// MarionetteJS (Backbone.Marionette)
// ----------------------------------
// v1.6.2
//
// Copyright (c)2014 Derick Bailey, Muted Solutions, LLC.
// Distributed under MIT license
//
// http://marionettejs.com



/*!
 * Includes BabySitter
 * https://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.babysitter/
 *
 * Includes Wreqr
 * https://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.wreqr/
 */

(function(root, factory) {
    if (typeof exports === 'object') {

        var underscore = require('underscore');
        var backbone = require('backbone');
        var wreqr = require('backbone.wreqr');
        var babysitter = require('backbone.babysitter');

        module.exports = factory(underscore, backbone, wreqr, babysitter);

    } else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {

        define(['underscore', 'backbone', 'backbone.wreqr', 'backbone.babysitter'], factory);

    }
}(this, function(_, Backbone) {

    var Marionette = (function(global, Backbone, _) {
        "use strict";

        // Define and export the Marionette namespace
        var Marionette = {};
        Backbone.Marionette = Marionette;

        // Get the DOM manipulator for later use
        Marionette.$ = Backbone.$;

        // Helpers
        // -------

        // For slicing `arguments` in functions
        var protoSlice = Array.prototype.slice;

        function slice(args) {
            return protoSlice.call(args);
        }

        function throwError(message, name) {
            var error = new Error(message);
            error.name = name || 'Error';
            throw error;
        }

        // Marionette.extend
        // -----------------

        // Borrow the Backbone `extend` method so we can use it as needed
        Marionette.extend = Backbone.Model.extend;

        // Marionette.getOption
        // --------------------

        // Retrieve an object, function or other value from a target
        // object or its `options`, with `options` taking precedence.
        Marionette.getOption = function(target, optionName) {
            if (!target || !optionName) {
                return;
            }
            var value;

            if (target.options && (optionName in target.options) && (target.options[optionName] !== undefined)) {
                value = target.options[optionName];
            } else {
                value = target[optionName];
            }

            return value;
        };

        // Marionette.normalizeMethods
        // ----------------------

        // Pass in a mapping of events => functions or function names
        // and return a mapping of events => functions
        Marionette.normalizeMethods = function(hash) {
            var normalizedHash = {}, method;
            _.each(hash, function(fn, name) {
                method = fn;
                if (!_.isFunction(method)) {
                    method = this[method];
                }
                if (!method) {
                    return;
                }
                normalizedHash[name] = method;
            }, this);
            return normalizedHash;
        };
        // Trigger an event and/or a corresponding method name. Examples:
        //
        // `this.triggerMethod("foo")` will trigger the "foo" event and
        // call the "onFoo" method.
        //
        // `this.triggerMethod("foo:bar")` will trigger the "foo:bar" event and
        // call the "onFooBar" method.
        Marionette.triggerMethod = (function() {

            // split the event name on the ":"
            var splitter = /(^|:)(\w)/gi;

            // take the event section ("section1:section2:section3")
            // and turn it in to uppercase name
            function getEventName(match, prefix, eventName) {
                return eventName.toUpperCase();
            }

            // actual triggerMethod implementation
            var triggerMethod = function(event) {
                // get the method name from the event name
                var methodName = 'on' + event.replace(splitter, getEventName);
                var method = this[methodName];

                // trigger the event, if a trigger method exists
                if (_.isFunction(this.trigger)) {
                    this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
                }

                // call the onMethodName if it exists
                if (_.isFunction(method)) {
                    // pass all arguments, except the event name
                    return method.apply(this, _.tail(arguments));
                }
            };

            return triggerMethod;
        })();

        // DOMRefresh
        // ----------
        //
        // Monitor a view's state, and after it has been rendered and shown
        // in the DOM, trigger a "dom:refresh" event every time it is
        // re-rendered.

        Marionette.MonitorDOMRefresh = (function(documentElement) {
            // track when the view has been shown in the DOM,
            // using a Marionette.Region (or by other means of triggering "show")
            function handleShow(view) {
                view._isShown = true;
                triggerDOMRefresh(view);
            }

            // track when the view has been rendered
            function handleRender(view) {
                view._isRendered = true;
                triggerDOMRefresh(view);
            }

            // Trigger the "dom:refresh" event and corresponding "onDomRefresh" method
            function triggerDOMRefresh(view) {
                if (view._isShown && view._isRendered && isInDOM(view)) {
                    if (_.isFunction(view.triggerMethod)) {
                        view.triggerMethod("dom:refresh");
                    }
                }
            }

            function isInDOM(view) {
                return documentElement.contains(view.el);
            }

            // Export public API
            return function(view) {
                view.listenTo(view, "show", function() {
                    handleShow(view);
                });

                view.listenTo(view, "render", function() {
                    handleRender(view);
                });
            };
        })(document.documentElement);


        // Marionette.bindEntityEvents & unbindEntityEvents
        // ---------------------------
        //
        // These methods are used to bind/unbind a backbone "entity" (collection/model)
        // to methods on a target object.
        //
        // The first parameter, `target`, must have a `listenTo` method from the
        // EventBinder object.
        //
        // The second parameter is the entity (Backbone.Model or Backbone.Collection)
        // to bind the events from.
        //
        // The third parameter is a hash of { "event:name": "eventHandler" }
        // configuration. Multiple handlers can be separated by a space. A
        // function can be supplied instead of a string handler name.

        (function(Marionette) {
            "use strict";

            // Bind the event to handlers specified as a string of
            // handler names on the target object
            function bindFromStrings(target, entity, evt, methods) {
                var methodNames = methods.split(/\s+/);

                _.each(methodNames, function(methodName) {

                    var method = target[methodName];
                    if (!method) {
                        throwError("Method '" + methodName + "' was configured as an event handler, but does not exist.");
                    }

                    target.listenTo(entity, evt, method, target);
                });
            }

            // Bind the event to a supplied callback function
            function bindToFunction(target, entity, evt, method) {
                target.listenTo(entity, evt, method, target);
            }

            // Bind the event to handlers specified as a string of
            // handler names on the target object
            function unbindFromStrings(target, entity, evt, methods) {
                var methodNames = methods.split(/\s+/);

                _.each(methodNames, function(methodName) {
                    var method = target[methodName];
                    target.stopListening(entity, evt, method, target);
                });
            }

            // Bind the event to a supplied callback function
            function unbindToFunction(target, entity, evt, method) {
                target.stopListening(entity, evt, method, target);
            }


            // generic looping function
            function iterateEvents(target, entity, bindings, functionCallback, stringCallback) {
                if (!entity || !bindings) {
                    return;
                }

                // allow the bindings to be a function
                if (_.isFunction(bindings)) {
                    bindings = bindings.call(target);
                }

                // iterate the bindings and bind them
                _.each(bindings, function(methods, evt) {

                    // allow for a function as the handler,
                    // or a list of event names as a string
                    if (_.isFunction(methods)) {
                        functionCallback(target, entity, evt, methods);
                    } else {
                        stringCallback(target, entity, evt, methods);
                    }

                });
            }

            // Export Public API
            Marionette.bindEntityEvents = function(target, entity, bindings) {
                iterateEvents(target, entity, bindings, bindToFunction, bindFromStrings);
            };

            Marionette.unbindEntityEvents = function(target, entity, bindings) {
                iterateEvents(target, entity, bindings, unbindToFunction, unbindFromStrings);
            };

        })(Marionette);


        // Callbacks
        // ---------

        // A simple way of managing a collection of callbacks
        // and executing them at a later point in time, using jQuery's
        // `Deferred` object.
        Marionette.Callbacks = function() {
            this._deferred = Marionette.$.Deferred();
            this._callbacks = [];
        };

        _.extend(Marionette.Callbacks.prototype, {

            // Add a callback to be executed. Callbacks added here are
            // guaranteed to execute, even if they are added after the
            // `run` method is called.
            add: function(callback, contextOverride) {
                this._callbacks.push({
                    cb: callback,
                    ctx: contextOverride
                });

                this._deferred.done(function(context, options) {
                    if (contextOverride) {
                        context = contextOverride;
                    }
                    callback.call(context, options);
                });
            },

            // Run all registered callbacks with the context specified.
            // Additional callbacks can be added after this has been run
            // and they will still be executed.
            run: function(options, context) {
                this._deferred.resolve(context, options);
            },

            // Resets the list of callbacks to be run, allowing the same list
            // to be run multiple times - whenever the `run` method is called.
            reset: function() {
                var callbacks = this._callbacks;
                this._deferred = Marionette.$.Deferred();
                this._callbacks = [];

                _.each(callbacks, function(cb) {
                    this.add(cb.cb, cb.ctx);
                }, this);
            }
        });


        // Marionette Controller
        // ---------------------
        //
        // A multi-purpose object to use as a controller for
        // modules and routers, and as a mediator for workflow
        // and coordination of other objects, views, and more.
        Marionette.Controller = function(options) {
            this.triggerMethod = Marionette.triggerMethod;
            this.options = options || {};

            if (_.isFunction(this.initialize)) {
                this.initialize(this.options);
            }
        };

        Marionette.Controller.extend = Marionette.extend;

        // Controller Methods
        // --------------

        // Ensure it can trigger events with Backbone.Events
        _.extend(Marionette.Controller.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
            close: function() {
                this.stopListening();
                this.triggerMethod("close");
                this.unbind();
            }
        });

        // Region
        // ------
        //
        // Manage the visual regions of your composite application. See
        // http://lostechies.com/derickbailey/2011/12/12/composite-js-apps-regions-and-region-managers/

        Marionette.Region = function(options) {
            this.options = options || {};
            this.el = Marionette.getOption(this, "el");

            if (!this.el) {
                var err = new Error("An 'el' must be specified for a region.");
                err.name = "NoElError";
                throw err;
            }

            if (this.initialize) {
                var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
                this.initialize.apply(this, args);
            }
        };


        // Region Type methods
        // -------------------

        _.extend(Marionette.Region, {

            // Build an instance of a region by passing in a configuration object
            // and a default region type to use if none is specified in the config.
            //
            // The config object should either be a string as a jQuery DOM selector,
            // a Region type directly, or an object literal that specifies both
            // a selector and regionType:
            //
            // ```js
            // {
            //   selector: "#foo",
            //   regionType: MyCustomRegion
            // }
            // ```
            //
            buildRegion: function(regionConfig, defaultRegionType) {
                var regionIsString = (typeof regionConfig === "string");
                var regionSelectorIsString = (typeof regionConfig.selector === "string");
                var regionTypeIsUndefined = (typeof regionConfig.regionType === "undefined");
                var regionIsType = (typeof regionConfig === "function");

                if (!regionIsType && !regionIsString && !regionSelectorIsString) {
                    throw new Error("Region must be specified as a Region type, a selector string or an object with selector property");
                }

                var selector, RegionType;

                // get the selector for the region

                if (regionIsString) {
                    selector = regionConfig;
                }

                if (regionConfig.selector) {
                    selector = regionConfig.selector;
                    delete regionConfig.selector;
                }

                // get the type for the region

                if (regionIsType) {
                    RegionType = regionConfig;
                }

                if (!regionIsType && regionTypeIsUndefined) {
                    RegionType = defaultRegionType;
                }

                if (regionConfig.regionType) {
                    RegionType = regionConfig.regionType;
                    delete regionConfig.regionType;
                }

                if (regionIsString || regionIsType) {
                    regionConfig = {};
                }

                regionConfig.el = selector;

                // build the region instance
                var region = new RegionType(regionConfig);

                // override the `getEl` function if we have a parentEl
                // this must be overridden to ensure the selector is found
                // on the first use of the region. if we try to assign the
                // region's `el` to `parentEl.find(selector)` in the object
                // literal to build the region, the element will not be
                // guaranteed to be in the DOM already, and will cause problems
                if (regionConfig.parentEl) {
                    region.getEl = function(selector) {
                        var parentEl = regionConfig.parentEl;
                        if (_.isFunction(parentEl)) {
                            parentEl = parentEl();
                        }
                        return parentEl.find(selector);
                    };
                }

                return region;
            }

        });

        // Region Instance Methods
        // -----------------------

        _.extend(Marionette.Region.prototype, Backbone.Events, {

            // Displays a backbone view instance inside of the region.
            // Handles calling the `render` method for you. Reads content
            // directly from the `el` attribute. Also calls an optional
            // `onShow` and `close` method on your view, just after showing
            // or just before closing the view, respectively.
            show: function(view) {
                this.ensureEl();

                var isViewClosed = view.isClosed || _.isUndefined(view.$el);
                var isDifferentView = view !== this.currentView;

                if (isDifferentView) {
                    this.close();
                }

                view.render();

                if (isDifferentView || isViewClosed) {
                    this.open(view);
                }

                this.currentView = view;

                Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "show", view);
                Marionette.triggerMethod.call(view, "show");
            },

            ensureEl: function() {
                if (!this.$el || this.$el.length === 0) {
                    this.$el = this.getEl(this.el);
                }
            },

            // Override this method to change how the region finds the
            // DOM element that it manages. Return a jQuery selector object.
            getEl: function(selector) {
                return Marionette.$(selector);
            },

            // Override this method to change how the new view is
            // appended to the `$el` that the region is managing
            open: function(view) {
                this.$el.empty().append(view.el);
            },

            // Close the current view, if there is one. If there is no
            // current view, it does nothing and returns immediately.
            close: function() {
                var view = this.currentView;
                if (!view || view.isClosed) {
                    return;
                }

                // call 'close' or 'remove', depending on which is found
                if (view.close) {
                    view.close();
                } else if (view.remove) {
                    view.remove();
                }

                Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "close", view);

                delete this.currentView;
            },

            // Attach an existing view to the region. This
            // will not call `render` or `onShow` for the new view,
            // and will not replace the current HTML for the `el`
            // of the region.
            attachView: function(view) {
                this.currentView = view;
            },

            // Reset the region by closing any existing view and
            // clearing out the cached `$el`. The next time a view
            // is shown via this region, the region will re-query the
            // DOM for the region's `el`.
            reset: function() {
                this.close();
                delete this.$el;
            }
        });

        // Copy the `extend` function used by Backbone's classes
        Marionette.Region.extend = Marionette.extend;

        // Marionette.RegionManager
        // ------------------------
        //
        // Manage one or more related `Marionette.Region` objects.
        Marionette.RegionManager = (function(Marionette) {

            var RegionManager = Marionette.Controller.extend({
                constructor: function(options) {
                    this._regions = {};
                    Marionette.Controller.prototype.constructor.call(this, options);
                },

                // Add multiple regions using an object literal, where
                // each key becomes the region name, and each value is
                // the region definition.
                addRegions: function(regionDefinitions, defaults) {
                    var regions = {};

                    _.each(regionDefinitions, function(definition, name) {
                        if (typeof definition === "string") {
                            definition = {
                                selector: definition
                            };
                        }

                        if (definition.selector) {
                            definition = _.defaults({}, definition, defaults);
                        }

                        var region = this.addRegion(name, definition);
                        regions[name] = region;
                    }, this);

                    return regions;
                },

                // Add an individual region to the region manager,
                // and return the region instance
                addRegion: function(name, definition) {
                    var region;

                    var isObject = _.isObject(definition);
                    var isString = _.isString(definition);
                    var hasSelector = !! definition.selector;

                    if (isString || (isObject && hasSelector)) {
                        region = Marionette.Region.buildRegion(definition, Marionette.Region);
                    } else if (_.isFunction(definition)) {
                        region = Marionette.Region.buildRegion(definition, Marionette.Region);
                    } else {
                        region = definition;
                    }

                    this._store(name, region);
                    this.triggerMethod("region:add", name, region);
                    return region;
                },

                // Get a region by name
                get: function(name) {
                    return this._regions[name];
                },

                // Remove a region by name
                removeRegion: function(name) {
                    var region = this._regions[name];
                    this._remove(name, region);
                },

                // Close all regions in the region manager, and
                // remove them
                removeRegions: function() {
                    _.each(this._regions, function(region, name) {
                        this._remove(name, region);
                    }, this);
                },

                // Close all regions in the region manager, but
                // leave them attached
                closeRegions: function() {
                    _.each(this._regions, function(region, name) {
                        region.close();
                    }, this);
                },

                // Close all regions and shut down the region
                // manager entirely
                close: function() {
                    this.removeRegions();
                    var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
                    Marionette.Controller.prototype.close.apply(this, args);
                },

                // internal method to store regions
                _store: function(name, region) {
                    this._regions[name] = region;
                    this._setLength();
                },

                // internal method to remove a region
                _remove: function(name, region) {
                    region.close();
                    delete this._regions[name];
                    this._setLength();
                    this.triggerMethod("region:remove", name, region);
                },

                // set the number of regions current held
                _setLength: function() {
                    this.length = _.size(this._regions);
                }

            });

            // Borrowing this code from Backbone.Collection:
            // http://backbonejs.org/docs/backbone.html#section-106
            //
            // Mix in methods from Underscore, for iteration, and other
            // collection related features.
            var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'find', 'detect', 'filter',
                'select', 'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any', 'include',
                'contains', 'invoke', 'toArray', 'first', 'initial', 'rest',
                'last', 'without', 'isEmpty', 'pluck'
            ];

            _.each(methods, function(method) {
                RegionManager.prototype[method] = function() {
                    var regions = _.values(this._regions);
                    var args = [regions].concat(_.toArray(arguments));
                    return _[method].apply(_, args);
                };
            });

            return RegionManager;
        })(Marionette);


        // Template Cache
        // --------------

        // Manage templates stored in `<script>` blocks,
        // caching them for faster access.
        Marionette.TemplateCache = function(templateId) {
            this.templateId = templateId;
        };

        // TemplateCache object-level methods. Manage the template
        // caches from these method calls instead of creating
        // your own TemplateCache instances
        _.extend(Marionette.TemplateCache, {
            templateCaches: {},

            // Get the specified template by id. Either
            // retrieves the cached version, or loads it
            // from the DOM.
            get: function(templateId) {
                var cachedTemplate = this.templateCaches[templateId];

                if (!cachedTemplate) {
                    cachedTemplate = new Marionette.TemplateCache(templateId);
                    this.templateCaches[templateId] = cachedTemplate;
                }

                return cachedTemplate.load();
            },

            // Clear templates from the cache. If no arguments
            // are specified, clears all templates:
            // `clear()`
            //
            // If arguments are specified, clears each of the
            // specified templates from the cache:
            // `clear("#t1", "#t2", "...")`
            clear: function() {
                var i;
                var args = slice(arguments);
                var length = args.length;

                if (length > 0) {
                    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                        delete this.templateCaches[args[i]];
                    }
                } else {
                    this.templateCaches = {};
                }
            }
        });

        // TemplateCache instance methods, allowing each
        // template cache object to manage its own state
        // and know whether or not it has been loaded
        _.extend(Marionette.TemplateCache.prototype, {

            // Internal method to load the template
            load: function() {
                // Guard clause to prevent loading this template more than once
                if (this.compiledTemplate) {
                    return this.compiledTemplate;
                }

                // Load the template and compile it
                var template = this.loadTemplate(this.templateId);
                this.compiledTemplate = this.compileTemplate(template);

                return this.compiledTemplate;
            },

            // Load a template from the DOM, by default. Override
            // this method to provide your own template retrieval
            // For asynchronous loading with AMD/RequireJS, consider
            // using a template-loader plugin as described here:
            // https://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.marionette/wiki/Using-marionette-with-requirejs
            loadTemplate: function(templateId) {
                var template = Marionette.$(templateId).html();

                if (!template || template.length === 0) {
                    throwError("Could not find template: '" + templateId + "'", "NoTemplateError");
                }

                return template;
            },

            // Pre-compile the template before caching it. Override
            // this method if you do not need to pre-compile a template
            // (JST / RequireJS for example) or if you want to change
            // the template engine used (Handebars, etc).
            compileTemplate: function(rawTemplate) {
                return _.template(rawTemplate);
            }
        });


        // Renderer
        // --------

        // Render a template with data by passing in the template
        // selector and the data to render.
        Marionette.Renderer = {

            // Render a template with data. The `template` parameter is
            // passed to the `TemplateCache` object to retrieve the
            // template function. Override this method to provide your own
            // custom rendering and template handling for all of Marionette.
            render: function(template, data) {

                if (!template) {
                    var error = new Error("Cannot render the template since it's false, null or undefined.");
                    error.name = "TemplateNotFoundError";
                    throw error;
                }

                var templateFunc;
                if (typeof template === "function") {
                    templateFunc = template;
                } else {
                    templateFunc = Marionette.TemplateCache.get(template);
                }

                return templateFunc(data);
            }
        };



        // Marionette.View
        // ---------------

        // The core view type that other Marionette views extend from.
        Marionette.View = Backbone.View.extend({

            constructor: function(options) {
                _.bindAll(this, "render");

                var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);

                // this exposes view options to the view initializer
                // this is a backfill since backbone removed the assignment
                // of this.options
                // at some point however this may be removed
                this.options = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'options'), _.isFunction(options) ? options.call(this) : options);

                // parses out the @ui DSL for events
                this.events = this.normalizeUIKeys(_.result(this, 'events'));
                Backbone.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, args);

                Marionette.MonitorDOMRefresh(this);
                this.listenTo(this, "show", this.onShowCalled, this);
            },

            // import the "triggerMethod" to trigger events with corresponding
            // methods if the method exists
            triggerMethod: Marionette.triggerMethod,

            // Imports the "normalizeMethods" to transform hashes of
            // events=>function references/names to a hash of events=>function references
            normalizeMethods: Marionette.normalizeMethods,

            // Get the template for this view
            // instance. You can set a `template` attribute in the view
            // definition or pass a `template: "whatever"` parameter in
            // to the constructor options.
            getTemplate: function() {
                return Marionette.getOption(this, "template");
            },

            // Mix in template helper methods. Looks for a
            // `templateHelpers` attribute, which can either be an
            // object literal, or a function that returns an object
            // literal. All methods and attributes from this object
            // are copies to the object passed in.
            mixinTemplateHelpers: function(target) {
                target = target || {};
                var templateHelpers = Marionette.getOption(this, "templateHelpers");
                if (_.isFunction(templateHelpers)) {
                    templateHelpers = templateHelpers.call(this);
                }
                return _.extend(target, templateHelpers);
            },

            // allows for the use of the @ui. syntax within
            // a given key for triggers and events
            // swaps the @ui with the associated selector
            normalizeUIKeys: function(hash) {
                if (typeof(hash) === "undefined") {
                    return;
                }

                _.each(_.keys(hash), function(v) {
                    var split = v.split("@ui.");
                    if (split.length === 2) {
                        hash[split[0] + this.ui[split[1]]] = hash[v];
                        delete hash[v];
                    }
                }, this);

                return hash;
            },

            // Configure `triggers` to forward DOM events to view
            // events. `triggers: {"click .foo": "do:foo"}`
            configureTriggers: function() {
                if (!this.triggers) {
                    return;
                }

                var triggerEvents = {};

                // Allow `triggers` to be configured as a function
                var triggers = this.normalizeUIKeys(_.result(this, "triggers"));

                // Configure the triggers, prevent default
                // action and stop propagation of DOM events
                _.each(triggers, function(value, key) {

                    var hasOptions = _.isObject(value);
                    var eventName = hasOptions ? value.event : value;

                    // build the event handler function for the DOM event
                    triggerEvents[key] = function(e) {

                        // stop the event in its tracks
                        if (e) {
                            var prevent = e.preventDefault;
                            var stop = e.stopPropagation;

                            var shouldPrevent = hasOptions ? value.preventDefault : prevent;
                            var shouldStop = hasOptions ? value.stopPropagation : stop;

                            if (shouldPrevent && prevent) {
                                prevent.apply(e);
                            }
                            if (shouldStop && stop) {
                                stop.apply(e);
                            }
                        }

                        // build the args for the event
                        var args = {
                            view: this,
                            model: this.model,
                            collection: this.collection
                        };

                        // trigger the event
                        this.triggerMethod(eventName, args);
                    };

                }, this);

                return triggerEvents;
            },

            // Overriding Backbone.View's delegateEvents to handle
            // the `triggers`, `modelEvents`, and `collectionEvents` configuration
            delegateEvents: function(events) {
                this._delegateDOMEvents(events);
                Marionette.bindEntityEvents(this, this.model, Marionette.getOption(this, "modelEvents"));
                Marionette.bindEntityEvents(this, this.collection, Marionette.getOption(this, "collectionEvents"));
            },

            // internal method to delegate DOM events and triggers
            _delegateDOMEvents: function(events) {
                events = events || this.events;
                if (_.isFunction(events)) {
                    events = events.call(this);
                }

                var combinedEvents = {};
                var triggers = this.configureTriggers();
                _.extend(combinedEvents, events, triggers);

                Backbone.View.prototype.delegateEvents.call(this, combinedEvents);
            },

            // Overriding Backbone.View's undelegateEvents to handle unbinding
            // the `triggers`, `modelEvents`, and `collectionEvents` config
            undelegateEvents: function() {
                var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
                Backbone.View.prototype.undelegateEvents.apply(this, args);

                Marionette.unbindEntityEvents(this, this.model, Marionette.getOption(this, "modelEvents"));
                Marionette.unbindEntityEvents(this, this.collection, Marionette.getOption(this, "collectionEvents"));
            },

            // Internal method, handles the `show` event.
            onShowCalled: function() {},

            // Default `close` implementation, for removing a view from the
            // DOM and unbinding it. Regions will call this method
            // for you. You can specify an `onClose` method in your view to
            // add custom code that is called after the view is closed.
            close: function() {
                if (this.isClosed) {
                    return;
                }

                // allow the close to be stopped by returning `false`
                // from the `onBeforeClose` method
                var shouldClose = this.triggerMethod("before:close");
                if (shouldClose === false) {
                    return;
                }

                // mark as closed before doing the actual close, to
                // prevent infinite loops within "close" event handlers
                // that are trying to close other views
                this.isClosed = true;
                this.triggerMethod("close");

                // unbind UI elements
                this.unbindUIElements();

                // remove the view from the DOM
                this.remove();
            },

            // This method binds the elements specified in the "ui" hash inside the view's code with
            // the associated jQuery selectors.
            bindUIElements: function() {
                if (!this.ui) {
                    return;
                }

                // store the ui hash in _uiBindings so they can be reset later
                // and so re-rendering the view will be able to find the bindings
                if (!this._uiBindings) {
                    this._uiBindings = this.ui;
                }

                // get the bindings result, as a function or otherwise
                var bindings = _.result(this, "_uiBindings");

                // empty the ui so we don't have anything to start with
                this.ui = {};

                // bind each of the selectors
                _.each(_.keys(bindings), function(key) {
                    var selector = bindings[key];
                    this.ui[key] = this.$(selector);
                }, this);
            },

            // This method unbinds the elements specified in the "ui" hash
            unbindUIElements: function() {
                if (!this.ui || !this._uiBindings) {
                    return;
                }

                // delete all of the existing ui bindings
                _.each(this.ui, function($el, name) {
                    delete this.ui[name];
                }, this);

                // reset the ui element to the original bindings configuration
                this.ui = this._uiBindings;
                delete this._uiBindings;
            }
        });

        // Item View
        // ---------

        // A single item view implementation that contains code for rendering
        // with underscore.js templates, serializing the view's model or collection,
        // and calling several methods on extended views, such as `onRender`.
        Marionette.ItemView = Marionette.View.extend({

            // Setting up the inheritance chain which allows changes to
            // Marionette.View.prototype.constructor which allows overriding
            constructor: function() {
                Marionette.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, slice(arguments));
            },

            // Serialize the model or collection for the view. If a model is
            // found, `.toJSON()` is called. If a collection is found, `.toJSON()`
            // is also called, but is used to populate an `items` array in the
            // resulting data. If both are found, defaults to the model.
            // You can override the `serializeData` method in your own view
            // definition, to provide custom serialization for your view's data.
            serializeData: function() {
                var data = {};

                if (this.model) {
                    data = this.model.toJSON();
                } else if (this.collection) {
                    data = {
                        items: this.collection.toJSON()
                    };
                }

                return data;
            },

            // Render the view, defaulting to underscore.js templates.
            // You can override this in your view definition to provide
            // a very specific rendering for your view. In general, though,
            // you should override the `Marionette.Renderer` object to
            // change how Marionette renders views.
            render: function() {
                this.isClosed = false;

                this.triggerMethod("before:render", this);
                this.triggerMethod("item:before:render", this);

                var data = this.serializeData();
                data = this.mixinTemplateHelpers(data);

                var template = this.getTemplate();
                var html = Marionette.Renderer.render(template, data);

                this.$el.html(html);
                this.bindUIElements();

                this.triggerMethod("render", this);
                this.triggerMethod("item:rendered", this);

                return this;
            },

            // Override the default close event to add a few
            // more events that are triggered.
            close: function() {
                if (this.isClosed) {
                    return;
                }

                this.triggerMethod('item:before:close');

                Marionette.View.prototype.close.apply(this, slice(arguments));

                this.triggerMethod('item:closed');
            }
        });

        // Collection View
        // ---------------

        // A view that iterates over a Backbone.Collection
        // and renders an individual ItemView for each model.
        Marionette.CollectionView = Marionette.View.extend({
            // used as the prefix for item view events
            // that are forwarded through the collectionview
            itemViewEventPrefix: "itemview",

            // constructor
            constructor: function(options) {
                this._initChildViewStorage();

                Marionette.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, slice(arguments));

                this._initialEvents();
                this.initRenderBuffer();
            },

            // Instead of inserting elements one by one into the page,
            // it's much more performant to insert elements into a document
            // fragment and then insert that document fragment into the page
            initRenderBuffer: function() {
                this.elBuffer = document.createDocumentFragment();
                this._bufferedChildren = [];
            },

            startBuffering: function() {
                this.initRenderBuffer();
                this.isBuffering = true;
            },

            endBuffering: function() {
                this.isBuffering = false;
                this.appendBuffer(this, this.elBuffer);
                this._triggerShowBufferedChildren();
                this.initRenderBuffer();
            },

            _triggerShowBufferedChildren: function() {
                if (this._isShown) {
                    _.each(this._bufferedChildren, function(child) {
                        Marionette.triggerMethod.call(child, "show");
                    });
                    this._bufferedChildren = [];
                }
            },

            // Configured the initial events that the collection view
            // binds to.
            _initialEvents: function() {
                if (this.collection) {
                    this.listenTo(this.collection, "add", this.addChildView, this);
                    this.listenTo(this.collection, "remove", this.removeItemView, this);
                    this.listenTo(this.collection, "reset", this.render, this);
                }
            },

            // Handle a child item added to the collection
            addChildView: function(item, collection, options) {
                this.closeEmptyView();
                var ItemView = this.getItemView(item);
                var index = this.collection.indexOf(item);
                this.addItemView(item, ItemView, index);
            },

            // Override from `Marionette.View` to guarantee the `onShow` method
            // of child views is called.
            onShowCalled: function() {
                this.children.each(function(child) {
                    Marionette.triggerMethod.call(child, "show");
                });
            },

            // Internal method to trigger the before render callbacks
            // and events
            triggerBeforeRender: function() {
                this.triggerMethod("before:render", this);
                this.triggerMethod("collection:before:render", this);
            },

            // Internal method to trigger the rendered callbacks and
            // events
            triggerRendered: function() {
                this.triggerMethod("render", this);
                this.triggerMethod("collection:rendered", this);
            },

            // Render the collection of items. Override this method to
            // provide your own implementation of a render function for
            // the collection view.
            render: function() {
                this.isClosed = false;
                this.triggerBeforeRender();
                this._renderChildren();
                this.triggerRendered();
                return this;
            },

            // Internal method. Separated so that CompositeView can have
            // more control over events being triggered, around the rendering
            // process
            _renderChildren: function() {
                this.startBuffering();

                this.closeEmptyView();
                this.closeChildren();

                if (!this.isEmpty(this.collection)) {
                    this.showCollection();
                } else {
                    this.showEmptyView();
                }

                this.endBuffering();
            },

            // Internal method to loop through each item in the
            // collection view and show it
            showCollection: function() {
                var ItemView;
                this.collection.each(function(item, index) {
                    ItemView = this.getItemView(item);
                    this.addItemView(item, ItemView, index);
                }, this);
            },

            // Internal method to show an empty view in place of
            // a collection of item views, when the collection is
            // empty
            showEmptyView: function() {
                var EmptyView = this.getEmptyView();

                if (EmptyView && !this._showingEmptyView) {
                    this._showingEmptyView = true;
                    var model = new Backbone.Model();
                    this.addItemView(model, EmptyView, 0);
                }
            },

            // Internal method to close an existing emptyView instance
            // if one exists. Called when a collection view has been
            // rendered empty, and then an item is added to the collection.
            closeEmptyView: function() {
                if (this._showingEmptyView) {
                    this.closeChildren();
                    delete this._showingEmptyView;
                }
            },

            // Retrieve the empty view type
            getEmptyView: function() {
                return Marionette.getOption(this, "emptyView");
            },

            // Retrieve the itemView type, either from `this.options.itemView`
            // or from the `itemView` in the object definition. The "options"
            // takes precedence.
            getItemView: function(item) {
                var itemView = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemView");

                if (!itemView) {
                    throwError("An `itemView` must be specified", "NoItemViewError");
                }

                return itemView;
            },

            // Render the child item's view and add it to the
            // HTML for the collection view.
            addItemView: function(item, ItemView, index) {
                // get the itemViewOptions if any were specified
                var itemViewOptions = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemViewOptions");
                if (_.isFunction(itemViewOptions)) {
                    itemViewOptions = itemViewOptions.call(this, item, index);
                }

                // build the view
                var view = this.buildItemView(item, ItemView, itemViewOptions);

                // set up the child view event forwarding
                this.addChildViewEventForwarding(view);

                // this view is about to be added
                this.triggerMethod("before:item:added", view);

                // Store the child view itself so we can properly
                // remove and/or close it later
                this.children.add(view);

                // Render it and show it
                this.renderItemView(view, index);

                // call the "show" method if the collection view
                // has already been shown
                if (this._isShown && !this.isBuffering) {
                    Marionette.triggerMethod.call(view, "show");
                }

                // this view was added
                this.triggerMethod("after:item:added", view);

                return view;
            },

            // Set up the child view event forwarding. Uses an "itemview:"
            // prefix in front of all forwarded events.
            addChildViewEventForwarding: function(view) {
                var prefix = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemViewEventPrefix");

                // Forward all child item view events through the parent,
                // prepending "itemview:" to the event name
                this.listenTo(view, "all", function() {
                    var args = slice(arguments);
                    var rootEvent = args[0];
                    var itemEvents = this.normalizeMethods(this.getItemEvents());

                    args[0] = prefix + ":" + rootEvent;
                    args.splice(1, 0, view);

                    // call collectionView itemEvent if defined
                    if (typeof itemEvents !== "undefined" && _.isFunction(itemEvents[rootEvent])) {
                        itemEvents[rootEvent].apply(this, args);
                    }

                    Marionette.triggerMethod.apply(this, args);
                }, this);
            },

            // returns the value of itemEvents depending on if a function
            getItemEvents: function() {
                if (_.isFunction(this.itemEvents)) {
                    return this.itemEvents.call(this);
                }

                return this.itemEvents;
            },

            // render the item view
            renderItemView: function(view, index) {
                view.render();
                this.appendHtml(this, view, index);
            },

            // Build an `itemView` for every model in the collection.
            buildItemView: function(item, ItemViewType, itemViewOptions) {
                var options = _.extend({
                    model: item
                }, itemViewOptions);
                return new ItemViewType(options);
            },

            // get the child view by item it holds, and remove it
            removeItemView: function(item) {
                var view = this.children.findByModel(item);
                this.removeChildView(view);
                this.checkEmpty();
            },

            // Remove the child view and close it
            removeChildView: function(view) {

                // shut down the child view properly,
                // including events that the collection has from it
                if (view) {
                    this.stopListening(view);

                    // call 'close' or 'remove', depending on which is found
                    if (view.close) {
                        view.close();
                    } else if (view.remove) {
                        view.remove();
                    }

                    this.children.remove(view);
                }

                this.triggerMethod("item:removed", view);
            },

            // helper to check if the collection is empty
            isEmpty: function(collection) {
                // check if we're empty now
                return !this.collection || this.collection.length === 0;
            },

            // If empty, show the empty view
            checkEmpty: function() {
                if (this.isEmpty(this.collection)) {
                    this.showEmptyView();
                }
            },

            // You might need to override this if you've overridden appendHtml
            appendBuffer: function(collectionView, buffer) {
                collectionView.$el.append(buffer);
            },

            // Append the HTML to the collection's `el`.
            // Override this method to do something other
            // then `.append`.
            appendHtml: function(collectionView, itemView, index) {
                if (collectionView.isBuffering) {
                    // buffering happens on reset events and initial renders
                    // in order to reduce the number of inserts into the
                    // document, which are expensive.
                    collectionView.elBuffer.appendChild(itemView.el);
                    collectionView._bufferedChildren.push(itemView);
                } else {
                    // If we've already rendered the main collection, just
                    // append the new items directly into the element.
                    collectionView.$el.append(itemView.el);
                }
            },

            // Internal method to set up the `children` object for
            // storing all of the child views
            _initChildViewStorage: function() {
                this.children = new Backbone.ChildViewContainer();
            },

            // Handle cleanup and other closing needs for
            // the collection of views.
            close: function() {
                if (this.isClosed) {
                    return;
                }

                this.triggerMethod("collection:before:close");
                this.closeChildren();
                this.triggerMethod("collection:closed");

                Marionette.View.prototype.close.apply(this, slice(arguments));
            },

            // Close the child views that this collection view
            // is holding on to, if any
            closeChildren: function() {
                this.children.each(function(child) {
                    this.removeChildView(child);
                }, this);
                this.checkEmpty();
            }
        });


        // Composite View
        // --------------

        // Used for rendering a branch-leaf, hierarchical structure.
        // Extends directly from CollectionView and also renders an
        // an item view as `modelView`, for the top leaf
        Marionette.CompositeView = Marionette.CollectionView.extend({

            // Setting up the inheritance chain which allows changes to
            // Marionette.CollectionView.prototype.constructor which allows overriding
            constructor: function() {
                Marionette.CollectionView.prototype.constructor.apply(this, slice(arguments));
            },

            // Configured the initial events that the composite view
            // binds to. Override this method to prevent the initial
            // events, or to add your own initial events.
            _initialEvents: function() {

                // Bind only after composite view in rendered to avoid adding child views
                // to unexisting itemViewContainer
                this.once('render', function() {
                    if (this.collection) {
                        this.listenTo(this.collection, "add", this.addChildView, this);
                        this.listenTo(this.collection, "remove", this.removeItemView, this);
                        this.listenTo(this.collection, "reset", this._renderChildren, this);
                    }
                });

            },

            // Retrieve the `itemView` to be used when rendering each of
            // the items in the collection. The default is to return
            // `this.itemView` or Marionette.CompositeView if no `itemView`
            // has been defined
            getItemView: function(item) {
                var itemView = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemView") || this.constructor;

                if (!itemView) {
                    throwError("An `itemView` must be specified", "NoItemViewError");
                }

                return itemView;
            },

            // Serialize the collection for the view.
            // You can override the `serializeData` method in your own view
            // definition, to provide custom serialization for your view's data.
            serializeData: function() {
                var data = {};

                if (this.model) {
                    data = this.model.toJSON();
                }

                return data;
            },

            // Renders the model once, and the collection once. Calling
            // this again will tell the model's view to re-render itself
            // but the collection will not re-render.
            render: function() {
                this.isRendered = true;
                this.isClosed = false;
                this.resetItemViewContainer();

                this.triggerBeforeRender();
                var html = this.renderModel();
                this.$el.html(html);
                // the ui bindings is done here and not at the end of render since they
                // will not be available until after the model is rendered, but should be
                // available before the collection is rendered.
                this.bindUIElements();
                this.triggerMethod("composite:model:rendered");

                this._renderChildren();

                this.triggerMethod("composite:rendered");
                this.triggerRendered();
                return this;
            },

            _renderChildren: function() {
                if (this.isRendered) {
                    this.triggerMethod("composite:collection:before:render");
                    Marionette.CollectionView.prototype._renderChildren.call(this);
                    this.triggerMethod("composite:collection:rendered");
                }
            },

            // Render an individual model, if we have one, as
            // part of a composite view (branch / leaf). For example:
            // a treeview.
            renderModel: function() {
                var data = {};
                data = this.serializeData();
                data = this.mixinTemplateHelpers(data);

                var template = this.getTemplate();
                return Marionette.Renderer.render(template, data);
            },


            // You might need to override this if you've overridden appendHtml
            appendBuffer: function(compositeView, buffer) {
                var $container = this.getItemViewContainer(compositeView);
                $container.append(buffer);
            },

            // Appends the `el` of itemView instances to the specified
            // `itemViewContainer` (a jQuery selector). Override this method to
            // provide custom logic of how the child item view instances have their
            // HTML appended to the composite view instance.
            appendHtml: function(compositeView, itemView, index) {
                if (compositeView.isBuffering) {
                    compositeView.elBuffer.appendChild(itemView.el);
                    compositeView._bufferedChildren.push(itemView);
                } else {
                    // If we've already rendered the main collection, just
                    // append the new items directly into the element.
                    var $container = this.getItemViewContainer(compositeView);
                    $container.append(itemView.el);
                }
            },


            // Internal method to ensure an `$itemViewContainer` exists, for the
            // `appendHtml` method to use.
            getItemViewContainer: function(containerView) {
                if ("$itemViewContainer" in containerView) {
                    return containerView.$itemViewContainer;
                }

                var container;
                var itemViewContainer = Marionette.getOption(containerView, "itemViewContainer");
                if (itemViewContainer) {

                    var selector = _.isFunction(itemViewContainer) ? itemViewContainer.call(this) : itemViewContainer;
                    container = containerView.$(selector);
                    if (container.length <= 0) {
                        throwError("The specified `itemViewContainer` was not found: " + containerView.itemViewContainer, "ItemViewContainerMissingError");
                    }

                } else {
                    container = containerView.$el;
                }

                containerView.$itemViewContainer = container;
                return container;
            },

            // Internal method to reset the `$itemViewContainer` on render
            resetItemViewContainer: function() {
                if (this.$itemViewContainer) {
                    delete this.$itemViewContainer;
                }
            }
        });


        // Layout
        // ------

        // Used for managing application layouts, nested layouts and
        // multiple regions within an application or sub-application.
        //
        // A specialized view type that renders an area of HTML and then
        // attaches `Region` instances to the specified `regions`.
        // Used for composite view management and sub-application areas.
        Marionette.Layout = Marionette.ItemView.extend({
            regionType: Marionette.Region,

            // Ensure the regions are available when the `initialize` method
            // is called.
            constructor: function(options) {
                options = options || {};

                this._firstRender = true;
                this._initializeRegions(options);

                Marionette.ItemView.prototype.constructor.call(this, options);
            },

            // Layout's render will use the existing region objects the
            // first time it is called. Subsequent calls will close the
            // views that the regions are showing and then reset the `el`
            // for the regions to the newly rendered DOM elements.
            render: function() {

                if (this.isClosed) {
                    // a previously closed layout means we need to
                    // completely re-initialize the regions
                    this._initializeRegions();
                }
                if (this._firstRender) {
                    // if this is the first render, don't do anything to
                    // reset the regions
                    this._firstRender = false;
                } else if (!this.isClosed) {
                    // If this is not the first render call, then we need to
                    // re-initializing the `el` for each region
                    this._reInitializeRegions();
                }

                var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
                var result = Marionette.ItemView.prototype.render.apply(this, args);

                return result;
            },

            // Handle closing regions, and then close the view itself.
            close: function() {
                if (this.isClosed) {
                    return;
                }
                this.regionManager.close();
                var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
                Marionette.ItemView.prototype.close.apply(this, args);
            },

            // Add a single region, by name, to the layout
            addRegion: function(name, definition) {
                var regions = {};
                regions[name] = definition;
                return this._buildRegions(regions)[name];
            },

            // Add multiple regions as a {name: definition, name2: def2} object literal
            addRegions: function(regions) {
                this.regions = _.extend({}, this.regions, regions);
                return this._buildRegions(regions);
            },

            // Remove a single region from the Layout, by name
            removeRegion: function(name) {
                delete this.regions[name];
                return this.regionManager.removeRegion(name);
            },

            // internal method to build regions
            _buildRegions: function(regions) {
                var that = this;

                var defaults = {
                    regionType: Marionette.getOption(this, "regionType"),
                    parentEl: function() {
                        return that.$el;
                    }
                };

                return this.regionManager.addRegions(regions, defaults);
            },

            // Internal method to initialize the regions that have been defined in a
            // `regions` attribute on this layout.
            _initializeRegions: function(options) {
                var regions;
                this._initRegionManager();

                if (_.isFunction(this.regions)) {
                    regions = this.regions(options);
                } else {
                    regions = this.regions || {};
                }

                this.addRegions(regions);
            },

            // Internal method to re-initialize all of the regions by updating the `el` that
            // they point to
            _reInitializeRegions: function() {
                this.regionManager.closeRegions();
                this.regionManager.each(function(region) {
                    region.reset();
                });
            },

            // Internal method to initialize the region manager
            // and all regions in it
            _initRegionManager: function() {
                this.regionManager = new Marionette.RegionManager();

                this.listenTo(this.regionManager, "region:add", function(name, region) {
                    this[name] = region;
                    this.trigger("region:add", name, region);
                });

                this.listenTo(this.regionManager, "region:remove", function(name, region) {
                    delete this[name];
                    this.trigger("region:remove", name, region);
                });
            }
        });


        // AppRouter
        // ---------

        // Reduce the boilerplate code of handling route events
        // and then calling a single method on another object.
        // Have your routers configured to call the method on
        // your object, directly.
        //
        // Configure an AppRouter with `appRoutes`.
        //
        // App routers can only take one `controller` object.
        // It is recommended that you divide your controller
        // objects in to smaller pieces of related functionality
        // and have multiple routers / controllers, instead of
        // just one giant router and controller.
        //
        // You can also add standard routes to an AppRouter.

        Marionette.AppRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({

            constructor: function(options) {
                Backbone.Router.prototype.constructor.apply(this, slice(arguments));

                this.options = options || {};

                var appRoutes = Marionette.getOption(this, "appRoutes");
                var controller = this._getController();
                this.processAppRoutes(controller, appRoutes);
            },

            // Similar to route method on a Backbone Router but
            // method is called on the controller
            appRoute: function(route, methodName) {
                var controller = this._getController();
                this._addAppRoute(controller, route, methodName);
            },

            // Internal method to process the `appRoutes` for the
            // router, and turn them in to routes that trigger the
            // specified method on the specified `controller`.
            processAppRoutes: function(controller, appRoutes) {
                if (!appRoutes) {
                    return;
                }

                var routeNames = _.keys(appRoutes).reverse(); // Backbone requires reverted order of routes

                _.each(routeNames, function(route) {
                    this._addAppRoute(controller, route, appRoutes[route]);
                }, this);
            },

            _getController: function() {
                return Marionette.getOption(this, "controller");
            },

            _addAppRoute: function(controller, route, methodName) {
                var method = controller[methodName];

                if (!method) {
                    throw new Error("Method '" + methodName + "' was not found on the controller");
                }

                this.route(route, methodName, _.bind(method, controller));
            }
        });


        // Application
        // -----------

        // Contain and manage the composite application as a whole.
        // Stores and starts up `Region` objects, includes an
        // event aggregator as `app.vent`
        Marionette.Application = function(options) {
            this._initRegionManager();
            this._initCallbacks = new Marionette.Callbacks();
            this.vent = new Backbone.Wreqr.EventAggregator();
            this.commands = new Backbone.Wreqr.Commands();
            this.reqres = new Backbone.Wreqr.RequestResponse();
            this.submodules = {};

            _.extend(this, options);

            this.triggerMethod = Marionette.triggerMethod;
        };

        _.extend(Marionette.Application.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
            // Command execution, facilitated by Backbone.Wreqr.Commands
            execute: function() {
                var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
                this.commands.execute.apply(this.commands, args);
            },

            // Request/response, facilitated by Backbone.Wreqr.RequestResponse
            request: function() {
                var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
                return this.reqres.request.apply(this.reqres, args);
            },

            // Add an initializer that is either run at when the `start`
            // method is called, or run immediately if added after `start`
            // has already been called.
            addInitializer: function(initializer) {
                this._initCallbacks.add(initializer);
            },

            // kick off all of the application's processes.
            // initializes all of the regions that have been added
            // to the app, and runs all of the initializer functions
            start: function(options) {
                this.triggerMethod("initialize:before", options);
                this._initCallbacks.run(options, this);
                this.triggerMethod("initialize:after", options);

                this.triggerMethod("start", options);
            },

            // Add regions to your app.
            // Accepts a hash of named strings or Region objects
            // addRegions({something: "#someRegion"})
            // addRegions({something: Region.extend({el: "#someRegion"}) });
            addRegions: function(regions) {
                return this._regionManager.addRegions(regions);
            },

            // Close all regions in the app, without removing them
            closeRegions: function() {
                this._regionManager.closeRegions();
            },

            // Removes a region from your app, by name
            // Accepts the regions name
            // removeRegion('myRegion')
            removeRegion: function(region) {
                this._regionManager.removeRegion(region);
            },

            // Provides alternative access to regions
            // Accepts the region name
            // getRegion('main')
            getRegion: function(region) {
                return this._regionManager.get(region);
            },

            // Create a module, attached to the application
            module: function(moduleNames, moduleDefinition) {
                var ModuleClass = Marionette.Module;

                // Overwrite the module class if the user specifies one
                if (moduleDefinition) {
                    ModuleClass = moduleDefinition.moduleClass || ModuleClass;
                }

                // slice the args, and add this application object as the
                // first argument of the array
                var args = slice(arguments);
                args.unshift(this);

                // see the Marionette.Module object for more information
                return ModuleClass.create.apply(ModuleClass, args);
            },

            // Internal method to set up the region manager
            _initRegionManager: function() {
                this._regionManager = new Marionette.RegionManager();

                this.listenTo(this._regionManager, "region:add", function(name, region) {
                    this[name] = region;
                });

                this.listenTo(this._regionManager, "region:remove", function(name, region) {
                    delete this[name];
                });
            }
        });

        // Copy the `extend` function used by Backbone's classes
        Marionette.Application.extend = Marionette.extend;

        // Module
        // ------

        // A simple module system, used to create privacy and encapsulation in
        // Marionette applications
        Marionette.Module = function(moduleName, app, options) {
            this.moduleName = moduleName;
            this.options = _.extend({}, this.options, options);
            this.initialize = options.initialize || this.initialize;

            // store sub-modules
            this.submodules = {};

            this._setupInitializersAndFinalizers();

            // store the configuration for this module
            this.app = app;
            this.startWithParent = true;

            this.triggerMethod = Marionette.triggerMethod;

            if (_.isFunction(this.initialize)) {
                this.initialize(this.options, moduleName, app);
            }
        };

        Marionette.Module.extend = Marionette.extend;

        // Extend the Module prototype with events / listenTo, so that the module
        // can be used as an event aggregator or pub/sub.
        _.extend(Marionette.Module.prototype, Backbone.Events, {

            // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
            // initialization logic when extending Marionette.Module.
            initialize: function() {},

            // Initializer for a specific module. Initializers are run when the
            // module's `start` method is called.
            addInitializer: function(callback) {
                this._initializerCallbacks.add(callback);
            },

            // Finalizers are run when a module is stopped. They are used to teardown
            // and finalize any variables, references, events and other code that the
            // module had set up.
            addFinalizer: function(callback) {
                this._finalizerCallbacks.add(callback);
            },

            // Start the module, and run all of its initializers
            start: function(options) {
                // Prevent re-starting a module that is already started
                if (this._isInitialized) {
                    return;
                }

                // start the sub-modules (depth-first hierarchy)
                _.each(this.submodules, function(mod) {
                    // check to see if we should start the sub-module with this parent
                    if (mod.startWithParent) {
                        mod.start(options);
                    }
                });

                // run the callbacks to "start" the current module
                this.triggerMethod("before:start", options);

                this._initializerCallbacks.run(options, this);
                this._isInitialized = true;

                this.triggerMethod("start", options);
            },

            // Stop this module by running its finalizers and then stop all of
            // the sub-modules for this module
            stop: function() {
                // if we are not initialized, don't bother finalizing
                if (!this._isInitialized) {
                    return;
                }
                this._isInitialized = false;

                Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "before:stop");

                // stop the sub-modules; depth-first, to make sure the
                // sub-modules are stopped / finalized before parents
                _.each(this.submodules, function(mod) {
                    mod.stop();
                });

                // run the finalizers
                this._finalizerCallbacks.run(undefined, this);

                // reset the initializers and finalizers
                this._initializerCallbacks.reset();
                this._finalizerCallbacks.reset();

                Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "stop");
            },

            // Configure the module with a definition function and any custom args
            // that are to be passed in to the definition function
            addDefinition: function(moduleDefinition, customArgs) {
                this._runModuleDefinition(moduleDefinition, customArgs);
            },

            // Internal method: run the module definition function with the correct
            // arguments
            _runModuleDefinition: function(definition, customArgs) {
                if (!definition) {
                    return;
                }

                // build the correct list of arguments for the module definition
                var args = _.flatten([
                    this,
                    this.app,
                    Backbone,
                    Marionette,
                    Marionette.$, _,
                    customArgs
                ]);

                definition.apply(this, args);
            },

            // Internal method: set up new copies of initializers and finalizers.
            // Calling this method will wipe out all existing initializers and
            // finalizers.
            _setupInitializersAndFinalizers: function() {
                this._initializerCallbacks = new Marionette.Callbacks();
                this._finalizerCallbacks = new Marionette.Callbacks();
            }
        });

        // Type methods to create modules
        _.extend(Marionette.Module, {

            // Create a module, hanging off the app parameter as the parent object.
            create: function(app, moduleNames, moduleDefinition) {
                var module = app;

                // get the custom args passed in after the module definition and
                // get rid of the module name and definition function
                var customArgs = slice(arguments);
                customArgs.splice(0, 3);

                // split the module names and get the length
                moduleNames = moduleNames.split(".");
                var length = moduleNames.length;

                // store the module definition for the last module in the chain
                var moduleDefinitions = [];
                moduleDefinitions[length - 1] = moduleDefinition;

                // Loop through all the parts of the module definition
                _.each(moduleNames, function(moduleName, i) {
                    var parentModule = module;
                    module = this._getModule(parentModule, moduleName, app, moduleDefinition);
                    this._addModuleDefinition(parentModule, module, moduleDefinitions[i], customArgs);
                }, this);

                // Return the last module in the definition chain
                return module;
            },

            _getModule: function(parentModule, moduleName, app, def, args) {
                var ModuleClass = Marionette.Module;
                var options = _.extend({}, def);
                if (def) {
                    ModuleClass = def.moduleClass || ModuleClass;
                }

                // Get an existing module of this name if we have one
                var module = parentModule[moduleName];

                if (!module) {
                    // Create a new module if we don't have one
                    module = new ModuleClass(moduleName, app, options);
                    parentModule[moduleName] = module;
                    // store the module on the parent
                    parentModule.submodules[moduleName] = module;
                }

                return module;
            },

            _addModuleDefinition: function(parentModule, module, def, args) {
                var fn;
                var startWithParent;

                if (_.isFunction(def)) {
                    // if a function is supplied for the module definition
                    fn = def;
                    startWithParent = true;

                } else if (_.isObject(def)) {
                    // if an object is supplied
                    fn = def.define;
                    startWithParent = (typeof def.startWithParent !== 'undefined') ? def.startWithParent : true;

                } else {
                    // if nothing is supplied
                    startWithParent = true;
                }

                // add module definition if needed
                if (fn) {
                    module.addDefinition(fn, args);
                }

                // `and` the two together, ensuring a single `false` will prevent it
                // from starting with the parent
                module.startWithParent = module.startWithParent && startWithParent;

                // setup auto-start if needed
                if (module.startWithParent && !module.startWithParentIsConfigured) {

                    // only configure this once
                    module.startWithParentIsConfigured = true;

                    // add the module initializer config
                    parentModule.addInitializer(function(options) {
                        if (module.startWithParent) {
                            module.start(options);
                        }
                    });

                }

            }
        });



        return Marionette;
    })(this, Backbone, _);

    return Backbone.Marionette;

}));
