Eq(f(x), C1 + C2*x + C3*x**2 + C4*x**3)
    sol14 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x)*exp(-2*x))
    sol15 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x)*exp(-x) + C3*exp(x/3))
    sol16 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x + C3*x**2)*exp(2*x))
    sol17 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x)*exp(a*x))
    sol18 = Eq(f(x), C1 + C2*x + C3*x**2 + C4*exp(-3*x))
    sol19 = Eq(f(x), C1 + C2*x + C3*exp(x*sqrt(2)) + C4*exp(-x*sqrt(2)))
    sol20 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x)*exp(-3*x) + (C3 + C4*x)*exp(2*x))
    sol21 = Eq(f(x), C1*exp(x/2) + C2*exp(-x) + C3*exp(-x/3) + C4*exp(5*x/6))
    sol22 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x)*exp(-2*x) + (C3 + C4*x)*exp(2*x))
    sol23 = Eq(f(x), (C1*sin(2*x) + C2*cos(2*x))*exp(x))
    sol24 = Eq(f(x), (C1*sin(x*sqrt(3)/2) + C2*cos(x*sqrt(3)/2))*exp(x/2))
    sol25 = Eq(f(x),
        C1*cos(x*sqrt(3)) + C2*sin(x*sqrt(3)) + C3*sin(x*sqrt(2)) +
        C4*cos(x*sqrt(2)))
    sol26 = Eq(f(x), (C1*sin(4*x) + C2*cos(4*x))*exp(2*x))
    sol27 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x)*sin(x*sqrt(2)) + (C3 + C4*x)*cos(x*sqrt(2)))
    sol28 = Eq(f(x),
        (C1*sin(x*sqrt(3)) + C2*cos(x*sqrt(3)))*exp(x) + C3*exp(-2*x))
    sol29 = Eq(f(x), C1 + C2*sin(2*x) + C3*cos(2*x) + C4*x)
    sol30 = Eq(f(x), C1 + (C2 + C3*x)*sin(x) + (C4 + C5*x)*cos(x))
    sol1s = constant_renumber(sol1, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol2s = constant_renumber(sol2, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol3s = constant_renumber(sol3, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol4s = constant_renumber(sol4, 'C', 1, 3)
    sol5s = constant_renumber(sol5, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol6s = constant_renumber(sol6, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol7s = constant_renumber(sol7, 'C', 1, 3)
    sol8s = constant_renumber(sol8, 'C', 1, 4)
    sol9s = constant_renumber(sol9, 'C', 1, 4)
    sol10s = constant_renumber(sol10, 'C', 1, 4)
    sol11s = constant_renumber(sol11, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol12s = constant_renumber(sol12, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol13s = constant_renumber(sol13, 'C', 1, 4)
    sol14s = constant_renumber(sol14, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol15s = constant_renumber(sol15, 'C', 1, 3)
    sol16s = constant_renumber(sol16, 'C', 1, 3)
    sol17s = constant_renumber(sol17, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol18s = constant_renumber(sol18, 'C', 1, 4)
    sol19s = constant_renumber(sol19, 'C', 1, 4)
    sol20s = constant_renumber(sol20, 'C', 1, 4)
    sol21s = constant_renumber(sol21, 'C', 1, 4)
    sol22s = constant_renumber(sol22, 'C', 1, 4)
    sol23s = constant_renumber(sol23, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol24s = constant_renumber(sol24, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol25s = constant_renumber(sol25, 'C', 1, 4)
    sol26s = constant_renumber(sol26, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol27s = constant_renumber(sol27, 'C', 1, 4)
    sol28s = constant_renumber(sol28, 'C', 1, 3)
    sol29s = constant_renumber(sol29, 'C', 1, 4)
    sol30s = constant_renumber(sol30, 'C', 1, 5)
    assert dsolve(eq1) in (sol1, sol1s)
    assert dsolve(eq2) in (sol2, sol2s)
    assert dsolve(eq3) in (sol3, sol3s)
    assert dsolve(eq4) in (sol4, sol4s)
    assert dsolve(eq5) in (sol5, sol5s)
    assert dsolve(eq6) in (sol6, sol6s)
    assert dsolve(eq7) in (sol7, sol7s)
    assert dsolve(eq8) in (sol8, sol8s)
    assert dsolve(eq9) in (sol9, sol9s)
    assert dsolve(eq10) in (sol10, sol10s)
    assert dsolve(eq11) in (sol11, sol11s)
    assert dsolve(eq12) in (sol12, sol12s)
    assert dsolve(eq13) in (sol13, sol13s)
    assert dsolve(eq14) in (sol14, sol14s)
    assert dsolve(eq15) in (sol15, sol15s)
    assert dsolve(eq16) in (sol16, sol16s)
    assert dsolve(eq17) in (sol17, sol17s)
    assert dsolve(eq18) in (sol18, sol18s)
    assert dsolve(eq19) in (sol19, sol19s)
    assert dsolve(eq20) in (sol20, sol20s)
    assert dsolve(eq21) in (sol21, sol21s)
    assert dsolve(eq22) in (sol22, sol22s)
    assert dsolve(eq23) in (sol23, sol23s)
    assert dsolve(eq24) in (sol24, sol24s)
    assert dsolve(eq25) in (sol25, sol25s)
    assert dsolve(eq26) in (sol26, sol26s)
    assert dsolve(eq27) in (sol27, sol27s)
    assert dsolve(eq28) in (sol28, sol28s)
    assert dsolve(eq29) in (sol29, sol29s)
    assert dsolve(eq30) in (sol30, sol30s)
    assert checkodesol(eq1, sol1, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq2, sol2, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq3, sol3, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq4, sol4, order=3, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq5, sol5, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq6, sol6, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq7, sol7, order=3, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq8, sol8, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq9, sol9, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq10, sol10, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq11, sol11, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq12, sol12, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq13, sol13, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq14, sol14, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq15, sol15, order=3, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq16, sol16, order=3, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq17, sol17, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq18, sol18, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq19, sol19, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq20, sol20, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq21, sol21, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq22, sol22, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq23, sol23, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq24, sol24, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq25, sol25, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq26, sol26, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq27, sol27, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq28, sol28, order=3, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq29, sol29, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq30, sol30, order=5, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_nth_linear_constant_coeff_homogeneous_RootOf():
    eq = f(x).diff(x, 5) + 11*f(x).diff(x) - 2*f(x)
    sol = Eq(f(x),
        C1*exp(x*RootOf(x**5 + 11*x - 2, 0)) +
        C2*exp(x*RootOf(x**5 + 11*x - 2, 1)) +
        C3*exp(x*RootOf(x**5 + 11*x - 2, 2)) +
        C4*exp(x*RootOf(x**5 + 11*x - 2, 3)) +
        C5*exp(x*RootOf(x**5 + 11*x - 2, 4)))
    assert dsolve(eq) == sol


@XFAIL
@slow
def test_nth_linear_constant_coeff_homogeneous_RootOf_sol():
    eq = f(x).diff(x, 5) + 11*f(x).diff(x) - 2*f(x)
    sol = Eq(f(x),
        C1*exp(x*RootOf(x**5 + 11*x - 2, 0)) +
        C2*exp(x*RootOf(x**5 + 11*x - 2, 1)) +
        C3*exp(x*RootOf(x**5 + 11*x - 2, 2)) +
        C4*exp(x*RootOf(x**5 + 11*x - 2, 3)) +
        C5*exp(x*RootOf(x**5 + 11*x - 2, 4)))
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=5, solve_for_func=False)[0]


@XFAIL
def test_noncircularized_real_imaginary_parts():
    # If this passes, lines numbered 3878-3882 (at the time of this commit)
    # of sympy/solvers/ode.py for nth_linear_constant_coeff_homogeneous
    # should be removed.
    y = sqrt(1+x)
    i, r = im(y), re(y)
    assert not (i.has(atan2) and r.has(atan2))


@XFAIL
def test_collect_respecting_exponentials():
    # If this test passes, lines 1306-1311 (at the time of this commit)
    # of sympy/solvers/ode.py should be removed.
    sol = 1 + exp(x/2)
    assert sol == collect( sol, exp(x/3))


def test_undetermined_coefficients_match():
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(g(x), x) == {'test': False}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(sin(2*x + sqrt(5)), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset':
            set([cos(2*x + sqrt(5)), sin(2*x + sqrt(5))])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(sin(x)*cos(x), x) == \
        {'test': False}
    s = set([cos(x), x*cos(x), x**2*cos(x), x**2*sin(x), x*sin(x), sin(x)])
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(sin(x)*(x**2 + x + 1), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': s}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(
        sin(x)*x**2 + sin(x)*x + sin(x), x) == {'test': True, 'trialset': s}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(
        exp(2*x)*sin(x)*(x**2 + x + 1), x
    ) == {
        'test': True, 'trialset': set([exp(2*x)*sin(x), x**2*exp(2*x)*sin(x),
        cos(x)*exp(2*x), x**2*cos(x)*exp(2*x), x*cos(x)*exp(2*x),
        x*exp(2*x)*sin(x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(1/sin(x), x) == {'test': False}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(log(x), x) == {'test': False}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(2**(x)*(x**2 + x + 1), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([2**x, x*2**x, x**2*2**x])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(x**y, x) == {'test': False}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(exp(x)*exp(2*x + 1), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([exp(1 + 3*x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(sin(x)*(x**2 + x + 1), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([x*cos(x), x*sin(x), x**2*cos(x),
        x**2*sin(x), cos(x), sin(x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(sin(x)*(x + sin(x)), x) == \
        {'test': False}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(sin(x)*(x + sin(2*x)), x) == \
        {'test': False}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(sin(x)*tan(x), x) == \
        {'test': False}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(
        x**2*sin(x)*exp(x) + x*sin(x) + x, x
    ) == {
        'test': True, 'trialset': set([x**2*cos(x)*exp(x), x, cos(x), S(1),
        exp(x)*sin(x), sin(x), x*exp(x)*sin(x), x*cos(x), x*cos(x)*exp(x),
        x*sin(x), cos(x)*exp(x), x**2*exp(x)*sin(x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(4*x*sin(x - 2), x) == {
        'trialset': set([x*cos(x - 2), x*sin(x - 2), cos(x - 2), sin(x - 2)]),
        'test': True,
    }
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(2**x*x, x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([2**x, x*2**x])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(2**x*exp(2*x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([2**x*exp(2*x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(exp(-x)/x, x) == \
        {'test': False}
    # Below are from Ordinary Differential Equations,
    #                Tenenbaum and Pollard, pg. 231
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(S(4), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([S(1)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(12*exp(x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([exp(x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(exp(I*x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([exp(I*x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(sin(x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([cos(x), sin(x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(cos(x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([cos(x), sin(x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(8 + 6*exp(x) + 2*sin(x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([S(1), cos(x), sin(x), exp(x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(x**2, x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([S(1), x, x**2])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(9*x*exp(x) + exp(-x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([x*exp(x), exp(x), exp(-x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(2*exp(2*x)*sin(x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([exp(2*x)*sin(x), cos(x)*exp(2*x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(x - sin(x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([S(1), x, cos(x), sin(x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(x**2 + 2*x, x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([S(1), x, x**2])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(4*x*sin(x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([x*cos(x), x*sin(x), cos(x), sin(x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(x*sin(2*x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset':
            set([x*cos(2*x), x*sin(2*x), cos(2*x), sin(2*x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(x**2*exp(-x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([x*exp(-x), x**2*exp(-x), exp(-x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(2*exp(-x) - x**2*exp(-x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([x*exp(-x), x**2*exp(-x), exp(-x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(exp(-2*x) + x**2, x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([S(1), x, x**2, exp(-2*x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(x*exp(-x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([x*exp(-x), exp(-x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(x + exp(2*x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([S(1), x, exp(2*x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(sin(x) + exp(-x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([cos(x), sin(x), exp(-x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(exp(x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([exp(x)])}
    # converted from sin(x)**2
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(S(1)/2 - cos(2*x)/2, x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([S(1), cos(2*x), sin(2*x)])}
    # converted from exp(2*x)*sin(x)**2
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(
        exp(2*x)*(S(1)/2 + cos(2*x)/2), x
    ) == {
        'test': True, 'trialset': set([exp(2*x)*sin(2*x), cos(2*x)*exp(2*x),
        exp(2*x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(2*x + sin(x) + cos(x), x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([S(1), x, cos(x), sin(x)])}
    # converted from sin(2*x)*sin(x)
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(cos(x)/2 - cos(3*x)/2, x) == \
        {'test': True, 'trialset': set([cos(x), cos(3*x), sin(x), sin(3*x)])}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(cos(x**2), x) == {'test': False}
    assert _undetermined_coefficients_match(2**(x**2), x) == {'test': False}


@slow
def test_nth_linear_constant_coeff_undetermined_coefficients():
    hint = 'nth_linear_constant_coeff_undetermined_coefficients'
    g = exp(-x)
    f2 = f(x).diff(x, 2)
    c = 3*f(x).diff(x, 3) + 5*f2 + f(x).diff(x) - f(x) - x
    eq1 = c - x*g
    eq2 = c - g
    # 3-27 below are from Ordinary Differential Equations,
    #                     Tenenbaum and Pollard, pg. 231
    eq3 = f2 + 3*f(x).diff(x) + 2*f(x) - 4
    eq4 = f2 + 3*f(x).diff(x) + 2*f(x) - 12*exp(x)
    eq5 = f2 + 3*f(x).diff(x) + 2*f(x) - exp(I*x)
    eq6 = f2 + 3*f(x).diff(x) + 2*f(x) - sin(x)
    eq7 = f2 + 3*f(x).diff(x) + 2*f(x) - cos(x)
    eq8 = f2 + 3*f(x).diff(x) + 2*f(x) - (8 + 6*exp(x) + 2*sin(x))
    eq9 = f2 + f(x).diff(x) + f(x) - x**2
    eq10 = f2 - 2*f(x).diff(x) - 8*f(x) - 9*x*exp(x) - 10*exp(-x)
    eq11 = f2 - 3*f(x).diff(x) - 2*exp(2*x)*sin(x)
    eq12 = f(x).diff(x, 4) - 2*f2 + f(x) - x + sin(x)
    eq13 = f2 + f(x).diff(x) - x**2 - 2*x
    eq14 = f2 + f(x).diff(x) - x - sin(2*x)
    eq15 = f2 + f(x) - 4*x*sin(x)
    eq16 = f2 + 4*f(x) - x*sin(2*x)
    eq17 = f2 + 2*f(x).diff(x) + f(x) - x**2*exp(-x)
    eq18 = f(x).diff(x, 3) + 3*f2 + 3*f(x).diff(x) + f(x) - 2*exp(-x) + \
        x**2*exp(-x)
    eq19 = f2 + 3*f(x).diff(x) + 2*f(x) - exp(-2*x) - x**2
    eq20 = f2 - 3*f(x).diff(x) + 2*f(x) - x*exp(-x)
    eq21 = f2 + f(x).diff(x) - 6*f(x) - x - exp(2*x)
    eq22 = f2 + f(x) - sin(x) - exp(-x)
    eq23 = f(x).diff(x, 3) - 3*f2 + 3*f(x).diff(x) - f(x) - exp(x)
    # sin(x)**2
    eq24 = f2 + f(x) - S(1)/2 - cos(2*x)/2
    # exp(2*x)*sin(x)**2
    eq25 = f(x).diff(x, 3) - f(x).diff(x) - exp(2*x)*(S(1)/2 - cos(2*x)/2)
    eq26 = (f(x).diff(x, 5) + 2*f(x).diff(x, 3) + f(x).diff(x) - 2*x -
        sin(x) - cos(x))
    # sin(2*x)*sin(x), skip 3127 for now, match bug
    eq27 = f2 + f(x) - cos(x)/2 + cos(3*x)/2
    eq28 = f(x).diff(x) - 1
    sol1 = Eq(f(x),
        -1 - x + (C1 + C2*x - 3*x**2/32 - x**3/24)*exp(-x) + C3*exp(x/3))
    sol2 = Eq(f(x), -1 - x + (C1 + C2*x - x**2/8)*exp(-x) + C3*exp(x/3))
    sol3 = Eq(f(x), 2 + C1*exp(-x) + C2*exp(-2*x))
    sol4 = Eq(f(x), 2*exp(x) + C1*exp(-x) + C2*exp(-2*x))
    sol5 = Eq(f(x), C1*exp(-2*x) + C2*exp(-x) + exp(I*x)/10 - 3*I*exp(I*x)/10)
    sol6 = Eq(f(x), -3*cos(x)/10 + sin(x)/10 + C1*exp(-x) + C2*exp(-2*x))
    sol7 = Eq(f(x), cos(x)/10 + 3*sin(x)/10 + C1*exp(-x) + C2*exp(-2*x))
    sol8 = Eq(f(x),
        4 - 3*cos(x)/5 + sin(x)/5 + exp(x) + C1*exp(-x) + C2*exp(-2*x))
    sol9 = Eq(f(x),
        -2*x + x**2 + (C1*sin(x*sqrt(3)/2) + C2*cos(x*sqrt(3)/2))*exp(-x/2))
    sol10 = Eq(f(x), -x*exp(x) - 2*exp(-x) + C1*exp(-2*x) + C2*exp(4*x))
    sol11 = Eq(f(x), C1 + C2*exp(3*x) + (-3*sin(x) - cos(x))*exp(2*x)/5)
    sol12 = Eq(f(x), x - sin(x)/4 + (C1 + C2*x)*exp(-x) + (C3 + C4*x)*exp(x))
    sol13 = Eq(f(x), C1 + x**3/3 + C2*exp(-x))
    sol14 = Eq(f(x), C1 - x - sin(2*x)/5 - cos(2*x)/10 + x**2/2 + C2*exp(-x))
    sol15 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + x)*sin(x) + (C2 - x**2)*cos(x))
    sol16 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + x/16)*sin(2*x) + (C2 - x**2/8)*cos(2*x))
    sol17 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x + x**4/12)*exp(-x))
    sol18 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x + C3*x**2 - x**5/60 + x**3/3)*exp(-x))
    sol19 = Eq(f(x), S(7)/4 - 3*x/2 + x**2/2 + C1*exp(-x) + (C2 - x)*exp(-2*x))
    sol20 = Eq(f(x), C1*exp(x) + C2*exp(2*x) + (6*x + 5)*exp(-x)/36)
    sol21 = Eq(f(x), -S(1)/36 - x/6 + C1*exp(-3*x) + (C2 + x/5)*exp(2*x))
    sol22 = Eq(f(x), C1*sin(x) + (C2 - x/2)*cos(x) + exp(-x)/2)
    sol23 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x + C3*x**2 + x**3/6)*exp(x))
    sol24 = Eq(f(x), S(1)/2 - cos(2*x)/6 + C1*sin(x) + C2*cos(x))
    sol25 = Eq(f(x), C1 + C2*exp(-x) + C3*exp(x) +
               (-21*sin(2*x) + 27*cos(2*x) + 130)*exp(2*x)/1560)
    sol26 = Eq(f(x),
        C1 + (C2 + C3*x - x**2/8)*sin(x) + (C4 + C5*x + x**2/8)*cos(x) + x**2)
    sol27 = Eq(f(x), cos(3*x)/16 + C1*cos(x) + (C2 + x/4)*sin(x))
    sol28 = Eq(f(x), C1 + x)
    sol1s = constant_renumber(sol1, 'C', 1, 3)
    sol2s = constant_renumber(sol2, 'C', 1, 3)
    sol3s = constant_renumber(sol3, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol4s = constant_renumber(sol4, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol5s = constant_renumber(sol5, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol6s = constant_renumber(sol6, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol7s = constant_renumber(sol7, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol8s = constant_renumber(sol8, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol9s = constant_renumber(sol9, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol10s = constant_renumber(sol10, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol11s = constant_renumber(sol11, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol12s = constant_renumber(sol12, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol13s = constant_renumber(sol13, 'C', 1, 4)
    sol14s = constant_renumber(sol14, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol15s = constant_renumber(sol15, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol16s = constant_renumber(sol16, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol17s = constant_renumber(sol17, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol18s = constant_renumber(sol18, 'C', 1, 3)
    sol19s = constant_renumber(sol19, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol20s = constant_renumber(sol20, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol21s = constant_renumber(sol21, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol22s = constant_renumber(sol22, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol23s = constant_renumber(sol23, 'C', 1, 3)
    sol24s = constant_renumber(sol24, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol25s = constant_renumber(sol25, 'C', 1, 3)
    sol26s = constant_renumber(sol26, 'C', 1, 5)
    sol27s = constant_renumber(sol27, 'C', 1, 2)
    assert dsolve(eq1, hint=hint) in (sol1, sol1s)
    assert dsolve(eq2, hint=hint) in (sol2, sol2s)
    assert dsolve(eq3, hint=hint) in (sol3, sol3s)
    assert dsolve(eq4, hint=hint) in (sol4, sol4s)
    assert dsolve(eq5, hint=hint) in (sol5, sol5s)
    assert dsolve(eq6, hint=hint) in (sol6, sol6s)
    assert dsolve(eq7, hint=hint) in (sol7, sol7s)
    assert dsolve(eq8, hint=hint) in (sol8, sol8s)
    assert dsolve(eq9, hint=hint) in (sol9, sol9s)
    assert dsolve(eq10, hint=hint) in (sol10, sol10s)
    assert dsolve(eq11, hint=hint) in (sol11, sol11s)
    assert dsolve(eq12, hint=hint) in (sol12, sol12s)
    assert dsolve(eq13, hint=hint) in (sol13, sol13s)
    assert dsolve(eq14, hint=hint) in (sol14, sol14s)
    assert dsolve(eq15, hint=hint) in (sol15, sol15s)
    assert dsolve(eq16, hint=hint) in (sol16, sol16s)
    assert dsolve(eq17, hint=hint) in (sol17, sol17s)
    assert dsolve(eq18, hint=hint) in (sol18, sol18s)
    assert dsolve(eq19, hint=hint) in (sol19, sol19s)
    assert dsolve(eq20, hint=hint) in (sol20, sol20s)
    assert dsolve(eq21, hint=hint) in (sol21, sol21s)
    assert dsolve(eq22, hint=hint) in (sol22, sol22s)
    assert dsolve(eq23, hint=hint) in (sol23, sol23s)
    assert dsolve(eq24, hint=hint) in (sol24, sol24s)
    assert dsolve(eq25, hint=hint) in (sol25, sol25s)
    assert dsolve(eq26, hint=hint) in (sol26, sol26s)
    assert dsolve(eq27, hint=hint) in (sol27, sol27s)
    assert dsolve(eq28, hint=hint) == sol28
    assert checkodesol(eq1, sol1, order=3, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq2, sol2, order=3, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq3, sol3, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq4, sol4, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq5, sol5, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq6, sol6, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq7, sol7, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq8, sol8, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq9, sol9, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq10, sol10, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq11, sol11, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq12, sol12, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq13, sol13, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq14, sol14, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq15, sol15, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq16, sol16, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq17, sol17, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq18, sol18, order=3, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq19, sol19, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq20, sol20, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq21, sol21, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq22, sol22, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq23, sol23, order=3, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq24, sol24, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq25, sol25, order=3, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq26, sol26, order=5, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq27, sol27, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq28, sol28, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_issue_5787():
    # This test case is to show the classification of imaginary constants under
    # nth_linear_constant_coeff_undetermined_coefficients
    eq = Eq(diff(f(x), x), I*f(x) + S(1)/2 - I)
    out_hint = 'nth_linear_constant_coeff_undetermined_coefficients'
    assert out_hint in classify_ode(eq)


@XFAIL
def test_nth_linear_constant_coeff_undetermined_coefficients_imaginary_exp():
    # Equivalent to eq26 in
    # test_nth_linear_constant_coeff_undetermined_coefficients above.
    # This fails because the algorithm for undetermined coefficients
    # doesn't know to multiply exp(I*x) by sufficient x because it is linearly
    # dependent on sin(x) and cos(x).
    hint = 'nth_linear_constant_coeff_undetermined_coefficients'
    eq26a = f(x).diff(x, 5) + 2*f(x).diff(x, 3) + f(x).diff(x) - 2*x - exp(I*x)
    sol26 = Eq(f(x),
        C1 + (C2 + C3*x - x**2/8)*sin(x) + (C4 + C5*x + x**2/8)*cos(x) + x**2)
    assert dsolve(eq26a, hint=hint) == sol26
    assert checkodesol(eq26a, sol26, order=5, solve_for_func=False)[0]


@slow
def test_nth_linear_constant_coeff_variation_of_parameters():
    hint = 'nth_linear_constant_coeff_variation_of_parameters'
    g = exp(-x)
    f2 = f(x).diff(x, 2)
    c = 3*f(x).diff(x, 3) + 5*f2 + f(x).diff(x) - f(x) - x
    eq1 = c - x*g
    eq2 = c - g
    eq3 = f(x).diff(x) - 1
    eq4 = f2 + 3*f(x).diff(x) + 2*f(x) - 4
    eq5 = f2 + 3*f(x).diff(x) + 2*f(x) - 12*exp(x)
    eq6 = f2 - 2*f(x).diff(x) - 8*f(x) - 9*x*exp(x) - 10*exp(-x)
    eq7 = f2 + 2*f(x).diff(x) + f(x) - x**2*exp(-x)
    eq8 = f2 - 3*f(x).diff(x) + 2*f(x) - x*exp(-x)
    eq9 = f(x).diff(x, 3) - 3*f2 + 3*f(x).diff(x) - f(x) - exp(x)
    eq10 = f2 + 2*f(x).diff(x) + f(x) - exp(-x)/x
    eq11 = f2 + f(x) - 1/sin(x)*1/cos(x)
    eq12 = f(x).diff(x, 4) - 1/x
    sol1 = Eq(f(x),
        -1 - x + (C1 + C2*x - 3*x**2/32 - x**3/24)*exp(-x) + C3*exp(x/3))
    sol2 = Eq(f(x), -1 - x + (C1 + C2*x - x**2/8)*exp(-x) + C3*exp(x/3))
    sol3 = Eq(f(x), C1 + x)
    sol4 = Eq(f(x), 2 + C1*exp(-x) + C2*exp(-2*x))
    sol5 = Eq(f(x), 2*exp(x) + C1*exp(-x) + C2*exp(-2*x))
    sol6 = Eq(f(x), -x*exp(x) - 2*exp(-x) + C1*exp(-2*x) + C2*exp(4*x))
    sol7 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x + x**4/12)*exp(-x))
    sol8 = Eq(f(x), C1*exp(x) + C2*exp(2*x) + (6*x + 5)*exp(-x)/36)
    sol9 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x + C3*x**2 + x**3/6)*exp(x))
    sol10 = Eq(f(x), (C1 + x*(C2 + log(x)))*exp(-x))
    sol11 = Eq(f(x), cos(x)*(C2 - Integral(1/cos(x), x)) + sin(x)*(C1 +
        Integral(1/sin(x), x)))
    sol12 = Eq(f(x), C1 + C2*x + x**3*(C3 + log(x)/6) + C4*x**2)
    sol1s = constant_renumber(sol1, 'C', 1, 3)
    sol2s = constant_renumber(sol2, 'C', 1, 3)
    sol3s = constant_renumber(sol3, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol4s = constant_renumber(sol4, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol5s = constant_renumber(sol5, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol6s = constant_renumber(sol6, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol7s = constant_renumber(sol7, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol8s = constant_renumber(sol8, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol9s = constant_renumber(sol9, 'C', 1, 3)
    sol10s = constant_renumber(sol10, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol11s = constant_renumber(sol11, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol12s = constant_renumber(sol12, 'C', 1, 4)
    assert dsolve(eq1, hint=hint) in (sol1, sol1s)
    assert dsolve(eq2, hint=hint) in (sol2, sol2s)
    assert dsolve(eq3, hint=hint) in (sol3, sol3s)
    assert dsolve(eq4, hint=hint) in (sol4, sol4s)
    assert dsolve(eq5, hint=hint) in (sol5, sol5s)
    assert dsolve(eq6, hint=hint) in (sol6, sol6s)
    assert dsolve(eq7, hint=hint) in (sol7, sol7s)
    assert dsolve(eq8, hint=hint) in (sol8, sol8s)
    assert dsolve(eq9, hint=hint) in (sol9, sol9s)
    assert dsolve(eq10, hint=hint) in (sol10, sol10s)
    assert dsolve(eq11, hint=hint + '_Integral') in (sol11, sol11s)
    assert dsolve(eq12, hint=hint) in (sol12, sol12s)
    assert checkodesol(eq1, sol1, order=3, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq2, sol2, order=3, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq3, sol3, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq4, sol4, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq5, sol5, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq6, sol6, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq7, sol7, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq8, sol8, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq9, sol9, order=3, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq10, sol10, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq12, sol12, order=4, solve_for_func=False)[0]


@slow
def test_nth_linear_constant_coeff_variation_of_parameters_simplify_False():
    # solve_variation_of_parameters shouldn't attempt to simplify the
    # Wronskian if simplify=False.  If wronskian() ever gets good enough
    # to simplify the result itself, this test might fail.
    hint = 'nth_linear_constant_coeff_variation_of_parameters'
    assert dsolve(f(x).diff(x, 5) + 2*f(x).diff(x, 3) + f(x).diff(x) -
        2*x - exp(I*x), f(x), hint + "_Integral", simplify=False) != \
        dsolve(f(x).diff(x, 5) + 2*f(x).diff(x, 3) + f(x).diff(x) -
        2*x - exp(I*x), f(x), hint + "_Integral", simplify=True)


def test_Liouville_ODE():
    hint = 'Liouville'
    # The first part here used to be test_ODE_1() from test_solvers.py
    eq1 = diff(f(x), x)/x + diff(f(x), x, x)/2 - diff(f(x), x)**2/2
    eq1a = diff(x*exp(-f(x)), x, x)
    # compare to test_unexpanded_Liouville_ODE() below
    eq2 = (eq1*exp(-f(x))/exp(f(x))).expand()
    eq3 = diff(f(x), x, x) + 1/f(x)*(diff(f(x), x))**2 + 1/x*diff(f(x), x)
    eq4 = x*diff(f(x), x, x) + x/f(x)*diff(f(x), x)**2 + x*diff(f(x), x)
    eq5 = Eq((x*exp(f(x))).diff(x, x), 0)
    sol1 = Eq(f(x), log(x/(C1 + C2*x)))
    sol1a = Eq(C1 + C2/x - exp(-f(x)), 0)
    sol2 = sol1
    sol3 = set(
        [Eq(f(x), -sqrt(C1 + C2*log(x))),
        Eq(f(x), sqrt(C1 + C2*log(x)))])
    sol4 = set([Eq(f(x), sqrt(C1 + C2*exp(x))*exp(-x/2)),
                Eq(f(x), -sqrt(C1 + C2*exp(x))*exp(-x/2))])
    sol5 = Eq(f(x), log(C1 + C2/x))
    sol1s = constant_renumber(sol1, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol2s = constant_renumber(sol2, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol3s = constant_renumber(sol3, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol4s = constant_renumber(sol4, 'C', 1, 2)
    sol5s = constant_renumber(sol5, 'C', 1, 2)
    assert dsolve(eq1, hint=hint) in (sol1, sol1s)
    assert dsolve(eq1a, hint=hint) in (sol1, sol1s)
    assert dsolve(eq2, hint=hint) in (sol2, sol2s)
    assert set(dsolve(eq3, hint=hint)) in (sol3, sol3s)
    assert set(dsolve(eq4, hint=hint)) in (sol4, sol4s)
    assert dsolve(eq5, hint=hint) in (sol5, sol5s)
    assert checkodesol(eq1, sol1, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq1a, sol1a, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert checkodesol(eq2, sol2, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert all(i[0] for i in checkodesol(eq3, sol3, order=2,
        solve_for_func=False))
    assert all(i[0] for i in checkodesol(eq4, sol4, order=2,
        solve_for_func=False))
    assert checkodesol(eq5, sol5, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    not_Liouville1 = classify_ode(diff(f(x), x)/x + f(x)*diff(f(x), x, x)/2 -
        diff(f(x), x)**2/2, f(x))
    not_Liouville2 = classify_ode(diff(f(x), x)/x + diff(f(x), x, x)/2 -
        x*diff(f(x), x)**2/2, f(x))
    assert hint not in not_Liouville1
    assert hint not in not_Liouville2
    assert hint + '_Integral' not in not_Liouville1
    assert hint + '_Integral' not in not_Liouville2


def test_unexpanded_Liouville_ODE():
    # This is the same as eq1 from test_Liouville_ODE() above.
    eq1 = diff(f(x), x)/x + diff(f(x), x, x)/2 - diff(f(x), x)**2/2
    eq2 = eq1*exp(-f(x))/exp(f(x))
    sol2 = Eq(f(x), log(x/(C1 + C2*x)))
    sol2s = constant_renumber(sol2, 'C', 1, 2)
    assert dsolve(eq2) in (sol2, sol2s)
    assert checkodesol(eq2, sol2, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_issue_4785():
    from sympy.abc import A
    eq = x + A*(x + diff(f(x), x) + f(x)) + diff(f(x), x) + f(x) + 2
    assert classify_ode(eq, f(x)) == ('1st_linear', 'almost_linear',
        '1st_power_series', 'lie_group',
        'nth_linear_constant_coeff_undetermined_coefficients',
        'nth_linear_constant_coeff_variation_of_parameters',
        '1st_linear_Integral', 'almost_linear_Integral',
        'nth_linear_constant_coeff_variation_of_parameters_Integral')
    # issue 4864
    eq = (x**2 + f(x)**2)*f(x).diff(x) - 2*x*f(x)
    assert classify_ode(eq, f(x)) == ('1st_exact',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_best',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep',
        '1st_power_series',
        'lie_group', '1st_exact_Integral',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_indep_div_dep_Integral',
        '1st_homogeneous_coeff_subs_dep_div_indep_Integral')

def test_issue_4825():
    raises(ValueError, lambda: dsolve(f(x, y).diff(x) - y*f(x, y), f(x)))
    assert classify_ode(f(x, y).diff(x) - y*f(x, y), f(x), dict=True) == \
        {'default': None, 'order': 0}
    # See also issue 3793, test Z13.
    raises(ValueError, lambda: dsolve(f(x).diff(x), f(y)))
    assert classify_ode(f(x).diff(x), f(y), dict=True) == \
        {'default': None, 'order': 0}


def test_constant_renumber_order_issue_5308():
    from sympy.utilities.iterables import variations

    assert constant_renumber(C1*x + C2*y, "C", 1, 2) == \
        constant_renumber(C1*y + C2*x, "C", 1, 2) == \
        C1*x + C2*y
    e = C1*(C2 + x)*(C3 + y)
    for a, b, c in variations([C1, C2, C3], 3):
        assert constant_renumber(a*(b + x)*(c + y), "C", 1, 3) == e


def test_issue_5770():
    k = Symbol("k", real=True)
    t = Symbol('t')
    w = Function('w')
    sol = dsolve(w(t).diff(t, 6) - k**6*w(t), w(t))
    assert len([s for s in sol.free_symbols if s.name.startswith('C')]) == 6
    assert constantsimp((C1*cos(x) + C2*cos(x))*exp(x), set([C1, C2])) == \
        C1*cos(x)*exp(x)
    assert constantsimp(C1*cos(x) + C2*cos(x) + C3*sin(x), set([C1, C2, C3])) == \
        C1*cos(x) + C3*sin(x)
    assert constantsimp(exp(C1 + x), set([C1])) == C1*exp(x)
    assert constantsimp(x + C1 + y, set([C1, y])) == C1 + x
    assert constantsimp(x + C1 + Integral(x, (x, 1, 2)), set([C1])) == C1 + x


def test_issue_5112_5430():
    assert homogeneous_order(-log(x) + acosh(x), x) is None
    assert homogeneous_order(y - log(x), x, y) is None


def test_nth_order_linear_euler_eq_homogeneous():
    x, t, a, b, c = symbols('x t a b c')
    y = Function('y')
    our_hint = "nth_linear_euler_eq_homogeneous"

    eq = diff(f(t), t, 4)*t**4 - 13*diff(f(t), t, 2)*t**2 + 36*f(t)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)

    eq = a*y(t) + b*t*diff(y(t), t) + c*t**2*diff(y(t), t, 2)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)

    eq = Eq(-3*diff(f(x), x)*x + 2*x**2*diff(f(x), x, x), 0)
    sol = C1 + C2*x**Rational(5, 2)
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 3)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = Eq(3*f(x) - 5*diff(f(x), x)*x + 2*x**2*diff(f(x), x, x), 0)
    sol = C1*sqrt(x) + C2*x**3
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 3)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = Eq(4*f(x) + 5*diff(f(x), x)*x + x**2*diff(f(x), x, x), 0)
    sol = (C1 + C2*log(x))/x**2
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 3)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = Eq(6*f(x) - 6*diff(f(x), x)*x + 1*x**2*diff(f(x), x, x) + x**3*diff(f(x), x, x, x), 0)
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint)
    sol = C1/x**2 + C2*x + C3*x**3
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 4)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = Eq(-125*f(x) + 61*diff(f(x), x)*x - 12*x**2*diff(f(x), x, x) + x**3*diff(f(x), x, x, x), 0)
    sol = x**5*(C1 + C2*log(x) + C3*log(x)**2)
    sols = [sol, constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 4)]
    sols += [sols[-1].expand()]
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs in sols
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = t**2*diff(y(t), t, 2) + t*diff(y(t), t) - 9*y(t)
    sol = C1*t**3 + C2*t**-3
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 3)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)
    assert dsolve(eq, y(t), hint=our_hint).rhs in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_nth_order_linear_euler_eq_nonhomogeneous_undetermined_coefficients():
    x, t = symbols('x t')
    a, b, c, d = symbols('a b c d', integer=True)
    our_hint = "nth_linear_euler_eq_nonhomogeneous_undetermined_coefficients"

    eq = x**4*diff(f(x), x, 4) - 13*x**2*diff(f(x), x, 2) + 36*f(x) + x
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq, f(x))

    eq = a*x**2*diff(f(x), x, 2) + b*x*diff(f(x), x) + c*f(x) + d*log(x)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq, f(x))

    eq = Eq(x**2*diff(f(x), x, x) + x*diff(f(x), x), 1)
    sol =  C1 + C2*log(x) + log(x)**2/2
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 2)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq, f(x))
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = Eq(x**2*diff(f(x), x, x) - 2*x*diff(f(x), x) + 2*f(x), x**3)
    sol = x*(C1 + C2*x + Rational(1, 2)*x**2)
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 2)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq, f(x))
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = Eq(x**2*diff(f(x), x, x) - x*diff(f(x), x) - 3*f(x), log(x)/x)
    sol =  C1/x + C2*x**3 - Rational(1, 16)*log(x)/x - Rational(1, 8)*log(x)**2/x
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 2)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq, f(x))
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs.expand() in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = Eq(x**2*diff(f(x), x, x) + 3*x*diff(f(x), x) - 8*f(x), log(x)**3 - log(x))
    sol = C1/x**4 + C2*x**2 - Rational(1,8)*log(x)**3 - Rational(3,32)*log(x)**2 - Rational(1,64)*log(x) - Rational(7, 256)
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 2)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs.expand() in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = Eq(x**3*diff(f(x), x, x, x) - 3*x**2*diff(f(x), x, x) + 6*x*diff(f(x), x) - 6*f(x), log(x))
    sol = C1*x + C2*x**2 + C3*x**3 - Rational(1, 6)*log(x) - Rational(11, 36)
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 3)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs.expand() in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_nth_order_linear_euler_eq_nonhomogeneous_variation_of_parameters():
    x, t = symbols('x, t')
    a, b, c, d = symbols('a, b, c, d', integer=True)
    our_hint = "nth_linear_euler_eq_nonhomogeneous_variation_of_parameters"

    eq = Eq(x**2*diff(f(x),x,2) - 8*x*diff(f(x),x) + 12*f(x), x**2)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq, f(x))

    eq = Eq(a*x**3*diff(f(x),x,3) + b*x**2*diff(f(x),x,2) + c*x*diff(f(x),x) + d*f(x), x*log(x))
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq, f(x))

    eq = Eq(x**2*Derivative(f(x), x, x) - 2*x*Derivative(f(x), x) + 2*f(x), x**4)
    sol = C1*x + C2*x**2 + x**4/6
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 2)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs.expand() in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = Eq(3*x**2*diff(f(x), x, x) + 6*x*diff(f(x), x) - 6*f(x), x**3*exp(x))
    sol = C1/x**2 + C2*x + x*exp(x)/3 - 4*exp(x)/3 + 8*exp(x)/(3*x) - 8*exp(x)/(3*x**2)
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 2)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs.expand() in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = Eq(x**2*Derivative(f(x), x, x) - 2*x*Derivative(f(x), x) + 2*f(x), x**4*exp(x))
    sol = C1*x + C2*x**2 + x**2*exp(x) - 2*x*exp(x)
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 2)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs.expand() in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = x**2*Derivative(f(x), x, x) - 2*x*Derivative(f(x), x) + 2*f(x) - log(x)
    sol = C1*x + C2*x**2 + log(x)/2 + 3/4
    sols = constant_renumber(sol, 'C', 1, 2)
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq)
    assert dsolve(eq, f(x), hint=our_hint).rhs in (sol, sols)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=2, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_issue_5095():
    f = Function('f')
    raises(ValueError, lambda: dsolve(f(x).diff(x)**2, f(x), 'separable'))
    raises(ValueError, lambda: dsolve(f(x).diff(x)**2, f(x), 'fdsjf'))


def test_almost_linear():
    from sympy import Ei
    A = Symbol('A', positive=True)
    our_hint = 'almost_linear'
    f = Function('f')
    d = f(x).diff(x)
    eq = x**2*f(x)**2*d + f(x)**3 + 1
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint = 'almost_linear')
    assert sol[0].rhs == (C1*exp(3/x) - 1)**(S(1)/3)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = x*f(x)*d + 2*x*f(x)**2 + 1
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint = 'almost_linear')
    assert sol[0].rhs == -sqrt(C1 - 2*Ei(4*x))*exp(-2*x)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = x*d + x*f(x) + 1
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint = 'almost_linear')
    assert sol.rhs == (C1 - Ei(x))*exp(-x)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]
    assert our_hint in classify_ode(eq, f(x))

    eq = x*exp(f(x))*d + exp(f(x)) + 3*x
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint = 'almost_linear')
    assert sol.rhs == log(C1/x - 3*x/2)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = x + A*(x + diff(f(x), x) + f(x)) + diff(f(x), x) + f(x) + 2
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint = 'almost_linear')
    assert sol.rhs == (C1 + Piecewise(
        (x, Eq(A + 1, 0)), ((-A*x + A - x - 1)*exp(x)/(A + 1), True)))*exp(-x)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_exact_enhancement():
    f = Function('f')(x)
    df = Derivative(f, x)
    eq = f/x**2 + ((f*x - 1)/x)*df
    sol = dsolve(eq, f)
    assert sol == [Eq(f, (i*sqrt(C1*x**2 + 1) + 1)/x) for i in (-1, 1)]

    eq = (x*f - 1) + df*(x**2 - x*f)
    rhs = [sol.rhs for sol in dsolve(eq, f)]
    assert rhs[0] == x - sqrt(C1 + x**2 - 2*log(x))
    assert rhs[1] == x + sqrt(C1 + x**2 - 2*log(x))

    eq = (x + 2)*sin(f) + df*x*cos(f)
    rhs = [sol.rhs for sol in dsolve(eq, f)]
    assert rhs == [
        -acos(-sqrt(C1*exp(-2*x)/x**4 + 1)) + 2*pi,
        -acos(sqrt(C1*exp(-2*x)/x**4 + 1)) + 2*pi,
        acos(-sqrt(C1*exp(-2*x)/x**4 + 1)),
        acos(sqrt(C1*exp(-2*x)/x**4 + 1))]


def test_separable_reduced():
    f = Function('f')
    x = Symbol('x') # BUG: if x is real, a more complex solution is returned!
    df = f(x).diff(x)
    eq = (x / f(x))*df  + tan(x**2*f(x) / (x**2*f(x) - 1))
    assert classify_ode(eq) == ('separable_reduced', 'lie_group',
        'separable_reduced_Integral')

    eq = x* df  + f(x)* (1 / (x**2*f(x) - 1))
    assert classify_ode(eq) == ('separable_reduced', 'lie_group',
        'separable_reduced_Integral')
    sol = dsolve(eq, hint = 'separable_reduced', simplify=False)
    assert sol.lhs ==  log(x**2*f(x))/3 + log(x**2*f(x) - S(3)/2)/6
    assert sol.rhs == C1 + log(x)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    # this is the equation that does not like x to be real
    eq = f(x).diff(x) + (f(x) / (x**4*f(x) - x))
    assert classify_ode(eq) == ('separable_reduced', 'lie_group',
        'separable_reduced_Integral')
    # generates PolynomialError in solve attempt
    sol = dsolve(eq, hint = 'separable_reduced')
    assert sol.lhs - sol.rhs == \
        log(x**3*f(x))/4 + log(x**3*f(x) - S(4)/3)/12 - C1 - log(x)
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]

    eq = x*df + f(x)*(x**2*f(x))
    sol = dsolve(eq, hint = 'separable_reduced', simplify=False)
    assert sol == Eq(log(x**2*f(x))/2 - log(x**2*f(x) - 2)/2, C1 + log(x))
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_homogeneous_function():
    f = Function('f')
    eq1 = tan(x + f(x))
    eq2 = sin((3*x)/(4*f(x)))
    eq3 = cos(3*x/4*f(x))
    eq4 = log((3*x + 4*f(x))/(5*f(x) + 7*x))
    eq5 = exp((2*x**2)/(3*f(x)**2))
    eq6 = log((3*x + 4*f(x))/(5*f(x) + 7*x) + exp((2*x**2)/(3*f(x)**2)))
    eq7 = sin((3*x)/(5*f(x) + x**2))
    assert homogeneous_order(eq1, x, f(x)) == None
    assert homogeneous_order(eq2, x, f(x)) == 0
    assert homogeneous_order(eq3, x, f(x)) == None
    assert homogeneous_order(eq4, x, f(x)) == 0
    assert homogeneous_order(eq5, x, f(x)) == 0
    assert homogeneous_order(eq6, x, f(x)) == 0
    assert homogeneous_order(eq7, x, f(x)) == None


def test_linear_coeff_match():
    from sympy.solvers.ode import _linear_coeff_match
    n, d = z*(2*x + 3*f(x) + 5), z*(7*x + 9*f(x) + 11)
    rat = n/d
    eq1 = sin(rat) + cos(rat.expand())
    eq2 = rat
    eq3 = log(sin(rat))
    ans = (4, -S(13)/3)
    assert _linear_coeff_match(eq1, f(x)) == ans
    assert _linear_coeff_match(eq2, f(x)) == ans
    assert _linear_coeff_match(eq3, f(x)) == ans

    # no c
    eq4 = (3*x)/f(x)
    # not x and f(x)
    eq5 = (3*x + 2)/x
    # denom will be zero
    eq6 = (3*x + 2*f(x) + 1)/(3*x + 2*f(x) + 5)
    # not rational coefficient
    eq7 = (3*x + 2*f(x) + sqrt(2))/(3*x + 2*f(x) + 5)
    assert _linear_coeff_match(eq4, f(x)) is None
    assert _linear_coeff_match(eq5, f(x)) is None
    assert _linear_coeff_match(eq6, f(x)) is None
    assert _linear_coeff_match(eq7, f(x)) is None


def test_linear_coefficients():
    f = Function('f')
    sol = Eq(f(x), C1/(x**2 + 6*x + 9) - S(3)/2)
    eq = f(x).diff(x) + (3 + 2*f(x))/(x + 3)
    assert dsolve(eq, hint='linear_coefficients') == sol
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_constantsimp_take_problem():
    c = exp(C1) + 2
    assert len(Poly(constantsimp(exp(C1) + c + c*x, [C1])).gens) == 2


def test_issue_6879():
    f = Function('f')
    eq = Eq(Derivative(f(x), x, 2) - 2*Derivative(f(x), x) + f(x), sin(x))
    sol = (C1 + C2*x)*exp(x) + cos(x)/2
    assert dsolve(eq).rhs == sol
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1, solve_for_func=False)[0]


def test_issue_6989():
    f = Function('f')
    k = Symbol('k')
    assert dsolve(f(x).diff(x) - x*exp(-k*x), f(x)) == \
        Eq(f(x), C1 + Piecewise(
            (x**2/2, Eq(k**3, 0)),
            ((-k**2*x - k)*exp(-k*x)/k**3, True)
        ))
    eq = -f(x).diff(x) + x*exp(-k*x)
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x))
    actual_sol = Eq(f(x), Piecewise((C1 + x**2/2, Eq(k**3, 0)),
            (C1 - x*exp(-k*x)/k - exp(-k*x)/k**2, True)
        ))
    errstr = str(eq) + ' : ' + str(sol) + ' == ' + str(actual_sol)
    assert sol == actual_sol, errstr


def test_heuristic1():
    y, a, b, c, a4, a3, a2, a1, a0 = symbols("y a b c a4 a3 a2 a1 a0")
    y = Symbol('y')
    f = Function('f')
    xi = Function('xi')
    eta = Function('eta')
    df = f(x).diff(x)
    eq = Eq(df, x**2*f(x))
    eq1 = f(x).diff(x) + a*f(x) - c*exp(b*x)
    eq2 = f(x).diff(x) + 2*x*f(x) - x*exp(-x**2)
    eq3 = (1 + 2*x)*df + 2 - 4*exp(-f(x))
    eq4 = f(x).diff(x) - (a4*x**4 + a3*x**3 + a2*x**2 + a1*x + a0)**(S(-1)/2)
    eq5 = x**2*df - f(x) + x**2*exp(x - (1/x))
    eqlist = [eq, eq1, eq2, eq3, eq4, eq5]

    i = infinitesimals(eq, hint='abaco1_simple')
    assert i == [{eta(x, f(x)): exp(x**3/3), xi(x, f(x)): 0},
        {eta(x, f(x)): f(x), xi(x, f(x)): 0},
        {eta(x, f(x)): 0, xi(x, f(x)): x**(-2)}]
    i1 = infinitesimals(eq1, hint='abaco1_simple')
    assert i1 == [{eta(x, f(x)): exp(-a*x), xi(x, f(x)): 0}]
    i2 = infinitesimals(eq2, hint='abaco1_simple')
    assert i2 == [{eta(x, f(x)): exp(-x**2), xi(x, f(x)): 0}]
    i3 = infinitesimals(eq3, hint='abaco1_simple')
    assert i3 == [{eta(x, f(x)): 0, xi(x, f(x)): 2*x + 1},
        {eta(x, f(x)): 0, xi(x, f(x)): 1/(exp(f(x)) - 2)}]
    i4 = infinitesimals(eq4, hint='abaco1_simple')
    assert i4 == [{eta(x, f(x)): 1, xi(x, f(x)): 0},
        {eta(x, f(x)): 0,
        xi(x, f(x)): sqrt(2*a0 + 2*a1*x + 2*a2*x**2 + 2*a3*x**3 + 2*a4*x**4)}]
    i5 = infinitesimals(eq5, hint='abaco1_simple')
    assert i5 == [{xi(x, f(x)): 0, eta(x, f(x)): exp(-1/x)}]

    ilist = [i, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5]
    for eq, i in (zip(eqlist, ilist)):
        check = checkinfsol(eq, i)
        assert check[0]


def test_issue_6247():
    eq = x**2*f(x)**2 + x*Derivative(f(x), x)
    sol = dsolve(eq, hint = 'separable_reduced')
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol, order=1)[0]
    eq = f(x).diff(x, x) + 4*f(x)
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), simplify=False)
    assert sol == Eq(f(x), C1*sin(2*x) + C2*cos(2*x))


def test_heuristic2():
    y = Symbol('y')
    xi = Function('xi')
    eta = Function('eta')
    df = f(x).diff(x)

    # This ODE can be solved by the Lie Group method, when there are
    # better assumptions
    eq = df - (f(x)/x)*(x*log(x**2/f(x)) + 2)
    i = infinitesimals(eq, hint='abaco1_product')
    assert i == [{eta(x, f(x)): f(x)*exp(-x), xi(x, f(x)): 0}]
    assert checkinfsol(eq, i)[0]


@slow
def test_heuristic3():
    y = Symbol('y')
    xi = Function('xi')
    eta = Function('eta')
    a, b = symbols("a b")
    df = f(x).diff(x)

    eq = x**2*df + x*f(x) + f(x)**2 + x**2
    i = infinitesimals(eq, hint='bivariate')
    assert i == [{eta(x, f(x)): f(x), xi(x, f(x)): x}]
    assert checkinfsol(eq, i)[0]

    eq = x**2*(-f(x)**2 + df)- a*x**2*f(x) + 2 - a*x
    i = infinitesimals(eq, hint='bivariate')
    assert checkinfsol(eq, i)[0]


def test_heuristic_4():
    y, a = symbols("y a")
    xi = Function('xi')
    eta = Function('eta')

    eq = x*(f(x).diff(x)) + 1 - f(x)**2
    i = infinitesimals(eq, hint='chi')
    assert checkinfsol(eq, i)[0]


def test_heuristic_function_sum():
    xi = Function('xi')
    eta = Function('eta')
    eq = f(x).diff(x) - (3*(1 + x**2/f(x)**2)*atan(f(x)/x) + (1 - 2*f(x))/x +
       (1 - 3*f(x))*(x/f(x)**2))
    i = infinitesimals(eq, hint='function_sum')
    assert i == [{eta(x, f(x)): f(x)**(-2) + x**(-2), xi(x, f(x)): 0}]
    assert checkinfsol(eq, i)[0]


def test_heuristic_abaco2_similar():
    xi = Function('xi')
    eta = Function('eta')
    F = Function('F')
    a, b = symbols("a b")
    eq = f(x).diff(x) - F(a*x + b*f(x))
    i = infinitesimals(eq, hint='abaco2_similar')
    assert i == [{eta(x, f(x)): -a/b, xi(x, f(x)): 1}]
    assert checkinfsol(eq, i)[0]

    eq = f(x).diff(x) - (f(x)**2 / (sin(f(x) - x) - x**2 + 2*x*f(x)))
    i = infinitesimals(eq, hint='abaco2_similar')
    assert i == [{eta(x, f(x)): f(x)**2, xi(x, f(x)): f(x)**2}]
    assert checkinfsol(eq, i)[0]


def test_heuristic_abaco2_unique_unknown():
    xi = Function('xi')
    eta = Function('eta')
    F = Function('F')
    a, b = symbols("a b")
    x = Symbol("x", positive=True)

    eq = f(x).diff(x) - x**(a - 1)*(f(x)**(1 - b))*F(x**a/a + f(x)**b/b)
    i = infinitesimals(eq, hint='abaco2_unique_unknown')
    assert i == [{eta(x, f(x)): -f(x)*f(x)**(-b), xi(x, f(x)): x*x**(-a)}]
    assert checkinfsol(eq, i)[0]

    eq = f(x).diff(x) + tan(F(x**2 + f(x)**2) + atan(x/f(x)))
    i = infinitesimals(eq, hint='abaco2_unique_unknown')
    assert i == [{eta(x, f(x)): x, xi(x, f(x)): -f(x)}]
    assert checkinfsol(eq, i)[0]

    eq = (x*f(x).diff(x) + f(x) + 2*x)**2 -4*x*f(x) -4*x**2 -4*a
    i = infinitesimals(eq, hint='abaco2_unique_unknown')
    assert checkinfsol(eq, i)[0]

def test_heuristic_linear():
    xi = Function('xi')
    eta = Function('eta')
    F = Function('F')
    a, b, m, n = symbols("a b m n")

    eq = x**(n*(m + 1) - m)*(f(x).diff(x)) - a*f(x)**n -b*x**(n*(m + 1))
    i = infinitesimals(eq, hint='linear')
    assert checkinfsol(eq, i)[0]

@XFAIL
def test_kamke():
    a, b, alpha, c = symbols("a b alpha c")
    eq = x**2*(a*f(x)**2+(f(x).diff(x))) + b*x**alpha + c
    i = infinitesimals(eq, hint='sum_function')
    assert checkinfsol(eq, i)[0]


def test_series():
    C1 = Symbol("C1")
    eq = f(x).diff(x) - f(x)
    assert dsolve(eq, hint='1st_power_series') == Eq(f(x),
        C1 + C1*x + C1*x**2/2 + C1*x**3/6 + C1*x**4/24 +
        C1*x**5/120 + O(x**6))
    eq = f(x).diff(x) - x*f(x)
    assert dsolve(eq, hint='1st_power_series') == Eq(f(x),
        C1*x**4/8 + C1*x**2/2 + C1 + O(x**6))
    eq = f(x).diff(x) - sin(x*f(x))
    sol = Eq(f(x), (x - 2)**2*(1+ sin(4))*cos(4) + (x - 2)*sin(4) + 2 + O(x**3))
    assert dsolve(eq, hint='1st_power_series', ics={f(2): 2}, n=3) == sol


@slow
def test_lie_group():
    C1 = Symbol("C1")
    x = Symbol("x") # assuming x is real generates an error!
    a, b, c = symbols("a b c")
    eq = f(x).diff(x)**2
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint='lie_group')
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol)[0]

    eq = Eq(f(x).diff(x), x**2*f(x))
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint='lie_group')
    assert sol == Eq(f(x), C1*exp(x**3)**(1/3))
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol)[0]

    eq = f(x).diff(x) + a*f(x) - c*exp(b*x)
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint='lie_group')
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol)[0]

    eq = f(x).diff(x) + 2*x*f(x) - x*exp(-x**2)
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint='lie_group')
    actual_sol = Eq(f(x), (C1 + x**2/2)*exp(-x**2))
    errstr = str(eq)+' : '+str(sol)+' == '+str(actual_sol)
    assert sol == actual_sol, errstr
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol)[0]

    eq = (1 + 2*x)*(f(x).diff(x)) + 2 - 4*exp(-f(x))
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint='lie_group')
    assert sol == Eq(f(x), log(C1/(2*x + 1) + 2))
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol)[0]

    eq = x**2*(f(x).diff(x)) - f(x) + x**2*exp(x - (1/x))
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint='lie_group')
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol)[0]

    eq = x**2*f(x)**2 + x*Derivative(f(x), x)
    sol = dsolve(eq, f(x), hint='lie_group')
    assert sol == Eq(f(x), 2/(C1 + x**2))
    assert checkodesol(eq, sol)[0]


def test_user_infinitesimals():
    C2 = Symbol("C2")
    x = Symbol("x") # assuming x is real generates an error
    eq = x*(f(x).diff(x)) + 1 - f(x)**2
    sol = dsolve(eq, hint='lie_group', xi=sqrt(f(x) - 1)/sqrt(f(x) + 1),
        eta=0)
    actual_sol = Eq(f(x), (C1 + x**2)/(C1 - x**2))
    errstr = str(eq)+' : '+str(sol)+' == '+str(actual_sol)
    assert sol == actual_sol, errstr
    raises(ValueError, lambda: dsolve(eq, hint='lie_group', xi=0, eta=f(x)))


def test_issue_7081():
    eq = x*(f(x).diff(x)) + 1 - f(x)**2
    assert dsolve(eq) == Eq(f(x), -((C1 + x**2)/(-C1 + x**2)))


def test_2nd_power_series_ordinary():
    C1, C2 = symbols("C1 C2")
    eq = f(x).diff(x, 2) - x*f(x)
    assert classify_ode(eq) == ('2nd_power_series_ordinary',)
    assert dsolve(eq) == Eq(f(x),
        C2*(x**3/6 + 1) + C1*x*(x**3/12 + 1) + O(x**6))
    assert dsolve(eq, x0=-2) == Eq(f(x),
        C2*((x + 2)**4/6 + (x + 2)**3/6 - (x + 2)**2 + 1)
        + C1*(x + (x + 2)**4/12 - (x + 2)**3/3 + S(2))
        + O(x**6))
    assert dsolve(eq, n=2) == Eq(f(x), C2*x + C1 + O(x**2))

    eq = (1 + x**2)*(f(x).diff(x, 2)) + 2*x*(f(x).diff(x)) -2*f(x)
    assert classify_ode(eq) == ('2nd_power_series_ordinary',)
    assert dsolve(eq) == Eq(f(x), C2*(-x**4/3 + x**2 + 1) + C1*x
        + O(x**6))

    eq = f(x).diff(x, 2) + x*(f(x).diff(x)) + f(x)
    assert classify_ode(eq) == ('2nd_power_series_ordinary',)
    assert dsolve(eq) == Eq(f(x), C2*(
        x**4/8 - x**2/2 + 1) + C1*x*(-x**2/3 + 1) + O(x**6))

    eq = f(x).diff(x, 2) + f(x).diff(x) - x*f(x)
    assert classify_ode(eq) == ('2nd_power_series_ordinary',)
    assert dsolve(eq) == Eq(f(x), C2*(
        -x**4/24 + x**3/6 + 1) + C1*x*(x**3/24 + x**2/6 - x/2
        + 1) + O(x**6))

    eq = f(x).diff(x, 2) + x*f(x)
    assert classify_ode(eq) == ('2nd_power_series_ordinary',)
    assert dsolve(eq, n=7) == Eq(f(x), C2*(
        x**6/180 - x**3/6 + 1) + C1*x*(-x**3/12 + 1) + O(x**7))


def test_2nd_power_series_regular():
    C1, C2 = symbols("C1 C2")
    eq = x**2*(f(x).diff(x, 2)) - 3*x*(f(x).diff(x)) + (4*x + 4)*f(x)
    assert dsolve(eq) == Eq(f(x), C1*x**2*(-16*x**3/9 +
        4*x**2 - 4*x + 1) + O(x**6))

    eq = 4*x**2*(f(x).diff(x, 2)) -8*x**2*(f(x).diff(x)) + (4*x**2 +
        1)*f(x)
    assert dsolve(eq) == Eq(f(x), C1*sqrt(x)*(
        x**4/24 + x**3/6 + x**2/2 + x + 1) + O(x**6))

    eq = x**2*(f(x).diff(x, 2)) - x**2*(f(x).diff(x)) + (
        x**2 - 2)*f(x)
    assert dsolve(eq) == Eq(f(x), C1*(-x**6/720 - 3*x**5/80 - x**4/8 +
        x**2/2 + x/2 + 1)/x + C2*x**2*(-x**3/60 + x**2/20 + x/2 + 1)
        + O(x**6))

    eq = x**2*(f(x).diff(x, 2)) + x*(f(x).diff(x)) + (x**2 - S(1)/4)*f(x)
    assert dsolve(eq) == Eq(f(x), C1*(x**4/24 - x**2/2 + 1)/sqrt(x) +
        C2*sqrt(x)*(x**4/120 - x**2/6 + 1) + O(x**6))

    eq = x*(f(x).diff(x, 2)) - f(x).diff(x) + 4*x**3*f(x)
    assert dsolve(eq) == Eq(f(x), C2*(-x**4/2 + 1) + C1*x**2 + O(x**6))

def test_issue_7093():
    x = Symbol("x") # assuming x is real leads to an error
    sol = Eq(f(x), C1 - 2*x*sqrt(x**3)/5)
    eq = Derivative(f(x), x)**2 - x**3
    assert dsolve(eq) == sol and checkodesol(eq, sol) == (True, 0)


def test_dsolve_linsystem_symbol():
    eps = Symbol('epsilon', positive=True)
    eq1 = (Eq(diff(f(x), x), -eps*g(x)), Eq(diff(g(x), x), eps*f(x)))
    sol1 = [Eq(f(x), -eps*(C1*sin(eps*x) + C2*cos(eps*x))),
            Eq(g(x), C1*eps*cos(eps*x) - C2*eps*sin(eps*x))]
    assert dsolve(eq1) == sol1
