﻿/**
 * @license
 * Lo-Dash 1.3.1 (Custom Build) <http://lodash.com/>
 * Build: `lodash modern -o ./dist/lodash.js`
 * Copyright 2012-2013 The Dojo Foundation <http://dojofoundation.org/>
 * Based on Underscore.js 1.4.4 <http://underscorejs.org/>
 * Copyright 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
 * Available under MIT license <http://lodash.com/license>
 */
; (function (window) {

    /** Used as a safe reference for `undefined` in pre ES5 environments */
    var undefined;

    /** Used to pool arrays and objects used internally */
    var arrayPool = [],
        objectPool = [];

    /** Used to generate unique IDs */
    var idCounter = 0;

    /** Used internally to indicate various things */
    var indicatorObject = {};

    /** Used to prefix keys to avoid issues with `__proto__` and properties on `Object.prototype` */
    var keyPrefix = +new Date + '';

    /** Used as the size when optimizations are enabled for large arrays */
    var largeArraySize = 75;

    /** Used as the max size of the `arrayPool` and `objectPool` */
    var maxPoolSize = 40;

    /** Used to match empty string literals in compiled template source */
    var reEmptyStringLeading = /\b__p \+= '';/g,
        reEmptyStringMiddle = /\b(__p \+=) '' \+/g,
        reEmptyStringTrailing = /(__e\(.*?\)|\b__t\)) \+\n'';/g;

    /** Used to match HTML entities */
    var reEscapedHtml = /&(?:amp|lt|gt|quot|#39);/g;

    /**
     * Used to match ES6 template delimiters
     * http://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-7.8.6
     */
    var reEsTemplate = /\$\{([^\\}]*(?:\\.[^\\}]*)*)\}/g;

    /** Used to match regexp flags from their coerced string values */
    var reFlags = /\w*$/;

    /** Used to match "interpolate" template delimiters */
    var reInterpolate = /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g;

    /** Used to detect functions containing a `this` reference */
    var reThis = (reThis = /\bthis\b/) && reThis.test(runInContext) && reThis;

    /** Used to detect and test whitespace */
    var whitespace = (
      // whitespace
      ' \t\x0B\f\xA0\ufeff' +

      // line terminators
      '\n\r\u2028\u2029' +

      // unicode category "Zs" space separators
      '\u1680\u180e\u2000\u2001\u2002\u2003\u2004\u2005\u2006\u2007\u2008\u2009\u200a\u202f\u205f\u3000'
    );

    /** Used to match leading whitespace and zeros to be removed */
    var reLeadingSpacesAndZeros = RegExp('^[' + whitespace + ']*0+(?=.$)');

    /** Used to ensure capturing order of template delimiters */
    var reNoMatch = /($^)/;

    /** Used to match HTML characters */
    var reUnescapedHtml = /[&<>"']/g;

    /** Used to match unescaped characters in compiled string literals */
    var reUnescapedString = /['\n\r\t\u2028\u2029\\]/g;

    /** Used to assign default `context` object properties */
    var contextProps = [
      'Array', 'Boolean', 'Date', 'Function', 'Math', 'Number', 'Object',
      'RegExp', 'String', '_', 'attachEvent', 'clearTimeout', 'isFinite', 'isNaN',
      'parseInt', 'setImmediate', 'setTimeout'
    ];

    /** Used to make template sourceURLs easier to identify */
    var templateCounter = 0;

    /** `Object#toString` result shortcuts */
    var argsClass = '[object Arguments]',
        arrayClass = '[object Array]',
        boolClass = '[object Boolean]',
        dateClass = '[object Date]',
        errorClass = '[object Error]',
        funcClass = '[object Function]',
        numberClass = '[object Number]',
        objectClass = '[object Object]',
        regexpClass = '[object RegExp]',
        stringClass = '[object String]';

    /** Used to identify object classifications that `_.clone` supports */
    var cloneableClasses = {};
    cloneableClasses[funcClass] = false;
    cloneableClasses[argsClass] = cloneableClasses[arrayClass] =
    cloneableClasses[boolClass] = cloneableClasses[dateClass] =
    cloneableClasses[numberClass] = cloneableClasses[objectClass] =
    cloneableClasses[regexpClass] = cloneableClasses[stringClass] = true;

    /** Used to determine if values are of the language type Object */
    var objectTypes = {
        'boolean': false,
        'function': true,
        'object': true,
        'number': false,
        'string': false,
        'undefined': false
    };

    /** Used to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals */
    var stringEscapes = {
        '\\': '\\',
        "'": "'",
        '\n': 'n',
        '\r': 'r',
        '\t': 't',
        '\u2028': 'u2028',
        '\u2029': 'u2029'
    };

    /** Detect free variable `exports` */
    var freeExports = objectTypes[typeof exports] && exports;

    /** Detect free variable `module` */
    var freeModule = objectTypes[typeof module] && module && module.exports == freeExports && module;

    /** Detect free variable `global`, from Node.js or Browserified code, and use it as `window` */
    var freeGlobal = objectTypes[typeof global] && global;
    if (freeGlobal && (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal)) {
        window = freeGlobal;
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * A basic implementation of `_.indexOf` without support for binary searches
     * or `fromIndex` constraints.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} array The array to search.
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
     * @param {Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
     * @returns {Number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
     */
    function basicIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
        var index = (fromIndex || 0) - 1,
            length = array.length;

        while (++index < length) {
            if (array[index] === value) {
                return index;
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }

    /**
     * An implementation of `_.contains` for cache objects that mimics the return
     * signature of `_.indexOf` by returning `0` if the value is found, else `-1`.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} cache The cache object to inspect.
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
     * @returns {Number} Returns `0` if `value` is found, else `-1`.
     */
    function cacheIndexOf(cache, value) {
        var type = typeof value;
        cache = cache.cache;

        if (type == 'boolean' || value == null) {
            return cache[value];
        }
        if (type != 'number' && type != 'string') {
            type = 'object';
        }
        var key = type == 'number' ? value : keyPrefix + value;
        cache = cache[type] || (cache[type] = {});

        return type == 'object'
          ? (cache[key] && basicIndexOf(cache[key], value) > -1 ? 0 : -1)
          : (cache[key] ? 0 : -1);
    }

    /**
     * Adds a given `value` to the corresponding cache object.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Mixed} value The value to add to the cache.
     */
    function cachePush(value) {
        var cache = this.cache,
            type = typeof value;

        if (type == 'boolean' || value == null) {
            cache[value] = true;
        } else {
            if (type != 'number' && type != 'string') {
                type = 'object';
            }
            var key = type == 'number' ? value : keyPrefix + value,
                typeCache = cache[type] || (cache[type] = {});

            if (type == 'object') {
                if ((typeCache[key] || (typeCache[key] = [])).push(value) == this.array.length) {
                    cache[type] = false;
                }
            } else {
                typeCache[key] = true;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Used by `_.max` and `_.min` as the default `callback` when a given
     * `collection` is a string value.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {String} value The character to inspect.
     * @returns {Number} Returns the code unit of given character.
     */
    function charAtCallback(value) {
        return value.charCodeAt(0);
    }

    /**
     * Used by `sortBy` to compare transformed `collection` values, stable sorting
     * them in ascending order.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} a The object to compare to `b`.
     * @param {Object} b The object to compare to `a`.
     * @returns {Number} Returns the sort order indicator of `1` or `-1`.
     */
    function compareAscending(a, b) {
        var ai = a.index,
            bi = b.index;

        a = a.criteria;
        b = b.criteria;

        // ensure a stable sort in V8 and other engines
        // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=90
        if (a !== b) {
            if (a > b || typeof a == 'undefined') {
                return 1;
            }
            if (a < b || typeof b == 'undefined') {
                return -1;
            }
        }
        return ai < bi ? -1 : 1;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a cache object to optimize linear searches of large arrays.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} [array=[]] The array to search.
     * @returns {Null|Object} Returns the cache object or `null` if caching should not be used.
     */
    function createCache(array) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array.length;

        var cache = getObject();
        cache['false'] = cache['null'] = cache['true'] = cache['undefined'] = false;

        var result = getObject();
        result.array = array;
        result.cache = cache;
        result.push = cachePush;

        while (++index < length) {
            result.push(array[index]);
        }
        return cache.object === false
          ? (releaseObject(result), null)
          : result;
    }

    /**
     * Used by `template` to escape characters for inclusion in compiled
     * string literals.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
     * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
     */
    function escapeStringChar(match) {
        return '\\' + stringEscapes[match];
    }

    /**
     * Gets an array from the array pool or creates a new one if the pool is empty.
     *
     * @private
     * @returns {Array} The array from the pool.
     */
    function getArray() {
        return arrayPool.pop() || [];
    }

    /**
     * Gets an object from the object pool or creates a new one if the pool is empty.
     *
     * @private
     * @returns {Object} The object from the pool.
     */
    function getObject() {
        return objectPool.pop() || {
            'array': null,
            'cache': null,
            'criteria': null,
            'false': false,
            'index': 0,
            'leading': false,
            'maxWait': 0,
            'null': false,
            'number': null,
            'object': null,
            'push': null,
            'string': null,
            'trailing': false,
            'true': false,
            'undefined': false,
            'value': null
        };
    }

    /**
     * A no-operation function.
     *
     * @private
     */
    function noop() {
        // no operation performed
    }

    /**
     * Releases the given `array` back to the array pool.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array} [array] The array to release.
     */
    function releaseArray(array) {
        array.length = 0;
        if (arrayPool.length < maxPoolSize) {
            arrayPool.push(array);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Releases the given `object` back to the object pool.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Object} [object] The object to release.
     */
    function releaseObject(object) {
        var cache = object.cache;
        if (cache) {
            releaseObject(cache);
        }
        object.array = object.cache = object.criteria = object.object = object.number = object.string = object.value = null;
        if (objectPool.length < maxPoolSize) {
            objectPool.push(object);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Slices the `collection` from the `start` index up to, but not including,
     * the `end` index.
     *
     * Note: This function is used, instead of `Array#slice`, to support node lists
     * in IE < 9 and to ensure dense arrays are returned.
     *
     * @private
     * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to slice.
     * @param {Number} start The start index.
     * @param {Number} end The end index.
     * @returns {Array} Returns the new array.
     */
    function slice(array, start, end) {
        start || (start = 0);
        if (typeof end == 'undefined') {
            end = array ? array.length : 0;
        }
        var index = -1,
            length = end - start || 0,
            result = Array(length < 0 ? 0 : length);

        while (++index < length) {
            result[index] = array[start + index];
        }
        return result;
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    /**
     * Create a new `lodash` function using the given `context` object.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {Object} [context=window] The context object.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the `lodash` function.
     */
    function runInContext(context) {
        // Avoid issues with some ES3 environments that attempt to use values, named
        // after built-in constructors like `Object`, for the creation of literals.
        // ES5 clears this up by stating that literals must use built-in constructors.
        // See http://es5.github.com/#x11.1.5.
        context = context ? _.defaults(window.Object(), context, _.pick(window, contextProps)) : window;

        /** Native constructor references */
        var Array = context.Array,
            Boolean = context.Boolean,
            Date = context.Date,
            Function = context.Function,
            Math = context.Math,
            Number = context.Number,
            Object = context.Object,
            RegExp = context.RegExp,
            String = context.String,
            TypeError = context.TypeError;

        /**
         * Used for `Array` method references.
         *
         * Normally `Array.prototype` would suffice, however, using an array literal
         * avoids issues in Narwhal.
         */
        var arrayRef = [];

        /** Used for native method references */
        var objectProto = Object.prototype,
            stringProto = String.prototype;

        /** Used to restore the original `_` reference in `noConflict` */
        var oldDash = context._;

        /** Used to detect if a method is native */
        var reNative = RegExp('^' +
          String(objectProto.valueOf)
            .replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')
            .replace(/valueOf|for [^\]]+/g, '.+?') + '$'
        );

        /** Native method shortcuts */
        var ceil = Math.ceil,
            clearTimeout = context.clearTimeout,
            concat = arrayRef.concat,
            floor = Math.floor,
            fnToString = Function.prototype.toString,
            getPrototypeOf = reNative.test(getPrototypeOf = Object.getPrototypeOf) && getPrototypeOf,
            hasOwnProperty = objectProto.hasOwnProperty,
            push = arrayRef.push,
            propertyIsEnumerable = objectProto.propertyIsEnumerable,
            setImmediate = context.setImmediate,
            setTimeout = context.setTimeout,
            toString = objectProto.toString;

        /* Native method shortcuts for methods with the same name as other `lodash` methods */
        var nativeBind = reNative.test(nativeBind = toString.bind) && nativeBind,
            nativeCreate = reNative.test(nativeCreate = Object.create) && nativeCreate,
            nativeIsArray = reNative.test(nativeIsArray = Array.isArray) && nativeIsArray,
            nativeIsFinite = context.isFinite,
            nativeIsNaN = context.isNaN,
            nativeKeys = reNative.test(nativeKeys = Object.keys) && nativeKeys,
            nativeMax = Math.max,
            nativeMin = Math.min,
            nativeParseInt = context.parseInt,
            nativeRandom = Math.random,
            nativeSlice = arrayRef.slice;

        /** Detect various environments */
        var isIeOpera = reNative.test(context.attachEvent),
            isV8 = nativeBind && !/\n|true/.test(nativeBind + isIeOpera);

        /** Used to lookup a built-in constructor by [[Class]] */
        var ctorByClass = {};
        ctorByClass[arrayClass] = Array;
        ctorByClass[boolClass] = Boolean;
        ctorByClass[dateClass] = Date;
        ctorByClass[funcClass] = Function;
        ctorByClass[objectClass] = Object;
        ctorByClass[numberClass] = Number;
        ctorByClass[regexpClass] = RegExp;
        ctorByClass[stringClass] = String;

        /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

        /**
         * Creates a `lodash` object, which wraps the given `value`, to enable method
         * chaining.
         *
         * In addition to Lo-Dash methods, wrappers also have the following `Array` methods:
         * `concat`, `join`, `pop`, `push`, `reverse`, `shift`, `slice`, `sort`, `splice`,
         * and `unshift`
         *
         * Chaining is supported in custom builds as long as the `value` method is
         * implicitly or explicitly included in the build.
         *
         * The chainable wrapper functions are:
         * `after`, `assign`, `bind`, `bindAll`, `bindKey`, `chain`, `compact`,
         * `compose`, `concat`, `countBy`, `createCallback`, `debounce`, `defaults`,
         * `defer`, `delay`, `difference`, `filter`, `flatten`, `forEach`, `forIn`,
         * `forOwn`, `functions`, `groupBy`, `initial`, `intersection`, `invert`,
         * `invoke`, `keys`, `map`, `max`, `memoize`, `merge`, `min`, `object`, `omit`,
         * `once`, `pairs`, `partial`, `partialRight`, `pick`, `pluck`, `push`, `range`,
         * `reject`, `rest`, `reverse`, `shuffle`, `slice`, `sort`, `sortBy`, `splice`,
         * `tap`, `throttle`, `times`, `toArray`, `transform`, `union`, `uniq`, `unshift`,
         * `unzip`, `values`, `where`, `without`, `wrap`, and `zip`
         *
         * The non-chainable wrapper functions are:
         * `clone`, `cloneDeep`, `contains`, `escape`, `every`, `find`, `has`,
         * `identity`, `indexOf`, `isArguments`, `isArray`, `isBoolean`, `isDate`,
         * `isElement`, `isEmpty`, `isEqual`, `isFinite`, `isFunction`, `isNaN`,
         * `isNull`, `isNumber`, `isObject`, `isPlainObject`, `isRegExp`, `isString`,
         * `isUndefined`, `join`, `lastIndexOf`, `mixin`, `noConflict`, `parseInt`,
         * `pop`, `random`, `reduce`, `reduceRight`, `result`, `shift`, `size`, `some`,
         * `sortedIndex`, `runInContext`, `template`, `unescape`, `uniqueId`, and `value`
         *
         * The wrapper functions `first` and `last` return wrapped values when `n` is
         * passed, otherwise they return unwrapped values.
         *
         * @name _
         * @constructor
         * @alias chain
         * @category Chaining
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
         * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
         * @example
         *
         * var wrapped = _([1, 2, 3]);
         *
         * // returns an unwrapped value
         * wrapped.reduce(function(sum, num) {
         *   return sum + num;
         * });
         * // => 6
         *
         * // returns a wrapped value
         * var squares = wrapped.map(function(num) {
         *   return num * num;
         * });
         *
         * _.isArray(squares);
         * // => false
         *
         * _.isArray(squares.value());
         * // => true
         */
        function lodash(value) {
            // don't wrap if already wrapped, even if wrapped by a different `lodash` constructor
            return (value && typeof value == 'object' && !isArray(value) && hasOwnProperty.call(value, '__wrapped__'))
             ? value
             : new lodashWrapper(value);
        }

        /**
         * A fast path for creating `lodash` wrapper objects.
         *
         * @private
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
         * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
         */
        function lodashWrapper(value) {
            this.__wrapped__ = value;
        }
        // ensure `new lodashWrapper` is an instance of `lodash`
        lodashWrapper.prototype = lodash.prototype;

        /**
         * An object used to flag environments features.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @type Object
         */
        var support = lodash.support = {};

        /**
         * Detect if `Function#bind` exists and is inferred to be fast (all but V8).
         *
         * @memberOf _.support
         * @type Boolean
         */
        support.fastBind = nativeBind && !isV8;

        /**
         * By default, the template delimiters used by Lo-Dash are similar to those in
         * embedded Ruby (ERB). Change the following template settings to use alternative
         * delimiters.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @type Object
         */
        lodash.templateSettings = {

            /**
             * Used to detect `data` property values to be HTML-escaped.
             *
             * @memberOf _.templateSettings
             * @type RegExp
             */
            'escape': /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g,

            /**
             * Used to detect code to be evaluated.
             *
             * @memberOf _.templateSettings
             * @type RegExp
             */
            'evaluate': /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,

            /**
             * Used to detect `data` property values to inject.
             *
             * @memberOf _.templateSettings
             * @type RegExp
             */
            'interpolate': reInterpolate,

            /**
             * Used to reference the data object in the template text.
             *
             * @memberOf _.templateSettings
             * @type String
             */
            'variable': '',

            /**
             * Used to import variables into the compiled template.
             *
             * @memberOf _.templateSettings
             * @type Object
             */
            'imports': {

                /**
                 * A reference to the `lodash` function.
                 *
                 * @memberOf _.templateSettings.imports
                 * @type Function
                 */
                '_': lodash
            }
        };

        /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

        /**
         * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this` binding
         * of `thisArg` and prepends any `partialArgs` to the arguments passed to the
         * bound function.
         *
         * @private
         * @param {Function|String} func The function to bind or the method name.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
         * @param {Array} partialArgs An array of arguments to be partially applied.
         * @param {Object} [idicator] Used to indicate binding by key or partially
         *  applying arguments from the right.
         * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
         */
        function createBound(func, thisArg, partialArgs, indicator) {
            var isFunc = isFunction(func),
                isPartial = !partialArgs,
                key = thisArg;

            // juggle arguments
            if (isPartial) {
                var rightIndicator = indicator;
                partialArgs = thisArg;
            }
            else if (!isFunc) {
                if (!indicator) {
                    throw new TypeError;
                }
                thisArg = func;
            }

            function bound() {
                // `Function#bind` spec
                // http://es5.github.com/#x15.3.4.5
                var args = arguments,
                    thisBinding = isPartial ? this : thisArg;

                if (!isFunc) {
                    func = thisArg[key];
                }
                if (partialArgs.length) {
                    args = args.length
                      ? (args = nativeSlice.call(args), rightIndicator ? args.concat(partialArgs) : partialArgs.concat(args))
                      : partialArgs;
                }
                if (this instanceof bound) {
                    // ensure `new bound` is an instance of `func`
                    thisBinding = createObject(func.prototype);

                    // mimic the constructor's `return` behavior
                    // http://es5.github.com/#x13.2.2
                    var result = func.apply(thisBinding, args);
                    return isObject(result) ? result : thisBinding;
                }
                return func.apply(thisBinding, args);
            }
            return bound;
        }

        /**
         * Creates a new object with the specified `prototype`.
         *
         * @private
         * @param {Object} prototype The prototype object.
         * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
         */
        function createObject(prototype) {
            return isObject(prototype) ? nativeCreate(prototype) : {};
        }

        /**
         * Used by `escape` to convert characters to HTML entities.
         *
         * @private
         * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
         * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
         */
        function escapeHtmlChar(match) {
            return htmlEscapes[match];
        }

        /**
         * Gets the appropriate "indexOf" function. If the `_.indexOf` method is
         * customized, this method returns the custom method, otherwise it returns
         * the `basicIndexOf` function.
         *
         * @private
         * @returns {Function} Returns the "indexOf" function.
         */
        function getIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
            var result = (result = lodash.indexOf) === indexOf ? basicIndexOf : result;
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Creates a function that juggles arguments, allowing argument overloading
         * for `_.flatten` and `_.uniq`, before passing them to the given `func`.
         *
         * @private
         * @param {Function} func The function to wrap.
         * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
         */
        function overloadWrapper(func) {
            return function (array, flag, callback, thisArg) {
                // juggle arguments
                if (typeof flag != 'boolean' && flag != null) {
                    thisArg = callback;
                    callback = !(thisArg && thisArg[flag] === array) ? flag : undefined;
                    flag = false;
                }
                if (callback != null) {
                    callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
                }
                return func(array, flag, callback, thisArg);
            };
        }

        /**
         * A fallback implementation of `isPlainObject` which checks if a given `value`
         * is an object created by the `Object` constructor, assuming objects created
         * by the `Object` constructor have no inherited enumerable properties and that
         * there are no `Object.prototype` extensions.
         *
         * @private
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if `value` is a plain object, else `false`.
         */
        function shimIsPlainObject(value) {
            var ctor,
                result;

            // avoid non Object objects, `arguments` objects, and DOM elements
            if (!(value && toString.call(value) == objectClass) ||
                (ctor = value.constructor, isFunction(ctor) && !(ctor instanceof ctor))) {
                return false;
            }
            // In most environments an object's own properties are iterated before
            // its inherited properties. If the last iterated property is an object's
            // own property then there are no inherited enumerable properties.
            forIn(value, function (value, key) {
                result = key;
            });
            return result === undefined || hasOwnProperty.call(value, result);
        }

        /**
         * Used by `unescape` to convert HTML entities to characters.
         *
         * @private
         * @param {String} match The matched character to unescape.
         * @returns {String} Returns the unescaped character.
         */
        function unescapeHtmlChar(match) {
            return htmlUnescapes[match];
        }

        /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is an `arguments` object.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an `arguments` object, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * (function() { return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
         * // => true
         *
         * _.isArguments([1, 2, 3]);
         * // => false
         */
        function isArguments(value) {
            return toString.call(value) == argsClass;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is an array.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an array, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * (function() { return _.isArray(arguments); })();
         * // => false
         *
         * _.isArray([1, 2, 3]);
         * // => true
         */
        var isArray = nativeIsArray;

        /**
         * A fallback implementation of `Object.keys` which produces an array of the
         * given object's own enumerable property names.
         *
         * @private
         * @type Function
         * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
         */
        var shimKeys = function (object) {
            var index, iterable = object, result = [];
            if (!iterable) return result;
            if (!(objectTypes[typeof object])) return result;
            for (index in iterable) {
                if (hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {
                    result.push(index);
                }
            }
            return result
        };

        /**
         * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property names of `object`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
         * @example
         *
         * _.keys({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
         * // => ['one', 'two', 'three'] (order is not guaranteed)
         */
        var keys = !nativeKeys ? shimKeys : function (object) {
            if (!isObject(object)) {
                return [];
            }
            return nativeKeys(object);
        };

        /**
         * Used to convert characters to HTML entities:
         *
         * Though the `>` character is escaped for symmetry, characters like `>` and `/`
         * don't require escaping in HTML and have no special meaning unless they're part
         * of a tag or an unquoted attribute value.
         * http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/ambiguous-ampersands (under "semi-related fun fact")
         */
        var htmlEscapes = {
            '&': '&amp;',
            '<': '&lt;',
            '>': '&gt;',
            '"': '&quot;',
            "'": '&#39;'
        };

        /** Used to convert HTML entities to characters */
        var htmlUnescapes = invert(htmlEscapes);

        /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

        /**
         * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
         * object. Subsequent sources will overwrite property assignments of previous
         * sources. If a `callback` function is passed, it will be executed to produce
         * the assigned values. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
         * two arguments; (objectValue, sourceValue).
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @type Function
         * @alias extend
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The destination object.
         * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
         * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize assigning values.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
         * @example
         *
         * _.assign({ 'name': 'moe' }, { 'age': 40 });
         * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }
         *
         * var defaults = _.partialRight(_.assign, function(a, b) {
         *   return typeof a == 'undefined' ? b : a;
         * });
         *
         * var food = { 'name': 'apple' };
         * defaults(food, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' });
         * // => { 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }
         */
        var assign = function (object, source, guard) {
            var index, iterable = object, result = iterable;
            if (!iterable) return result;
            var args = arguments,
                argsIndex = 0,
                argsLength = typeof guard == 'number' ? 2 : args.length;
            if (argsLength > 3 && typeof args[argsLength - 2] == 'function') {
                var callback = lodash.createCallback(args[--argsLength - 1], args[argsLength--], 2);
            } else if (argsLength > 2 && typeof args[argsLength - 1] == 'function') {
                callback = args[--argsLength];
            }
            while (++argsIndex < argsLength) {
                iterable = args[argsIndex];
                if (iterable && objectTypes[typeof iterable]) {
                    var ownIndex = -1,
                        ownProps = objectTypes[typeof iterable] && keys(iterable),
                        length = ownProps ? ownProps.length : 0;

                    while (++ownIndex < length) {
                        index = ownProps[ownIndex];
                        result[index] = callback ? callback(result[index], iterable[index]) : iterable[index];
                    }
                }
            }
            return result
        };

        /**
         * Creates a clone of `value`. If `deep` is `true`, nested objects will also
         * be cloned, otherwise they will be assigned by reference. If a `callback`
         * function is passed, it will be executed to produce the cloned values. If
         * `callback` returns `undefined`, cloning will be handled by the method instead.
         * The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to clone.
         * @param {Boolean} [deep=false] A flag to indicate a deep clone.
         * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize cloning values.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed source objects.
         * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Associates clones with source counterparts.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the cloned `value`.
         * @example
         *
         * var stooges = [
         *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
         *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
         * ];
         *
         * var shallow = _.clone(stooges);
         * shallow[0] === stooges[0];
         * // => true
         *
         * var deep = _.clone(stooges, true);
         * deep[0] === stooges[0];
         * // => false
         *
         * _.mixin({
         *   'clone': _.partialRight(_.clone, function(value) {
         *     return _.isElement(value) ? value.cloneNode(false) : undefined;
         *   })
         * });
         *
         * var clone = _.clone(document.body);
         * clone.childNodes.length;
         * // => 0
         */
        function clone(value, deep, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB) {
            var result = value;

            // allows working with "Collections" methods without using their `callback`
            // argument, `index|key`, for this method's `callback`
            if (typeof deep != 'boolean' && deep != null) {
                thisArg = callback;
                callback = deep;
                deep = false;
            }
            if (typeof callback == 'function') {
                callback = (typeof thisArg == 'undefined')
                  ? callback
                  : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 1);

                result = callback(result);
                if (typeof result != 'undefined') {
                    return result;
                }
                result = value;
            }
            // inspect [[Class]]
            var isObj = isObject(result);
            if (isObj) {
                var className = toString.call(result);
                if (!cloneableClasses[className]) {
                    return result;
                }
                var isArr = isArray(result);
            }
            // shallow clone
            if (!isObj || !deep) {
                return isObj
                  ? (isArr ? slice(result) : assign({}, result))
                  : result;
            }
            var ctor = ctorByClass[className];
            switch (className) {
                case boolClass:
                case dateClass:
                    return new ctor(+result);

                case numberClass:
                case stringClass:
                    return new ctor(result);

                case regexpClass:
                    return ctor(result.source, reFlags.exec(result));
            }
            // check for circular references and return corresponding clone
            var initedStack = !stackA;
            stackA || (stackA = getArray());
            stackB || (stackB = getArray());

            var length = stackA.length;
            while (length--) {
                if (stackA[length] == value) {
                    return stackB[length];
                }
            }
            // init cloned object
            result = isArr ? ctor(result.length) : {};

            // add array properties assigned by `RegExp#exec`
            if (isArr) {
                if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'index')) {
                    result.index = value.index;
                }
                if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'input')) {
                    result.input = value.input;
                }
            }
            // add the source value to the stack of traversed objects
            // and associate it with its clone
            stackA.push(value);
            stackB.push(result);

            // recursively populate clone (susceptible to call stack limits)
            (isArr ? forEach : forOwn)(value, function (objValue, key) {
                result[key] = clone(objValue, deep, callback, undefined, stackA, stackB);
            });

            if (initedStack) {
                releaseArray(stackA);
                releaseArray(stackB);
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Creates a deep clone of `value`. If a `callback` function is passed,
         * it will be executed to produce the cloned values. If `callback` returns
         * `undefined`, cloning will be handled by the method instead. The `callback`
         * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
         *
         * Note: This method is loosely based on the structured clone algorithm. Functions
         * and DOM nodes are **not** cloned. The enumerable properties of `arguments` objects and
         * objects created by constructors other than `Object` are cloned to plain `Object` objects.
         * See http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/infrastructure.html#internal-structured-cloning-algorithm.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to deep clone.
         * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize cloning values.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the deep cloned `value`.
         * @example
         *
         * var stooges = [
         *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
         *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
         * ];
         *
         * var deep = _.cloneDeep(stooges);
         * deep[0] === stooges[0];
         * // => false
         *
         * var view = {
         *   'label': 'docs',
         *   'node': element
         * };
         *
         * var clone = _.cloneDeep(view, function(value) {
         *   return _.isElement(value) ? value.cloneNode(true) : undefined;
         * });
         *
         * clone.node == view.node;
         * // => false
         */
        function cloneDeep(value, callback, thisArg) {
            return clone(value, true, callback, thisArg);
        }

        /**
         * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
         * object for all destination properties that resolve to `undefined`. Once a
         * property is set, additional defaults of the same property will be ignored.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @type Function
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The destination object.
         * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
         * @param- {Object} [guard] Allows working with `_.reduce` without using its
         *  callback's `key` and `object` arguments as sources.
         * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
         * @example
         *
         * var food = { 'name': 'apple' };
         * _.defaults(food, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' });
         * // => { 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }
         */
        var defaults = function (object, source, guard) {
            var index, iterable = object, result = iterable;
            if (!iterable) return result;
            var args = arguments,
                argsIndex = 0,
                argsLength = typeof guard == 'number' ? 2 : args.length;
            while (++argsIndex < argsLength) {
                iterable = args[argsIndex];
                if (iterable && objectTypes[typeof iterable]) {
                    var ownIndex = -1,
                        ownProps = objectTypes[typeof iterable] && keys(iterable),
                        length = ownProps ? ownProps.length : 0;

                    while (++ownIndex < length) {
                        index = ownProps[ownIndex];
                        if (typeof result[index] == 'undefined') result[index] = iterable[index];
                    }
                }
            }
            return result
        };

        /**
         * This method is similar to `_.find`, except that it returns the key of the
         * element that passes the callback check, instead of the element itself.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The object to search.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the key of the found element, else `undefined`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.findKey({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4 }, function(num) {
         *   return num % 2 == 0;
         * });
         * // => 'b'
         */
        function findKey(object, callback, thisArg) {
            var result;
            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            forOwn(object, function (value, key, object) {
                if (callback(value, key, object)) {
                    result = key;
                    return false;
                }
            });
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Iterates over `object`'s own and inherited enumerable properties, executing
         * the `callback` for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
         * invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration
         * early by explicitly returning `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @type Function
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
         * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
         * @example
         *
         * function Dog(name) {
         *   this.name = name;
         * }
         *
         * Dog.prototype.bark = function() {
         *   alert('Woof, woof!');
         * };
         *
         * _.forIn(new Dog('Dagny'), function(value, key) {
         *   alert(key);
         * });
         * // => alerts 'name' and 'bark' (order is not guaranteed)
         */
        var forIn = function (collection, callback, thisArg) {
            var index, iterable = collection, result = iterable;
            if (!iterable) return result;
            if (!objectTypes[typeof iterable]) return result;
            callback = callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            for (index in iterable) {
                if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === false) return result;
            }
            return result
        };

        /**
         * Iterates over an object's own enumerable properties, executing the `callback`
         * for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
         * arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration early by explicitly
         * returning `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @type Function
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
         * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.forOwn({ '0': 'zero', '1': 'one', 'length': 2 }, function(num, key) {
         *   alert(key);
         * });
         * // => alerts '0', '1', and 'length' (order is not guaranteed)
         */
        var forOwn = function (collection, callback, thisArg) {
            var index, iterable = collection, result = iterable;
            if (!iterable) return result;
            if (!objectTypes[typeof iterable]) return result;
            callback = callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            var ownIndex = -1,
                ownProps = objectTypes[typeof iterable] && keys(iterable),
                length = ownProps ? ownProps.length : 0;

            while (++ownIndex < length) {
                index = ownProps[ownIndex];
                if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === false) return result;
            }
            return result
        };

        /**
         * Creates a sorted array of all enumerable properties, own and inherited,
         * of `object` that have function values.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias methods
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names that have function values.
         * @example
         *
         * _.functions(_);
         * // => ['all', 'any', 'bind', 'bindAll', 'clone', 'compact', 'compose', ...]
         */
        function functions(object) {
            var result = [];
            forIn(object, function (value, key) {
                if (isFunction(value)) {
                    result.push(key);
                }
            });
            return result.sort();
        }

        /**
         * Checks if the specified object `property` exists and is a direct property,
         * instead of an inherited property.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The object to check.
         * @param {String} property The property to check for.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if key is a direct property, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.has({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, 'b');
         * // => true
         */
        function has(object, property) {
            return object ? hasOwnProperty.call(object, property) : false;
        }

        /**
         * Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of the given `object`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The object to invert.
         * @returns {Object} Returns the created inverted object.
         * @example
         *
         *  _.invert({ 'first': 'moe', 'second': 'larry' });
         * // => { 'moe': 'first', 'larry': 'second' }
         */
        function invert(object) {
            var index = -1,
                props = keys(object),
                length = props.length,
                result = {};

            while (++index < length) {
                var key = props[index];
                result[object[key]] = key;
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is a boolean value.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a boolean value, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.isBoolean(null);
         * // => false
         */
        function isBoolean(value) {
            return value === true || value === false || toString.call(value) == boolClass;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is a date.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a date, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.isDate(new Date);
         * // => true
         */
        function isDate(value) {
            return value ? (typeof value == 'object' && toString.call(value) == dateClass) : false;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is a DOM element.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a DOM element, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.isElement(document.body);
         * // => true
         */
        function isElement(value) {
            return value ? value.nodeType === 1 : false;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is empty. Arrays, strings, or `arguments` objects with a
         * length of `0` and objects with no own enumerable properties are considered
         * "empty".
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Array|Object|String} value The value to inspect.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is empty, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
         * // => false
         *
         * _.isEmpty({});
         * // => true
         *
         * _.isEmpty('');
         * // => true
         */
        function isEmpty(value) {
            var result = true;
            if (!value) {
                return result;
            }
            var className = toString.call(value),
                length = value.length;

            if ((className == arrayClass || className == stringClass || className == argsClass) ||
                (className == objectClass && typeof length == 'number' && isFunction(value.splice))) {
                return !length;
            }
            forOwn(value, function () {
                return (result = false);
            });
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are
         * equivalent to each other. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed to
         * compare values. If `callback` returns `undefined`, comparisons will be handled
         * by the method instead. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
         * two arguments; (a, b).
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} a The value to compare.
         * @param {Mixed} b The other value to compare.
         * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize comparing values.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed `a` objects.
         * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Tracks traversed `b` objects.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * var moe = { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
         * var copy = { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
         *
         * moe == copy;
         * // => false
         *
         * _.isEqual(moe, copy);
         * // => true
         *
         * var words = ['hello', 'goodbye'];
         * var otherWords = ['hi', 'goodbye'];
         *
         * _.isEqual(words, otherWords, function(a, b) {
         *   var reGreet = /^(?:hello|hi)$/i,
         *       aGreet = _.isString(a) && reGreet.test(a),
         *       bGreet = _.isString(b) && reGreet.test(b);
         *
         *   return (aGreet || bGreet) ? (aGreet == bGreet) : undefined;
         * });
         * // => true
         */
        function isEqual(a, b, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB) {
            // used to indicate that when comparing objects, `a` has at least the properties of `b`
            var whereIndicator = callback === indicatorObject;
            if (typeof callback == 'function' && !whereIndicator) {
                callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 2);
                var result = callback(a, b);
                if (typeof result != 'undefined') {
                    return !!result;
                }
            }
            // exit early for identical values
            if (a === b) {
                // treat `+0` vs. `-0` as not equal
                return a !== 0 || (1 / a == 1 / b);
            }
            var type = typeof a,
                otherType = typeof b;

            // exit early for unlike primitive values
            if (a === a &&
                (!a || (type != 'function' && type != 'object')) &&
                (!b || (otherType != 'function' && otherType != 'object'))) {
                return false;
            }
            // exit early for `null` and `undefined`, avoiding ES3's Function#call behavior
            // http://es5.github.com/#x15.3.4.4
            if (a == null || b == null) {
                return a === b;
            }
            // compare [[Class]] names
            var className = toString.call(a),
                otherClass = toString.call(b);

            if (className == argsClass) {
                className = objectClass;
            }
            if (otherClass == argsClass) {
                otherClass = objectClass;
            }
            if (className != otherClass) {
                return false;
            }
            switch (className) {
                case boolClass:
                case dateClass:
                    // coerce dates and booleans to numbers, dates to milliseconds and booleans
                    // to `1` or `0`, treating invalid dates coerced to `NaN` as not equal
                    return +a == +b;

                case numberClass:
                    // treat `NaN` vs. `NaN` as equal
                    return (a != +a)
                      ? b != +b
                      // but treat `+0` vs. `-0` as not equal
                      : (a == 0 ? (1 / a == 1 / b) : a == +b);

                case regexpClass:
                case stringClass:
                    // coerce regexes to strings (http://es5.github.com/#x15.10.6.4)
                    // treat string primitives and their corresponding object instances as equal
                    return a == String(b);
            }
            var isArr = className == arrayClass;
            if (!isArr) {
                // unwrap any `lodash` wrapped values
                if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, '__wrapped__ ') || hasOwnProperty.call(b, '__wrapped__')) {
                    return isEqual(a.__wrapped__ || a, b.__wrapped__ || b, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB);
                }
                // exit for functions and DOM nodes
                if (className != objectClass) {
                    return false;
                }
                // in older versions of Opera, `arguments` objects have `Array` constructors
                var ctorA = a.constructor,
                    ctorB = b.constructor;

                // non `Object` object instances with different constructors are not equal
                if (ctorA != ctorB && !(
                      isFunction(ctorA) && ctorA instanceof ctorA &&
                      isFunction(ctorB) && ctorB instanceof ctorB
                    )) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            // assume cyclic structures are equal
            // the algorithm for detecting cyclic structures is adapted from ES 5.1
            // section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO` (http://es5.github.com/#x15.12.3)
            var initedStack = !stackA;
            stackA || (stackA = getArray());
            stackB || (stackB = getArray());

            var length = stackA.length;
            while (length--) {
                if (stackA[length] == a) {
                    return stackB[length] == b;
                }
            }
            var size = 0;
            result = true;

            // add `a` and `b` to the stack of traversed objects
            stackA.push(a);
            stackB.push(b);

            // recursively compare objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
            if (isArr) {
                length = a.length;
                size = b.length;

                // compare lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary
                result = size == a.length;
                if (!result && !whereIndicator) {
                    return result;
                }
                // deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties
                while (size--) {
                    var index = length,
                        value = b[size];

                    if (whereIndicator) {
                        while (index--) {
                            if ((result = isEqual(a[index], value, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB))) {
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    } else if (!(result = isEqual(a[size], value, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB))) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                return result;
            }
            // deep compare objects using `forIn`, instead of `forOwn`, to avoid `Object.keys`
            // which, in this case, is more costly
            forIn(b, function (value, key, b) {
                if (hasOwnProperty.call(b, key)) {
                    // count the number of properties.
                    size++;
                    // deep compare each property value.
                    return (result = hasOwnProperty.call(a, key) && isEqual(a[key], value, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB));
                }
            });

            if (result && !whereIndicator) {
                // ensure both objects have the same number of properties
                forIn(a, function (value, key, a) {
                    if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, key)) {
                        // `size` will be `-1` if `a` has more properties than `b`
                        return (result = --size > -1);
                    }
                });
            }
            if (initedStack) {
                releaseArray(stackA);
                releaseArray(stackB);
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is, or can be coerced to, a finite number.
         *
         * Note: This is not the same as native `isFinite`, which will return true for
         * booleans and empty strings. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.5.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is finite, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.isFinite(-101);
         * // => true
         *
         * _.isFinite('10');
         * // => true
         *
         * _.isFinite(true);
         * // => false
         *
         * _.isFinite('');
         * // => false
         *
         * _.isFinite(Infinity);
         * // => false
         */
        function isFinite(value) {
            return nativeIsFinite(value) && !nativeIsNaN(parseFloat(value));
        }

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is a function.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a function, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.isFunction(_);
         * // => true
         */
        function isFunction(value) {
            return typeof value == 'function';
        }

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is the language type of Object.
         * (e.g. arrays, functions, objects, regexes, `new Number(0)`, and `new String('')`)
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an object, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.isObject({});
         * // => true
         *
         * _.isObject([1, 2, 3]);
         * // => true
         *
         * _.isObject(1);
         * // => false
         */
        function isObject(value) {
            // check if the value is the ECMAScript language type of Object
            // http://es5.github.com/#x8
            // and avoid a V8 bug
            // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2291
            return !!(value && objectTypes[typeof value]);
        }

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is `NaN`.
         *
         * Note: This is not the same as native `isNaN`, which will return `true` for
         * `undefined` and other values. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.4.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `NaN`, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.isNaN(NaN);
         * // => true
         *
         * _.isNaN(new Number(NaN));
         * // => true
         *
         * isNaN(undefined);
         * // => true
         *
         * _.isNaN(undefined);
         * // => false
         */
        function isNaN(value) {
            // `NaN` as a primitive is the only value that is not equal to itself
            // (perform the [[Class]] check first to avoid errors with some host objects in IE)
            return isNumber(value) && value != +value
        }

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is `null`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `null`, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.isNull(null);
         * // => true
         *
         * _.isNull(undefined);
         * // => false
         */
        function isNull(value) {
            return value === null;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is a number.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a number, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.isNumber(8.4 * 5);
         * // => true
         */
        function isNumber(value) {
            return typeof value == 'number' || toString.call(value) == numberClass;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if a given `value` is an object created by the `Object` constructor.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if `value` is a plain object, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * function Stooge(name, age) {
         *   this.name = name;
         *   this.age = age;
         * }
         *
         * _.isPlainObject(new Stooge('moe', 40));
         * // => false
         *
         * _.isPlainObject([1, 2, 3]);
         * // => false
         *
         * _.isPlainObject({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 });
         * // => true
         */
        var isPlainObject = function (value) {
            if (!(value && toString.call(value) == objectClass)) {
                return false;
            }
            var valueOf = value.valueOf,
                objProto = typeof valueOf == 'function' && (objProto = getPrototypeOf(valueOf)) && getPrototypeOf(objProto);

            return objProto
              ? (value == objProto || getPrototypeOf(value) == objProto)
              : shimIsPlainObject(value);
        };

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is a regular expression.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a regular expression, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.isRegExp(/moe/);
         * // => true
         */
        function isRegExp(value) {
            return value ? (typeof value == 'object' && toString.call(value) == regexpClass) : false;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is a string.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a string, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.isString('moe');
         * // => true
         */
        function isString(value) {
            return typeof value == 'string' || toString.call(value) == stringClass;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if `value` is `undefined`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `undefined`, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.isUndefined(void 0);
         * // => true
         */
        function isUndefined(value) {
            return typeof value == 'undefined';
        }

        /**
         * Recursively merges own enumerable properties of the source object(s), that
         * don't resolve to `undefined`, into the destination object. Subsequent sources
         * will overwrite property assignments of previous sources. If a `callback` function
         * is passed, it will be executed to produce the merged values of the destination
         * and source properties. If `callback` returns `undefined`, merging will be
         * handled by the method instead. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
         * invoked with two arguments; (objectValue, sourceValue).
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The destination object.
         * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
         * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize merging properties.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @param- {Object} [deepIndicator] Indicates that `stackA` and `stackB` are
         *  arrays of traversed objects, instead of source objects.
         * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed source objects.
         * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Associates values with source counterparts.
         * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
         * @example
         *
         * var names = {
         *   'stooges': [
         *     { 'name': 'moe' },
         *     { 'name': 'larry' }
         *   ]
         * };
         *
         * var ages = {
         *   'stooges': [
         *     { 'age': 40 },
         *     { 'age': 50 }
         *   ]
         * };
         *
         * _.merge(names, ages);
         * // => { 'stooges': [{ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }] }
         *
         * var food = {
         *   'fruits': ['apple'],
         *   'vegetables': ['beet']
         * };
         *
         * var otherFood = {
         *   'fruits': ['banana'],
         *   'vegetables': ['carrot']
         * };
         *
         * _.merge(food, otherFood, function(a, b) {
         *   return _.isArray(a) ? a.concat(b) : undefined;
         * });
         * // => { 'fruits': ['apple', 'banana'], 'vegetables': ['beet', 'carrot] }
         */
        function merge(object, source, deepIndicator) {
            var args = arguments,
                index = 0,
                length = 2;

            if (!isObject(object)) {
                return object;
            }
            if (deepIndicator === indicatorObject) {
                var callback = args[3],
                    stackA = args[4],
                    stackB = args[5];
            } else {
                var initedStack = true;
                stackA = getArray();
                stackB = getArray();

                // allows working with `_.reduce` and `_.reduceRight` without
                // using their `callback` arguments, `index|key` and `collection`
                if (typeof deepIndicator != 'number') {
                    length = args.length;
                }
                if (length > 3 && typeof args[length - 2] == 'function') {
                    callback = lodash.createCallback(args[--length - 1], args[length--], 2);
                } else if (length > 2 && typeof args[length - 1] == 'function') {
                    callback = args[--length];
                }
            }
            while (++index < length) {
                (isArray(args[index]) ? forEach : forOwn)(args[index], function (source, key) {
                    var found,
                        isArr,
                        result = source,
                        value = object[key];

                    if (source && ((isArr = isArray(source)) || isPlainObject(source))) {
                        // avoid merging previously merged cyclic sources
                        var stackLength = stackA.length;
                        while (stackLength--) {
                            if ((found = stackA[stackLength] == source)) {
                                value = stackB[stackLength];
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                        if (!found) {
                            var isShallow;
                            if (callback) {
                                result = callback(value, source);
                                if ((isShallow = typeof result != 'undefined')) {
                                    value = result;
                                }
                            }
                            if (!isShallow) {
                                value = isArr
                                  ? (isArray(value) ? value : [])
                                  : (isPlainObject(value) ? value : {});
                            }
                            // add `source` and associated `value` to the stack of traversed objects
                            stackA.push(source);
                            stackB.push(value);

                            // recursively merge objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
                            if (!isShallow) {
                                value = merge(value, source, indicatorObject, callback, stackA, stackB);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        if (callback) {
                            result = callback(value, source);
                            if (typeof result == 'undefined') {
                                result = source;
                            }
                        }
                        if (typeof result != 'undefined') {
                            value = result;
                        }
                    }
                    object[key] = value;
                });
            }

            if (initedStack) {
                releaseArray(stackA);
                releaseArray(stackB);
            }
            return object;
        }

        /**
         * Creates a shallow clone of `object` excluding the specified properties.
         * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
         * property names. If a `callback` function is passed, it will be executed
         * for each property in the `object`, omitting the properties `callback`
         * returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
         * with three arguments; (value, key, object).
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The source object.
         * @param {Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The properties to omit
         *  or the function called per iteration.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Object} Returns an object without the omitted properties.
         * @example
         *
         * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'age');
         * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
         *
         * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, function(value) {
         *   return typeof value == 'number';
         * });
         * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
         */
        function omit(object, callback, thisArg) {
            var indexOf = getIndexOf(),
                isFunc = typeof callback == 'function',
                result = {};

            if (isFunc) {
                callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            } else {
                var props = concat.apply(arrayRef, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1));
            }
            forIn(object, function (value, key, object) {
                if (isFunc
                      ? !callback(value, key, object)
                      : indexOf(props, key) < 0
                    ) {
                    result[key] = value;
                }
            });
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Creates a two dimensional array of the given object's key-value pairs,
         * i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
         * @returns {Array} Returns new array of key-value pairs.
         * @example
         *
         * _.pairs({ 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40 });
         * // => [['moe', 30], ['larry', 40]] (order is not guaranteed)
         */
        function pairs(object) {
            var index = -1,
                props = keys(object),
                length = props.length,
                result = Array(length);

            while (++index < length) {
                var key = props[index];
                result[index] = [key, object[key]];
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Creates a shallow clone of `object` composed of the specified properties.
         * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of property
         * names. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for each property in the
         * `object`, picking the properties `callback` returns truthy for. The `callback`
         * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object).
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The source object.
         * @param {Array|Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The function called
         *  per iteration or properties to pick, either as individual arguments or arrays.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the picked properties.
         * @example
         *
         * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_userid': 'moe1' }, 'name');
         * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
         *
         * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_userid': 'moe1' }, function(value, key) {
         *   return key.charAt(0) != '_';
         * });
         * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
         */
        function pick(object, callback, thisArg) {
            var result = {};
            if (typeof callback != 'function') {
                var index = -1,
                    props = concat.apply(arrayRef, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1)),
                    length = isObject(object) ? props.length : 0;

                while (++index < length) {
                    var key = props[index];
                    if (key in object) {
                        result[key] = object[key];
                    }
                }
            } else {
                callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
                forIn(object, function (value, key, object) {
                    if (callback(value, key, object)) {
                        result[key] = value;
                    }
                });
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * An alternative to `_.reduce`, this method transforms an `object` to a new
         * `accumulator` object which is the result of running each of its elements
         * through the `callback`, with each `callback` execution potentially mutating
         * the `accumulator` object. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
         * with four arguments; (accumulator, value, key, object). Callbacks may exit
         * iteration early by explicitly returning `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Array|Object} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
         * @param {Mixed} [accumulator] The custom accumulator value.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the accumulated value.
         * @example
         *
         * var squares = _.transform([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], function(result, num) {
         *   num *= num;
         *   if (num % 2) {
         *     return result.push(num) < 3;
         *   }
         * });
         * // => [1, 9, 25]
         *
         * var mapped = _.transform({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, function(result, num, key) {
         *   result[key] = num * 3;
         * });
         * // => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6, 'c': 9 }
         */
        function transform(object, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
            var isArr = isArray(object);
            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);

            if (accumulator == null) {
                if (isArr) {
                    accumulator = [];
                } else {
                    var ctor = object && object.constructor,
                        proto = ctor && ctor.prototype;

                    accumulator = createObject(proto);
                }
            }
            (isArr ? forEach : forOwn)(object, function (value, index, object) {
                return callback(accumulator, value, index, object);
            });
            return accumulator;
        }

        /**
         * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property values of `object`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Objects
         * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
         * @example
         *
         * _.values({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
         * // => [1, 2, 3] (order is not guaranteed)
         */
        function values(object) {
            var index = -1,
                props = keys(object),
                length = props.length,
                result = Array(length);

            while (++index < length) {
                result[index] = object[props[index]];
            }
            return result;
        }

        /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

        /**
         * Creates an array of elements from the specified indexes, or keys, of the
         * `collection`. Indexes may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays
         * of indexes.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Array|Number|String} [index1, index2, ...] The indexes of
         *  `collection` to retrieve, either as individual arguments or arrays.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements corresponding to the
         *  provided indexes.
         * @example
         *
         * _.at(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'], [0, 2, 4]);
         * // => ['a', 'c', 'e']
         *
         * _.at(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], 0, 2);
         * // => ['moe', 'curly']
         */
        function at(collection) {
            var index = -1,
                props = concat.apply(arrayRef, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1)),
                length = props.length,
                result = Array(length);

            while (++index < length) {
                result[index] = collection[props[index]];
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if a given `target` element is present in a `collection` using strict
         * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used
         * as the offset from the end of the collection.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias include
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Mixed} target The value to check for.
         * @param {Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `target` element is found, else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1);
         * // => true
         *
         * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1, 2);
         * // => false
         *
         * _.contains({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'moe');
         * // => true
         *
         * _.contains('curly', 'ur');
         * // => true
         */
        function contains(collection, target, fromIndex) {
            var index = -1,
                indexOf = getIndexOf(),
                length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
                result = false;

            fromIndex = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, length + fromIndex) : fromIndex) || 0;
            if (length && typeof length == 'number') {
                result = (isString(collection)
                  ? collection.indexOf(target, fromIndex)
                  : indexOf(collection, target, fromIndex)
                ) > -1;
            } else {
                forOwn(collection, function (value) {
                    if (++index >= fromIndex) {
                        return !(result = value === target);
                    }
                });
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Creates an object composed of keys returned from running each element of the
         * `collection` through the given `callback`. The corresponding value of each key
         * is the number of times the key was returned by the `callback`. The `callback`
         * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
         * @example
         *
         * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
         * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
         *
         * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
         * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
         *
         * _.countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
         * // => { '3': 2, '5': 1 }
         */
        function countBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
            var result = {};
            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);

            forEach(collection, function (value, key, collection) {
                key = String(callback(value, key, collection));
                (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key]++ : result[key] = 1);
            });
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if the `callback` returns a truthy value for **all** elements of a
         * `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
         * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias all
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if all elements pass the callback check,
         *  else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.every([true, 1, null, 'yes'], Boolean);
         * // => false
         *
         * var stooges = [
         *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
         *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.every(stooges, 'age');
         * // => true
         *
         * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
         * _.every(stooges, { 'age': 50 });
         * // => false
         */
        function every(collection, callback, thisArg) {
            var result = true;
            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);

            var index = -1,
                length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

            if (typeof length == 'number') {
                while (++index < length) {
                    if (!(result = !!callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                forOwn(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                    return (result = !!callback(value, index, collection));
                });
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning an array of all elements
         * the `callback` returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
         * invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias select
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that passed the callback check.
         * @example
         *
         * var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
         * // => [2, 4, 6]
         *
         * var food = [
         *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
         *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.filter(food, 'organic');
         * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true, 'type': 'vegetable' }]
         *
         * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
         * _.filter(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
         * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' }]
         */
        function filter(collection, callback, thisArg) {
            var result = [];
            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);

            var index = -1,
                length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

            if (typeof length == 'number') {
                while (++index < length) {
                    var value = collection[index];
                    if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
                        result.push(value);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                forOwn(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                    if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
                        result.push(value);
                    }
                });
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning the first that the `callback`
         * returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
         * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias detect, findWhere
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the found element, else `undefined`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.find([1, 2, 3, 4], function(num) {
         *   return num % 2 == 0;
         * });
         * // => 2
         *
         * var food = [
         *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
         *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true,  'type': 'fruit' },
         *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
         * _.find(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
         * // => { 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.find(food, 'organic');
         * // => { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true, 'type': 'fruit' }
         */
        function find(collection, callback, thisArg) {
            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);

            var index = -1,
                length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

            if (typeof length == 'number') {
                while (++index < length) {
                    var value = collection[index];
                    if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
                        return value;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                var result;
                forOwn(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                    if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
                        result = value;
                        return false;
                    }
                });
                return result;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Iterates over a `collection`, executing the `callback` for each element in
         * the `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
         * arguments; (value, index|key, collection). Callbacks may exit iteration early
         * by explicitly returning `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias each
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Array|Object|String} Returns `collection`.
         * @example
         *
         * _([1, 2, 3]).forEach(alert).join(',');
         * // => alerts each number and returns '1,2,3'
         *
         * _.forEach({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, alert);
         * // => alerts each number value (order is not guaranteed)
         */
        function forEach(collection, callback, thisArg) {
            var index = -1,
                length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

            callback = callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            if (typeof length == 'number') {
                while (++index < length) {
                    if (callback(collection[index], index, collection) === false) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                forOwn(collection, callback);
            }
            return collection;
        }

        /**
         * Creates an object composed of keys returned from running each element of the
         * `collection` through the `callback`. The corresponding value of each key is
         * an array of elements passed to `callback` that returned the key. The `callback`
         * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
         * @example
         *
         * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
         * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
         *
         * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
         * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
         * // => { '3': ['one', 'two'], '5': ['three'] }
         */
        function groupBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
            var result = {};
            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);

            forEach(collection, function (value, key, collection) {
                key = String(callback(value, key, collection));
                (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key] : result[key] = []).push(value);
            });
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Invokes the method named by `methodName` on each element in the `collection`,
         * returning an array of the results of each invoked method. Additional arguments
         * will be passed to each invoked method. If `methodName` is a function, it will
         * be invoked for, and `this` bound to, each element in the `collection`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function|String} methodName The name of the method to invoke or
         *  the function invoked per iteration.
         * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the method with.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each invoked method.
         * @example
         *
         * _.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
         * // => [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
         *
         * _.invoke([123, 456], String.prototype.split, '');
         * // => [['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]
         */
        function invoke(collection, methodName) {
            var args = nativeSlice.call(arguments, 2),
                index = -1,
                isFunc = typeof methodName == 'function',
                length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
                result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);

            forEach(collection, function (value) {
                result[++index] = (isFunc ? methodName : value[methodName]).apply(value, args);
            });
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Creates an array of values by running each element in the `collection`
         * through the `callback`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
         * three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias collect
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
         * @example
         *
         * _.map([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return num * 3; });
         * // => [3, 6, 9]
         *
         * _.map({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, function(num) { return num * 3; });
         * // => [3, 6, 9] (order is not guaranteed)
         *
         * var stooges = [
         *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
         *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.map(stooges, 'name');
         * // => ['moe', 'larry']
         */
        function map(collection, callback, thisArg) {
            var index = -1,
                length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            if (typeof length == 'number') {
                var result = Array(length);
                while (++index < length) {
                    result[index] = callback(collection[index], index, collection);
                }
            } else {
                result = [];
                forOwn(collection, function (value, key, collection) {
                    result[++index] = callback(value, key, collection);
                });
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Retrieves the maximum value of an `array`. If `callback` is passed,
         * it will be executed for each value in the `array` to generate the
         * criterion by which the value is ranked. The `callback` is bound to
         * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, collection).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the maximum value.
         * @example
         *
         * _.max([4, 2, 8, 6]);
         * // => 8
         *
         * var stooges = [
         *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
         *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
         * ];
         *
         * _.max(stooges, function(stooge) { return stooge.age; });
         * // => { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 };
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.max(stooges, 'age');
         * // => { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 };
         */
        function max(collection, callback, thisArg) {
            var computed = -Infinity,
                result = computed;

            if (!callback && isArray(collection)) {
                var index = -1,
                    length = collection.length;

                while (++index < length) {
                    var value = collection[index];
                    if (value > result) {
                        result = value;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                callback = (!callback && isString(collection))
                  ? charAtCallback
                  : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);

                forEach(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                    var current = callback(value, index, collection);
                    if (current > computed) {
                        computed = current;
                        result = value;
                    }
                });
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Retrieves the minimum value of an `array`. If `callback` is passed,
         * it will be executed for each value in the `array` to generate the
         * criterion by which the value is ranked. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg`
         * and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, collection).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the minimum value.
         * @example
         *
         * _.min([4, 2, 8, 6]);
         * // => 2
         *
         * var stooges = [
         *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
         *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
         * ];
         *
         * _.min(stooges, function(stooge) { return stooge.age; });
         * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.min(stooges, 'age');
         * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
         */
        function min(collection, callback, thisArg) {
            var computed = Infinity,
                result = computed;

            if (!callback && isArray(collection)) {
                var index = -1,
                    length = collection.length;

                while (++index < length) {
                    var value = collection[index];
                    if (value < result) {
                        result = value;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                callback = (!callback && isString(collection))
                  ? charAtCallback
                  : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);

                forEach(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                    var current = callback(value, index, collection);
                    if (current < computed) {
                        computed = current;
                        result = value;
                    }
                });
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Retrieves the value of a specified property from all elements in the `collection`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @type Function
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {String} property The property to pluck.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
         * @example
         *
         * var stooges = [
         *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
         *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
         * ];
         *
         * _.pluck(stooges, 'name');
         * // => ['moe', 'larry']
         */
        function pluck(collection, property) {
            var index = -1,
                length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

            if (typeof length == 'number') {
                var result = Array(length);
                while (++index < length) {
                    result[index] = collection[index][property];
                }
            }
            return result || map(collection, property);
        }

        /**
         * Reduces a `collection` to a value which is the accumulated result of running
         * each element in the `collection` through the `callback`, where each successive
         * `callback` execution consumes the return value of the previous execution.
         * If `accumulator` is not passed, the first element of the `collection` will be
         * used as the initial `accumulator` value. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg`
         * and invoked with four arguments; (accumulator, value, index|key, collection).
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias foldl, inject
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
         * @param {Mixed} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the accumulated value.
         * @example
         *
         * var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(sum, num) {
         *   return sum + num;
         * });
         * // => 6
         *
         * var mapped = _.reduce({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, function(result, num, key) {
         *   result[key] = num * 3;
         *   return result;
         * }, {});
         * // => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6, 'c': 9 }
         */
        function reduce(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
            if (!collection) return accumulator;
            var noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);

            var index = -1,
                length = collection.length;

            if (typeof length == 'number') {
                if (noaccum) {
                    accumulator = collection[++index];
                }
                while (++index < length) {
                    accumulator = callback(accumulator, collection[index], index, collection);
                }
            } else {
                forOwn(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                    accumulator = noaccum
                      ? (noaccum = false, value)
                      : callback(accumulator, value, index, collection)
                });
            }
            return accumulator;
        }

        /**
         * This method is similar to `_.reduce`, except that it iterates over a
         * `collection` from right to left.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias foldr
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
         * @param {Mixed} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the accumulated value.
         * @example
         *
         * var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
         * var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
         * // => [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
         */
        function reduceRight(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
            var iterable = collection,
                length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
                noaccum = arguments.length < 3;

            if (typeof length != 'number') {
                var props = keys(collection);
                length = props.length;
            }
            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);
            forEach(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                index = props ? props[--length] : --length;
                accumulator = noaccum
                  ? (noaccum = false, iterable[index])
                  : callback(accumulator, iterable[index], index, collection);
            });
            return accumulator;
        }

        /**
         * The opposite of `_.filter`, this method returns the elements of a
         * `collection` that `callback` does **not** return truthy for.
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that did **not** pass the
         *  callback check.
         * @example
         *
         * var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
         * // => [1, 3, 5]
         *
         * var food = [
         *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
         *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.reject(food, 'organic');
         * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' }]
         *
         * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
         * _.reject(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
         * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true, 'type': 'vegetable' }]
         */
        function reject(collection, callback, thisArg) {
            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            return filter(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                return !callback(value, index, collection);
            });
        }

        /**
         * Creates an array of shuffled `array` values, using a version of the
         * Fisher-Yates shuffle. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Yates_shuffle.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to shuffle.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new shuffled collection.
         * @example
         *
         * _.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
         * // => [4, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2]
         */
        function shuffle(collection) {
            var index = -1,
                length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
                result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);

            forEach(collection, function (value) {
                var rand = floor(nativeRandom() * (++index + 1));
                result[index] = result[rand];
                result[rand] = value;
            });
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Gets the size of the `collection` by returning `collection.length` for arrays
         * and array-like objects or the number of own enumerable properties for objects.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to inspect.
         * @returns {Number} Returns `collection.length` or number of own enumerable properties.
         * @example
         *
         * _.size([1, 2]);
         * // => 2
         *
         * _.size({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
         * // => 3
         *
         * _.size('curly');
         * // => 5
         */
        function size(collection) {
            var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
            return typeof length == 'number' ? length : keys(collection).length;
        }

        /**
         * Checks if the `callback` returns a truthy value for **any** element of a
         * `collection`. The function returns as soon as it finds passing value, and
         * does not iterate over the entire `collection`. The `callback` is bound to
         * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias any
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if any element passes the callback check,
         *  else `false`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.some([null, 0, 'yes', false], Boolean);
         * // => true
         *
         * var food = [
         *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
         *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.some(food, 'organic');
         * // => true
         *
         * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
         * _.some(food, { 'type': 'meat' });
         * // => false
         */
        function some(collection, callback, thisArg) {
            var result;
            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);

            var index = -1,
                length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

            if (typeof length == 'number') {
                while (++index < length) {
                    if ((result = callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                forOwn(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                    return !(result = callback(value, index, collection));
                });
            }
            return !!result;
        }

        /**
         * Creates an array of elements, sorted in ascending order by the results of
         * running each element in the `collection` through the `callback`. This method
         * performs a stable sort, that is, it will preserve the original sort order of
         * equal elements. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
         * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of sorted elements.
         * @example
         *
         * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return Math.sin(num); });
         * // => [3, 1, 2]
         *
         * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return this.sin(num); }, Math);
         * // => [3, 1, 2]
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.sortBy(['banana', 'strawberry', 'apple'], 'length');
         * // => ['apple', 'banana', 'strawberry']
         */
        function sortBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
            var index = -1,
                length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
                result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);

            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            forEach(collection, function (value, key, collection) {
                var object = result[++index] = getObject();
                object.criteria = callback(value, key, collection);
                object.index = index;
                object.value = value;
            });

            length = result.length;
            result.sort(compareAscending);
            while (length--) {
                var object = result[length];
                result[length] = object.value;
                releaseObject(object);
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Converts the `collection` to an array.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to convert.
         * @returns {Array} Returns the new converted array.
         * @example
         *
         * (function() { return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1); })(1, 2, 3, 4);
         * // => [2, 3, 4]
         */
        function toArray(collection) {
            if (collection && typeof collection.length == 'number') {
                return slice(collection);
            }
            return values(collection);
        }

        /**
         * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning an array of all elements
         * that have the given `properties`. When checking `properties`, this method
         * performs a deep comparison between values to determine if they are equivalent
         * to each other.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @type Function
         * @category Collections
         * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
         * @param {Object} properties The object of property values to filter by.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that have the given `properties`.
         * @example
         *
         * var stooges = [
         *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
         *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
         * ];
         *
         * _.where(stooges, { 'age': 40 });
         * // => [{ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }]
         */
        var where = filter;

        /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

        /**
         * Creates an array with all falsey values of `array` removed. The values
         * `false`, `null`, `0`, `""`, `undefined` and `NaN` are all falsey.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new filtered array.
         * @example
         *
         * _.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
         * // => [1, 2, 3]
         */
        function compact(array) {
            var index = -1,
                length = array ? array.length : 0,
                result = [];

            while (++index < length) {
                var value = array[index];
                if (value) {
                    result.push(value);
                }
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Creates an array of `array` elements not present in the other arrays
         * using strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to process.
         * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to check.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of `array` elements not present in the
         *  other arrays.
         * @example
         *
         * _.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
         * // => [1, 3, 4]
         */
        function difference(array) {
            var index = -1,
                indexOf = getIndexOf(),
                length = array ? array.length : 0,
                seen = concat.apply(arrayRef, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1)),
                result = [];

            var isLarge = length >= largeArraySize && indexOf === basicIndexOf;

            if (isLarge) {
                var cache = createCache(seen);
                if (cache) {
                    indexOf = cacheIndexOf;
                    seen = cache;
                } else {
                    isLarge = false;
                }
            }
            while (++index < length) {
                var value = array[index];
                if (indexOf(seen, value) < 0) {
                    result.push(value);
                }
            }
            if (isLarge) {
                releaseObject(seen);
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * This method is similar to `_.find`, except that it returns the index of
         * the element that passes the callback check, instead of the element itself.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to search.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the index of the found element, else `-1`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.findIndex(['apple', 'banana', 'beet'], function(food) {
         *   return /^b/.test(food);
         * });
         * // => 1
         */
        function findIndex(array, callback, thisArg) {
            var index = -1,
                length = array ? array.length : 0;

            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            while (++index < length) {
                if (callback(array[index], index, array)) {
                    return index;
                }
            }
            return -1;
        }

        /**
         * Gets the first element of the `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the first
         * `n` elements of the `array` are returned. If a `callback` function is passed,
         * elements at the beginning of the array are returned as long as the `callback`
         * returns truthy. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
         * arguments; (value, index, array).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias head, take
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to query.
         * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n] The function called
         *  per element or the number of elements to return. If a property name or
         *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
         *  style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the first element(s) of `array`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.first([1, 2, 3]);
         * // => 1
         *
         * _.first([1, 2, 3], 2);
         * // => [1, 2]
         *
         * _.first([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
         *   return num < 3;
         * });
         * // => [1, 2]
         *
         * var food = [
         *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true },
         *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.first(food, 'organic');
         * // => [{ 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true }]
         *
         * var food = [
         *   { 'name': 'apple',  'type': 'fruit' },
         *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
         *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' }
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
         * _.first(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
         * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' }]
         */
        function first(array, callback, thisArg) {
            if (array) {
                var n = 0,
                    length = array.length;

                if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
                    var index = -1;
                    callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
                    while (++index < length && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
                        n++;
                    }
                } else {
                    n = callback;
                    if (n == null || thisArg) {
                        return array[0];
                    }
                }
                return slice(array, 0, nativeMin(nativeMax(0, n), length));
            }
        }

        /**
         * Flattens a nested array (the nesting can be to any depth). If `isShallow`
         * is truthy, `array` will only be flattened a single level. If `callback`
         * is passed, each element of `array` is passed through a `callback` before
         * flattening. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
         * arguments; (value, index, array).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
         * @param {Boolean} [isShallow=false] A flag to indicate only flattening a single level.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new flattened array.
         * @example
         *
         * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
         * // => [1, 2, 3, 4];
         *
         * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], true);
         * // => [1, 2, 3, [[4]]];
         *
         * var stooges = [
         *   { 'name': 'curly', 'quotes': ['Oh, a wise guy, eh?', 'Poifect!'] },
         *   { 'name': 'moe', 'quotes': ['Spread out!', 'You knucklehead!'] }
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.flatten(stooges, 'quotes');
         * // => ['Oh, a wise guy, eh?', 'Poifect!', 'Spread out!', 'You knucklehead!']
         */
        var flatten = overloadWrapper(function flatten(array, isShallow, callback) {
            var index = -1,
                length = array ? array.length : 0,
                result = [];

            while (++index < length) {
                var value = array[index];
                if (callback) {
                    value = callback(value, index, array);
                }
                // recursively flatten arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
                if (isArray(value)) {
                    push.apply(result, isShallow ? value : flatten(value));
                } else {
                    result.push(value);
                }
            }
            return result;
        });

        /**
         * Gets the index at which the first occurrence of `value` is found using
         * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the `array` is already
         * sorted, passing `true` for `fromIndex` will run a faster binary search.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to search.
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
         * @param {Boolean|Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from or `true` to
         *  perform a binary search on a sorted `array`.
         * @returns {Number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
         * // => 1
         *
         * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
         * // => 4
         *
         * _.indexOf([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], 2, true);
         * // => 2
         */
        function indexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
            if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
                var length = array ? array.length : 0;
                fromIndex = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, length + fromIndex) : fromIndex || 0);
            } else if (fromIndex) {
                var index = sortedIndex(array, value);
                return array[index] === value ? index : -1;
            }
            return array ? basicIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) : -1;
        }

        /**
         * Gets all but the last element of `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the
         * last `n` elements are excluded from the result. If a `callback` function
         * is passed, elements at the end of the array are excluded from the result
         * as long as the `callback` returns truthy. The `callback` is bound to
         * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to query.
         * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n=1] The function called
         *  per element or the number of elements to exclude. If a property name or
         *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
         *  style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a slice of `array`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.initial([1, 2, 3]);
         * // => [1, 2]
         *
         * _.initial([1, 2, 3], 2);
         * // => [1]
         *
         * _.initial([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
         *   return num > 1;
         * });
         * // => [1]
         *
         * var food = [
         *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
         *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.initial(food, 'organic');
         * // => [{ 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false }]
         *
         * var food = [
         *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
         *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' },
         *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
         * _.initial(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
         * // => [{ 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' }]
         */
        function initial(array, callback, thisArg) {
            if (!array) {
                return [];
            }
            var n = 0,
                length = array.length;

            if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
                var index = length;
                callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
                while (index-- && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
                    n++;
                }
            } else {
                n = (callback == null || thisArg) ? 1 : callback || n;
            }
            return slice(array, 0, nativeMin(nativeMax(0, length - n), length));
        }

        /**
         * Computes the intersection of all the passed-in arrays using strict equality
         * for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of unique elements that are present
         *  in **all** of the arrays.
         * @example
         *
         * _.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
         * // => [1, 2]
         */
        function intersection(array) {
            var args = arguments,
                argsLength = args.length,
                argsIndex = -1,
                caches = getArray(),
                index = -1,
                indexOf = getIndexOf(),
                length = array ? array.length : 0,
                result = [],
                seen = getArray();

            while (++argsIndex < argsLength) {
                var value = args[argsIndex];
                caches[argsIndex] = indexOf === basicIndexOf &&
                  (value ? value.length : 0) >= largeArraySize &&
                  createCache(argsIndex ? args[argsIndex] : seen);
            }
            outer:
                while (++index < length) {
                    var cache = caches[0];
                    value = array[index];

                    if ((cache ? cacheIndexOf(cache, value) : indexOf(seen, value)) < 0) {
                        argsIndex = argsLength;
                        (cache || seen).push(value);
                        while (--argsIndex) {
                            cache = caches[argsIndex];
                            if ((cache ? cacheIndexOf(cache, value) : indexOf(args[argsIndex], value)) < 0) {
                                continue outer;
                            }
                        }
                        result.push(value);
                    }
                }
            while (argsLength--) {
                cache = caches[argsLength];
                if (cache) {
                    releaseObject(cache);
                }
            }
            releaseArray(caches);
            releaseArray(seen);
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Gets the last element of the `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the
         * last `n` elements of the `array` are returned. If a `callback` function
         * is passed, elements at the end of the array are returned as long as the
         * `callback` returns truthy. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
         * invoked with three arguments;(value, index, array).
         *
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to query.
         * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n] The function called
         *  per element or the number of elements to return. If a property name or
         *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
         *  style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the last element(s) of `array`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.last([1, 2, 3]);
         * // => 3
         *
         * _.last([1, 2, 3], 2);
         * // => [2, 3]
         *
         * _.last([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
         *   return num > 1;
         * });
         * // => [2, 3]
         *
         * var food = [
         *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
         *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.last(food, 'organic');
         * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }]
         *
         * var food = [
         *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
         *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' },
         *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
         * _.last(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
         * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'type': 'vegetable' }, { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }]
         */
        function last(array, callback, thisArg) {
            if (array) {
                var n = 0,
                    length = array.length;

                if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
                    var index = length;
                    callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
                    while (index-- && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
                        n++;
                    }
                } else {
                    n = callback;
                    if (n == null || thisArg) {
                        return array[length - 1];
                    }
                }
                return slice(array, nativeMax(0, length - n));
            }
        }

        /**
         * Gets the index at which the last occurrence of `value` is found using strict
         * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used
         * as the offset from the end of the collection.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to search.
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
         * @param {Number} [fromIndex=array.length-1] The index to search from.
         * @returns {Number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
         * // => 4
         *
         * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
         * // => 1
         */
        function lastIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
            var index = array ? array.length : 0;
            if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
                index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, index + fromIndex) : nativeMin(fromIndex, index - 1)) + 1;
            }
            while (index--) {
                if (array[index] === value) {
                    return index;
                }
            }
            return -1;
        }

        /**
         * Creates an array of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from
         * `start` up to but not including `end`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Number} [start=0] The start of the range.
         * @param {Number} end The end of the range.
         * @param {Number} [step=1] The value to increment or decrement by.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new range array.
         * @example
         *
         * _.range(10);
         * // => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
         *
         * _.range(1, 11);
         * // => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
         *
         * _.range(0, 30, 5);
         * // => [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
         *
         * _.range(0, -10, -1);
         * // => [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
         *
         * _.range(0);
         * // => []
         */
        function range(start, end, step) {
            start = +start || 0;
            step = +step || 1;

            if (end == null) {
                end = start;
                start = 0;
            }
            // use `Array(length)` so V8 will avoid the slower "dictionary" mode
            // http://youtu.be/XAqIpGU8ZZk#t=17m25s
            var index = -1,
                length = nativeMax(0, ceil((end - start) / step)),
                result = Array(length);

            while (++index < length) {
                result[index] = start;
                start += step;
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * The opposite of `_.initial`, this method gets all but the first value of
         * `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the first `n` values are excluded from
         * the result. If a `callback` function is passed, elements at the beginning
         * of the array are excluded from the result as long as the `callback` returns
         * truthy. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
         * arguments; (value, index, array).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias drop, tail
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to query.
         * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n=1] The function called
         *  per element or the number of elements to exclude. If a property name or
         *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
         *  style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a slice of `array`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.rest([1, 2, 3]);
         * // => [2, 3]
         *
         * _.rest([1, 2, 3], 2);
         * // => [3]
         *
         * _.rest([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
         *   return num < 3;
         * });
         * // => [3]
         *
         * var food = [
         *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true },
         *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.rest(food, 'organic');
         * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false }]
         *
         * var food = [
         *   { 'name': 'apple',  'type': 'fruit' },
         *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
         *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' }
         * ];
         *
         * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
         * _.rest(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
         * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'type': 'vegetable' }]
         */
        function rest(array, callback, thisArg) {
            if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
                var n = 0,
                    index = -1,
                    length = array ? array.length : 0;

                callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
                while (++index < length && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
                    n++;
                }
            } else {
                n = (callback == null || thisArg) ? 1 : nativeMax(0, callback);
            }
            return slice(array, n);
        }

        /**
         * Uses a binary search to determine the smallest index at which the `value`
         * should be inserted into `array` in order to maintain the sort order of the
         * sorted `array`. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for `value` and
         * each element in `array` to compute their sort ranking. The `callback` is
         * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to evaluate.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Number} Returns the index at which the value should be inserted
         *  into `array`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.sortedIndex([20, 30, 50], 40);
         * // => 2
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.sortedIndex([{ 'x': 20 }, { 'x': 30 }, { 'x': 50 }], { 'x': 40 }, 'x');
         * // => 2
         *
         * var dict = {
         *   'wordToNumber': { 'twenty': 20, 'thirty': 30, 'fourty': 40, 'fifty': 50 }
         * };
         *
         * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
         *   return dict.wordToNumber[word];
         * });
         * // => 2
         *
         * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
         *   return this.wordToNumber[word];
         * }, dict);
         * // => 2
         */
        function sortedIndex(array, value, callback, thisArg) {
            var low = 0,
                high = array ? array.length : low;

            // explicitly reference `identity` for better inlining in Firefox
            callback = callback ? lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 1) : identity;
            value = callback(value);

            while (low < high) {
                var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
                (callback(array[mid]) < value)
                  ? low = mid + 1
                  : high = mid;
            }
            return low;
        }

        /**
         * Computes the union of the passed-in arrays using strict equality for
         * comparisons, i.e. `===`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of unique values, in order, that are
         *  present in one or more of the arrays.
         * @example
         *
         * _.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
         * // => [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
         */
        function union(array) {
            if (!isArray(array)) {
                arguments[0] = array ? nativeSlice.call(array) : arrayRef;
            }
            return uniq(concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments));
        }

        /**
         * Creates a duplicate-value-free version of the `array` using strict equality
         * for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the `array` is already sorted, passing `true`
         * for `isSorted` will run a faster algorithm. If `callback` is passed, each
         * element of `array` is passed through the `callback` before uniqueness is computed.
         * The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
         *
         * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
         * callback will return the property value of the given element.
         *
         * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
         * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
         * else `false`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias unique
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to process.
         * @param {Boolean} [isSorted=false] A flag to indicate that the `array` is already sorted.
         * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
         *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
         *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a duplicate-value-free array.
         * @example
         *
         * _.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1]);
         * // => [1, 2, 3]
         *
         * _.uniq([1, 1, 2, 2, 3], true);
         * // => [1, 2, 3]
         *
         * _.uniq(['A', 'b', 'C', 'a', 'B', 'c'], function(letter) { return letter.toLowerCase(); });
         * // => ['A', 'b', 'C']
         *
         * _.uniq([1, 2.5, 3, 1.5, 2, 3.5], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
         * // => [1, 2.5, 3]
         *
         * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
         * _.uniq([{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
         * // => [{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }]
         */
        var uniq = overloadWrapper(function (array, isSorted, callback) {
            var index = -1,
                indexOf = getIndexOf(),
                length = array ? array.length : 0,
                result = [];

            var isLarge = !isSorted && length >= largeArraySize && indexOf === basicIndexOf,
                seen = (callback || isLarge) ? getArray() : result;

            if (isLarge) {
                var cache = createCache(seen);
                if (cache) {
                    indexOf = cacheIndexOf;
                    seen = cache;
                } else {
                    isLarge = false;
                    seen = callback ? seen : (releaseArray(seen), result);
                }
            }
            while (++index < length) {
                var value = array[index],
                    computed = callback ? callback(value, index, array) : value;

                if (isSorted
                      ? !index || seen[seen.length - 1] !== computed
                      : indexOf(seen, computed) < 0
                    ) {
                    if (callback || isLarge) {
                        seen.push(computed);
                    }
                    result.push(value);
                }
            }
            if (isLarge) {
                releaseArray(seen.array);
                releaseObject(seen);
            } else if (callback) {
                releaseArray(seen);
            }
            return result;
        });

        /**
         * The inverse of `_.zip`, this method splits groups of elements into arrays
         * composed of elements from each group at their corresponding indexes.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to process.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the composed arrays.
         * @example
         *
         * _.unzip([['moe', 30, true], ['larry', 40, false]]);
         * // => [['moe', 'larry'], [30, 40], [true, false]];
         */
        function unzip(array) {
            var index = -1,
                length = array ? max(pluck(array, 'length')) : 0,
                result = Array(length < 0 ? 0 : length);

            while (++index < length) {
                result[index] = pluck(array, index);
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Creates an array with all occurrences of the passed values removed using
         * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} array The array to filter.
         * @param {Mixed} [value1, value2, ...] Values to remove.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new filtered array.
         * @example
         *
         * _.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
         * // => [2, 3, 4]
         */
        function without(array) {
            return difference(array, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1));
        }

        /**
         * Groups the elements of each array at their corresponding indexes. Useful for
         * separate data sources that are coordinated through matching array indexes.
         * For a matrix of nested arrays, `_.zip.apply(...)` can transpose the matrix
         * in a similar fashion.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of grouped elements.
         * @example
         *
         * _.zip(['moe', 'larry'], [30, 40], [true, false]);
         * // => [['moe', 30, true], ['larry', 40, false]]
         */
        function zip(array) {
            return array ? unzip(arguments) : [];
        }

        /**
         * Creates an object composed from arrays of `keys` and `values`. Pass either
         * a single two dimensional array, i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`, or
         * two arrays, one of `keys` and one of corresponding `values`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias object
         * @category Arrays
         * @param {Array} keys The array of keys.
         * @param {Array} [values=[]] The array of values.
         * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the given keys and
         *  corresponding values.
         * @example
         *
         * _.zipObject(['moe', 'larry'], [30, 40]);
         * // => { 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40 }
         */
        function zipObject(keys, values) {
            var index = -1,
                length = keys ? keys.length : 0,
                result = {};

            while (++index < length) {
                var key = keys[index];
                if (values) {
                    result[key] = values[index];
                } else {
                    result[key[0]] = key[1];
                }
            }
            return result;
        }

        /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

        /**
         * If `n` is greater than `0`, a function is created that is restricted to
         * executing `func`, with the `this` binding and arguments of the created
         * function, only after it is called `n` times. If `n` is less than `1`,
         * `func` is executed immediately, without a `this` binding or additional
         * arguments, and its result is returned.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Number} n The number of times the function must be called before
         * it is executed.
         * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
         * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
         * @example
         *
         * var renderNotes = _.after(notes.length, render);
         * _.forEach(notes, function(note) {
         *   note.asyncSave({ 'success': renderNotes });
         * });
         * // `renderNotes` is run once, after all notes have saved
         */
        function after(n, func) {
            if (n < 1) {
                return func();
            }
            return function () {
                if (--n < 1) {
                    return func.apply(this, arguments);
                }
            };
        }

        /**
         * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this`
         * binding of `thisArg` and prepends any additional `bind` arguments to those
         * passed to the bound function.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Function} func The function to bind.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
         * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
         * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
         * @example
         *
         * var func = function(greeting) {
         *   return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
         * };
         *
         * func = _.bind(func, { 'name': 'moe' }, 'hi');
         * func();
         * // => 'hi moe'
         */
        function bind(func, thisArg) {
            // use `Function#bind` if it exists and is fast
            // (in V8 `Function#bind` is slower except when partially applied)
            return support.fastBind || (nativeBind && arguments.length > 2)
              ? nativeBind.call.apply(nativeBind, arguments)
              : createBound(func, thisArg, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 2));
        }

        /**
         * Binds methods on `object` to `object`, overwriting the existing method.
         * Method names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of method
         * names. If no method names are provided, all the function properties of `object`
         * will be bound.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Object} object The object to bind and assign the bound methods to.
         * @param {String} [methodName1, methodName2, ...] Method names on the object to bind.
         * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
         * @example
         *
         * var view = {
         *  'label': 'docs',
         *  'onClick': function() { alert('clicked ' + this.label); }
         * };
         *
         * _.bindAll(view);
         * jQuery('#docs').on('click', view.onClick);
         * // => alerts 'clicked docs', when the button is clicked
         */
        function bindAll(object) {
            var funcs = arguments.length > 1 ? concat.apply(arrayRef, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1)) : functions(object),
                index = -1,
                length = funcs.length;

            while (++index < length) {
                var key = funcs[index];
                object[key] = bind(object[key], object);
            }
            return object;
        }

        /**
         * Creates a function that, when called, invokes the method at `object[key]`
         * and prepends any additional `bindKey` arguments to those passed to the bound
         * function. This method differs from `_.bind` by allowing bound functions to
         * reference methods that will be redefined or don't yet exist.
         * See http://michaux.ca/articles/lazy-function-definition-pattern.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Object} object The object the method belongs to.
         * @param {String} key The key of the method.
         * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
         * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
         * @example
         *
         * var object = {
         *   'name': 'moe',
         *   'greet': function(greeting) {
         *     return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
         *   }
         * };
         *
         * var func = _.bindKey(object, 'greet', 'hi');
         * func();
         * // => 'hi moe'
         *
         * object.greet = function(greeting) {
         *   return greeting + ', ' + this.name + '!';
         * };
         *
         * func();
         * // => 'hi, moe!'
         */
        function bindKey(object, key) {
            return createBound(object, key, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 2), indicatorObject);
        }

        /**
         * Creates a function that is the composition of the passed functions,
         * where each function consumes the return value of the function that follows.
         * For example, composing the functions `f()`, `g()`, and `h()` produces `f(g(h()))`.
         * Each function is executed with the `this` binding of the composed function.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Function} [func1, func2, ...] Functions to compose.
         * @returns {Function} Returns the new composed function.
         * @example
         *
         * var greet = function(name) { return 'hi ' + name; };
         * var exclaim = function(statement) { return statement + '!'; };
         * var welcome = _.compose(exclaim, greet);
         * welcome('moe');
         * // => 'hi moe!'
         */
        function compose() {
            var funcs = arguments;
            return function () {
                var args = arguments,
                    length = funcs.length;

                while (length--) {
                    args = [funcs[length].apply(this, args)];
                }
                return args[0];
            };
        }

        /**
         * Produces a callback bound to an optional `thisArg`. If `func` is a property
         * name, the created callback will return the property value for a given element.
         * If `func` is an object, the created callback will return `true` for elements
         * that contain the equivalent object properties, otherwise it will return `false`.
         *
         * Note: All Lo-Dash methods, that accept a `callback` argument, use `_.createCallback`.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Mixed} [func=identity] The value to convert to a callback.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of the created callback.
         * @param {Number} [argCount=3] The number of arguments the callback accepts.
         * @returns {Function} Returns a callback function.
         * @example
         *
         * var stooges = [
         *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
         *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
         * ];
         *
         * // wrap to create custom callback shorthands
         * _.createCallback = _.wrap(_.createCallback, function(func, callback, thisArg) {
         *   var match = /^(.+?)__([gl]t)(.+)$/.exec(callback);
         *   return !match ? func(callback, thisArg) : function(object) {
         *     return match[2] == 'gt' ? object[match[1]] > match[3] : object[match[1]] < match[3];
         *   };
         * });
         *
         * _.filter(stooges, 'age__gt45');
         * // => [{ 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }]
         *
         * // create mixins with support for "_.pluck" and "_.where" callback shorthands
         * _.mixin({
         *   'toLookup': function(collection, callback, thisArg) {
         *     callback = _.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
         *     return _.reduce(collection, function(result, value, index, collection) {
         *       return (result[callback(value, index, collection)] = value, result);
         *     }, {});
         *   }
         * });
         *
         * _.toLookup(stooges, 'name');
         * // => { 'moe': { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'larry': { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 } }
         */
        function createCallback(func, thisArg, argCount) {
            if (func == null) {
                return identity;
            }
            var type = typeof func;
            if (type != 'function') {
                if (type != 'object') {
                    return function (object) {
                        return object[func];
                    };
                }
                var props = keys(func);
                return function (object) {
                    var length = props.length,
                        result = false;
                    while (length--) {
                        if (!(result = isEqual(object[props[length]], func[props[length]], indicatorObject))) {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    return result;
                };
            }
            if (typeof thisArg == 'undefined' || (reThis && !reThis.test(fnToString.call(func)))) {
                return func;
            }
            if (argCount === 1) {
                return function (value) {
                    return func.call(thisArg, value);
                };
            }
            if (argCount === 2) {
                return function (a, b) {
                    return func.call(thisArg, a, b);
                };
            }
            if (argCount === 4) {
                return function (accumulator, value, index, collection) {
                    return func.call(thisArg, accumulator, value, index, collection);
                };
            }
            return function (value, index, collection) {
                return func.call(thisArg, value, index, collection);
            };
        }

        /**
         * Creates a function that will delay the execution of `func` until after
         * `wait` milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it was invoked. Pass
         * an `options` object to indicate that `func` should be invoked on the leading
         * and/or trailing edge of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls to the debounced
         * function will return the result of the last `func` call.
         *
         * Note: If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true`, `func` will be called
         * on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the debounced function is
         * invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Function} func The function to debounce.
         * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay.
         * @param {Object} options The options object.
         *  [leading=false] A boolean to specify execution on the leading edge of the timeout.
         *  [maxWait] The maximum time `func` is allowed to be delayed before it's called.
         *  [trailing=true] A boolean to specify execution on the trailing edge of the timeout.
         * @returns {Function} Returns the new debounced function.
         * @example
         *
         * var lazyLayout = _.debounce(calculateLayout, 300);
         * jQuery(window).on('resize', lazyLayout);
         *
         * jQuery('#postbox').on('click', _.debounce(sendMail, 200, {
         *   'leading': true,
         *   'trailing': false
         * });
         */
        function debounce(func, wait, options) {
            var args,
                result,
                thisArg,
                callCount = 0,
                lastCalled = 0,
                maxWait = false,
                maxTimeoutId = null,
                timeoutId = null,
                trailing = true;

            function clear() {
                clearTimeout(maxTimeoutId);
                clearTimeout(timeoutId);
                callCount = 0;
                maxTimeoutId = timeoutId = null;
            }

            function delayed() {
                var isCalled = trailing && (!leading || callCount > 1);
                clear();
                if (isCalled) {
                    if (maxWait !== false) {
                        lastCalled = new Date;
                    }
                    result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
                }
            }

            function maxDelayed() {
                clear();
                if (trailing || (maxWait !== wait)) {
                    lastCalled = new Date;
                    result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
                }
            }

            wait = nativeMax(0, wait || 0);
            if (options === true) {
                var leading = true;
                trailing = false;
            } else if (isObject(options)) {
                leading = options.leading;
                maxWait = 'maxWait' in options && nativeMax(wait, options.maxWait || 0);
                trailing = 'trailing' in options ? options.trailing : trailing;
            }
            return function () {
                args = arguments;
                thisArg = this;
                callCount++;

                // avoid issues with Titanium and `undefined` timeout ids
                // https://github.com/appcelerator/titanium_mobile/blob/3_1_0_GA/android/titanium/src/java/ti/modules/titanium/TitaniumModule.java#L185-L192
                clearTimeout(timeoutId);

                if (maxWait === false) {
                    if (leading && callCount < 2) {
                        result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
                    }
                } else {
                    var now = new Date;
                    if (!maxTimeoutId && !leading) {
                        lastCalled = now;
                    }
                    var remaining = maxWait - (now - lastCalled);
                    if (remaining <= 0) {
                        clearTimeout(maxTimeoutId);
                        maxTimeoutId = null;
                        lastCalled = now;
                        result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
                    }
                    else if (!maxTimeoutId) {
                        maxTimeoutId = setTimeout(maxDelayed, remaining);
                    }
                }
                if (wait !== maxWait) {
                    timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, wait);
                }
                return result;
            };
        }

        /**
         * Defers executing the `func` function until the current call stack has cleared.
         * Additional arguments will be passed to `func` when it is invoked.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Function} func The function to defer.
         * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the function with.
         * @returns {Number} Returns the timer id.
         * @example
         *
         * _.defer(function() { alert('deferred'); });
         * // returns from the function before `alert` is called
         */
        function defer(func) {
            var args = nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1);
            return setTimeout(function () { func.apply(undefined, args); }, 1);
        }
        // use `setImmediate` if it's available in Node.js
        if (isV8 && freeModule && typeof setImmediate == 'function') {
            defer = bind(setImmediate, context);
        }

        /**
         * Executes the `func` function after `wait` milliseconds. Additional arguments
         * will be passed to `func` when it is invoked.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Function} func The function to delay.
         * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay execution.
         * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the function with.
         * @returns {Number} Returns the timer id.
         * @example
         *
         * var log = _.bind(console.log, console);
         * _.delay(log, 1000, 'logged later');
         * // => 'logged later' (Appears after one second.)
         */
        function delay(func, wait) {
            var args = nativeSlice.call(arguments, 2);
            return setTimeout(function () { func.apply(undefined, args); }, wait);
        }

        /**
         * Creates a function that memoizes the result of `func`. If `resolver` is
         * passed, it will be used to determine the cache key for storing the result
         * based on the arguments passed to the memoized function. By default, the first
         * argument passed to the memoized function is used as the cache key. The `func`
         * is executed with the `this` binding of the memoized function. The result
         * cache is exposed as the `cache` property on the memoized function.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Function} func The function to have its output memoized.
         * @param {Function} [resolver] A function used to resolve the cache key.
         * @returns {Function} Returns the new memoizing function.
         * @example
         *
         * var fibonacci = _.memoize(function(n) {
         *   return n < 2 ? n : fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
         * });
         */
        function memoize(func, resolver) {
            function memoized() {
                var cache = memoized.cache,
                    key = keyPrefix + (resolver ? resolver.apply(this, arguments) : arguments[0]);

                return hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key)
                  ? cache[key]
                  : (cache[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
            }
            memoized.cache = {};
            return memoized;
        }

        /**
         * Creates a function that is restricted to execute `func` once. Repeat calls to
         * the function will return the value of the first call. The `func` is executed
         * with the `this` binding of the created function.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
         * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
         * @example
         *
         * var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
         * initialize();
         * initialize();
         * // `initialize` executes `createApplication` once
         */
        function once(func) {
            var ran,
                result;

            return function () {
                if (ran) {
                    return result;
                }
                ran = true;
                result = func.apply(this, arguments);

                // clear the `func` variable so the function may be garbage collected
                func = null;
                return result;
            };
        }

        /**
         * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with any additional
         * `partial` arguments prepended to those passed to the new function. This
         * method is similar to `_.bind`, except it does **not** alter the `this` binding.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
         * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
         * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
         * @example
         *
         * var greet = function(greeting, name) { return greeting + ' ' + name; };
         * var hi = _.partial(greet, 'hi');
         * hi('moe');
         * // => 'hi moe'
         */
        function partial(func) {
            return createBound(func, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1));
        }

        /**
         * This method is similar to `_.partial`, except that `partial` arguments are
         * appended to those passed to the new function.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
         * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
         * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
         * @example
         *
         * var defaultsDeep = _.partialRight(_.merge, _.defaults);
         *
         * var options = {
         *   'variable': 'data',
         *   'imports': { 'jq': $ }
         * };
         *
         * defaultsDeep(options, _.templateSettings);
         *
         * options.variable
         * // => 'data'
         *
         * options.imports
         * // => { '_': _, 'jq': $ }
         */
        function partialRight(func) {
            return createBound(func, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1), null, indicatorObject);
        }

        /**
         * Creates a function that, when executed, will only call the `func` function
         * at most once per every `wait` milliseconds. Pass an `options` object to
         * indicate that `func` should be invoked on the leading and/or trailing edge
         * of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls to the throttled function will
         * return the result of the last `func` call.
         *
         * Note: If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true`, `func` will be called
         * on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the throttled function is
         * invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Function} func The function to throttle.
         * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to throttle executions to.
         * @param {Object} options The options object.
         *  [leading=true] A boolean to specify execution on the leading edge of the timeout.
         *  [trailing=true] A boolean to specify execution on the trailing edge of the timeout.
         * @returns {Function} Returns the new throttled function.
         * @example
         *
         * var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);
         * jQuery(window).on('scroll', throttled);
         *
         * jQuery('.interactive').on('click', _.throttle(renewToken, 300000, {
         *   'trailing': false
         * }));
         */
        function throttle(func, wait, options) {
            var leading = true,
                trailing = true;

            if (options === false) {
                leading = false;
            } else if (isObject(options)) {
                leading = 'leading' in options ? options.leading : leading;
                trailing = 'trailing' in options ? options.trailing : trailing;
            }
            options = getObject();
            options.leading = leading;
            options.maxWait = wait;
            options.trailing = trailing;

            var result = debounce(func, wait, options);
            releaseObject(options);
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Creates a function that passes `value` to the `wrapper` function as its
         * first argument. Additional arguments passed to the function are appended
         * to those passed to the `wrapper` function. The `wrapper` is executed with
         * the `this` binding of the created function.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Functions
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap.
         * @param {Function} wrapper The wrapper function.
         * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
         * @example
         *
         * var hello = function(name) { return 'hello ' + name; };
         * hello = _.wrap(hello, function(func) {
         *   return 'before, ' + func('moe') + ', after';
         * });
         * hello();
         * // => 'before, hello moe, after'
         */
        function wrap(value, wrapper) {
            return function () {
                var args = [value];
                push.apply(args, arguments);
                return wrapper.apply(this, args);
            };
        }

        /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

        /**
         * Converts the characters `&`, `<`, `>`, `"`, and `'` in `string` to their
         * corresponding HTML entities.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Utilities
         * @param {String} string The string to escape.
         * @returns {String} Returns the escaped string.
         * @example
         *
         * _.escape('Moe, Larry & Curly');
         * // => 'Moe, Larry &amp; Curly'
         */
        function escape(string) {
            return string == null ? '' : String(string).replace(reUnescapedHtml, escapeHtmlChar);
        }

        /**
         * This method returns the first argument passed to it.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Utilities
         * @param {Mixed} value Any value.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns `value`.
         * @example
         *
         * var moe = { 'name': 'moe' };
         * moe === _.identity(moe);
         * // => true
         */
        function identity(value) {
            return value;
        }

        /**
         * Adds functions properties of `object` to the `lodash` function and chainable
         * wrapper.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Utilities
         * @param {Object} object The object of function properties to add to `lodash`.
         * @example
         *
         * _.mixin({
         *   'capitalize': function(string) {
         *     return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1).toLowerCase();
         *   }
         * });
         *
         * _.capitalize('moe');
         * // => 'Moe'
         *
         * _('moe').capitalize();
         * // => 'Moe'
         */
        function mixin(object) {
            forEach(functions(object), function (methodName) {
                var func = lodash[methodName] = object[methodName];

                lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
                    var value = this.__wrapped__,
                        args = [value];

                    push.apply(args, arguments);
                    var result = func.apply(lodash, args);
                    return (value && typeof value == 'object' && value === result)
                      ? this
                      : new lodashWrapper(result);
                };
            });
        }

        /**
         * Reverts the '_' variable to its previous value and returns a reference to
         * the `lodash` function.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Utilities
         * @returns {Function} Returns the `lodash` function.
         * @example
         *
         * var lodash = _.noConflict();
         */
        function noConflict() {
            context._ = oldDash;
            return this;
        }

        /**
         * Converts the given `value` into an integer of the specified `radix`.
         * If `radix` is `undefined` or `0`, a `radix` of `10` is used unless the
         * `value` is a hexadecimal, in which case a `radix` of `16` is used.
         *
         * Note: This method avoids differences in native ES3 and ES5 `parseInt`
         * implementations. See http://es5.github.com/#E.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Utilities
         * @param {String} value The value to parse.
         * @param {Number} [radix] The radix used to interpret the value to parse.
         * @returns {Number} Returns the new integer value.
         * @example
         *
         * _.parseInt('08');
         * // => 8
         */
        var parseInt = nativeParseInt(whitespace + '08') == 8 ? nativeParseInt : function (value, radix) {
            // Firefox and Opera still follow the ES3 specified implementation of `parseInt`
            return nativeParseInt(isString(value) ? value.replace(reLeadingSpacesAndZeros, '') : value, radix || 0);
        };

        /**
         * Produces a random number between `min` and `max` (inclusive). If only one
         * argument is passed, a number between `0` and the given number will be returned.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Utilities
         * @param {Number} [min=0] The minimum possible value.
         * @param {Number} [max=1] The maximum possible value.
         * @returns {Number} Returns a random number.
         * @example
         *
         * _.random(0, 5);
         * // => a number between 0 and 5
         *
         * _.random(5);
         * // => also a number between 0 and 5
         */
        function random(min, max) {
            if (min == null && max == null) {
                max = 1;
            }
            min = +min || 0;
            if (max == null) {
                max = min;
                min = 0;
            } else {
                max = +max || 0;
            }
            var rand = nativeRandom();
            return (min % 1 || max % 1)
              ? min + nativeMin(rand * (max - min + parseFloat('1e-' + ((rand + '').length - 1))), max)
              : min + floor(rand * (max - min + 1));
        }

        /**
         * Resolves the value of `property` on `object`. If `property` is a function,
         * it will be invoked with the `this` binding of `object` and its result returned,
         * else the property value is returned. If `object` is falsey, then `undefined`
         * is returned.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Utilities
         * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
         * @param {String} property The property to get the value of.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the resolved value.
         * @example
         *
         * var object = {
         *   'cheese': 'crumpets',
         *   'stuff': function() {
         *     return 'nonsense';
         *   }
         * };
         *
         * _.result(object, 'cheese');
         * // => 'crumpets'
         *
         * _.result(object, 'stuff');
         * // => 'nonsense'
         */
        function result(object, property) {
            var value = object ? object[property] : undefined;
            return isFunction(value) ? object[property]() : value;
        }

        /**
         * A micro-templating method that handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves
         * whitespace, and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
         *
         * Note: In the development build, `_.template` utilizes sourceURLs for easier
         * debugging. See http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
         *
         * For more information on precompiling templates see:
         * http://lodash.com/#custom-builds
         *
         * For more information on Chrome extension sandboxes see:
         * http://developer.chrome.com/stable/extensions/sandboxingEval.html
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Utilities
         * @param {String} text The template text.
         * @param {Object} data The data object used to populate the text.
         * @param {Object} options The options object.
         *  escape - The "escape" delimiter regexp.
         *  evaluate - The "evaluate" delimiter regexp.
         *  interpolate - The "interpolate" delimiter regexp.
         *  sourceURL - The sourceURL of the template's compiled source.
         *  variable - The data object variable name.
         * @returns {Function|String} Returns a compiled function when no `data` object
         *  is given, else it returns the interpolated text.
         * @example
         *
         * // using a compiled template
         * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>');
         * compiled({ 'name': 'moe' });
         * // => 'hello moe'
         *
         * var list = '<% _.forEach(people, function(name) { %><li><%= name %></li><% }); %>';
         * _.template(list, { 'people': ['moe', 'larry'] });
         * // => '<li>moe</li><li>larry</li>'
         *
         * // using the "escape" delimiter to escape HTML in data property values
         * _.template('<b><%- value %></b>', { 'value': '<script>' });
         * // => '<b>&lt;script&gt;</b>'
         *
         * // using the ES6 delimiter as an alternative to the default "interpolate" delimiter
         * _.template('hello ${ name }', { 'name': 'curly' });
         * // => 'hello curly'
         *
         * // using the internal `print` function in "evaluate" delimiters
         * _.template('<% print("hello " + epithet); %>!', { 'epithet': 'stooge' });
         * // => 'hello stooge!'
         *
         * // using custom template delimiters
         * _.templateSettings = {
         *   'interpolate': /{{([\s\S]+?)}}/g
         * };
         *
         * _.template('hello {{ name }}!', { 'name': 'mustache' });
         * // => 'hello mustache!'
         *
         * // using the `sourceURL` option to specify a custom sourceURL for the template
         * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>', null, { 'sourceURL': '/basic/greeting.jst' });
         * compiled(data);
         * // => find the source of "greeting.jst" under the Sources tab or Resources panel of the web inspector
         *
         * // using the `variable` option to ensure a with-statement isn't used in the compiled template
         * var compiled = _.template('hi <%= data.name %>!', null, { 'variable': 'data' });
         * compiled.source;
         * // => function(data) {
         *   var __t, __p = '', __e = _.escape;
         *   __p += 'hi ' + ((__t = ( data.name )) == null ? '' : __t) + '!';
         *   return __p;
         * }
         *
         * // using the `source` property to inline compiled templates for meaningful
         * // line numbers in error messages and a stack trace
         * fs.writeFileSync(path.join(cwd, 'jst.js'), '\
         *   var JST = {\
         *     "main": ' + _.template(mainText).source + '\
         *   };\
         * ');
         */
        function template(text, data, options) {
            // based on John Resig's `tmpl` implementation
            // http://ejohn.org/blog/javascript-micro-templating/
            // and Laura Doktorova's doT.js
            // https://github.com/olado/doT
            var settings = lodash.templateSettings;
            text || (text = '');

            // avoid missing dependencies when `iteratorTemplate` is not defined
            options = defaults({}, options, settings);

            var imports = defaults({}, options.imports, settings.imports),
                importsKeys = keys(imports),
                importsValues = values(imports);

            var isEvaluating,
                index = 0,
                interpolate = options.interpolate || reNoMatch,
                source = "__p += '";

            // compile the regexp to match each delimiter
            var reDelimiters = RegExp(
              (options.escape || reNoMatch).source + '|' +
              interpolate.source + '|' +
              (interpolate === reInterpolate ? reEsTemplate : reNoMatch).source + '|' +
              (options.evaluate || reNoMatch).source + '|$'
            , 'g');

            text.replace(reDelimiters, function (match, escapeValue, interpolateValue, esTemplateValue, evaluateValue, offset) {
                interpolateValue || (interpolateValue = esTemplateValue);

                // escape characters that cannot be included in string literals
                source += text.slice(index, offset).replace(reUnescapedString, escapeStringChar);

                // replace delimiters with snippets
                if (escapeValue) {
                    source += "' +\n__e(" + escapeValue + ") +\n'";
                }
                if (evaluateValue) {
                    isEvaluating = true;
                    source += "';\n" + evaluateValue + ";\n__p += '";
                }
                if (interpolateValue) {
                    source += "' +\n((__t = (" + interpolateValue + ")) == null ? '' : __t) +\n'";
                }
                index = offset + match.length;

                // the JS engine embedded in Adobe products requires returning the `match`
                // string in order to produce the correct `offset` value
                return match;
            });

            source += "';\n";

            // if `variable` is not specified, wrap a with-statement around the generated
            // code to add the data object to the top of the scope chain
            var variable = options.variable,
                hasVariable = variable;

            if (!hasVariable) {
                variable = 'obj';
                source = 'with (' + variable + ') {\n' + source + '\n}\n';
            }
            // cleanup code by stripping empty strings
            source = (isEvaluating ? source.replace(reEmptyStringLeading, '') : source)
              .replace(reEmptyStringMiddle, '$1')
              .replace(reEmptyStringTrailing, '$1;');

            // frame code as the function body
            source = 'function(' + variable + ') {\n' +
              (hasVariable ? '' : variable + ' || (' + variable + ' = {});\n') +
              "var __t, __p = '', __e = _.escape" +
              (isEvaluating
                ? ', __j = Array.prototype.join;\n' +
                  "function print() { __p += __j.call(arguments, '') }\n"
                : ';\n'
              ) +
              source +
              'return __p\n}';

            // Use a sourceURL for easier debugging and wrap in a multi-line comment to
            // avoid issues with Narwhal, IE conditional compilation, and the JS engine
            // embedded in Adobe products.
            // http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
            var sourceURL = '\n/*\n//@ sourceURL=' + (options.sourceURL || '/lodash/template/source[' + (templateCounter++) + ']') + '\n*/';

            try {
                var result = Function(importsKeys, 'return ' + source + sourceURL).apply(undefined, importsValues);
            } catch (e) {
                e.source = source;
                throw e;
            }
            if (data) {
                return result(data);
            }
            // provide the compiled function's source via its `toString` method, in
            // supported environments, or the `source` property as a convenience for
            // inlining compiled templates during the build process
            result.source = source;
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Executes the `callback` function `n` times, returning an array of the results
         * of each `callback` execution. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
         * with one argument; (index).
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Utilities
         * @param {Number} n The number of times to execute the callback.
         * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
         * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
         * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
         * @example
         *
         * var diceRolls = _.times(3, _.partial(_.random, 1, 6));
         * // => [3, 6, 4]
         *
         * _.times(3, function(n) { mage.castSpell(n); });
         * // => calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times, passing `n` of `0`, `1`, and `2` respectively
         *
         * _.times(3, function(n) { this.cast(n); }, mage);
         * // => also calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times
         */
        function times(n, callback, thisArg) {
            n = (n = +n) > -1 ? n : 0;
            var index = -1,
                result = Array(n);

            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 1);
            while (++index < n) {
                result[index] = callback(index);
            }
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * The inverse of `_.escape`, this method converts the HTML entities
         * `&amp;`, `&lt;`, `&gt;`, `&quot;`, and `&#39;` in `string` to their
         * corresponding characters.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Utilities
         * @param {String} string The string to unescape.
         * @returns {String} Returns the unescaped string.
         * @example
         *
         * _.unescape('Moe, Larry &amp; Curly');
         * // => 'Moe, Larry & Curly'
         */
        function unescape(string) {
            return string == null ? '' : String(string).replace(reEscapedHtml, unescapeHtmlChar);
        }

        /**
         * Generates a unique ID. If `prefix` is passed, the ID will be appended to it.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Utilities
         * @param {String} [prefix] The value to prefix the ID with.
         * @returns {String} Returns the unique ID.
         * @example
         *
         * _.uniqueId('contact_');
         * // => 'contact_104'
         *
         * _.uniqueId();
         * // => '105'
         */
        function uniqueId(prefix) {
            var id = ++idCounter;
            return String(prefix == null ? '' : prefix) + id;
        }

        /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

        /**
         * Invokes `interceptor` with the `value` as the first argument, and then
         * returns `value`. The purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain,
         * in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Chaining
         * @param {Mixed} value The value to pass to `interceptor`.
         * @param {Function} interceptor The function to invoke.
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns `value`.
         * @example
         *
         * _([1, 2, 3, 4])
         *  .filter(function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; })
         *  .tap(alert)
         *  .map(function(num) { return num * num; })
         *  .value();
         * // => // [2, 4] (alerted)
         * // => [4, 16]
         */
        function tap(value, interceptor) {
            interceptor(value);
            return value;
        }

        /**
         * Produces the `toString` result of the wrapped value.
         *
         * @name toString
         * @memberOf _
         * @category Chaining
         * @returns {String} Returns the string result.
         * @example
         *
         * _([1, 2, 3]).toString();
         * // => '1,2,3'
         */
        function wrapperToString() {
            return String(this.__wrapped__);
        }

        /**
         * Extracts the wrapped value.
         *
         * @name valueOf
         * @memberOf _
         * @alias value
         * @category Chaining
         * @returns {Mixed} Returns the wrapped value.
         * @example
         *
         * _([1, 2, 3]).valueOf();
         * // => [1, 2, 3]
         */
        function wrapperValueOf() {
            return this.__wrapped__;
        }

        /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

        // add functions that return wrapped values when chaining
        lodash.after = after;
        lodash.assign = assign;
        lodash.at = at;
        lodash.bind = bind;
        lodash.bindAll = bindAll;
        lodash.bindKey = bindKey;
        lodash.compact = compact;
        lodash.compose = compose;
        lodash.countBy = countBy;
        lodash.createCallback = createCallback;
        lodash.debounce = debounce;
        lodash.defaults = defaults;
        lodash.defer = defer;
        lodash.delay = delay;
        lodash.difference = difference;
        lodash.filter = filter;
        lodash.flatten = flatten;
        lodash.forEach = forEach;
        lodash.forIn = forIn;
        lodash.forOwn = forOwn;
        lodash.functions = functions;
        lodash.groupBy = groupBy;
        lodash.initial = initial;
        lodash.intersection = intersection;
        lodash.invert = invert;
        lodash.invoke = invoke;
        lodash.keys = keys;
        lodash.map = map;
        lodash.max = max;
        lodash.memoize = memoize;
        lodash.merge = merge;
        lodash.min = min;
        lodash.omit = omit;
        lodash.once = once;
        lodash.pairs = pairs;
        lodash.partial = partial;
        lodash.partialRight = partialRight;
        lodash.pick = pick;
        lodash.pluck = pluck;
        lodash.range = range;
        lodash.reject = reject;
        lodash.rest = rest;
        lodash.shuffle = shuffle;
        lodash.sortBy = sortBy;
        lodash.tap = tap;
        lodash.throttle = throttle;
        lodash.times = times;
        lodash.toArray = toArray;
        lodash.transform = transform;
        lodash.union = union;
        lodash.uniq = uniq;
        lodash.unzip = unzip;
        lodash.values = values;
        lodash.where = where;
        lodash.without = without;
        lodash.wrap = wrap;
        lodash.zip = zip;
        lodash.zipObject = zipObject;

        // add aliases
        lodash.collect = map;
        lodash.drop = rest;
        lodash.each = forEach;
        lodash.extend = assign;
        lodash.methods = functions;
        lodash.object = zipObject;
        lodash.select = filter;
        lodash.tail = rest;
        lodash.unique = uniq;

        // add functions to `lodash.prototype`
        mixin(lodash);

        // add Underscore compat
        lodash.chain = lodash;
        lodash.prototype.chain = function () { return this; };

        /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

        // add functions that return unwrapped values when chaining
        lodash.clone = clone;
        lodash.cloneDeep = cloneDeep;
        lodash.contains = contains;
        lodash.escape = escape;
        lodash.every = every;
        lodash.find = find;
        lodash.findIndex = findIndex;
        lodash.findKey = findKey;
        lodash.has = has;
        lodash.identity = identity;
        lodash.indexOf = indexOf;
        lodash.isArguments = isArguments;
        lodash.isArray = isArray;
        lodash.isBoolean = isBoolean;
        lodash.isDate = isDate;
        lodash.isElement = isElement;
        lodash.isEmpty = isEmpty;
        lodash.isEqual = isEqual;
        lodash.isFinite = isFinite;
        lodash.isFunction = isFunction;
        lodash.isNaN = isNaN;
        lodash.isNull = isNull;
        lodash.isNumber = isNumber;
        lodash.isObject = isObject;
        lodash.isPlainObject = isPlainObject;
        lodash.isRegExp = isRegExp;
        lodash.isString = isString;
        lodash.isUndefined = isUndefined;
        lodash.lastIndexOf = lastIndexOf;
        lodash.mixin = mixin;
        lodash.noConflict = noConflict;
        lodash.parseInt = parseInt;
        lodash.random = random;
        lodash.reduce = reduce;
        lodash.reduceRight = reduceRight;
        lodash.result = result;
        lodash.runInContext = runInContext;
        lodash.size = size;
        lodash.some = some;
        lodash.sortedIndex = sortedIndex;
        lodash.template = template;
        lodash.unescape = unescape;
        lodash.uniqueId = uniqueId;

        // add aliases
        lodash.all = every;
        lodash.any = some;
        lodash.detect = find;
        lodash.findWhere = find;
        lodash.foldl = reduce;
        lodash.foldr = reduceRight;
        lodash.include = contains;
        lodash.inject = reduce;

        forOwn(lodash, function (func, methodName) {
            if (!lodash.prototype[methodName]) {
                lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
                    var args = [this.__wrapped__];
                    push.apply(args, arguments);
                    return func.apply(lodash, args);
                };
            }
        });

        /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

        // add functions capable of returning wrapped and unwrapped values when chaining
        lodash.first = first;
        lodash.last = last;

        // add aliases
        lodash.take = first;
        lodash.head = first;

        forOwn(lodash, function (func, methodName) {
            if (!lodash.prototype[methodName]) {
                lodash.prototype[methodName] = function (callback, thisArg) {
                    var result = func(this.__wrapped__, callback, thisArg);
                    return callback == null || (thisArg && typeof callback != 'function')
                      ? result
                      : new lodashWrapper(result);
                };
            }
        });

        /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

        /**
         * The semantic version number.
         *
         * @static
         * @memberOf _
         * @type String
         */
        lodash.VERSION = '1.3.1';

        // add "Chaining" functions to the wrapper
        lodash.prototype.toString = wrapperToString;
        lodash.prototype.value = wrapperValueOf;
        lodash.prototype.valueOf = wrapperValueOf;

        // add `Array` functions that return unwrapped values
        forEach(['join', 'pop', 'shift'], function (methodName) {
            var func = arrayRef[methodName];
            lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
                return func.apply(this.__wrapped__, arguments);
            };
        });

        // add `Array` functions that return the wrapped value
        forEach(['push', 'reverse', 'sort', 'unshift'], function (methodName) {
            var func = arrayRef[methodName];
            lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
                func.apply(this.__wrapped__, arguments);
                return this;
            };
        });

        // add `Array` functions that return new wrapped values
        forEach(['concat', 'slice', 'splice'], function (methodName) {
            var func = arrayRef[methodName];
            lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
                return new lodashWrapper(func.apply(this.__wrapped__, arguments));
            };
        });

        return lodash;
    }

    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

    // expose Lo-Dash
    var _ = runInContext();

    // some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns like the following:
    if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
        // Expose Lo-Dash to the global object even when an AMD loader is present in
        // case Lo-Dash was injected by a third-party script and not intended to be
        // loaded as a module. The global assignment can be reverted in the Lo-Dash
        // module via its `noConflict()` method.
        window._ = _;

        // define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be
        // referenced as the "underscore" module
        define(function () {
            return _;
        });
    }
        // check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object
    else if (freeExports && !freeExports.nodeType) {
        // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+
        if (freeModule) {
            (freeModule.exports = _)._ = _;
        }
            // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-
        else {
            freeExports._ = _;
        }
    }
    else {
        // in a browser or Rhino
        window._ = _;
    }
}(this));