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In this section you'll find information about how to save energy, reduce your bills and make your home more comfortable. You can also find out about the support available from Australian, state and territory governments to take action to manage energy use and costs.
Learn more about energy prices and your electricity and gas bills
- What causes changes in electricity prices
- Understand your energy bill
- Your rights as an energy customer
- What to do if you can‘t pay your bill
Start to make practical changes to reduce your energy bills
- How to reduce your energy bill
- Ways to reduce your energy bill now that won’t cost a thing
- 20 ways to save energy
- How to choose an energy-efficient appliance
More information about your potential to reduce your energy bills
Australian Government activities
The government is taking a broad range of actions to make energy more affordable, by holding energy retailers to account and to ensure the energy market is operating in a transparent, reliable and fair manner. You can read more about government actions under Govenment priorities including energy retailer commitments to:
- Empower consumers and address barriers to switching
- Improve consumer information to inform better decision-making
- Ensure vulnerable consumers are adequately protected.
You can also find out more about how the energy market operates, energy efficiency standards for appliances and buildings, work with international bodies, news stories and more. | <urn:uuid:59b74eff-a729-45eb-9d76-67bd2220990b> | {
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|The hypothesis of non-self in Buddhist philosophy |
|By Dr. Tilokasundari Kariyawasam|
- Daily Mirror
The individual is nama and rupa (mind and matter). In Buddhist terminology it is treated as one unit. In the Abhidhammma, matter is fairly extensively dealt with and it is analyzed into 28 factors. They are aspects rather than factors of elements. Matter becomes food for the mind, as mind is the reaction to contact. It is the process of becoming which is also the process of ceasing, of birth and of death. There is a dependent simultaneous origination. As such, thought becomes materialized and matter conceptualized, which makes as it appears, a phenomenon (ruppati ti rupam). They are appearances as they appear to the human mind. Thus matter is energy without substance and mind is energy without an entity. Thus what is ‘apparent’ is only a phenomenon. All functions of an individual belong to five aggregates (pañchakkhandha) (1) body (2) sensation 93) perception (4) thinking (5) consciousness. This can be fully realized in the process of the purification of the mind. As a result, matter is phenomenal, a fact and an event rather than an entity with substance. The material phenomena are not properties of matter. They are constituents which are not properties of matter. They are constituents which are not present at the same time in the same event. This principle explains that the ‘self is an illusion and does exist.’
The originating factor of material phenomena are neither good nor bad morally. Yet they arise in dependence on conditions (sankhara) Which are fourfold; namely willful intention (kamma), mental activity (citta), seasonal influence (utu) and the integrating activity of absorption, identification and nutrition (ahara)
In any form of matter there are always present four essential and elementary qualities (maha-bhuta). They are earth (pathavi), water (apo), fire (tejo) and air (vayo). They are labelled with the old names of earth, water, fire and air but their functional qualities are extension, cohesion, caloricity and movement respectively. Matter cannot exist individually and separated. It is the energy that constitutes matter, received by contact in the senses, perceived and formulated in material ideals. It is fact which gives rise to sensation, perception, thinking, thereof in consciousness. Thus the Buddha was dealing with phenomena and events and not with substances and entities.
Matter is divided into primary and secondary elements. The four essential and elementary qualities are the primary elements (maha-bhuta). From these are derived the five sense-organs and their objects. Matter refers not only to our body but to its physical objects of experience that belong to the external world. Matter is also present in masculinity and femininity, heart and nourishment. There are also six further categories of matter which are called the principle of limitation or space, the two principles of communication bodily and verbal, sound lightness, softness and adaptability, and finally four characteristics; production, duration, destruction and impermanence. These are the 28 components of matter or material experience. It is for us to understand it as basically impermanent and phenomenal in nature. These 28 different, materials qualities are intended to prove that matter is energy and it is the actuality of that energy which is experienced in its different forms, received by contact in the senses, perceived and formulated to which the mind as thought reacts. Thus a thought is born in the material senses, and mind is analysed in mental states (cittani) composed of mental factors (cetasika). The phenomena of matter and mind, therefore, should be taken in the context of its totality of one process of dependent origination. The individual is merely a process of becoming and ceasing. He is never an entity with a permanent identity.
We have to understand the role of the mind in this context. This process of becoming and ceasing is also a process of grasping whatever may feed its need to continue its greed. A thought is born in the material senses, where a contact is established between mind and matter, which constitutes the mind-matter process. This is stated in the doctrine of dependent origination (paticca samuppada), in which mind and matter are treated as one unit. Everything which is a process of becoming and ceasing is also void of substance. It is also impermanent. These aspects create sorrow.
The whole process from physical action to mental reaction, is one of grasping (upadana). A thought is born in the material sense, where a contact is established between matter and mind. It is definitely not a synthesis of mind and matter. It is not the amalgamation of two elements. It is similar to conflux of two rivers as explained by the Buddha, where he gives the classic example of the river waters of river Yamuna that converge into river Ganges when there is no clear composition as to identify the waters of the separate rivers. Thus, the Buddha expounds the principle that mind and matter is a phenomenon, seen in the process of dependent origination. The Buddha expounds the doctrine of becoming and re-becoming and ceasing to become, which is birth, rebirth (which is death), and no more becoming, which is Nibbana. This individual is born on ignorance, fed on hatred and sustained on craving or greed.
This grasping or craving becomes intensified when the sense organs lay hold of the object, when perception lays hold of the idea in memory, when thought lays hold of the memory in mental formations when thoughts lay hold of the idea in consciousness to form the bases of the ego. The five aggregates in their various stages are rightly called the five aggregates of clinging.
The mind should be analyzed in mental states (cittam) composed of mental factors (cetasika), so as to understand life, itself as a process in which material and mental aggregates (khandha) combine to leave the impression on an individual. The individual is only a process to becoming and ceasing.
Volitional functions are two-fold. It activates thought with intention, without which no action can have moral responsibility. This is kamma, as it determines the nature of actions as good or evil. The other function is that it co-ordinates and organizes the functions of other mental factors. It is simple ordered thinking (cetasika lakkhana).
The mind and body differ somewhat in nature. The mind is more amorphous, plastic and quick — changing than the body. The body is more resistant to change than is the mind. In the questions of King Milinda it is states that while the arahants no longer can experience mental pain, they can still experience physical pain. | <urn:uuid:819d112b-d5f4-449d-ba79-946c29dd7b86> | {
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What do dialysis patients and providers need to know?
Like chlorine, chloramine can harm kidney dialysis patients during the dialysis process if it is not removed from water before entering the bloodstream. It is safe for dialysis patients to drink, cook with and bathe in chloraminated water because the digestive process neutralizes chloramine before it enters the bloodstream.
Dialysis units are prepared for a chloramine concentration of 2 to 4 milligrams per liter. The maximum concentration allowed by law is 4 milligrams per liter.
Two methods are typically used to remove chloramine from water before dialysis:
- Ascorbic acid, or
- A granular-activated carbon filtration system specifically designed to remove chloramine.
Home dialysis patients work with their home dialysis facility and physician to make necessary adjustments to their equipment.
For further information, contact your dialysis provider or the
Trans Pacific Renal Network: | <urn:uuid:641b1425-48e8-4616-b6c8-3dbc64d1a584> | {
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Parent-teacher conferences can be an effective way to discuss student achievement and progress, but they lack one key element: student engagement.
The solution? Student-led conferences.
Schools across the country and across the globe are facing budget cuts.
In one survey, 81% of teachers said their school had been hit by cuts.
At the same time, the costs of running a school that helps its students become successful adults are increasing.
The exponent rules explain how to solve various equations that — as you might expect — have exponents in them.
But there are several different kinds of exponent equations, which can seem daunting… at first. However, like most math tactics, there are teaching strategies you can use to make exponent rules easy to follow.
Subtracting is the opposite of addition, something your students have learned well before exploring the world of fractions. Subtracting fractions is a little bit more complicated than regular deduction, but there is a teaching strategy that makes the process as easy as one, two, three!
You’ve done the hard work to make multiplication easy for your students. Now, it’s time for them to practice everything they’ve learned with multiplication worksheets.
Worksheets aren’t the only way to practice multiplication, but they’re an effective, easy way to work on class material and get students working independently. Plus — while students complete their worksheets, you have time to catch up on other important tasks.
The only problem is creating them. We know it can be time-consuming to make your own worksheets — so we’ve created them for you!
We’ve got 20 free multiplication worksheets for third and fourth grade, covering a variety of skills for students to practice.
Attention Prodigy players of all ages: the Starlight Festival has come to town! ✨
The Starlight Festival is a special event available for at-home players during the month of June that indulges their love for adventure and asks them to help Mama Star gather star shards for her collection. | <urn:uuid:084f87fc-b704-459f-92a8-d816454f5fcb> | {
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What are the risk factors for gum disease? There are a few more than you might think. To help you better understand what you can do to prevent gum disease, we will explain some of the basic risk factors.
First, we need to point out the true enemy. Plaque is what causes gum disease because it is made up of bunches of bacteria, who are more than happy to invade the gum tissue. Everything we list here can make it easier for them to get in.
– Forgetting to regularly brush and floss. You can clean up plaque and lower your chances of getting gum disease by properly brushing and flossing on a regular basis. The opposite is true if you do not brush and floss.
– Forgetting to get a checkup with the dentist. Some plaque can still be missed by your brush and floss, but the dentist has the means of cleaning that remainder out. If you do not go, you can put yourself at risk for gum disease.
– Not enough Vitamin C in your diet. Vitamin C is very important for your immune system. Not eating Vitamin C can rob your immune system of much needed supplies for combating things like gum disease.
– Smoking. Your immune system can also be weakened by the substances in cigarettes. Your gum tissue can be similarly affected, giving bacteria an easier way to get in.
– Teeth that are misaligned or are crowding each other. Teeth with these conditions can keep you from cleaning out enough plaque with a toothbrush and floss because they create places that are hard to reach. Orthodontic work can take care of this problem to help you gain access to those places.
If you would like more information on what you can do to prevent gum disease, or if you need our help with something, please contact Modern Dental in Springfield, Illinois. Our dentists, Drs. Morley and Hamel, are ready to assist you. Call (217) 698-3400 to get in touch and set up a visit. | <urn:uuid:f6371e3a-dd41-4d24-9900-67671e4b6d7d> | {
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The severity of drought conditions during the demise of the Maya civilisation about 1,000 years ago has been quantified, representing another piece of evidence that could be used to solve the longstanding mystery of what caused the downfall of one of the ancient world’s great civilisations.
Epic poems telling of cultures colliding, deeply conflicted identities and a fast-changing world were written by the Greeks under Roman rule in the first to the sixth centuries CE. Now, the first comprehensive study of these vast, complex texts is casting new light on the era that saw the dawn of Western modernity.
Scientists have identified a group of planets outside our solar system where the same chemical conditions that may have led to life on Earth exist.
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are more likely than other women to have an autistic child, according to an analysis of NHS data carried out by a team at Cambridge University’s Autism Research Centre. The research is published today in the journal Translational Psychiatry.
In a warehouse to the northeast of Cambridge are shelves upon shelves of trays teeming with maggots, munching their way through a meal of rotting fruit and vegetables. This may sound stomach-churning, but these insects could become the sustainable food of the future – at least for fish and animals – helping reduce the reliance on resource intensive proteins such as fishmeal and soy, while also mitigating the use of antibiotics in the food chain, one of the causes of the increase in drug-resistant bacteria.
A new EU ruling that attempts to draw a line between natural and artificial when it comes to crop production has a "deep logical flaw" at its heart, writes Professor Ottoline Leyser, Director of the University's Sainsbury Laboratory.
How 18th and 19th century London supported its unmarried mothers and illegitimate children – essentially establishing an earlier version of today’s Child Support Agency – is the subject of newly-published research by a Cambridge historian.
Protein discovery may explain why some patients develop resistance to new class of anti-cancer drugs25 Jul 2018
A team of researchers at the University of Cambridge has identified a protein complex that might explain why some cancer patients treated with the revolutionary new anti-cancer drugs known as PARP inhibitors develop resistance to their medication.
Researchers have identified a group of materials that could be used to make even higher power batteries. The researchers, from the University of Cambridge, used materials with a complex crystalline structure and found that lithium ions move through them at rates that far exceed those of typical electrode materials, which equates to a much faster-charging battery. | <urn:uuid:9d4580a3-4a35-435d-9f2b-c781906fdc89> | {
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Author(s): Peter Slater; Pat Slater; Raoul Slater
Beginners and experienced birdwatchers turn to this guide to identify the birds they see in their backyards and on bushwalking or birdwatching expeditions. Designed to slip easily into a pocket, backpack or glove box. This is a new and updated version of the very popular Slater Field Guide to Australian Birds and includes 64 new or extensively revised colour plates, incorporating all the new birds observed in Australia, including Tasmania and islands and territories since 1986. Also included is a re organisation of the guide into broad habitats seabirds, shore birds, inland water birds and bush birds; updated common and scientific names, revised maps, and a new visual index to aid beginners in finding the most appropriate pages in the guide. A must for serious naturalists in Australia, be they beginners or experts.
Peter Slater has been interested in birds since early childhood and has studied nearly every Australian species in the field. He has writen or illustrated more than twenty books on Natural History. The paintings for this volume took about six years to complete, with superb detail and definition, each bird being carefully checked for colour accuracy. | <urn:uuid:0aadd285-66fe-4f58-ad21-5bafddbeb3d4> | {
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|John Paul II|
|Birth name||Karol Józef Wojtyła|
|Papacy began||October 16, 1978|
|Papacy ended||April 2, 2005|
|Predecessor||John Paul I|
|Born||1920 May 18
|Died||2005 April 2
Apostolic Palace, Vatican City
|Other popes named John Paul|
Pope John Paul II, born Karol Józef Wojtyła (May 18, 1920 – April 2, 2005), reigned as the two-hundred-and-sixty-fourth Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from October 16, 1978, until his death more than 26 years later, making his the second-longest pontificate in modern times after Pius IX's 31-year reign. He is the only Polish pope, and was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Adrian VI in the 1520s.
His early reign was marked by his opposition to Communism, and he is often credited as one of the forces contributing to its collapse in Eastern Europe. In the later part of his pontificate, he was notable for speaking against war, fascism, dictatorship, materialism, abortion, contraception, relativism, unrestrained capitalism, and what he deemed the "culture of death."
John Paul II was pope during a period in which Catholicism's influence declined in developed countries but expanded in the Third World. During his reign, he traveled extensively, visiting over 100 countries, more than any of his predecessors. He remains one of the most-traveled world leaders in history. He was fluent in numerous languages. As part of his special emphasis on the universal call to holiness, he canonized a great number of people.
In 1992, he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease but remained active for several years. The last years of his reign were marked by concern as to leadership should he become severely incapacitated and speculation as to whether he should abdicate. In February 2004, John Paul II was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize honoring his life's work in opposing Communist oppression and helping to reshape the world. He died on April 2, 2005 after a long fight against Parkinson's disease and other illnesses.
Immediately after his death, many of his followers called for his elevation to sainthood as soon as possible. Both L'Osservatore Romano and Pope Benedict XVI, John Paul's successor, referred to John Paul II as "the Great."
Pope John Paul II
|Reference style||His Holiness|
|Spoken style||Your Holiness|
|Religious style||Holy Father|
|Posthumous style||Servant of God|
Karol Józef Wojtyła was born on May 18, 1920 in Wadowice in southern Poland, and was the youngest of three children of Karol Wojtyła and Emilia Kaczorowska. His mother died in 1929 when he was just nine years old and his father supported him so that he could study. His brother, who worked as a doctor, died when Karol was 12. His youth was marked by extensive contacts with the then-thriving Jewish community of Wadowice. He practiced sports during his youth and was particularly interested in football (soccer).
After completing his studies in 1938 at the Marcin Wadowita high school in Wadowice, Karol enrolled at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and in a school for drama. He worked as a volunteer librarian and did compulsory military training in the Academic Legion, but refused to hold or fire a weapon. In his youth he was an athlete, actor, and playwright, and he learned as many as 10 languages during his lifetime, including Latin, Ukrainian, Greek, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, German, and English, other than his native Polish. He also had some facility with Russian.
In 1939, Nazi occupation forces closed the Jagiellonian University; its academics were arrested and the university was suppressed throughout the Second World War. All able-bodied males had to have a job. From 1940 to 1944, Karol worked as a messenger for a restaurant, a manual laborer in a limestone quarry, and then as a salesman for the Solvay chemical factory to earn his living and to avoid being deported to Germany. His father also died in 1941, when Karol was 20.
In 1942, Wojtyła entered the underground seminary run by the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha. Wojtyła was ordained a priest on November 1, 1946, by Cardinal Sapieha. Not long after, he was sent to study theology at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in Rome, commonly known as the Angelicum, where he earned a licentiate and later a doctorate in sacred theology. This doctorate, the first of two, was based on the Latin dissertation Doctrina de fide apud S. Ioannem a Cruce (The Doctrine of Faith According to Saint John of the Cross). Even though his doctoral work was unanimously approved in June 1948, he was denied the degree because he could not afford to print the text of his dissertation (an Angelicum rule). In December of that year, a revised text of his dissertation was approved by the theological faculty of Jagiellonian University in Kraków and Wojtyła was finally awarded the degree.
He earned a second doctorate, based on an evaluation of the possibility of founding a Catholic ethic on the ethical system of phenomenologist Max Scheler (An Evaluation of the Possibility of Constructing Christian Ethics on the Basis of the System of Max Scheler), in 1954. As was the case with the first degree, he was not granted the degree upon earning it. This time, the faculty at Jagiellonian University was forbidden by Communist authorities from granting the degree. In conjunction with his habilitation at Catholic University of Lublin, Poland, he finally obtained the doctorate of philosophy in 1957 from that institution, where he had assumed the chair of the Department of Ethics in 1956.
On July 4, 1958, Pope Pius XII named him titular bishop of Ombi and auxiliary to Archbishop Baziak, apostolic administrator of the Archdiocese of Kraków. He was consecrated as bishop on September 28, 1958, making him, at 38, the youngest bishop in Poland.
In 1962, Bishop Wojtyła took part in the Second Vatican Council, and in December 1963 Pope Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Kraków. On June 26, 1967, Paul VI announced Wojtyła's promotion to the Sacred College of Cardinals with the title of Cardinal Priest of San Cesareo in Palatio.
In August 1978, following Paul's death, he voted in the Papal Conclave that elected Pope John Paul I, who at 65 was considered young by papal standards. However, John Paul I was in poor health and he died after only 33 days as pope, thereby precipitating another conclave.
Voting in the second conclave was divided between two particularly strong candidates: Giuseppe Siri, the Archbishop of Genoa; and Giovanni Benelli, the Archbishop of Florence and a close associate of Pope John Paul I. In early ballots, Benelli came within nine votes of victory. However, Wojtyła secured election as a compromise candidate, in part through the support of Franz Cardinal König and others who had previously supported Cardinal Siri.
He became the two-hundred-and-sixty-fourth Pope, according to the chronological List of popes. At only 58 years-of-age, he was the youngest pope elected since Pope Pius IX in 1846. Like his immediate predecessor, Pope John Paul II dispensed with the traditional Papal coronation and instead received ecclesiastical investiture with the simplified Papal inauguration on October 22, 1978. During his inauguration, when the cardinals knelt before him, and took their vows and kissed his ring, he stood up as the Polish primate Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski knelt down, and he stopped him from kissing the ring and hugged him. As Bishop of Rome he took possession of his Cathedral Church, the Basilica of St. John Lateran, on November 12, 1978.
John Paul began his papacy when the Soviets controlled his native country of Poland, as well as the rest of Eastern Europe. He was a harsh critic of Communism, and has been credited with helping to bring down Communism in eastern Europe by sparking what amounted to a peaceful revolution in his Polish homeland.
The Pope’s epic June 1979 pilgrimage to his homeland on the nine-hundredth anniversary of the martyrdom of Saint Stanislaus of Krakow—made in spite of the resistance of the Polish Communist regime—were nine days in which the history of the twentieth century pivoted. In 40-some sermons, addresses, lectures, and impromptu remarks, the Pope reminded his fellow Poles of their historical Christian heritage and encouraged them in their showdown with the Communist regime. On June 2, 1979, in his historic homily at Victory Square in Warsaw, John Paul II said: "It is not possible to understand the history of the Polish nation without Christ." John Paul's visit created a revolution of conscience that, 14 months later, produced the Solidarity movement.
On January 15, 1981, John Paul II received in audience a delegation headed by Lech Walesa, head of the anti-Communist Polish labor movement that eventually brought democracy to Poland and sparked the downfall of Communism in eastern Europe. Walesa credited John Paul with giving Poles the courage to rise up. "The pope started this chain of events that led to the end of Communism," Walesa said. The pope made additional trips to Poland in 1983 and 1987. British historian Timothy Garton Ash noted, "Without the Pope, no Solidarity. Without Solidarity, no Gorbachev. Without Gorbachev, no fall of Communism."
On May 13, 1981, John Paul II was shot and critically wounded by Mehmet Ali Ağca, a Turkish gunman, as he entered St. Peter's Square to address an audience. He was rushed into the Vatican complex, then to the Gemelli Hospital, where Dr. Francesco Crucitti, a noted surgeon, had just arrived by police escort after hearing of the incident. En route to the hospital, he lost consciousness. The pope had lost almost three-quarters of his blood. He underwent five hours of surgery to treat his massive blood loss and abdominal wounds.
Ağca was caught and restrained by a nun until police arrived. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. Two days after Christmas 1983, John Paul II visited the prison where his would-be assassin was being held. The two spoke privately for 20 minutes. John Paul II said, "What we talked about will have to remain a secret between him and me. I spoke to him as a brother whom I have pardoned and who has my complete trust." The pope also stated that Our Lady of Fatima helped keep him alive throughout his ordeal.
On March 2, 2006, an Italian parliamentary commission concluded that the Soviet Union, through its KGB intelligence service, was behind the attempt, in retaliation for John Paul II's support of Solidarity, the pro-democratic Catholic Polish workers' movement. The report alleged that certain Communist Bulgarian security departments were utilized to prevent the Soviet Union's role from being uncovered.
John Paul II had a special relationship also with Catholic youth and is known by some as "The Pope for Youth." Before he was pope, he used to camp and mountain hike with the youth. He still went mountain hiking when he was pope. He was a hero to many of them. Indeed, at gatherings, young Catholics, and conceivably non-Catholics, were often fond of chanting the phrase "JP Two, We Love You," and occasionally John Paul would reply "JP Two, He Loves YOU!" He was particularly concerned with the education of young future priests, and made many early visits to Roman seminaries, including the Venerable English College in 1979.
He established World Youth Day in 1984, with the intention of bringing young Catholics from all parts of the world together to celebrate their faith. These week-long meetings of youth occur every two or three years, attracting hundreds of thousands of young people, who go there to sing, party, have a good time, and deepen their faith. Some of his most faithful youths gathered themselves in two organizations: "papaboys" and "papagirls."
In 1989, the Pontiff arranged the first meeting ever between a Pope and Kremlin officials, meeting Gorbachev in the Vatican. They announced that the Vatican and Moscow would establish diplomatic ties. Gorbachev himself acknowledged the role of John Paul II in the fall of Communism, saying, "What has happened in eastern Europe in recent years would not have been possible without the presence of this pope." (quoted in La Stampa, March 3, 1992)
John Paul II emphasized what he called the "universal call to holiness" and attempted to define the Roman Catholic Church's role in the modern world. He spoke out against ideologies and politics of Marxism-Leninism, socialism, imperialism, hedonism, relativism, materialism, fascism, Nazism, racism, and unrestrained capitalism. He also fought against oppression, secularism, and poverty. Although he was on friendly terms with many Western heads of state and leading citizens, he criticized what he believed to be the corrosive spiritual effects of modern Western consumerism and the concomitant widespread secular and hedonistic orientation of Western populations.
John Paul II also affirmed traditional Roman Catholic teachings against abortion and contraception, and pioneered the Church's stance on matters such as embryonic stem cell research, human cloning, in vitro fertilization, euthanasia, evolution, interfaith matters, and unjust wars. He also defended traditional teachings on marriage and gender roles by opposing divorce, same-sex marriage, and the ordination of women. He called upon followers to vote according to Catholic teachings.
John Paul II became known as the "Pilgrim Pope" for traveling greater distances than had all his predecessors combined. His extensive travels brought him into contact with believers from many divergent faiths. He constantly attempted to find common ground, both doctrinal and dogmatic. At the World Day of Prayer for Peace, held in Assisi on October 27, 1986, more than 120 representatives of different religions and Christian denominations, including John Paul II, spent a day together with fasting and praying.
He beatified 1,340 people, more people than any previous pope. The Vatican reported that he canonized more people than the combined tally of his predecessors during the last five centuries, and from a far greater variety of cultures.
When he became pope in 1978, John Paul II was an avid sportsman, enjoying hiking and swimming. In addition, he traveled extensively after becoming pope.
John Paul's obvious physical fitness and athletic good looks earned much comment in the media following his election, which compared his health and trim figure to the poor health of John Paul I and Paul VI, the portliness of John XXIII and the constant claims of ailments of Pius XII. An Irish Independent article in the 1980s labeled John Paul the "the keep-fit pope."
Although the 1981 assassination attempt dealt the pope's health a major blow, he went on to a full recovery, and continued to demonstrate an impressive physical condition throughout the 1980s.
Starting about 1992, John Paul II's health slowly declined. He began to suffer from an increasingly slurred speech and difficulty in hearing. Though not officially confirmed by the Vatican until 2003, most experts agreed that the now frail pontiff suffered from Parkinson's disease. The contrast between the athletic John Paul of the 1970s and the declining John Paul of later years was striking.
In February 2005, John Paul II was taken to the Gemelli hospital with inflammation and spasm of the larynx, the result of influenza. Though later released from the hospital, he was taken back after a few days because of difficulty breathing. A tracheotomy was performed, which improved the Pope's breathing but limited his speaking abilities, to his visible frustration. In March 2005, speculation was high that the Pope was near death; this was confirmed by the Vatican a few days before John Paul II died.
On March 31, 2005, the Pope developed a very high fever and profoundly low blood pressure, but was neither rushed to the hospital nor offered life support. Instead, he was offered medical monitoring by a team of consultants at his private residence. This was taken as an indication that the pope and those close to him believed that he was nearing death; it would have been in accordance with his wishes to die in the Vatican. Later that day, Vatican sources announced that John Paul II had been given the Anointing of the Sick by his friend and secretary Stanisław Dziwisz. During the final days of the pope's life, the lights were kept burning through the night where he lay in the Papal apartment on the top floor of the Apostolic Palace.
Tens of thousands of people rushed to the Vatican, filling St. Peter's Square and beyond with a vast multitude, and held vigil for two days.
On Saturday, April 2, at about 3:30 p.m. CEST, John Paul II spoke his final words, "Let me go to the house of the Father," to his aides in his native Polish and fell into a coma about four hours later. He died in his private apartment at 9:37 p.m., 46 days short of his eighty-fifth birthday. A crowd of over two million within Vatican City, over one billion Catholics world-wide, and many non-Catholics mourned John Paul II.
The public viewing of his body in St. Peter's Basilica drew over four million people to Vatican City and was one of the largest pilgrimages in the history of Christianity. Many world leaders expressed their condolences and ordered flags in their countries lowered to half-mast. Numerous countries with a Catholic majority, and even some with only a small Catholic population, declared mourning for John Paul II. The nation of Poland was particularly affected by his death.
On April 8, the Mass of Requiem was conducted by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, Joseph Ratzinger, who would become the next pope under the name of Benedict XVI. It has been estimated to have been the largest attended funeral of all time.
The funeral of Pope John Paul II saw the single largest gathering of heads of state in history, who had come together to pay their respects. In his memory, a number of Catholic schools have named their houses after him.
As pope, one of John Paul II's most important roles was to teach people about Christianity. He wrote 14 papal encyclicals (List of Encyclicals of Pope John Paul II) that many observers believe will have long-lasting influence on the church. These include: his Apostolic Letter At the beginning of the third millennium, where he emphasized the importance of "starting afresh from Christ;" The Splendor of the Truth, where he stressed the dependence of man on God and his law; and On the Relationship between Faith and Reason, in which he promoted a renewed interest in philosophy and an autonomous pursuit for truth in theological matters.
John Paul II also wrote extensively about workers and the social doctrine of the Church, which he discussed in three encyclicals. John Paul also stressed the dignity of women and the importance of the family for the future of mankind.
John Paul affirmed the teachings of Vatican II and did much to implement them. Nevertheless, his critics often wished aloud that he would embrace the so-called "progressive" agenda that some hoped would evolve as a result of the Council. John Paul II continued to declare that contraception, abortion, and homosexual acts were gravely sinful, and, with Cardinal Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI), opposed Liberation theology.
In 1994, he officially declared the Church's lack of authority to ordain women to the priesthood. In addition, John Paul II chose not to end the discipline of mandatory priestly celibacy, although in a small number of unusual circumstances, he did allow married clergymen of other Christian traditions who later became Catholic to be ordained as priests.
Since giving his homily at the funeral of Pope John Paul, Pope Benedict XVI has continued to refer to John Paul II as "the Great." At the 2005 World Youth Day in Germany, Benedict, speaking in Polish, said, "As the great Pope John Paul II would say: keep the flame of faith alive in your lives and your people." In May 2006, Benedict visited John Paul's native Poland. During that visit he repeatedly made references to "the great John Paul" and "my great predecessor." In addition to the Vatican calling him "the great," numerous newspapers have also done so. For example the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera called him "the Greatest" and the South African Catholic newspaper, The Southern Cross, has called him "John Paul II The Great."
Scholars of Canon Law say that there is no official process for declaring a pope "Great." The title establishes itself through popular, and continued usage. The three popes who today commonly are known as "Great" are Leo I, who reigned from 440–461 and persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw from Rome, thus saving Christianity and Catholicism in Europe from destruction; Gregory I, 590–604, after whom the Gregorian Chant is named; and Nicholas I, 858–867, who also withstood a siege of Rome (in this case from Carolingian Christians, over a dispute regarding marriage annulment).
On May 9, 2005, Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor, John Paul II. Normally five years must pass after a person's death before the beatification process can begin. The decision was announced on May 13 of that year at the Feast of Our Lady of Fatima and the twenty-fourth anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II at St. Peter's Square.
In early 2006, it was reported that the Vatican was investigating a possible miracle associated with John Paul II. A French nun, confined to her bed by Parkinson's Disease, is reported to have experienced a "complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II."
On May 28, 2006, during a Mass before an estimated 900,000 people in John Paul II's native Poland, Pope Benedict XVI encouraged prayers for the early canonization of John Paul II and stated that he hoped canonization would happen "in the near future."
On March 8, 2007, the Vicariate of Rome announced that the diocesan phase of John Paul's cause for beatification is at an end. Following a ceremony on April 2, 2007—the second anniversary of the Pontiff's death—the cause proceeded to the scrutiny of the committee of lay, clerical, and episcopal members of the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, who will conduct an investigation of their own.
All links retrieved May 21, 2018.
The Peacemakers: Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk, Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin
|Time's Man of the Year
Born: 18 May 1920;
|Archbishop of Kraków
Pope John Paul I
Pope Benedict XVI
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Geneva, 28 May 2003. CERN1 announced today the successful completion of a major data challenge aimed at pushing the limits of data storage to tape. Using 45 newly installed StorageTek2 9940B tape drives, capable of writing to tape at 30megabyte/s, Bernd Panzer and his team at the IT Division of CERN were able to achieve storage-to-tape rates of 1.1 gigabyte/s for periods of several hours, with peaks of 1.2 gigabyte/s – roughly equivalent to storing a whole movie on DVD every four seconds. The average sustained over a three day period was of 920megabytes/s. Previous best results by other research labs were typically less than 850megabytes/s.
Schematic of the data setup for the storage-to-tape challenge. Data – in this case generated by 40 compute servers, is temporarily stored to disk, then copied to the 45 StorageTek tape servers. Once the Large Hadron Collider is running at CERN, the data will come directly from the experiments and a copy will be distributed onto the DataGrid that CERN and partners are currently developing.
The significance of this result, and the purpose of the data challenge, was to show that the CERN's IT Division is on track to cope with the enormous data rates expected from experiments on CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the next generation particle accelerator currently under construction. These experiments will produce data at rates in excess of 100megabytes/s, and one experiment alone, called Alice, is expected to produce data at rates of 1.25 gigabytes/s.
In all, the LHC experiments are anticipated to spew out over 10 petabytes of data a year, which will be stored on tape as well as being distributed around the world onto disk, for subsequent analysis using advanced "Grid" technologies for distributed computing and data storage. The data will contain information about the result of protons colliding in the accelerator at unprecedented energies, and recreating for a brief instant the extreme conditions that existed just after the Big Bang. Scientists will spend years sifting painstakingly through this data, in an effort to better understand the fundamental laws that govern matter in the Universe.
While waiting for the LHC to be completed, Dr. Panzer's team generated an equivalent stream of artificial data, using 40 compute servers. This data was stored temporarily to 60 disk servers before being transferred to the StorageTek tape servers (see Fig. 1). A data compression factor of 1.3 was deliberately chosen during this data challenge, as this is characteristic of the compression that can be achieved with real experimental data.
As Wolfgang von Rüden, head of the CERN IT Division, put it "only by pushing leading edge technology to the limit can we verify the architecture and scalability of the data storage solutions we are developing for the LHC. This latest breakthrough with StorageTek is very reassuring, and means we are in striking distance of production requirements for the LHC."
Beat Schüle, Country Manager Switzerland/Austria, from Storage Tek commented "CERN is a demanding customer, and this is just what we need to keep our technology at the forefront. By upgrading to our latest 9940B series, CERN was able to achieve unprecedented rates of storage-to-tape. This confirms that tape remains a competitive storage medium for the extreme data challenges of the LHC Computing Grid."
Besides the StorageTek equipment, a key contributing factor to the success of the data challenge was a high performance switched network from Enterasys Networks with 10gigabit/s ethernet capability, which routed the data from PC to disk and from disk to tape. This switched network is part of the CERN opencluster, an advanced computer cluster also involving technology from HP and Intel. Close collaboration with a range of IT suppliers is part of a long tradition at CERN, a pioneer in information technologies famous for being the place where the World Wide Web was born.
About CERN and the CERN opencluster
CERN is the European Organization for Nuclear Research, the world's largest particle physics centre near Geneva, Switzerland. Technological development at CERN has given the world advances as varied as medical imaging and the World Wide Web. Founded in 1954, the laboratory was one of Europe's first joint ventures and has become a shining example of international collaboration. From the original 12 signatories of the CERN convention, membership has grown to the present 20 member states. The CERN opencluster is the first common project in the CERN openlab for DataGrid applications, a partnership with industry. The CERN openlab is a response to the new level of intensive industrial collaboration needed to solve the unprecedented computing challenge of the Large Hadron Collider project, currently under construction at CERN. The current partners in the CERN openlab are Enterasys Networks, HP, IBM and Intel. The CERN opencluster currently involves 64-bit processor technology from Intel, advanced servers from HP, and a 10 gigabit switching environment from Enterasys Networks.
StorageTek (NYSE:STK), a $2 billion worldwide company with headquarters in Louisville, Colo., delivers a broad range of storage solutions for digitized data. StorageTek solutions are easy to manage and allow universal access to data across servers, media types and storage networks. StorageTek is the innovator and global leader in virtual storage solutions for tape automation, disk storage systems and storage networking and is a voting member of the SNIA. Because of StorageTek, customers can manage and leverage their digital assets as their businesses grow and can maximize IT productivity to ensure enterprise-class business continuity.
For more information call 1.800.786.7835.
Contact at CERN
CERN IT Division
1. CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, has its headquarters in Geneva. At present, its Member States are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. India, Israel, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United States of America, Turkey, the European Commission and UNESCO have observer status.
2. StorageTek is a registered trademark of Storage Technology Corp | <urn:uuid:8d51bccf-18de-4e50-8aed-82f3e49c6708> | {
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Is the resurrection of Jesus historical?
The resurrection is many things. It is important to distinguish them.
The resurrection is real. The disciples' testimony about Jesus' resurrection from the dead presents the event in everyday terms. The man who was crucified on Friday was back on Sunday, showing his scars to his friends, eating lunch with them, teaching them how his death and resurrection fulfilled Scripture and speaking of the Kingdom of God. Christian testimony about the reality of Jesus' resurrection is unanimous that it really happened. Furthermore, this testimony is distinguishable even from the worship of Jesus that usually followed reflection on the significance of Jesus' story. Matthew 28:17 hints at a debate between witnesses to the resurrection over whether the risen one should be worshipped: "When they saw him they worshipped him; but some doubted." The rest of the chapter suggests that the worshippers prevailed in that debate, but the fact that the debate happened in the first place suggests an important distinction between the reality of the resurrection and its possible interpretation.
Under the influence of Kantian idealism, the idea has gained cultural currency that "facts" are distinguishable from "values," and intellectual pressure from this conviction has sometimes pushed the resurrection into the category of merely mythical events. (Helpful, accessible reading here is Lesslie Newbigin's The Gospel in a Pluralist Society.) Many Christians who have shared the unfortunate and mistaken dischotomy of fact and value (or objectivity and subjectivity) still rightly insist that the resurrection of Jesus is not merely a value-judgment or a subjective interpretation. To present the event that way is to turn it into something else. If the resurrection of Jesus was anything at all, it was the resurrection of real flesh and bone (Luke 24:39). That is what the word means in its original first-century Jewish context. That is what Paul means by connecting Jesus' bodily resurrection to the bodily resurrection of all believers (1 Cor. 15:12-58). Paul himself could not be more emphatic about this when he tells the Corinthians that
if Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is in vain and your faith is in vain. We are even found to be misrepresenting God, because we testified of God that he raised Christ, whom he did not raise if it is true that the dead are not raised. For if the dead are not raised, then Christ has not been raised. If Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile and you are still in your sins. Then those also who have fallen asleep in Christ have perished. If for this life only we have hoped in Christ, then we are of all people most to be pitied.
That is what it means today when Christians confess that we believe "in the resurrection of the body and the life everlasting." We may be mistaken about that, but what we would be mistaken about would be the truth of an irreducibly real event, not its reality. The resurrection might be explained away, but it refuses to be mythologized or spiritualized away. It must be more than a parable.
The resurrection is historical. By this I mean that the past events of Jesus' death and resurrection appearances are remembered as history. History is not just "the past," but faithful remembrance of the past. Many things happen that are forgotten or never known in the first place. The writer of John suggests that this is true of Jesus' life too: "There are also many other things which Jesus did; were every one of them to be written, I suppose that the world itself could not contain the books that would be written" (John 21:25). The resurrection is not one of those unknown or forgotten events. Indeed, it is one of a few events to which the Church committed itself from its beginning never to forget (Luke 24:45-48, Acts 1:21-25).
We see this emphasis in a small and sacred creed that Paul himself learned from the apostles while in Jerusalem, and that he entrusted to his own congregations:
Now I would remind you, brothers and sisters, in what terms I preached to you the gospel, which you received, in which you stand, by which you are saved, if you hold it fast unless you believed in vain. [That last clause addresses an issue to which Paul's citation of the text is directed; it will concern us later, but not here.] For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received, that
Christ died for our sins in accordance with the scriptures,
that he as buried,
that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the scriptures,
and that he appeared to Cephas,
then to the Twelve,
then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers and sisters at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep.
Then he appeared to James,
then to all the apostles.
Last of all, as to one untimely born, he appeared also to me (1 Cor. 15:3-8).
Much ink has been spilled as to where the fragment he learned at Jerusalem stops and Paul's own comments begin. I think the portions I have italicized are pretty obvious insertions. It may also be that his mention of Jesus' appearance to James and to all the apostles is also a Pauline addition, but I do not think so.
What is beyond serious debate is that the beginning of the quote, from "Christ" to "Twelve," comes not originally from Paul but from the Church in Jerusalem. You can see that by Paul's way of introducing it (a way that is repeated with Paul's appeal to Jesus' words of institution at the Last Supper in 1 Cor. 11:23). You can also see it in the way Paul calls Peter "Cephas," using an Aramaic name for "rock" rather than the Greek name that would have been familiar to his readers. (Very helpful reading here is Wolfhart Pannenberg's Jesus God and Man.)
The remembrance of Jesus' resurrection goes back to those who knew and traveled with Jesus, who went with him to Jerusalem and to whom he appeared after his death. It goes with Christians wherever we go, for it is the historical basis for and shape of all our hope.
Jesus might have been raised and never appeared to anyone, in which case the world's reconciliation with God would have been remained hidden. But from the beginning the apostles were distinguished as such by the fact that they were eyewitnesses to the resurrection and sent to proclaim it (Acts 1:21-22). If they are to be believed, it is only because the risen Jesus appeared to them.
That the Bible also employs other, more purely mythical ways to remember the past is irrelevant. If Jonah is a fable, if Job is fiction, if Eden is mythology, then so be it. The Bible includes many different genres of literature: narrative, parable, law, poetry, music, proverb, prophecy, apocalyptic. I became infamous in one of my classes for claiming that "the Bible is a musical." (Read Luke 1 and you'll see what I mean.) But musicals feature more than just music. The New Testament testimonies to Jesus' resurrection are not fable, fiction, or mythology. The earliest and most sacred ones are simple, straightforward historical narratives: "He died ... he was buried ... he was raised ... he appeared." This is how the witnesses chose to remember and relate what they had seen.
The resurrection is significant. Christians are adamant that the resurrection of Jesus is not just some random act with no meaning beyond itself. This is the event that makes sense of all of Jesus' life as God's vindication of his outrageous claims. It is a renewal that makes sense of all creation, forcing the Church back to creation language to describe it adequately (Col. 1:15-20, 2 Cor. 5:17, Rev. 21:5). This is the event that confirms God's being and perfectly loving, just character, the awesome threat of sin, God's irrevocable choice of Israel, the true human image of God in Jesus, the Trinity of God, the exaltation and Lordship of Jesus, the rectitude of Jesus' past and future judgment both against and on behalf of the world, the effectiveness of his atoning work, the reality of God's kingdom and the Church as a sign of that reign ... of all things' oneness in him.
This means that if Christians are wrong about Jesus' death and resurrection, we are basically wrong about everything. Imagine a world where Jesus were not raised from the dead. The God of Israel would be nonexistent. Or God would be detached from the world. Or God would be evil (having refused to intervene on behalf of an innocent Jesus). Or Jesus would have been the blasphemer, false prophet, and charlatan he was charged with being, in which case his example and teaching would not be an image of God's lovingkindness at all, but its opposite.
The resurrection is transformative. In fact, Christians are right about the resurrection. "Jesus has been raised from the dead, the first fruits of those who have fallen asleep" (1 Cor. 15:20). Jesus' resurrection is the inaugural event of the end of the age. Pannenberg, ever the historian, looks to the historical context of a Jew's resurrection and finds it the sign that God's promised end-times have begun. Having been judged by humanity and found guilty, Jesus has now been judged by the Father and found innocent. For him the judgment is over. The last test has been passed. Christ is free. So are those entrusted to him: "I died, and behold I live," the risen Jesus says in Rev. 1:18, echoing Deut. 32:39-40 and appropriating it to himself, "and I have the keys to death and the grave."
So the resurrection does more than supply the necessary context to understand Jesus' life. It begins the new creation. As Newbigin puts it,
What happened on that day is, according to the Christian tradition, only to be understood by analogy with what happened on the day the cosmos came into being. It is a boundary event, at the point where (as cosmologists tell us) the laws of physics cease to apply. It is the beginning of a new creation as mysterious to human reason as the creation itself (11).
In philosophical jargon, the first Easter changes everything ontologically, not just epistemologically it changes the way things are, not just the way we know them. It introduces a new world to us.
The resurrection is axiomatic. Jesus' resurrection intrudes into an old world as something odd, unprecedented, and problematic. But in the new world it introduces, it is central, typical, and foundational. Again Newbigin puts it well:
It is obvious that the story of the empty tomb cannot be fitted into our contemporary worldview, or indeed into any worldview except one of which it is the starting point. ... [A]ccepted in faith it becomes the starting point for a wholly new way of understanding our human experience, a way which in the long run makes more sense of human experience as a whole than does the reigning plausibility structure. That the crucified Jesus was raised from death to be the firstfruit of a new creation is in the proper sense dogma. It is something given, offered for acceptance in faith, providing the starting point for a new way of understanding which, instead of being finally defined by the impassable boundary of death (our personal deaths and the final death of the cosmos), moves from death outward to an open world of infinite possibilities beckoning us into ever fresh regions of joy" (11-12).
Jesus' death and resurrection have worked this way since the Church's beginning. In my Christian theology classes I assign a project where students research the ways the New Testament writers draw conclusions from Jesus' death and resurrection to all aspects of their life. Christian memory of Jesus' resurrection is more than unforgettable; it is fundamental. In our faith, it is an independent variable.
The resurrection is demonstrable. That the resurrection is historical means that at one time the resurrection was demonstrable. The Church remembers Jesus as one who submitted "proofs" of his identity after his resurrection. The story of Jesus appearing to "Doubting Thomas" and showing him his scars shows the Church remembering Jesus as one willing to let the Church's central claim "Jesus is risen" be radically questioned.
I do not mean this to imply that only those Christian beliefs that can be demonstrated are legitimate. If the evidence were weaker, it would not necessarily disprove the reality or even the historicity of the resurrection. Many Christians accept Jesus as raised from the dead on grounds besides the kind of evidence to which I will appeal. Jesus makes himself known to some by dreams, personal appearances, inner conviction, indoctrination, and the like. Belief grounded in these things is not thereby disqualified. After Thomas learned Jesus was risen, he learned further that "blessed are those who have not seen and yet believe" (John 20:29).
If evidence of the resurrection were no longer extant, then we might have to take it on the authority of witnesses to whom the evidence was extant. However, at least from my own cultural location in late western modernity, the resurrection remains demonstrable. I find this fact a great blessing, for as faith goes, my own is relatively weak. There are times when I fall back into a world that demands signs as proof, and finds it difficult to accept as signs phenomena with no analogy in the present. I fall back into a world where the resurrection is a dependent variable. While Jesus does not just jump through our epistemological hoops he does offer one sign, "the sign of Jonah", to satisfy skeptics. "'For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the whale, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth'" (Matt. 12:38-40).
I do not mean this as a claim that all rational people everywhere must accept the reality of his resurrection. This is because the persuasive demonstration of a thing depends on the plausibility structures of those to whom it is demonstrated. There is no demonstrating the resurrection to a David Hume or a Thomas Jefferson who rejects violations of so-called natural law a priori. There is no demonstrating the resurrection to a Muslim who refuses to accept the historicity of Jesus' death. There is no demonstrating the resurrection to one who believes that the physical world is an illusion. In all of these cases, the audience lives in a world that can't even imagine the possibility. That is not the Christian faith's problem.
What in our intellectual culture demonstrates the resurrection?
1. The Church itself. One of my New Testament professors said it better than I have ever heard it said: "Where there's smoke there's fire. The smoke is the faith of the Church." There is simply no other adequate explanation for the change between how the disciples remember themselves before the resurrection appearances and what they are like afterward.
Some have tried to explain the change as mass psychosis, as a collective exercise in wishful thinking. However, this doesn't fit the apostolic testimony. Nowhere is this kind of inspiration or psychological uplift credited with turning around the discouraged, divided disciples. Nor is hysteria consistent with the gospels' and Paul's conflicting traditions of Jesus appearing multiple times to different people in different locations.
Some have tried to explain the change as the adoption of a Greco-Roman religious myth, the myth of the "dying-and-rising-god." However, this doesn't fit the testimony either. The first believers are Jews, not pagans; in fact, they are not even cosmopolitan Jews. They firmly believe in a real, Jewish-style resurrection of the dead. Furthermore, they maintain this belief following Jesus' death. Jesus' apocalyptic teaching of an imminent end of the world is taken so seriously that Paul takes it over a few years later, as do the gospels and the later letters of the New Testament. The eschatological character of the Christian message is inconsistent with a "mythologization" of the resurrection.
2. First-hand reports of Jesus' appearances. Here let me appeal not to some apologetics book, but to the work of E.P. Sanders of Duke University. If Sanders has a theological agenda, I have never been able to guess what it is. His The Historical Figure of Jesus begins with an outline of
statements that meet two standards: they are almost beyond dispute; and they belong to the framework of his life, and especially of his public career....
Jesus was born c. 4 BCE, near the time of the death of Herod the Great;
he spent his childhood and early adult years in Nazareth, a Galilean village;
he was baptized by John the Baptist;
he called disciples;
he taught in the towns, villages and countryside of Galilee (apparently not the cities);
he preached 'the kingdom of God';
about the year 30 he went to Jerusalem for Passover;
he created a disturbance in the Temple area;
he had a final meal with the disciples;
he was arrested and interrogated by Jewish authorities, specifically the high priest;
he was executed on the orders of the Roman prefect, Pontius Pilate.
It should be said that Sanders' method privileges public events rather than sayings as historically reliable, since the latter are easier to fabricate and change than the former.
After this list, Sanders offers another, "a short list of equally secure facts about the aftermath of Jesus' life:"
his disciples at first fled;
they saw him (in what sense is not certain) after his death;
as a consequence, they believed that he would return to found the kingdom;
they formed a community to await his return and sought to win others to faith in him as God's Messiah (10-11).
At the end of the book Sanders says more about the historically verifiable aspects of Jesus' appearances: Jesus did not appear as a ghost, nor as a resuscitated corpse, but as something else: "a spiritual body". The reports in the gospels agree in some generalities, but conflict in details (order and location of appearances), so that "we are left with an intractable problem. The followers of Jesus were sure that he was raised from the dead, but they did not agree on who had seen him" (278-279). Sanders' bottom line is that
That Jesus' followers (and later Paul) had resurrection appearances is, in my experience, a fact. What the reality was that gave rise to the experiences I do not know.
Even when we keep a realistically critical distance from the New Testament writings, we are left with appearances of the risen Jesus that are fundamentally formative of the Christian tradition as we know it. A historian like Sanders cannot explain them. Nor can he explain them away.
Sanders' view may seem an overly equivocal assessment of the demonstrability of the resurrection. Keep in mind that it comes from a historian of the Greco-Roman world whose highest loyalty is not to a particular notion of Jesus of Nazareth, but to the modern canons of historiography. Sanders' judgment touches Newbigin's where modern history touches Christian theology. The resurrection moves moderns out of what turns out to be an overly confining ideology into a larger world. To quote Newbigin again, the resurrection "is a boundary event, at the point where (as cosmologists tell us) the laws of physics cease to apply." It is the twilight that dispels historicism's night and ushers in the Lord's day.
Another helpful resource for judging the demonstrability of the resurrection is Terry L. Miethe, ed., Did Jesus Rise from the Dead? The Resurrection Debate. It chronicles a debate between Gary Habermas and Antony Flew held at Liberty University in 1985:
All parties agreed ... to limit the debate to a single issue, that of the historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus. The debate was not to be concerned with issues such as God's existence, revelation (such as the Bible), or miracles in general. These issues could, however, be addressed in the question and answer session following the formal debate.
Because audiences are perennially interested in who the experts choose as the winner of a public debate, we organized two panels of experts in their respective areas of specialty to render a verdict on the present subject matter. One panel consisted of five philosophers, who were instructed to judge the content of the debate and render a winner. The second panel consisted of five professional debate judges, who were asked to judge the argumentation technique of the debaters. All ten participants serve on the faculties of American universities and colleges such as the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Virginia, Western Kentucky University, James Madison University, George Mason University, Randolph-Macon College (Ashland, Virginia), Sweet Briar College, and Liberty University. We attempted to choose persons of a wide spectrum of views and persuasions.
The decisions of our judges were as follows. The panel of philosophers, judging content, cast four votes for Habermas, none for Flew, and one draw. ...
The panel of professional debate judges voted three to two, also in favor of Habermas, this time regarding the method of argumentation technique.
The book features handy afterwords, one by Pannenberg which summarizes the historiographical approach to Christology he pioneered in Jesus God and Man.
3. The empty tomb tradition. This is the weakest ground so far, but it is not entirely dismissable. It is true that the gospels' empty tomb traditions are being recorded at least three or four decades after Jesus' death. However, Matthew records a legend spread "to this day" by Christians' opponents alleging that the disciples stole Jesus' body. In Matthew's Jewish-Christian circles the empty tomb tradition must already predate the stolen body tradition. A more important consideration is the odd phrase "he was buried" in the historical fragment Paul passes along in 1 Cor. 15:3-7. It follows the claim "he died for our sins according to the Scriptures," and it precedes the claim "he rose on the third day and appeared." Unless the phrase is simply redundant and that seems far-fetched in such a compact creed it refers to something important between and besides death and resurrection. I suspect it refers indirectly to the empty-tomb tradition. This explanation would fit well with the other suggestions of Jesus' real, historical, significant, demonstrable resurrection from the dead.
4. "Living Jesus." For some this evidence of Jesus' new life will seem entirely out of place here, even ridiculous. For others, it will seem the most compelling of all.
The disciples who saw him after his death continued to sense his presence. Two thousand years later, a powerful conviction of Jesus' presence in gathered worship characterizes most every Christian community. "Where two or three are gathered together" in judgment, Jesus says, "there I am also" (Matt. 18:20). Paul's communities meet together "with the power of the Lord Jesus" (1 Cor. 5:4). This happens in corporate prayer, individual prayer, contemplation, communion, biblical practice, mission, mercy ministry, dreams and visions, healings and words of prophecy, and countless other ways. Such modes of presence may not convince skeptics, but they are entirely consistent with a Jesus who lives, ascended to the Father (whatever that means!) and reigning through the power of the Holy Spirit of whose presence the Church is equally sure. Good reading from a biblical scholar on such spirituality is Luke Timothy Johnson, Living Jesus: Learning the Heart of the Gospel. Johnson at times opposes the so-called "Jesus of history" and the so-called "Christ of faith," but this project of drawing connections between the two is healthy and scholastically careful.
As I have said, everything does not hinge on the present demonstrability of the resurrection (except to weaklings slike me). However, for those who need it, the empirical effects of Jesus' resurrection build a bridge that transports us from an age of empiricism and historicism into one of living Christian faith, in which the old boundary event has become axiomatic. It did not have to be so. God's providence is extraordinary.
One last aspect:
The resurrection is insufficient. It should be clear that Christian faith radically depends on the reality of the resurrection, whether or not every culture or every audience finds it demonstrable. Something else should be clear: Christian faith radically depends on more. Specifically, it depends on the disciple's confession of Jesus as Lord and Christ. Confession is of course integrally related to resurrection. Each supports the other. However, neither one reduces to the other.
You can see both the relationship and the distinction in such famous texts as Philippians 2:5-11, Romans 10:9-10, and John 20:27:
He became obedient unto death, even death on a cross. Therefore God has highly exalted him and bestowed upon him the name which is above every name, that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.
If you confessed with your lips that Jesus is Lord and believed in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you would be saved. For one believes with his or her heart and is justified, and confesses with his or lips and so is saved.
"Put your finger here, and see my hands; and put out your hand, and place it in my side; do not be unbelieving, but believing." Thomas answered him, "My Lord and my God!"
It is not only in the Bible that I have seen the distinction between acknowledgement of Jesus' resurrection and confession of him as Lord and Christ. I saw it in a friend and student who became convinced of the reality of the resurrection, but still refused to entrust her future to the risen one. It is simply not enough to see that God raised Jesus from the dead.
However, it is certainly a start. | <urn:uuid:e67953d0-cdb2-40fe-8d0c-3f83e3042fbf> | {
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1886-8: Nikola Tesla invents system of Alternating Current power source and transmission system. As 60-pulse-per-second (hertz) AC power grids spread over the land, Mom Earth will eventually dance to a different beat than her usual 7-8 hertz frequency.
1900: Tesla applies for patent on a device to transmit Electrical Energy Through the Natural Mediums".
1905: U.S. Patent #787,412 issued for above.
1924: Confirmation that radio waves bounce off ionosphere (electrically-charged layer starting at altitude of 50 kilometers).
1938: Scientist proposes to light up night sky by electron gyrotron heating from a powerful transmitter.
1940: Tesla announces "death ray" invention.
1945: Atomic bomb tests begin 40,000 electromagnetic pulses to follow.
1952: W.O. Schumann identifies 7.83 hertz resonant frequency of the earth.
1958: Van Allen radiation belts discovered (zones of charged particles trapped in earths magnetic field) 2,000+ miles up. Violently disrupted in the same year.
1958: Project Argus, U.S. Navy explodes 3 nuclear bombs in Van Allen belt.
1958: White House advisor on weather modification says Defense Dept. studying ways to manipulate charges "of earth and sky, and so affect the weather
1960: Series of weather disasters begin.
1961?: Copper needles dumped into ionosphere as "telecommunications shield".
1961: Scientists propose artificial ion cloud experiments. In 1960's the dumping of chemicals (barium powder etc.) from satellites/rockets began.
1961-62: Soviets and USA blast many EMPs in atmosphere, 300 megatons of nuclear devices deplete ozone layer by about 4%.
1962: Launch of Canadian satellites & start of stimulating plasma resonances by antennas within the space plasma.6
1966: Gordon J. F. MacDonald publishes military ideas on environmental engineering.
1960's: In Wisconsin, US Navy Project Sanguine lays ELF antennae.
1968: Moscow scientists tell the West that Soviets pinpointed which pulsed magnetic field frequencies help mental & physiological functions and which do harm.
1972: First reports on "ionospheric heater" experiments with high frequency radio waves, at Arecibo. 100-megawatt heater in Norway built later in decade; can change conductivity of auroral ionosphere.
1973: Documentation that launch of Skylab `'halved the total electron content of the ionosphere for three hours"(by rocket exhaust gases).
1973: Recommendations for study of Project Sanguine's biological effects denied by Navy.
|1974: United Nations General Assembly bans environmental warfare.
1974: High-frequency experiments at Plattesville, Colorado; Arecibo, Puerto Rico; and, Armidale, New South Wales heat "bottom side of ionosphere".
1974: Experiments airglow brightened by hitting oxygen atoms in ionosphere with accelerated electrons.
1975: Stanford professor Robert Helliwell reports that VLF from power lines is altering the ionosphere.
1975: U. S. Senator Gaylord Nelson forces Navy to release research showing that ELF transmissions can alter human blood chemistry.
1975: Pell Senate Subcommittee urges that weather & climate modification work be overseen by civilian agency answerable to U.S. Congress. Didn't happen.
1975: Soviets begin pulsing "Woodpecker" ELF waves, at key brainwave rhythms. Eugene, Oregon, one of locations where people were particularly affected.
1976: Drs. Susan Bawin & W. Ross Adey show nerve cells affected by ELF fields.'s
1979: Launch of NASA's third High-Energy Astrophysical Observatory causes large-scale, artificially-induced depletion in the ionosphere. Plasma hole caused by "rapid chemical processes" between rocket exhaust and ozone layer." "ionosphere was significantly depleted over a horizontal distance of 300 km for some hours."
1985: Bernard J. Eastiund applies for patent "Method and Apparatus for Altering a Region in the Earth's Atmosphere, ionosphere and/or Magnetosphere,'' (First of 3 Eastiund patents assigned to ARCO Power Technologies Inc.)
1986: US Navy Project Henhouse duplicates Delgado (Madrid) experiment -- very low-level, very-low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields harm chick embryos. 20
1980's: In the later part of the decade the U.S. begins network of Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN) towers, each to generate Very Low Frequency (VLF) waves for defense purposes .
1987-92: Other APTI scientists build on Eastiund patents for development of new weapon capabilities.
I1994: Military contractor E-Systems buys APTI, holder of Eastiund patents and contract to build biggest ionospheric heater in world (HAARP).
1994: Congress freezes funding on HAARP until planners increase emphasis on earth-penetrating tomography uses, for nuclear counter proliferation efforts.
1995: Raytheon buys E-Systems and old APTI patents. The technology is now hidden among thousands of patents within one of the largest defense contractor portfolios.
1995: Congress budgets $10 million for 1996 under "nuclear counterproliferation" efforts for HAARP project.
1995: HAARP planners to test patent number 5,041,834 in September.
1994-6: Testing of first-stage HAARP (euphemistically named High frequency Active Auroral Research Program) equipment continues, although funding was frozen.
1996: HAARP planners to test the earth-penetrating tomography applications by modulating the electroject at Extremely Low Frequencies
1998: Projected date for fully-operating HAARP system.
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Eczema is an inflammatory skin condition characterized by itchy, inflamed skin that can often blister, ooze, or scale. Treatments include emollients, topical steroids, antihistamines, prednisone, and immunomodulation treatments.
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease that appears on the skin as thick, silvery, itchy patches. Treatment options include topical steroids, vitamin D topical creams, combination topical treatments, oral immunomodulation treatments, biologic treatments, oral or topical retinoids, or phototherapy.
Many different types of rashes can be diagnosed visually or with a biopsy in which the area of skin is numbed, removed, and sent for processing to determine the best treatment plan.
The two most common types of cysts, epidermoid cysts and pilar cysts (commonly seen on the scalp), can be removed by surgical excision. Draining the cyst may be necessary if the cyst is inflamed.
Skin tags are small growths that appear most often beneath the arms, in the groin area, and around the neck. Treatment options include snip excision, shave removal, or cryotherapy.
A skin lesion is an area of the skin that looks different in appearance than the surrounding skin. A biopsy may be required for diagnosis, which will determine the steps of treatment.
Rosacea is a skin condition characterized by facial redness, prominent facial blood vessels (telangiectasias), red bumps, and pustules. It can be treated with oral antibiotics, topical medications, pulsed dye laser (PDL), or CO₂ fractional laser.
Toenail fungus is a chronic infection of the toenails. Symptoms include yellowing or whitening of the nail bed, nail thickening, brittleness, and nail splitting. A combination of treatments is often used, which include oral antifungals, topical antifungals, and laser treatments.
Warts are benign growths that can occur on any part of the body and can spread with skin-to-skin contact. Treatment options include cryotherapy, cantharidin, shave removal, curettage, pulsed dye laser (PDL), and electrodessication.
There are three primary forms of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. A skin check or biopsy will be performed to determine the type of cancer or pre-cancer and the best approach to treatment. Treatment options include cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen), topical medications, photodynamic therapy (PDT), CO₂ laser, excision, electrodessication and curettage, Mohs Micrographic Surgery, 5-Fluorouracil, and imiquimod. | <urn:uuid:410238d9-b69b-4290-83bf-74710633dcf8> | {
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Beautiful landscaping unfortunately does not take care of itself. No matter how much you pay your landscaper, once your plants have been installed – you are responsible for the health of your plants. To keep your new investment looking as good as the day it was installed, it will require time and plant maintenance – remember, plants are living, breathing organisms. Watering and fertilizing your new plants will keep them growing healthy and strong. Here are some tips on how to keep your plants healthy and looking great.
DO NOT solely rely on your irrigation system to handle all of your new responsibilities.
Trees, plants and shrubs are like people – they need the proper amount of food, water, and care to survive and prosper. Nursery plants are used to absorbing water and nutrients at the same time every day. They have been watered and fertilized on a routine schedule for several months or even years. Without your full attention once they go in the ground, it would be like someone changing your breakfast, lunch, and dinner schedule, your diet, and portion size all at the same time. You would go through shock too!
To start your plants on a healthy path, the company adds a slow release fertilizer tablet to each plant upon installation. This will provide nutrient for the first year. Next, it’s your turn -your new plants need to be watered at least 3 to 4 times per week (weather and soil type dependent). Does your soil hold moisture or drain moisture? Water thoroughly at the base of the plant, soaking the root structure. Do this for several weeks until the plants have established roots in the surrounding soil. After the first season or one year, watering once per week is recommended (weather and soil type dependent). The best times to water your plants are early in the morning and late in the afternoon – this helps water to soak into the ground around the plant before being evaporated by the sun. Watering your plants during the warmest part of the day is less effective and can burn plant leaves causing them to wilt and fall off. It is just as important not overwater your plants. Overwatering can kill plants just as fast as not watering them at all. Overwatering can also lead to plant disease. Your investment in landscaping was expensive!…Watch the weather and react accordingly.
Each plant type has different needs in regards to moisture and soil nutrients, so it is good to research your plants and learn their needs. For example, Rhododendrons prefer acidic soil. What is acidity level your soil? You may need a different fertilizer for your Rhododendron. In general, fertilizer should be applied to plants once a year in the spring following the guidelines on the container.
Pruning trees, plants, and shrubs can enhance their appearance, may promote flowering, and helps keep them healthy. Research your plant so that you are pruning each plant at the right time of year.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=K_Burkhart
Andrew Caxton loves writing for http://www.lawn-mowers-and-garden-tractors.com . For additional information regarding lawn care or grass gardening go to landscaping | <urn:uuid:c1a0506b-f757-47e0-b577-e98a05bb6771> | {
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Cul-6 analyze the role of culture and the arts in 19th- and 20th-century movements for social and political change cul-7 explain how and why “modern” cultural values and popular culture have grown since the early 20th century and how they have affected american politics and society. America in the 1920s many things accounted for the depression in american agriculture, but preeminent was the loss of foreign markets american farmers could not easily sell in areas where the united states was not buying goods because of its own import tariffs. The history of the roaring twenties, the events, people and the changes in america 50 facts about the roaring twenties for kids, children, homework and schools economic and social changes the art movements in the 1920's were surrealism and impressionism art deco was also an art style of the 1920's, that also effected architecture. The great migration was the movement of six million african-americans out of the rural southern united states to the urban northeast, midwest, and west that occurred between 1916 and 1970 until 1910, more than 90 percent of the african-american population lived in the american south [2.
The 1920s was a decade of the gregorian calendar that began on january 1, 1920, and ended on december 31, 1929 in north america , it is frequently referred to as the roaring twenties or the jazz age , while in europe the period is sometimes referred to as the golden age twenties because of the economic boom following world war i. The rise of industrial america, the dominance of wage labor, and the growth of cities represented perhaps the greatest changes of the period few americans at the end of the civil war had anticipated the rapid rise of american industry. Produced by the ohio state university history department, this is an informative introduction to cultural tensions in the 1910s and 1920s, exploring topics such as prohibition, immigration, the kkk, the “new woman,” and the scopes trial. The first task is to define the word fundamentalism the term is commonly used in newspapers, television newscasts, backyard arguments, and above all in churches, both in negative and positive ways.
• the american labor movement did not respond well to these changes in the work force and the nature of work the effect was that workers became less organized in the 1920s and union membership dropped. Coinciding with the gains made by women during the 1920s, was a revolution in african american culture the artistic, political, and literary achievements were due in part to a massive migration of blacks from southern states to northern cities. Political movements and social change aside from the civil war, the great depression was the gravest crisis in american history just as in the civil war, the united states appeared—at least at the start of the 1930s—to be falling apart. Who were some american heroes of the 1920s what made them popular with the american public i women’s changing roles how did racial tensions change after world war i i prohibition a the eighteenth amendment to the constitution, which took effect on january 16, 1920, made the manufacture, sale, and religious movement called. The prosperity and leisure of the 1920s hid serious social tensions in the political realm, such tensions exposed themselves in isolationism and anti-immigration policies elsewhere in american society, social tensions centered on questions of race, religion, and fundamentalism the naacp was a.
The 1920s unfolded at the tail end of the greatest wave of immigration in american history between 1880 and 1920, more than 25 million foreigners arrived on american shores, transforming the country the immigrant surge of the late-19th and early-20th centuries was distinctive in its size, its. Christian fundamentalism began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among british and american protestants the movement became more organized in the 1920s within us protestant conservatives resisted these changes these latent tensions erupted to the surface after world war i in what came to be called the fundamentalist/modernist. The absorption of african american jazz music and culture into society in the 1920s exacerbated the growing racial tensions in the post war period, but it also paved the way for the equal rights movement in the 1960s.
Cultural tensions of the 1920s issue supporter’s view opponent’s view ku klux klan this organization provides a defense against the mongrelization of america in its opposition to blacks, catholics, jews, and foreigners it promotes traditional values, such as patriotism, christianity, and. The 1920s was a decade of tremendous tension between forces of tradition and modernity, and with it came a difficult struggle for americans between modernization and “traditional” values women began moving up in the world, bad habits started to form, and a more organized sense of racism was building. The 1920s ushered in an era of great social change, general prosperity, prohibition and what historians refer to as modernity this episode examines these great cultural changes and their.
Many such changes led to growing tension between the old and the new one of the biggest changes in the 1920s was the beginning shift from traditional fundamentalism to a modern fundamentalism. The roaring twenties were a period of rapid economic growth and social change read about flappers, prohibition, the harlem renaissance and more. Transcript of cultural changes of the 1920s my resources prohibition cultural changes of the 1920's harlem renaissance the harlem renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s and 1930s at the time, it was known as the new negro movement, named after the 1925 anthology by alain locke. How far did race relations change in the 1920s key concepts, movements and colligations: in achieving legal reforms in the 1950s and 60s but in the 1920s its influence was easily equipped by the first mass movement in black america: to immigration, to foreign influence, to communism (although there were probably only about 150,000. | <urn:uuid:192b4065-5bbf-431f-81ee-0af2b129a44d> | {
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A third person from Hillsborough County, FL has died as a result of an infection with the bacterial pathogen, Vibrio vulnificus, according to state health officials.
This bring the death toll due to vibriosis caused by V. vulnificus to 11. There has been 24 cases, fatal and non-fatal, reported to date in 2015.
The two fatalities reported earlier this year were in people from Gibsonton and Lutz, both outside of Tampa.
In 2014, Hillsborough County reported three cases all year from Dover, Plant City and Tampa. Non of the reported cases last year resulted in death.
In 2014, Florida reported 32 cases of V. vulnificus with 7 deaths.
Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium that is found in all coastal waters of the United States. It has also been found in brackish waters of some interior states. It may be normal flora in salt water and acquiring this organism from shellfish or water exposure does not imply that the water is contaminated by sewage. Most infections that happen are attributed to consuming raw oysters harvested in the Gulf of Mexico during the summer. Because the oysters are shipped all over the country, infections are not limited to the Gulf States.
Oysters are sedentary bivalve mollusks that feed by filtering plankton (small plants and animals) from estuarine water. Because Vibrio vulnificus occurs naturally in the same waters that oysters feed, the bacteria is ingested and becomes assimilated and concentrated in the animal’s tissues.
Healthy, non at-risk individuals are not at risk for serious infection. Non at-risk patients with gastroenteritis have a relatively mild illness consisting of vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps and rarely requirehospitalization.
However, there are certain medical conditions that can put you at risk for very rapid, serious and possibly deadly disease. Individuals with diabetes, liver disease like cirrhosis, leukemia, AIDS or those who take immunosuppressive drugs or steroids are particularly susceptible to primary septicemia, a serious “blood poisoning”. In these individuals the bacteria gets into the bloodstream resulting in septic shock and death in more than 50% of those infected.
Wound infections are another problem with Vibrio vulnificus. These infections result either from contaminating an open wound with sea water harboring the organism, or by lacerating part of the body on coral, fish, etc., followed by contamination with the organism.
This infection can be diagnosed by isolating the organism in stool, wound or blood cultures. It can be treated with a antibiotic regimen and supportive care.
What can you do to prevent this infection? Patients with chronic liver disease or immunocompromisingconditions are particularly vulnerable to infection and are advised to avoid raw or undercooked seafood. Persons with open wounds should avoid contact with warm seawater.
Robert Herriman is a microbiologist and the Editor-in-Chief of Outbreak News Today | <urn:uuid:cd1b1f0d-a090-4ad7-9fcf-c0be11d54007> | {
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Published on: 2013-02-10 @ 12:02
Reflection of the Arab-Israeli conflict in the school textbooks in several countries
(Abridged translation. Completely on the Russian version)
A very special place in shaping the world outlook of the younger generation provided they have a high sensitivity and lack of personal experience takes school. In turn, what school puts into the heads of their students, to large extent, is material recommended to teachers by the training materials.
Next, we will review just one problem: how the history of the state of Israel and the causes of the Arab-Israeli conflict is delivered in textbooks of various countries.
At the initiative of the Russian Jewish Congress (RJC), an examination of the content of school history textbooks has been conducted. Over four months, an expert group presented by the senior research fellow of the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences Alexander Lokshin, a senior researcher at the Institute of General History, RAS, history teacher Elena Lebedeva and candidate of historical sciences, professor of Krasnogorsk Lyceum Natalia Moskin studied textbooks, study guides and readers approved by the Ministry of Education for secondary schools.
Experts note that in the paragraph on the State of Israel the very title of the section, “The Middle East. The Arab-Israeli conflict ” glosses over the idea of a Jewish state in the “best” of the Soviet traditions. The emphasis is placed on the coverage of the conflict, and the style of coverage shows undisguised sympathy for the authors to the Arab side of the conflict. For example, as the result of the War of Independence (which is called the first Arab-Israeli war) they only exemplify the Israeli occupation of the most part of the still unoccupied Arab state. This resulted in hundreds of thousands of Arab refugees who left the territory occupied by the Israeli army. In this, the authors see the reason of the conflict.
Over the recent years, the Germans have developed a critical view of Israel. According to surveys by the German agency Forsa, 49% of Germans believe this state aggressive and 13% of Germans put into question the existence of Israel. Most of the Germans to some extent consider Israel a threat to world peace and the treatment of the Palestinians is compared to the Nazi crimes against the Jews during the Second World War.
Oleg Stefanovic and Andrey Soroko-Tsyupa’s Russian textbooks of history for 9th grade highlight this problem in a more balanced way. I wonder they form such attitude to Jews and to Israel for the young generation in Germany? Is this a reaction to the Holocaust? Attempt to show that the Jews are no better Nazis who destroyed them? Which scenario we are being prepared then?
Journalist Gideon Bess analyzed the representation of Israel in modern German history books and political science issued by large publishers Klett, Cornelsen and Westermann who hold most of the market textbooks. The results he achieved are frightening.
A description of the State of Israel in 1947–48′s is worth to start with. The history of this event, i.e., the History of Zionism and anti-Semitism, anti-Jewish pogroms in the Eastern Europe in the early 20th century, the foundation of Tel Aviv and many kibbutzes, the Balfour Declaration are usually absent in the textbooks.
All the wars since 1948 are presented by the authors of textbooks as aggressive and offensive by Israel and defensive – by the Arab countries.
The depiction of the so called expulsion of the Arab population as a result of these wars is also erroneous and tendentious. While even the Arab historians estimate the number of refugees as not greater than 750.000 people, the German students in the classroom learn that there were more than 1 million.
Nothing, of course, in the textbooks says about calls of Arab leaders to the Arab population of Palestine, to leave the combat areas for a short time to enable their armies to freely exterminate all Jews. The textbook authors conceal that hundreds of thousands of Jews at the same time were forced to leave Arab and North African countries because of increased anti-Semitism.
The first and the second Intifada dating back to 1988, the authors of the describe German textbooks describe with understanding and sympathy for the Palestinian militancy. Thus, the intifada is being touted as “the war of liberation of the Palestinian people” and the PLO is presented as the “fight the guerrillas.”
The threat of Palestinian terrorism to the Israelis population is deliberately understated in the textbooks and the emphasis shifts to its goals and motivations which are also set out mistakenly. They equal Palestinian terrorism to the use of the Israeli army. Terrorist attacks are called “tools” of the Palestinians in their “discussions” with Israel.
Nowhere it is stated that the purpose of all Arab groups and government agencies is to destroy all Jews. Instead they explain to students that Palestinians have no other weapons but the attacks perpetrated by suicide bombers. For the Palestinians, the terror is an “act of self-defense.” Israel’s army is blamed for the fact that they “kill” Palestinians for the sake of protection of its citizens.
Overall, the picture presented in the textbooks of Israel is distorted, affected with hatred, chauvinism and brutality against the Jewish state.
Nowhere in the textbooks authors say about the fact that Israel, despite the constant threat of external attack, has created an innovative industry, cultural diversity, pulsating music scene and much more let alone it could be a model of democracy and civil rights for many European countries.
Publishers are not held accountable for what they represented in textbooks in fact is entirely negative picture of Israel, hereditary with prejudices and embedding in German society. According to the German newspaper Die Welt, most Germans to some extent consider Israel a threat to world peace. Moreover, the treatment of Palestinians is compared to Nazi crimes against the Jews during the Second World War.
Interestingly, the U.S. government has financed a study committee consisting of Israeli, American and Palestinian scientists who for three years examined textbooks used in Palestinian and Israeli schools. But of no less interest is why the U.S. government has not attended to what is happening in the United States.
Freedom of speech is no doubts a fundamental principle of the Western civilization. However, freedom of speech at a rally or an article written in the newspaper is not the same as imposing its views to students who are required to attend classes and literally depend on the teacher. The lack of control over the learning process and random selection of teachers can lead to unpredictable consequences.
Published by: Avrutin Mark
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Food Safety Practices on NJ Farms
FOOD SAFETY PRACTICES ON NEW JERSEY PEACH FARMS 2014
by Wesley Kline, PhD
Rutgers NJAES Cooperative Extension
Peach growers are doing their part by developing individual farm food safety plans and refining them each year. In 1999 New Jersey farmers started to implement food safety practices prompted by requests from supermarkets. The New Jersey Department of Agriculture (NJDA), in collaboration with Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (NJAES), took the lead in developing the first statewide third-party audit system in the country to help growers evaluate their operations for food safety. This system was incorporated into the Untied States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Good Agricultural Practices and Good Handling Practices Audit Verification Program. Growers develop their own food safety plans to address hazards on their farms that may lead to product contamination.
Water sources are tested to determine if they could be a source of pathogens, just as homeownershave water tested when their house is to be sold. Growers follow a stricter schedule by testing water two or three times during the growing season. All workers on the farm are trained each year on health and hygiene issues. This training informs farm workers of their responsibilities as food handlers and stresses how their personal activities can affect the safety of the food supply.
Each grower evaluates his or her farm to determine if animals or manure management practices could be a source of possible microbial contamination and then makes changes if needed. Growers clean and sanitize harvesting containers, set up a system to inspect for foreign objects in the product and ensure that the proper quality water is used for irrigation and packing.Farms evaluate their packinghouses to determine if there are opportunities for contamination during receiving, on the washing/packing line and during storage and transportation.
Packinghouses are also cleaned and sanitized before the season starts to removeany dirt or contamination that may have built up over the winter. Packing lines are cleaned and sanitized at the end of each day to reduce the potential for microbial contamination.It is important to ensure all harvested product is maintained at the proper temperature. Growers check their cold rooms each day to make sure that peaches are kept at recommended temperatures. Temperature control is one of the most important ways to ensure good quality produce in the market and reduce the chance for disease to develop.
Growers are using traceability systems to be able to follow their produce from field, to the packinghouse, to the wholesale buyer and on to the supermarket. In case of the recall or foodborne illness, growers want to be able to quickly and safely remove any product from the market to protect consumers. These traceability systems allow growers to do this in a matter of hours.
Once growers do a self-evaluation and modify their food safety plans as needed, Rutgers NJAES works with them at their request to review their food safety plans and facilities prior to the third-party audit. Many growers in New Jersey are being audited to the USDA’s “Harmonized Food Safety Standards for Field Operations and Post-harvesting Operations” standards. The NJ DA’s auditors perform the audit for USDA. Once the audit is successfully completed, the grower receives a certificate. In addition, the grower’s information is placed on the USDA website so that buyers can easily determine which farm operations have been audited.
With the exception of Florida’s food safety practices required for tomato growers (T-GAP and T-BMP), grower participation in food safety audits is voluntary. New Jersey is a leading state, especially in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic, in grower training and participation in food safety. Rutgers NJAES, in collaboration with the NJDA has trained more than 1,800 individuals since 2007 on food safety, third party audits, and train-the trainer sessions in addition to developing fact sheets, a website, manuals and writing weekly and monthly newsletter columns. | <urn:uuid:f7e2c9b7-f792-460c-ac4b-04d3874e8ffb> | {
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Saturday, February 13 // 10 AM - 11:30 AM
Use blocks of code to take Steve or Alex on an adventure through the Minecraft world. Every student should have the opportunity to learn computer science. It helps nurture problem-solving skills, logic, and creativity. By starting early, students will have a foundation for success in any 21st-century career path. Join us for the fun!
Made possible by CenturyLink.
ABOUT THE TEACHER | DIANA HIATT is a career software engineer who is devoting part of her retirement to bringing computer science education to children. Launched in 2013, Code.org® is a non-profit dedicated to expanding access to computer science, and increasing participation by women and underrepresented students of color | <urn:uuid:8f61f11a-c49a-4608-a3b9-89f4dac8b1d2> | {
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The Supreme Court met the moment Wednesday. With public attitudes shifting dramatically in favor of same-sex marriage, the justices used a pair of rulings to give additional momentum to one of the most rapid changes in social policy in the nation’s history.
Sometimes the court makes history outright, as it did when it outlawed segregated schools in 1954 or legalized abortion in 1973. Other times, it moves more deliberately, facilitating changes already underway. That was the case on Wednesday. The justices carefully provided a historic push to the same-sex-marriage movement, even as they decided to leave the political wrangling over the issue to the states and politicians.
Everything about the decisions on the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) and California’s Proposition 8 suggests that the justices fully recognize the direction the national debate is heading in and were not prepared to stand in the way. The throngs outside the Supreme Court were dominated by supporters of same-sex marriage, and their jubilation showed that they regarded Wednesday as a momentous day in the movement for marriage equality.
By every measure, more and more Americans are coming to accept the idea that such unions should be legal, part of a cultural change of enormous significance.
But the shift in public opinion is neither fully realized nor held consistently nationwide, or among all demographic groups. Same-sex marriage continues to divide Americans on the basis of ideology, political party, age and region, which is why legal and political battles will continue after Wednesday’s rulings. The justices seemed aware of that as well.
The court said it will provide federal recognition (and therefore benefits) to the legalization that has taken place in a growing number of states but not require the states that still bar such unions to overturn those laws. Yet in doing what it did, even in stopping short of declaring same-sex marriage a constitutional right, the court provided strong assistance to proponents for the battles ahead.
In one sense, the politics of same-sex marriage already had reached a tipping point. Less than a decade ago, Republicans considered the issue a valuable political weapon with which to rally conservatives and put Democrats on the defensive. Today, although a majority of Republicans continue to oppose same-sex marriage, Republican leaders and candidates are on the defensive. Their positions may not have changed but many of them are silent on the issue, particularly in the context of political campaigns.
Thirty years ago, the culture wars split the Democratic coalition and left the party on the defensive in national elections. Whether it was abortion, affirmative action, drugs, gay rights or the broader debate over traditional values, Democrats were divided, Republicans united.
Today it is the opposite. President Obama and the Democrats use the issue of same-sex marriage — or gun control or climate change — to try to broaden and deepen their coalition, particularly among younger voters. This coalition, along with the votes of African Americans and Latinos, propelled Obama to reelection in November and it keeps growing larger as the nation’s demographics continue to change.
Recent votes in states such as Maryland and Minnesota have underscored the momentum that proponents of same-sex marriage have. The court’s ruling on Proposition 8 will once again add California, the nation’s most populous state, to the list of jurisdictions where such unions are legal.
But in other ways, the battle continues to rage. Same-sex marriage is not legal in more than three dozen states. Many of those states have written the bans into their constitutions. It could take years to change those provisions if the battles are engaged one by one, state by state. Only the Supreme Court could short-circuit that process.
For now, the justices are not willing to do so. That is not to say that, in a few years, as additional tests are brought before these justices or a court with a different composition, there will be no change. But as some proponents of same-sex marriage noted Wednesday, the struggle of rights rarely happens in a single judicial thunderclap.
Obama, en route to Africa, hailed the court’s ruling on DOMA in a tweet.
Republican leaders voiced their disappointment with varying volume and vowed to keep fighting to preserve traditional marriage.
Congressional Republicans had risen to defend DOMA before the court when the Obama administration said it would no longer do so, and House Speaker John A. Boehner (R-Ohio) voiced his disappointment with the court’s decision.
“A robust national debate over marriage will continue in the public square,” he said, “and it is my hope that states will define marriage as the union between one man and one woman.”
Other social conservative leaders decried the ruling in more vehement terms. Former Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee, a 2008 presidential candidate, said, “Jesus wept.” Others denounced the decision as a “stunning and indefensible display of judicial activism,” as Ralph Reed, chairman of the Faith and Freedom Coalition, said in a statement.
The Republicans can look ahead to growing divisions within their ranks over this and other cultural issues. Those tensions are likely to intensify if public opinion continues to move in the direction of support for same-sex marriage and prospects for winning national elections diminish.
Democrats are united on the issue. It is likely that anyone who seeks the party’s 2016 presidential nomination will favor same-sex marriage. Whether anyone in the GOP field will back legalizing such unions remains to be seen. But history is moving against Republicans on this, and a high court led by Chief Justice John Roberts — a court that conservatives have looked to for support — did little Wednesday to offer aid or comfort.
For previous columns by Dan Balz,go to postpolitics.com. | <urn:uuid:23dd33e2-2716-490c-9180-214189c407f6> | {
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In this chapter, students are introduced to the square root function and learn how shifts, flips, and stretches change the shape of the graph. Students use the properties of radicals to solve radical equations and problems involving the Pythagorean theorem, distance and midpoint formulas. The chapter ends with an introduction to descriptive statistics and graphical displays.
Graphs of Square Root Functions -
Radical Expressions -
Radical Equations -
The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse -
Distance and Midpoint Formulas -
Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion -
Stem-and-Leaf Plots and Histograms -
Box-and-Whisker Plots -
If you would like access to the Solution Key FlexBook for even-numbered exercises, the Assessment FlexBook and the Assessment Answers FlexBook please contact us at [email protected].
Problem-Solving Strand for Mathematics
Along with the four-step problem-solving plan presented in the text, students are prompted to reflect back on strategies, evaluate their effectiveness and analyze their usefulness for future problems. This chapter, Algebra and Geometry Connections; Working with Data, continues to promote such an analysis.
Recognizing patterns, drawing connections, and considering extraneous solutions are all featured. When dealing with extraneous solutions, point out to students where in the procedures the potential for a false solution has been introduced. This awareness can prepare them for more sophisticated mathematics ahead.
Encourage students to think about everyday applications of the Pythagorean Theorem (students might interview carpenters, plumbers, architects, and/or structural engineers, for example) and emphasize that the distance and midpoint formulas are extensions of the basic Pythagorean theorem and “taking an average” respectively. Similarly, with Stem-and-Leaf Plots, Histograms, and Box-and-Whisker Plots, be sure students understand the focus and strengths of each style of graph. The point with each of these tools is to represent and/or be able to interpret data in ways that make sense and communicate clearly.
Alignment with the NCTM Process Standards
This chapter, focused on algebra and geometry connections and working with data, aligns with many of the NCTM process standards. Throughout students are asked to recognize and use connections among mathematical ideas (CON.1), to appreciate how mathematical ideas interconnect and build on one another to produce a coherent whole (CON.2) and to recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside of mathematics (CON.3). When dealing with radical equations and extraneous solutions, students apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve problems (PS.3) and monitor and reflect on the process of mathematical problem solving (PS.4). In working with the Pythagorean theorem and its converse, students use representations to model and interpret physical and mathematical phenomena (R.3). In applying the distance and midpoint formulas students select, apply, and translate among mathematical representations to solve problems (R.2).
In the lessons which produce and analyze data communication tools, students create and use representation to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas (R.1); communicate their mathematical thinking coherently and clearly to peers, teachers, and others (COM.2); analyze and evaluate the mathematical thinking and strategies of others (COM. 3); and use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely (COM.4).
- COM.2 - Communicate their mathematical thinking coherently and clearly to peers, teachers, and others.
- COM.3 - Analyze and evaluate the mathematical thinking and strategies of others.
- COM.4 - Use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely.
- CON.1 - Recognize and use connections among mathematical ideas.
- CON.2 - Understand how mathematical ideas interconnect and build on one another to produce a coherent whole.
- CON.3 - Recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside of mathematics.
- PS.3 - Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve problems.
- PS.4 - Monitor and reflect on the process of mathematical problem solving.
- R.1 - Create and use representations to organize, record and communicate mathematical ideas.
- R.2 - Select, apply, and translate among mathematical representations to solve problems.
- R.3 - Use representations to model and interpret physical, social, and mathematical phenomena. | <urn:uuid:2b6ba7ca-5702-4c5c-bba9-72dfc64083c9> | {
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There is so much power in light – literally. And today various medical specialties are taking advantage of light and its power to help treat common problems. According to research, utilizing light therapy as a treatment option can be extremely effective. It works to help treat a variety of conditions.
Seasonal Affective Disorder is a mental condition that people struggle with each year. As they struggle with this condition, treatment options are often difficult to find. One of the best treatment options results from substituting the lack of sunlight with artificial light. It seems to be the best way to cure the problems associated with this winter depression.
Depression And Anxiety
In addition to SAD, the regular forms of depression may also benefit from light therapy. Light has a positive effect on a person’s mood. It can help stimulate serotonin production. Also, many people that suffer from anxiety have noticed that their symptoms are milder when they use light therapy.
Light therapy has also been known to help patients that suffer from acne. Some people that can’t find cures for their skin issues comment on the miracle of light therapy. It was the only solution that worked for them. | <urn:uuid:42c35f4e-1b9c-4f51-bce5-2233dbd674e3> | {
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The history of Jeans for Justice – In 1999, a judge in Italy overturned a 1998 rape conviction of a 45 year-old driving instructor who had been convicted of raping his 18-year-old student. A lower court had sentenced the defendant to 2 years and eight months in prison but the appeals court sent the case back for retrial and a higher court over turned the ruling on the basis of what the victim was wearing. The higher court ruled that it is impossible to take off tight pants such as jeans “without the cooperation of the person wearing them”, and said it was impossible if the victim is struggling. The court also doubted the testimony of the victim because she waited several hours to tell her parents she had been attacked.
Following the ruling, a group of female Italian lawmakers wore jeans to parliament. This action prompted women all over Italy to join in a “skirt strike” and wear jeans. Female TV personalities known for chic dress began to don only denim. A housewives’ federation offered a prize to any designer who could come up with “easy off jeans” and planned a jean march to the justice ministry.
Union Official Stefania Sidoli said, “We thank the court for having enriched women’s wardrobes with a new garment. To the business suit and the little black dress, we can now add the anti-rape outfit: a comfortable and resistant pair of jeans.”
Protests have now gone global and are currently taking place today in the form of “Jeans for Justice”. Last year GEICO hosted a “Jeans for Justice” day to support RCASA and every year, RCASA joins with the Pinwheel Partnership for Prevention to have “dress down” days to show support. | <urn:uuid:6abf1733-9cde-4c26-b6a5-78a20b2d9f76> | {
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product description page
Introduction to Statistical Machine Learning (Paperback) (Masashi Sugiyama)
about this item
Machine learning allows computers to learn and discern patterns without actually being programmed. When Statistical techniques and machine learning are combined together they are a powerful tool for analysing various kinds of data in many computer science/engineering areas including, image processing, speech processing, natural language processing, robot control, as well as in fundamental sciences such as biology, medicine, astronomy, physics, and materials.
Introduction to Statistical Machine Learning provides ageneral introduction to machine learning that covers a wide range of topics concisely and will help you bridge the gap between theory and practice. Part I discusses the fundamental concepts of statistics and probability that are used in describing machine learning algorithms. Part II and Part III explain the two major approaches of machine learning techniques; generative methods and discriminative methods. While Part III provides an in-depth look at advanced topics that play essential roles in making machine learning algorithms more useful in practice. The accompanying MATLAB/Octave programs provide you with the necessary practical skills needed to accomplish a wide range of data analysis tasks.
- Provides the necessary background material to understand machine learning such as statistics, probability, linear algebra, and calculus.
- Complete coverage of the generative approach to statistical pattern recognition and the discriminative approach to statistical machine learning.
- Includes MATLAB/Octave programs so that readers can test the algorithms numerically and acquire both mathematical and practical skills in a wide range of data analysis tasks
- Discusses a wide range of applications in machine learning and statistics and provides examples drawn from image processing, speech processing, natural language processing, robot control, as well as biology, medicine, astronomy, physics, and materials. | <urn:uuid:6da39bf7-2bf2-499d-993e-f6a26cb6d30b> | {
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Eleanor Galenson had a remarkable career whose singular focus was her life-long interest in the maturational and psychosexual vicissitudes of infancy and early childhood. The selection of her writings in this volume highlight her approach to the study of the early years of life and, in particular, her contributions to understanding the developmental significance of the very young child's discovery of sexual difference, and the ways in which each child expresses this through play, symbolization and language.
Interviews that Galenson gave to Milton Senn and Lucy LaFarge provide a Prologue to the Volume. They introduce the reader to her voice, and portray the milieu within which she matured and worked as a pediatrician, researcher and psychoanalyst. Papers are organized in three parts that illustrate different facets of Galenson's thinking and work: Symbolization, Thought and Language; Infantile Origins of Sexual Identity; and The Tripartite Therapeutic Model. Parts I and II are introduced by Patricia Nachman and Lucy LaFarge, respectively, colleagues and friends of Galenson who are deeply familiar with her work. Several contemporary discussions convey the response of colleagues who engaged these papers form different perspectives. Reviews by Elizabeth Lloyd Mayer and Jerome Oremland of The Infantile Origins of Sexual Identity illustrate its impact on psychoanalytic thinking concerning the emergence of sexual identity in very young children. Part III is devoted to Galenson's advocacy of the tripartite therapeutic model and its utility in clinical work with young children and their parents. The book concludes with an account of Galenson's response, at the end of her career, to Lawrence Kubie's paper, 'The Drive to Become Both Sexes' (1974).
About the Editor:
Nellie L. Thompson is an historian and member of the New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, where she is the Curator of the Archives & Special Collections of the A.A. Brill Library. She has published papers on early women psychoanalysts (Phyllis Greenacre, Helene Deutsch, Marie Bonaparte, Edith Jacobson), the contributions of émigré analysts to American psychoanalysis and the relations of D.W. Winnicott with American analysts. She is a member of the Board of the Sigmund Freud Archives and the editorial Board of American Imago. | <urn:uuid:295f4076-32cb-49b8-b3c6-440001c21ce2> | {
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Matternet is the most technologically ambitious.
What is The Matternet?
Autonomous, electric, aerial vehicles. In the first phase, it utilizes small-scale electric vehicles deployed with vertical take-off and landing capability, limited payload-bearing capacity and range. In the longer term, we will have a wide range of AAVs suitable for different payload capacity, flying range and weather conditions.
They create and use unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that can be used to ferry medicine and other goods to remote places such as rural villages in Africa. In such places, people often have to walk 20 miles to a clinic to receive treatments as simple as blood tests or pills. With Matternet, UAVs can carry the payloads instead from point to point or to automated ground stations. At some point the ground stations will be so plentiful that the UAVs could transfer items over long distances.
* AI-driven logistics software that regulates the navigation of AAVs through the system, handles customer requests and decides packet routes optimized in real time for the urgency of the delivery, network load, weather conditions and other risk factors.
Exponentially advancing technologies in the following convergent fields of energy storage, nanotechnology, 3D printing, sensors and artificial intelligence will make possible a rapid development of AAV technology and the Matternet.
Increased Battery Storage and Alternative Energy Source
* Battery storage capacity is increasing exponentially, while battery weight is reducing. In addition, advances in photovoltaics, combined with novel technologies such as energy beaming, make the unlimited flight range more promising.
Nanotechnology and Manufacturing
* As nanotechnology and 3D printing advances exponentially, stronger and lighter materials for building AAVs will lead to the increased efficiency and reduction in costs. Figure 1A shows the exponential increase in the number of patents in nanotechnology.
Ubiquitous Sensors and Artificial Intelligence
* Due to the advancement in the technology and reduction in the cost of sensors, new applications for AAVs will become available, increasing market opportunities. Figure 1B illustrates that the exponentially increasing computing power that doubles every 1.8 years.
* As costs of materials, sensors and batteries reduce, AAVs will become increasingly affordable. This leads to the reduction in our capital and operating costs.
* As the energy efficiency increases, the Matternet will be able to transport larger loads for longer distances within shorter time than any current infrastructure.
* AI-driven logistics software is the key value proposition of the Matternet. The Matternet will empower local entrepreneurs to innovate applications within the Matternet, alleviating poverty and accelerating economic growth.
Other Singularity University Companies
One of the new companies was doing focused on girls. Nina D’Amato, one of the student in the program, said her education-focused team worked on an idea called Smart Girls, which seeks to improve the learning environment for girls in classrooms around the world. The goal is to make girls more effective by giving them skills for creativity, problem solving and imagination.
Another Singularity startup, Our Global Story, focuses on connecting people through video documentaries. The team is encouraging teens and others to have cross-cultural experiences by creating videos that can help others understand their lives. It also encourages live dialogue via real-time translation technologies, so Palestinians and Israelis can have video chats.
Primerlife is focused on improving global health for the 2 billion people who don’t have basic healthcare needs. Singularity University student Warren Brinkley said his company hopes to use artificial intelligence, genetic data, and healthcare expertise to determine whether people are at risk for certain kinds of diseases. They ultimately hope to create a “personal coach” to help people with their health needs based on sifting through huge amounts of data. The startup has already raised $185,000 and is seeking $500,000 more.
Senstore hopes to simplify the creation of health-based sensors so that they can be quickly and easily deployed throughout the world. Anthony Evans, a co-founder, said the goal is to create a platform for sensors that could do things like detect cancer early or call 911 with your mobile phone if you’re having a heart attack. The platform will allow developers to prototype and commercialize health sensor devices easily. These devices can collect data and send it as needed to emergency services or your doctor.
The problem that Senstore is addressing
Most health conditions could be improved by monitoring with health devices. While the sensors for such devices are getting exponentially cheaper, smarter and more connected it is slow, difficult and expensive to build such devices and take them to market. Consequently, billions suffer from preventable health conditions.
Senstore is providing the technical and social infrastructure to empower the DIY developer community to build health sensor devices. By partnering with existing technology platforms where they are already available and building new services where required we lower the barriers of entry into this space. This encourages more developers to join the ecosystem, replicating the patterns that led to the foundation of the internet and mobile technology industries. Our solution is based on:
* Needs collection: from patient communities, medical institutes, insurance companies, global health organizations and social media resources
* Technology: providing a technology stack, including hardware boards, communication modules, software libraries, software development tools, analytics and cloud-based infrastructure
* Engaged developers community: collaborating to share best practices and collaborate on open source software
Clarence Tan (who had a mobile communications company before joining Singularity University) said that his goal was to attack the problem of corruption that drains as much as $1 trillion from economies around the world. His team has created Corruption Tracker, which uses crowdsourcing technology to identify pockets or regions of corruption. The idea is to use a mobile app that enables people to anonymously report corruption — such as a policeman taking a bribe — to the Corruption Tracker. The team can investigate the matter and verify it and then post the information so others can see it.
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks | <urn:uuid:bb2f1ae8-b72c-4280-8edd-d5a49a999e5b> | {
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In the 1998 movie Pleasantville starring Toby Maguire and Reese Witherspoon, David is a dorky high school student obsessed with an old black and white TV show called “Pleasantville.” The show is set in 1958 and depicts a small town that proudly upholds family values, and has no homelessness and no inclement weather. David and his sister Jen are transported into the show as the main character, Bud, and his sister Mary Sue. The two must navigate this scarily “pleasant” world until they figure out how to return to the present day. Jen in particular is quickly exasperated by the wholesome naïveté of Pleasantville residents. She boldly invites the star of the high school basketball team to accompany her to Lover’s Lane, and after their evening together he starts to see in color. Slowly, as a result of Jen’s and David’s presence, more and more of the townspeople begin to change from black, white and gray to vivid color. The shift from black and white to color signifies an awakening for the character, and each character turns to color for different reasons.
The librarian in Pleasantville is significant by his/her absence. On their first day in Pleasantville, David and Jen attend school and Jen ends up in the library only because she “got lost.” Once there, she discovers that all of the books are blank. The implication is that no one in Pleasantville has need of information, nor for a librarian. Certainly, Jen’s classmates lack curiosity about the world outside of Pleasantville; their geography class focuses onMain StreetandElm Street, Pleasantville’s two major roads.
The books begin to fill in once more young people start to change into color. They are suddenly more inquisitive and demonstrate critical thinking skills. In one scene, the young people are queued up outside the library. Jen (as Mary Sue) changes into color as a result of reading. Some of the townspeople remark incredulously, “Now they’re going to the library!” and one man even responds, “Someone ought to do something about that.” A town council of black and white people decides that “the area known as Lover’s Lane and the library are closed until further notice” while the elementary and high schools will teach the “non change-ist view of history.”
Once things start to become colored in Pleasantville, the library represents change and intellectual freedom, which some characters feel is inherently dangerous. A book burning is depicted, with black and white characters looting the library and tossing the books into a bonfire in the street outside the building. The characters who participate support the mayor who is the most resistant to any changes in Pleasantville. The mayor argues that the values that make Pleasantville great are threatened by such scandalous acts as “thinking.”
Ultimately, the Pleasantville library is a positive force in the town; it is seen as a center of civilization and culture from which beauty springs forth. By the end of the movie, the entire town ofPleasantvilleis in full color, and even with an uncertain future looming before them, the residents are happy. | <urn:uuid:3ad01368-7211-4490-b048-94eae3b49595> | {
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- Poincguuic (10th century)
- Poiwic, Poiwicha (11th century)
- Poywyk (12th – 14th century)
- Powyke (19th century)
parish boundary is defined to the north and east by the Rivers Teme and Severn
respectively. The low lying open fields at the confluence are susceptible to
regular flooding and the meadows adjacent to the River Teme are known as Powick
Hams, a historic site that featured during the opening skirmish (23 september
1642) and closing battle (3 September 1651) between Royalist and Roundhead
soldiers of the English civil war. More information on the Battle
of Powick can
be found on the accompanying pages.
Heading north towards Worcester there are two bridges that cross the River Teme. The original narrow stone and brick bridge dates back to the 15th century while the “new” iron bridge was erected in 1837.
Adjacent to the old bridge on the banks of the Teme, stood the former Powick Mills. This was developed in 1894 by the City of Worcester into a combined steam and water driven hydro-electric facility. This experimental design was the first of its kind with the electricity generated providing about half the city's needs until it was decommissioned in the 1950’s and later converted into residential apartments
In 1985, a new Worcester southern link road was built across the flood plain and the River Severn to join the A38 (Worcester to Bath) and the A449 (Worcester to Malvern) main roads.
As you enter the village of Powick on the A449, the road forks; left to Callow End and Upton; right to Powick and Malvern.
... to be continued ...
Formerly known as the Worcester County Pauper and Lunatic Asylum, Powick Hospital was founded in 1847 under the supervision of architects John R. Hamilton & James Medland of Gloucester and opened in the August of 1852.
Situated between Worcester and Malvern in an estate of approximately 46 acres just outside the village of Powick, the asylum was originally erected for the accommodation of 200 patients but was later extended and by 1858 had 365 patients.
The asylum also had a variety of workshops for various trades, a gas works, a farm, brewhouse, bakehouse and a chapel. The management of the asylum was carried on by a committee of visiting visitors. The treatment of the patients was carried out by a resident physician and qualified assistants.
The hospital became notorious for its use of LSD as a treatment for illnesses such as severe depression and schizophrenia.
It was closed in 1989, bulldozed and redeveloped as a housing estate. The main building, however, was converted into flats and the Superintendant's Residence was converted to company offices.
In 1879, local musician and composer Edward Elgar was appointed bandmaster - the hospital had decided that music was therapeutic to the patients and had formed a 'band' composed of members of the hospital staff who could play a musical instrument. This comprised of a piccolo, flute, clarinet, two cornets, euphonium, eight violins, viola, cello, double bass and piano. | <urn:uuid:e4df6d1f-d613-4810-8291-f95a462c85f9> | {
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Texas author Sherry Garland, who writes history books for young readers, has written “Voices of the Dust Bowl” (Pelican, $16.99 hardcover) about what she calls “the largest environmental catastrophe in American history.”
The prolonged drought from 1931-40 affected the Texas Panhandle, as well as parts of New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska.
“Millions of tons of topsoil were blown away in immense dust storms,” Garland writes. “Thousands of farmers lost their livelihood, their livestock, and their homes.”
Garland points out that the drought was not the only cause of the tragedy. “It was a man-made disaster that took years to develop,” she says.
She tells the Dust Bowl story in the voices of a variety of people, going back to an Indian warrior in 1893 mourning the loss of the buffalo that had roamed the plains before white settlers arrived.
A nervous banker in 1930 has to leave through the back door of the bank because angry farmers are “demanding I give them money that the bank no longer has” following the stock market crash of October 1929.
“Nobody loves a bank,” says Bonnie Parker, shown with her bank robber boyfriend Clyde Barrow, as they look for another bank to hit. “No wonder folks around here cheer us on when we pass by.”
A nurse in Kansas tells about patients afflicted with “dust pneumonia.” “Every day I see mothers tend their dying babes,” she says, “helplessly watching the small bodies struggle for air, cough up dirt and blood, then go still.”
A hobo in the Texas Panhandle rides the rails looking for work: “The train passes through one miserable town after another — once thriving communities that are now ghost towns buried in dust.”
Hugh Hammond Bennett, director of the Soil Conservation Agency, said he tried for years to get the U.S. government to encourage farmers to use anti-erosion measures, but nobody paid much attention until the Dust Bowl blew in.
Finally, he prevailed: “Farmers were shown a better way to till the ground. They were encouraged to plant native grasses in the fallow fields to fight the blowing wind.” By the end of 1938, soil erosion had been reduced by 65 percent.
Even though the drought ended in 1940, Garland writes, “even today much of the earth has not recovered.”
“Voices of the Dust Bowl” poignantly tells the story of the disaster, vividly illustrated by Judith Hierstein. Perhaps it will prompt children to ask great-grandparents, now in their 80s or 90s, about their experiences during the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl.
Garland has another children’s book coming this fall, “Voices from Pearl Harbor.” The publicist at Pelican Publishing described it as “very powerful.” It should be available in October.
GLENN DROMGOOLE writes about Texas books and authors. Contact him at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:912e7da5-5ae0-41c2-a087-b80e20336d41> | {
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Presentation on theme: "Physical Activity and Skills- Related Fitness. Definition: Any form of movement – whether purposeful, as in exercise and sports or recreation, or incidental,"— Presentation transcript:
Definition: Any form of movement – whether purposeful, as in exercise and sports or recreation, or incidental, as when carrying out domestic chores. Lifestyle Activities Definition: Forms of physical activity that are a normal part of your daily routine or recreation and that promote good health throughout a lifetime Examples include Backpacking, Hiking, Dancing, and cross country skiing. Sports Activities Usually Involve competition and are guided by set of rules. Examples include baseball, BASKETBALL, football, hockey, and others.
Individual Sports Skills oriented activities that you can do by yourself. They are usually lifetime activities (activities that are part of a daily routine) Examples include golf, swimming, bicycling. Partner Sports Activities carried out with a partner Examples include tennis or racquetball Nature Sports Activities in which there is some interaction with nature Examples include surfing, rock climbing, and sailing
It is best not to limit yourself to a single type of activity Alternating physical activities works different muscles and body systems, enabling achievement of total fitness Skills-Related Fitness Agility – The ability to control the body’s movements and to change the body’s position quickly. Balance – The ability to remain upright either while standing still or moving. Coordination – The ability to use two or more body parts together well, or use the senses along with the body parts. Speed – The ability to move a distance or complete a body of movement in a short period of time. Reaction Time – The rate of movement once a person realizes the need to move. Power – The ability to use force with great speed.
Training Program – A program of formalized preparation for participation in a sport. Food and drink plays an important part in a training program. Food provides necessary energy for activity while water and other liquids keep you hydrated. Hydration – The addition of body fluids that you get through drinking liquids, especially water During physical activity, the body loses water through sweat and intense breathing. This process is known as dehydration. It is potentially life threatening. To prepare for an activity, the athlete should drink several cups of fluids two hours before, and then 15 minutes before, a heavy workout
Avoiding harmful substances and practices is another part of making healthy decisions and maintaining an athletic training program. Examples of Harmful Substances and Practices include tobacco, excessive consumption of alcohol, anabolic steroids, and drugs not prescribed by a physician. Anabolic Steroids – Chemicals similar to the male hormone testosterone. These steroids are sometimes taken illegally by athletes to increase muscle mass and performance The negative effects of these steroids are immense, including: Increased risk of cancer and heart disease. Sterility – The inability to have children Skin problems, such as acne and hair loss Unusual weight gain or loss Sexual underdevelopment and dysfunction Violent, suicidal, or depressive tendencies. There are also legal ramifications; illegal distribution and possession (without a prescription) are felonies. Adequate Rest Sleep is one of the most important aspects of training. Restful sleep helps to re-energize the body. Insufficient sleep disrupts the nervous system
Although natural ability does play a part in an individual’s success at sports, effort is far more important. While the athlete should be realistic about aspects of her ability, that does not mean that she is limited and cannot excel through hard work. Mind-Body Composition is just as important; having a positive mindset makes the athlete more likely to succeed. Sports and Competition should not make the athlete forget that an obsession with winning is unhealthful from a mental perspective and can be harmful to both his mental and social health.
The most common injuries are inflicted upon the muscular and skeletal systems. Muscle Cramp – A spasm or sudden tightening of a muscle. Usually the result of irritation within the muscle from being overworked or from dehydration. Can often be alleviated by drinking cool water. Especially dangerous to swimmers. Strain – A condition in which muscles have been overworked. Can occur from participating in strenuous activity to which the athlete is unaccustomed. To avoid strains, the athlete should warm up and should not “go all out” on the first day of exercise. Sprain – An injury to the tissues surrounding a joint. Often occurs when ligaments are stretched and torn. Can be accompanied by severe pain, swelling, and difficulty moving. A sprain may even take more time to heal than a broken bone and severe strains are major injuries that require immediate medical attention.
Muscle strains and sprains can be treated through the R.I.C.E. Technique Rest The injured athlete should avoid using the affected muscle or joint. This might entail staying in bed for some time. Ice Ice helps reduce pain and swelling. Should be applied for 20 minutes, removed for 20 minutes, and applied again for 20 minutes. Compression Light pressure (like an Ace Bandage) can help reduce swelling If it cuts off blood flow, that is bad! Elevation Raising the affected limb above the heart can help reduce pain and swelling.
Definition – Injuries for which medical treatment is required Fractures – Any type of break in the bone They require immediate immobilization to heal properly If the bone has entirely broken in two, the two fragments must be forcibly placed back in place (“set”) in order to heal, sometimes with clamps and screws. Dislocation – a condition that results when a bone slips from its normal position at a joint The bone must be put back into place and immobilized by a doctor or trained professional so that the tissue can heal. Tendinitis – a condition in which the tendons are stretched or torn from overuse. Requires rest, medications, and physical therapy to heal most effectively. Blows to the Head Can cause swelling of the brain (and thus unconsciousness and even death) Can cause concussions Definition – A temporary disturbance in the brain’s ability to function. Symptoms include dizziness and headaches. Concussions are serious conditions that should be reported to a physician immediately.
Hot Weather Risks Overexertion – overworking the body. Dehydration – A lack of sufficient fluids within the body. Heat Cramps – Muscle spasms that result from loss of large amounts of salt and water through perspiration. Heat Exhaustion – Overheating of the body resulting in cold, clammy skin and symptoms of shock. Other symptoms include dizziness, headache, shortness of breath, and nausea. Heatstroke – An inability of the body to rid itself of excess heat through perspiration. This is potentially life threatening. Cold Weather Risks Frostbite – Condition that results when body tissue becomes frozen. To avoid frostbite, dress in warm clothes in cold weather and cover all exposed skin. Dress in layers Hypothermia – A condition in which the body temperature becomes dangerously low Can result from long exposure to rainy, windy, or cold weather. The body temperature becomes dangerously low to the point where the brain can no longer function. The victim may act disoriented and lose motor control Hypothermia is life threatening and should be treated medically as soon as possible.
Personal Safety Take note of the time and place where you chose to exercise bearing in mind your personal safety. Using Proper Equipment Use protective equipment in order to avoid injury to both the body and the head. A good way to try out equipment before purchasing it is by borrowing from a friend. Shoes should have cushioned heel, good arch support, and ample toe room; laced shoes are best for proper control of the feet. Chose appropriate clothing for the activity in which you are engaging. Ex: Do not go biking in a long billowing dress that will be caught on the spokes of the bicycle. | <urn:uuid:1ceefcd3-25b3-4564-b5ad-e034506bd6ad> | {
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Updated in its 14th edition, Politics in States and Communities is distinguished by its focus on politics, its comparative approach, its concern with thorough explanation, its interest in policy, and its focus on conflicts in states and communities and the structures and processes designed to manage conflict
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Politics in States and Communities
Chapter 2. Democracy and Constitutionalism in the States
Chapter 3. States, Communities, and American Federalism
Chapter 4. Participation in State Politics
Chapter 5. Parties and Campaigns in the States
Chapter 6. Legislators in State Politics
Chapter 7. Governors in State Politics
Chapter 8. Bureaucratic Politics in States and Communities
Chapter 9. Courts, Crime, and Correctional Policy
Chapter 10. Governing America’s Communities
Chapter 11. Participation in Community Politics
Chapter 12. Metropolitics: Conflict in the Metropolis
Chapter 13. Community Power, Land Use, & The Environment
Chapter 14. The Politics of Taxation and Finance
Chapter 15. Politics and Civil Rights
Chapter 16. The Politics of Education
Chapter 17. The Politics of Poverty, Welfare, and Health
Format: Alternate Binding
This title is currently unavailable on myPearsonStore.
We recommend Politics in States and Communities, 15th Edition as a replacement.
Digital Choices ?
MyLab & Mastering with Pearson eText is a complete digital substitute for a print value pack at a lower price.
MyLab & Mastering ?
MyLab & Mastering products deliver customizable content and highly personalized study paths, responsive learning tools, and real-time evaluation and diagnostics. MyLab & Mastering products help move students toward the moment that matters most—the moment of true understanding and learning.
$89.95 | ISBN-13: 978-0-205-24582-6
$65.95 | ISBN-13: 978-0-205-24583-3 | <urn:uuid:59a11d7f-d552-4ede-8edb-5f4537078d43> | {
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University of Iowa researchers have found a star orbiting a "medium-sized" black hole -- about 1,000 times more massive than the sun -- in the nearby starburst galaxy M82, a development that may help explain how medium-sized black holes form and evolve, according to a paper to be published in the Jan. 5 issue of Science Express, the online version of the journal Science.
Philip Kaaret, associate professor in the UI College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Department of Physics and Astronomy, made the discovery indirectly, by detecting modulations in X-rays produced by the black hole. His associates in the work were assistant professor Cornelia Lang and student Melanie Simet, a senior from Cedar Falls, Iowa.
"We discovered that the X-rays from the black hole get repeatedly brighter and dimmer every 62 days," he said. "This told us that the companion star orbiting around the black hole makes one orbit every 62 days. This, in turn, told us that the companion star has to be a giant star -- a phase in the evolution of a star when it becomes extremely bloated."
Kaaret said that the discovery may help confirm the existence of a class of black holes having a mass between 100 and 10,000 times that of the sun. That would make the objects larger than black holes produced by the collapse of a single normal star and smaller than the supermassive black holes found at the centers of galaxies.
"The discovery also explains why this black hole is so bright in X-rays. It's because the black hole can pull gas directly off from the outer layers of the giant star," Kaaret said.
The UI researchers, who used an x-ray telescope called the "Proportional Counter Array on NASA's Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer," note that their discovery will await validation by new observations to be made with the Proportional Counter Array and other X-ray telescopes.
"This first discovery proves our technique, and we hope to make more discoveries with new X-ray observations of other black holes," Kaaret said.
Source: University of Iowa
Explore further: How do stars go rogue? | <urn:uuid:abda3b9c-c856-4671-9285-693b098cb800> | {
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The Western Front Today - Peckham Crater
King George V, on a tour of the Western Front in July 1917, stopped to view the battlefront from what was referred to as Peckham Crater.
The crater was one of 19 created as a result of mines blown to signal the start of the Battle of Messines on 7 June 1917.
The mine charge of 87,000 lbs - one of the larger explosions - resulted in a crater whose width spanned 240 feet.
The crater is today a popular fishing spot.
Film Footage of Peckham Crater
Before Endeavours Fade, Rose E.B. Coombs, After the Battle 1994
Major & Mrs Holt's Battlefield Guide - Somme, Leo Cooper 2000
Duck-Boards comprised slatted wooden planking used for flooring trenches or muddy ground.
- Did you know? | <urn:uuid:b734808c-44b3-48b5-a320-486b63bbe463> | {
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Lately, we’ve been hearing more and more about digital copyrights and fair use in the news and online – particularly with the whole SOPA/PIPA uproar that recently swept the web.
Also, we on the Edublogs support team have been getting more and more complaints and official requests to remove copyrighted content that users have placed on blogs.
The legal jargon with respect to digital copyrights can be confusing – especially since different countries have their own laws and regulations.
With this post, we hope to dispel a few myths and pull together a complete list of resources for teachers and students to use when blogging and working with content online.
Rule #1: You Can’t Use Everything You Find On the Web
This may seem obvious, but judging by the notices we have received, many teachers (and especially students) are under the impression that if it is on the web, then it is up for grabs.
Edublogs News – The International Blog Directory
If you and your students keep rule #1 in mind, then everything else should be fine.
Rule #2: There Are Resources You CAN Use
One of the myths out there is that you can’t use any image, video, or content from another website on your blog.
That simply isn’t true, and we’ll cover our favorite sources of “fair use” and “public domain” sources at the end of this post.
It is troubling that while copyright is important to protect the hard work of others, it can also stifle creativity and hamper educational goals. Though SOPA is effectively dead at the moment, there is a legitimate need for newer laws that are built around the open and free-sharing nature of the web.
Understanding Fair Use
You might be aware that as educators, we have a few more flexible rules, called “Fair Use”, to play by.
That is, in some cases, if an image, text, video, etc. is being used for educational purposes, there might be more flexible copyright rules.
For example, a video that was purchased in a store can usually be shown in a classroomwhen the video is tied to the curriculum being taught. Otherwise, showing a class full of students a video would be considered a “public performance” and would be against the law.
The trouble is, most of the laws and rules that cover fair use and education were written well before the invention of the web.
While a textbook or curricula resource might allow for photocopying for classroom use, it most likely isn’t going to allow you to make a PDF of the document and put it on your class blog or website for students to print themselves.
The end result would be the same, right? A student would have a printed copy.
But make sure to check specific copyright restrictions before uploading anything you’ve scanned to the web!
For more, check out the Fair Use FAQ for Educators here from the excellent resource site, TeachingCopyright.org.
What Can Be a Violation?
Here are the most common types of content that we have been contacted about and asked to remove on our blogs:
- Images – mostly found through google image search
- Curriculum docs – especially handouts and student activities
- Text and quotes – copy/pasted from other websites (even with a link or attribution it still may not be legal)
- Music – usually mp3s that students have uploaded to share on their blogs
But I Won’t Be Caught…
If only that were true.
Google makes it incredibly easy for companies and content creators to seek out those posting their work on the web.
Sadly, we are also noticing more and more “law firms” and organizations out there looking for copyrighted content as a way of generating business. They then contact the copyright holder offering their services to get the content removed (for a fee of course).
It is a ruthless (and apparently profitable) practice, and we’d be lying if we haven’t argued with a few that contact Edublogs about how they are hurting the education of students. But let’s keep on topic…
What If I Am Caught?
Well of course in this case a good offense is your best defense. Check your blogs and class websites for any potentially offending material. If you find anything, just remove it.
The law requires copyright holders to give you (and the host of your site, such as Edublogs, WordPress, etc.) an official notification. Take these seriously and act quickly to remove what they want if you are in the wrong. That should be the end of it.
We were recently notified about a teacher with a blog on Edublogs that had a harmless world map image on his blog that he had presumably found using Google image search. When we contacted him telling him why we had removed the image, he asked if he and his students could write an apology letter to the copyright holder.
It was excellent – turning what could be a bit of an embarrassing mistake into a teachable moment for his students! Now this teacher had a good reason to discuss copyright and creative commons with his students…
So What Is Creative Commons?
One thing to look for when figuring out if a resource (ie. image, video, text, etc.) is free to copy or embed on your blog, is a Creative Commons license.
For example, look at the bottom right corner of the sidebar of this blog. You’ll see that we license all content on this blog as “Attribution – Non-Commercial - Share Alike”.
That is fancy talk for letting you know that you are free to use anything on this blog as long as you:
- give an attribution or credit that lets others know where you got the info with a link,
- won’t profit in any way from using our content and use it for non-business purposes only, and
- anything you create with our content, you must use the same license.
Luckily, the CreativeCommons.org website has a ton of excellent information and makes it easy to grab the license you wish to have on your own blog. If you (or your students) have blogs, then it is a good idea to choose the most appropriate license and make it visible on your blog.
In our case, we pasted the code they provided into a blank text widget in our sidebar.
Where To Find The Goods
Creative Commons Search - Search many sites at once *Our Favorite!
StockVault.net – Free images from photographers around the world
Kozzi.com – One free photo per day
FindIcons.com – Huge resource for avatars or small images
Flickr Advanced Search – Use advanced search filters to show only CC licensed images
That being said, you (or your students) can’t necessarily use parts from videos on YouTube (or other sources) to make mashups or as part of another video. Be sure to have permission to use any video that you are cutting, making changes to, or adding to a project.
Curriculum and Text
Wikipedia - Quote away (with a link back) to any information you find on Wikipedia
Curriki - An open curriculum community
Collaborize Classroom Library – A growing resource for discussion questions, lesson plans, and more
You won’t be able to add student resources from most textbook companies or purchased curriculum – so be careful and make sure you have permission before doing so!
Related Posts and More Info on Copyright
What Do You Think?
Have we missed any important tips or good sites to find resources that are free to use?
Let us know in the comments below and we will be sure to add it to the post! | <urn:uuid:27b8694f-6207-4f6c-9b4f-fa5fef1dc5a9> | {
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Click any word in a definition or example to find the entry for that word
I think her name’s Monica, but I’m not sure.
the most usual way of saying that you are sure about something
a stronger, more emphatic way of expressing certainty
used for expressing certainty that something will happen, based on a strong feeling rather than on facts
used informally to show that you are confident about the truth of what you are saying
a more formal way of expressing certainty about what someone is thinking or feeling, often used by people in authority
a way of expressing certainty about the facts of a situation, often used in official situations
used when you are not completely certain about something
a more informal way of saying that you are not certain about something
a formal way of saying that you are not certain about something
used for saying what you think is true, though you cannot be certain because you do not know all of the facts
used for saying that it is impossible for anyone to be certain about something
This is the American English definition of sure. View British English definition of sure. | <urn:uuid:5e2387ce-34fd-49bd-85f3-b13cd91d9c72> | {
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A lot of bodybuilders and weightlifters are excessively concerned about what they eat and what food supplements they take. You should focus on lifting weights if you want to grow bigger and stronger muscles, but you can help muscles grow by understanding how what you eat has an effect on how you recover from hard workouts. Just exercising alone will not make you strong or help you grow large muscles.
Muscles are one of those things that nearly every one of us takes completely for granted, but they are very important for two key reasons:
• Muscles are the "engine" that your body uses to propel itself.
• It would be impossible for you to do anything without your muscles.
Muscles are very complicated because they are vital to any creature.
Weight training is a form of exercise for developing the strength and size of skeletal muscles. In one common training routine, the technique involves lifting increasingly heavy amounts of weight, and uses an assortment of exercises and types of equipment to target specific muscle groups. Weight training differs from bodybuilding, weightlifting, or powerlifting, which are sports rather than forms of exercise.
Your muscles grow when the recover after heavy stress that you put on them in the gym. If you want your muscles to grow, you should give them as much stress as possible in the gym, and then you should provide them with everything they need to recover and grow, especially nourishment and time. Do not stress the same muscle every day – it will not have enough time to recover and grow.
The only time your muscles grow is when you're out of the gym. So how can you optimize recovery? Mainly through sleep, and good nutrition. Supplementation is also very important. So, for your muscles to grow they must be a) broken down, or stimulated by some type of overload and b) be given plenty time, rest, and raw ingredients to mend themselves before this stimulation is applied again.
Muscle growth comes about because of hypertrophy or hyperplasia. Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of the muscle due to an increase in the size of the muscle fibers, while hyperplasia is an increase in the number of muscle fibers. The process of muscle growth is not known for sure, but most theories are based on the idea that lifting breaks down the muscle, and growth results from over-compensating to protect the body from future stress.
Muscle fiber hypertrophy can take two main forms – hypertrophy can be accomplished by either increasing the volume contained within the muscle cell or by increasing the actual amount of muscle contractile protein making up the muscle cells. The muscle cell can be compared to a water-filled balloon. To make the balloon bigger (hypertrophy), you can either add more water to the balloon, stretching it to its maximum capacity (increase cell volume), or you could theoretically add more rubber to make the overall size of the balloon larger (increase in contractile protein).
Using this information, how can we guarantee ample cell volume and even tip the scales in our favor? Drink 50-70 oz of water daily for practical purposes. Maintain a sodium intake of 2000-3000mg/day. Eat enough carbs, especially during intense training, to prevent your muscles from being glycogen depleted. To ensure high muscle and liver glycogen stores, be sure to consume a high carbohydrate and high protein meal immediately after exercise and one about two hours later.
Many bodybuilders and weight trainers work a muscle group once every five to seven days with high intensity and high volume. In order to force muscle growth of weaker areas, you must design a temporary exercise plan that places greater emphasis on the weaker area and less emphasis on other areas. A short-term specialization of 8-12 weeks is your answer.
Compare the chiseled form of a successful bodybuilder with the emaciated frame of an elite marathoner. Both can achieve stunning results by virtue of their muscles. A remarkable characteristic of your muscles is how much you can transform them by training. Your muscles require enzymes to tell the power houses in their cells how to perform the biochemical effects that turn carbohydrate and fat into energy.
The Super-Set Myth
Are super-sets, moving from one workout to another with as little rest as possible – all they're cut up to be? How helpful is the practice? Muscles develop in response to load: the greater the load, the greater the muscle growth. Super-sets "burn" a muscle and the burn often short-circuits maximal muscle contraction and force production. In other words, the burn inhibits your muscles from contracting as hard or as forcefully as possible. Lastly, super-sets always downgrade your load selection.
There is no set number of workouts needed before you actually start seeing your gains: it depends on your intensity, the exercises chosen, etc. You probably won't even notice if you're getting bigger, since it's such a gradual process. It might take more than four weeks to make your chest grow at least an inch. Other people who don't see you very often will notice, though.
Most machines don't improve with use. The human body is different. The more people use their muscles, the stronger they become – any weightlifter can tell you that. And unused muscles do not remain preserved, neglect causes them to waste away, or atrophy. It's a remarkable response, one that scientists don't fully understand. Somehow, muscle cells sense how they're being used and remodel themselves to better fit the task.
10 Rules In Mass Building
a Muscular Body Takes Time
to Beginning Bodybuilding | <urn:uuid:49f314e4-3def-49bb-8d0d-85af93545b6b> | {
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Last week we looked at Marketing Definitions and Ethics to address the many criticisms of marketing.
- Marketing Concept - the idea that an organization aims all of its efforts at satisfying its customers at a profit.
- Marketing Management Process - is the process of (1) planning the marketing activities, (2) directing the implementation of the plans, and (3) controlling these plans.
- Marketing Strategy - specifies a target market and a related marketing mix.
- Target Market - a fairly homogeneous (similar) group of customers to whom a company wishes to appeal.
- Marketing Mix - the controllable variables the company puts together to satisfy this target group (see list below).
- Differentiation - means that the marketing mix is distinct from and better than what is available from a competitor.
Four P Variables of the Marketing Mix
Product Place Promotion Price Physical good Objectives Objectives Objectives
Service Channel type Promotion blend Flexibility
Features Market exposure Salespeople Level over product
Benefits Kinds of intermediaries Kind life cycle
Quality level Kinds and locations of stores Number Geographic terms
Accessories Transporting & storing Selection Discounts
Installation Service levels Training Allowances
Instructions Recruiting intermediaries Motivation
Warranty Managing channels Advertising
Product lines Targets
Packaging Kinds of ads
Branding Media type
Prepared by whom
S.W.O.T. Analysis - identifies and lists the firm's internal strengths and weaknesses and its external opportunities and threats.
Types of Marketing Opportunities to Pursue
Why is the target customer placed in the center of the Four Ps in the diagram at the top of this page? Why do the Four Ps overlap each other? Explain, using a specific example from your own experience and the concepts and terms from the reading in Chapter 2 and in this post. How does the marketing strategy (target market & marketing mix), differentiation, the type of opportunity being pursued, S.W.O.T., and elements of the Four Ps help you to explain and support your example.
Please keep your comments to 150-200 words. Remember, Google is the new résumé, so watch your spelling and grammar (plus accent aigu).
I look 4Ward to your feedback. | <urn:uuid:1bf90415-da5f-4ec9-908a-c66c58f60c29> | {
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In G. Polya‘s book “How to Solve It”, one of the shortest sections is called “Rules of style”. This section contains Polya’s three rules of style, which are worth repeating.
“The first rule of style”, writes Polya, “is to have something to say”.
“The second rule of style is to control yourself when, by chance, you have two things to say; say first one, then the other, not both at the same time”.
Polya’s third rule of style is: “Don’t say what does not need to be said” or maybe “Don’t say the obvious”. I am not sure of the exact formulation, because Polya doesn’t write the third rule down – that would be a violation of the rule!
Polya’s three rules are excellent and one is advised to follow them if one strives for good style when writing mathematics. However, style is not the only criterion by which we measure mathematical writing. There is a tradeoff between succinct and elegant style, on the one hand, and clarity and precision, on the other.
“Don’t say the obvious” – sure! But what is obvious? And to whom? A careful writer leaving a well placed exercise in a textbook is one thing. An author of a long and technical paper that leaves an exercise to the poor, overworked referee, is something different. And, of course, a mathematician leaving cryptic notes to his four-months-older self, is the most annoying of them all.
“Don’t say the obvious” – sure, sure! But is it even true? I think that all the mistakes that I am responsible for publishing have originated by an omission of an “obvious” argument. I won’t speak about actual mistakes made by others, but I do have the feeling that some people have gotten away with not explaining something non-trivial, and were lucky that things turned out to be as their intuition suggested (granted, having the correct intuition is also a non-trivial achievement).
I disagree with Polya’s third rule of style. And you see, to reject it, I had to formulate it. QED. | <urn:uuid:747fb008-eb33-4016-8f14-7306f488f8dc> | {
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From Holly K. Sonneland, “LatAm Minute: James Bosworth on the State of Cybersecurity in Latin America”, American Society / Council of the Americas (AS/COA), May 13th 2015.
While virtually no one anywhere is immune from a cybersecurity threat, Latin America is a vulnerable region. “The whole developing world is less secure in many ways because there’s so much pirated software,” Read More
- Data breach on the rise, especially on consumer credit (identity, financial, medical).
- Targeted attacks continue to grow (hacktivism)
- Social media scams are on the rise (breaches on personal information thru social media websites and using information for blackmail or other scams)
- Banking Trojans and heists (Initially in Mexico malware affecting ATMs are now throughout Latin America)
- Major events provide rich target for cyber criminals (World Cup, Summer Olympics)
“Cyber-espionage, privacy concerns, and malicious insiders made headlines and shaped much of the cyber security discourse in 2013. Nevertheless, several large scale data breaches at the end of the year showed that cybercrime remains rampant and threats from cybercriminals continue to menace governments, businesses, and individual end users. Cybercrime continued to offer quick profits while the prospects for apprehending hackers and online fraudsters proved to be limited in all jurisdictions. These factors contributed to the high costs of global cybercrime in 2013, which, although inherently hard to measure, is widely estimated to be at least $113 billion – enough to buy an iPad for the entire populations of Mexico, Colombia, Chile and Peru.(01) In Brazil alone, cybercrime costs reached $8 billion, followed by $3 billion for Mexico, and $464 million for Colombia.(02) Globally, eight breaches each exposed 10 million identities or more, and the number of targeted attacks increased. At the same time, lax end-user attitudes towards social media and increased adoption of mobile devices led to an escalation in scams and provided greater opportunity for cybercriminals, as mobile-based social media use plays a greater role in our lives, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean”. Read full report
“Latin America´s cyber-crime problem is a direct consequence of the exponential growth of cyberspace across the region. Indeed, the internet and related social media tools have not just empowered citizens to exercise their rights, but also enabled and extended the reach of gangs, cartels and organized criminal,” Read More | <urn:uuid:d0097b61-01f2-4adc-90cf-06bc5d59c3d1> | {
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The Temporal Pixel Multiplexing camera system at the University of Oxford
If you’ve ever tried to get that perfect shot of a race car, athlete, wild animal, or any other fast-moving subject, you know how hard it can be - what are the odds that you’ll hit the shutter release button at just the right instant? You could try videotaping it and grabbing a still afterward, but chances are it will be grainy and blurry. It’s a common problem, but it might have just been solved. Medical researchers have developed a digital photographic technique that allows users to simultaneously shoot high-speed (slow motion) video and high-resolution stills, via the same sensor on the same camera. | <urn:uuid:3a21a015-d790-4ae0-a1f5-05d166790c14> | {
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A recent editorial in the Peninsula Clarion pointed out that commercial oil and gas operations are not typically the first thing that comes to mind when considering practices that are acceptable on a National Wildlife Refuge. Yet, what new-comers to the Kenai Peninsula don’t realize is that oil and gas extraction has been a part of the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge since 1957 with the discovery of oil in what is now Alaska’s oldest oil field, the Swanson River field.
There are actually three production units leased within the Refuge. The largest and most productive is the Swanson River Field (7,880 acres), followed by the Beaver Creek Field (4,960 acres) and Birch Hill (1,240 acres). All three units are currently operated by Hilcorp Alaska.
Why do oil and gas operations occur on our Refuge? The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 authorized the issuance of oil and gas leases on and within the U.S. including “lands reserved for wildlife refuges providing Executive Orders did not restrict such disposition.” Many years later, in 1971, passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act had profound effects on the Refuge. Under this act and associated settlement agreements, the Cook Inlet Region Incorporated (CIRI) was conveyed entitlement to over 200,000 acres of subsurface estate on the Refuge.
Federal regulations require that adequate and feasible access be granted to lands or resources which CIRI and other Alaska Native regional corporations may own within refuges, subject to reasonable terms and conditions to minimize environmental effects. In 1980, CIRI developed a surface use plan, subsequently approved by the Refuge, that provides some assurance that resource extraction occurs in the least environmentally damaging way possible in order to protect natural and other values of the Refuge. The development of an Environmental Assessment or Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), as appropriate, under the National Environmental Policy Act provides specific terms and conditions for proposed projects.
Recently, CIRI leased a portion of its oil and gas estate to NordAq Energy, Inc., to develop gas discovered in an area of the Refuge where no such work had previously occurred. A 2.7-mile section of a gravel road will be constructed on the Refuge to access 6.5 acres for a drilling/production pad and natural gas gathering lines. The final EIS was issued in May 2013 and the preferred alternative was approved by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in June.
Similarly, approval for 3-D seismic exploration on 142,000 acres of CIRI-owned minerals within the Refuge was recently granted to Apache Corporation after an Environmental Assessment was completed in July 2013. Apache is using advanced seismic technology to conduct their work, with the drilling of source point holes, deployment of receivers, and source point detonation to occur in winter. Apache will likely begin work on the Refuge in early 2014.
With any oil and gas exploration or development activity proposed on the Refuge, we must consider potential implications to fish and wildlife that dwell on and migrate through the Refuge as well as their habitats. Direct, indirect and cumulative effects of industrial activities on air quality, noise levels, hydrologic flows, biological and water resources, socioeconomics, fire management, the spread of invasives, and habitat fragmentation are issues we grapple with.
While best management practices can be implemented and conditions required to minimize potential effects, past experience has proven that no matter what we do to limit such impacts, we are never fully successful. Remediation and restoration are pivotal aspects of any terms and conditions that are part of approvals given by the USFWS for work on Refuge lands.
One of the more harmful effects of past oil operations was not the actual drilling, but the defacing of the natural state by exploratory seismic operations. Up until the recent advent of nodal seismic recording system technology, which Apache will use, seismic operations were arguably the most difficult portion of the oil program to manage and control. More than 1,800 miles of seismic lines of varying widths mar the Refuge’s landscape, a legacy of a half century of commercial oil and gas development. These linear scars are not only unsightly but can act as corridors for trespass, erosion and the spread of invasive plants.
Contaminants are also a harsh reality both during and after commercial oil and gas operations. Ultimately, the Refuge will be faced with having to manage much of the remediation of decades’ worth of hydrocarbon leaks and spills, and releases of toxic volatile organic compounds such as xylene, toluene and benzene, which have contaminated soils and groundwater. Persuading industry to plug and abandon inactive wells also continues to be a challenge once these fields have played out, along with removal of idle equipment and pipelines that are no longer in use but left beneath the surface of public lands.
It’s a difficult act to balance the Refuge’s mandates to conserve fish and wildlife populations and habitats in their natural diversity and to provide opportunities for fish and wildlife-oriented recreation, while allowing oil and gas development as required by federal regulation. The Refuge will continue to partner with industry well into the new millennium, seeking transparency, realistic assessments, and the best available technology to find common ground within the framework of our respective but often conflicting missions.
As a Fish and Wildlife Biologist, Lynnda Kahn specializes in industrial activities on Kenai National Wildlife Refuge. You can find more information about the refuge at http://kenai.fws.gov or http://www.facebook.com/kenainationalwildliferefuge. | <urn:uuid:77c4d107-f609-4b8b-9102-04bfbb55e6f5> | {
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Eratosthenes of Cyrene
A versatile scholar, Eratosthenes of Cyrene lived
approximately 275-195 BC. He was the first to estimate
accurately the diameter of the earth. For several decades,
he served as the director of the famous
library in Alexandria.
He was highly regarded in the ancient world, but
unfortunately only fragments of his writing have survived.
Eratosthenes died at an advanced age from voluntary
starvation, induced by despair at his blindness.
Here are some links to Eratosthenes related web pages:
The Sieve of Eratosthenes
Eratosthenes also conceived the "Sieve of Eratosthenes
", a method of identifying prime numbers. If you have
compatible browser you can use that sieve right here, from
What is the Sieve of Eratosthenes?
is a natural number greater than 1 that can be divided
without remainder only by itself and by 1. Natural
numbers n that can be divided by a number less
than n and greater than 1 are composite
numbers. The Sieve of Eratosthenes
identifies all prime numbers up to a given number n
Put the remaining unmarked numbers in the sequence
on your list of prime numbers.
Write down the numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., n. We will
eliminate composites by marking them. Initially all
numbers are unmarked.
Mark the number 1 as special (it is neither prime
Set k=1. Until k exceeds or
equals the square root of n do this:
Find the first number in the list greater
than k that has not been identified as
composite. (The very first number so found
is 2.) Call it m. Mark the numbers
2m, 3m, 4m, ...
as composite. (Thus in the first run we
mark all even numbers greater than 2. In
the second run we mark all multiples of 3
greater than 3.)
m is a prime number. Put it on
Set k=m and repeat.
This is exactly what the applet does. If the natural
numbers are arranged in a rectangular array than marking
the composites gives rise to interesting patterns. The
Figure nearby shows one of these patterns (the prime
numbers from 2 through 12,743), but seeing the pattern
develop is much more interesting than seeing the static
final result. Experiment with various options yourself!
Click here or on the pattern
to see a similar pattern made of boxes 2 by 2 pixels
large, forming a 529 by 369 rectangle, and showing all
primes up to and including 195197.
Since this is an educational page I'll give you a home
work problem: Explain the vertical streaks that seem
to be present in the pattern. Once you are done with
that, explain why there are no horizontal streaks!
Send me your answer!
The remainder of this page is
A User's Guide to the Sieve of Eratosthenes Applet
A quick tour
To see how it works, do the following:
Click on the applet. Two windows, called "
Sieve of Eratosthenes Controls" and "The
Sieve of Eratosthenes" will pop up on your
screen. They should look like the images nearby on
this page and fit on your screen. Arrange them
conveniently so that you can see both windows
without obstruction. Let's call them the
control panel and the drawing window.
The boxes in the drawing window should form a 10 by
10 array representing the numbers 0 through 99
arranged as we read (i.e., from the top left corner
to the bottom right corner). Check you
understanding by clicking on some of the black boxes
and seeing the corresponding numbers show up in the
textfield labeled pick: in the 3rd row of
the control panel. The blue box corresponds to 1,
which as we saw is different from all other numbers.
The number zero is not shown since it isn't a
Move the cursor into the drawing window and hit the
key "s" (for "step"). The
square corresponding to the number 4 is colored
white. That means it is not a prime number (since
it is a multiple of 2). Hit "s" again.
The number six square is colored white. Do this a
few times until you see what's happening.
Hit the key "p" (for "prime").
The multiples of 2 will be finished off.
Hit "s" again (or "p") to see
what happens to the multiples of 3.
Hit "a" (for "all") to see the
rest of the process. The prime numbers from 2 to
100 are now marked with black boxes. Click on some
of them to see that they do indeed correspond to the
In the second row of the control panel, change the
number in the textfield labeled "size" to
2. (To do this, highlight the 20 that's in the
field, type 2, and hit return.) Then click on "
do it all" in the first row of the control
panel. You'll see patterns emerge as the Sieve of
Eratosthenes proceeds, and the final picture (if you
didn't resize the drawing window) should look like
the pattern in the image above..
If the process is too slow for your taste, do this:
Click on "reset" in the control
Change "Delay" in the second row
of the control panel to 0.
Click on "Do it all".
If this is still not fast enough, select
" Fast" in the upper right corner
of the control panel, click on "reset
", and click on "do it all"
again. Now the sieve will run as fast as it
can on your machine.
Details of the Operation.
Starting is very simple. You click on the applet.
Quitting is also very simple. It can be accomplished in
a number of ways:
Click in the applet on your web page.
Click on the QUIT button in the control
Type "x", "X", "Q", or
"q" in any window.
Quit your browser.
The Control Panel
Let's run through the rows of the control panel:
do it all! This button starts the
sieve, which will run to completion (unless
it is interrupted).
do 1 prime will start the sieve and
let it run until the multiples of the
current prime are all marked. If the button
is clicked during a full run (started by
do it all! ) the run will stop after the
current prime is completed.
do 1 step similarly will take 1 step
of the sieve and then cause it to stop. It
will also stop a run in progress.
reset will return the drawing window
to its original state.
resize is required for one of the
methods for resizing the drawing window. To
use it, resize the drawing window manually
and then click on it.
The safe/fast menu will select the
safe or fast mode. In the fast mode the
program runs a little faster and uses less
memory. In the safe mode you can partially
cover and uncover, or even close and reopen,
the drawing window and its contents will be
Size: This is the size (in pixels) of
the square corresponding to the numbers 1,
2, ... . Changing the size will also cause
the drawing window to be reset. The minimum
possible size is 1. If the size is greater
than 4 then each square is surrounded by a
green outline. Altering the size will
increase or decrease the n but not
the size of the drawing window.
Delay: This is the delay in
milliseconds used when marking a number as
composite. During the delay the
corresponding square is rendered in red.
For large investigations the delay should be
set to zero, but for demonstrations larger
values may be suitable.
Primes: The text window with the
buttons "-" and "+" next
to it displays the primes that have been
found. By default the largest one is
displayed. You can go up and down in the
list by clicking on the "-" and
"+" buttons, respectively.
Overwriting the number in the text field
will cause the next largest prime to be
displayed (within the range of primes found
by the sieve).
pick: Clicking on one of the squares
in the drawing window will cause the
corresponding number to appear in the text
field. This is useful for orienting
Row 4. The text windows give the horizontal
and vertical extents extent of the drawing window
(in boxes) and the length of the list used in the
sieve. You can resize the drawing window by
specifying the horizontal and vertical extents in
the text windows.
Row 5. I increase the version number whenever
there is a significant change in the code, by an
amount roughly proportional to the change. If you
are using an old version then you should probably
replace it with the newer version provided here (see
the downloading instructions below). The Run #
is the total number of runs since November 1,
1996, by all copies of the program, to date. I'm
not trying to spy on you, but I am curious how much
the program is used, and I'm also fascinated by the
technology. The count is obtained by sending an
inquiry to my system which returns the current
count. This ability to communicate over the net
opens a lot possibilities which are as yet not even
recognized. If my server daemon is down the program
runs fine without indicating a count.
The Drawing Window
You can resize the drawing window in several ways:
Change the horizontal or vertical extent of the
drawing area in the control panel. This will
interrupt any drawing in progress.
While no drawing is in progress, change the
size of the window manually, and then click on
You can also control the drawing action via the key
board as follows:
"a" or "A" are the equivalent of
do it all!
"p" or "P" are the equivalent of
"s" or "S" are the equivalent of
do 1 step
"r" or "R" are the equivalent of
"d" or "D" set the delay equal
to zero and accelerate the drawing.
"x", "X", "q" or
"Q " are the equivalent of quit
Getting the most out of your applet.
To compute the largest possible range of primes on your
machine do the following:
Click on "reset" or otherwise make sure
the drawing has stopped.
Set "size" to 1.
Make the drawing window as large as possible, and
lower the window, or close it.
Click on "resize".
Set the delay to zero and click on "do it all!
", or with the cursor in the drawing window
type "d" and "a".
On my machine this process gives rise to a window that
1254 by 894, with n=1,121,075..
Running Standalone and Downloading
You may download the byte code of this software and
incorporate it into your own web pages or run it on your
system in a standalone mode. You need the following
When you click on these links (which point to binary
files) you'll probably see something strange on your
system. However, you should be able to download the
files properly in spite of their appearance.
Sieve is the class that calls all others. To run
the software in standalone mode on a Unix system just
type java Sieve in the directory that contains
your class files. If you want to base an Applet on your
files make sure you specify the code base (the directory
containing your class files) similarly as in the html
code of this page. The code base must be accessible
over the net, otherwise you get a security exception and
things don't work right.
If you do download the software I invite you to
let me know
so that I can put you on my mailing list and inform you
about future improvements. Of course, also let me know
if you have any troubles.
There is no help information built into the program (at
least not yet). This page is intended to be the
documentation for the program. So you may want to copy
the page, print it, or provide a link to it.
This is a list of known bugs. I'm working on them, but
at the moment it's not clear to me how to find and
correct them (otherwise I'd fix them immediately). If
you have any suggestions, or would like to report other
write to me!
Some actions during the drawing process cause the
computation to go faster, but at the expense of
resisting interruption, and omitting to repaint the
drawing window after covering or closing it. These
actions include resizing the drawing window or and
clicking somewhere in the drawing window. Until
this bug is fixed, perhaps you can look at it as a
Return to Peter Alfeld's Home Page. | <urn:uuid:c9447d18-a2d1-4090-be7f-ada9795f35e0> | {
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‘BETI - Female Selective Abortion in India’ is a graphic narrative based in India, that represents sex discrimination and gender bias through a cultural narrative with supplemental information on topics such as, science, laws and statistics. The book mainly focuses in the most extreme form of sex discrimination, female selective abortion, which is; is the termination of pregnancy based on the fetus being female. This occurs in select groups in India that sex discriminates due to cultural prejudice against females regardless of availability of resources and economy. The graphic narrative is to educate females on sex discrimination (female selective abortion) and why this leads to gender bias for women and gender imbalance in society in the future. This book fills the gap of information between the science relating to reproduction and sex and what the cultural misconceptions of sex (ie. gender) and reproduction are. Understanding these topics will within a narrative of a story with the right scientific infomration will enable them to make connections about gender based on a different context, through science as opposed purely through cultural perception.
Trisha Shah graduated from the Cleveland Institute of Art majoring in Biomedical Art. This is her first book written and illustrated herself. Her previous publications include, illustrations for ‘The Know How Of Face Transplantation’. Her career began in boarding school in India; exploring various techniques of Indian art such as, pottery, weaving, printmaking and painting. Her current work, this book, uses the skills gained from biomedical art to represent topics with serious ethical issues. Growing up in India, she has felt the need to educate others to improve conditions for women in her country that face sex discrimination and gender bias. Her goal is to fill the gap in information for an audience that is neglected, and help spread awareness. To see more of her work go to her artist website: http://trishashah.com/ | <urn:uuid:b6eff2c8-07d1-418c-8991-c2a0c5e8e240> | {
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Imagine a country that finds itself so heavily indebted that it cannot adequately repay its creditors. The debts were incurred by a previous government, and arguably in largely as a result of non-productive, profligate spending. The country’s best efforts in trying to repay its debts first lead to a deep recession and great social unrest. This debt is renegotiated on more than two occasions and very significant haircuts applied, with the remaining debt to be paid over a longer period than before. A later government defaults entirely on the debt, but still manages to lead the country into deeper and deeper problems, eventually followed by dire catastrophe.
A mere eight years after the fall of the catastrophic government, the country has amassed even more debt, more than doubling the total abrogated. A syndicate of some thirty-one creditors is formed to find a solution in good faith. A conference of all these creditors is called to decide how much is owed and how to handle the problem. Negotiations with a troika of lenders representing all creditors ensue and finally a satisfactory compromise is found. Altogether the process takes almost two years.
That compromise involves reducing the amount of the debt by about 50%, making it payable over up to 30 years with reduced interest rates and a grace period of five years over which no principal will be repaid. Last but not least the indebted country, which has been treated as an equal partner throughout the negotiations, need not pay if it cannot pay: it will only pay up to 3% of its export revenues in any year. If the country feels that it cannot repay even that, it can have recourse to arbitration.
If this sounds like a description of how Greece got into a mess of debt, and a prescription of how that mess could be cleaned up, so be it. In fact it is a description of how one of the worst serial defaulters of sovereign nations in the 20th century was treated, a nation that had one of the worst inflation records of that century, that changed its currency on a number of occasions, and a nation whose record of international cooperation was quite simply cataclysmic. With the help of the agreement with the troika, it went on to put its house in order, becoming one of the most successful countries on earth. This is the story of Germany, its debt, and how the troika that it negotiated with wiped the slate; or at least a large part of the slate.
It is easy with hindsight to think that the negotiators in 1953 would safely assume that all would go well and that the problem had been solved. But this is far from obvious: in the words of a contemporaneous commentary, from H.J. Dernburg of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, “It would require almost prophetic vision to answer the question whether or not the debt settlement plan will be successfully consummated over its lifetime of some forty years. ….. only time will tell whether the present debt settlement is of more than passing interest….. Essentially, its fate will depend on the ability and willingness of the present and future German governments to give the plan continued support”
By the time negotiations started in London in 1953 we had reached the stage where, in the measured and laconic terms used in the preamble to the eventual agreement, “for about twenty years, payments on German external debts have not, in general, conformed to the contractual terms; that from 1939 to 1945 the existence of a state of war prevented any payments from being made with respect to many of such debts; that since 1945 such payments have been generally suspended; and that the Federal Republic of Germany desires to put an end to this situation.” Those 67 words summarised a far more complicated situation. On more than two previous occasions between the wars conferences had been called to discuss or eventually restructure the German debt; initially Reparation debt.
The first restructuring took place under the Dawes plan in 1924, and essentially lengthened the repayment period significantly as well as providing an international 7% loan of $230 million (≈$3.1 billion 2015) to Germany. $110 million of that loan was syndicated in the US by Morgan Guaranty and was quickly oversubscribed,. Germany could not keep up the payments and a second restructuring was secured under the Young plan of 1929-1930. That plan reduced the amount outstanding by a haircut of 20% to US$ 100 billion (2015 dollars) and extended the repayment period to 59 years until 1988. A loan of $351 million (≈$4.9 billion 2015), bearing interest at 5½ percent, was issued to the public at 90. $98,250,000 of bonds was issued in the US under the plan, also syndicated by Morgan Guaranty. The Bank for International Settlements was created in Basel to handle the payments.
It is important to note that by 1929, Germany was eager and willing to come to some arrangement. In sharp contrast to the post-hyperinflation Dawes negotiations, “Germany was no longer in a state of collapse… She was eager for a new arrangement…. she wanted to face her obligations of every description as once more a wholly free and independent member of the family of nations.”
The Young Committee’s restructuration plan had hardly been put in place when it once again became apparent that Germany could not or would not pay its debts: the global crash began in May 1931with the failure of the Creditanstalt, the largest Austrian bank. The global depression had set in and world trade had collapsed by the time US President Herbert Hoover secured the accord of 15 nations for a one-year moratorium in July 1931. One year later, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom attempted one more time to restructure (or indeed forgive) Germany’s Reparation Debts. Subject to concessions from the US, the countries agreed not to seek immediate payments from Germany and to reduce the remaining debt by a haircut of close to 90% to $713 million, but specifically preserved the rights of private bondholders under the Dawes and Young Loans. Overall German nominal reparation debts had been reduced by over 97%, though it is estimated that by 1933 Germany had repaid some 12% of its reparation debts (including interest).
This left Germany with the Dawes and Young loans as the only remnants of its reparation debts left to repay, over a number of years.
However this only covers a part of the pre-WW2 German debts dealt with in the 1953 London Agreements, for between the wars, German public and private borrowers embarked on a massive borrowing spree, such that by 1932, the German share of total world debt was about 14%. Almost 12 percent of all foreign loans issued in the United States between 1924 and 1929 went to German cities.
As the table below shows, the borrowers in US Dollars were heterogeneous in nature:
By the time that preparations were taking place for the London Conference of 1953, pre-war German debt (including Dawes and Young loans) were estimated to total $2.5 billion (1953 ≈ $22 billion 2015).
On 30th January 1933 Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by Hindenburg, and the new regime wasted no time in abrogating payments on its debt. Rather than openly declare default, it “pursued a complicated policy motivated less by respect for the sanctity of debt than their need to maintain trade ties with their creditors.” In March, in a speech to the American Chamber of Commerce in Berlin, the Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht had clearly and somewhat cynically telegraphed his ultimate intentions, saying “I believe one could name several South and Central American republics which defaulted three or four times, but have always been given credit again.” On June 14th, 1933, he announced that from July 1, half of the debt service on any foreign denominated bonds would now be paid in special inconvertible scrip issued by the Reichsbank. In today’s world of Credit Default Swaps, in which defaults are very precisely defined, this would undoubtedly be an event of default.
By 1934, Germany defaulted entirely on the Young and Dawes loans, though after pressure from London it once again started servicing the UK tranche only. By the time the war started, German debt service had largely ceased (though both private and public authorities had been repurchasing their bonds quietly on the open market (see Klug)).
We have already stated that the majority of the German extant debt under negotiations was incurred after 1945. Whereas pre-war debts totalled some $2.5 billion (1953 ≈ $22 billion 2015), debts incurred after 1945 were about $3.5 billion (1953 ≈ $30.5 billion 2015). The total under negotiation therefore amounts to about $52.5 billion 2015.
The German negotiating delegation was led by Hermann-Joseph Abs, and the 1953 troika consisted of France, the United Kingdom and the United States. Negotiations ran from 27th February to 8th August 1953, though the Agreement is dated 27th February. It entered into force generally on the 16th September 1953.
Some of the details of the agreement follow:
The 7% Dawes Loan 1924
Interest was reduced to 5 ½ % on the US tranche and to 5% on all others. After March 1958, a sinking fund of the principal of 3% for the US tranche and of 2% for all others would be applied. Final maturity would be in 1969. Accumulated unpaid accrued interest to be recalculated at 5% and paid for with a 20-year German Government 3% bond with a 2% sinking fund after 5 years. Bonds for the accrued owed before 1944 to be issued in payment in 1953; that for monies owed and accumulating between 1944 and 1953 to be issued upon the reunification of Germany.
The 5 ½ % Young Loan 1930
A similar scheme as for the Dawes loan, but with 5% interest on the US tranche, 4 ½ % on others, a 1% sinking fund from after March 1958 on all tranches, and a final maturity of 1980. A 20-year 3% German Government bond with a 1% sinking fund after 5 years to cover accrued interest recalculated at 4 ½ %, with similar terms on accruals between 1944 and 1953.
Young loan bonds were to be repaid in the currency of origin, converted to US$ at the rate prevailing at the time of issue and then back into the currency of origin at the rate prevailing on 1st August 1952. A table summarising the effects is below:
It goes without saying that the gold clause did not apply, although this was hotly argued during the negotiations. But there would be a further devil in the details popping up later as a result of clause (e).
The 6 percent External (Match or Kreuger) Loan 1930
Interest reduced to 4%, sinking fund from March 1958 at 1 ¼ %, final maturity 1994, accrued recalculated at 4%, and otherwise treated the same as the Young loan.
New terms and conditions are applied to every class of every type of borrower, public and private, with the only anecdotally worthy item occurring with bonds of the State of Prussia (which had simply been abolished): the 16 years of accrued interest (from the end 1936 to March 1953) were deferred “until such time as the territories belonging to the State of Prussia and now outside the territory of the Federal Republic shall be joined to the Federal Republic, at which time payment shall be subject to negotiation”. And the negotiators could not reach agreement on Austrian government debt, which was held over for further, separate negotiations.
We have already mentioned in the third paragraph of this note what were the overall terms of the Agreement. However interesting may be their details, of more importance then and now were the structure, principles and atmosphere surrounding both the preparations and the negotiations themselves.
The Conference on German External Debt which drew up the guidelines and principles upon which the Agreement negotiations were based stated in its final report that “The Conference recognised the principle that the transfer of payments under the Settlement Plan implies the development and maintenance of a balance of payments situation in which those payments, like other payments for current transactions, can be financed by foreign exchange receipts from visible and invisible transactions so that more than a temporary drawing on monetary reserves is avoided. …. It recommends that due account should be taken by all concerned of the principles referred to in this paragraph. Transfers of interest and amortisation payments due under the Settlement Plan should be treated as payments for current transactions and, where appropriate, included in any arrangements relating to trade and / or payments between the Federal Republic and any of the creditor countries, regardless of whether such agreements are of a bilateral or multilateral nature” In its Memorandum on the Agreement on German Foreign Debt presented to the Bundestag with the necessary legislation to pass the London Agreement, the German government stated that the principle whereby “the payment of transfer commitments must only be made from a current surplus in the balance of trade and current accounts” had been “unanimously agreed by creditors and debtors, and by the representatives of all 31 countries”.
Consultation in the event that Germany had a difficulty in making payments was included, in Article 34 (b), which states in part “if the consultations are concerned with a situation in which the Federal Republic of Germany finds that it is faced with difficulties in carrying out its external obligations, attention shall be given to all relevant economic, financial and monetary considerations which relate to the ability to transfer of the Federal Republic of Germany, as influenced by both internal and external factors… Due regard will be paid to the principles by which the Conference on German External Debts was guided, to the objectives at which it aimed and to the undertaking of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany to do everything in its power to ensure the fulfilment of these obligations. Advice shall, if the principal consulting Parties to the present Agreement so decide, be sought from appropriate international organisations or other independent experts.”
Eight years after the war, Germany was treated as an equal. As Guinnane puts it “The agreement embodied three general principles: the amount Germany owed was reduced considerably; she was given a long period in which to repay; and the amounts owed in any given year were tied to her ability to make transfers.” Jürgen Kaiser states “Germany was explicitly spared from any “structural adjustment” policy – i.e., budget cuts, tax increases, and so-called structural reforms in the interest of ongoing debt service payments to the outside world.” No IMF conditionality here then. Indeed, Abs himself states in his autobiographical account of the negotiations that they included “an explicit rejection of Anglo-Saxon austerity”.
One cannot suggest that a template be created from the details of the Agreement: a cookie-cutter approach is not appropriate when renegotiating international sovereign debt. Too many variables are involved. The US, which received the largest haircut, both absolutely and relatively, might not be so sanguine today, both for financial reasons and geopolitical ones: “West” Germany is no more and nor is the Soviet Union.
In addition, to get out of debt you have to come into it first: many will say that paralleling contemporary debt problems to Germany’s in the 20th Century is comparing apples to oranges. But notwithstanding the cliché, there are many similarities between apples and oranges: fruit, vitamin C, shape, size; and in why we grow them and how we handle them. It is precisely by comparing them that we can highlight both similarities and differences. And in this instance we should be able to learn from both.
So several general lessons should nevertheless be retained: treat the debtor nation as a partner, and with respect, and with generosity, avoid the collective punishment of its people, do not try to be paid what cannot be afforded. In other words be sensible. These lessons are not new: words to that effect abound in earlier literature about debt and debtors. We just seem to have lost sight of them.
Annex I, D, 11 of the Agreement states in its entirety:
“Græco-German Arbitral Tribunal claims
A preliminary exchange of views has taken place between the Greek and German Delegations in regard to claims held by private persons arising out of decisions of the Mixed Græco-German Arbitral Tribunal established after the First World War. This will be followed by further discussions, the result of which, if approved, should be covered in the Intergovernmental Agreement.”
In 1972, almost 20 years after the Agreement (to which Greece was a party), in “Claims arising out of decisions of the Mixed Graeco-German Arbitral Tribunal set up under Article 304 in Part X of the Treaty of Versailles (between Greece and the Federal Republic of Germany)” the same Arbitral Tribunal referred to in Footnote 18 above ruled in part as follows:
“The negotiations to be conducted … (note: between Greece and Germany) must be guided by the following principles:
(a) They shall be meaningful and not merely consist of a formal process of negotiations. Meaningful negotiations cannot be conducted if either party insists upon its own position without contemplating any modification of it.
(b) Both parties are under an obligation to act in such a way that the principles of the Agreement are applied in order to achieve a satisfactory and equitable result.”
In the arguments to the Tribunal, the Counsel for the Kingdom of Greece complained that in the light of previous failures to reach an agreement “there was danger of the Kingdom of Greece receiving ‘a stone instead of bread’.”
This dispute just happened to be between Greece and Germany, but the italicised and bold text above applies to all negotiations at all times.
We do not know what happened next in this dispute. We do know what is happening now.
Abs, Hermann-Josef (1991): Entscheidungen 1949 –1953. Die Entstehung des Londoner Schuldenabkommens. Mainz-München
Agreement on German External Debts, 27th February 1953
Dernburg, H. J. – Some Basic Aspects of the German Debt Settlement – The Journal of Finance Vol. 8, No. 3 (Sep., 1953)
Final Report of the Conference on German External Debt 1952
Foreign Affairs – October 1934 -The Dawes and Young Loans: Then and Now –
Gelpern, Anna – Feb 2015 – Pari Passu’s Golden Fossils (Very Preliminary Draft)
Guinnane, TW – January 2004 – Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung- The 1953 London Debt Agreement – Economic Growth Centre Yale Discussion Paper 75
James, Harold – 1986 – The German Slump: Politics and Economics 1924-1936. Oxford: Clarendon
Kaiser,J – 2013 – One Made it Out of the Debt Trap – Lessons from the 1953 London Agreement – Freidrich Ebert Stiftung – International Policy Analysis
Klug,A – November 1993 – The German Buybacks 1932-39- A cure for overhang? – Princeton Studies in International Finance No75
Schacht, Hjalmar – March 16, 1934 -“The Problem of Germany’s Foreign Indebtedness.” Address by the President of the Reichsbank before the American Chamber of Commerce in Germany, Berlin; printed by the Reichsbank
UN Reports of Arbitral Awards – 26th January 1972 – Volume XIX pp27-64 : Claims arising out of decisions of the Mixed Graeco-German Arbitral Tribunal set up under Article 304 in Part X of the Treaty of Versailles (between Greece and the Federal Republic of Germany)
UN Reports of Arbitral Awards – 16th May 1980 – Volume XIX pp 67-145 : “The Question whether the re-evaluation of the German Mark in 1961 and 1969 constitutes a case for application of the clause in article 2 (e) of Annex I A of the 1953 Agreement on German External Debts”
H. J. Dernburg – Some Basic Aspects of the German Debt Settlement – The Journal of Finance Vol. 8, No. 3 (Sep., 1953), p. 299
The Dawes and Young Loans: Then and Now – Foreign Affairs October 1934 part III §1
“Under the 1924 Dawes Plan, Germany borrowed approximately $200 million from foreign bondholders in U.S. dollars, British pounds, Italian lire, Swedish kronor, and Swiss francs. The Dawes Plan Loan (as the bond issue was called) was part of a deal to resume reparations payments and help stimulate the German economy. The Dawes Loan bonds had priority claim on Germany’s foreign exchange, and were secured by certain tax revenues. The U.S. dollar tranche alone was indexed to gold to protect the creditors from currency depreciation.” Anna Gelpern – Feb 2015 – Pari Passu’s Golden Fossils (Very Preliminary Draft)
The difference of 10% corresponded to fees and costs!
“The Young Plan Loan raised approximately $300 million, with bonds denominated in French francs, U.S dollars, British pounds, Swedish kronor, Dutch florins, Swiss francs, German reichsmarks, Italian lire, and Belgian belgas, listed in order of the respective tranche sizes. Two thirds of the proceeds went to pay reparations; the rest to the German government for investment in railways and the postal service. In contrast to the Dawes Loan, all the Young Loan tranches were indexed to gold at their value on the date of issue.” Ibid. See also The Dawes and Young Loans: Then and Now – Foreign Affairs October 1934 part III §6
Foreign Affairs 1934 Part IV
The London Protocol of 1931
The Lausanne Conference of 16th June – 9th July 1932
The US concessions required were never granted and the whole process was quickly overtaken by world events.
Klug,A – November 1993 – The German Buybacks 1932-39- A cure for overhang? – Princeton Studies in International Finance No75, pp 5 & 8
Guinnane, TW – January 2004 – Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung- The 1953 London Debt Agreement – Economic Growth Centre Yale Discussion Paper 75 p 16, citing James, Harold, 1986. The German Slump: Politics and Economics 1924-1936. Oxford: Clarendon Press p 95
Klug,A, p.8
Guinnane, p. 18
“The Problem of Germany’s Foreign Indebtedness.” Address by the President of the Reichsbank before the American Chamber of Commerce in Germany; Berlin March 16, 1934; printed by the Reichsbank. Cited in Foreign Affairs 1934
Agreement on German External Debts, 27th February 1953 (“Agreement”)
Agreement Annex I,A,1 (a) to (d)(p20)
Ibid Annex I,A,2 (a) to (d)
Dernburg p.305
Clause (e) states “Should the rates of exchange ruling any of the currencies of issue on 1 August 1952 alter thereafter by 5 percent or more, the instalments due after that date, while still being made in the currency of the country of issue, shall be calculated on the basis of the least depreciated currency (in relation to the rate of exchange current on 1 August 1952) reconverted into the currency of issue at the rate of exchange current when the payment in question becomes due.” Later arguments occurred when the Deutschemark revalued significantly on two occasions: is the least depreciated currency the most appreciated one? See “The Question whether the re-evaluation of the German Mark in 1961 and 1969 constitutes a case for application of the clause in article 2 (e) of Annex I A of the 1953 Agreement on German External Debts” ruled upon on 16th May 1980 by the Arbitral Tribunal created by the Agreement. The 82 page decision (including a dissenting opinion of some 30 pages) is a cornucopia of interesting precedents, including “The Case of the Northern Cameroons”. Exegetical scholars will enjoy the fact that the Agreement was written in three languages (English, French and German), none of which took precedence.
Agreement Annex I,B,2,iii
Agreement Annex I,E,15
Final Report of the Conference on German External Debt 1952: paragraphs 21 etc
Quoted by Kaiser,J – 2013 – One Made it Out of the Debt Trap – Lessons from the 1953 London Agreement – Freidrich Ebert Stiftung – International Policy Analysis
Guinnane p.27
Kaiser,J – 2013
Abs, Hermann-Josef – 1991 – Entscheidungen 1949 –1953. Die Entstehung des Londoner Schuldenabkommens. Mainz-München p.195
UN Reports of Arbitral Awards – 26th January 1972 – Volume XIX pp27-64, P. 64
Ibid P. 63 | <urn:uuid:0d632e9c-27a9-4247-b0ae-2095dc34e156> | {
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INTRODUCTION: According to Bill Farmer's newspaper column, J. Upton Dickson was a fun-loving fellow who said he was writing a book entitled Cower Power. He also founded a group of submissive people. It was called DOORMATS. That stands for "Dependent Organization of Really Meek And Timid Souls -- if there are no objections." Their motto was: "The meek shall inherit the earth -- if that's okay with everybody." Their symbol was the yellow traffic light.
That is the opinion many people have of meekness. They think that Jesus must have meant this when he said that the meek were blessed (happy). What was Jesus speaking of?
I. A MISUNDERSTANDING ABOUT MEEKNESS.
A. Many equate Meekness with weakness.
1. Many associate meekness with an attitude of allowing everyone to run over you because you are afraid of them.
2. This is not meekness. In fact, some of the strongest men who have ever lived have been meek.
B. Look at a list of some people that the Bible says were meek and see the fallacy of such thought.
1. Moses was a great leader. He stood up to the most powerful leader in the world, Pharaoh Ramses. He led God’s people through the wilderness to the border of the promised land.
a. Numbers 12:3 - “Now the man Moses was very meek, above all the men which were upon the face of the earth.”
2. Jesus could stand up to the winds and the waves. He also chased the moneychangers out of the temple twice with a whip made out of chords.
II. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE MEEK?a. Matthew 11:29 - “Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls.”
A. An understanding of the root definition of meek in the original language and how it was used will help us in understanding what Jesus meant.
1. Greek word praus
a. Used to describe a soothing medicine.
b. Used by sailors to describe a gentle breeze.
c. Used by farmers to describe a broken colt.
2. What do all these definitions have in common? They all describe great power under control.
B. A good working definition of biblical meekness.
1. Strength under control.
2. Some Bible passages that illustrate this definition.
a. Matthew 11:28, 29 - "Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls."
1. Just as Jesus the all-powerful took upon himself the yoke of earthly obedience to His Father, so too does Jesus call on us to take on the yoke of submission to His will.
b. Ephesians 4:1,2 - "I therefore, the prisoner of the Lord, beseech you that ye walk worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are called, With all lowliness and meekness, with longsuffering, forbearing one another in love;"
1. Meekness means walking according to the precepts of our vocation and controlling our attitudes toward our brothers and sisters in Christ.
c. Colossians 3:12 - "Put on therefore, as the elect of God, holy and beloved, bowels of mercies, kindness, humbleness of mind, meekness, longsuffering;"
1. A look at the context of this chapter shows that we are to bury the old man (submit to God) and forebear and forgive one another.
II. WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THIS BEATITUDE AND THE OTHERS BEFORE AND AFTER IT?3. Thus meekness is curbing the "natural" desires to rebel, fight, have our own way, push ourselves forward, etc. We submit to the Lord in obedience to His will.
A. Notice the first two beatitudes.
1. “Blessed are the poor in spirit” - The person who realizes their spiritual poverty. They understand that they are powerless to save themselves.
2. “Blessed are they that mourn” - This person not only realizes that they are sinners and powerless to save themselves but also act upon that knowledge in grieving over their sinful state of separation from God.
B. Notice the next two beatitudes.
1. “Blessed are the meek” - These are the individuals who understand their spiritual poverty, mourn over their lost condition and are willing to submit their lives to the will of God.
III. SOME BIBLICAL EXAMPLES OF MEEKNESS.2. “Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness” - Those who submit their lives to the will of God will naturally desire to learn all of God’s will for them and do that will.
1. He was God’s chosen to be the father of the Jewish nation. Through him the Messiah would come. But he was also meek.
2. Instead of demanding his own rights, Abraham sought to keep the peace between his herdsmen and Lot’s.
a. Genesis 13:7-9 “And there was a strife between the herdmen of Abram's cattle and the herdmen of Lot's cattle: and the Canaanite and the Perizzite dwelled then in the land. And Abram said unto Lot, Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and between my herdmen and thy herdmen; for we be brethren. Is not the whole land before thee? separate thyself, I pray thee, from me: if thou wilt take the left hand, then I will go to the right; or if thou depart to the right hand, then I will go to the left.”
1. He was God’s chosen to replace King Saul, whom God had rejected because of disobedience. He was a mighty warrior and a great leader. But David was also meek.
2. Look at how he mourned the death of Saul, who had sought repeatedly to kill him.
a. 2 Samuel 1:11,12 - “Then David took hold on his clothes, and rent them; and likewise all the men that were with him: And they mourned, and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of the LORD, and for the house of Israel; because they were fallen by the sword.”
C. Jesus bears reference again.
1. This great powerful man who could cast out demons and stand boldly against the religious leaders of his day was also meek.
2. Look at his meekness in the Garden of Gethsemane when he knew that he would die on the cross soon.
IV. THE MEEK “SHALL INHERIT THE EARTH.”a. Matthew 26:39, 42 - “And he went a little farther, and fell on his face, and prayed, saying, O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me: nevertheless not as I will, but as thou wilt...He went away again the second time, and prayed, saying, O my Father, if this cup may not pass away from me, except I drink it, thy will be done.”
A. Those who are meek (faithful Christians) have an inheritance here in this life.
1. They are truly satisfied. They are content.
2. The wicked, in their rush to possess, usually miss or overlook the best of this world, or else, having seen it, they refuse to pay the price to gain it, or having gained it, they are miserable.
3. Philippians 4:11 - “Not that I speak in respect of want: for I have learned, in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content.”
B. The meek will also inherit that new heaven and earth - Heaven.
CONCLUSION : A.W. Tozer once wrote, The meek man is not a human mouse afflicted with a sense of his own inferiority. Rather he may be in his moral life as bold as a lion and as strong as Samson; but he has stopped being fooled about himself. He has accepted God's estimate of his own life. He knows he is as weak and helpless as God declared him to be, but paradoxically, he knows at the same time that he is in the sight of God of more importance than angels. In himself, nothing; in God, everything. That is his motto."1. Romans 8:17 - “And if children, then heirs; heirs of God, and joint-heirs with Christ; if so be that we suffer with him, that we may be also glorified together.”
Copyright 1999 by Grady
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Takht-e Soleyman doesn’t look like much. Not these days anyway. It’s mostly just rubble, the barely recognisable foundations of an ancient city, set high in the mountains, in West Azerbaijan Province in northern Iran. For a thousand years or more though it was one of the holiest and most important sanctuaries of Zoroastrianism. Its fire temple contained Ādur Gušnasp, one of the three great fires of Zoroastrianism, thought to have existed since the start of time.
No fire here now, just the ruined remnants of the city. Somewhere, somehow, it all went wrong for the Zoroastrians.
Nowadays people tend to think of Zoroastrianism as a minority religion. And in terms of numbers (there are only 190,000 hereditary adherents left) they are right. But in its day it was the most powerful religion in the world. It was the religion of the Achaemenid kings of Persia (as detailed in the inscriptions at Bisotun), and it remained in favour in Persia for the next thousand years, through till the end of the Sasanian empire. At its zenith it had tens of millions of followers.
It was also the first major religion to believe there was just a single god (all the earlier large-scale religions believed in a pantheon of gods), and much of its structure, subject matter, and basic principles were incorporated into Judaism and the other Abrahamic religions (i.e. Christianity and Islam) – although followers of these faiths obviously refute such claims.
A little on Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrians pray at fire temples. It’s one of the few things the general public knows about the religion and it has led to the widespread misunderstanding that Zoroastrians are fire worshippers. They aren’t.
Zoroastrians follow the words of the prophet Zoroaster (or Zarathustra), who delivered the wisdoms of their god, Ahura Mazda. Zoroaster describes Ahura Mazda as the beginning and the end, the creator of everything that can and cannot be seen, the Eternal, the Pure and the only Truth. Sound familiar?
Zoroastrians think fire is a representation of God. They call it the original light of God, and view it as a medium through which spiritual enlightenment is achieved. This is why they build fire temples, and it’s why each temple maintains a permanent flame.
The foremost axiom of Zoroastrianism is good thoughts, good words, good deeds; the idea being that those who lead good lives will be happy and complete.
In terms of influencing the Abrahamic religions, Zoroastrianism was the first major religion to come up with the notion of a heaven and hell scenario. It was the first to propose the idea of there being a devil who is evil incarnate. It was also the first to proclaim that a messiah would show up one day and save all the faithful. And it was the first to declare there would be a final battle between good and evil just before the world ends (i.e. judgement day).
They also widely popularised the use of temples as a place of worship, and wore caps on their heads at all times – a practice that is thought to have subsequently found its way into Judaism, Catholicism, and Islam.
The Zoroastrian sanctuary of Takht-e Soleyman
The royal sanctuary of Takht-e Soleyman is built upon a huge, round, naturally-elevated platform (about 500 metres by 300 metres in size). At the centre of the platform is a lake, whose still, dark waters are fed by a fast-flowing aquifer – it pumps out an even 90 litres per second. The lake is unquestionably what drew people here in the first place; unfortunately it is loaded with minerals and unfit for human consumption.
The site has been a Zoroastrian temple since the times of the Achaemenid Empire, but the royal sanctuary (the remains of which can be seen at the site today, and which once included multiple temple complexes, ceremonial halls and chambers, and the royal quarters) wasn’t built until the Sasanian Empire (224 to 651 CE).
The royal sanctuary was enclosed by 13 metre high walls. Atop the walls were 38 defensive bastions, and there were only two entrance gates. But it wasn’t enough to stop the Byzantine army who attacked, conquered, and destroyed the city in 627 CE.
The name Takht-e Soleyman, which means Throne of Solomon, does not relate to Zoroastrianism. It’s a title that was given to the site following the Arab conquest of Iran in the mid 7th Century CE. Prior to this the sanctuary was known as Azar Goshnasp, meaning Fire of the Warrior Kings.
Three kilometres from Takht-e Soleyman is a small volcano known as Zendan-e Soleyman (Prison of Soleyman – legend has it the Hebrew king, Solomon, imprisoned demons inside its crater). On the upper slopes of Zendan-e Soleyman are the remains of several temples that precede Zoroastrianism, some of which date back to the 1st Millennium BCE.
Zoroastrianism wasn’t the first religion to be practised at Takht-e Soleyman. And while it was the first major monotheistic religion, that doesn’t mean it was entirely original either. It too borrowed from earlier religions, including the religions of ancient Babylonia, Akkadia, and Sumeria.
Zoroastrianism was an extremely successful and powerful religion for a thousand years or more; it was a religion of tolerance that respected the existence of alternate religions, and it didn’t evangelise. The religions that came after it weren’t so tolerant, and preaching to and converting the great unwashed (by force if necessary) was one of their core objectives. Zoroastrianism never stood a chance.
Practical information for reaching Takht-e Soleyman:
Takht-e Soleyman is 140 kilometres from the city of Zanjan (Zanjan is 340 kilometres northwest of Tehran). It takes about 2.5 hours to drive between Zanjan and Takht-e Soleyman.
It isn’t possible to get to the site via public transport. Catching a bus to Zanjan, then hiring a car (and driver) for the day is the most practical way to get there.
Read more on Takht-e Soleyman in the UNESCO World Heritage listing. | <urn:uuid:85fddd3b-3efe-49c5-be48-8cee7003c5a1> | {
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Scottish deerhoundArticle Free Pass
Scottish deerhound, dog breed called the “royal dog of Scotland,” known since the 16th century. It was once the exclusive property of the nobility, who prized it as a hunter of the Scottish stag. Like the greyhound in build but larger and more heavily boned, the Scottish deerhound stands 28 to 32 inches (71 to 81 cm) and weighs 75 to 110 pounds (34 to 50 kg). Its coat is harsh and wiry and ranges from blue-gray to yellow-brown. This dog is a strong, swift, and formidable hunter but a loyal and gentle companion.
Do you know anything more about this topic that you’d like to share? | <urn:uuid:358ce3a4-4214-4cb6-a58a-7ffbbcbd8ebd> | {
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Washington, DC – The Taliban’s religious police minister, Mohammed Wali, is reported to have told Associated Press (“Hindus to Be Required to Wear Label,” May 22, 2001), that Hindus living in Afghanistan may be required to wear an identity label on their clothing to distinguish them from Muslims, and that Hindu women would be required to to veil themselves.
While less conspicuous forms of identification may be under consideration, the Taliban’s proposal runs counter to Islamic teaching.
Following the conquest of India by Muhammad bin Qasim, wrote the Islamic scholar Shaheed Isma’il Raji al Faruqi, the Muslims faced new religions that they had never known before–Buddhism and Hinduism. Muhammad bin Qasim sought instruction from the caliph in Damascus on how to treat Hindus and Buddhists. They appeared to worship idols, and their doctrines were at the farthest remove from Islam. Their founders were unheard of by Muslims.
The caliph called a council of Muslim scholars, and asked them to render judgment. The judgment was that as long as Hindus and Buddhists did not fight the Islamic state, as long as they paid the jizyah–a tax paid in return for the protection given to them by the Muslim army, to which they were not compulsorily conscripted like Muslims–they must be free to worship their gods as they please, to maintain their temples, and to determine their lives by the precepts of their faith.
The Taliban’s proposal has given Western media yet another opportunity to attack the Taliban’s record on human rights–as they did in the matter of the Bamiyan Buddhas. It’s a pity that this concern for human rights does not extend to the Bosnians, Chechens, Palestinians, and to millions more living in grinding poverty.
As for the Hindus in Afghanistan, according to UN wire reports, journalist Kamal Hyder said Hindus he had spoken with “do not feel discriminated against.” Of Afghanistan’s population of 25 million people, non-Muslims comprise a small minority, with the largest group–Hindus–numbering about 500 (Constable, Washington Post). The badges are not felt to be necessary for Sikhs, because they wear distinctive turbans (BBC Online).
Afghanistan’s Taliban defended the proposal. “Senior Taliban information ministry official Mullah Abdulhanan Himat told the Pakistan-based Afghan Islamic Press (Reuters, May 23) that the ruling aimed to protect Hindus and other minorities from the demands of religious police enforcing Muslim rules.”
And, is it mere coincidence that this story broke just when the Mitchell report was drawing attention to Israel’s human rights record in Palestine? And, why is there not a similar denunciation of the distinctive automobile license tags which give every Jew priveliges that are denied to Palestinians in the land of their birth?
Anti-Taliban forces are also suspect. “The ministry of external affairs goofed (Times ofIndia), “when it condemned the Taliban regime in Afghanistan for allegedly forcing Hindus living in that country to wear yellow clothes, stop wearing turbans and start following the Shariat. … the source of the original report appears to be Masood Khalili, the anti-Taliban Afghan ambassador in New Delhi who made similar allegations in February as well.”
Unlike the automobile license tags which mark Palestinians for second class treatment today–as the yellow Star of David marked Jews in Nazi Germany in the 1930s–the Taliban’s proposal, misguided as it is, has a drawn a disproportionate amount of criticism.
Mr. Enver Masud is an engineering management consultant, author of “The War on Islam,” and founder of The Wisdom Fund – http://www.twf.org | <urn:uuid:15274334-48c3-4821-99f2-48d9852751cb> | {
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The American Practical Navigator/Chapter 9
CHAPTER 9:TIDES AND TIDAL CURRENTS
- 1 CHAPTER 9:TIDES AND TIDAL CURRENTS
- 1.1 ORIGIN OF TIDES
- 1.2 FEATURES OF TIDES
- 1.3 TIDAL DATUMS
- 1.4 TIDAL CURRENTS
- 1.4.1 913. Tidal and Nontidal Currents
- 1.4.2 914. General Features
- 1.4.3 915. Types of Tidal Current
- 1.4.4 916. Tidal Current Periods and Cycles
- 1.4.5 917. Effect of Nontidal Flow
- 1.4.6 918. Time of Tidal Current and Time of Tide
- 1.4.7 919. Relationship Between Speed of Current and Range of Tide
- 1.4.8 920. Variation Across an Estuary
- 1.4.9 921. Variation with Depth
- 1.4.10 922. Tidal Current Observations
- 1.5 TIDE AND CURRENT PREDICTION
- 1.6 PUBLICATIONS FOR PREDICTING TIDES AND CURRENTS
- 1.6.1 927. Tide Tables
- 1.6.2 928. Tide Predictions for Reference Stations
- 1.6.3 929. Tide Predictions for Subordinate Stations
- 1.6.4 930. Finding Height of Tide at any Time
- 1.6.5 931. Tidal Current Tables
- 1.6.6 932. Tidal Current Prediction for Reference Stations
- 1.6.7 933. Tidal Current Predictions for Subordinate Stations
- 1.6.8 934. Finding Velocity of Tidal Current at any Time
- 1.6.9 935. Duration of Slack Water
- 1.6.10 936. Additional Tide Prediction Publications
- 1.6.11 937. Tidal Current Charts
- 1.6.12 938. Current Diagrams
- 1.6.13 939. Computer Predictions
ORIGIN OF TIDES
Tides are the periodic motion of the waters of the sea due to changes in the attractive forces of the Moon and Sun upon the rotating Earth. Tides can either help or hinder a mariner. A high tide may provide enough depth to clear a bar, while a low tide may prevent entering or leaving a harbor. Tidal current may help progress or hinder it, may set the ship toward dangers or away from them. By understanding tides and making intelligent use of predictions published in tide and tidal current tables and descriptions in sailing directions, the navigator can plan an expeditious and safe passage through tidal waters.
901. Tide and Current
The rise and fall of tide is accompanied by horizontal movement of the water called tidal current. It is necessary to distinguish clearly between tide and tidal current, for the relation between them is complex and variable. For the sake of clarity mariners have adopted the following definitions: Tide is the vertical rise and fall of the water, and tidal current is the horizontal flow. The tide rises and falls, the tidal current floods and ebbs. The navigator is concerned with the amount and time of the tide, as it affects access to shallow ports. The navigator is concerned with the time, speed, and direction of the tidal current, as it will affect his ship’s position, speed, and course.
Tides are superimposed on nontidal rising and falling water levels, caused by weather, seismic events, or other natural forces. Similarly, tidal currents are superimposed upon non-tidal currents such as normal river flows, floods, and freshets.
902. Causes of Tides
The principal tidal forces are generated by the Moon and Sun. The Moon is the main tide-generating body. Due to its greater distance, the Sun’s effect is only 46 percent of the Moon’s. Observed tides will differ considerably from the tides predicted by equilibrium theory since size, depth, and configuration of the basin or waterway, friction, land masses, inertia of water masses, Coriolis acceleration, and other factors are neglected in this theory. Nevertheless, equilibrium theory is sufficient to describe the magnitude and distribution of the main tide-generating forces across the surface of the Earth.
Newton’s universal law of gravitation governs both the orbits of celestial bodies and the tide-generating forces which occur on them. The force of gravitational attraction between any two masses, m1 and m2, is given by:
where d is the distance between the two masses, and G is a constant which depends upon the units employed. This law assumes that m1 and m2 are point masses. Newton was able to show that homogeneous spheres could be treated as point masses when determining their orbits. However, when computing differential gravitational forces, the actual dimensions of the masses must be taken into account.
Using the law of gravitation, it is found that the orbits of two point masses are conic sections about the barycenter of the two masses. If either one or both of the masses are homogeneous spheres instead of point masses, the orbits are the same as the orbits which would result if all of the mass of the sphere were concentrated at a point at the center of the sphere. In the case of the Earth-Moon system, both the Earth and the Moon describe elliptical orbits about their barycenter if both bodies are assumed to be homogeneous spheres and the gravitational forces of the Sun and other planets are neglected. The Earth-Moon barycenter is located 74/100 of the distance from the center of the Earth to its surface, along the line connecting the Earth’s and Moon’s centers. See Figure 902a.
Figure 902a. Earth-Moon barycenter.
Thus the center of mass of the Earth describes a very small ellipse about the Earth-Moon barycenter, while the center of mass of the Moon describes a much larger ellipse about the same barycenter. If the gravitational forces of the other bodies of the solar system are neglected, Newton’s law of gravitation also predicts that the Earth-Moon barycenter will describe an orbit which is approximately elliptical about the barycenter of the Sun-Earth-Moon system. This barycentric point lies inside the Sun. See Figure 902b.
Figure 902b. Orbit of Earth-Moon barycenter (not to scale).
903. The Earth-Moon-Sun System
The fundamental tide-generating force on the Earth has two interactive but distinct components. The tide-generating forces are differential forces between the gravitational attraction of the bodies (Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon) and the centrifugal forces on the Earth produced by the Earth’s orbit around the Sun and the Moon’s orbit around the Earth. Newton’s Law of Gravitation and his Second Law of Motion can be combined to develop formulations for the differential force at any point on the Earth, as the direction and magnitude are dependent on where you are on the Earth’s surface. As a result of these differential forces, the tide generating forces Fdm (Moon) and Fds (Sun) are inversely proportional to the cube of the distance between the bodies, where:
where Mm is the mass of the Moon and Ms is the mass of the Sun, Re is the radius of the Earth and d is the distance to the Moon or Sun. This explains why the tide-generating force of the Sun is only 46/100 of the tide-generating force of the Moon. Even though the Sun is much more massive, it is also much farther away.
Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can calculate the differential forces generated by the Moon and the Sun affecting any point on the Earth. The easiest calculation is for the point directly below the Moon, known as the sublunar point, and the point on the Earth exactly opposite, known as the antipode. Similar calculations are done for the Sun.
If we assume that the entire surface of the Earth is covered with a uniform layer of water, the differential forces may be resolved into vectors perpendicular and parallel to the surface of the Earth to determine their effect. See Figure 903a.
Figure 903a. Differential forces along a great circle connecting the sublunar point and antipode.
The perpendicular components change the mass on which they are acting, but do not contribute to the tidal effect. The horizontal components, parallel to the Earth’s surface, have the effect of moving the water in a horizontal direction toward the sublunar and antipodal points until an equilibrium position is found. The horizontal components of the differential forces are the principal tide-generating forces. These are also called tractive forces. Tractive forces are zero at the sublunar and antipodal points and along the great circle halfway between these two points. Tractive forces are maximum along the small circles located 45° from the sublunar point and the antipode. Figure 903b shows the tractive forces across the surface of the Earth.
Figure 903b. Tractive forces across the surface of the Earth.
Equilibrium will be reached when a bulge of water has formed at the sublunar and antipodal points such that the tractive forces due to the Moon’s differential gravitational forces on the mass of water covering the surface of the Earth are just balanced by the Earth’s gravitational attraction (Figure 903c).
Figure 903c. Theoretical equilibrium configuration due to Moon’s differential gravitational forces. One bulge of the water envelope is located at the sublunar point, the other bulge at the antipode.
Now consider the effect of the rotation of the Earth. If the declination of the Moon is 0°, the bulges will lie on the equator. As the Earth rotates, an observer at the equator will note that the Moon transits approximately every 24 hours and 50 minutes. Since there are two bulges of water on the equator, one at the sublunar point and the other at the antipode, the observer will also see two high tides during this interval with one high tide occurring when the Moon is overhead and another high tide 12 hours 25 minutes later when the observer is at the antipode. He will also experience a low tide between each high tide. The theoretical range of these equilibrium tides at the equator will be less than 1 meter.
In theory, the heights of the two high tides should be equal at the equator. At points north or south of the equator, an observer would still experience two high and two low tides, but the heights of the high tides would not be as great as they are at the equator. The effects of the declination of the Moon are shown in Figure 903d, for three cases, A, B, and C.
- When the Moon is on the plane of the equator, the forces are equal in magnitude at the two points on the same parallel of latitude and 180° apart in longitude.
- When the Moon has north or south declination, the forces are unequal at such points and tend to cause an inequality in the two high waters and the two low waters each day.
- Observers at points X, Y, and Z experience one high tide when the Moon is on their meridian, then another high tide 12 hours 25 minutes later when at X', Y', and Z'. The second high tide is the same at X' as at X. High tides at Y' and Z' are lower than high tides at Y and Z.
Figure 903d. Effects of the declination of the Moon.
The preceding discussion pertaining to the effects of the Moon is equally valid when discussing the effects of the Sun, taking into account that the magnitude of the solar effect is smaller. Hence, the tides will also vary according to the Sun’s declination and its varying distance from the Earth. A second envelope of water representing the equilibrium tides due to the Sun would resemble the envelope shown in Figure 903c except that the heights of the high tides would be smaller, and the low tides correspondingly not as low. The theoretical tide at any place represents the combination of the effects of both the Moon and Sun.
FEATURES OF TIDES
904. General Features
At most places the tidal change occurs twice daily. The tide rises until it reaches a maximum height, called high tide or high water, and then falls to a minimum level called low tide or low water.
The rate of rise and fall is not uniform. From low water, the tide begins to rise slowly at first, but at an increasing rate until it is about halfway to high water. The rate of rise then decreases until high water is reached, and the rise ceases.
The falling tide behaves in a similar manner. The period at high or low water during which there is no apparent change of level is called stand. The difference in height between consecutive high and low waters is the range.
Figure 904 is a graphical representation of the rise and fall of the tide at New York during a 24-hour period. The curve has the general form of a variable sine curve.
Figure 904. The rise and fall of the tide at New York, shown graphically.
905. Types of Tide
A body of water has a natural period of oscillation, dependent upon its dimensions. None of the oceans is a single oscillating body; rather each one is made up of several separate oscillating basins. As such basins are acted upon by the tide-producing forces, some respond more readily to daily or diurnal forces, others to semidiurnal forces, and others almost equally to both. Hence, tides are classified as one of three types, semidiurnal, diurnal, or mixed, according to the characteristics of the tidal pattern.
In the semidiurnal tide, there are two high and two low waters each tidal day, with relatively small differences in the respective highs and lows. Tides on the Atlantic coast of the United States are of the semidiurnal type, which is illustrated in Figure 905a by the tide curve for Boston Harbor.
Figure 905a. Semidiurnal type of tide.
In the diurnal tide, only a single high and single low water occur each tidal day. Tides of the diurnal type occur along the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, in the Java Sea, the Gulf of Tonkin, and in a few other localities. The tide curve for Pei-Hai, China, illustrated in Figure 905b, is an example of the diurnal type.
Figure 905b. Diurnal tide.
In the mixed tide, the diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations are both important factors and the tide is characterized by a large inequality in the high water heights, low water heights, or in both. There are usually two high and two low waters each day, but occasionally the tide may become diurnal. Such tides are prevalent along the Pacific coast of the United States and in many other parts of the world. Examples of mixed types of tide are shown in Figure 905c. At Los Angeles, it is typical that the inequalities in the high and low waters are about the same. At Seattle the greater inequalities are typically in the low waters, while at Honolulu it is the high waters that have the greater inequalities.
Figure 905c. Mixed tide.
906. Solar Tide
The natural period of oscillation of a body of water may accentuate either the solar or the lunar tidal oscillations. Though as a general rule the tides follow the Moon, the relative importance of the solar effect varies in different areas. There are a few places, primarily in the South Pacific and the Indonesian areas, where the solar oscillation is the more important, and at those places the high and low waters occur at about the same time each day. At Port Adelaide, Australia the solar and lunar semidiurnal oscillations are equal and nullify one another at neaps.
907. Special Tidal Effects
As a wave enters shallow water, its speed is decreased. Since the trough is shallower than the crest, it is retarded more, resulting in a steepening of the wave front. In a few estuaries, the advance of the low water trough is so much retarded that the crest of the rising tide overtakes the low, and advances upstream as a breaking wave called a bore. Bores that are large and dangerous at times of large tidal ranges may be mere ripples at those times of the month when the range is small. Examples occur in the Petitcodiac River in the Bay of Fundy, and at Haining, China, in the Tsientang Kaing. The tide tables indicate where bores occur.
Other special features are the double low water (as at Hoek Van Holland) and the double high water (as at Southampton, England). At such places there is often a slight fall or rise in the middle of the high or low water period. The practical effect is to create a longer period of stand at high or low tide. The tide tables list these and other peculiarities where they occur.
908. Variations in Range
Though the tide at a particular place can be classified as to type, it exhibits many variations during the month (Figure 908a). The range of the tide varies according to the intensity of the tide-producing forces, though there may be a lag of a day or two between a particular astronomic cause and the tidal effect.
The combined lunar-solar effect is obtained by adding the Moon’s tractive forces vectorially to the Sun’s tractive forces. The resultant tidal bulge will be predominantly lunar with modifying solar effects upon both the height of the tide and the direction of the tidal bulge. Special cases of interest occur during the times of new and full Moon (Figure 908b). With the Earth, Moon, and Sun lying approximately on the same line, the tractive forces of the Sun are acting in the same direction as the Moon’s tractive forces (modified by declination effects). The resultant tides are called spring tides, whose ranges are greater than average.
Between the spring tides, the Moon is at first and third quarters. At those times, the tractive forces of the Sun are acting at approximately right angles to the Moon’s tractive forces. The results are tides called neap tides, whose ranges are less than average.
With the Moon in positions between quadrature and new or full, the effect of the Sun is to cause the tidal bulge to either lag or precede the Moon (Figure 908c). These effects are called priming and lagging the tides.
Thus, when the Moon is at the point in its orbit nearest the Earth (at perigee), the lunar semidiurnal range is increased and perigean tides occur. When the Moon is farthest from the Earth (at apogee), the smaller apogean tides occur. When the Moon and Sun are in line and pulling together, as at new and full Moon, spring tides occur (the term spring has nothing to do with the season of year); when the Moon and Sun oppose each other, as at the quadratures, the smaller neap tides occur. When certain of these phenomena coincide, perigean spring tides and apogean neap tides occur.
These are variations in the semidiurnal portion of the tide. Variations in the diurnal portion occur as the Moon and Sun change declination. When the Moon is at its maximum semi-monthly declination (either north or south), tropic tides occur in which the diurnal effect is at a maximum. When it crosses the equator, the diurnal effect is a minimum and equatorial tides occur.
When the range of tide is increased, as at spring tides, there is more water available only at high tide; at low tide there is less, for the high waters rise higher and the low waters fall lower at these times. There is more water at neap low water than at spring low water. With tropic tides, there is usually more depth at one low water during the day than at the other. While it is desirable to know the meanings of these terms, the best way of determining the height of the tide at any place and time is to examine the tide predictions for the place as given in the tide tables, which take all these effects into account.
Figure 908b. (A) Spring tides occur at times of new and full Moon. Range of tide is greater than average since solar and lunar tractive forces act in same direction. (B) Neap tides occur at times of first and third quarters. Range of tide is less than average since solar and lunar tractive forces act at right angles.
909. Tidal Cycles
Tidal oscillations go through a number of cycles. The shortest cycle, completed in about 12 hours and 25 minutes for a semidiurnal tide, extends from any phase of the tide to the next recurrence of the same phase. During a lunar day (averaging 24 hours and 50 minutes) there are two highs and two lows (two of the shorter cycles) for a semidiurnal tide. The Moon revolves around the Earth with respect to the Sun in a synodical month of about 29 1/2 days, commonly called the lunar month. The effect of the phase variation is completed in one-half of a synodical month or about 2 weeks as the Moon varies from new to full or full to new.
The effect of the Moon’s declination is also repeated in one-half of a tropical month of 27 1/3 days, or about every 2 weeks. The cycle involving the Moon’s distance requires an anomalistic month of about 27 1/2 days. The Sun’s declination and distance cycles are respectively a half year and a year in length.
An important lunar cycle, called the nodal period or Metonic cycle (after Greek philosopher Meton, fifth century BC, who discovered the phenomenon) is 18.6 years (usually expressed in round figures as 19 years). For a tidal value, particularly a range, to be considered a true mean, it must be either based upon observations extended over this period of time, or adjusted to take account of variations known to occur during the nodal period.
The nodal period is the result of axis of the Moon’s rotation being tilted 5 degrees with respect to the axis of the Earth’s rotation. Since the Earth’s axis is tilted 23.5 degrees with respect to the plane of its revolution around the sun, the combined effect is that the Moon’s declination varies from 28.5 degrees to 18.5 degrees in a cycle lasting 18.6 years. For practical purposes, the nodal period can be considered as the time between the Sun and Moon appearing in precisely the same relative positions in the sky.
910. Time of Tide
Since the lunar tide-producing force has the greatest effect in producing tides at most places, the tides “follow the Moon.” Because the Earth rotates, high water lags behind both upper and lower meridian passage of the Moon. The tidal day, which is also the lunar day, is the time between consecutive transits of the Moon, or 24 hours and 50 minutes on the average. Where the tide is largely semidiurnal in type, the lunitidal interval (the interval between the Moon’s meridian transit and a particular phase of tide) is fairly constant throughout the month, varying somewhat with the tidal cycles. There are many places, however, where solar or diurnal oscillations are effective in upsetting this relationship. The interval generally given is the average elapsed time from the meridian transit (upper or lower) of the Moon until the next high tide. This may be called mean high water lunitidal interval or corrected (or mean) establishment. The common establishment is the average interval on days of full or new Moon, and approximates the mean high water lunitidal interval.
In the ocean, the tide may be in the nature of a progressive wave with the crest moving forward, a stationary or standing wave which oscillates in a seesaw fashion, or a combination of the two. Consequently, caution should be used in inferring the time of tide at a place from tidal data for nearby places. In a river or estuary, the tide enters from the sea and is usually sent upstream as a progressive wave so that the tide occurs progressively later at various places upstream.
911. Low Water Datums
A tidal datum is a given average tide level from which heights of tides and overhead clearances are measured. It is a vertical datum, but is not the same as vertical geodetic datum, which is a mathematical quantity developed as part of a geodetic system used for horizontal positioning. There are a number of tidal levels of reference that are important to the mariner. See Figure 911.
The most important level of reference is the sounding datum shown on charts. The sounding datum is sometimes referred to as the reference plane to distinguish it from vertical geodetic datum. Since the tide rises and falls continually while soundings are being taken during a hydrographic survey, the tide is recorded during the survey so that soundings taken at all stages of the tide can be reduced to a common sounding datum. Soundings on charts show depths below a selected low water datum (occasionally mean sea level), and tide predictions in tide tables show heights above and below the same level. The depth of water available at any time is obtained by adding algebraically the height of the tide at the time in question to the charted depth.
By international agreement, the level used as chart datum should be low enough so that low waters do not fall very far below it. At most places, the level used is one determined from a mean of a number of low waters (usually over a 19 year period); therefore, some low waters can be expected to fall below it. The following are some of the datums in general use.
Mean low water (MLW) is the average height of all low waters at a given place. About half of the low waters fall below it, and half above.
Mean low water springs (MLWS), usually shortened to low water springs, is the average level of the low waters that occur at the times of spring tides.
Mean lower low water (MLLW) is the average height of the lower low waters of each tidal day.
Tropic lower low water (TcLLW) is the average height of the lower low waters (or of the single daily low waters if the tide becomes diurnal) that occur when the Moon is near maximum declination and the diurnal effect is most pronounced. This datum is not in common use as a tidal reference.
Indian spring low water (ISLW), sometimes called Indian tide plane or harmonic tide plane, is a low water datum that includes the spring effect of the semi-diurnal portion of the tide and the tropic effect of the diurnal portion. It is about the level of lower low water of mixed tides at the time that the Moon’s maximum declination coincides with the time of new or full Moon.
Mean lower low water springs (MLLWS) is the average level of the lower of the two low waters on the days of spring tides.
Some lower datums used on charts are determined from tide observations and some are determined arbitrarily and later referred to the tide. Most of them fall close to one or the other of the following two datums.
Lowest normal low water is a datum that approximates the average height of monthly lowest low waters, discarding any tides disturbed by storms.
Lowest low water is an extremely low datum. It conforms generally to the lowest tide observed, or even somewhat lower. Once a tidal datum is established, it is sometimes retained for an indefinite period, even though it might differ slightly from a better determination from later observations. When this occurs, the established datum may be called low water datum, lower low water datum, etc. These datums are used in a limited area and primarily for river and harbor engineering purposes. Examples are Boston Harbor Low Water Datum and Columbia River Lower Low Water Datum.
Some sounding datums are based on the predicted tide rather than an average of observations. A British sounding datum that may be adopted internationally is the Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT). LAT is the elevation of the lowest water level predicted in a 19-year period. Canadian coastal charts use a datum of Lower Low Water, Large Tide (LLWLT) which is the average of the lowest low waters, one from each of the 19 years of predictions.
Figure 911 illustrates variations in the ranges and heights of tides in a locality such as the Indian Ocean, where predicted and observed water levels are referenced to a chart sounding datum that will always cause them to be additive relative to the charted depth.
Figure 911. Variations in the ranges and heights of tide where the chart sounding datum is Indian Spring Low Water.
In areas where there is little or no tide, various other datums are used. For the Black Sea for instance, Mean Sea Level (MSL, sometimes referred to as Mean Water Level or MWL) is used, and is the average of the hourly heights observed over a period of time and adjusted to a 19-year period. In the United States, a Low Water Datum (LWD) is used in those coastal areas that have transitioned from tidal to non-tidal (e.g. Laguna Madre, Texas and Pamlico Sound, North Carolina) and is simply 0.5 foot below a computed MLW. For the Great Lakes, the United States and Canada use a separate LWD for each lake, which is designed to ensure that the actual water level is above the datum most of the time during the navigation season. Lake levels vary by several feet over a period of years.
Inconsistencies of terminology are found among charts of different countries and between charts issued at different times.
Large-scale charts usually specify the datum of soundings and may contain a tide note giving mean heights of the tide at one or more places on the chart. These heights are intended merely as a rough guide to the change in depth to be expected under the specified conditions. They should not be used for the prediction of heights on any particular day, which should be obtained from tide tables.
912. High Water Datums
Heights of terrestrial features are usually referred on nautical charts to a high water datum. This gives the mariner a margin of error when passing under bridges, overhead cables, and other obstructions. The one used on charts of the United States, its territories and possessions, and widely used elsewhere, is mean high water (MHW), which is the average height of all high waters over a 19 year period. Any other high water datum in use on charts is likely to be higher than this. Other high water datums are mean high water springs (MHWS), which is the average level of the high waters that occur at the time of spring tides; mean higher high water (MHHW), which is the average height of the higher high waters of each tidal day; and tropic higher high water (TcHHW), which is the average height of the higher high waters (or the single daily high waters if the tide becomes diurnal) that occur when the Moon is near maximum declination and the diurnal effect is most pronounced. A reference merely to “high water” leaves some doubt as to the specific level referred to, for the height of high water varies from day to day. Where the range is large, the variation during a 2 week period may be considerable.
Because there are periodic and apparent secular trends in sea level, a specific 19 year cycle (the National Tidal Datum Epoch) is issued for all United States datums. The National Tidal Datum Epoch officially adopted by the National Ocean Service is presently 1960 through 1978. The Epoch is reviewed for revision every 25 years.
913. Tidal and Nontidal Currents
Horizontal movement of water is called current. It may be either “tidal” and “nontidal.” Tidal current is the periodic horizontal flow of water accompanying the rise and fall of the tide. Nontidal current includes all currents not due to the tidal movement. Nontidal currents include the permanent currents in the general circulatory system of the oceans as well as temporary currents arising from meteorological conditions. The current experienced at any time is usually a combination of tidal and nontidal currents.
914. General Features
Offshore, where the direction of flow is not restricted by any barriers, the tidal current is rotary; that is, it flows continuously, with the direction changing through all points of the compass during the tidal period. This rotation is caused by the Earth’s rotation, and unless modified by local conditions, is clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The speed usually varies throughout the tidal cycle, passing through two maximums in approximately opposite directions, and two minimums about halfway between the maximums in time and direction. Rotary currents can be depicted as in Figure 914a, by a series of arrows representing the direction and speed of the current at each hour. This is sometimes called a current rose. Because of the elliptical pattern formed by the ends of the arrows, it is also referred to as a current ellipse.
Figure 914a. Rotary tidal current. Times are hours before and after high and low tide at Nantucket Shoals. The bearing and length of each arrow represents the hourly direction and speed of the current.
In rivers or straits, or where the direction of flow is more or less restricted to certain channels, the tidal current is reversing; that is, it flows alternately in approximately opposite directions with an instant or short period of little or no current, called slack water, at each reversal of the current. During the flow in each direction, the speed varies from zero at the time of slack water to a maximum, called strength of flood or ebb, about midway between the slacks. Reversing currents can be indicated graphically, as in Figure 914b, by arrows that represent the speed of the current at each hour. The flood is usually depicted above the slack waterline and the ebb below it. The tidal current curve formed by the ends of the arrows has the same characteristic sine form as the tide curve. In illustrations and for certain other purposes it is convenient to omit the arrows and show only the curve.
Figure 914b. Reversing tidal current.
A slight departure from the sine form is exhibited by the reversing current in a strait that connects two different tidal basins, such as the East River, New York. The tides at the two ends of a strait are seldom in phase or equal in range, and the current, called hydraulic current, is generated largely by the continuously changing difference in height of water at the two ends. The speed of a hydraulic current varies nearly as the square root of the difference in height. The speed reaches a maximum more quickly and remains at strength for a longer period than shown in Figure 914b, and the period of weak current near the time of slack is considerably shortened.
The current direction, or set, is the direction toward which the current flows. The speed is sometimes called the drift. The term “velocity” is often used as the equivalent of “speed” when referring to current, although strictly speaking “velocity” implies direction as well as speed. The term “strength” is also used to refer to speed, but more often to greatest speed between consecutive slack waters. The movement toward shore or upstream is the flood, the movement away from shore or downstream is the ebb. In a purely semidiurnal current unaffected by nontidal flow, the flood and ebb each last about 6 hours and 13 minutes. But if there is either diurnal inequality or nontidal flow, the durations of flood and ebb may be quite unequal.
915. Types of Tidal Current
Tidal currents, like tides, may be of the semidiurnal, diurnal, or mixed type, corresponding to a considerable degree to the type of tide at the place, but often with a stronger semidiurnal tendency.
The tidal currents in tidal estuaries along the Atlantic coast of the United States are examples of the semidiurnal type of reversing current. Along the Gulf of Mexico coast, such as at Mobile Bay entrance, they are almost purely diurnal. At most places, however, the type is mixed to a greater or lesser degree. At Tampa and Galveston entrances there is only one flood and one ebb each day when the Moon is near its maximum declination, and two floods and two ebbs each day when the Moon is near the equator. Along the Pacific coast of the United States there are generally two floods and two ebbs every day, but one of the floods or ebbs has a greater speed and longer duration than the other, the inequality varying with the declination of the Moon.
The inequalities in the current often differ considerably from place to place even within limited areas, such as adjacent passages in Puget Sound and various passages between the Aleutian Islands. Figure 915a shows several types of reversing current. Figure 915b shows how the flood disappears as the diurnal inequality increases at one station.
Figure 915a. Several types of reversing current. The pattern changes gradually from day to day, particularly for mixed types, passing through cycles.
Figure 915b. Changes in a current of the mixed type. Note that each day as the inequality increases, the morning slacks draw together in time until on the 17th the morning flood disappears. On that day the current ebbs throughout the morning.
Offshore rotary currents that are purely semidiurnal repeat the elliptical pattern each tidal cycle of 12 hours and 25 minutes. If there is considerable diurnal inequality, the plotted hourly current arrows describe a set of two ellipses of different sizes during a period of 24 hours and 50 minutes, as shown in Figure 915c, and the greater the diurnal inequality, the greater the difference between the sizes of the two ellipses. In a completely diurnal rotary current, the smaller ellipse disappears and only one ellipse is produced in 24 hours and 50 minutes.
Figure 915c. Rotary tidal current with diurnal inequality. Times are in hours referred to tides (higher high, lower low, lower high, and higher low) at Swiftsure Bank.
916. Tidal Current Periods and Cycles
Tidal currents have periods and cycles similar to those of the tides, and are subject to similar variations, but flood and ebb of the current do not necessarily occur at the same times as the rise and fall of the tide.
The speed at strength increases and decreases during the 2 week period, month, and year along with the variations in the range of tide. Thus, the stronger spring and perigean currents occur near the times of new and full Moon and near the times of the Moon’s perigee, or at times of spring and perigean tides; the weaker neap and apogean currents occur at the times of neap and apogean tides; and tropic currents with increased diurnal speeds or with larger diurnal inequalities in speed occur at times of tropic tides; and equatorial currents with a minimum diurnal effect occur at times of equatorial tides.
As with the tide, a mean value represents an average obtained from a 19 year series. Since a series of current observations is usually limited to a few days, and seldom covers more than a month or two, it is necessary to adjust the observed values, usually by comparison with tides at a nearby place, to obtain such a mean.
917. Effect of Nontidal Flow
The current existing at any time is seldom purely tidal, but usually includes also a nontidal current that is due to drainage, oceanic circulation, wind, or other causes. The method in which tidal and nontidal currents combine is best explained graphically, as in Figure 917a and Figure 917b. The pattern of the tidal current remains unchanged, but the curve is shifted from the point or line from which the currents are measured, in the direction of the nontidal current, and by an amount equal to it. It is sometimes more convenient graphically merely to move the line or point of origin in the opposite direction. Thus, the speed of the current flowing in the direction of the nontidal current is increased by an amount equal to the magnitude of the nontidal current, and the speed of the current flowing in the opposite direction is decreased by an equal amount.
In Figure 917a, a nontidal current is represented both in direction and speed by the vector AO. Since this is greater than the speed of the tidal current in the opposite direction, the point A is outside the ellipse. The direction and speed of the combined tidal and nontidal currents at any time is represented by a vector from A to that point on the curve representing the given time, and can be scaled from the graph. The strongest and weakest currents may no longer be in the directions of the maximum and minimum of the tidal current. If the nontidal current is northwest at 0.3 knot, it may be represented by BO, and all hourly directions and speeds will then be measured from B. If it is 1.0 knot, it will be represented by AO and the actual resultant hourly directions and speeds will be measured from A, as shown by the arrows.
Figure 917a. Effect of nontidal current on the rotary tidal current of Figure 914a.
In a reversing current (Figure 917b), the effect is to advance the time of one slack, and to retard the following one. If the speed of the nontidal current exceeds that of the reversing tidal current, the resultant current flows continuously in one direction without coming to a slack. In this case, the speed varies from a maximum to a minimum and back to a maximum in each tidal cycle. In Figure 917b, the horizontal line A represents slack water if only tidal currents are present. Line B represents the effect of a 0.5 knot nontidal ebb, and line C the effect of a 1.0 knot nontidal ebb. With the condition shown at C there is only one flood each tidal day. If the nontidal ebb were to increase to approximately 2 knots, there would be no flood, two maximum ebbs and two minimum ebbs occurring during a tidal day.
Figure 917b. Effect of nontidal current on the reversing tidal current of Figure 914b.
918. Time of Tidal Current and Time of Tide
At many places where current and tide are both semidiurnal, there is a definite relationship between times of current and times of high and low water in the locality. Current atlases and notes on nautical charts often make use of this relationship by presenting for particular locations, the direction and speed of the current at each succeeding hour after high and low water, at a place for which tide predictions are available.
Where there is considerable diurnal inequality in tide or current, or where the type of current differs from the type of tide, the relationship is not constant, and it may be hazardous to try to predict the times of current from times of tide. Note the current curve for Unimak Pass in the Aleutians in Figure 915a. It shows the current as predicted in the tidal current tables. Predictions of high and low waters in the tide tables might have led one to expect the current to change from flood to ebb in the late morning, whereas actually the current continued to run flood with some strength at that time.
Since the relationship between times of tidal current and tide is not the same everywhere, and may be variable at the same place, one should exercise extreme caution in using general rules. The belief that slacks occur at local high and low tides and that the maximum flood and ebb occur when the tide is rising or falling most rapidly may be approximately true at the seaward entrance to, and in the upper reaches of, an inland tidal waterway. But generally this is not true in other parts of inland waterways. When an inland waterway is extensive or its entrance constricted, the slacks in some parts of the waterway often occur midway between the times of high and low tide. Usually in such waterways the relationship changes from place to place as one progresses upstream, slack water getting progressively closer in time to the local tide maximum until at the head of tidewater (the inland limit of water affected by a tide) the slacks occur at about the times of high and low tide.
919. Relationship Between Speed of Current and Range of Tide
The speed of the tidal current is not necessarily consistent with the range of tide. It may be the reverse. For example, currents are weak in the Gulf of Maine where the tides are large, and strong near Nantucket Island and in Nantucket Sound where the tides are small. However, at any one place the speed of the current at strength of flood and ebb varies during the month in about the same proportion as the range of tide, and this relationship can be used to determine the relative strength of currents on any given day.
920. Variation Across an Estuary
In inland tidal estuaries the time of tidal current varies across the channel from shore to shore. On the average, the current turns earlier near shore than in midstream, where the speed is greater. Differences of half an hour to an hour are not uncommon, but the difference varies and the relationship may be nullified by the effect of nontidal flow. The speed of the current also varies across the channel, usually being greater in midstream or midchannel than near shore, but in a winding river or channel the strongest currents occur near the concave shore, or the outside corner of the curve. Near the opposite (convex) shore the currents are weak or eddying.
921. Variation with Depth
In tidal rivers the subsurface current acting on the lower portion of a ship’s hull may differ considerably from the surface current. An appreciable subsurface current may be present when the surface movement appears to be practically slack, and the subsurface current may even be flowing with appreciable speed in the opposite direction to the surface current.
In a tidal estuary, particularly in the lower reaches where there is considerable difference in density from top to bottom, the flood usually begins earlier near the bottom than at the surface. The difference may be an hour or two, or as little as a few minutes, depending upon the estuary, the location in the estuary, and freshet conditions. Even when the freshwater runoff becomes so great as to prevent the surface current from flooding, it may still flood below the surface. The difference in time of ebb from surface to bottom is normally small but subject to variation with time and location.
The ebb speed at strength usually decreases gradually from top to bottom, but the speed of flood at strength often is stronger at subsurface depths than at the surface.
922. Tidal Current Observations
Observations of current are made with sophisticated electronic current meters. Current meters are suspended from a buoy or anchored to the bottom with no surface marker at all. Very sensitive current meters measure and record deep ocean currents; these are later recovered by triggering a release mechanism with a signal from the surface. Untended current meters either record data internally or send it by radio to a base station on ship or land. The period of observation varies from a few hours to as long as 6 months.
TIDE AND CURRENT PREDICTION
923. Tidal Height Predictions
To measure the height of tides, hydrographers select a reference level, sometimes referred to as the reference plane, or vertical datum. This vertical tidal datum is not the same as the vertical geodetic datum. Soundings shown on the largest scale charts are the vertical distances from this datum to the bottom. At any given time the actual depth is this charted depth plus the height of tide. In most places the reference level is some form of low water. But all low waters at a given place are not the same height, and the selected reference level is seldom the lowest tide occurring at the place. When lower tides occur, these are indicated in the tide tables by a negative sign. Thus, at a spot where the charted depth is 15 feet, the actual depth is 15 feet plus the tidal height. When the tide is three feet, the depth is 15 + 3 = 18 feet. When it is -1 foot, the depth is 15 - 1 = 14 feet. The actual depth can be less than the charted depth. In an area where there is a considerable range of tide (the difference between high water and low water), the height of tide might be an important consideration when using soundings to determine if the vessel is in safe water.
The heights given in the tide tables are predictions, and when assumed conditions vary considerably, the predictions shown may be considerably in error. Heights lower than predicted can be anticipated when the atmospheric pressure is higher than normal, or when there is a persistent strong offshore wind. The greater the range of tide, the less reliable are the predictions for both height and current.
924. Tidal Heights
The nature of the tide at any place can best be determined by observation. The predictions in tide tables and the tidal data on nautical charts are based upon detailed observations at specific locations, instead of theoretical predictions.
Tidal elevations are usually observed with a continuously recording gage. A year of observations is the minimum length desirable for determining the harmonic constants used in prediction. For establishing mean sea level and long-term changes in the relative elevations of land and sea, as well as for other special uses, observations have been made over periods of 20, 30, and even 120 years at important locations. Observations for a month or less will establish the type of tide and suffice for comparison with a longer series of observations to determine tidal differences and constants.
Mathematically, the variations in the lunar and solar tide-producing forces, such as those due to changing phase, distance, and declination, are considered as separate constituent forces, and the harmonic analysis of observations reveals the response of each constituent of the tide to its corresponding force. At any one place this response remains constant and is shown for each constituent by harmonic constants which are in the form of a phase angle for the time relation and an amplitude for the height. Harmonic constants are used in making technical studies of the tide and in tidal predictions on computers. The tidal predictions in most published tide tables are produced by computer.
925. Meteorological Effects
The foregoing discussion of tidal behavior assumes normal weather conditions. However, sea level is also affected by wind and atmospheric pressure. In general, onshore winds raise the level and offshore winds lower it, but the amount of change varies at different places. During periods of low atmospheric pressure, the water level tends to be higher than normal. For a stationary low, the increase in elevation can be found by the formula
in which R0 is the increase in elevation in meters and P is the atmospheric pressure in hectopascals. This is equal approximately to 1 centimeter per hectopascal depression, or about 13.6 inches per inch depression. For a moving low, the increase in elevation is given by the formula
in which R is the increase in elevation in feet, R0 is the increase in meters for a stationary low, C is the rate of motion of the low in feet per second, g is the acceleration due to gravity (32.2 feet per second per second), and h is the depth of water in feet.
Where the range of tide is very small, the meteorological effect may sometimes be greater than the normal tide. Where a body of water is large in area but shallow, high winds can push the water from the windward to the lee shore, creating much greater local differences in water levels than occurs normally, and partially or completely masking the tides. The effect is dependent on the configuration and depth of the body of water relative to the wind direction, strength and duration.
926 Tidal Current Predictions
Tidal currents are due primarily to tidal action, but other causes are often present. The Tidal Current Tables give the best prediction of total current. Following heavy rains or a drought, a river’s current prediction may be considerably in error. Set and drift may vary considerably over different parts of a harbor, because differences in bathymetry from place to place affect current. Since this is usually an area where small errors in a vessel’s position are crucial, a knowledge of predicted currents, particularly in reduced visibility, is important. Strong currents occur mostly in narrow passages connecting larger bodies of water. Currents of more than 5 knots are sometimes encountered at the Golden Gate in San Francisco, and currents of more than 13 knots sometimes occur at Seymour Narrows, British Columbia.
In straight portions of rivers and channels, the strongest currents usually occur in the middle of the channel. In curved portions the swiftest currents (and deepest water) usually occur near the outer edge of the curve. Countercurrents and eddies may occur on either side of the main current of a river or narrow passage, especially near obstructions and in bights.
In general, the range of tide and the velocity of tidal current are at a minimum in the open ocean or along straight coasts. The greatest tidal effects are usually encountered in estuaries, bays, and other coastal indentations. A vessel proceeding along an indented coast may encounter a set toward or away from the shore; a similar set is seldom experienced along a straight coast.
PUBLICATIONS FOR PREDICTING TIDES AND CURRENTS
927. Tide Tables
Usually, tidal information is obtained from tide and tidal current tables, or from specialized computer software or calculators. However, if these are not available, or if they do not include information at a desired place, the mariner may be able to obtain locally the mean high water lunitidal interval or the high water full and change. The approximate time of high water can be found by adding either interval to the time of transit (either upper or lower) of the Moon. Low water occurs approximately 1/4 tidal day (about 6h 12m) before and after the time of high water. The actual interval varies somewhat from day to day, but approximate results can be obtained in this manner. Similar information for tidal currents (lunicurrent interval) is seldom available.
The National Ocean Service (NOS) has traditionally published hard copy tide tables and tidal current tables. Tide and tidal current data continue to be updated by NOS, but hardcopy publication has been transferred to private companies working with NOS data, published on CDROM.
Tidal data for various parts of the world is published in 4 volumes by the National Ocean Service. These volumes are:
- Central and Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean
- East Coast of North and South America (including Greenland)
- Europe and West Coast of Africa
- West Coast of North and South America (including the Hawaiian Islands)
A small separate volume, the Alaskan Supplement, is also published.
Each volume has 5 common tables:
- Table 1 contains a complete list of the predicted times and heights of the tide for each day of the year at a number of places designated as reference stations.
- Table 2 gives tidal differences and ratios which can be used to modify the tidal information for the reference stations to make it applicable to a relatively large number of subordinate stations.
- Table 3 provides information for finding the approximate height of the tide at any time between high water and low water.
- Table 4 is a sunrise-sunset table at five-day intervals for various latitudes from 76°N to 60°S (40°S in one volume).
- Table 5 provides an adjustment to convert the local mean time of Table 4 to zone or standard time.
For the East Coast and West Coast volumes, each contains a Table 6, a moonrise and moonset table; Table 7 for conversion from feet to centimeters; Table 8, a table of estimated tide prediction accuracies; a glossary of terms; and an index to stations. Each table is preceded by a complete explanation. Sample problems are given where necessary. The inside back cover of each volume contains a calendar of critical astronomical data to help explain the variations of the tide during each month and throughout the year.
928. Tide Predictions for Reference Stations
For each day, the date and day of week are given, and the time and height of each high and low water are listed in chronological order. Although high and low waters are not labeled as such, they can be distinguished by the relative heights given immediately to the right of the times. If two high tides and two low tides occur each tidal day, the tide is semidiurnal. Since the tidal day is longer than the civil day (because of the revolution of the Moon eastward around the Earth), any given tide occurs later each day. Because of later times of corresponding tides from day to day, certain days have only one high water or only one low water.
929. Tide Predictions for Subordinate Stations
For each subordinate station listed, the following information is given:
- Number. The stations are listed in geographical order and assigned consecutive numbers. Each volume contains an alphabetical station listing correlating the station with its consecutive number to assist in finding the entry in Table 2.
- Place. The list of places includes both subordinate and reference stations; the latter are in bold type.
- Position. The approximate latitude and longitude are given to assist in locating the station. The latitude is north or south, and the longitude east or west, depending upon the letters (N, S, E, W) next above the entry. These may not be the same as those at the top of the column.
- Differences. The differences are to be applied to the predictions for the reference station, shown in capital letters above the entry. Time and height differences are given separately for high and low waters. Where differences are omitted, they are either unreliable or unknown.
- Ranges. Various ranges are given, as indicated in the tables. In each case this is the difference in height between high water and low water for the tides indicated.
- Mean tide level. This is the average between mean low and mean high water, measured from chart datum.
The time difference is the number of hours and minutes to be applied to the reference station time to find the time of the corresponding tide at the subordinate station. This interval is added if preceded by a plus sign (+) and subtracted if preceded by a minus sign (−). The results obtained by the application of the time differences will be in the zone time of the time meridian shown directly above the difference for the subordinate station. Special conditions occurring at a few stations are indicated by footnotes on the applicable pages. In some instances, the corresponding tide falls on a different date at reference and subordinate stations.
Height differences are shown in a variety of ways. For most entries, separate height differences in feet are given for high water and low water. These are applied to the height given for the reference station. In many cases a ratio is given for either high water or low water, or both. The height at the reference station is multiplied by this ratio to find the height at the subordinate station. For a few stations, both a ratio and difference are given. In this case the height at the reference station is first multiplied by the ratio, and the difference is then applied. An example is given in each volume of tide tables. Special conditions are indicated in the table or by footnote. For example, a footnote indicates that “Values for the Hudson River above George Washington Bridge are based upon averages for the six months May to October, when the fresh-water discharge is a minimum.”
930. Finding Height of Tide at any Time
Table 3 provides means for determining the approximate height of tide at any time. It assumes that plotting height versus time yields a sine curve. Actual values may vary from this. The explanation of the table contains directions for both mathematical and graphical solutions. Though the mathematical solution is quicker, if the vessel’s ETA changes significantly, it will have to be done for the new ETA. Therefore, if there is doubt about the ETA, the graphical solution will provide a plot of predictions for several hours and allow quick reference to the predicted height for any given time. This method will also quickly show at what time a given depth of water will occur. Figure 930a shows the OPNAV form used to calculate heights of tides. Figure 930b shows the importance of calculating tides in shallow water.
|OPNAV 3530/40 (4-73)
HT OF TIDE
|HW Time Diff|
|LW Time Diff|
|HW Ht Diff|
|LW Ht Diff|
|HW/LW Time Diff|
|HW/LW Ht Diff|
|Range of Tide|
|Ht of Near Tide|
|Corr Table 3|
|Ht of Tide|
|Depth of Water|
Figure 930a. OPNAV 3530/40 Tide Form.
Figure 930b. Height of tide required to pass clear of charted obstruction.
931. Tidal Current Tables
Tidal Current Tables are somewhat similar to Tide Tables, but the coverage is less extensive. NOS publishes 2 volumes on an annual basis: Atlantic Coast of North America, and Pacific Coast of North America and Asia.
Each of the two volumes is arranged as follows:
- Table 1 contains a complete list of predicted times of maximum currents and slack water, with the velocity of the maximum currents, for a number of reference stations.
- Table 2 gives differences, ratios, and other information related to a relatively large number of subordinate stations.
- Table 3 provides information to determine the current’s velocity at any time between entries in tables 1 and 2.
- Table 4 gives duration of slack, or the number of minutes the current does not exceed stated amounts, for various maximum velocities.
- Table 5 (Atlantic Coast of North America only) gives information on rotary tidal currents.
Each volume also contains current diagrams and instructions for their use. Explanations and examples are given in each table.
The volumes also contain general descriptive information on wind-driven currents, combination currents, and information such as Gulf Stream currents for the east coast and coastal currents on the west coast.
932. Tidal Current Prediction for Reference Stations
For each day, the date and day of week are given; current information follows. If the cycle is repeated twice each tidal day, currents are semidiurnal. On most days there are four slack waters and four maximum currents, two floods (F) and two ebbs (E). However, since the tidal day is longer than the civil day, the corresponding condition occurs later each day, and on certain days there are only three slack waters or three maximum currents. At some places, the current on some days runs maximum flood twice, but ebbs only once, a minimum flood occurring in place of the second ebb. The tables show this information.
933. Tidal Current Predictions for Subordinate Stations
For each subordinate station listed in Table 2 of the tidal current tables, the following information is given:
- Number: The stations are listed in geographical order and assigned consecutive numbers, as in the tide tables. Each volume contains an alphabetical station listing correlating the station with its consecutive number to assist in locating the entry in Table 2.
- Place: The list of places includes both subordinate and reference stations, the latter given in bold type.
- Position: The approximate latitude and longitude are given to assist in locating the station. The latitude is north or south and the longitude east or west as indicated by the letters (N, S, E, W) next above the entry. The current given is for the center of the channel unless another location is indicated by the station name.
- Time difference: Two time differences are tabulated. One is the number of hours and minutes to be applied to the tabulated times of slack water at the reference station to find the times of slack waters at the subordinate station. The other time difference is applied to the times of maximum current at the reference station to find the times of the corresponding maximum current at the subordinate station. The intervals, which are added or subtracted in accordance with their signs, include any difference in time between the two stations, so that the answer is correct for the standard time of the subordinate station. Limited application and special conditions are indicated by footnotes.
- Velocity ratios: Speed of the current at the subordinate station is the product of the velocity at the reference station and the tabulated ratio. Separate ratios may be given for flood and ebb currents. Special conditions are indicated by footnotes.
- Average Speeds and Directions: Minimum and maximum velocities before flood and ebb are listed for each station, along with the true directions of the flow. Minimum velocity is not always 0.0 knots.
934. Finding Velocity of Tidal Current at any Time
Table 3 of the tidal current tables provides means for determining the approximate velocity at any time. Directions are given in an explanation preceding the table. Figure 934 shows the OPNAV form used for current prediction.
|OPNAV 3530/40 (4-73)
VEL OF CURRENT
Slack Water Time
Slack Water Time
|Ref Sta Max
|Local Sta Max
|Ref Sta Max
|Local Sta Max
|Int Between Slack and
|Int Between Slack and
|Factor Table 3|
Figure 934. OPNAV 3530/41 Current Form.
935. Duration of Slack Water
The predicted times of slack water listed in the tidal current tables indicate the instant of zero velocity. There is a period each side of slack water, however, during which the current is so weak that for practical purposes it may be considered negligible. Table 4 of the tidal current tables gives, for various maximum currents, the approximate period of time during which currents not exceeding 0.1 to 0.5 knots will be encountered. This period includes the last of the flood or ebb and the beginning of the following flood or ebb; that is, half of the duration will be before and half after the time of slack water.
When there is a difference between the velocities of the maximum flood and ebb preceding and following the slack for which the duration is desired, it will be sufficiently accurate to find a separate duration for each maximum velocity and average the two to determine the duration of the weak current.
Of the two sub-tables of Table 4, Table A is used for all places except those listed for Table B; Table B is used for just the places listed and the stations in Table 2 which are referred to them.
936. Additional Tide Prediction Publications
NOS also publishes a special Regional Tide and Tidal Current Table for New York Harbor to Chesapeake Bay, and a Tidal Circulation and Water Level Forecast Atlas for Delaware River and Bay.
937. Tidal Current Charts
Tidal Current charts present a comprehensive view of the hourly velocity of current in different bodies of water. They also provide a means for determining the current’s velocity at various locations in these waters. The arrows show the direction of the current; the figures give the speed in knots at the time of spring tides. A weak current is defined as less than 0.1 knot. These charts depict the flow of the tidal current under normal weather conditions. Strong winds and freshets, however, may cause nontidal currents, considerably modifying the velocity indicated on the charts.
Tidal Current charts are provided (1994) for Boston Harbor, Charleston Harbor SC, Long Island Sound and Block Island Sound, Narragansett Bay, Narragansett Bay to Nantucket Sound, Puget Sound (Northern Part), Puget Sound (Southern Part), Upper Chesapeake Bay, and Tampa Bay.
The tidal current’s velocity varies from day to day as a function of the phase, distance, and declination of the Moon. Therefore, to obtain the velocity for any particular day and hour, the spring velocities shown on the charts must be modified by correction factors. A correction table given in the charts can be used for this purpose.
All of the charts except Narragansett Bay require the use of the annual Tidal Current Tables. Narragansett Bay requires use of the annual Tide Tables.
938. Current Diagrams
A current diagram is a graph showing the velocity of the current along a channel at different stages of the tidal current cycle. The current tables include diagrams for Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket Sounds (one diagram); East River, New York; New York Harbor; Delaware Bay and River (one diagram); and Chesapeake Bay. These diagrams are no longer published by NOS, but are available privately and remain useful as they are not ephemeral.
On Figure 938, each vertical line represents a given instant identified by the number of hours before or after slack water at The Narrows. Each horizontal line represents a distance from Ambrose Channel entrance, measured along the usually traveled route. The names along the left margin are placed at the correct distances from Ambrose Channel entrance. The current is for the center of the channel opposite these points. The intersection of any vertical line with any horizontal line represents a given moment in the current cycle at a given place in the channel. If this intersection is in a shaded area, the current is flooding; if in an unshaded area, it is ebbing. The velocity can be found by interpolation between the numbers given in the diagram. The given values are averages. To find the value at any time, multiply the velocity found from the diagram by the ratio of maximum velocity of the current involved to the maximum shown on the diagram. If the diurnal inequality is large, the accuracy can be improved by altering the width of the shaded area to fit conditions. The diagram covers 1 1/2 current cycles, so that the right 1/3 duplicates the left 1/3.
Use Table 1 or 2 to determine the current for a single station. The current diagrams are intended for use in either of two ways: to determine a favorable time for passage through the channel and to find the average current to be expected during a passage through the channel. For both of these uses, a number of “velocity lines” are provided. When the appropriate line is transferred to the correct part of the diagram, the current to be encountered during passage is indicated along the line.
If the transferred velocity line is partly in a flood current area, all ebb currents (those increasing the ship’s velocity) are given a positive sign (+), and all flood currents a negative sign (−). A separate ratio should be determined for each current (flood or ebb), and applied to the entries for that current. In the Chesapeake Bay, it is common for an outbound vessel to encounter three or even four separate currents during passage. Under the latter condition, it is good practice to multiply each current taken from the diagram by the ratio for the current involved.
If the time of starting the passage is fixed, and the current during passage is desired, the starting time is identified in terms of the reference tidal cycle. The velocity line is then drawn through the intersection of this vertical time line and the horizontal line through the place. The average current is then determined in the same manner as when the velocity line is located as described above.
Figure 938. Current diagram for New York Harbor.
939. Computer Predictions
Until recently, tidal predictions were compiled only on mainframe or minicomputers and then put into hardcopy table form for the mariner. There are several types of commercial software available now for personal computers (PC’s) that provide digital versions of the NOS tide tables and also graph the tidal heights. The tabular information and graphs can be printed for the desired locations for prevoyage planning. There are also several types of specialized hand-held calculators and tide clocks that can be used to predict tides for local areas.
Newer versions of PC software use the actual harmonic constants available for locations, the prediction equation, and digital versions of Table 2 in the Tide Tables to produce even more products for the navigator’s use. Since NOS has published the data, even inexpensive navigation electronics such as handheld GPS receivers and plotters for small craft navigation often include graphic tide tables.
Emerging applications include integration of tidal prediction with positioning systems and vessel traffic systems which are now moving towards full use of GPS. In addition, some electronic chart systems are already able to integrate tide prediction information. Many of these new systems will also use real-time water level and current information. Active research also includes providing predictions of total water level that will include not only the tidal prediction component, but also the weather-related component. | <urn:uuid:af1fc98c-e962-466d-8401-7d8bbf7b4bc1> | {
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In 1859, Orange first appears in the Methodist Texas Conference records. Orange was on the Old Spanish Trail and itinerant preachers, known as Circuit Riders, were a big factor in the colonization of the West. Until the late 1850’s no religious denominations were in Orange. These traveling ministers preached here only once every three months. Orange, Jefferson, and Hardin Counties were known as the “Alligator Circuit.” The Reverend Daniel Morse, one of the first of these Circuit Rider ministers, supplemented his income by killing alligators and selling their hides. In 1873 a little group of 44 faithful Methodists joined together to form the first mission church in Orange. They purchased a plot of ground on College Street facing the Evergreen Cemetery and built a tiny wood-frame building. The records stated that “it shall be free to all other evangelical denominations.” Services were held once a month with Rev. Gillum as the first minister. Mrs. Emma George Latchem’s name is listed first on the register. This first little church was used until it was destroyed by fire in 1886. Services were then held at the Court House.
In 1889 a dream became reality when land was purchased at the corner of Border and Henderson Streets. In 1890 a new church—a one-story wood structure with a large sanctuary and a room at the rear for the primary department— was erected and occupied in 1892. The beloved Miss Annie Sells served as primary superintendent for many years.
On September 1, 1894, 334 members were listed in the first church register with Mr. W. H. Malone as Sunday School Superintendent, a post he held for 37 years. Rev. W. W. Watts served as a longtime pastor here.
As the town grew toward the north, a location change was needed. In 1910 the property at the corner of Sixth and Elm Streets was purchased and in 1912 he wooden structure was moved from Border and Henderson Streets to the current location at Sixth and Elm Streets.
In 1919 the church engaged an architect, Thomas Avant Howell, a member of the church and the Board of Stewards since 1903, to plan and build the present Gothic Structure. In 1921, while still under construction, this building was occupied. On June 10, 1923, a formal opening was held when it was completed. The money-raising project to pay for the building continued for more than 17 years, from 1919 through 1936. In 1937, the Rev. Ed R. Barcus, Jr., came to Orange as pastor, and he was instrumental in the debt being paid. The formal dedication was held March 29, 1937, during District Conference. Bishop A. Frank Smith presided with representatives from all 31 churches in the District present.
In the 1950’s the old parsonage was moved and a much-needed Education Building was erected on the site. This building, furnished by Higman Towing Company, included classrooms, the Henrijo Gale Coale Library, Emma Moss Parlor, and “Tow Inn,” a recreation room for the youth. The original sanctuary building was remodeled to include downstairs a fellowship hall, kitchen, offices, and restrooms. The refurbishing of the sanctuary was in memory of Mrs. Gladys Slade Brown.
The Slade Memorial Chapel was a gift to the church from Edgar W. and Gladys Slade Brown, Jr., in memory of Mrs. Brown’s mother, the late Mrs. Minnie Robertson Slade.
Constructed of Indiana molded limestone, its moldings are in pure gothic design. The narthex screen as well as pews and altar furnishings are all blonde mahogany and have special hand carvings of Christian symbols.
The chapel windows are art glass, designed by the Texas Art Glass Company of Houston, Texas. The three windows at the front of the chapel depict incidents in the life of Christ. The center window is a reproduction of “The Good Shepherd” interpretation by the German artist Bernard Pockhorst and has been used with permission of the House of Art, New York City. Another window is a copy of “Jesus Among the Lowly” interpretation by the French artist Leon Augustin L’hermitte, used by permission of the House of Art. The third window is a copy of the German artist Heinrich Hofmann’s interpretation of “Jesus and the Little Children.”
The chapel organ was custom built and is a two-manual Moller designed for the chapel by Mrs. Slade’s grandson Slade Brown of Monroe, Louisiana. The organ was a gift from Mrs. Slade’s grandchildren: Mr. and Mrs. Edgar Brown III of Orange; Mr. and Mrs. John S. Brown; Mr. and Mrs. Lutcher Slade Brown; and Mr. and Mrs. Charles Ebert Brown, all of Monroe, Louisiana.
The original altar pieces for the chapel, including a baptismal bowl, cross, vases, and candelabrum, were given by Mr. and Mrs. Sidney P. Hanson in memory of their son William Slade Willison, who was killed during World War II. These pieces are on exhibit in the History Center. The brass communion service was a gift of Mrs. Anthony Richard Fox of Center, sister of Mrs. Slade.
In the 1950’s under the direction of the Rev. Karl Bayer, the church again renovated the sanctuary. Each project maintained the original design of the building.
In 1972 the additional property north of the church was acquired for a parking lot and tennis courts. These improvements were gifts of Mr. Ward Stephenson in memory of his mother, Margaret Kenna Stephenson.
In 1989 the exterior of the church building was restored and a connecting building, including a large elevator, was added. The now enclosed courtyard is a beautiful Prayer Garden.
In spring 1998, the Marjorie H. Malloy Spiritual Enrichment Center opened to provide a setting for groups of all ages to grow in Christian commitment through worship, study, rest, and fellowship. The Malloy Center was made possible by the generous contributions of the members and the Malloy Foundation. The Malloy Center can be reserved for several functions.
Immediately following Hurricane Rita in September 2005, the Red Cross utilized the Malloy Building to house their volunteers as well as the Texas Guard. For months following this hurricane, the Malloy Center served as a haven for the many volunteer groups who came to Orange to help rebuild the damaged homes and clean up debris.
In 2000, the History Center, located in the foyer of the Administrative Center was established with memorial funds donated by the Frank Rach family and the Karen Peery family. Information in the Center traces the history of the church, the people, and ministers who served here.
In 2001 the stained-glass windows in the sanctuary were recorded with the writing of The History and Art of the Stained-Glass Windows of First United Methodist Church, Orange, Texas.
On January 21, 2007, the church celebrated the ground breaking for the Family Life Center, which provide areas for large dinners, meeting rooms for youth groups, media areas, a fully equipped kitchen, and stage/seating for musical and drama productions.
Throughout the years, the church also has provided lovely parsonages for the ministers. The first parsonage was adjacent to the church on Border Street and in 1914 the church acquired a house on Sixth Street. The Cecil R. Coale house at 908 Sixth Street and the Charles E. Cottle house at 1107 Pine served as homes for our associate ministers before the home at 8 Pin Oak was purchased in 1994. In 1951, when the parsonage on Sixth Street was sold, the church acquired the Judge John Thomas Adams home at 1012 Pine as a parsonage. In 1962 Mr. E. W. Brown donated the house at 4 Knotty Pine to be used as a parsonage. In 1999 the current parsonage was built at 4907 Woodway.
Our church has been committed through the years to meeting the needs of the congregation and the community in making disciples by sharing God’s love through Christ. | <urn:uuid:bd025a4a-5eaf-4628-824a-ab8555d593c9> | {
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Differential Equations 2E Mathematica Resource Manual
This effective and practical new edition continues to focus on differential equations as a powerful tool in constructing mathematical models for the physical world. It emphasizes modeling and visualization of solutions throughout. Each chapter introduces a model and then goes on to look at solutions of the differential equations involved using an integrated analytical, numerical, and qualitative approach. The authors present the material in a way that's clear and understandable to students at all levels. Throughout the text the authors convey their enthusiasm and excitement for the study of ODEs. | <urn:uuid:1a20cf0d-8eed-4d9d-9c28-e85905f74a3d> | {
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How Can A Chiropractor Help My Fussy Baby?
By Nick Messe
What is Colic?
Colic is defined as unrelenting crying by infants, particularly newborn to 3 months of age, for more than 3 hours a day, over 3 days a week, and over the course of more 3 weeks. The cause of colic is still unknown by the medical community. Chiropractors propose that colic may be a symptom of vertebral subluxation resulting from birth. A fussy or colicky baby that is otherwise healthy may benefit from chiropractic treatment.
Fewer than 5 percent of babies with inconsolable crying are found to have organic causes for their crying. Indigestion, constipation, ear infections, acid reflux, urinary tract infections, and lung or heart conditions are all possible causes that should be investigated. However, most babies show no known underlying medical conditions and outgrow their colic without treatment by the time they reach 4 months. This fact could point to a cause of colic rooted in nervous system development shortly after birth.
What happens during birth?
An infant's body undergoes tremendous compression and stretching while it passes through the mother's birth canal. A long pushing phase during labor, use of vacuum extraction or forceps, or otherwise difficult birth can cause misalignment of the infant's back vertebrae. Even the delivery doctor's well-meaning pulling and twisting hands can contribute to vertebral subluxation in the newborn. The misaligned vertebrae then pinch surrounding nerves, compromising nervous system integrity and causing muscles to lock.
Muscle locking and lack of nervous system integrity lead directly to discomfort, poor bodily function and ill health. For example, the baby's digestive system may be negatively affected by spinal misalignment, resulting in poor digestion of breast milk or formula. The baby's muscles may become very tense and the head may show abnormal posture, interfering with nursing. The baby may feel considerable head and neck pain.
How will I know if my Baby could benefit from Chiropractic treatment?
Common outward signs of infant spinal misalignment are high-pitched screams, a flushed face, furrowed forehead, arching back, pulling of legs toward the abdomen, and clenching fists. Crying often occurs late afternoon or early evening and lasts for hours. Desperate attempts to sooth or feed the infant prove ineffective. Fortunately, a visit to a chiropractic clinic can result in the quick location and adjustment of spinal distortions, even in babies.
Parents may believe chiropractors to be no more than glorified massage therapists. They may be concerned that spinal adjustment will hurt their baby. However, a chiropractor uses no more finger pressure on an infant than one would use to test a tomato's ripeness. Misalignments are usually immediately apparent as they are often tender to the touch. Immediate relaxation and relief of the baby may be observed. The restoration of nervous system control lets the baby's body function properly again, relieving symptoms, including colic and
In October 1999, The Journal of Manipulative and Physiologic Therapeutics published a randomized controlled study of spinal manipulation versus treatment with the drug dimethicone for colicky babies. The babies who received spinal manipulation showed a 67% decrease in crying after 2 weeks, while the babies
receiving the drug had only a 38% reduction.
Here are three excellent Chiropractors around Adelaide who can help you and your baby:
Claire the Chiropractor - Gawler http://www.clairethechiropractor.com/
Victoria Park Chiropractic Clinic - Rose Park http://www.vicparkchiro.com.au/
Summit Chiropractic - Crafers http://summitchiropractic.com.au/
Does your family see a Chiropractor? How have you found it to benefit your or your children? Leave | <urn:uuid:ecd1a3c9-c9fc-4f90-bfe4-51905e7c209e> | {
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Before the world was wired, the day began and ended with the sun. Work had to be done efficiently so that not a moment of precious daylight was wasted. Now, with easy access to electricity, we light up the night so that life goes on, even in the dark. But all of that artificial light is costly and producing the electricity from fossil fuels is bad for the planet.
Off-grid lighting solutions, like solar and wind-powered luminaries, have been suggested, but what if we took the concept one step further to eliminate the lights altogether? Tech entrepreneur Antony Evans, synthetic biologist Omri Amirav-Drory and plant expert Kyle Taylor are the creative minds behind the Glowing Plant project. Using better DNA sequencing and printing, they have improved upon the naturally bio-luminescent plant. Some say this breakthrough could one day allow us to light out homes and streets with glowing plants instead of light bulbs.
The idea might seem the stuff of science fiction, but with over 4,000 backers raising over $230,000 on Kickstarter to support the project, there are apparently plenty of people who want to see it become reality.
“To create the glowing plants, the team will first generate modified genes with the Genome Compiler software, then insert them into Arabidopsis, a small flowering plant related to mustard and cabbage (they make sure to point out that the plant is not edible). The main gene, luciferase, is the same one that makes fireflies light up the night,” according to Singularity Hub.
The best part of the project is that it’s being conducted under the principles of “radical openness” which is like open source on steroids. “All of the output from this project will be released open source – the DNA constructs, the plants etc. If you get seeds from your plants they are your seeds to grow more plants or give to your friends as you wish,” write the founders. “DNA designs are already publicly available and if you download Genome Compiler’s software you can view them.”
Of course, any time you’re dealing with genetic modification, there are risks. Will glowing plants have a negative effect on regular flora nearby? What happens if you kill a glowing plant…can you compost it safely? Glowing Plant project has anticipated and prepared for some of these challenges, while others still loom. For now, the ultimate goal is education and awareness.
“More than lighting streets it’s about educating and inspiring the public – it’s not as dangerous as people think. We want to put a beautiful plant in their hands and show them it’s useful and safe,” Evans told Singularity. | <urn:uuid:4f30ba57-36a5-4ea6-98b6-9fac7842c780> | {
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among children under 5 years of age and among persons 15–24 years, 25–44 years, and 45–64 years of age. Racial differences were larger for males ages 25–44 years and 45–64 years than for younger or older persons and were larger for females 25–44 years of age than for other groups. (Visit rates by ethnicity were not considered reliable.)
Among children 1–14 years of age, motor vehicle traffic injuries were the leading cause of death in 1995. Among infants, suffocation was the leading cause of injury death. The five leading causes of injury death among infants and children under 15 years of age—motor vehicle traffic injuries, fires and burns, drowning, suffocation, and firearms—accounted for 80 percent of injury deaths. Among teenagers 15–19 years of age and young adults 20–24 years of age, motor vehicle traffic-related injuries and firearm-related injuries were the two leading causes of death in 1995. For older adults 65–74 years, motor vehicles and firearms were the two leading causes of injury deaths, accounting for one-half of injury mortality. At ages 75–84 years, motor vehicles and falls were the cause of close to one-half of all injury deaths. For those 85 years and over, falls caused one-third of injury deaths.
Hospital discharge rates for open wounds and for internal injuries for all males were 3 times the rates for all females. At ages 15–24 years the discharge rate for open wounds for males was 4.5 times the rate for females. On the other hand, discharge rates for poisoning for females 15–24 years and 45–64 years were 1.6 times the rates for males. In 1992–1994, three out of five injury hospitalizations among elderly persons 75 years of age and over were for fractures, and more than one-half of the fractures were to the hip. Hip fracture rates for elderly females were twice the rates for males.
Among young children and the elderly, falls were the most common cause of injury visits to the ED. For young persons 15–24 years, injuries resulting from being struck, from motor vehicle crashes, and from falls were most likely. The most common injury diagnoses among young children were open wounds and lacerations; for those 15–24 years, superficial injuries and sprains and strains resulted in ED visits, and among the elderly (and especially among females), fractures were the leading diagnosis.
More than 125 million civilian workers are employed in the United States, with some risk of injury present in all jobs (NIOSH, 1996). In 1995, 6,210 fatal work injuries (5 per 100,000 workers) were reported in the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (BLS, 1996). Overall, transportation-related incidents are the | <urn:uuid:acb0d9e4-2c13-40e1-9ed1-1a3cd9654ac4> | {
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Cooperation between a team of French researchers from Inserm's "Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux" Research Unit 862 directed by Cyril Herry and a team of Swiss researchers from the Friedrich Miescher Institute of Biomedical Research directed by Andreas Lüthi at that institute has shown, for the first time, that the cortex, which is the largest zone of the brain and which is generally associated with high cognitive functions, is also a key zone for emotional learning.
The study, initiated by the Swiss researchers and published in Nature, constitutes ground-breaking work in exploring emotions in the brain.
Anxiety disorders constitute a complex family of pathologies affecting about 10% of adults. Patients suffering from such disorders fear certain situations or objects to exaggerated extents totally out of proportion to the real danger they present. The amygdala, a deep-brain structure, plays a key part in processing fear and anxiety. Its functioning can be disrupted by anxiety disorders.
Although researchers are well acquainted with the neurons of the amygdala and with the part those neurons play in expressing fear, their knowledge of the involvement of other regions of the brain remains limited. And yet, there can be no fear without sensory stimulation: before we become afraid, we hear, we see, we smell, we taste, or we feel something that triggers the fear. This sensory signal is, in particular, processed in the cortex, the largest region of the brain.
For the first time, these French and Swiss scientists have succeeded in visualising the path of a sensory stimulus in the brain during fear learning, and in identifying the underlying neuronal circuits.
What happens in the brain?
During the experiments conducted by the researchers, mice learnt to associate a sound with an unpleasant stimulus so that the sound itself became unpleasant for the animal.
The researchers used two-photon calcium imaging to visualise the activity of the neurons in the brain during this learning process. This imaging technique involves injecting a chemical indicator that is then absorbed by the neurons. When the neurons are stimulated, the calcium ions penetrate into the cells, where they increase the brightness of the indicator, which can then be detected under a scanning microscope.
Under normal conditions, the neurons of the auditory cortex are highly inhibited. During fear learning, a "disinhibitory" microcircuit in the cortex is activated: thus, for a short time window during the learning process, the release of acetylcholine in the cortex makes it possible to activate this microcircuit and to disinhibit the excitatory projection cells of the cortex. Thus, when the animal perceives a sound during fear learning, that sound is processed much more intensely than under normal conditions, thereby facilitating formation of memory. All of these stages have been visualised by means of the techniques developed by the researchers.
In order to confirm their discoveries, the researchers used another highly innovative recent technique (optogenetics) to disrupt the disinhibition selectively during the learning process. When they tested the memories of their mice (i.e. the association between the sound and the unpleasant stimulus), the next day they observed a severe deterioration in memory, directly showing that the phenomenon of cortical disinhibition is essential to the process of learning fear.
The discovery of this cortical disinhibitory microcircuit opens up interesting clinical prospects, and researchers can now imagine, in very specific situations, how to prevent a traumatism from establishing itself and from becoming pathological.
The above story is based on materials provided by INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale). Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
- Johannes J. Letzkus, Steffen B. E. Wolff, Elisabeth M. M. Meyer, Philip Tovote, Julien Courtin, Cyril Herry, Andreas Lüthi. A disinhibitory microcircuit for associative fear learning in the auditory cortex. Nature, 2011; DOI: 10.1038/nature10674
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Common Name: snow bush
Type: Broadleaf evergreen
Native Range: Pacific Ocean Islands
Zone: 10 to 11
Height: 2.00 to 4.00 feet
Spread: 2.00 to 4.00 feet
Bloom Time: Flowers not showy
Bloom Description: Green
Sun: Full sun to part shade
Suggested Use: Annual
Leaf: Colorful, Evergreen
Winter hardy to USDA Zones 10-11. In St. Louis, plants are best grown in containers and overwintered in humid, cool but frost-free locations such as large sunrooms, porches or greenhouses. They also may be grown as bedding plants or as a ground cover. Cuttings taken in late summer can be overwintered. These plants can be very difficult to overwinter in dry indoor conditions where they tend to drop all of their leaves. Grow in moderately rich, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Best foliage color usually develops in full sun. Tolerates wide range of soils, but prefers organically rich ones with consistent moisture. Periodic light pruning during the growing season stimulates new foliage growth.
Breynia nivosa, commonly called snow bush, is a tropical shrub that typically grows 2-4’ tall. It is grown for its attractive red zigzag stems and variegated foliage. Elliptic to ovate green leaves (to 1” long) are liberally mottled with white. Cultivars of this species feature leaves mottled with pink, red and purple. Small greenish apetulous flowers are insignificant. Synonymous with B. disticha.
Genus name honors Jacob Breyne (1637-1697), merchant in Danzig and his son Johann Philipp Breyne (1680-1764), physician in Danzig.
No serious insect or disease problems. Watch for caterpillars and spider mites.
Container foliage plant. Also may be sheared and grown as a ground cover or bedding plant. Popular hedge in tropical climates. | <urn:uuid:47295d62-1c23-4457-bd6d-4f0b15fa97f8> | {
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Like many health conditions, low back pain is a chronic problem. Patients with low back pain typically suffer on and off for years. Back pain seems to come on when we overexert or do something out of the ordinary, such as moving boxes or when returning to a sport we have not tried since our high school days.
Both the weekend warrior and the daily athlete will attest to the benefits of stretching prior to engaging in a physical activity as a means to help prevent injury. But stretching is typically not a good treatment plan in the face of back pain. Why is that? Why is something so effective for preventing a problem and yet so completely useless as a cure? However, some patients are lucky. Through trial and error, they may find that the stretching actually causes their back pain to get better. But over the years, its effectiveness diminishes. Some patients will say that their normal pre-activity stretches actually make the pain worse.
is designed to lengthen muscles and tendons, but back problems
typically affect the ligaments and the disks. So while stretching may
help a tight muscle, its affect on ligaments can be detrimental as the
ligaments may already be overstretched, which can allow the bones to
creep into abnormal positions.
Another factor to consider is that the delicate nerves of the lower spine cross the disk areas. With stretching, those nerves can lengthen and become even more irritated.
If you find that your normal stretches seem to have no effect on your pain or even make the pain worse, then that is a sign the ligaments have been damaged. Stretching will not help in this scenario and you will need to consult a doctor of chiropractic who can then perform an examination of the ligaments and disks.
The adjustments that chiropractors perform are designed to align the bones of the spine so that the ligaments do not remain stretched-out, producing pain. Over weeks, the bones begin to hold their normal position for longer periods of time and gradually the ligaments begin to shorten.
Your doctor can also advise you on stretches that lengthen the muscles but do not cause further stretch to the already damaged ligaments of the lower spine. | <urn:uuid:fce39bb6-8bca-4ab7-a346-a9fa6479cb4a> | {
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Heritage and its preservation is a major concern around the world. In order to establish identities, as well as attracting visitors, the natural and cultural heritage is protected, conserved, managed and interpreted, by families, by cities, by nation states and at international level. Environmental and cultural heritage is now accepted as a major feature in business location, as the demand for quality of life becomes insistent.This major movement has resulted in the development of Heritage as a field of study, both on its own, and as elements within many other disciplines, such as geography, art history, archaeology, ecology and tourism management. While the techniques of conservation remains within specialist disciplines, Peter Howard offers a textbook for students approaching heritage as a combined field of study for the first time. The fields of heritage under review range from the nature trail to the cathedral, and from the family album to the national park, viewed at a variety of levels, including family and local heritage as well as the national and international dimensions. Heritage is seen as a demand led activity, with interested stakeholders being academics, governments, owners, school-children, pilgrims and the media as well as the ubiquitous tourist. There is a process by which some things are selected as heritage, but others are ignored, and it is the practical management of this process which is the focus to which the text constantly returns. | <urn:uuid:2b638d1d-0552-4e6f-ac97-6a41c9b8011a> | {
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Morristown is a town in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. The population was 1,974 at the 2010 census. The town is named after Gouverneur Morris, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and landowner in New York.
The town, part of Macomb's Purchase, was first settled permanently around 1808 on the site of the present Morristown village.
One of the first battles in the War of 1812 was a naval battle in the St. Lawrence River between two warships.
Due to the lack of waterpower, a windmill was erected in 1825. | <urn:uuid:463cd345-180f-4b3f-8365-a8b4ffa1c540> | {
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|Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute||Home|
To remedy this problem of superficial coverage of early world cultures, I am planning to identify a natural area of emphasis within each unit. One way to draw students into these cultures is to make them active participants in, rather than passive recipients of, their own learning. To illustrate this approach, I have chosen Egypt as my case study because it has become clear to me over the past five years that any attempt to present the history of Egypt must place its emphasis on art. Through analysis of Egyptian tomb art, students will find a different and, I believe, more effective way into Egyptian culture. While Egypt lends itself to an interdisciplinary blending of history, practices, and customs, the real change in this unit is the methodology and study techniques. Once used for the study of Egypt, this approach can be used with other cultures as well.
In his article titled “Mind in Matter: An Introduction to Material Culture Theory and Method,” Jules Prown proposed a method of object analysis which helps students experience art rather than look at it. I intend to engage my students actively in the process of “encounter[ing] the past at the first hand” by giving them “direct sensory experience of surviving historical events.” Using Prown’s method of object analysis on four categories of objects, I will demonstrate how connections can be made between objects and the beliefs expressed about them by the people who made the objects. This unit teaches students how to see more when they look at artifacts and, more than that, it teaches them how to answer their questions about these objects (pyramids, mummies, shawabtis, and canopic jars) and others.
(Recommended for World Civilization classes, grade 9; World Cultures classes, grades 7 and 8; and Contemporary Issues—Middle East classes, grades 11 and 12)
Ancient Egypt Tombs Egyptian History Religion | <urn:uuid:42849a5e-c03c-4b69-9029-c40560b813f8> | {
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Educated Columbia; Caltech.
Official NASA Biography
Dr. James Chipman Fletcher, was the administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration who gained the approval of the Nixon Administration on January 5, 1972, to develop the Space Shuttle as the follow-on human space flight effort of the agency. He also served as NASA administrator a second time, for nearly three years following the loss of the Space Shuttle Challenger on January 28, 1986.
During his first administration at NASA, Dr. Fletcher was responsible beginning the Shuttle effort, as well as the Viking program that sent landers to Mars. During his second tenure, he presided over the effort to recover from the Challenger accident. Indeed, he oversaw or initiated virtually every major space project of the last two decades. Although the missions were planned before he took over, he was Administrator during the three Skylab missions in 1973 and 1974 and the two Viking probes that landed on Mars in 1976. He also approved the Voyager space probe to the outer planets, the Hubble Space Telescope program, and the Apollo-Soyuz mission, which in 1975 linked American astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts in space.
During his second administration at NASA, Fletcher was largely involved in efforts to recover from the Challenger accident. With the accident, the Shuttle program went into a two-year hiatus while NASA worked to redesign the solid rocket boosters and revamp its management structure. Fletcher ensured that NASA reinvested heavily in the program's safety and reliability, made organizational changes to improve efficiency, and restructured its management system. Most important, he oversaw a complete reworking of the components of the Shuttle to enhance its safety and added an egress method for the astronauts. A critical decision resulting from the accident and its aftermath--during which the nation experienced a reduction in capability to launch satellites--was to expand greatly the use of expendable launch vehicles. He was in charge of the agency when the Space Shuttle finally returned to flight on September 29, 1988.
Dr. Fletcher was born on June 5, 1919, in Millburn, New Jersey. He received an undergraduate degree in physics from Columbia University and a doctorate in physics from the California Institute of Technology. After holding research and teaching positions at Harvard and Princeton Universities, he joined Hughes Aircraft in 1948 and later worked at the Guided Missile Division of the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation.
In 1958 Fletcher co-founded the Space Electronics Corporation in Glendale, California, which after a merger became the Space General Corporation. He was later named systems vice president of the Aerojet General Corporation in Sacramento, California. In 1964 he became president of the University of Utah, a position he held until he was named NASA Administrator in 1971.
When he left NASA in 1977, Dr. Fletcher became an independent consultant in McLean, Virginia, and served on the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh. During the nine years between his terms as NASA Administrator, Fletcher was extremely active as an advisor to key national leaders involved in planning space policy. Among other activities, he served on advisory board involved in developing the Strategic Defense Initiative.
Dr. Fletcher died of lung cancer, at his home in suburban Washington on December 22, 1991.
President Nixon had nominated Fletcher for the position on March 1, and the Senate had confirmed the nomination on March 11. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, had been Acting Administrator since the resignation of Paine on September 15, 1970. | <urn:uuid:92c0049f-611b-4808-b1ec-8fd180c7d65d> | {
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If you were born in the 70s, you know how much education and learning has changed today. Subjects are more advanced and students have learned how to cope with it as fast as they’ve adapted to technology. No matter how much things have changed, a healthy school-life balance must still be there.
The American Academy explains that retaking high school classes online can encourage a healthy balance of school and free time. And that balance is what every 21st-century student must not only learn, but also master by heart.
Here are some tips to help you stay focused on learning and still enjoy life:
Keep a healthy lifestyle
This doesn’t only mean eating three meals a day and getting enough sleep and exercise. It also means making time for friends and family. Being healthy means keeping your body well, and your heart full.
Manage your time
The simplest way to do this it to open a spreadsheet and make a schedule of your activities. Show how long it takes for you to do one activity and adjust your time accordingly to see which tasks can fit in a day. Remember to be realistic with time projections and follow your priorities.
Manage signs of stress
Irritability, trouble sleeping, drinking, smoking, and isolation are only some of the signs of stress. It will always be present in the school setting, it’s a matter of how you manage it. Well-managed stress can motivate you to study harder, and prioritize important tasks. Exercise, healthy friendships, and meditation are some ways to help you de-stress and re-focus.
Remember that all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy, and you’re not Jack. Keep the vim and vigor flowing both for learning and for having fun. Finding that balance makes the biggest difference in the world of schooling. | <urn:uuid:8d2db8af-8342-4214-9ef3-1a570f594de5> | {
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Several systems of treatment like Allopathy, Ayurveda, Homoeopathy, Unani and Nature Cure etc. are prevalent in our country and almost all of these are having wide acceptance by public. However, it remains a fact that each system has its own advantages or limitations. No system can claim to be complete in all respects. Therefore the rational approach would be to have an integrated approach in respect of treatment and different system should become complementary to each other in the best interest of suffering masses. Creation of water tight compartments would not only prove to be disservice in respect of several patients and diseases, but also be antiprogressive approach in respect of development of the particular system itself.
Nature Cure believes in unity of cause of diseases and unity of their treatment. It’s approach is holistic. It treats the body as a complete unit.
So far Naturopathy is concerned, it has it’s three aspects. First is preventive, the second one is curative and the third one is health promotive aspect. When a patient undergoes Nature Cure treatment and peculiarity of approach lies in the fact that, In other systems the patient need not understand the technicalities involved in treatment but in Nature Cure treatment, the patients are required to have a good understanding of the laws governing health and disease. They are grounded well in respect of laws of Nature and are advised to follow them strictly for restoration of health. Health can only be restored or preserved or promoted or prevented from diseases by living in harmony with Nature.
In Nature Cure no drugs or medicines are used. It is believed that diseases are outcome of accumulation of foreign matter in the body and health can be restored by eliminating them. Drugs are considered as add to the already accumulated toxins in body and therefore to be discouraged. The manifestations of symptoms are indicative of reaction of the body and the only thing that is required to be done is to keep them through drugs and other means.
There are two popular definitions of Naturopathy one is purely Indian, based on Ancient Indian Health Sciences and the other one is of Dr. Lindlahr which is widely accepted all over the world. As per Indian beliefs our body is made up of five great elements Earth, Water, Sun, Air and Ether. The imbalances among these five elements are responsible for diseases and the treatment of various diseases with the help of these five element is called Nature Cure. Dr. Henry Lindlahr has defined Nature Cure as a system of man building on physical, mental, moral and spiritual planes of living in harmony with constructive principles in Nature applied to individual life. Nature Cure as a system of treatment is called Naturopathy.
There is a common saying in Nature Cure that all the diseases but not all the patients are curable by Naturopathy. It depends upon vitality of the patients. If sufficient vitality is there in patients, he can be treated successfully irrespective of the type of disease he is suffering from. It is because cure is effected by vitality working within i.e. Nature. However at Nature Cure centers patients generally come for treatment of G.I.T. disorders, Asthma, Cardiac diseases, Obesity, Diabetes, Insomnia, Hypertension, Mental tension, Anxiety, Cold and Cough, Skin diseases and Occupational disorders as a last resort and surprisingly they get improved.
In Nature Cure the methods employed in treatment are quite easy and can even be practiced at home. In fact Nature Cure is a science of living in tune with Nature. It mainly stresses on natural way of life. It not only frees one from diseases but also educates one how to prevent himself from diseases. The methods generally employed in treatment are Mud Pack, Enema, Hot and Cold fomentation, Hip bath, Steam bath, Hot Foot Bath, Sun Bath, Spinal Bath, Mud Bath and several types of packs etc.
This being a system of healing without medicine, is free from all the sorts of side effects and iatrogenic diseases which are outcome of medicines. Nature Cure therapy is completely safe for all and beneficial in almost all the disease conditions provided rightly applied.
Diet is an important part of Nature Cure treatment. In fact in Nature Cure treatment, patient’s diet is his medicine. It is generally fresh fruits, green leafy vegetables, sprouted cereals, fruit juices, salads, boiled vegetables and vegetable soups etc. as per his needs based on disease condition. Such type of dietary programme help the body in eliminating the foreign matter from body. The principle generally followed in preparation of natural diet is that the food items should be as fresh as possible and they should either be not distorted at all or if possible least distorted by way of cooking, frying etc. with addition of large amount of oil, spices etc. The naturality is to be maintained to the highest degree and one should enjoy its natural taste as well unless it is so impalatable to add some thing to change the taste. Therefore natural diet prepared in Nature Cure centers contain minimum oil and spices in it.
Nature Cure treatment does not take longer time in recovery of disease as is generally believed. If a patient suffering from a disorder since 10 Years, undergoes Nature Cure treatment and gets relief from his symptoms in about one or two months then the time spent in treatment can not be considered much. The time taken in Nature Cure treatment generally depends on vitality of patient and chronicity of illness.
Nature Cure treatment does not make one dependent on doctor or institution. The effort on the part of Naturopathy is to make everyone self sufficient in health matters. It is quite possible in Nature Cure as the principles as well as practices are so simple that after learning properly any one can follow it at home. Actually Nature Cure is a way of life. If one could learn the secrets of health and follow them then there is no likelihood of falling prey to disease in his life.
According to Nature Cure the cause of diseases are wrong eating habits, wrong thinking habits and wrong living habits, these causes disturb the whole system. If one do not follow the rules of a balanced daily routine, take spicy, oily, heavy and rich food, remain tense, depressed and excited, then no body can save him from getting ill. So it is necessary that one should follow the Nature Cure principles and be happy and cheerful.
Nature Cure method of treatment gives more stress over a well balanced diet because Nature Cure believes that alteration in pH and imbalance of blood gives rise to several diseases. The so called popular foods like Pun, Dal, Spicy vegetables, Sweets, Cold drinks and Pickles etc. are acidic foods and have a tendency to reduce the alkalinity of blood where as majority of fruits, vegetables and salads are alkaline in nature and increases the alkalinity. So it is advisable to have a large amount of fruits and vegetables in daily diet.
Nature Cure as such is not costly as no drugs are involve in treatment. However, since the prices of fruits, vegetables and juices are becoming costlier, the expenditure over diet of patients goes slightly towards higher side. Care is generally taken by physicians to prescribe seasonal, cheap and easily and locally available fruits and vegetables to poor patients instead of costly fruits so that he could easily afford the treatment. Otherwise also one should prefer for seasonal vegetables and fruits as Nature produces them in that particular season because they are needed and beneficial in that season. As for example Carrots and Guavas are plentily available in winter season so it may be used in large quantity in that season. Melons are available in summers. Why not consume them to kill the heat? Thirst? Nature is perfect in its arrangements. What is needed is to understand them.
One should not hesitate investment in right natural food items. It will not only cure ailment but also promote health. It will zero medical budget and promote efficiency for better earning.
One who cares for health should also care for avoiding health harming foods. Those under Nature Cure treatment should specially care for it. Tea, Coffee, Bidi, Cigarette, Pan Masala, Zarda, Tobacco, Alcohol, Non-veg and such other things are highly harmful to health and they are strictly prohibited in Nature Cure therapy.
Several serious disorders including cancer is outcome of un-natural, health harming foods and habits. Tea which is most commonly offered and drank several times a day (in India) to the extent of abuse deteriorates the natural appetite and develops constipation. It is seen in most of the patients that by simply stopping the intake of tea several of their complaints disappear. It is wise for both patients and healthy people not to take above listed articles for their own benefit.
In Nature Cure the main emphasis is kept on the elimination of the root cause of disease. Disappearance of symptom is not disappearance of disease. It is generally observed with patients taking medicines that the symptoms of diseases remain suppressed while taking medicines but as soon as the withdrawal of medicine takes place symptoms reappear again. Nature Cure believes in unity of cause of diseases and unity of their treatment. It’s approach is holistic. It treats the body as a complete unit. While in Allopathy and other drug systems there are separate medicines for diseases and symptoms of different body parts as for example there is separate medicine for Stomachache and Headache, while there may be a single reason for both the aches. Although as stated above Nature Cure treatments are so easy and simple that one can follow it at home after getting proper guidance, yet for chronic and incurable diseases condition it is advisable to take treatment in a Nuture Cure center under the guidance of a competent Nature Cure physician. In treatment of chronic diseases generally the acute condition develop as a result of reaction of the body which is called crisis. The crisis is of two kinds. One is healing crisis and the other disease crisis. Only an experienced Naturopath can distinguish them. If a healing crisis has developed the patient is sure to get cured after passing over of the crisis. If a disease crisis has developed the patient may die. Patients in such conditions become nervous. Therefore, it is advisable to stay in the hospital during such period. The acute patients can take Nature Cure treatment in outdoor and follow the dietary regimen and part of treatment programme at home.
Constipation is responsible for several other diseases. Now a days most of the people are suffering from it and are taking several types of powders, tablets and capsules in the hope of getting rid of it but with little or no relief. 1 he Nature Cure treatment of such patients consist mainly Hot and Cold fomentation daily morning, Mud pack over abdomen, Enema and Hip bath. In afternoon patient may use wet abdomen pack. The diet of such patient consists increased quantity of roughage in the form of bran mixed chapati, salad, vegetables, fruits and juices. Carrot juice if available can be taken in constipation with good results. In addition exercises, yogasanas and other yogic practices are also be prescribed for speedy, stable and positive results.
Healthy persons can also undergo Nature Cure treatment’s health promotive and disease preventive aspects. Human body servicing programmes for 10 days for such people are attracting more and more people and is quite popular with Nature Cure Institutions in Southern part of the country. Only Naturopathy can give right knowledge for maintaining health. By regulating his daily routine including eating and living habits one can not only improve his health but stay prevented from diseases. This is the aim of Naturopathy.
Now a days people have no time but at the same time have also keen interest in taking benefits of Nature Cure treatments. For such people Nature Cure centers may conduct a health improvement scheme for ten days. Such schemes are beneficial for executives and busy people. During the stay of ten days in Nature Cure center effort is made to purify the body internally and stabilize the mind. The daily routine of person is changed and regularised properly. By prescribing short term fasting the digestive tract is given a physiological rest and subsequently with the use of plenty of fruits, juices and sprouts m diet the digestive system is made to improve. Yoga practices and Pranayama and meditation are prescribed and taught for relieving mental strain. Morning and evening walks in parks and enjoying surrounding greenery develops pleasant and creative changes in mind. General treatment like Mud pack, Enema, Steam bath, Sun bath and Body massage etc. prescribed for internal cleansing of body and improving the activity of internal organs. In this way a person after ten days feels himself much fresher and lighter and happier than earlier and ready with new enthusiasm to go for work again. In treating diseases combination of Yoga practices and Nature Cure treatment methods seems more effective. The management of diet is of very important in treating diseases for full recovery. Nature Cure treatments, practice of Yoga and a well balanced and nutritious diet are three important pillars where upon cure rest.
Those who want to maintain health should observe a healthy routine as follows:
One should rise up before sun rises and go for morning walk or simple Yoga practice daily. After taking bath, light breakfast e.g. seasonal fruits, juices or sprouts should be taken. Lunch may consist of balanced and live food including whole meal bread, green leafy vegetables, salad and curd etc. In afternoon any fruit juice or vegetable soup as may be convenient can be taken. The dinner should be taken before sunset or if it is not possible long before going to bed as in lunch. Early to go for bed is equally important. The best time for going to bed is by 10.00 p.m.
If one maintains his daily routine including early to bed and early to rise, regularize his eating and living on natural basis, keep his mind cool and think positive, observe spirituality and non -accumulation beyond needs, take challenges optimistically and adopt right means, work hard but without attachment, maintain a pleasant atmosphere and live free from any worries and tensions then one can certainly prevent himself from various ailments and stay healthy throughout his life. These are the laws of Nature Cure which will be valid in all times to come and for all the people. | <urn:uuid:5cca013e-1e0c-496e-8eef-087b9d63f719> | {
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Answer: Micro, mezzo, and macro social work have similar missions, in that they seek to identify and address mental, emotional, familial, social, and financial problems that people face. The difference between these fields lies in the methods they use to address these problems, the scope of the impact of their work, and how close social workers in these fields interact with the populations they wish to assist.
Micro social work effects change on an individual basis and involves working closely with clients to support them through their challenges. Mezzo social work seeks to improve small communities through initiatives such as school-based education programs and local health services. Mezzo social workers also tend to interact directly with the populations they serve. Macro social work aims to understand how problems originate, develop, and persist in large systems–for example, at the state and national levels. Macro social workers may or may not interact with the populations they seek to help, and instead work to effect positive change through research of social issues and the development of state and national programs.
The fields of micro, mezzo, and macro social work are explained in further detail below.
Micro Social Work
Micro social work involves meeting with individuals, families, and small groups to help them identify and manage mental, emotional, social, behavioral, and/or financial challenges that are negatively impacting their happiness and quality of life. The goal of micro social work is to help vulnerable populations through one-on-one guidance and emotional support. Tasks that micro social workers typically complete include individual and family counseling, resource connection and navigation services (ex. how to apply for Medicare or Medicaid and other federal or state aid programs, what resources are available in one’s community, etc.), helping clients develop skills to address emotional and social difficulties, and intervening in situations in which clients encounter a crisis or severe distress (ex. school violence, domestic abuse, severe substance abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, etc.).
While the terms micro social work and clinical social work are often used interchangeably, and overlap in many ways, clinical social work is in fact a subset of micro social work. Clinical social work is defined as the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals’ mental illness and other psychological and emotional problems. Clinical social workers work closely with their clients using a number of psychotherapeutic methods to help them manage and overcome their mental, emotional, and behavioral challenges. Check out our Introductory Guide to Clinical Social Work for more information about clinical social workers.
Mezzo Social Work
Mezzo social work involves the development and implementation of social service initiatives at the local and small community levels (ex. schools, neighborhoods, and city districts). Like micro social workers, mezzo social work practitioners tend to interact directly with the people they wish to assist. However, instead of engaging in individual counseling and support, mezzo social workers administer help to groups of people at a time. Examples of projects that mezzo social workers could be involved in include the establishment of a free local clinic to help underserved members of the community, county health programs to help disadvantaged families learn about and obtain proper nutrition, and local workshops to guide unemployed individuals through the processes of applying for jobs and unemployment benefits.
While mezzo social work roles do exist, mezzo social work is often a secondary practice that micro social workers engage in to help their client populations on a slightly larger scale. For example, school social workers who work closely with students may practice mezzo social work when they develop and host presentations on student issues such as bullying or substance abuse prevention. Similarly, clinical social workers in private practice who work primarily on an individual basis with their clients might conduct emotional health workshops to help multiple clients or sections of their local community.
Macro Social Work
Macro social work is distinct from micro and mezzo social work in that it seeks to help vulnerable populations indirectly and on a much larger scale. Macro social workers typically have one or more of the following responsibilities:
- Investigation of the origins, persistence, and effects of citywide, state, and/or national social problems. Social workers who investigate these problems often work at universities and other social research institutions.
- Creation and implementation of human service programs to address large scale social problems. Social workers who engage primarily in this area of macro social work may work in government departments, non-profits, and other organizations that have the resources and infrastructure to create, deliver, and evaluate the effectiveness of human service programs.
- Advocacy to encourage state and federal governments to change policies to better serve vulnerable populations, and/or to create programs that address social ills. Macro social workers who engage in policy advocacy may work at human rights groups, pro-bono law firms, think-tanks, and non-profit organizations.
While macro social workers typically do not provide individual therapy or other assistance to clients, they may interact directly with the populations they wish to serve when conducting interviews during their research of certain social problems. Furthermore, some macro social workers begin their careers at the micro level in order to fully understand the trials their target populations experience before they progress to more macro-level projects.
Moving Between Micro, Mezzo, and Macro Social Work
Social workers and social work students who begin their career in one of the three areas of social work described above need not feel relegated to that area of social work for the entirety of their career. In fact, with adequate initiative and investment of time and effort, social workers can and do move between micro, mezzo, and macro social work, and can practice more than one type of social work simultaneously.
For instance, a micro social worker who wishes to effect broader social change may contact local organizations in order to create and implement programs at the mezzo level; that same social worker could also contact research institutions and engage in research on a particular social problem that he/she has encountered in his/her practice. On the other hand, macro social workers who wish to interact directly with people within the populations they serve can do so through research-oriented interviews, or by obtaining the necessary training to counsel individual clients.
More FAQs about Online MSW Programs
- FAQ: Are there any one year online MSW programs?
- FAQ: Are there any online MSW programs for BSW students?
- FAQ: Are there any online MSW programs for non-BSW students?
- FAQ: Are there any online MSW programs that do not require the GRE?
- FAQ: Are there any online MSW programs that have multiple start dates?
- FAQ: Are there any online MSW programs that start in the Spring?
- FAQ: Are there any online MSW programs with a children, youth, and family counseling concentration?
- FAQ: Are there any online MSW programs with a trauma concentration?
- FAQ: Are there any online MSW programs with asynchronous instruction
- FAQ: Are there any two year online MSW programs?
- FAQ: Can you get an MSW without a BSW?
- FAQ: Is Walden University’s online MSW program accredited?
- FAQ: MSW vs. LCSW
- FAQ: MSW vs. MSSW vs. MSSA
- FAQ: What are the GPA requirements for online MSW programs?
- FAQ: What does it mean if an online MSW program uses a cohort model?
- FAQ: What is an advanced generalist online MSW program?
- FAQ: What is the difference between online, campus, hybrid, and distance learning MSW programs?
- FAQ: Where do licensed clinical social workers work? | <urn:uuid:9eb76f2e-94b1-40ed-81d6-e2b1474aab58> | {
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This spring’s flooding showed why the remedy used for heavy metals contamination along the upper Clark Fork River will likely be needed at the former Smurfit-Stone pulp mill site downstream from Missoula.
Heavy May rains combined with meltwater from a record winter snowpack to swell the Clark Fork to levels that hadn’t been seen in 110 years.
The river stayed high for weeks, flowing with enough force to carry sediment and logs that bumped along the banks and the river bottom.
When the water finally receded, the river channel was noticeably changed. But such is the manner of free-flowing rivers – their course is rarely set in stone.
John DeArment has taken note of those changes while sampling Clark Fork River water for the Clark Fork Coalition, where he is the science director.
The most noticeable change is between Clinton and Turah, where the river abandoned a side channel.
Unlike some parts of the Clark Fork that are forever confined between the railroad and interstate highway, the river has a wider floodplain in which to move through the Clinton area. It’s also more heavily forested so it has more dead wood floating through to gouge the channel into new directions.
In the middle of Missoula, the gravel bars around Brennan’s Wave have also changed, causing the water to flow a little differently at times over the manmade wave.
While the high waters contributed, DeArment said it’s not surprising that Missoula might get more gravel deposits because more sediment is carried downstream, thanks to the removal of the Milltown Dam a decade ago. Prior to that, sediment settled above the dam.
While DeArment knows it’s normal for a river to shift its banks, some of the banks of the Clark Fork aren’t normal, so they can cause problems.
Such is the case in sections of the Upper Clark Fork near Deer Lodge and Galen, where contamination from Butte’s copper mines – including lead, arsenic, cadmium, copper and zinc – still lurks in the soil.
The flood caused noticeable changes that have DeArment concerned.
“Where remediation hasn’t happened, the high water definitely had some impact and removed some materials. It points to the pressing need to get that stuff hauled out of there as soon as possible,” he said.
The Montana Department of Environmental Quality intended to have the sediments removed a year or two ago as part of the Superfund cleanup of heavy metal contamination along 44 miles of the river.
But after working on three sections upstream, DEQ worried that it might not have enough money left from a $98 million settlement that the Atlantic Richfield Co. agreed to pay in 2008.
This fall, the agency will return to clean up a 2.6-mile stretch near the Grant Kohrs Ranch northwest of Deer Lodge, which it anticipates will cost $10 million to $20 million over the course of two years.
But that will leave an untreated 20-mile stretch in between. If next spring is a repeat of this year, the river might pull more contaminants from those banks.
DeArment pointed out that the upper Clark Fork isn’t the only section that poses the threat of contamination: The former Smurfit-Stone mill site is also a potential problem.
Residents of the Missoula Valley were alarmed this spring when it appeared that floodwaters might have breached a berm along the former linerboard plant’s settling ponds.
Subsequent sampling revealed that harmful contaminants hadn’t entered the river, but DeArment says that doesn’t mean it couldn’t happen with subsequent flooding.
“We think, in the long run, the only viable solution is the removal of buried waste from the floodplain, so it doesn’t pose a long-term risk either from a breach of the berm by flooding or a chronic release of toxic materials from those old waste dumps,” DeArment said. “Let’s not build bigger berms that will fail more spectacularly when they do fail. We can have a healthy floodplain that can act as a sponge and get another patch of ground that allows the river to act as a river should.”
The Environmental Protection Agency is developing a sampling plan to learn how far contamination extends beyond the Smurfit site so it can decide where and how to conduct cleanup operations.
Contact reporter Laura Lundquist at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:0b417c68-0fff-4cd1-b177-2d50f727c051> | {
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By Cameron Gordon, University of Canberra
HOW did you get to where you need to be today? Car, bike, public transport, or perhaps walking?
Transport is one of the biggest sources of greenhouse gas emissions, globally and in Australia. The latest IPCC report finds transport accounted for around 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010. The latest figures in Australia show transport contributed to 17% of Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2013.
The good news is that by altering our behaviour, we can choose modes of transport that emit less greenhouse gases.
When it comes to environmental sustainability, the obvious way to measure this is through the emissions that various modes of transport emit. Gross data such as the above examples show that road-based modes like lorries, buses and cars emit the most greenhouse gases, accounting for over two-thirds of the transport total in the EU. It would be easy then to assume that modes such as rail are the greener option.
But the real measure comes from how energy-efficient a particular vehicle is as it carries a person a particular distance. Noted transport sustainability researcher David Banister calculates relative amounts of energy that different modes of transport consume, but adjusts for carrying capacity (maximum number of passengers the vehicle can accommodate) and the distance each passenger is carried on average. By taking the number of passengers and dividing it by the distance they are carried, Banister has calculated the megajoules consumed “per passenger kilometre”.
For obvious reasons, cycling and walking are hands-down winners in energy efficiency (and hence pollutants). They consume 0.06 and 0.16 megajoules per passenger kilometre travelled respectively. However these modes of transport obviously only carry limited passengers per “vehicle” (usually one) over relatively small distances.
What comes next is interesting: tram light rail is the next most efficient (0.91), with the bus coming in just behind (0.92). It beats heavy rail (based on London Underground, 1.69), and rail electric and diesel (1.65). This includes all other passenger rail: that which runs on electricity — most light rail — and that which runs on diesel fuel.
Motorcycles come next (1.73), followed by cars (2.10), Boeing 727s (2.42), and lorries and taxis (2.94). This ordering is roughly confirmed by other sources such as the European Energy Authority.
But in the real world…
In an ideal world, the ranking above stands. But in the real world how we actually use transport significantly affects sustainability.
For example, full buses travelling longer will be significantly more efficient in relative terms than empty buses travelling short spans.
Operating conditions for vehicles, such as stop-and-start traffic conditions and weather, all affect efficiency and there can be wide variation for a given mode of transport across different cities.
The source of fuel is also very important. Banister, amongst others, argues that Electric Vehicles (EVs) using electricity generated by renewable (e.g. solar) rather than coal or other carbon based fuel, may well become the most green of modes in future, even for single occupancy travel.
Additionally, the rise of car-sharing and other capacity sharing will, if widely adopted, decrease passenger kilometre measures of emissions for motorised vehicles.
More to sustainability than emissions
The discussion thus far has focused on emissions and operations. But it is important to remember that the environmental sustainability of the transport system as a whole is most important.
For example, different modes of transport need to be environmentally assessed across their whole life-cycle from production through operation to decommissioning and disposal. “Externalities” other than emissions need to be included (e.g. the amount of land needed for car parking, and noise).
Of course freight movement as well as passenger travel also needs to be examined (see detailed data on both for Australia here). There are many potential measures of such things but there is still a long way to go to filling these measures in.
To completely determine what is the most “sustainable” way to travel, we must also look at things other than just environmental sustainability. In its broadest sense, “sustainable transport” is the the ability of a total transport system to maintain itself over time. This includes financial, economic, social, community and environmental aspects.
If a transport system fails on any of these particular dimensions, it can be said to be unsustainable; sooner or later it will require significant external intervention to keep functioning. A transit system may carry passengers cleanly and efficiently, but if there are growing pockets of disadvantaged people who cannot readily access transit, one could say the system is “socially” unsustainable.
The bottom-line is that there needs to be more “active” travel (walking and cycling) and mass transit for a more sustainable transport system. And one should not have a blanket bias against motorised road modes of transport, such as buses. These can be a cost-effective part of any policy solution and can be greener than some might think.
What we really need is better land-use planning to reduce the need for more transport. Because ultimately, the most “sustainable” travel option is to have less travel overall.
Cameron Gordon does not work for, consult to, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has no relevant affiliations. | <urn:uuid:b272321a-6d8e-4479-be85-cb43c208dd64> | {
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The children were completely captivated by the storytelling workshop: they understood the themes on a deep level” St Edmund’s catholic Primary School
We regularly hold ‘residency’ weeks in the most under-privileged schools in the local boroughs. Two actors visit the schools to hold workshops on a chosen Shakespeare play. Up to 30 children from across four schools take part during the week, participating in a story-telling workshop and then a devising workshop. In a short space of time, the children are introduced to the story, characters and themes of the play. A final performance is created by all four schools coming together and sharing their work, with scenes performed by the actors and plenty of audience participation.
Recent participants Hampton Hill Juniors said: 'The children have had an amazing time. They came up with these words to describe their experience of the week: 'amazing, brave, enormous, fun'. Thank you so much.'
If you would like your school to be considered for taking part in the scheme, please contact us at [email protected] for more information, clearly stating your school’s borough. | <urn:uuid:629e8dbf-1545-416b-8765-9659fe91a863> | {
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It explores why China has only partially lifted its family planning restrictions, suggesting that local governments rely on the income from fines imposed on couples who violate the one-child policy, known as ‘social maintenance fees’. It also argues that it is hard to dislodge the old system because of ‘policy inertia’ due to the vast family planning bureaucracy involved in implementing the one-child policy.
The findings by the University of Oxford and Xi’an Jiaotong University are published in the journal, Studies in Family Planning. The report explores what effect the reforms have had on eligible couples, who since 2013 have been allowed to have a second baby if either parent is an only child. Official estimates suggest that the reforms will lead to an ‘extra million births a year’. However, the report argues that even if this forecast is accurate, the projected rise would have very little effect in addressing the challenges of China’s aging population and shrinking workforce.
The study highlights UN figures showing that China’s population aged 65 and above is set to almost triple from 9% in 2010 (or 114 million) to 24% (331 million) by 2050. By contrast, the working population aged 20-34 is projected to shrink from 25% (333 million) of the population in 2010 to 16% (228 million) by 2050. However, the study adds that even though the country has had below replacement fertility for more than 20 years, total population has still grown by around 200 million over the same period and is forecast to continue growing for another 15 years.
The report authors describe the 2013 reforms as ‘relatively limited’, suggesting that only a partial lifting of the one-child policy was born out of government fears that a large ‘unmet need’ for children would lead to a ‘destabilising baby boom’. The authors also suggest that even those couples who might like to have a second child are not doing so because many are put off by the additional living and education costs entailed, also citing a lack of adequate childcare facilities as a problem.
Yet, the paper says the significance of the changes should not be underestimated, showing that China recognises a need to ‘reform and improve’ its present family planning policy. It asks whether China could follow other countries in the Asia Pacific in making the switch from policies that control the birth rate to policies that promote bigger families. However, it says governments in East Asia and elsewhere have found it easier to encourage couples to have fewer children than they have in persuading them to have larger families.
Tackling the real and perceived barriers to having children will need wide-ranging structural change, concludes the report. It suggests this will mean a review of the functions and financing of local government, as well as looking at what improvements can be made to reconcile work with family life.
Co-author Associate Professor Stuart Basten, from the Department of Social Policy and Intervention at the University of Oxford, said: ‘The future direction of fertility in China is critical to understanding the possible economic futures of the country as the country already has to adapt to a diminished pool of excess rural labour. Fulfilling the needs of the older population in China is a huge potential growth area, but having said that, the speed with which China’s demographic dividend is disappearing is quite spectacular.
‘Our research suggests that in order to overcome the barriers currently preventing more couples from having bigger families, there may have to be structural reform in local government and the introduction of more family-friendly policies.’
Co-author Associate Professor Quanbao Jiang, from Xi’an Jiaotong University, added: ‘2015 is a critical year for evaluating the effect of the reform. Now we and other colleagues are collecting data from individuals and administrators in China for further evaluation. It seems that further relaxation of the policy and a quick switch from antinatalist to pronatalist policy is necessary.’
University of Oxford | <urn:uuid:09acf16c-d60a-4448-bee9-7f51e6d5961d> | {
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Nobody likes living near wind turbines. They’re loud and obtrusive, and their slicing blades create a strobe-light shadow effect. nimbyism may be one of the reasons that wind energy, despite its many advantages, supplies just 4.8 percent of electric power in the U.S.
But what if turbines weren’t quite so awful to be around—what if, in fact, they were quiet and good-looking? Researchers at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands have led the development of a “windmill” that converts wind energy into electricity without using any moving parts.
A prototype of the Electrostatic Wind Energy Convertor, designed by the Dutch architecture firm Mecanoo, has a rectangular frame bridged by horizontal steel tubes, which are lined with electrodes that generate a negatively charged field. Nozzles on the tubes spray positively charged droplets of water . When wind blows through the frame, the positive particles are pushed off the tubes, against the force of the negative field . The separation of positive and negative charges generates potential energy that is converted into electricity . Unlike traditional windmills, which convert rotational energy into electric power, this one is silent and is expected to require minimal maintenance. | <urn:uuid:f7be2af7-7a0f-4ad1-8502-8f15267c74d8> | {
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Factors and Motivations That Influence Biological Warfare
November 11th, 2010
Modern World History
Many troops during the years of World War I met their demise in what is arguable the most terrifying and inhumane of all military tactics - biological warfare. Soldiers inhaled a deadly acidic gas that burned them from the inside out, suffocating them in an excruciating and unimaginable pain. Kurth Audrey, a professor of strategy at the U.S. National War College in Washington, stated: “Science is as neutral as a knife; it may maybe a blessing or a curse depending on the heart and the mind of the man who holds it.” Terrorists organizations are motivated by many factors to use biological warfare. If a terrorist organization has the concepts of science down, as a neutral knife, then they can produce weapons that can fulfill their agenda, whether it is something that has to do with reputation, politics, or religion. Many factors contribute to terrorists using this type of warfare, which stimulates the motivations of terrorist organizations. These factors range from; access to information, cost, ease of dissemination, availability, access to technology, and difficulty of detection. Biological warfare is a dangerous type of warfare, than can cause severe damage to a population of people, crops, or animals. It can also cause harm to the one that is dispersing the biological agent, which causes one to think, why would someone use this type of warfare? Biological agents are often simpler to attain and produce than chemical weapons that can cause mass destruction in a population. The material for biological agents can easily be grown or purchased. There are some agents, such as Anthrax or Brucellosis, which occur naturally in animals in certain parts of the world , and individuals can acquire these agents just by traveling the globe to where these agents grow. For an example, the Aum Shinrikyo cult was reported to have gone to Zaire, a place in Africa, to seek the strains of Ebola for its use in its bio-weapons program. Until recently, anyone could order agents from supple houses around the world. In 1995, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), a mail order company that provides biological products, shipped the bacteria, Anthrax, to Saddam Hussein's biological warfare program in Iraq. Just like the increase of technology throughout the decades, there is also an increase of availability of information related to chemical and biological weapons. Information on how to create biological weapons can be taken from articles within scientific literature on a variety of topics, which only requires a trained scientist to understand. The Internet has created forums on which terrorists groups can reach out, recruit members, and spread messages. It also makes a large library of information available to just about anyone who is interested on the production of biological agents. One resource that is found online is, Bacteriological Warfare: A Major Threat to North America, which is written by Larry Wayne Harris of the Aryan Nation. This manual describes the reproduction and growth of biological agents, and can be purchased for only $30. Another resource available is called, Silent Death, which instructs the reader in ways to kill using chemical and biological poisons. According to the publisher of this book, it sells thousands of copies each year. Bio-engineers are now armed with knowledge on how to cease biological agents, as well as the effects of the agents upon a population. According to Ken Alibek, who supervised the Soviet bio warfare program, “Although the mos-sophisticated and effected versions [of biological weapons]require considerable equipments and scientific expertise, primitive versions can be produced in a small area with minimal equipment by someone with limited training...They would be relativity inexpensive and easy to produce.” To produce bio-weapons, a terrorist...
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Don't Top Trees!
Never cut main branches back to stubs. The sight of topped trees is all too common in the communities and along the roadways of America—trunks with stubby limbs standing naked in the landscape, trees stripped of all dignity and grace. Trees are often topped because they grow into utility wires, interfere with views or solar collectors, or simply grow so large that they worry the landowner. But, as one arborist has said, "Topping is the absolute worst thing you can do for the health of your tree."
Proper Pruning—-The Alternative to Topping
When a decision is made to reduce the size of an older tree, it can be topped, or it can be pruned properly. Although the speed and nature of re-growth will depend on species and local factors, any comparison between irresponsible topping and competent pruning will be dramatic.
•Year 1: The topped tree is an ugly stub and a remnant of a once lovely tree. If pruned properly, the size of the tree is reduced but form and beauty are retained.
•Year 3: Vigorous sprouts have sprung out of the topped tree in large numbers and are growing with abnormal rapidity. The pruned tree adds growth, but it does so more slowly and distributes it more normally.
•Year 6: In a relatively short time, the topped tree is as tall—-and far bushier and more dangerous—-than it was to begin with. The properly pruned tree is safer, more beautiful, and its size is better controlled.
This is taken from Tree City USA Bulletin No.8, "Don't Top Trees!" For a free copy of the complete Bulletin, write to: The National Arbor Day Foundation, 100 Arbor Avenue, Nebraska City, NE 68410. | <urn:uuid:d5f3a0fe-0f2a-4af2-9652-a340a2d29b47> | {
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Spingarn Medal from NAACP, 1946
Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished
Americans Horatio Alger Award
Numerous Honorary Doctorate Degrees
BLACK HISTORY: BIOGRAPHIES
CBN.com United States Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall
built a distinguished career fighting for the cause of civil rights and
equal opportunity. Ebony dubbed Marshall "the most important
Black man of this century — a man who rose higher than any Black person
before him and who has had more effect on Black lives than any other person,
Black or White." The first African-American to serve on the Supreme
Court, Marshall stood alone as the Supreme Court's liberal conscience toward
the end of his career, the last impassioned spokesman for a left-wing view
on such causes as affirmative action, abolishment of the death penalty,
and due process. His retirement in 1991 left the Court in the hands of more
Duke University professor John Hope Franklin told Ebony: "If
you study the history of Marshall's career, the history of his rulings on
the Supreme Court, even his dissents, you will understand that when he speaks,
he is not speaking just for Black Americans but for Americans of all times.
He reminds us constantly of the great promise this country has made of equality,
and he reminds us that it has not been fulfilled. Through his life he has
been a great watchdog, insisting that this nation live up to the Constitution."
Raised in Prosperous Home
Marshall's work on behalf of civil rights spanned five-and-a-half decades
and included the history-making Brown vs. Board of Education ruling
that led to integration of the nation's public schools in 1954. As an attorney
for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),
Marshall fought to have blacks admitted to then-segregated state universities,
challenged the armed services to offer equal treatment for black recruits,
and even assured that blacks would have the right to serve on a jury. John
Hope Franklin put it this way: "For Black people he holds special significance
because it was Thurgood hellip; and a few others who told us we could get
justice through interpretation of the law.... Marshall was at the head of
these lawyers who told us to hold fast because they were going to get the
law on our side. And they did."
Marshall was born on July 2, 1908, in Baltimore, Maryland, into modest
but prosperous circumstances. His mother worked as a teacher in a segregated
public elementary school, and his father was a steward at the staunchly
all-white Gibson Island yacht club. Marshall's first name derives from a
great-grandfather, Thoroughgood Marshall, who was brought to America from
the Congo as a slave. Both of Thurgood Marshall's grandfathers owned grocery
stores. The judge told Ebony that he rarely felt uncomfortable about his
race while growing up in Baltimore. He lived in a nice home on Druid Hill
Avenue and played with children of both races. He described himself as a
"mediocre" student and a "cutup," whose punishment was
often to read the United States Constitution out loud. By the time he graduated
from high school, he knew it by heart.
In September of 1925, Marshall became a student at Lincoln University,
near Philadelphia. He originally intended to study medicine and dentistry,
but he changed to the humanities and began to consider a career in law.
Williams notes that in college Marshall still was something of a cutup —
"he was thrown out of the college twice for fraternity pranks."
During his junior year, however, he married a student from the University
of Pennsylvania, Vivian Burey.
Joined NAACP Staff
The relationship settled him down, and he graduated cum laude from Lincoln
in 1930. From there he moved to Howard University in Washington, D.C., where
he enrolled in the small, all-black law school. The course supervisor was
Charles H. Houston, a demanding but inspiring instructor who instilled in
his students a burning desire to change segregated society. Marshall graduated
first in his class, earning his LLB in 1933. He was admitted to the Maryland
Bar the same year.
Returning to Baltimore, Marshall began working as a private practice lawyer.
Williams noted, however, that the young lawyer "still made time for
the fight against segregation. Representing the local NAACP, he negotiated
with White store owners who sold to Blacks but would not hire them."
Marshall also took the case of a would-be law student who wanted to attend
the all-white University of Maryland law school. The case against the university
was Marshall's first big one. His former professor came to town to help
him argue it, and the judge gave them a favorable ruling. Soon thereafter,
Marshall was invited to join the NAACP's national office in New York City
as an assistant special counsel. Two years later, in 1938, he became the
head special counsel for the powerful organization.
"For the next 20 years," Williams wrote, "[Marshall] traveled
the country using the Constitution to force state and federal courts to
protect the rights of Black Americans. The work was dangerous, and Marshall
frequently wondered if he might not end up dead or in the same jail holding
those he was trying to defend." Marshall prepared cases against the
University of Missouri and the University of Texas on behalf of black students.
He petitioned the governor of Texas when a black was excluded from jury
duty. During and after World War II, he was an outspoken opponent of the
government detention of Japanese Americans, and in 1951 he investigated
unfair court-martial practices aimed at blacks in the military in Korea
and Japan. William H. Hastie, of the U.S. Third Circuit Court of Appeals,
told the New York Times: "Certainly no lawyer, and practically
no member of the bench has Thurgood Marshall's grasp of the doctrine of
law as it affects civil rights."
Helped End School Segregation
The limelight found Marshall in 1954, when he led the legal team that
challenged public school segregation in the courts. The case advanced to
the U.S. Supreme Court and resulted in a landmark ruling that ended a half-century
of segregated schooling. Remembering those days when he worked on Brown
vs. Board of Education, Marshall told Ebony that the Court's
decision "probably did more than anything else to awaken the Negro
from his apathy to demanding his right to equality." At the time, however,
Marshall was an opponent of civil disobedience for blacks in the South,
feeling that organized opposition might lead to white violence — as
indeed it did.
Marshall's first wife died after a long illness in 1955. A year later,
he married Cecilia Suyat, a secretary at the NAACP's New York office. The
Brown vs. Board of Education ruling had made Marshall a national figure
— he was known for some time as "Mr. Civil Rights" —
and when Democrats took control of the White House, the ambitious attorney
let it be known that he wanted a judgeship.
Eventually, after much opposition from Southern senators and even from
Robert Kennedy, Marshall was named to the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals
in 1961. As the civil rights movement gained ground in the 1960s, so did
Marshall. In 1965 he was given the post of United States solicitor general,
a position in which he represented the government before the Supreme Court.
His most important case during these years was the one leading to the adoption
of the Miranda rule, which requires policemen to inform suspects of their
Named to Supreme Court
Against stiff opposition even in his own (Democratic) party, President
Lyndon Johnson nominated Marshall to the Supreme Court in 1967. Marshall's
nomination was opposed most violently by four Southern senators on the Judiciary
Committee, but nevertheless he was confirmed by a vote of 69 to 11. He was
sworn in and took his seat on October 2, 1967, and he stayed until his failing
health forced him to retire in 1991. Williams wrote: "Throughout his
time on the court, Marshall has remained a strong advocate of individual
rights.... He has remained a conscience on the bench, never wavering in
his devotion to ending discrimination."
Marshall was known as the most tart-tongued member of the court. He was
never reticent with his opinions, especially on matters affecting the civil
rights agenda. Former justice William Brennan, long Marshall's liberal ally
on the court, told Ebony: "The only time Thurgood may make people uncomfortable,
and perhaps it's when they should be made uncomfortable, is when he'll take
off in a given case that he thinks ... is another expression of racism."
It came as no surprise therefore that judge Marshall was a vocal critic
of both Republican presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush. Few justices
have been known to speak out on political matters, and for years Marshall
himself refused to grant interviews. Near the end of his service to the
Court, however, Marshall did speak out when he was stung by court reversals
on minority set-aside programs and affirmative action. In 1987 Marshall
dismissed Reagan as "the bottom" in terms of his commitment to
black Americans. He later told Ebony: "I wouldn't do the job of dogcatcher
for Ronald Reagan." Marshall later heaped equal vitriol on the Bush
administration after the president vetoed an important civil rights bill.
The justice told Newsweek that the actions of Bush and Reagan reflect a
return to the days "when we [blacks] really didn't have a chance."
Liberal Voice in Changing Court
During the more than a decade that Republicans controlled the White House,
one by one, retiring judges were replaced with more conservative successors.
For many years Marshall and Brennan teamed as the high court's true liberals,
and Marshall was gravely disappointed when his colleague was forced to retire.
Marshall remained the lone outspoken liberal on the nine-member court, suffering
through heart attacks, pneumonia, blood clots, and glaucoma. Marshall steadfastly
refused to consider stepping down before absolutely necessary because, as
he told Ebony, "I have a lifetime appointment and I intend to serve
it. I expect to die at 110, shot by a jealous husband." One of Marshall's
law clerks told People magazine that Marshall felt compelled to remain on
the court, perhaps at the expense of his health, because he saw himself
as the champion of the underdog. "He's the conscience of the Court,"
the clerk said. Despite his predictions, Marshall's failing health finally
impeded his ability to perform his duties. He retired in 1991 and died of
heart failure on January 24, 1993.
Marshall lived with his wife near Washington, D.C., until his death in
1993. Marshalls' oldest son, Thurgood, Jr. is an attorney on Senator Edward
Kennedy's Judiciary Committee staff. The younger son, John, is a Virginia
Marshall will be well remembered. Marshall served as a strong leader during
the civil rights movement, as an architect of the legal strategy that ended
racial segregation, and as the first African-American Justice of the Supreme
Court. Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist referred to the words inscribed
above the front entrance to the Supreme Court — "Equal Justice
for All" — stating in his eulogy that, "Surely no one individual
did more to make these words a reality than Thurgood Marshall."
- Ball, Howard, Thurgood Marshall and the Persistence of Racism in
America, Crown, 1998.
- Gibson, Karen Bush, Thurgood Marshall, Bridgestone, 2002.
- Williams, Juan, Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary,
- Ebony, May 1990.
- Newsweek, September 21, 1987; August 6, 1990.
- New York Times, November 23, 1946; April 6, 1951; January 25,
- People, July 7, 1986.
Reprinted by permission of The
More from the Black History
Section on CBN.com
CBN IS HERE FOR YOU!
Are you seeking answers in life? Are you hurting?
Are you facing a difficult situation?
A caring friend will be there to pray with you in your time of need. | <urn:uuid:1d9feea6-3b6e-4ce6-8e2a-512a61ba0691> | {
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(CNN) -- After meeting a number black couples in crisis, Nisa Muhammad and Dr. Rozario Slack were inspired to create Basic Training for Couples.
Nisa Muhammad, who founded National Black Marriage Day, co-created the Basic Training for Couples program.
The eight-week program educates dating, engaged or married couples about the value of commitment, responsibility to the black community, psychological differences between the sexes, sexual intimacy and conflict resolution.
Slack created the male-friendly portion while Muhammad, who founded National Black Marriage Day and the Wedded Bliss Foundation, created the female-friendly portion.
In the program, couples also learn about the history of the African-American marriage and many for the first time plot their own family tree to trace marriage and divorces.
The following is rundown of the eight-week course:
Class No. 1: Why marriage?
This class teaches the benefits of marriage for men, women, children and the community. It gives the history of marriage in the black community from slavery when marriage was illegal to today's trends.
Icebreaker: Q & A: How couples met?
1. Choose songs to reflect their love for each other
2. Marriage family tree
Class No. 2: From I to we; the sweetness of surrender
This class helps couples transition from "I thinking" to "we thinking." It helps them understand the value of making their marriage a priority in their lives.
Class No. 3: Communication; getting your message understood
This class helps couples take responsibility for their communication and teaches skills to improve their communication techniques.
• Respecting differences between men and women
• Learning to talk to each other and not at each other
• Format: Teaching session with dialogue.
• Activity: The talking stick, during conversation only the individual holding the stick can speak.
Class No. 4: Conflict management
This class helps couples understand that conflict needs to be managed, or it will manage you. It helps to normalize some conflict that couples experience with the understanding that some conflict cannot be resolved and can only be managed.
• This class targets biases. When there's a difference of opinions, generally the stronger spouse wants his or her way.
• How to bring closure to old issues instead of combining them into new issues/conflict.
• Agree to disagree and not degrade your spouse for having a difference of opinion.
Activity: Break up into gender groups to discuss current conflicts. The group works out ways to solve the issue
Class No. 5: Let's make love
When the sex is good in a marriage, it's only about 20 percent of what's going on. When it's bad, it's a significant problem. This class helps to solve some of those problems.
The approach was from a physiological and biological perspective of the differences between the male's and female's body. Discussion included chemical bonding effect in women and men.
Class No. 6: From yours and mine to ours
Many couples in the black community bring children from other relationships to their marriage. This class helps to blend the family into one cohesive unit. It also talks about preventing in-laws from becoming outlaws.
Class No. 7: Keeping the FIRE burning
FIRE is an acronym for Faithful, Intimacy, Responsibility and Excitement. This class helps couples maintain the FIRE in their relationship.
Class No. 8: From this day forward
This class helps couples understand the value of commitment in their marriage and never to make divorce an option. They create their own place for success.
Recap of all the lessons together:
• Remembering people gravitate to the applause
• Ways to appreciate and affirm your spouse
• Setting time for just the two of you
• Learning to communicate, getting your message heard and understood
Bonus class: Hot monogamy
Gets couples comfortable to discuss sex with their spouse.
A ceremony of new beginnings, couples testify what the class brought to their marriage over the eight-week period. Lots of emotions and bonding during this time between husbands and wives.
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Acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables – the net force acting on the object and the mass of the object. Using a Full-Atwood’s Machine you will explore the relationship between these variables to understand Newton’s Second Law of Motion.
In this exploration students will:
1. Measure the acceleration of the PocketLab and mass (m2 ) in a Full-Atwood’s Machine.
2. Use the Full-Atwood’s Machine to determine the relationship between the acceleration of an object, the net force acting on the object, and the mass of the object in order to better understand Newton’s Second Law.
Download PDF for complete lab activity | <urn:uuid:f031b769-72e4-4d21-933d-e7da1fb83ed9> | {
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This Dangerously Common Deficiency Could Be Dealing Your Health A Blow | Amoils.com
We have written posts about the huge importance of vitamin D in our lives as a feel good hormone and so much more, and we have touched on the forgotten vitamin – vitamin K – but now the possibility of being magnesium deficient is making headlines. In fact, vitamin D, vitamin K and magnesium are all very important co-factors in the body’s ability to properly use calcium. A comparatively modern discovery, the recognition of magnesium deficiency has only been around for some forty years when it was identified by Dr. Edmund B. Fink of West Virginia University’s School of Medicine as being a dangerous, common and often undetected condition and in fact, more commonly deficient in the USA diet than calcium.
Why we need magnesium
Every organ in the body, but in particular the heart, the muscles and the kidneys, needs this mineral The good news is that it reduces blood pressure naturally, it curbs diabetes, it lower the risk of heart disease and is paramount for the proper functioning of over 300 different enzymes in the body.
Although you can get magnesium from many foods, unfortunately the food produced today has lower levels because of depleted and less nutrients in the soil from modern modern farming practices. It has reached the stage when often we cannot rely on food to supply our magnesium requirements.
How magnesium absorption is affected
Even if we eat a nutritious and organic diet, there can still be a problem because taking antacids (and some other medicines for indigestion) disrupts magnesium absorption and medications including common diuretics, birth control pills, insulin, tetracycline and other antibiotics, as well as cortisone, cause the body to waste the little and precious magnesium we have.
How to ensure magnesium from your diet
Nevertheless, there are rich sources of magnesium included in legumes, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, wheat bran, Brazil nuts, almonds, cashews, blackstrap molasses, pumpkin and squash seeds, pine nuts and black walnuts. Many herbs, spices and seaweeds also supply magnesium, such as agar seaweed, coriander, dill weed, celery seed, sage, dried mustard, basil, cocoa powder, fennel seed, savory, cumin seed, tarragon, marjoram and poppy seed. Magnesium is also present in peanuts, oat flour, beet greens, spinach, pistachio nuts, oatmeal, bananas, and the skins of baked potatoes. Plenty of scope there for ensuring some extra magnesium from your diet.
Magnesium can dramatically improve your health
Anyone who suffers such conditions as anxiety and panic attacks, asthma, constipation, depression, diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity or fibromyalgia will find magnesium can really improve their situation.
Magnesium is essential to heart health because as a natural calcium channel blocker, it is an effective treatment for heart attacks and cardiac arrhythmias. Many research studies have pointed out the effectiveness of IV magnesium in helping prevent cardiac damage, and even death, following a heart attack.
If supplementation is necessary?
If you are interested in adding a magnesium supplement to your daily diet, magnesium malate and magnesium citrate are good choices. The former is particularly recommended for anyone with fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Magnesium malate combines magnesium with malic acid, a weak organic acid found in vegetables and fruit, especially apples. The weak bond with magnesium makes it readily soluble in the body. Malic acid is a key component of several energy making chemical reactions in the body. Researchers have used magnesium malate succesfully to treat the chronic fatigue, pain and insomnia of fibromyalgia.
Magnesium citrate is probably the mostly widely used magnesium supplement because it is inexpensive, easily absorbed and only has a mild laxative effect. The best form is magnesium citrate powder mixed in water that can be taken everyday.
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The celebration of Halloween began in Ireland in about 1000 AD so its no wonder that there are so many Irish Halloween traditions that continue around the world every year.
Back then Halloween was pagan festival called “Samhain” meaning “end of summer”. The Celts believed that on the eve of Halloween dead spirits would visit the mortal world. They lit bonfires to keep evil spirits away and dressed in disguises.
Although our Halloween is less about dead spirits and more about having fun and dressing up there are some traditional aspects of an Irish Halloween that we have keep going.
Here’s list of some ancient and some more recent traditions from Ireland that have stuck over the years:
Samhain was seen as the end of summer but also the beginning of another year. It was also the one day of the year when spirits could walk the earth. The community would gather together and light huge fires to ward off bad fortune for the coming year and any evil spirits.
Some believe that people extinguished their fires at in the hearth at home before they left and would reignite them using an ember from the bonfire, for good luck. The day after the bonfire the ashes were spread across the fields to further ward off bad luck for the farmers during the year.
It was also traditionally believed that the bonfire encourages dreams especially of your future husband or wife. It was said that if you drop a cutting of your hair into the embers of the fire the identity of your first husband would be revealed.
There are two schools of thought on why the Irish carried Jack-o-lantern. One is that the tradition is an ancient Celtic tradition. In order to carry home an ember from the communal bonfire the people would hollow out a turnip so they could walk home with the fire still burning.
The other version is a little more spooky. The other story is that Jack-o-lanterns date back to the 18th century. It is named after an Irish blacksmith, called Jack, who colluded with the Devil and was denied entry into Heaven. Jack was condemned to walk the earth for eternity but asked the Devill for some light. He was given a burning coal which burnt into a turnip that he had hollowed out. Some Irish believe that hanging a lantern in their front window would keep Jack’s wandering soul away.
When the Scot-Irish emigrated to America in they adapted the tradition and used a pumpkin instead as it is more difficult to find turnips.
The community would gather around the bonfire and may would be dressed up in elaborate animal skins and heads.
The idea was that the evil spirits would be scared off by the fires. Then if the spirits happened to be wandering the earth and bumped into one of the Celts they might they were spirits themselves, because of their disguises, and let them go free. This is where our tradition of dressing up comes from.
Trick or Treat
Trick or treat originated centuries ago. In Ireland the poor would go from door to door at rich peoples homes and ask for food, kindling or money. They would then use what they collected for their celebrations on Halloween.
(Pronounced kohl cannon)
This is the traditional dinner to have on Halloween night before you head out for an evening of fun and mischief. It is a simple dish made with boiled potatoes, curly kale (a type of cabbage) and raw onions.
Traditionally coins were wrapped in pieces of cleans paper and slipped into children’s colcannon for them to find and keep. Sometimes people also hide a ring in the colcannon. Whoever finds the ring will be married within the year.
3-4 medium potatoes, peeled and quartered
3 tbsp. milk or unsweetened/plain soy milk
1/4 tsp. salt
1/8 tsp. pepper
2 cups chopped cabbage or kale
2 tbsp. butter or margarine
1/4 cup chopped onions or green onions
Cook potatoes in a pot of boiling water until tender. Drain, reserving water.
Place the hot potatoes in a large bowl.
Add chopped cabbage to the reserved potato water. Cook 6-8 minutes or until tender.
Meanwhile, fry the onions in the butter or margarine.
When they are cool enough to handle, mash potates with a hand masher or fork. Add the fried onions and cabbage.
Add milk, salt and pepper and beat until fluffy.
(From the Irish name Bairín Breac)
This is a traditional Irish Halloween cake which essentially a sweet bread with fruit through it as well as some other treats.
Shop-bought barnbracks still contain and ring but if you make it at home and add your own treats it’s even more fun. Each member of the family gets a slice and each prize has different meaning.
The rag – your financial future is doubtful
The coin – you will have a prosperous year
The ring – impending romance or continued happiness
The thimble – you’ll never marry
2 1/2 cups chopped dried mixed fruit
1 1/2 cups hot brewed tea
2 1/2 cups flour
1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1/2 teaspoon ground nutmeg
1/2 teaspoon baking soda
1 1/2 cups sugar
1/4 cup lemon marmalade
1 teaspoon grated orange zest
Soak the dried fruit in the hot tea for 2 hours, then drain and gently squeeze out excess tea.
Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Grease a 9 inch Bundt pan. Stir together the flour cinnamon, nutmeg, and baking soda; set aside.
Beat the egg, sugar, marmalade, orange zest, and tea-soaked fruit until well combined. Gently fold in the flour until just combined, then pour into the prepared Bundt pan.
Bake in preheated oven for 1 hour or until the top of the cake springs back when lightly pressed. Allow to cool in the pan for 2 hours before removing. Continue to cool to room temperature on a wire rack. Press the objects of choice into the cake through the bottom before serving.
There are many games that are played on Halloween night and snap apple or bobbing for apples is one of them.
An apple is suspended from a string and the children are blindfolded and their arms tied behind their backs. The first child to get a decent bit of the apple gets a prize. Bobbing for apples is when some apples are dropped into a basin of water and the children have to go in head first and try to get a bite.
The apples are associated with love and fertility. It is said that whoever gets the first bite will be first to marry. It was also thought that if the girls put the apple they bit, while bobbing, under their pillow that night, they would dream of their future lover.
Shaving the friar
This old game was particularly popular in County Meath.
A pile of ash was put down in the shape of a cone with a piece of wood sticking out of the top. Then each player takes turns trying to digger the largest amount of ash without the pile collapsing.
All the while competitors chant:
“Shave the poor Friar to make him a liar;
Cut off his beard to make him afeard;
If the Friar will fall, my poor back pays for all!"
Blind-folded cabbage picking
Blind folded local girls would go out into the field and pull up the first cabbage they stumbled upon. If the cabbage had a lot of clay attached to the roots their future lover would have money. If the girl ate the cabbage the nature of their future husband would be revealed, bitter or sweet.
As we all know fairies and goblin collect souls as the trawl the earth on Halloween night….what you didn’t know! The story goes that if you threw dust from under your feet at the fairy they would release any souls they kept captive. However over the years this legend was changed.
Farm animals would be anointed with holy water to keep them safe through the night. If animals showed ill health on Halloween they would be spat at to try to ward off the evil spirits.
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Article in Liberal Education , Spring 2007
"Reclaiming the Distinctiveness of American Higher Education"
William G. Durden is president of Dickinson College.
In the face of rising global competition and the heightened call for accountability issued by the Spellings Commission on the Future of Higher Education, educators across the country are being called upon—once again—to demonstrate the validity of a liberal education. We are asked repeatedly if our approach to undergraduate education will prepare students to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century, if it is capable of adapting to rapidly changing times. As we seek to respond to these concerns and evaluate the effectiveness of our own institutions, I suggest that we look for guidance to those enlightened revolutionaries who established not only our democracy, but also an American approach to liberal education that was distinctive for its emphasis on pragmatism delivered through an integrated, comprehensive student experience.
Our founding fathers instinctively understood that a nation whose success depended upon engaged and informed citizens demanded an education far different from the isolated, “monkish,” ivory-tower model that was prevalent throughout eighteenth-century Europe and upon which America's colonial, theologically oriented colleges and universities had been modeled. They advocated, instead, an education that easily traversed the boundaries between the classroom and the community, an education in which the lessons of the academy could be applied immediately to a society seeking to define its own parameters. It was a revolutionary education for a revolutionary time.
One of the most passionate and eloquent advocates of a distinctive American education was Dr. Benjamin Rush, who founded Dickinson College . Rush's fundamental precepts, debated regularly with Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, John Dickinson, and others, offer us important directives as we explore ways to define the relevance and value of liberal education in our own rapidly changing, revolutionary era.
For Rush, an American liberal arts education was to be, above all, useful—useful to oneself, but also to society. This education was to accomplish nothing less than preparation of those citizens and leaders who would shape the economy, government, and social structures of the young democracy. Rush adamantly believed that students must be engaged with their society in order to prepare them to lead in it. Rush had no tolerance for “the college high on the hill,” physically and symbolically removed from the people. For this reason, he strategically located Dickinson College a short two-block walk from the county courthouse, fully expecting students to make the trek on a regular basis to observe government in action. Through the creation of debating societies—an early incarnation of extracurricular student groups—Rush sought to give students the opportunity to discuss the most pressing issues of the day, an opportunity that connected them to rather than isolated them from emerging national developments. Rush even went so far as to recommend that students live not on campus, but with families in the town, where they could be mentored daily in community values and citizenship.
Rush's conception of an American liberal arts education did not draw arbitrary boundaries among students' classroom experiences, their extracurricular and recreational activities, and their living arrangements. It was an educational approach designed to encourage character development and one that valued public service as a form of patriotism.
We have, I am afraid, lost this vision of an integrated and distinctively American approach to liberal education. We have compartmentalized its parts. There has been a rupture between the student life and academic sides of our enterprise and a focused emphasis on the “useful” and the comprehensive has dulled with time.
While Rush's idea of having all students live with families in the community is unrealistic in the twenty-first century, is the fundamental premise behind this idea outdated? Shouldn't we still be striving to provide daily mentoring to our students in community values and citizenship? Isn't it our responsibility to develop the twenty-first-century contexts that accomplish this most basic and most important of goals? And should not the current “accountability movement” in higher education extend beyond the measurement of disciplinary academic ability to that of citizenship? Shouldn't we be seeking evidence of informed voting in public elections, community volunteerism, monetary contributions to nonprofit organizations, standing for public office?
Decoupling academic and student life
I would argue that higher education has derailed on both the academic and student life sides. Of course, the academic side would like to claim that it has held steadfast to its mission, and faculty all too frequently place blame on student life for failing to make these important connections. This line of thinking, however, ignores the fact that student life divisions are a relatively recent creation in American higher education and that faculty should also, as they have in the past, shoulder the responsibility of providing a comprehensive educational experience for our students.
And what about student life? This division has burgeoned at most institutions over the past two decades—but in too many instances, we have allowed it to mushroom without clear purpose or direction. Instead, we have reacted helter-skelter in our rush to meet rising student demands and challenges. We are “over-offering” and thus introducing a hyper-consumerism into the academic setting. We have built twenty-four-hour student unions and fitness centers that resemble cruise ships. In our haste to demonstrate that we understand that engaged students are healthy, energetic students, we have scrambled to provide them with opportunities to engage in—well, everything—to include every conceivable aspect of their own selves and their unfettered desires.
We have not, however, organized this plethora of activities into a cohesive or progressive series of meaningful, educative experiences. Instead, we have provided our students with a shopping mall of choices without overarching purpose. In the process, we have created a lot of busy, busy students, many of whom are intent on adding activity upon activity to their undergraduate resumes. We have, in short, succeeded in giving students the opportunity to be busy—but simply being busy is not the same as being meaningfully engaged with society and understanding the connection between the activities in which one is engaged and the larger educational mission of the institution.
In general, we have not fulfilled our educative responsibility to open students' minds, to encourage serious inquiry, and to develop an understanding of what it means to be a part of a wider, diverse community that is not always cast ultimately in a student's own image. By simply enabling our students' selfish desires, we have denied them the genuine sociability and connectivity necessary for continuous learning. Instead, we have fallen prey to the students' own definition of success as we assist them in their quest for personal advancement at the expense of communal progress. The whole notion of a “useful” education, in other words, has become focused on a personal usefulness as each student asks him or herself, “How can I get ahead?”
The type of “usefulness” that builds good citizens through service to society has all too frequently fallen by the wayside. While there is a notable rise in community service or volunteerism among college students today, this often occurs because such activity is now viewed as a necessary component for “credentialing” personal aspirations. Of course, there are notable exceptions to these negative trends among both individual students and college or university programs. Yet, in general, it is this decoupling of the academic from student life and our enabling behavior in higher education that has resulted in today's undergraduates experiencing what former Harvard dean Harry Lewis (2006) describes provocatively in his recent book, Excellence Without a Soul , as “the hollowness of undergraduate education,” the total abdication of colleges' “moral authority to shape the souls of students,” and the absence of any definitive statements about what it is to be an educated person.
American undergraduate education for the twenty-first century
It is time to reclaim and revitalize for the twenty-first century the distinctiveness that characterized American higher education during the earliest days of our democracy. At the dawn of a century that promises to be breathtaking in both its challenges and opportunities, we must ensure that our students are prepared and willing to take on the responsibility of global citizenship and shake free of their obsessive focus on themselves. We must ensure that they know how the United States “works” and what it values (in all that complexity) and are prepared to engage and listen carefully to opinions expressed by the rest of the world. We must be willing to admit that we have lost the connection between theory and practice that will most readily make this global understanding possible, and we must seek to redefine this connection in a twenty-first-century context.
To do so, we must return to a conception of undergraduate education that is comprehensive and does not compartmentalize students' experiences into artificial components that separate the curricular from the extracurricular. We must return to the notion of a “useful” education that encompasses and intertwines personal and public usefulness, demonstrating to our students that personal success and understanding are most complete when they contribute to the public good—not when they simply fulfill individual notions of anticipated accomplishment. This will require us to rethink totally our approach to undergraduate education. Dr. Rush was on to this notion very early. In a 1773 letter to his countrymen on patriotism, he stated that “the social spirit is the true selfish spirit, and men always promote their own interest most in proportion as they promote that of their neighbors and their country” (1951, 84).
As a starting point, we must conceive of and treat student life and the academic program as coequal partners in a shared endeavor that begins as a student prepares for the transition to college and continues as an organized and sustained priority until commencement. The residential experience continues to be the characteristic that distinguishes American undergraduate education from that found in other countries, and it should remain a centrally defining feature. The challenge is to incorporate it into the entire educational experience rather than treating it as an ancillary, less serious partner. Failure to do so places the historic advantage of an American higher education at risk and lends increasing advantage to many for-profit institutions that offer a new—and far less costly—business model for higher education that eschews athletics, residential life, and student life for the bottom line.
We must find ways to encourage faculty to think differently about how they reach and relate to students, ways that will require them to think beyond the classroom experience. The answer is not, as some have suggested, merely to coax faculty into living in residence halls, a concept that presumes that physical juxtaposition will establish a cohesive educational experience. Rather, we need to think creatively about how to bridge the artificial chasm between academic and student life. We need to focus on ways to engage students in a seamless experience that moves easily and naturally in and out of the classroom—an experience that involves faculty in both arenas.
We all have been touched and inspired by a professor whose passion for his or her discipline is absolutely contagious. We need to enhance and expand the ways in which our faculty can model behavior that shows students what it is like to be an engaged scholar who is connected to the wider world with a sense of wonder, bliss, and obligation. Equally important, we need to give our students glimpses of faculty interactions in their own communities. They must see the “whole” professor—an individual who lives beyond his or her discipline with curiosity and a commitment to better the world. We need, in other words, to illustrate to our students through example—through proactive mentorship—that a liberal education is a lifelong habit of the mind.
Similarly, we must demand for our institutions student life professionals who push beyond attention to the affective and endlessly affirming desires of our students. We must ask them to act as far stronger role models by advancing discourse about issues that matter beyond the highly circumscribed topic of the self and how it “feels at a particular moment.” We must ask them to encourage students' engagement in an expansive interpretation of the life of the mind and to advance a more realistic commentary—a constructive honesty—about students' performance and aspiration that tempers their unfettered, often ungrounded self-assessment. We must ask them to do so with a candor not found in education—collegiate or precollegiate—for decades. We need, in the final analysis, to push beyond the ivory-tower mentality that our founding fathers so ardently rejected for American higher education but that, nevertheless, has seeped steadily back into the mindset of most of our country's colleges and universities.
In fact, I would go so far as to suggest that all sectors of American life, except liberal arts higher education, revolted against the practices of royalist, privileged England. “Learning for learning's sake,” instead of the objective of an ultimately useful study, still dominates American liberal education all too often. It is now time to complete the revolution.
Introducing a more comprehensive and generous approach to undergraduate education will require nothing short of a major cultural shift for many institutions. Developing the synergy between the academic program and student life will require that long-established habits be replaced with creative thinking and a willingness for change—a most formidable challenge in a profession notorious for maintaining stability and status quo in its basic organization and intent.
Perhaps most important will be the need to reassess purposes for which we reward our faculty—an exercise that will ask us to reexamine the most fundamental aspects of our mission. We must encourage our faculty to connect to the world beyond our campus boundaries through activities such as service learning and applied research. We must find or reallocate resources to help faculty establish networks with the broader community. We must challenge faculty to broaden the definition and scope of substantive scholarship in a liberal arts setting, and we must support them as they explore new pedagogies and introduce new methods of research in and out of the classroom.
We must recognize that these activities can and should be the foundation for legitimate, serious scholarship and service for faculty and that they are integral for advancing a distinctively engaging residential life for students. And we must give these activities appropriate weight and merit when evaluating faculty performance. In the final analysis, we will only be successful if we create a solid scholarly foundation of new knowledge, pedagogy, and residential life out of this renewed synthesis that will define American higher education for the twenty-first century.
To the casual observer, all of this talk about citizenship and engagement with community may seem superfluous and unnecessary. Look in virtually any college catalogue or on any Web site and you will find platitudes and promises touting the institution's commitment to these ideals. While I suppose the fact that such pronouncements exist is a step in the right direction, many of us know that the real work has yet to be done. To quote Thomas Jefferson, “it is in our lives and not from our words, that [our value] must be read. . . . By the same test, the world must judge me.” There you have it. By the same test, so must the world judge us in higher education. This is true accountability—devotion to and deliverance upon the original post-Revolutionary intention adapted to our own rapidly changing times.
Lewis, H. R. 2006. Excellence without a soul: How a great university forgot education . New York: Public Affairs.
Rush, B. 1951. Letters of Benjamin Rush, Volume 1: 1761–1792 . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
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Only half the number of plant species that could blossom along the walls of the River Thames finds a suitable place to grow, yet this could potentially double with the introduction of 'green wall' technology, according to a presentation at the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG)'s international conference.
Research conducted by Simon Hoggart and Rob Francis from the Department of Geography at King's College London found that the river holds a much broader range of seeds in its water and sediment than can be found growing along its central London foreshore and embankments. Although the river walls already support almost 90 plant species, many more do not have anywhere to grow because the walls do not provide a suitable habitat.
"As any gardener knows, plants are adept at growing in unlikely places -- between train tracks, shooting up through cracks in tarmac -- but when it comes to the sheer concrete or sheet metal of city river walls, they really struggle to get a root-hold," Simon begins.
Simon is due to begin work with Thames21 trialling cost-effective new technology that has the bonus of not requiring major building works. "We're going to be testing 'green wall' technology which involves attaching specially-designed frames to the river walls. It has previously only been used on dry land to encourage plant growth, but we think it has the potential to double this aspect of the Thames's biodiversity," Simon explains.
Simon's research findings have helped secure funding through a partnership with Thames21 -- a waterways charity that uses volunteers in the city to clean 'waterside grot-spots' and create new habitat for wildlife.
"Although the river is one of the cleanest urban waterways in Europe, the section that runs through London has very little riverbank habitat, so the biodiversity in these areas is much lower than it should be. The embankments are designed to flush water and detritus through London and protect the city from flood," Simon explains. "We found only 53% of the seeds in the seed bank were growing on the river walls. Improving this section of river could have an extremely positive effect for the health of the river, creating a 'green corridor' that would benefit the whole river food web."
Rivers are amongst the most biodiverse landscapes and yet they are coming under increasing pressure from human development. "Demands for clean water for consumption and industry are only going to increase in coming years which is why it is important we keep a regular health check on our river systems and trial new technologies as soon as possible."
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Is 'Tuna Scrape' The 'Pink Slime' Of Sushi?
The fact that there has been a salmonella outbreak among people who eat sushi isn't super surprising; raw seafood does pose more health risks than cooked fish.
But the fact that the fish implicated in the outbreak is something called "tuna scrape" sure got our attention here at The Salt.
According to the Food and Drug Administration's recall notice, tuna scrape is "tuna backmeat, which is specifically scraped off from the bones, and looks like a ground product." In other words, tuna hamburger.
The product, Nakaochi Scrape, was sold frozen to restaurants and supermarkets, which used it to make sushi, particularly spicy tuna rolls. Of the 116 people in 20 states and the District of Columbia who have fallen ill so far, many reported they had eaten spicy tuna rolls. The distributor has recalled 58,828 pounds of the stuff.
Given all the commotion over "pink slime," a derogatory moniker for processed beef trimmings, the notion of frozen tuna goo being used to make sushi is less than appetizing. But is it any more dangerous than regular sushi?
To find out, we called up Michael Doyle, director of the Center for Food Safety at the University of Georgia. He was just about to jet off to a big food safety conference in China.
This was the first he had heard of tuna scrape. But, he added, "There are a lot of things we haven't heard of that the industry is doing."
He said there are two things to consider when thinking about health and ground up fish. The first is the fact that the tuna scrape is served raw. "My rule of thumb is that raw food of animal origin should be cooked before it's eaten."
The second issue is whether grinding the fish creates the potential for more problems. That's been the case with hamburger, because contamination from one carcass can be spread through an entire batch. "For chicken, turkey and beef, the ground product tends to be more contaminated than the whole cuts," Doyle says.
Is that also true for fish? "I don't think enough research has been done on these products," he responds.
There's also a third thing to consider in this case. Just because a food has been frozen doesn't mean it's germ-free.
Freezing is good at killing parasites, Doyle says, but bacteria like E. coli and Salmonella often snooze through a freezing, emerging from their slumber just as dangerous as before. Evidently the Salmonella bareilly that have sickened the people in this current outbreak just love chilling.
So there you have it. Raw fish, not as safe as cooked fish. Ground-up raw fish, who knows?
Given that the fish in the recall was imported, and fish is the No. 1 culprit in outbreaks caused by imported food, maybe it's time to lay off the spicy tuna rolls.
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Introduction to Visual Numbers
At Visnos we belief that any mathematical concept, up to high school level can be shown visually. Our activities provide animated graphics to explain various concepts. For example the multiplication tables can be represented by tropical fish. The fish swim in and out of the tables to show different product. If a child can form a clear mental picture of what a calculation means. They are much more likely to both remember and the understand the process. The more formal mathematical language be shown alongside the visual explanation.
Interactive teaching resources
Our ITRs can be used effectively for whole class teaching on an interactive white board. For smaller groups a PC or laptop is equally effective. Currently there are activities for addition and subtraction facts, angles, measurement using a protractor, telling the time, multiplication and division. Types of numbers such as factors, multiples, square and triangular. New resources are being added on a regular basis.
Learning styles and the left and right brain
Whole books are written on both learning styles and how the brain functions, but briefly children learn through a variety of styles. These include visual, logical, auditory, reading/writing and kinesthetic. Most people have a preferred learning style or styles. These different styles actually engage different parts of the brain. In fact it is now believed that engaging multiple areas of the brain while learning a topic, can greatly increase the chances of it being retained. This trick is often used my memory champions who remember long mundane lists by creating over the top colourful stories to link the items.
So when using Visnos to teach a concept visually the advantages are obvious. Although visual learners gain the most, everyone actually benefits. Both sides of the brain are engaged which helps both in retention and understanding.
More to come
Hopefully reading this text has given you an idea of what we are trying to achieve at Visnos. But the best way is to actually go to the mathematical demonstrations and try out the activities. | <urn:uuid:af5624e7-87cc-4012-8a55-8d0a615108a8> | {
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Symptoms, causes, and treatments for Coughs
Numerous underlying causes of coughs make them difficult to self-diagnose. Doctors examine your specific type of cough and classify it using the following terms:
We all cough throughout the day, sometimes to the annoyance of our coworkers, and who hasn’t had a bad cough from the cold or flu? Thankfully, a majority of coughs clear up within a couple weeks. But if yours continues, you’ll want to schedule a visit to determine its source.
Common reasons for coughing:
A cough alone doesn’t always signal a more serious illness. But if after two weeks your cough interferes with your job or daily routine, schedule a visit and talk to a doctor.
You should seek immediate medical attention if at any point your coughing produces blood or makes breathing difficult.
The following symptoms also help indicate if your cough is severe enough to see a doctor:
Sore Throat; Sinus Infection; UTI; Ear Infection; Cold; Bladder Infection; Flu; Rash; STI; Stomach Pain; Earwax Buildup; Bronchitis; Foot Pain; Yeast Infection; Strep Throat; Eye Infection; Fever; Back Pain; Asthma; Neck Pain; Allergies; Insect Bites and Stings; Headache; Diarrhea; Anxiety
Cough Prevention Tips
It's impossible to stop normal, daily coughs, but consider these tips to help soothe chronic and illness-related coughing: | <urn:uuid:a95db201-c1db-4020-944f-e633aa9fb0d1> | {
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Piazza di Spagna or the Spanish square is situated in Rome and is very well known to travellers around the world. Most people remember it by the monumental staircase that is the biggest and the widest staircase in Europe. Other stories about this place include how it was divided between the French and the Spanish; about the triangles on the ground, the connection between the church (Trinita de Monti) and Basilica di San Marco…
My first association about Piazza di Spagna is the Fountain of the old boat, of in Italian ‘Fontana della Bracaccia’. Legends say many different things; how after the great inundation of Rome in 1588 one boat was left stuck in the mud at that exact place or how Pope Urban VIII wanted it installed because he was impressed by some boat that was brought by the river. What really happened was that Rome was, at that time, often flooded by the Tiber river (Tevere) and people had to move around the area in boats. The Romans didn’t like the fountain for a long time because that area in the 17th century belonged to Spain. And today, it is still mostly Spanish (the Embassy, the church, even sculptures dedicated to Spanish saints).
So, who really parked the boat in the middle of the square we don’t know, but it is believed that Pietro Bernini designed the fountain. Pietro Bernini was the son of the famous Bernini that designed the monumental square in front of Basilica di San Marco (Vatican City).
Piazza di Spagna is now flodded with people and tourists taking photos every day throughout the year. During summer many people sit on the stairs resting, soaking up the sun.
Stella – European Travelling Advisor | <urn:uuid:0f3deb0e-c6d8-482a-a6bf-39b51d3f5e42> | {
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A recently published study has shown that small-scale geologic map data can reproduce mineral assessments made with considerably larger scale data. This result contradicts conventional wisdom about the importance of scale in mineral exploration, at least for regional studies. In order to formally investigate aspects of scale, a weights-of-evidence analysis using known gold occurrences and deposits in the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt of Finland as training sites provided a test of the predictive power of the aeromagnetic data. These orogenic-mesothermal-type gold occurrences and deposits have strong lithologic and structural controls associated with long (up to several kilometers), narrow (up to hundreds of meters) hydrothermal alteration zones with associated magnetic lows. The aeromagnetic data were processed using conventional geophysical methods of successive upward continuation simulating terrane clearance or 'flight height' from the original 30 m to an artificial 2000 m. The analyses show, as expected, that the predictive power of aeromagnetic data, as measured by the weights-of-evidence contrast, decreases with increasing flight height. Interestingly, the Moran autocorrelation of aeromagnetic data representing differing flight height, that is spatial scales, decreases with decreasing resolution of source data. The Moran autocorrelation coefficient scems to be another measure of the quality of the aeromagnetic data for predicting exploration targets. ?? Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007.
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Nausea and Vomiting—Adult
Pronounced: nah-zhuh and vah-meh-tingEn Español (Spanish Version)
Nausea is that uneasy feeling in the stomach that may make a person want to vomit. Vomiting is the act of throwing up stomach contents through the mouth.
Serious conditions that can cause nausea and vomiting include:
- Heart attack
- Kidney or liver disorders
- Nervous system disorders
- Brain disorders or brain tumor
- Appendicitis —inflammation of the appendix
- Migraine headache
- Intestinal obstruction
Other causes include:
Last reviewedDecember 2013by Peter Lucas, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. | <urn:uuid:a30f3232-9815-4d7e-907e-880e3128f8c7> | {
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1 Answer | Add Yours
John Donne's poem "Aire and Angels" points out the separation between physical love of this world and that which is heavenly. This is, in fact, one of the many themes in Donne's poem:
...love and the world of the flesh versus spirit worlds...
The speaker is aware of physical nature of the woman he is writing about. However, he notes that some women seem to be not of body, but of air.
"Then as an Angell, face, and wings..."—Angels who appeared to men did so by 'assuming' a body of thickened air, like mist...
In Nicole Smith's article, "Poem Analysis of 'Air and Angels' by John Donne : Summary of Themes and Meaning," the author notes the similarity of Donne's poetry to that of William Shakespeare. For example, love is seen as something that reaches beyond what can be understood by "human thought and comprehension," as it comes from heavenly realms.
For Donne, however, while the body may house the soul, it simply provides a resting place for love. The speaker's observations are not based simply on the transient nature of the flesh which ages over time, but looks to the purer form of spiritual love that transcends the weak and changeable form of the flesh. So the struggle in the poem is between physical love and spiritual love.
In Shakespeare's Sonnet 18, the speaker speaks of his love's beauty, more lovely than "a summer's day." However, he is mindful, too, that time will take its toll on this physical beauty:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May.
He is aware that as time passes, her beauty will fade, for it is temporary. The first two quatrains (four-line stanzas) make it clear that the speaker can spend his time praising her beauty, but that in time, it will pass. The shift of the tone of the sonnet comes at the beginning of the ninth line:
But thy eternal summer shall not fade...
The author does not worry about how time will dim her beauty and that Death will eventually take her life: he makes her immortal in the lines of his poem. He writes:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this and this gives life to thee.
Whereas Donne's poem concentrates on the lack of importance of physical beauty, looking more toward the spiritual while in the earthly realm, Shakespeare seems to look to the physical, but with a a realistic sense of the passing time: that the physical (as with Donne's poem) is not the most important thing, but that the essence of the person existed within—beneath the flesh. And more so, Shakespeare is more concerned, above all, in making this woman immortal through his words.
Donne's topics were different than Shakespeare's:
Donne is best known for his metaphysical poetry on topics as diverse as the joys of lovemaking and humanity's subservience to God.
...is the supreme interpreter of human relationships, the supreme percipient of human frailties and potentialities.
And while he was influenced by the "Christian neo-Platonism of his day," he did not concentrate on the spiritual as did Donne, but more on the here-and-now, while hoping by his writing to capture the essence of those he wrote about on paper, even after time had taken its toll.
We’ve answered 320,281 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:91d358d3-43b5-41c7-af07-89bfecc926d9> | {
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E-cigarettes are battery operated disposable or
rechargeable drug delivery devices. There are many
different types of e-cigarettes but most contain a
battery and atomizer that heat up a liquid into a
vapor that is inhaled. Most often the liquid
contains nicotine, flavor, and other chemicals.
Are E-Cigarettes Safe to Use?
- FDA testing
found that e-cigarettes can contain harmful
chemicals. They also found that the
e-cigarettes tested had varying levels of
nicotine, which is highly addictive, that did
not always match what the packaging said.
- E-cigarettes are currently unregulated, which means
there is no way of knowing how much nicotine or
other chemicals they contain. Based on this
information and no scientific studies demonstrating
they are safe to use, e-cigarettes are considered a
potential health risk.
- Very young children are at a
higher risk for accidental exposure to liquid
nicotine that may be contained in the cartridges.
Nicotine can be toxic if ingested. If an e-cigarette
cartridge is broken, it could poison a child or pet.
Like other toxics, e-cigarettes should be kept up
and away from young children. For more
information, visit the
Washington Poison Center website.
- Nicotine is a highly addictive
drug. Additionally the long term health
effects of inhaling quantities of liquid
nicotine are unknown.
Do E-Cigarettes Help You Stop Smoking?
E-Cigarettes are not medically approved cessation
devices, which means they are not recommended to
help you stop smoking. There are safe and effective
cessation options available. You can learn more
about medically approved cessation options at:
Youth and E-Cigarettes
One major concern about e-cigarettes is that they
are being marketed to young people. Recent research
shows the dramatic increase in the advertising to
young people on cable television. For more
*Office Journal of the
American Academy of Pediatrics
This is a concern because nicotine use of any
kind for teenagers is unsafe. It is a highly
drug and it effects brain development. You can
read how nicotine effects brain development in the
2014 US Surgeon General Report. For more
There are also concerns that using e-cigarettes
may lead young people to using other nicotine
products like hookah and cigarillos (flavored
cigars) which we know can lead to disease and
premature death. Over 90% of people who become
regular tobacco users start smoking before age 18.
We know from recent reports and local data that
youth are using e-cigarettes. A recent CDC report
||“More than a
quarter of a million youth who had never
smoked a cigarette used electronic
cigarettes in 2013.”
||"Youth who had never smoked
conventional cigarettes but who used
e-cigarettes were almost twice as likely
to have intentions to smoke conventional
cigarettes as those who had never used
Resources for Parents | <urn:uuid:df9826ae-40e8-4070-a820-9e7688f5d159> | {
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As our elected officials gain knowledge about the magnitude and consequences of abuse, neglect and exploitation, bills are introduced in Congress to strengthen the programs and services that help prevent, detect and intervene abuse of elders and people with disabilities.
Current Federal Elder Justice Laws
A Compendium of Statutory Authorities that Address the Prevention, Detection, or Treatment of Elder Abuse (PDF) (2010) by Congressional Research Service gives information about current federal laws that address elder abuse. At the request of the Senate Special Committee on Aging, the Congressional Research Service summarized information about provisions in federal law, including federal programs, grants, and other initiatives that address the prevention, detection, or treatment of elder abuse.
Elder Justice Act
Enacted as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) on March 23, 2010, the Elder Justice Act (EJA) was the first piece of federal legislation passed to authorize a specific source of federal funds to address elder abuse, neglect and exploitation.
Text of the Elder Justice Act (PDF), Subtitle H in Title VI of Public Act 111—148 PPACA:
- Establishes national leadership in the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services in the form of an Elder Justice Coordinating Counsel and an Advisory Board.
- Authorizes grants to support improvements to Adult Protective Services and Long-Term Care Ombudsman programs, and state survey agencies for Medicare- and Medicaid-certified long-term care facilities.
- Authorizes grants for the training for APS, Ombudsman, federal and state surveyors of nursing facilities.
- Authorizes grants for forensic centers to develop expertise on elder abuse, neglect and exploitation.
- Enhances long-term care staffing, data exchange in facilities, mandatory reporting of crimes against residents in federally-funded facilities, promulgation of guidelines to assist researchers, and authorizes a study on a national nurse aide registry.
At the time of posting, funding for the EJA has never been appropriated by Congress.
- NCEA Webcast October 26, 2010: “Elder Justice Act: What It Says, What It Means, And When Will It Be Implemented?” The Elder Justice Act, the first comprehensive federal legislation to address elder abuse, was signed into law by President Obama in March, 2010 as part of the health care reform act. This webcast will covers a brief history of the development of the Elder Justice Act; a section-by-section walk through of Act; and an explanation of the implementation process of the Act, including the difference between authorizations and appropriations, and a brief explanation of the anticipated timeframe for implementation. The webcast is presented by Bill Benson, the NAPSA National Policy Director and the Managing Principal in Health Benefits ABCs, an organization offering health and aging policy, educational, and strategic planning consulting services. Elder Justice Act Webcast Questions and Answers
- George Washington University’s National Health Policy Forum provides an overview of the EJA Provisions: “The Elder Justice Act: Addressing Elder Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation” (November 30, 2010)
- The Elder Justice Coalition, a national advocacy organization, provides a one-page synopsis of the EJA as signed into law in 2010: “Elder Justice Act Summary”
- The American Bar Association’s Commission on Law and Aging provides their position on the Elder Justice Act and their Chair Joseph D. O’Connor’s testimony on the EJA to the House Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security.
The Older Americans Act
- The Administration on Aging provides information about the Older Americans Act Reauthorization, targeted changes, and input received from stakeholders in 2016.
- Learn about the Older Americans Act-authorized Elder Rights Protection Programs.
- Unofficial Compilation of the Older Americans Act of 1965 as amended in 2006 (Title VII, Chapter 2, Sections 711/712)
- National Long-Term Care Ombudsman Resource Center (NORC) includes Older Americans Act provisions related to nursing homes and AoA programs related to Long-Term Care Ombudsman in their NORC Library | <urn:uuid:132e9fbf-e270-4bac-8aef-67142bef04a2> | {
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Infertility is a problem faced by men and women, and the causes of this problem are varied. The good news is that affordable and effective treatment is available today in order to address this problem. In women, the causes of infertility are usually ovarian problems and disorders, hormonal imbalances (especially progesterone), and diseases such as endometriosis. In the case of men, low sperm count, low sperm motility, injury, STD, sperm blockage as well as ageing cause infertility.
There are a number of drugs and methods of treatment that can handle all of the causes of infertility, with the exception of chronic diseases and ageing. It needs to be borne in mind that many types of treatment for infertility could have harmful side effects, and therefore this should be discussed in detail with a good andrologist and/ or gynaecologist in advance.
The most common treatments that are used for those who suffer from infertility include In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). In this, fertilization takes place outside the uterus in controlled conditions, and the zygote is then implanted into the uterus. While many people have benefitted by this method, it has been noted that there are various drawbacks, including poor health of the child that is born by this means.
Alternative therapies such as acupuncture have been used of late in order to stimulate the hormones in cases where infertility is caused due to hormonal imbalances. Alternative therapies, however, have not been proven to work for all causes of infertility.
Medical research has, of late, proved a link between diet and fertility. It is said that foods that contain caffeine, cocoa, carbon and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (which are found in certain types of lake fish) have undesired results on those who are trying to get pregnant. In fact, a study showed that by drinking just two cups of coffee, a woman could have problems in conception.
As time passes, there are an increasing number of options that are coming out for treatment of infertility. While some of these are workable, many are not time tested, and are therefore not necessarily safe.
Therefore, weigh your options well before going in for a particular type of treatment. Do some groundwork and go in for second and third opinions if necessary. This will ensure that the type of treatment you choose to address infertility will work, without any detrimental side effects. | <urn:uuid:89efdfe7-6207-4fa3-babe-243ed05f73d2> | {
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Date of this Version
Thirteen species of amphibians and 47 species of reptiles presently are known from Nebraska, including one species of lizard here reported for the first time. Although Nebraska has no obvious geographic barriers within its borders, most species (50) have range limits within the state. Fourteen species have essentially statewide distributions and 12 others occur widely over eastern Nebraska. With the exceptions of the two species of leopard frogs (one found over the northern half of Nebraska and the other over the southern half) and eight species of reptiles whose distributions are strongly influenced by the Sand Hills, the remaining species of the herpetofauna have distributions that only encroach on Nebraska's borders. Three species of western reptiles are found in the Nebraska Panhandle. Three species of southern Plains snakes occur in the southwestern corner of the state. One amphibian and three reptilian species, widespread in Kansas, occur along the southern fringe of Nebraska. The eastern influence is even greater in that 14 species occur only along the eastern border or have restricted distributions in southeastern Nebraska. The most poorly collected parts of the state are in eastern Nebraska, especially the northeastern quarter of the state. Limited evidence suggests that several species of reptiles have become much rarer or have experienced restrictions of distributions over the past 20 to 30 years. | <urn:uuid:75a12e75-4072-4b43-9adc-209f5ba7cae8> | {
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Washington, April 7, 2009 (PAHO) - Hospitals and other health facilities should be built to withstand the impact of natural disasters and should continue providing essential health services during and after emergencies, public health experts said today during a celebration of World Health Day at the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO).
From the left: Rear Admiral W. Craig Vanderwagen, Milagros Kennett, Chris Van Gorder, Dr. Mirta Roses, Jean-Luc Poncelet, Dr. Ruth Berggren, Dr. Joseph Reum. (Photo by David Spitz/PAHO)
Saving lives and caring for the injured are the main priorities following any disaster, yet these critical functions depend largely on hospitals and health facilities that too often are crippled by disasters, experts said during a panel discussion.
In yesterday's earthquake in central Italy, for example, parts of the main hospital in L'Aquila had to be evacuated, according to press reports. Following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, 17 of 20 New Orleans hospitals were rendered inoperable due to flooding. In the 1985 earthquake in Mexico City, an entire wing of Juarez Hospital collapsed, killing 561 patients, doctors, and nurses.
"Ironically as well as tragically, many of those health professionals were among the best prepared to respond to mass casualties," said PAHO Director Roses. "Yet no amount of preparedness could compensate for a hospital that was simply unsafe."
She noted that in Latin America and the Caribbean, more than half of all hospitals are located in areas that are at high risk of natural disasters.
In Geneva today, the World Health Organization (WHO) called on its member countries to undertake six core actions to make their health facilities safe during emergencies:
1. Assess the safety of hospitals
2. Protect and train health workers for emergencies
3. Plan for emergency response
4. Design and build resilient hospitals
5. Adopt national policies and programmes for safe hospitals
6. Protect equipment, medicines, and supplies.
PAHO has developed a Hospital Safety Index that is being used by a number of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to assess the level of safety of their hospitals and health facilities, and to determine what steps are needed to improve their safety. Preliminary results indicate that nonstructural elements-architectural features and equipment, for example-contribute more to vulnerability than structural factors.
One of the most important lessons from Katrina was that generators and other critical utilities should not be located on the lower floors of health facilities, where they are most vulnerable to floodwaters, noted Milagros Kennett, staff architect of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Building Science Branch.
She added that by the end of this decade, the United States will need to spend some $20 billion per year to replace, upgrade, or rebuild hospitals and health facilities.
Training of health workers is also a critical part of hospital preparedness, said Dr. Ruth Berggren, director of the Center for Medical Humanities and Ethics at the University of Texas Health Science Center. Berggren was a doctor on duty at Charity Hospital when Katrina struck in 2005 and had to care for patients for six days without electric power before being evacuated. Many doctors and other staff failed to report for duty before the hurricane, making the work of those who did much more difficult, according to Berggren. She said that personal preparedness training for health workers, including training in professional ethics, should be a central part of overall hospital preparedness.
Public-private collaboration in disaster preparedness is also critical, said Chris Van Gorder, president and CEO of Scripps Health, which operates five acute-care hospital centers in California. "Hospitals need to be part of local preparedness plans. We have to collaborate with local, state, and federal agencies, and for that to happen, we need to plan and practice in advance."
Participants said that in addition to providing vital health services, hospitals have an important symbolic function, which is especially important for community recovery following disasters.
"Hospitals are a critical part of a community's resilience," said Rear Admiral W. Craig Vanderwagen, U.S. assistant secretary for preparedness and response. "These facilities' ability to remain standing becomes central to a community's sense of its own ability to recover."
World Health Day is celebrated every April 7 to commemorate the founding of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948.
PAHO, founded in 1902, works with all the countries of the Americas to improve the health and quality of life of their peoples. It also serves as the Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization (WHO).
Links of Interest:
- World Health Day 2009 website
- New PAHO Tool Measures Hospital Safety - (PAHO Today)
- How to get involved | <urn:uuid:544a17b8-9e5d-4052-9112-af2cd14d4dd1> | {
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modified by Jessica Haapkyla 2014-02-05
Your team will:
1. Research the biology and geographic distribution of reef-building corals
2. Research why coral reefs are important and what threatens them
3. Research the diseases of reef-building corals
4. Research sustainable management of coral diseases and coral reefs
5. Develop a plan to study the effect of one method of reversing coral reef loss
6. Create a presentation to secure funding for your study
Divide the tasks 1 though 4 among your group members so that each person has one research task. Work together to complete tasks 5 and 6.
Task 1. The Biology and Geographic Distribution of Reef-Building Corals
1. Where are coral reefs found?
Coral reefs are found in tropical and subtropical waters between latitudes 30°N and 30°S. To visualize the geographic distribution of coral reefs please go to the OBIS and UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre’s (GCMC) web sites. Use the information at these sites to explain how geography may be affecting the survival of coral species. To search for coral data on the OBIS web site, open the url http://www.iobis.org/mapper/ add the Order “Scleractinia” (i.e. corals) in the “taxa” area of the search criteria box. You need to limit the latitude and longitude to 30°N and 30°S (use the region criteria to enter a box 30N, 180 E, -30 S, -180W ), and the limit the sample depth to 100 m (use the oceanography criteria with sample depth from 0 to 100m) . A following video link also demonstrates how to search for data on the OBIS web site http://vimeo.com/66901394.
2. What kind of animals are corals? Corals are tiny animals (polyps) that may form huge colonies. Microscopic phytoplankton, zooxanthellae, that live within the coral polyp give them nutrition and their color. Explore more on the at NOAA web site.
Task 2. Why are coral reefs important and what threatens them
Why are coral reefs important to humans?
Humans may not eat coral, but humans depend on coral reefs in many ways. For instance, reefs provide millions of people with food, protect the coastline from storms and are an important source of income for local economies often situated in developing countries. Find out more about the importance of coral reefs at and at Reef Relief’s web sites.
2. What threatens coral reefs?
Today the world’s coral reefs are severely threatened by human activities. Climate change and ocean acidification are the biggest challenges faced by coral reefs. The whole existence of coral reefs as they are today is on stake. Find out more detailed information about ocean acidification, rising sea temperatures and other threats at NOAA and at the Coral Reef Alliance web site.
Task 3. Diseases of Reef-Building Corals
1. What is coral disease?
A disease is defined as an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs organism functions, associated with specific signs and symptoms (adapted from Dorland, 1982). The color of a diseased coral has often changed or the coral manifests skeletal damage and/or tissue loss.
2.What diseases threaten reef-building corals?
There are over 30 coral diseases found in the world. The Caribbean and the Indo-Pacific have some common diseases. For an overview of 27 global coral diseases, use the UNEP (GCMC) Global Coral Disease Database.
This site also provides links to field guides that help in identifying and monitoring coral diseases.
3. What causes disease?
Diseases can be caused by biotic stressors such as bacteria, fungi and viruses or by abiotic stressors such as elevated seawater temperature, nutrient enrichment and increased sedimentation. These factors can also act together in a synergistic way leading to disease. However, the mechanism of coral death due to disease is not well understood.
Read more about coral diseases and their causes at NOAA web site and at the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) web site. Learn more about why it is important to understand microbial pathogens. Lean more on how environmental stressors such as nutrient enrichment and algal overgrowth may cause coral disease.
Task 4. Sustainable Management Methods
What are some possible sustainable management methods for coral disease?
The impact that coral diseases can have on the reef environment highlight an urgent need to develop proper management tools for coral diseases. This is not an easy task due to the nature of coral diseases compared to terrestrial diseases.
Read more about coral disease management issues and what has been tried to control disease outbreaks.
2. What are some possible sustainable management methods for increasing reef health?
Promoting a healthy reef environment is the key to managing coral disease. In Australia, management of coral disease on the Great Barrier Reef is done through increasing the resilience of the reef. Find out what is being done on the U.S. coral reefs to mitigate coral reef loss due to pollution and coral disease. Choose one management method from the list on NOAA activities on the right hand side as the focus of your research project design.
Task 5. The Plan
Since you are a team of research scientists, your plan will need the following parts:
1. - State the question that your research project will answer.
2. - Provide information that someone would need to know in order to understand your plan. Be sure to cite sources of information. This is the place to put information about coral reef biology, geographic distribution, human dependence on coral reefs, and sustainable management methods.
3. - A statement that describes the expected outcome of your project.
4. - What you will need to conduct your research or implement your project and why these are essential.
5. List the steps you would take to conduct your research.
6. - Link this to coral reef survival and sustainability. Show a cause and effect relationship.
Task 6. The Presentation
Now it's time to sell your plan. There's only so much money to go around. Will your presentation convince the foundation to fund your research? Your presentation should include all the elements of your team's plan. Use visual aids such as maps, pictures, charts, tables, and/or an outline of key points. The presentation may be done with the use of a computer-based presentation program or overhead transparencies. Each person should be responsible for presenting at least one part of the plan.
Photo credits: Mike Flavell | <urn:uuid:630dced5-201e-4552-aada-39d6acc99488> | {
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A Canadian researcher says ultraviolet light can zap harmful microbes to prevent headaches, sore throats, itchy eyes and other symptoms that might be attributed to allergies in office workers.
The glass and steel facades of modern buildings seem impenetrable. Windows are sealed shut to keep heating and cooling costs down, but the conditions can lead to "sick building syndrome."
Dr. Dick Menzies of the Montreal Chest Institute wanted to see if office worker ailments could be improved using ultraviolet light to kill bacteria and mold.
His team installed UV lights in the ventilation systems of three buildings in downtown Montreal. The lamps were aimed at the cooling coils and drip pans in ventilation systems, where the germs collect.
It's estimated more than two-thirds of North Americans work in air-conditioned buildings.
"What we're trying to do is exactly what the sun does. You never see bacteria or mould growing in sunlight," said Stuart Engel, president of the Montreal company that makes the filters
Over a year, 771 employees filled out questionnaires about their sick building syndrome complaints.
"Overall, there was about a 20-per-cent reduction in symptoms, particularly in symptoms that might be attributed to allergy, for example nose irritation, congestion, itchy watery eyes, sore throat," said Menzies.
He notes the reduction was small since the air inside offices still had a high microbial count because humans themselves carry germs. Diseases also spread through personal contact and on transit.
Ultraviolet cleansing may not be a cure-all for indoor bacteria, but the study suggests it goes a long way toward helping office workers breathe easier.
- MORE NEWS from:CBC Montreal
More research is needed to confirm its effectiveness before building owners start to think about installing the systems. Engel said the filters will cost about $50,000 for a large building. | <urn:uuid:8ce6c555-daab-4edb-a82d-5537db90c6e1> | {
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Vomiting in Dogs (cont.)
Home Treatment of Vomiting
If there is any question about the cause or seriousness of the vomiting, seek veterinary help. Vomiting dogs can rapidly become dehydrated as they lose body fluids and electrolytes. Home treatment is appropriate only for normal, healthy adult dogs who show no signs other than vomiting. Puppies, dogs with preexisting health conditions, and old dogs are less able to tolerate dehydration and should be treated by a veterinarian.
An important initial step is to rest the stomach by withholding food and water for a minimum of 12 hours. If the vomiting stops with stomach rest, the dog can be permitted to lick a few ice chips every three to four hours. If the vomiting has stopped, offer 1/4 to 1/2 cup of water (63 to 125 ml), depending on the size of the dog, every two to three hours. A pediatric electrolyte solution can be given in small amounts, in addition to the water. After 12 hours with no vomiting, start the dog on a bland diet.
Stop all food and water and obtain immediate veterinary assistance when:
This article is excerpted from “Dog Owner’s Home Veterinary Handbook” with permission from Wiley Publishing, Inc.
Copyright © 2007 by Howell Book House. All rights reserved.
- Allergic Skin Disorders
- Bacterial Skin Diseases
- Bites and Infestations
- Diseases of Pigment
- Fungal Skin Diseases
- Medical Anatomy and Illustrations
- Noncancerous, Precancerous & Cancerous Tumors
- Oral Health Conditions
- Papules, Scales, Plaques and Eruptions
- Scalp, Hair and Nails
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
- Vascular, Lymphatic and Systemic Conditions
- Viral Skin Diseases
- Additional Skin Conditions | <urn:uuid:d38cc5d8-bb77-4d1f-8b65-9c95769e33bd> | {
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Geologist Martin Kennedy and his colleagues from the University of California, Riverside realized that clay minerals in marine sediments are responsible for trapping the organic carbon that would otherwise bond with highly reactive oxygen. Today such clay minerals form in soil when organisms such as microbes or fungi interact with tiny bits of weathered rock. The resultant clay then washes down to the sea and settles on the bottom, where the clay's chemical properties actively attract organic carbon and then absorb it, much like kitty litter. The scientists reasoned that this so-called clay mineral factory might have produced the sharp rise in oxygen availability that preceded the flowering of complex life forms.
"We predicted we would only find a significant percentage of clay minerals in sediments toward the end of the Precambrian, when complex life arose, while earlier sediments would have less clay content," Kennedy explains. "Because clay minerals make up the bulk of sediment deposited today, we are saying that it should be largely absent in ancient rocks."
The scientists turned to one of the world's oldest outcroppings of ancient sedimentary rock, located in Australia. The oldest layers from around 850 million years ago are largely composed of silt, or rock bits that have undergone little chemical reaction. Around 600 million years ago, however, clay makes its appearance in this rock record. Outcroppings in China and Norway confirmed the rough chronology.
Other data sources also nearly match. For example, rock records of an isotope of strontium--87Sr--seem to show an increase in so-called chemical weathering, or weathering that is not simply the result of rain or other natural but not life-related processes. "Exactly when the terrestrial surface gets covered by some kind of organism, probably single cell, is not really well understood," Kennedy notes. "That's what our study is addressing."
In other words, microbes and possibly even fungi colonized the surface of the earth at this point in time, leading to the beginnings of a soil system that still functions today. One of the byproducts of that soil system was clay, which eroded down to the sea, trapped organic carbon and thus freed oxygen to percolate into the atmosphere. "The resulting six-fold increase in oxygen would have significantly influenced biogeochemical cycling of [oxidation] sensitive elements such as [iron] and [sulfur] and ultimately increased the oxygen concentration of the atmosphere," the team writes in a paper published online today by the journal Science. "The evolutionary innovation and expansion of land biota could permanently increase [chemical] weathering intensity and [clay] formation, establishing a new level of organic carbon burial and oxygen accumulation." | <urn:uuid:8e4223cc-849f-4df9-baf2-b453949b8804> | {
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Adaptive Interventions for Minimally Verbal Children With ASD in the Community (AIM-ASD)
Adaptive Interventions for Minimally Verbal Children with ASD in the Community, seeks support to construct an adaptive intervention that utilizes two efficacious interventions (JASP-EMT and CORE- DTT) that have shown promise for optimizing the number of unique socially communicative and spontaneously spoken words in minimally verbal children with ASD. The study utilizes a novel sequential multiple assignment-randomized trial to evaluate and construct an optimal adaptive intervention. A total of 192 minimally verbal school aged children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (aged 5 to 8 years of age) will participate across four sites, University of California Los Angeles, University of Rochester, Vanderbilt University and Weill Cornell Medical Center with methodological and statistical support from University of Michigan.
|Study Design:||Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single Blind (Outcomes Assessor)
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:||Adaptive Interventions for Minimally Verbal Children With ASD in the Community|
- Primary Outcome 1: Language Sample [ Time Frame: Follow-Up; 8 months on average ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]To determine which intervention for minimally verbal children (JASP-EMT vs. CORE-DTT) produces greater increases in socially communicative spontaneous utterances (SCU; primary outcome).
- Secondary Aim 1: Joint Engagement [ Time Frame: Follow-Up; 8 months on average ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]To determine which intervention for minimally verbal children (JASP-EMT vs. CORE-DTT) produces greater increases in symbol-infused joint engagement.
- Secondary Outcome 2: Number of Unique Words (Vocabulary) [ Time Frame: Follow-Up; 8 months on average ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]To determine which intervention for minimally verbal children (JASP-EMT vs. CORE-DTT) produces greater increases in number of unique words.
- Secondary Outcome 3: Object Play [ Time Frame: Follow-Up; 8 months on average ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]To determine which intervention for minimally verbal children (JASP-EMT vs. CORE-DTT) produces greater increases in object play level.
- Parent Training [ Time Frame: Follow-Up; 8 months on average ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]To determine whether adding a parent training component provides additional benefit among participants who demonstrate a positive early response to either JASP-EMT or CORE-DTT.
- Treatment Effects [ Time Frame: Follow-Up; 8 months on average ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]To compare and contrast four pre-specified adaptive interventions in terms of primary and secondary outcomes.
- Moderators [ Time Frame: Follow-Up; 8 months on average ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]To determine whether (a) baseline repetitive behavior, (b) baseline object interest, and (c) parent expectations for the specific intervention moderate intervention outcomes.
|Study Start Date:||January 2013|
|Estimated Study Completion Date:||January 2018|
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:||January 2018 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)|
Active Comparator: JASP-EMT
JASP-EMT (Joint Attention, Symbolic Play and Enhanced Milieu Teaching) focuses on creating a context for joint engagement within naturally occurring child-led play routines. There is evidence of the effects of these interventions with children with ASD, and pilot data showing effects with minimally verbal children.
JASP-EMT is a developmentally anchored behavioral intervention that assumes that communication develops from social interactions in which specific social engagement strategies, symbolic representations, and early communication forms are modeled and naturally reinforced by adult partner responses to the child. The goal of JASP-EMT is to increase (a) joint engagement, (b) initiating joint attention gestures, (c) social play involving objects and persons, and (d) verbal and nonverbal communication by facilitating meaningful social interactions. The social interaction foundation of JASP-EMT is critical. Modeling and expansions of communicative behaviors and play are used strategically within meaningful social interactions with therapists and caregivers.
Active Comparator: DTT
CORE-DTT (discrete trial training for core features of ASD) emphasizes didactic adult-led instruction and is considered the current evidenced-based 'standard of care' for children with autism (NRC, 2001).
CORE-DTT is based on behavioral learning theory in which communication and related skills are taught through systematic direct instruction. The goal of CORE-DTT is to help children be successful in learning communication skills by breaking these skills down into small steps, providing systematic direct instruction on each step, and reinforcing children (e.g., with praise or access to preferred items) for demonstrating skills. Imitation and attention skills are a main focus early in intervention. DTT is the most common evidence-based approach for teaching children with ASD, and is often considered the closest to a 'standard of practice' for the field.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01751698
|Contact: Connie Kasari, PhD||(310) [email protected]|
|Contact: Stephanie Y Shire, PhD||(310) [email protected]|
|United States, California|
|University of California, Los Angeles||Recruiting|
|Los Angeles, California, United States, 90024|
|Contact: Connie Kasari, PhD 310-825-8342 [email protected]|
|Contact: Stephanie Y Shire, PhD (310) 825-6189 [email protected]|
|Principal Investigator: Connie Kasari, PhD|
|United States, New York|
|University of Rochester||Recruiting|
|Rochester, New York, United States, 14642|
|Contact: Tristram Smith, PhD [email protected]|
|Principal Investigator: Tristram Smith, PhD|
|Weill Cornell Medical College||Recruiting|
|White Plains, New York, United States, 10605|
|Contact: Catherine Lord, PhD [email protected]|
|Principal Investigator: Catherine Lord, PhD|
|United States, Tennessee|
|Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37203|
|Contact: Ann Kaiser, PhD [email protected]|
|Principal Investigator: Ann Kaiser, PhD|
|Principal Investigator:||Connie Kasari, PhD||University of California, Los Angeles|
|Principal Investigator:||Ann Kaiser, PhD||Vanderbilt University|
|Principal Investigator:||Tristram Smith, PhD||University of Rochester|
|Principal Investigator:||Catherine Lord, PhD||Weill Medical College of Cornell University| | <urn:uuid:3d6a490d-df6d-446b-ba09-b9a5312cfa61> | {
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Migraines are experienced by many people all around the world, but little do we know what causes these migraines and how to avoid them. If you suffer from migraine, then you might have come across the term “ocular migraine”. This term can actually be misleading because it is used for multiple situations. Depending on the severity of the problem, the eye specialist can easily assess which kind of ocular migraine the patient suffering is from.
Types of Ocular Migraines
The type of Ocular migraine which affects your eye vision is called the “Migraine aura”. Symptoms like numbness in eyes and hazy visions could point towards this situation. The patient also sometimes experience the accompanying headache with this kind of migraine. This situation is more prevalent than the other kind of ocular migraine, which is considered to be grave and severe. Migraine aura is referred as a common problem and it is also not very long lasting. The symptoms of migraine aura include blind spots, viewing zigzag patterns and seeing stars. The patient might find it hard to focus on book reading or doing normal daily life activities. Patients experience various short periods of diminished vision in retinal migraine. Some patients have also reported seeing shimmering lights and psychedelic images during this migraine.
The term aura is also used to describe that tingly feeling in your hands and that particular period in which the patients suffer from various migraine symptoms before the migraine sets in. This is called “migraine aura” and it happens around 10 to 30 minutes before the migraine pain starts. The symptoms associated with this aura are:
- Numbness in face and hands
- Disrupted senses like not being able to feel touch, not being able to distinguish between taste of foods, and not being able to smell
- Feeling mentally hazy
- Seeing shimmering spots, flashes or zig-zag lines
It has been reported that around one out of five people suffering from migraine also suffer from the accompanying auras.
Ocular migraines may also refer to eye-related migraines that come with visual disturbances that may or may not come with a headache pain. These are known as ophthalmic migraines. Ocular migraines can include some or all of the aura symptoms listed above. Ocular migraines are typically the result of migraine activity in the visual cortex of the brain.
However, migraine auras are not considered the kind of ocular migraine you should worry about. The patient might occasionally experience flashes of light in front of their eyes.
In contrast to migraine aura, the medical situation called “retinal migraine.” Is considered to be a rare problem. It is considered to be associated with temporary blindness of one eye and therefore is taken very seriously. A person might experience different symptoms like headache along with the loss of vision in one eye.
One way to distinguish between migraine aura and retinal migraine is to see whether your both eyes are getting affected or not. Retinal migraine affects either right or left eye, but not both the eyes of the patient. Retinal migraine is considered as a very serious situation by eye specialists, therefore, make sure to consult an eye specialist as soon as possible if you’re experiencing this type of ocular migraine.
Causes of Ocular Migraine
There are various causes of ocular migraine and it can be triggered by a variety of stimulus. Some of them are stated below. If you suffer from ocular migraine then you must take precaution and try to avoid:
- loud sounds
- sharp lights
- brightly lit areas
- strong smells
Family History and Genetics Role
In addition to these common triggers of ocular migraine, having a family history of ocular migraine is also a reason for having this issue. This greatly makes you susceptible to having this type of migraine.
Level of Hormones in your body
Apart from these factors, according to the recent studies, the ocular Migraine can also be caused due to fluctuations in the levels of the hormone estrogen in our body. This kind of migraine has been known to cause visual disturbance and it depends whether or not a patient suffers from other classic symptoms of migraine e.g. the headache.
Other Factors Contributing to Ocular Migraine
- Consuming different alcoholic beverages like red wine has been known to be linked with ocular migraine.
- Drinking coffee in huge amounts or completely if devoid your diet from caffeine, it can also tend to increase the chance of ocular migraine.
- Amount of nitrates in your daily diet.
- Consuming foods with monosodium glutamate (MSG) in it like different spices, noodles etc.
- Consuming diet which has tyramine in it like old cheese, sausages, soy products, beans etc.
- Eating foods which contain harmful amounts of artificial sweeteners.
- Having an unhealthy lifestyle also contributes to ocular migraine. You should try to regulate your daily sleep cycle. Sleeping early and rising up early abates the risks of having ocular migraine.
Therefore, after analyzing various contributing factors of this type of migraine, it is pretty obvious that it can be avoided and controlled if the patient manages to keep an account of his diet as well as sleep cycle. Moreover, you should keep a record of the triggers which worsen your migraine. Noting down the factors and maintaining a record can help you avoid this type of migraine. Keeping a daily journal regarding your diet, sleep, exercise and menstruation can help you tackled with this problem.
Migraines are no doubt very agonizing and annoying as they hinder you from your daily life activities. They can even contribute to your mood swings and depression. Therefore, the key towards leading a migraine-free life is to assess your lifestyle and regulating it in order to adopt a healthy living. Migraines can be avoided with little tips and tricks, and researching about your migraine can do you a lot of benefits than you think!
If you have any questions or you want to share your experience, please leave your comment below. | <urn:uuid:ffe980f5-fb19-4ced-bf2b-fd3d5b993740> | {
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Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Philosophy Index: Aesthetics · Epistemology · Ethics · Logic · Metaphysics · Consciousness · Philosophy of Language · Philosophy of Mind · Philosophy of Science · Social and Political philosophy · Philosophies · Philosophers · List of lists
Postmodern psychology is an approach to psychology that questions whether an ultimate or singular version of truth is actually possible within its field.
Postmodern psychology relies on using a range of different methodologies rather than a singular approach, to embrace the complexity of reality and avoid oversimplification. Post-modernism challenges a systematic, analytical approach to the understanding of the human psyche, as inherently flawed by the impossibility of taking a detached, 'objective' position; and favours instead a transmutable position which may maintain the possibility of taking conceptual hold of a self that is itself decentered.
Some would maintain that the very project of a postmodern psychology is self-contradictory, in the wake of the deconstruction of the unified self - the fading or aphanisis of the subject that psychology is traditionally supposed to investigate.
Tetrad and transmodernEdit
Paul Vitz refers to yet a further development, that of "transmodern" psychology, as a "new mentality that both transcends and transforms modernity ... (where) psychology would be the handmaid of philosophy and theology, as from the beginning it was meant to be" - aspiring to cure mental problems through integrated intervention into the human mind and body combined.
- ↑ S. Kvale ed., Psychology and Postmodernism (1992) p. 40
- ↑ L. Holtzman/J. R. Moss eds., Postmodern Psychologies, Societal Practice and Political Life (2000) p. 179
- ↑ J. Childers/G. Hentzi eds., The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism (1995) p. 71-2
- ↑ Kvale, p. 201
- ↑ G. Gutting ed., The Cambridge Companion to Foucault (2007) p. 340
- ↑ Jacques Lacan, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis (1994) p. 207-8
- ↑ The Tryptic Tetrad
- ↑ Paul C. Vitz, "Psychology in Recover," First Things(March 2005)
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Hinsley, S.A., Hill, R.A., Bellamy, P. E., Broughton, R.K., Harrison, N.M., MacKenzie, J.A., Speakman, J.R. and Ferns, P.N., 2009. Do Highly Modified Landscapes Favour Generalists at the Expense of Specialists? The Example of Woodland Birds. Landscape Research, 34 (5), pp. 509-526.
This is the latest version of this eprint.
Full text not available from this repository.
Demands on land use in heavily populated landscapes create mosaic structures where semi-natural habitat patches are generally small and dominated by edges. Small patches are also more exposed and thus more vulnerable to adverse weather and potential effects of climate change. These conditions may be less problematic for generalist species than for specialists. Using insectivorous woodland birds (great tits and blue tits) as an example, we demonstrate that even generalists suffer reduced breeding success (in particular, rearing fewer and poorer-quality young) and increased parental costs (daily energy expenditure) when living in such highly modified secondary habitats (small woods, parks, farmland). Within-habitat heterogeneity (using the example of Monks Wood NNR) is generally associated with greater species diversity, but to benefit from heterogeneity at a landscape scale may require both high mobility and the ability to thrive in small habitat patches. Modern landscapes, dominated by small, modified and scattered habitat patches, may fail to provide specialists, especially sedentary ones, with access to sufficient quantity and quality of resources, while simultaneously increasing the potential for competition from generalists.
|Subjects:||Geography and Environmental Studies|
Science > Biology and Botany
|Group:||School of Applied Sciences > Centre for Conservation, Ecology and Environmental Change|
|Deposited By:||Dr Ross Hill|
|Deposited On:||01 Nov 2009 12:25|
|Last Modified:||07 Mar 2013 15:17|
Available Versions of this Item
- Do Highly Modified Landscapes Favour Generalists at the Expense of Specialists? The Example of Woodland Birds. (deposited 21 Nov 2008 20:00)
- Do Highly Modified Landscapes Favour Generalists at the Expense of Specialists? The Example of Woodland Birds. (deposited 01 Nov 2009 12:25) [Currently Displayed]
|Repository Staff Only -|
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The Mayan culture, beginning in Central America hundreds of years before the birth of Christ, became the first highly developed civilization in the Western Hemisphere. The Maya, as early as 600 BC, had developed a sophisticated calendar, a system of picture writing, a style of architecture, sculpture and metalwork, as well as a highly organized government. Without question, the Maya greatly influenced the later development of Latin America.
The Mayan civilization was the height of Pre-Columbian culture. They made significant discoveries in science, including the use of the zero in mathematics. Their writing was the only in America capable of expressing all types of thought.
Visit http://sadighgalleryprecolumbian.moonfruit.com for more Pre-Columbian artifacts from our collection. | <urn:uuid:70f7d361-9a01-47aa-9d55-51af3c3ddfcd> | {
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If a tooth has been broken or damaged by decay, the dentist tries to fix it with a filling, crown or other dental treatment. But when there is too much damage for the tooth to be repaired, the tooth may need to be extracted — or removed — from its socket in the bone. A very loose tooth also will require extraction if it can't be saved, even with bone replacement surgery.
TOOTH REMOVAL PROCEDURES-
SIMPLE EXTRACTION- This procedure is on a tooth that can be seen in the mouth. For a simple extraction, the dentist loosens the tooth with an instrument called an elevator. Then the dentist uses forceps to remove the tooth.
SURGICAL EXTRACTION- This is a more complex procedure, which is used if a tooth may have broken off at the gum line or has not erupted in the mouth. The oral surgeon will make a small incision into the gum to surgically remove the broken tooth or impacted wisdom tooth.
REASONS FOR TOOTH EXTRACTION-
Some people have an extra tooth that blocks other teeth to come in.
People getting braces may need teeth extracted to create space for the teeth that are being moved into place.
People receiving radiation to the head and neck may need to have teeth in the field of radiation extracted.
Having a tooth taken out is surgery. You can expect some pain after even simple extractions. Usually it is mild but research has shown that taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can greatly decrease pain after a tooth extraction. These drugs include ibuprofen, such as Advil, Motrin and others. Taking the dose according to the recommendation of doctor, 3 to 4 times a day.
You can consult doctors online for Tooth Extraction from anywhere, anytime at Lybrate. View consultation fee, reviews and patient feedback before consulting. Find best doctors in Adharpura, Airport Harni Main Road, Ajawa Waghodia Ring Road, Ajwa Road, Akota, Akota Road and in any other locality in Vadodara. | <urn:uuid:d7b73cd2-f6ec-4b96-9555-b333512cd4b2> | {
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What are the functions of support agencies in small and medium scale industrial development in Nigeria?
Some supportive agencies are established by the government at all levels to facilitate the promotion of entrepreneurship in Nigeria. These agencies are established to cope with the dynamics of the economy at a particular time. Their basic functions can be discussed under these roles.
The agencies in this category aid in providing goods and services which are best produced by the government. They provide goods and services that are highly subsidized or goods produced below the average cost. The services provided by these agencies are essentially to encourage entrepreneurship. Examples are FERMA, Federal Road Maintenance Agency, public corporations such as PHCN, NEMA, FAAN etc.
These are agencies established for regulating business. They are involved in inspection of facilities, laboratory test of products, approval of facilities and product etc. They include the following:
- Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON)
- National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC).
- National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA).
- Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA)
- State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA).
Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON)
The statutory functions of Standards Organisation of Nigeria by section 3, subsections (1) of 1971 Act No. 56 are as follows:
(a) To organize test and do everything necessary to ensure compliance with standards designated and approved by the Council;
(b) To undertake investigations as necessary into the quality of facilities, materials and products in Nigeria, and establish a quality assurance system including certification of factories, products and laboratories;
(c) To ensure reference standards for calibration and verification of measures and measuring instrument.
(d) To compile an inventory of products requiring standardization;
(e) To compile Nigeria Industrial Standards;
(f) To foster interest in the recommendation and maintenance of acceptable standards by industry and the general public;
(g) To develop method for testing of materials, supplies and equipment including items purchased for use of departments Government of the Federation or State and Private establishment;
(h) Register and regulate standard marks and specification;
(i) To undertake preparation and distribution of standard samples;
(j) To establish and maintain such number of Laboratories or other institutions as may be necessary for the performance of its functions under this Act;
(k) To compile and publish general scientific or other data:
(i) Resulting from performance of its function under this Act, or
(ii) From other sources when such data are of importance to scientific or manufacturing interest or to the general public and are not available
(l) To advise departments of government of the Federation or state on specific problems relating to standards;
(m) To sponsor such national and International conferences as it may consider appropriate;
(n) To co-ordinate all activities relative to its functions throughout Nigeria and to co-operate with corresponding national or international organizations in such fields of activity as it considers necessary with a view to securing uniformity in standards specifications and
(o) To undertake any other activity likely to assist in the performance of the functions imposed on it under this Act;
(p) Organisation shall undertake such research as may be necessary for the performance of its functions under this Act. And for that purpose it shall have power to make use of research facilities, whether public or private upon such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon between the organization and the institution concerned.
National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control
Functions of the Agency The Agency shall have the following functions, that is, to—
(a) regulate and control the importation, exportation, manufacture, advertisement, distribution, sale and use of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals;
(b) conduct appropriate tests and ensure compliance with standard specifications designated and approved by the Council for the effective control of the quality of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals and their raw materials as well as their production processes in factories and other establishments;
(c) undertake appropriate investigations into the production premises and raw materials for food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals and establish relevant quality assurance systems, including certificates of the production sites and of the regulated products;
(d) undertake inspection of imported food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals and establish relevant quality assurance systems, including certification of the production sites and of the regulated products;
(e) compile standard specifications and guidelines for the production, importation, exportation, sale and distribution of food, drug, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals;
(f) undertake the registration of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals;
(g) control the exportation and issue quality certification of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals intended for export;
(h) establish and maintain relevant laboratories or other institutions in strategic areas of Nigeria as may be necessary for the performance of its functions under this Act;
(i) pronounce on the quality and safety of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals after appropriate analysis;
(j) undertake measures to ensure that the use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances are limited to medical and scientific purposes;
(k) grant authorisation for the import and export of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances as well as other controlled substances;
(l) collaborate with the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency in measures to eradicate drug abuse in Nigeria;
(m) advise Federal, State and local governments, the private sector and other interested bodies regarding the quality, safety, and regulatory provisions on food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals;
(n) undertake and co-ordinate research programmes on the storage, adulteration, distribution and rational use of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals;
(o) issue guidelines on, approve and monitor the advertisement of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals;
(p) compile and publish relevant data resulting from the performance of the functions of the Agency under this Act or from other sources;
(q) sponsor such national and international conferences as it may consider appropriate;
(r) liaise with relevant establishments within and outside Nigeria in pursuance of the functions of the Agency;
(s) Determine the suitability or otherwise of medicines, drugs, food products, cosmetics, medical devices or chemicals for human and animal use; and [1999 No. 19.]
(t) Carry out such activities as are necessary or expedient for the performance of its functions under this Act.
These are agencies set up to facilitate the establishment and successful existence of small scale industries. They are saddled with the responsibility of ensuring conducive environment for SMEs. Their function may include specialized fund for SMEs or otherwise. In this category we have such institutions as:
- The Industrial Training Fund (ITF)
- Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi (FIIRO)
- Bank of Industry (BOI)
- The Industrial Development Centre (IDC)
- Universities and Polytechnics
- Nigerian Export Promotion Council (NEPC)
- The National Directorate of Employment (NDE)
- National Poverty Eradication Programme. (NAPEP)
- Small and Medium Enterprise Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN)
Nigerian Export Promotion Council (NEPC)
The statutory roles of the Nigerian Export promotion Council are:
- To promote the development and diversification of Nigerian’s export trade.
- To assist in promoting the development of export related industries in Nigeria.
- To spearhead the creation of appropriate export incentives.
- To actively articulate and promote the implementation of export polices and programs of the Nigerian Government.
- Trade Information Service
- Products and Market Development
- Administration of export and Incentives
- Human Resources Training and Development on exports
- Coordination and co-operation with multi-lateral Institution: such as International Trade Center (ITC), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Bank etc.
In addition, other activities of the Council include:
- Working closely with foreign missions in Nigeria and this resulted in getting training programmes and sponsorship of the staff of the Council.
- Market research /survey to establish demand and protocol.
- Receiving and responding to trade enquiries
- Follow up on orders generated by exporters through the Council during Trade Fairs/Mission.
- Market adaptation through product development.
- Registration of Nigerian Exporters
- Collection and dissemination of information on products and market available for export.
- Provision of market entry support services
- Administration of export incentives
- Organize and plan the participations of Nigeria in international trade fairs and exhibitions in other countries
- Plan and organize outward trade missions.
- Dissemination of both domestic and international commodities prices.
- Publication and servicing of trade enquiries and opportunities from within and abroad.
Government has also established some industrial association to foster industrial harmony. These associations were created by law or decree at different times.
- The Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN)
- The National Association of Small Scale industrialists (NASSI)
- The Nigerian Employers Consultative Association (NECA).
- The Nigerian Association of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA).
Federal Government especially is in collaboration with some international bodies to promote small and medium scale industries, Just as they do in other sectors, their functions cover funding, research and development etc. these bodies
- The World Bank
- United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
- United Nations Industrial Organization (UNIDO)
- African Development Bank (ADB).
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